diff --git a/ccm-cms/web/__ccm__/static/cms/admin/category-step/category-step.xsl b/ccm-cms/web/__ccm__/static/cms/admin/category-step/category-step.xsl
index 5fb10fe40..a90c48935 100755
--- a/ccm-cms/web/__ccm__/static/cms/admin/category-step/category-step.xsl
+++ b/ccm-cms/web/__ccm__/static/cms/admin/category-step/category-step.xsl
@@ -89,14 +89,31 @@
   </xsl:template>
 
   <xsl:template match="cms:categoryWidget" mode="cms:javascript">
+    <xsl:if test="cms:autoCategories">
+    <h3>Suggested categories</h3>
+    <xsl:choose>
+        <xsl:when test="cms:autoCategories/cms:category">
+            <xsl:for-each select="cms:autoCategories/cms:category">
+                <div style="padding: 5px 15px 5px 5px; float: left;">
+                <input name="{../../@name}" type="checkbox" value="{@id}"><xsl:value-of select="@fullname"/></input>
+                </div>
+            </xsl:for-each>
+            <br clear="both"/>
+        </xsl:when>
+        <xsl:otherwise>
+            None
+        </xsl:otherwise>
+    </xsl:choose>
+    </xsl:if>
     <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/prototype.js"/>
     <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/category-step/category-step.js"/>
+    <h3>Select categories</h3>
     <div>
       <xsl:apply-templates select="cms:category" mode="cms:javascriptCat">
         <xsl:with-param name="expand" select="'block'"/>
       </xsl:apply-templates>
     </div>
-    <h3>Selected categories</h3>
+    <h4>Selected categories</h4>
     <select id="catWd" size="5" onClick="catDeselect()" style="width: 400px; height=200px">
     </select>
     <select id="catWdHd" name="{@name}" size="5" multiple="multiple" style="display: none">
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-aplaws/src/com/arsdigita/aplaws/ui/TermWidget.java b/ccm-ldn-aplaws/src/com/arsdigita/aplaws/ui/TermWidget.java
index 483ea2ae1..56d160350 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-aplaws/src/com/arsdigita/aplaws/ui/TermWidget.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-aplaws/src/com/arsdigita/aplaws/ui/TermWidget.java
@@ -19,26 +19,6 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.aplaws.ui;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
-
-import com.arsdigita.aplaws.Aplaws;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Widget;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.ArrayParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.BigDecimalParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
-
-import com.arsdigita.cms.CMS;
-import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentSection;
-
 import java.math.BigDecimal;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
@@ -48,6 +28,27 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
+import com.arsdigita.aplaws.Aplaws;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Widget;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.ArrayParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.BigDecimalParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.CMS;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentSection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.Indexer;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.RankedTerm;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+
 /**
  * A Widget for selecting Terms. Based heavily on CategoryWidget.
  *
@@ -129,14 +130,46 @@ public class TermWidget extends Widget {
         }
 
         Element el = generateCategory(widget, domain.getModel(), ids, null);
-	if (Aplaws.getAplawsConfig().ajaxExpandAllBranches()) {
- 	    // add attribute to the parent node, so that in stylesheet 
-	    // we can look for any ancestor with this attribute (can't 
-	    // add attribute to categoryWidget element as that is not 
-	    // visible when subbranches are transformed)
-	    el.addAttribute("expand",  "all" );
-	}	
-        for (Iterator i=roots.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+        
+        /**
+         * Used by kea based keyphrase extraction facility.
+         * (Added r1885) 
+         * 
+         * @Author: terry_permeance
+         */
+        Indexer indexer = Indexer.retrieve(domain);
+        if (indexer != null) {
+            ContentItem item = CMS.getContext().getContentItem();
+            List<RankedTerm> autoTerms = indexer.index(item, 16);  
+            Element autoCategories = widget.newChildElement("cms:autoCategories", CMS.CMS_XML_NS);      
+            for (Iterator<RankedTerm> i = autoTerms.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
+                RankedTerm nextRankedTerm = i.next();
+                Category cat = nextRankedTerm.getTerm().getModel();
+                if (!ids.contains(cat.getID())) {
+                    String fullname = cat.getQualifiedName(" > ", false);                    
+                    if (fullname != null) {
+                        Element catEl = autoCategories.newChildElement("cms:category", CMS.CMS_XML_NS);
+                        catEl.addAttribute("id", XML.format(cat.getID()));
+                        catEl.addAttribute("name", cat.getName());
+                        catEl.addAttribute("description", cat.getDescription());
+                        catEl.addAttribute("isAbstract", cat.isAbstract() ? "1" : "0");
+                        catEl.addAttribute("isEnabled", cat.isEnabled() ? "1" : "0");
+                        catEl.addAttribute("sortKey", nextRankedTerm.getRanking().toString());
+                        catEl.addAttribute("fullname", fullname);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+    	if (Aplaws.getAplawsConfig().ajaxExpandAllBranches()) {
+     	    // add attribute to the parent node, so that in stylesheet 
+    	    // we can look for any ancestor with this attribute (can't 
+    	    // add attribute to categoryWidget element as that is not 
+    	    // visible when subbranches are transformed)
+    	    el.addAttribute("expand",  "all" );
+    	}	
+
+    	for (Iterator i=roots.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
             TermSortKeyPair pair = (TermSortKeyPair) i.next();
             Term term = pair.getTerm();
             BigDecimal sortKey = pair.getSortKey();
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-aplaws/web/__ccm__/themes/aplaws/types/ContentTypes.xsl b/ccm-ldn-aplaws/web/__ccm__/themes/aplaws/types/ContentTypes.xsl
index 645b5900c..e385d8209 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-aplaws/web/__ccm__/themes/aplaws/types/ContentTypes.xsl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-aplaws/web/__ccm__/themes/aplaws/types/ContentTypes.xsl
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ version="1.0">
 <xsl:import href="LegalNotice.xsl"/>
 <xsl:import href="Minutes.xsl"/>
 <xsl:import href="Service.xsl"/>
-<xsl:import href="Person.xsl"/>
 <xsl:import href="PressRelease.xsl"/>
 <xsl:import href="NewsItem.xsl"/>
 <xsl:import href="InlineSite.xsl"/>
@@ -58,9 +57,6 @@ version="1.0">
 <xsl:template match="cms:item[objectType='com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.Service' and not(@useContext = 'itemAdminSummary')]">
 <xsl:call-template name="CT_Service_graphics"/>
 </xsl:template>
-<xsl:template match="cms:item[objectType='com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.Person' and not(@useContext = 'itemAdminSummary')]">
-  <xsl:call-template name="CT_Person_graphics"/>
-</xsl:template>
 <xsl:template match="cms:item[objectType='com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.PressRelease' and not(@useContext = 'itemAdminSummary')]">
 <xsl:call-template name="CT_PressRelease_graphics"/>
 </xsl:template>
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-navigation/src/com/arsdigita/london/navigation/cms/CategoryDataCollectionDefinition.java b/ccm-ldn-navigation/src/com/arsdigita/london/navigation/cms/CategoryDataCollectionDefinition.java
index 78ec03bad..1b3909816 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-navigation/src/com/arsdigita/london/navigation/cms/CategoryDataCollectionDefinition.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-navigation/src/com/arsdigita/london/navigation/cms/CategoryDataCollectionDefinition.java
@@ -29,14 +29,6 @@ public class CategoryDataCollectionDefinition extends CMSDataCollectionDefinitio
     private Category m_category = null;
 
     public void setCategoryByPID(String pid, String domain) {
-	setCategoryByPID(Integer.parseInt(pid), domain);
-    }
-
-    public void setCategoryByPID(int pid, String domain) {
-	setCategoryByPID(new Integer(pid), domain);
-    }
-
-    public void setCategoryByPID(Integer pid, String domain) {
 	Domain dom = Domain.retrieve(domain);
 	Term term = dom.getTerm(pid);
 	Category cat = term.getModel();
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/bostid_b12sae.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/bostid_b12sae.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15840fd44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/bostid_b12sae.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1805 @@
+<title>Saline Agriculture - Salt-Tolerant Plants for Developing Countries</title>
+Report of a Panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development
+Office of International Affairs National Research Council
+National Academy Press
+Washington, DC 1990
+<section>Notice</section>
+The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the
+National Academy of Sciences' the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
+This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
+The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
+The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government' the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
+The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and publishes special studies of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.
+This report has been prepared by a panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN 5538-G-SS-1023-00.
+<section>Preface</section>
+Populations in developing countries are growing so quickly that the land and water are unable to sustain them. In most developing countries, prime farmland and fresh water are already fully utilized. Although irrigation can be employed to bring land in arid areas into production, it often leads to salinization. In some countries, the amount of newly irrigated land is equalled by salinized irrigated land going out of production. Moreover, irrigation water is often drawn from river basins or aquifers shared by several countries, and friction over its use is common.
+Salt-tolerant plants, therefore, may provide a sensible alternative for many developing countries. In some cases, salinized farmland can be used without costly remedial measures, and successful rehabilitation of degraded land is usually preferable, in terms of resource conservation, to opening new land. Groundwater too saline for irrigating conventional crops can be used to grow salt-tolerant plants. Even the thousands of kilometers of coastal deserts in developing countries may serve as new agricultural land, with the use of seawater for irrigation of salt-tolerant plants. These plants can be grown using land and water unsuitable for conventional crops and can provide food, fuel, fodder, fiber, resins, essential oils, and pharmaceutical feedstocks.
+This report will cover some of the experiences and opportunities in the agricultural use of saline land and water. The purpose of this report is to create greater awareness of salt-tolerant plants - their current and potential uses, and the special needs they may fill in developing countries - on the part of developing country scientists, planners, and administrators, and their counterparts in technical assistance agencies.
+Introducing new crops is always risky. Each species has its own peculiarities of germination, growth, harvest, and processing. When unfamiliar plants are launched where land, water, and climate are hostile, difficulties are compounded. Salt-tolerant plants will require special care to help meet the needs of developing countries, but, given their promise, this attention seems increasingly justifiable.
+Preparation of this report was coordinated by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development in response to a request from the U. S. Agency for International Development. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the Panel, the many scientists who reviewed and revised the manuscript, and, in particular, to thank James Aronson and Clive Malcolm for their generous assistance.
+Griffin Shay
+Staff Study Director
+<section>Panel on saline agriculture in developing countries</section>
+J. R. GOODIN, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Chairman.
+EMANUEL EPSTEIN, University of California, Davis, California, USA
+CYRUS M. McKELL, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah, USA
+JAMES W . O 'LEARY, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
+Special Contributors
+RAFIQ AHMAD, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
+JAMES ARONSON, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
+AKISSA BAHRI, Centre de Recherches du Genie Rural, Ariana, Tunisia
+ROLF CARLSSON, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
+JOHN L. GALLAGHER, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware, USA
+H. N. LE HOUEROU, CEPE/Louis Emberger, Montpellier, France
+E. R. R. IYENGAR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India
+C. V. MALCOLM, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia
+K. A. MALIK, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
+J. F. MORTON, Morton Collectanea, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
+DAVID N. SEN, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
+N. YENSEN, NyPa, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, USA
+M. A. ZAHRAN, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
+National Research Council Staff
+GRIFFIN SHAY, Senior Program Officer, Staff Study Director
+NOEL VIETMEYER, Senior Program Officer
+F. R. RUSKIN, Editor
+ELIZABETH MOUZON, Administrative Secretary
+JOHN HURLEY, Director, Board on Science and Technology for
+International Development
+MICHAEL McD. Dow, Associate Director, Studies
+<section>Introduction</section>
+The agricultural use of saline water or soils can benefit many developing countries. Salt- tolerant plants can utilize land and water unsuitable for salt-sensitive crops (glycophytes) for the economic production of food, fodder, fuel, and other products. Halophytes (plants that grow in soils or waters containing significant amounts of inorganic salts) can harness saline resources that are generally neglected and are usually considered impediments rather than opportunities for development.
+Salts occur naturally in all soils. Rain dissolves these salts, which are then swept through streams and rivers to the sea. Where rainfall is sparse or there is no quick route to the sea, some of this water evaporates and the dissolved salts become more concentrated. In arid areas, this can result in the formation of salt lakes or in brackish groundwater, salinized soil, or salt deposits.
+There are three possible domains for the use of salt-tolerant plants in developing countries.
+These are:
+1. Farmlands salinized by poor irrigation practices;
+2. Arid areas that overlie reservoirs of brackish water; and
+3. Coastal deserts.
+In some developing regions, there are millions of hectares of salinized farmland resulting from poor irrigation practices. These lands would require large (and generally unavailable) amounts of water to leach away the salts before conventional crops could be grown. However, there may be useful salt-tolerant plants that can be grown on them without this intervention. Although the introduction of salt-tolerant plants will not necessarily restore the soil to the point that conventional crops can be grown, soil character is often improved and erosion reduced.
+Moreover, many arid areas overlie saline aquifers - groundwater containing salt levels too high for the irrigation of conventional, saltsensitive crops. Many of these barren lands can become productive by growing selected salt-tolerant crops and employing special cultural techniques using this store of brackish water for irrigation.
+Throughout the developing world, there are extensive coastal deserts where seawater is the only water available. Although growing crops in sand and salty water is not a benign prospect for most farmers, for saline agriculture they can complement each other. The disadvantages of sand for conventional crops become advantages when saline water and salt-tolerant plants are used.
+Sand is inherently low in the nutrients required for plant growth, has a high rate of water infiltration, and has low water-holding capacity. Therefore, agriculture on sand requires both irrigation and fertilizer. Surprisingly, 11 of the 13 mineral nutrients needed by plants are present in seawater in adequate concentrations for growing crops. In addition, the rapid infiltration of water through sand reduces salt buildup in the root zone when seawater is used for irrigation. The high aeration quality of sand is also valuable. This characteristic allows oxygen to reach the plant roots and facilitates growth. Although careful application of seawater and supplementary nutrients are necessary, the combination of sand, saltwater, sun, and salt-tolerant plants presents a valuable opportunity for many developing countries.
+Of these three possibilities for the introduction of salt-tolerant plants (salinized farmland, undeveloped barren land, and coastal deserts), the reclamation of degraded farmland has several advantages: people, equipment, buildings, roads, and services are usually present and a social structure and market system already exist. The potential use of saline aquifers beneath barren lands depends on both the concentration and nature of the salts. The direct use of seawater for agriculture is probably the most challenging potential application.
+Most contemporary crops have been developed through the domestication of plants from nonsaline environments. This is unfortunate since most of of the earth's water resources are too salty to grow them. From experience in irrigated agriculture, Miyamoto (personal communication) suggests the following classification of potential crop damage from increasing salt levels:
+Irrigation Water
+Salts, ppm
+Crop Problems
+Fresh
+None
+Slightly saline
+Rare
+Moderately saline
+Occasional
+Saline
+Common
+Highly saline
+Severe
+Colorado River water, used for irrigation in the western United States, contains about 850 ppm of salts; seawater typically contains 32,000-36,000 ppm of salts. Salinity levels are usually expressed in terms of the electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water or an aqueous extract of the soil; the higher the salt level, the greater the conductivity. The salinity of some typical water sources is shown in Table 1.
+TABLE 1 Water Salinity.
+Irrigation
+Salinity
+Water Quality
+Colorado
+Alamo
+Negev
+Pacific
+Measurement
+(Good)
+(Marginal)
+River
+River
+Groundwater
+Ocean
+Electrical conductivity (dS/m)*
+Dissolved solids, ppm
+*1 dS/m = 1 mmho/cm = (approx.) 0.06%NaCl = (approx.) 0.01 mole/l NaCl.
+10,000 ppm =10 %o (parts per thousand) = 10 grams per liter = 1.0%
+In the Intemational System of Units (SI), the unit of conductivity is the Siemens symbol, S. per meter. The equivalent unit commonly appearing in the literature is the rnho (reciprocal ohm); 1 mho equals 1 Siemen.
+SOURCE. Adapted from Epstein, 1983, Pasternak and De Malach, 1987, and Rhoades et al., 1988.
+There are three broad approaches to utilizing saline water, depending on the salt levels present. These include the use of marginal to poor irrigation water with electrical conductivities (ECs) up to about 4 dS/m, the use of saline groundwaters such as those in
+Israel's Negev Desert with ECs up to about 8 dS/m, and the use of even more saline waters with salt concentrations up to that of seawater.
+At low, but potentially damaging, salt levels, Rhoades and coworkers (1988) have grown commercial crops without the yield losses that would normally be anticipated. Through knowledge of crop sensitivity to salt at various growth stages, they used combinations of Colorado River water and Alamo River water to minimize the use of the higher quality water.
+For example, wheat seedlings were established with Colorado River water; Alamo River water was then used for irrigation through harvest with no loss in yield.
+At higher salt levels, Pasternak and coworkers (1985) have developed approaches that involve special breeding and selection of crops and meticulous water control. The agriculture of Negev settlements in Israel is based on the production of cotton with higher yields, quality tomatoes for the canning industry, and quality melons for export - all grown with EC 4-7 dS/m groundwater. Experimental yields of a wide variety of traditional crops grown in Israel with water with ECs up to 15 dS/m, are shown in Table 6 (p. 35). In west Texas (USA), Miyamoto and coworkers (1984) report commercial production of alfalfa, melons, and tomatoes with EC 3-5 dS/m irrigation water, and cotton with 8 dS/m irrigation water.
+The use of water with still higher salt levels up to, including, and even exceeding that of seawater for irrigation of various food, fuel, and fodder crops has been reported by many researchers including Aronson (1985; 1989), Boyko (1966), Epstein (1983; 1985), Gallagher (1985), Glenn and O'Leary (1985), Iyengar (1982), Pasternak (1987), Somers (1975), Yensen (1988), and others. These scientists have produced grains and oilseeds; grass, tree, and shrub fodder; tree and shrub fuelwood; and a variety of fiber, pharmaceutical, and other products using highly saline water.
+Thus, depending on the soil or water salinity levels, salt-tolerant plants can be identified that will perform well in many environments in developing countries. The salt tolerance of some of these plants enables them to produce yields under saline conditions that are comparable to those obtained from salt-sensitive crops grown under nonsaline conditions.
+The maximum amount and kind of salt that can be tolerated by halophytes and other salt-tolerant plants varies among species and even varieties of species. Many halophytes have a special and distinguishing feature - their growth is improved by low levels of salt. Other salt-tolerant plants grow well at low salt levels but beyond a certain level growth is reduced. With salt-sensitive plants, each increment of salt decreases their yield (Figure 1).
+Adapted from Greenway and Munns, 1980; Mass 1986; and Yensen, et al., 1985.
+Such data provide only relative guidelines for predicting yields of crops grown under saline conditions. Absolute yields are subject to numerous agricultural and environmental effects.
+Interactions between salinity and various soil, water, and climatic conditions all affect the plant's ability to tolerate salt. Some halophytes require fresh water for germination and early growth but can tolerate higher salt levels during later vegetative and reproductive stages.
+Some can germinate at high salinities but require lower salinity for maximal growth.
+Traditional efforts usually focus on modifying the environment to suit the crop. In saline agriculture, an alternative is to allow the environment to select the crops, to match salt- tolerant plants with desirable characteristics to the available saline resources.
+In many developing countries extensive areas of degraded and arid land are publicly owned and readily accessible for government sponsored projects. These lands are often located in areas of high nutritional and economic need as well. If saline water is available, the introduction of salt-tolerant plants in these regions can improve food or fuel supplies, increase employment, help stem desertification, and contribute to soil reclamation.
+LIMITATIONS
+Undomesticated salt-tolerant plants usually have poor agronomic qualities such as wide variations in germination and maturation. Salt-tolerant grasses and grains are subject to seed shattering and lodging. The foliage of salt-tolerant plants may not be suitable for fodder because of its high salt content. Nutritional characteristics or even potential toxicities have not been established for many edible salt-tolerant plants. When saline irrigation water is used for crop production, careful control is necessary to avoid salt buildup in the soil and to prevent possible contamination of freshwater aquifers.
+Most importantly, salt-tolerant plants should not be cultivated as a substitute for good agricultural practice nor should they be used as a palliative for improper irrigation. They should be introduced only when and where conventional crops cannot be grown. Also, currently productive coastal areas (such as mangrove forests) should be managed and restored, not converted to other uses.
+All of these limitations are impediments to the use of conventional methods for culture and harvest of salt-tolerant plants and the estimation of their production economics.
+RESEARCH NEEDS
+Increased research on the development of salt-tolerant cultivars of crop species could, with appropriate management, result in the broader use of saline soils. In the early selection and breeding programs of crop species for use in nonsaline environments, performance was improved through the considerable genetic variability present in the unimproved crops and in their wild relatives. Since few crops have been subjected to selection for salinity tolerance, it is possible that variation in this characteristic may also exist. Conversely, few undomesticated salt-tolerant plants have been examined for variability in their agronomic qualities, and it is even more likely that such characteristics can be improved through breeding programs.
+In addition, germplasm collection and classification, breeding and selection, and development of cultural, harvest, and postharvest techniques are all needed. Basic information on the way in which plants adapt to salinity would significantly assist their economic development.
+Exploration for new species should continue to identify candidates for economic development. Research can then begin on ways to improve the agronomic qualities of these plants and to utilize their genetic traits. For example, seed from a wild tomato found on the seashore of the Galapagos Islands produced tomatoes that were small and bitter. When this species was crossed with a commercial tomato cultivar, flavorful fruit the size and color of cherry tomatoes were obtained in 70 percent seawater.
+Recent advances in plant biotechnology include work on salinity tolerance and productivity.
+New techniques for in vitro selection of genotypes tolerant to high salinity levels have been found to improve the adaptability of conventional crops as well as assist in the selection of desired genotypes from a wide range of natural variability in individual salt-tolerant plants.
+Genotypes with increased tolerance to water and salinity stress have been identified and followed in genetic crosses with conventional genotypes using new techniques in gene mapping and cell physiology.
+Stress genes are now the target of research in genetic engineering. The transfer of these genes from sources in salt-tolerant species to more productive crops will require modifications in cultural practices as well as treatment of the plant products.
+Interdisciplinary communication is particularly important in research on salt- tolerant plants.
+Cooperation among plant ecologists, plant physiologists, plant breeders, soil scientists, and agricultural engineers could accelerate development of economic crops. Further, universities could introduce special programs to allow broad study of the special characteristics of saline agriculture to serve growing needs in this field.
+REFERENCES AND SELECTED READINGS
+Abrol, I. P., J. S. P. Yadav and F. I. Massoud. 1988. Salt-affected Soils and Their
+Management. Soils Bulletin 39, FAO, Rome, Italy.
+Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculturc at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Ahmad, R. and A. San Pietro (eds.). 1986. Prospects for Biosaline Research. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Aronson, J. A. 1989. Haloph Salt-tolerant Plants of the World University of Arizona, Tucson, Arisona, US.
+Aronson, J. A. 1985. Economic halophytes - a global view. Pp. 177-188 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.) Plants for Arid Land,. George Allen and Unwin, London, UK.
+Bahri, A. 1987. Utilization of saline waters and soils in Tunisia. Results and research prospects. Fcrtilizers and Agriculture 96:17-34.
+Barrett-Lennard, E. G., C. V. Malcolm, W. R. Stern and S. M. Wilkins (eds.). 1986. Forage and Fuel Production from Salt Affected Wasteland. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
+Bernstein, L. 1964. Salt Tolerance of Plants. USDA Bulletin No. 283, Washington, DC, US.
+Boyko, H. 1966. Solinity and Aridity. New Approaches to Old Problems. Dr. W. Junk, Publisher, The Hague, Netherlands.
+Epstein, E. 1985. Salt tolerant crops: origins, development, and prospects of the concept. Plant and Soil 89:187-198.
+Epstein, E. 1983. Crops tolerant of salinity and other stresses. Pp. 61-82 in: Better Crops for Food. Pitman Books, London, UK.
+Epstein, E., J. D. Norlyn, D. W. Rush, R. W. Kingsbury, D. B. Kelley, G. A. Cunningham and A. F. Wrona. 1980. Saline culture of crops: a genetic approach. Science 210:399-404.
+Flowers, T. J., M. A. Hajibagheri and N. J. W. Clipson. 1986. Halophytes. The Quarterly Review of Biology 61(3):313-337.
+Gallagher, J. L. 1985. Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant and Soil 89:323-336.
+Glenn, E. P. and J. W. O'Leary. 1985. Productivity and irrigation requirements of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of And Environments 9(1):81-91.
+Goodin, J. R. and D. K. Northington. 1979. And Land Plant Resources. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, US.
+Greenway, H. and R. Munns. 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31:149-190.
+Iyengar, E. E. R. 1982. Research on seawater irriculture in India. Pp. 165-175 in: A. San Pietro (ed.) Biosaline Research A Look to the Future. Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
+Maas, E. V-. 1986. Crop tolerance to saline soil and water. Pp. 205-219 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Miyamoto, S., J. Moore and C. Stichler. 1984. Overview of saline water irrigation in far west Texas. Pp. 222-230. in: Proceedings of Irrigation and Drainage Speciality Conference, ASCE, Flagstaff, Arizona, July 24-26, 1984.
+Mudie, P. J. 1974. The potential economic uses of halophytes. Pp. 565-597 in: R. J. Reimold and W. H. Queen (eds.) Ecology of Halophytes. Academic Press, New York, New York, US.
+O'Leary, J. W. 1985. Saltwater crops. CHEMTECH 15(9):562-566.
+Pasternak, D. and Y. De Malach 1987. Saline water irrigation in the Negev Desert. in: Proceeding & Agriculture and Food Production in the Middle East. Athens, Greece. January 21-26, 1987.
+Pasternak, D. 1987. Salt tolerance and crop production - a comprehensive approach. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25:271-291.
+Pasternak, D. and A. San Pietro (eds.). 1985. Biosalinity in Action: Bioproduction with Saline Water. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
+Pasternak, D., A. Danon and J. A. Aronson. 1985. Developing the seawater agriculture concept. Plant ant Soil 89:337-348.
+Raz, B., S. Dover and E. Udler. 1987. Desert agriculture. Science and Public Policy 14(4):207-216.
+Rhoades, J. D., F. T. gingham, J. Letey, A. R. Dedrick, M. Bean, G. J. Hoffman, W. J. Alves, R. V. Swain, P. G. Pacheco and R. D. Lemert. 1988. Reuse of drainage water for irrigation: results of Imperial Valley study. Hilgardia 56(5):1-44.
+Rick, C. M. 1972. Potential genetic resources in tomato species: clues from observations in native habitats. Pp. 255-269 in: A. M. Srb (ed.) Gene&, Enzymes, and Populations. Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
+San Pietro, A. (ed.). 1982. Biosaline Research. A Look to the Future. Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
+Shainberg, I. and J. Shalhevet (eds.). 1984. Sod Salinity under Irrigation. Processes and Management. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, US.
+Sharma, S. K. and I. C. Gupta. 1986.- Saline Environment and Plant Growth Agro Botanical Publishers, Bikaner, India.
+Somers, G. F. (ed.). 1975. Seed-bearing Halophytes as Food Plant&. Proceedings of a conference. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware, US.
+Staples, R. C. and G. H. Toenniessen (eds.). 1984. Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Wiley-Interscience, New York, New York, US.
+United States Department of Agriculture. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. USDA Handbook 60. USDA, Washington, DC, US.
+Yensen, N. P., S. B. Yensen and C. W. Weber. 1985. A review of Distichlis spp. for production and nutritional values. Pp. 809-822 in: E. E. Whitehead, C. F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann, and R. G. Varady (eds.) Arid Land& Today and Tomorrow, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
+Yensen, N. P. 1988. Plants for salty soil. Arid Land& Newsletter 27:3-10. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, US.
+Whitehead, E. E., C. F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann and R. G. Varady (eds.). 1985. Arid Land& Today' and Tomorrow. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
+Wickens, G. E., J. R. Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.). 1985. Plant& for Arid Land,. George Allen & Unwin, London, UK.
+<section>Overview</section>
+Scientists exploring seashores, estuaries, and saline seeps have found thousands of halophytes with potential use as food, fuel, fodder, fiber, and other products. Many have already been in traditional use, and there are also a number of plants that, although not halophytes, have sufficient salt tolerance for use in some saline environments.
+Although economic consideration of halophytes and other salt tolerant plants is just beginning, they are now receiving increased attention in arid regions where intensive irrigation has led to salinized soils or where water shortages are forcing use of marginal resources such as brackish underground water. This report will examine some of the plants that may be suitable for economic production in saline environments in developing countries.
+There are four sections in this report. They highlight salt tolerant plants that may serve as food, fuel, fodder, and other products such as essential oils, pharmaceuticals, and fiber. In each of these sections, plants are described that have potential for productive use. Each section also contains an extensive list of recent papers and other publications that contain additional information on these plants. A list of researchers currently working on these plants or related projects is included at the end of each section.
+FOOD
+Many halophytes survive saline stress by accumulating salt in their vegetative tissues. The salt levels in the leaves and stems of these plants can limit their direct consumption as food, but their seeds are relatively salt-free, which may allow production of starchy grains or oilseeds.
+For example, the seeds of Zostera marina, a sea grass, were used as food by the Seri Indians of the southwestern United States; in recent tests, these seeds were ground to flour and used to make bread. Seeds of Distichlis palmer), Palmer's saltgrass, were harvested from tidal flats at the head of the Gulf of California by Cocopa Indians. The seed, about the same size as wheat, has also been used for making bread.
+The production of vegetable oils from seed-bearing halophytes appears promising. A number of these seeds have an oil content comparable with that of better known sources of vegetable oils. A Salicornia species is being evaluated as a source of vegetable oil in field trials in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Egypt. Since many developing countries import vegetable oils, the opportunity for domestic production on currently unusable lands warrants investigation.
+It may be possible as well to use the salt-containing vegetative parts of some halophytes to produce salt-free leaf protein. In this process, any inorganic salts in the leaves are separated from the protein. Leaf protein production may help improve the nutritional quality of foods in developing countries.
+There are also traditional food crops that are grown commercially using underground brackish water for irrigation. These include tomatoes, onions, and melons. Asparagus also appears to grow well with brackish water irrigation.
+FUEL
+More than a billion people in developing countries rely on wood for cooking and heating. In most developing areas, the rate of deforestation for fuelwood and for agricultural expansion far exceeds the rate of reforestation. Increasing needs for agricultural land to feed growing populations make it unlikely that land suitable for food crops will be used for tree planting.
+One alternative, therefore, is to use marginal or degraded lands to produce more fuelwood.
+Fuelwood and building materials can be produced from salt tolerant trees and shrubs employing land and water unsuitable for conventional crops. Fuel plantations established on saline soils or irrigated with saline water would allow more fertile land and fresh water to be reserved for food or forage production. With careful planning, trees and shrubs can help rehabilitate degraded lands by stabilizing the ecosystem and providing niches and protection for other plants and animals.
+In Australia, a consortium of business and academic groups is developing a program to market salt-tolerant trees for fuel and pulp. The project will screen Australian tree species for growth rates, salt tolerance, and drought tolerance. Root fungi associated with these trees, which help the trees obtain nutrients from the soil, will be screened for salt tolerance and their influence on tree growth Trees with superior growth on saline soils will be tissue cultured and inoculated with salt-tolerant root fungi. These cloned trees will then be tested for field performance in Australia and developing countries.
+FODDER
+Halophytic grasses, shrubs, and trees are all potential sources of fodder. Trees and shrubs can be valuable components of grazing lands and serve as complementary nutrient sources to grasses in arid and semiarid areas.
+Among the grasses, kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) tolerates waterlogging and recovers well from cutting and grazing. Its economic value as fodder for buffalo and goats has already been demonstrated in Pakistan and is now being examined in other countries. Members of the Spartina genus (cordgrasses) have also been used as fodder. These tough, long-leaved grasses are found in tidal marshes in North America, Europe, and Africa. The salt-tolerant grass Sporobolus virginicus has also been used as cattle forage.
+Distichlis spicata has been used as forage for cattle in Mexico. Introduced in the area of a dry salt lake outside Mexico City, D. spicata reduced windblown dust while serving as cattle feed.
+In arid and semiarid zones, trees and shrubs for fodder have several advantages over grasses. They are generally less susceptible than grasses to fire and to seasonal variation in moisture availability and temperature. Usually less palatable than grasses, they can provide reserve or supplementary feed sources.
+Among the shrubs, saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) grow throughout the world. They tolerate salinity in soil and water, and many are perennial shrubs that remain green all year. They are especially useful as forage in arid zones.
+Among trees, Acacia species are widely used in arid and saline environments as supplementary sources of fodder. Acacia pods provide food for livestock in large areas of the semiarid zone of Africa. Acacia Cyclops and A. bivenosa tolerate salt spray and salinity.
+They grow on coastal dunes as small trees or bushy shrubs. Pods and leaves of both are consumed by goats.
+Leucaena leucocephala is a tree legume widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. Leaves, pods, and seeds are grazed by cattle, sheep, and goats. In Pakistan, it has been grown on coastal sandy soil through irrigation with saline water. When seawater comprised 20 percent of the irrigation water, yields were reduced by 50 percent, however.
+The leaves and pods of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) have been used as forage for cattle, goats, sheep, and camels in countries throughout the world - P. juliflora and P. cineraria in India, P. chilensis in South America, P. glandulosa in the United States, and P. pallida in Australia.
+About 20 years ago the Chilean government began to improve the salt-afflicted Pampa del Tamarugal in the northern part of the country by growing tamarugo (P. tamarugo). In some cases, these trees were planted in pits dug through the salt into the soil. Although watering was required for the first year, after that the plants survived by capturing moisture from the ground and air. About 23,000 hectares are now covered with tamarugo forest. The tamarugo leaves and fruit are used as feed for sheep and goats.
+FIBER AND OTHER PRODUCTS
+Salt-tolerant plants can also be used to produce economically important materials such as essential oils, flavors, fragrances, gums, resins, oils, pharmaceuticals, and fibers. They may also be marketed for use in landscape gardening, and for their foliage or flowers.
+In India, peppermint oil and menthol have been produced in saline environments. The salt- tolerant kewda, a common species of screwpine, is used to produce perfume and flavoring ingredients.
+Sesbania bispinosa, commonly known as dhaincha in India, is an important salt-tolerant legume and fodder crop. In addition to use of the stalks as sources of fiber and fuel, the seeds yield a galactomannan gum that can be used for sizing and stabilizing applications, and a seed meal that can be used for poultry and cattle feed.
+Grindelia camporum is a salt-tolerant resinous perennial shrub. It produces large amounts of aromatic resins that have properties similar to the terpenoids in wood and gum rosins, which are used commercially in adhesives, varnishes, paper sizings, printing inks, soaps, and numerous other industrial applications.
+Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a perennial desert shrub with seeds that contain a unique oil similar to that obtained from the sperm whale. This oil and its derivatives have been used primarily in cosmetics, but broader use in lubricants and waxes will probably develop if prices come down. Jojoba is relatively salt tolerant. In Israel, jojoba is growing well near the Dead Sea with brackish water irrigation.
+Phragmites australis, common reed, is an ancient marsh plant that has served in roofing, thatching, basketmaking and fencing, as well as being used for fuel. It grows throughout the world in watersaturated soils or standing waters that are fresh or moderately saline. In Egypt, two salt-tolerant rushes, Juncus rigidus and J. acutus, have been investigated with particular emphasis on their potential use in papermaking.
+Many attractive halophytes can be used as landscape plants, especially in areas with constraints on the use of fresh water for watering or irrigation. In Israel, salt-tolerant trees and shrubs are sold for amenity planting. In addition, other salt-tolerant plants have potential for cut-flower production.
+Although the salt-tolerant plants described in this report typify those that are currently being evaluated or appear to deserve additional attention, the inventory is far from complete. Many other species may have equal or greater potential. In some cases in this report, specific companies or products are identified. This is for convenience and does not constitute endorsement.
+<section>Food</section>
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Saline agriculture can provide food in several ways. Appropriate salt-tolerant plants currently growing in saline soil or water can be domesticated and their seeds, fruits, roots, or foliage used as food. When the foliage is too high in salt for direct consumption, the leaves can be processed to yield salt-free protein, which can be used to fortify traditional foods. In addition, conventional food crops can be bred or selected to tolerate mildly saline water.
+This section will examine some of the little-known seed-bearing plants that grow in saline environments and their special characteristics, the use of foliage from salt-tolerant plants to produce leaf protein, some salt-tolerant fruits, and the performance of some conventional food crops with saline water.
+Of conventional crops, the only ones with halophytic ancestors are sugar-, fodder-, and culinary beets (all Beta vulgaris) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). These plants can be irrigated with brackish water without serious loss of yield. Of about 5,000 crops that are cultivated throughout the world, few can survive with water that contains more than about 0.5 percent salt, and most suffer serious losses of yield at about 0.1 percent salt. In searching for crops for saline agriculture, those that currently comprise the bulk of human food should be considered as models - maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, and barley. If these major crops can be grown using saline resources, or if new, salt-tolerant crops that are acceptable substitutes can be developed, the world's food supply will have a more diverse and vastly expanded base.
+Along with significant technical impediments to the widespread use of saline resources for food production, social barriers may exist as well. Food preparation is one of mankind's most culture-bound activities. Food selection, cooking method and participants, flavor, consistency, and serving time and place are often established by long tradition, and practitioners are resistant to change. New foods that require significant changes in any of these practices are unlikely to be readily accepted.
+<section>Grains and oilseeds</section>
+Many seed-bearing halophytes have an interesting characteristic: although they may have significantly greater levels of salt in their stems, branches, and leaves than conventional plants, their seeds are relatively salt-free. Seeds of halophytes and salt-sensitive plants have about the same ash and salt content, as shown in Table 2.
+TABLE 2 Protein, Oil, and Ash Contents of Seeds from Salt-Sensitive and Salt-Tolerant Plants.
+Percent of Dry Weight as
+Seed
+Protein
+Oil
+Ash
+Salt-Sensitive
+Safflower
+Sesame
+Soybean
+Sunflower
+Salt-Tolerant
+Atriplex canescens
+Atriplex triangularis
+Cakile edentula
+Cakile rnaritima
+Chenopodium quinoa
+Crithmum maritimum
+Kosteletzkya virginica
+SOURCE: O'Leary, 1985.
+This has valuable consequences. Although the direct consumption of halophyte vegetative tissue by humans and animals can be limited by its salt content, the seeds of many halophytes present no such obstacle. This allows consideration of a wide variety of seed- producing halophytes as new sources of grains or vegetable oils.
+Some salt-tolerant grains and oilseeds have already been used or examined.
+Almost fifty species of seed-bearing seagrasses grow in nearshore areas of the world's oceans. One of these, Zostera marina, grows fully submerged in seawater.
+Eelgrass (Zostera marina) grows well in the Gulf of California in North America. In this region, seawater temperatures seldom fall below 12°C and can reach 32°C in summer.
+Sunlight is intense. At maturity in the spring, the reproductive stems bearing the seed break loose and are washed ashore. Harvest involves collecting these stems and separating the seeds. The seeds, 3-3.5 mm long and weighing up to about 5.6 ma, contain about 50 percent starch, 13 percent protein, and 1 percent fat. The Seri Indians used this seed as one of their major foods.
+Although the potential for growing a food crop directly in seawater is attractive, there are obstacles to broader cultivation of eelgrass. Coastal deserts offer the best possibility, but tidal action is required; these grasses apparently cannot grow in stagnant water. In warm, dry climates the plants can tolerate only short exposure to the air.
+Palmer saltgrass (Distichlis palmer)) grows in tidal flats and marshy inlets in the Gulf of California, and thrives with tidal inundations of seawater. It is a perennial with tough rhizomes from which emerge densely crowded stems about 0.5 m tall. The spikelets, which bear the seed, readily shatter and are also dislodged by tidal action. Although this shattering is generally undesirable in a crop (because seed on the ground is difficult to gather), with Palmer saltgrass, the spikelets float and are washed ashore. These seeds were gathered by the Yuman Indians, ground into flour, and consumed as a gruel. It can also be used to make bread.
+Once established, Palmer saltgrass should not need replanting. Preliminary observations indicate that it is fast-growing and the standing crop is extremely dense. These dense stands along with the saline conditions should reduce competition from weeds. Field tests with hybrid cultivars of this crop yielded about 1,000 kg of grain per hectare when irrigated with water containing 1-3 percent salt. Optimum yields are projected to be obtained at about 2 percent salinity. The nutritional characteristics of D. palmer) are summarized in Table 3.
+TABLE 3 Nutritional Composition of Distichlis palmer) vs. Wheat and Barley.
+Percent of
+Crop
+Protein
+Fiber
+Fat
+Ash
+Carbohydrate
+D. palmer)
+Wheat
+Barley
+SOURCE: Yensen, 1985.
+The grain from a D. palmer) variety developed by NyPa, Inc. has a well-balanced amino acid profile and three times the fiber of common wheat. Antinutritional physic acid is very low, and gluten, a potentially allergenic protein, is not present in detectable amounts.
+Alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) is a widespread perennial grass in the western United States and northern Mexico, often occurring on alkaline or semisaline soils. Its 0.95-1.2 mm grain is edible and was probably a significant food resource for Hopi and Paiute Indians of the North American Southwest. The grain is readily separated, produced in large quantity, and should be suitable for harvesting with a basket. Although S. helvolus and S. maderaspatanue also grow on saline soils, the use of their grain as food has not been reported.
+Pearl millet or bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), a popular food grain in Africa and India, has been grown on coastal dunes near Bhavnagar using seawater (EC = 26.6-37.S dS/m) for irrigation. When seedlings were established with fresh water and fertilizer applied, multiple irrigations with seawater gave yields of 1.0-1.6 tons per hectare of grain and 3.3-6.5 tons per hectare of fodder.
+Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a staple of the Andean highlands. An annual herb, quinoa grows 1-2.5 m tall at altitudes of 2,500-4,000 m. The plant matures in 5-6 months, producing white or pink seeds in large sorghum-like clusters. Although the seeds are small, they comprise 30 percent of the dry weight of the plant. Yields of 2,500 kg per hectare have been reported. Quinoa has a protein content that is higher, and an amino acid composition that is better balanced, than the major cereals. Although quinoa has bitter tasting constituents - chiefly saponins - in the seed's outer layer, these can be removed by washing the seeds in cold water. The seeds are traditionally used in soup or ground into flour for bread and cake. They have also been used for brewing beer and for animal feed.
+Somers (1982) reported that quinoa germinated in a mixture of one-third seawater and two- thirds fresh water but would not grow at this salinity. In the salt flats of southern Bolivia and northern Chile, quinoa is one of the few crop plants grown. In this arid region (230 mm annual rainfall), quinoa is planted in holes about 40 cm deep where the soil is damp. As the plant grows, soil is filled in around it. With wide stretches of salt beds nearby, the environment is certainly saline, but no measurements have been reported.
+Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya virginica) is a perennial surviving about five years in cultivation. Although the seeds must be germinated at low salinity, the plant can tolerate 2.0-2.5 percent salinity during growth. Hulled seeds, which resemble millet, contain as much as 32 percent protein and 22 percent oil. Grain yields from plots irrigated with water containing
+2.5 percent salt have ranged from 0.8 to 1.5 tons per hectare.
+TABLE 4 Acacia Composition.
+Percentage of
+Species
+Energy(kJ)
+Protein
+Fat
+Carbo-hydrate
+Water
+Ash
+A. aneura
+A. coriacea
+A. cowleana
+A. dictyophleba
+Wheat*
+*Water-free composition SOURCE: Peterson, 1978.
+Many Acacia seeds are rich in nutrients with higher energy, protein, and fat contents than wheat or rice. The high protein levels (~20 percent) suggest breadmaking potential, and the high fat contents (up to 37 percent) indicate potential as oilseeds.
+About 50 of the 800 species of Acacia found in Australia have been used as food by Australian aborigines. Twenty of these were staple foods. In most cases dry ripe seeds were ground to a coarse flour that was then mixed with water to give an unleavened dough, which was baked on hot stones or in the ashes of a fire. Table 4 provides some information on a few Acacia seeds.
+Seeds from salt-tolerant Tecticornia species were also used by Australian aborigines. The small (1.5-1.8 mm) seeds were ground to flour and used for making bread. T. australasica and T. verrucosa grow to about 40 cm in coastal mudflats above the normal tidal level.
+Germination of the seed appears to be dependent on seasonal rains leaching the salt from the upper soil layer. T. verrucosa also occurs inland on moderately saline flats.
+Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) is an erect tree reaching 15-25 m. It probably originated in Malaysia and was spread by its fruits carried on ocean currents. It is cultivated in much of
+India and Burma and has become common in east and west Africa, the Pacific Islands, and in coastal areas of tropical America. Its ellipsoidal fruit is 4-7 cm long and 2.5-3.8 cm wide, the edible kernel is 3-4 cm long and 3-5 mm thick, and, in many varieties, the fruit is sweet and palatable. The nut is used as an almond substitute, and the wood is valued for construction and furniture use. The tree seems well adapted to sandy and rocky coasts. In Florida, it is known to withstand flooding, wind, and ocean spray, as well as saline soils.
+Argan (Argania spinosa) covers an area of about 600,000 hectares of bushland in southwest Morocco. It can develop as a shrub or tree, usually in dense clumps. It has an important role as a browse and an edible oil is produced from its seeds. Preliminary work to determine its salt tolerance has been initiated in Israel.
+A Salicornia species, described as SOS-7, has been grown in field trials in Mexico, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates to produce an edible, safflower-like seed oil. When irrigated with seawater, about 20 tons of plant material per hectare are obtained. The oilseeds comprise about 2 tons of this total. The straw can be used for about 10 percent of the feed for cattle, goats, and sheep.
+Prior to planting this Salicornia on salt flats near Kalba, United Arab Emirates, the soil was leached with seawater to reduce the salt level. Salicornia was then grown with seawater irrigation, and used to feed Damascus goats. The researchers estimate that one hectare of
+Salicornia could raise up to twenty goats or sheep.
+<section>Tubers and foliage</section>
+Wild water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) occurs in saline coastal swamps in Southeast Asia and Oceania. The tubers, smaller and harder than those of superior varieties cultivated in fresh water, are traditionally gathered from shallow waters and cooked as delicacies or pounded to meal.
+The roots and stems of saltwort (Basis maritima) were used as food by the Seri Indians in the southwestern United States. Using seawater irrigation, dry weight yields of 17 tons per hectare have been obtained.
+Seaside purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum) is a wide-spreading, succulent, perennial herb valued as an edible wild plant in tropical coastal areas of the United States and the Caribbean. It is cultivated and consumed as a vegetable in India, Indonesia, and southern
+China. Boiling with several changes of water is necessary to eliminate excess salt. Analysis of the edible portion shows high values for calcium, iron, and carotene. In India, it is also used as fodder.
+Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is also used as a potherb and in salads and soups. It is reported to contain 29 mg per 100 g of vitamin C and a vitamin A potency of 7,500 I.U. per 100 g.
+The leaves of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) have been used as a medicinal herb, a spice, and as a salad ingredient. They contain significant amounts of vitamin C and have traditional use in protecting sailors from scurvy. About 100 g of fresh leaves provides the recommended daily allowance of vitamin C.
+The leaves of Atriplex triangularis are similar to spinach in appearance and nutritional composition. It is a leafy annual vegetable that grows on the edge of coastal marshes in eastern North America. Selection among collected lines at the University of Delaware has resulted in a cultivar that gives an estimated yield of 21,300 kg per hectare (fresh weight) using seawater for irrigation. A. hortensis is also cultivated in India for its spinach-like leaves.
+The ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) is native to South Africa. A succulent annual herb, it grows on sea coasts and salty deserts. The leaves and seeds of the plant are reported to be edible.
+Common Indian saltwort (Suaeda maritima) occurs in saline soils along the eastern and western coasts of India. It has been used for fixing seashore sand dunes. Its green leaves are considered a wholesome vegetable.
+<section>Leaf Protein</section>
+Although the leaves and shoots of some salt-tolerant foliage crops can be used in salads or as a garnish with minimal processing, most halophytes retain enough salt in their leaves to inhibit their consumption. One solution to this problem is to extract leaf protein from the salt- containing foliage.
+To produce leaf protein, fresh foliage is fed into a press and the juice extracted. The fibrous material remaining after the juice is extracted from the leaves can be used as ruminant feed.
+The juice is heated until a coagulum is formed and this curd is filtered, washed, and separated. The watery residue (containing most of the salts) is discarded. The material recovered on the filter is the leaf protein. Figure 2 shows this process.
+Carlsson observed that the expressed juice of some plants coagulated spontaneously at ambient temperatures.
+This reaction correlates with an undesirably high tannin and polyphenol content and can serve as screening technique to eliminate candidate plants.
+Leaf protein can be used as an additive to enhance the protein content of many food products. In India, for example, leaf protein is cooked with sugar and corn flour to make a confection; in Mexico, it is used to make a fortified spaghetti. Other leaf protein facilities have been set up in villages in Bolivia, Ghana, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
+In Sri Lanka, hand- and foot-powered presses are used to extract leaf protein from local plants. This leaf protein is used to fortify a local traditional dish, kola kenda, prepared from cooked rice and coconut. Children who received this fortified food were found to be significantly healthier than children from a nearby village who were not given leaf protein. After initial introduction in one village, the production and use of leaf protein spread to thirty villages.
+In Ghana, a village cooperative was established to produce leaf protein for food use, silage from the fibrous residue, and alcohol from the residual liquid fraction. Leaf protein was sold at a price comparable with other protein-rich foods. Further economies (or profits) will be possible when income is obtained from the sale of the silage. Villagers participating in the cooperative derived as much as a fivefold increase in income.
+Various salt-tolerant plants have been used for leaf protein production including Kochia scoparia, Salsola kali, Beta maritima, Salicornia spp., Mesembryanthemum spp., and Atriplex spp. (Carlsson, 1975). Some of the nutrients in leaf protein concentrate are shown in Table 5.
+TABLE 5 Leaf Protein Composition.
+Component
+Per 100 g Dry Matter
+True protein
+50-60 g
+Lipids
+10-25 g
+Beta Carotene
+45-150 mg
+Starch
+2-5 g
+Monosaccharides
+1-2 g
+B-vitamins
+16-22 mg
+Vitamin E
+15 mg
+Choline
+220-260 mg
+Iron
+40-70 mg
+Calcium
+400-800 mg
+Phosphorus
+240-570 mg
+Ash
+5-10 g
+SOURCE: Carlsson, 1988.
+<section>Fruits</section>
+Ahmad has described a technique developed in Pakistan and India to grow salt-sensitive fruits on saline land.
+This involves grafting a salt-sensitive shoot on a salt-tolerant rootstock. For example, shoots of Ziziphus mauritiana (salt sensitive, but yielding fleshy berries) have been grafted on the roots of Z. nummularia (salt tolerant, but yielding smaller berries) to allow fruit production on saline land. Similarly, shoots of Manilkara zapota (salt sensitive, but bearing large fruit) have been grafted on rootstocks of M. hexandra (salt tolerant, but bearing small fruit) to combine the desirable qualities of both. Pasternak (1987) reported that pear cultivars can tolerate irrigation water of 6.2 dS/m when grafted on a quince rootstock.
+Salvadora persica and S. oleoides are small evergreen trees or shrubs. Both species yield edible fruits. Their seeds contain about 40 percent of an oil with a fatty acid composition (lauric, 20 percent; myristic, 55 percent; palmitic, 20 percent; oleic, 5 percent), which makes an excellent soap. The seed oil is inedible because of the presence of various substituted dibenzylureas. Both are multipurpose trees in India and Pakistan, providing fodder and wood as well as fruit. In India, S. persica occurs on saline soils and in coastal regions just above the high-water line. Before the introduction of canal irrigation in Pakistan, S. oleoides occupied much of the worst saltaffected land.
+There are about a dozen species of Lycium in the United States. Although most bear edible fruit, they are commonly cultivated as ornamentals. l. fremontii seems to have agronomic promise. It is a thorny shrub native to southern Arizona and the Gulf of California region in adjacent Mexico. It thrives on desert soils, upper beaches, and semisaline and alkaline flats both near the coast and on inland deserts.
+The quandong (Santalum acuminatum) is widely distributed across Australia's arid inland. This small tree averaging about 4 m high, has bright red cherry-sized fruit with edible flesh and a stone with an edible kernel. The flesh is a good source of carbohydrate (19-23 percent). It was a staple of the aboriginal's diet and has been popular with other Australians in jam and pie. The kernel is roasted before being consumed and has a high oil (58 percent) and energy content. The quandong is reported to be highly resistant to drought, high temperatures, and salinity. An experimental orchard in southern Australia has been irrigated for seven years with water with a conductivity of 4.7 dS/m.
+The seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera) is readily established on sandy shores. When fully exposed on windswept seacoasts, the seagrape is dwarfed and bushy (to 2.5 m high) and forms dense colonies.
+Inland, it becomes a spreading, low-branched tree (to 15 m high). The wood makes excellent fuel and can also be used for furniture and cabinetwork. The fruits are popular in the Caribbean and are sold in local markets. The flowers yield abundant nectar and result in a fine honey.
+<section>Traditional crops</section>
+In Israel, a number of commercial crops are grown with underground brackish water. These include melons, tomatoes, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, and onions. A study on market tomatoes showed that fruits produced under saline conditions were smaller than the controls, but developed a better color and had a much better taste. However, their shelf life tended to be shorter. Taste testing of other crops grown in brackish water showed that in melons, the fresh fruits were tastier than the controls. For lettuce, the salinity of the irrigation water had no discernible effect on the taste. Yields obtained in seventeen saline irrigation experiments are shown in Table 6.
+TABLE 6 Expemnental Yields of and Grains at the Ramat Negev Experimental Station.
+Yield (t/ha) at
+Crop
+System*
+EC (irrigation water)
+Species
+Vegetables
+Asparagus
+d
+A. officinalis;
+4-year-old plot.
+Broccoli
+d
+Brassica oleracea
+Beetroot
+s
+Beta vulgaris
+Carrot
+d
+Daucus carota
+Celery
+s
+Apium graveolens
+Chinese cabbage
+d
+Brassica pekinenis
+Chinese cabbage
+d
+Brassica chinensis
+Kohlrabi
+d
+Brassica caulorapa
+Lettuce
+d
+Lactuca sativa
+Melon
+d
+Cucumis melo
+Onion
+d
+Allium cepa
+Onion
+d
+A. cepa; saline
+irrigation from
+64th day after
+planting.
+Tomato
+d
+Lycopersicon
+esculentum
+Grains
+(Yield of grain at 12% moisture)
+Maize
+d
+Zea mays
+Maize
+d
+Z. mays; saline
+irrigation from
+21st day after
+germination.
+Sorghum
+s
+Sorghum vulgare
+Wheat
+s
+Triticurn vulgare
+* d = drip irigation, s = sprinkler irrigation.
+SOURCE: Pasternak and De Malach, 1987.
+Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is commonly considered a temperate crop, dormant in the winter with spears harvested in the spring, and summer fern growth terminated by cooler fall weather. In tropical areas it can be grown using the "mother fern" technique. After plants are established, the first two or three spears are allowed to grow to fern; thereafter, spears are harvested as they develop. Twice during the year old fern is replaced by new fern, but asparagus is produced year-round with annual yields exceeding those obtained in temperate climates.
+In Tunisia, asparagus is grown near Zarzis, where the salinity the irrigation water is 6.5 g per liter. Yields (4-8 tons per hectare) are about the same as in areas irrigated with fresh water. It has also been grown experimentally in Israel's Negev desert.
+In the United States, University Delaware researchers found A. officinalis growing wild at the edge of a salt marsh. Using commercial asparagus varieties, they germinated thousands of seeds in fresh water and transferred the seedlings to salt water. Most died, but some grew well at salinities of 30 parts per thousand.
+Asparagus is an excellent crop for developing countries because it is relatively labor intensive. Although several years are required before a marketable crop is obtained, production continues for 15-25 years. Water requirements for asparagus are somewhat greater than for cotton, and a light soil and careful management are required.
+Rice (Oryza saliva) is a staple crop in many developing countries. It has been observed that coastal-grown rice generally gives lower yields than inland rice, presumably because of the effects of saline soil or salty ocean mists. Rice cells subjected to salt stress and then grown to maturity had progeny with improved salt tolerance - up to 1 percent salt.
+Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the most salt-tolerant cereal grain. At the University of Arizona, a special strain of barley yielded about 4,000 kg per hectare when irrigated with groundwater with half the salinity of seawater. At the University of California, specially selected strains of barley were grown on sand dunes with seawater and diluted seawater irrigation. Yields were 3,102 kg per hectare for fresh water, 2,390 kg per hectare for one-third seawater, 1,436 kg per hectare for two-thirds seawater, and 458 kg per hectare for full-strength seawater.
+Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) is an important source of human nutrition, and the improvement of salt tolerance in this crop deserves attention. Traditional cultivars from salt-affected areas may serve as sources for salt resistance in modern wheat varieties. There is a need to collect and evaluate cultivars from lands where salt stress has been exerting selection pressure over long periods. In India, researchers at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute have collected and evaluated more than 400 indigenous cultivars from salt-affected regions of the Indian subcontinent.
+In addition, many wild relatives of wheat show outstanding adaptation to saline environments. For example, tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia [Agropyron] elongatum) and E. poetica have been reported to survive salt concentrations higher than seawater. The salt tolerance of wheat may be enhanced through hybridization and selective transfer of gene complexes from these valuable resources.
+TABLE 7 Salt-Tolerant Plants for Haney Production.
+Honey Production
+Species
+(kg per colony per year)
+Agave americana
+41 (Mexico)
+Cajanus cajan
+Dalbergia sissoo
+4-9 (India)
+Eacalypus camaldulensis
+55-60 (Australia)
+E. gomphocephala
+E. paniculata
+100 (Australia)
+Gleditsia: triacanthos
+250* (Romania)
+Lotus corniculatus
+Parkinsonia aculeata
+Pithecellobium dulce
+Pongamia pinnata
+Prosopis cineraria
+P. pallida
+120-363 (Hawaii)
+Trifolium alexandrinum
+165* (Bulgaria)
+*Kg per season from one hectare covered with the plant.
+SOURCE: Crane, 1985.
+Researchers at the Institute of Plant Science Research (Cambridge, England) have succeeded in crossing salt-tolerant sand couch (Thinopyrum bessarabicum) with wheat. Sand couch grows on the sand dunes of the Black Sea and can withstand salt concentrations that would be lethal for wheat. The sand couch/wheat hybrid can grow and set seed at salt levels of 1.1 percent.
+A recent report by Rawson and coworkers (1988) suggests that absolute NaCl tolerance in wheat, barley, and triticale is not so much due to the greater ability to grow in the presence of NaCl, but to grow well per se. In many cases, productivity in NaCl can be estimated from the size of seedling leaves on the control plants.
+Maas and coworkers (1983) have examined the effects of saline water on germination, growth, and seed production in maize (Zea mays). At germination, salinities of up to 10 dS/m can be tolerated, but dry matter production is decreased if the EC exceeds 1 dS/m during seedling growth. Increasing the salinity of the irrigation water to 9 dS/m at the tasseling and grain filling stages did not significantly reduce yields.
+Some salt-tolerant plants are suitable for honey production, with the honey being used directly by the farmer or sold for added income. Although it would probably not be cost effective to establish salt tolerant plants solely for honey production, it could be a valuable adjunct while plants are maturing for other uses. The black mangrove
+(Avicennia germinans), example, has an intense summer flow of nectar heavily gathered by honeybees. Fourteen other tropical and subtropical plants that are valuable honey sources are listed in Table 7.
+<section>References and selected readings</section>
+General
+Downton, W. J. S. 1984. Salt tolerance of food crops: prospectives for improvements. CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 1(3):183-201.
+Epstein, E. and D. W. Rains. 1987. Advances in salt tolerance. Plant and Soil 99:17-29.
+Gallagher, J. L. 1985. Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant and Sod 89:323-336.
+Gamborg, O. L., R. E. B. Ketchum and M. W. Nabors. 1986. Tissue culture and cell biotechnology for increased salt tolerance in crop plants. Pp. 81-92 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro teds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Jain, S. C., R. K. Gupta, O. P. Sharma and V. K. Paradkar. 1985. Agronomic manipulation in saline sodic soils for economic biological yields. Current Science 54(9):422-425.
+Maas, E. V. 1986. Crop tolerance to saline soil and water. Pp. 205-219 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Mizrahi, Y. and D. Pasternak. 1985. Effect of salinity on quality of various agricultural crops. Plant and Sod 89:301-307.
+O'Leary, J. W. 1985. Saltwater crops. CHEMTECH 15(9):562-566.
+O'Leary, J. W. 1987. Halophytic food crops for arid lands. Pp. 1-4 in: Strategies for Classification and Management of Native Vegetation for Food Production in Arid Area,. Report RM-150, Forest Service, USDA, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80526, US.
+Pasternak, D. 1987. Salt tolerance and crop production - a comprehensive approach. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25:271-291.
+Pasternak, D. and Y. De Malach. 1987. Saline water irrigation in the Negev Desert. in: Agriculture and Food Production in the Middle East. Proceedings of a Conference on Agriculture and Food Production in the Middle East, Athens, Greece. January 21-26, 1987.
+Somers, G. F. 1982. Food and economic plants: general review. Pp. 127-148 in: A. San Pietro (ed.) Biosaline Research Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
+Grains and Oilseeds
+Zostera marina
+de Cock, A. W. A. M. 1980. Flowering, pollination and fruiting in Zostera marina. Aquatic Botany 9(3):210-220.
+Felger, R. S. and a. P. McRoy. 1975. Seagrasses as potential food plants. Pp. 62-69 in: C. F. Somers (ed.) Seedbearing Halophytes ad Food Plants. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, US.
+Thorhaug, A. 1986. Review of seagrass restoration efforts. Ambio 15(2):110-117.
+Distichlis
+Yensen, N. P., S. B. Yensen and C. W. Weber. 1985. A review of Distichlis spp. for production and nutritional values. Pp. 809-822 in: E. E. Whitehead, C. F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann, and R. G. Varady (eds.) Arid Land, Today and Tomorrow, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
+Yensen, N. P. 1988. Plants for salty soil. Arid Lands Newsletter 27:3-10. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, US.
+Yensen, N. P. 1987. Development of a rare halophyte grain: prospects for reclamation of salt-ruined lands. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 77(4):209-214.
+Sporobolus airoides
+Chadha, Y. R. (ed.). 1976. Sporobolus. The Wealth of India X:24-25. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Doebley, J. F. 1984. "Seeds" of wild grasses: a major food of Southwestern Indians. Economic Botany 38:52-64.
+Ezcurra, E., R. S. Felger, A. D. Russell and M. Equihua. 1988. Freshwater islands in a desert sand sea: the hydrology, flora, and phytogeography of the Gran Desierto oases of northwestern Mexico. Desert Plants 9(2):35-44,55-63.
+Heizer, R. F. and A. B. Elsasser. 1980. The Natural World of the California Indians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, US.
+Quinoa
+Atwell, W. A., B. M. Patrick, L. A. Johnson and R. W. Glass. 1983. Characterization of quinoa starch. Cereal Chemistry 60(1):9-11.
+Risi, J. and N. W. Galwey. 1984. The Chenopodium grains of the Andes: Inca crops for modern agriculture. Advances in Applied Biology 10:145-216.
+Kosteletzkya virginica
+Gallagher, J. L. 1985. Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant and Soil 89:323-336.
+Islam, M. N., C. A. Wilson and T. R. Watkins. 1982. Nutritional analysis of seashore mallow seed, Kosteletzkva virginica. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30(6):1195-1198.
+Acacias
+Orr,T. M. and L. J. Hiddins. 1987. Contributions of Australian acacias to human nutrition. Pp. 112-115 in J. W. Turnbull (ed.) Australian Acacia, in Developing Countries. ACIAR Proceedings no. 16. Canberra, Australia.
+Brand, J. C., V. Cherikoff and A. S. Truswell. 1985. The nutritional composition of Australian Aboriginal bushfoods - 3, seeds and nuts. Food Technology in Australia 37:275-279.
+Peterson, N. 1978. The traditional patterns of subsistence to 1975. Pp. 22-35 in: B. S. Hetzel and H. J. Frith (ens.) The Nutrition of Aborigines, in Relation to the Ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
+Terminalia catappa
+Morton, J. F. 1985. Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), salt-tolerant, useful, tropical tree with "nut" worthy of improvement. Economic Botany 39:101-112.
+Argan
+Morton, J. F. and G. L. Voss. 1987. The argan tree (Argania sideroxylon, Sapotaceae), a desert source of edible oil. Economic Botany 41:221-223.
+Salicornia
+Charnock, A. 1988. Plants with a taste for salt. New Scientist 120(1641):41-45.
+Tubers and Foliage
+Batis maritima
+Glenn, E. P. and J. W. O'Leary. 1985. Productivity and irrigation requirements of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 9(1):81-91.
+Sesuvium portulacastrum
+Chadha, Y. R. (ed.). 1972. Sesuvium. The Wealth of India 1X:304. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Portulaca oleracea
+Sen, D. N. and R. P. Bansal. 1979. Food plant resources of the Indian deserts. Pp. 357-370 in: J. R. Goodin and D. K. Northington (eds.) Arid Plant Resources. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, US.
+Crithmum maritimum
+Franke, W. 1982. Vitamin a in sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum), an edible wild plant. Economic Botany 36:163-165.
+Okusanya, O. T. 1977. The effect of sea water and temperature on the germination behavior of Crithmum maritimum. Physiologia Plantarum 41(4):265-267.
+Atriplex triangularis
+Islam, M. N., R. R. Genuario and M. Pappas-Sirois. 1987. Nutritional and sensory evaluation of Atriplex triangularis leaves. Food Chemistry 25:279-284.
+Khan, M. A. 1987. Salinity and density effects on demography of Atriplex triangularis Willd. Pakistan Journal of Botany 19(2):123-130.
+Riehl, T. E. and I. A. Ungar. 1983. Growth, water potential, and ion accumulation in the inland halophyte Atriplex triangularie under saline field conditions. Acta Oecologica,
+Oecologia Plantarum 4:27-39.
+Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
+Sastri, B. N. (ed.). 1962. Mesembryanthemum The Wealth of India VI:349. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Suaeda maritima
+Chadha, Y. R. (ed.). 1976. Suaeda. The Wealth of India X:70-71. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Leaf Protein
+Carlsson, R. 1988. Leaf Nutrients for Human Consumption: A Global Overview (Swedish). University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
+Carlsson, R. 1980. Quantity and quality of leaf protein concentrates from Atriplex hortensis, Chenopodium guinea and Amaranthus caudatus grown in southern Sweden. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 30(4):418-426.
+Carlsson, R. 1975. Centrospermae Species and Other Species for Production of Leaf Protein. Ph.D. thesis. University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
+Fellows, P. 1987. Village-scale leaf fractionation in Ghana. Tropical Science 27:7784.
+Martin, C. 1987. Leaf extract boosts nutritional value. VITA News (July):11-12.
+Maddison, A. and G. Davys. 1987. Leaf protein - a simple technology to improve nutrition. Appropriate Technology 14(2):10-11.
+Pirie, N. W. 1987. Leaf Protein and its By-Products in Human and Animal Nutrition. Cambridge University Press, New Rochelle, New York, US.
+Singh, A. K. 1985. The yield of leaf protein from some weeds. Acta Botanica Indica 13(2):165-170.
+Valenzuela, J. 1988. Protein for the young and needy. South 88:99.
+Fruits
+Salvadora
+Gupta, R. K. and S. K. Saxena. 1968. Resource survey of Salvadora oleoides and S. persica for non-edible oil in western Rajasthan. Tropical Ecology 9:140-152.
+Ezmirly, S. T. and J. C. Cheng. 1979. Saudi Arabian medicinal plants: Salvadora persica.Planta Medica 35(2):191-192.
+Chadha, Y. R. (ed.). 1972. Salvadora. Wealth of India 1X:193-195. CSIR, New Delhi, India
+Lyciums
+Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser. 1984. People of the Desert and Sea. Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, US.
+Greenhouse, R. 1979. The Iron and Calcium Content of Some Traditional Pima Food, and the Effects of Preparation Methods. (Thesis) Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, US.
+Santalum acuminatum
+Jones, G. P., D. J. Tucker, D. E. Rivett and M. Sedgley. 1985. The nutritional potential of the quandong (Santalum acuminatum) kernel. Journal of Plant Foods 6(4):239-246.
+Possingham, J. 1986. Selection for a better quandong. Australian Horticulture 84(2):55-59.
+Sedgley, M. 1982. Preliminary assessment of an orchard of quandong seedling trees.
+Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 48:52-56.
+Traditional Crops
+Asparagus
+Nichols, M. A. 1986. Asparagus coming into its own as a high-value field crop. Agribusiness Worldwide 6(8):15-18.
+Robb, A. 1984. Asparagus production using mother fern. Asparagus Research Newsletter (New Zealand) 2(1):24.
+Rice
+Akbar, M. 1986. Breeding for salinity tolerance in rice. Pp. 37-55 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Dubey, R. S. and M. Rani. 1989. Influence of NaCl salinity on growth and metabolic status of protein and amino acids in rice seedlings. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 162(2):97-106.
+Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1984. Role of cultivar tolerance in increasing rice production on saline lands. in: R. C. Staples & G. H. Toenniessen (ads.) Salt Tolerance in Plants. John Wiley, New York, New York, US.
+Wong, C.-K., S.-C. Woo and S.-W. Ko. 1986. Production of rice plantlets on NaCl-stressed medium and evaluation of their progenies. Botanical Bulletin Academia Sinica 27:11-23.
+Barley
+Anonymous. 1982. New variety yields 1.2 tonnes/ha when irrigated from the ocean. International Agricultural Development 2(3):29.
+Iyengar, E. R. R., J. Chikara and P. M. Sutaria. 1984. Relative salinity tolerance of barley varieties under semi-arid climate. Transaction, of Indian Society of Desert Technology 9(1):27-33.
+Norlyn, J. D. and E. Epstein. 1982. Barley production: irrigation with seawater on coastal soil. Pp. 525-529 in: A. San Pietro (ed.) Biosaline Research. Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
+Wheat
+Dvorak, J., K. Rose and S. Mendlinger. 1985. Transfer of salt tolerance from Elytrigia Pontica to wheat by the addition of an incomplete Elytrigia genome. Crop Science 25:306-309.
+Forster, B. 1988. Wheat can take on more than a pinch of salt. New Scientist 120(1641):43.
+Gorham, J., E. McDonnell and R. G. Wyn Jones. 1984. Salt tolerance in the Triticeae: Leymus sabulosus. Journal of Experimental Botany 35:1200-1209.
+Gulick, P. and J. Dvorak. 1987. Gene induction and repression by salt treatment in the roots of the salinity-sensitive Chinese Spring wheat and the salinity tolerant Chinese Spring x Elytrigia elongata amphiploid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84:99-103.
+Maas, E. V. and J. A. Poss. 1989. Salt sensitivity of wheat at various growth stages. Irrigation Science 10:29-40.
+Rana, R. S. 1986. Genetic diversity for salt-stress resistance of wheat in India. Rachis 5(1):32-37.
+Rana, R. S. 1986. Evaluation and utilisation of traditionally grown cereal cultivars of salt affected areas of India. Indian Journal of Genetics 46:121135.
+Rawson, H. M., R. A. Richards and R. Munns. 1988. An examination of selection criteria for salt tolerance in wheat, barley and triticale genotypes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39:759-792.
+Sajjad, M. S. 1986. Evaluation of wheat germplasm for salt tolerance. Rachis 5(1):28-31.
+Maize
+Ahmad, R., S. Ismail and D. Khan. 1986. Use of highly saline water for irrigation at sandy soils. Pp. 389-413 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds) Prospect for Biosaline Research University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Mass, E. V., G. J. Hoffman, G. D. Chaba, J. A. Poss and M. C. Shannon. 1983. Salt sensitivity of corn at various growth stages. Irrigation Science 4:45-57.
+Pasternak, D., Y. De Malach and I. Borovic. 1985. Irrigation with brackish water under desert conditions. II. Physiological and yield response of maize (Zea mays) to continuous irrigation with brackish water and to alternating brackish-fresh-brackish water irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 10:47-60.
+Pessarakli, M., J. T. Huber and T. C. Tucker. 1989. Dry matter yields, nitrogen absorbtion, and water uptake by sweet corn under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition 12(3):279-290.
+Totawat, K. L. and A. K. Mehta. 1985. Salt tolerance of maize and sorghum genotypes. Annals of Arid Zone Research 24(3):229-236.
+Tomato
+Mizrahi, Y. 1982. Effect of salinity on tomato fruit ripening. Plant Physiology 69:966-970.
+Jones, R. A. 1987. Genetic advances in salt tolerance. Pp. 125-138 in: D. J. Nevins & R. A. Jones (eds.) Tomato Biotechnology. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, New York, US.
+Onion
+Miyamoto, S. 1989. Salt effects on germination, emergence, and seedling mortality of onion. Agronomy Journal 81(2):202-207.
+Honey
+Crane, E. 1985. Bees and honey in the exploitation of arid land resources. Pp. 163-175 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.) Plants for Arid Land,. George Allen & Unwin, London, UK.
+Morton, J. F. 1964. Honeybee plants of South Florida. Procecdings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 77:415-436.
+<section>Research contacts</section>
+General
+Rafiq Ahmad, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32, Pakistan.
+James Aronson, 12 rue Vanneau, 34000 Montpellier, France.
+Akissa Bahri, Centre de Recherches du Genie Rural, BP No. 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia.
+John L. Gallagher, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, US.
+Oluf L. Gamborg, Tissue Culture for Crops Project, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, US.
+E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
+T. N. Khoshoo, Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110 011, India.
+Gwyn Jones, Human Nutrition Section, Deakin University, Victoria 3217, Australia.
+S. Miyamoto, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927, US.
+Yosef Misrahi, Boyko Institute for Research, Ben Gurion University, PO Box 1025, Beer-Sheva 84110, Israel.
+Gary P. Nabhan, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US.
+Dov Pasternak, Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Sede Boger 84990, Israel.
+James D. Rhoades, USDA Salinity Research Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92501, US.
+M. C. Shannon, USDA Salinity Research Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92501, US.
+G. E. Wickens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.
+Xie Cheng-Tao, Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, 30 Baishiqiao Road, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
+Grains and Oilseeds
+Zostera marina
+Richard S. Felger, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US.
+Distichlis
+N. Yensen, NyPa, Inc., 727 North Ninth Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85705 US.
+Quinoa
+Roff Carlsson, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Lund, Box 7007, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden.
+Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas OEA, Andean Zone, Box 478, Lima, Peru.
+John McCamant, Sierra Blanca Associates, 2560 South Jackson, Denver, CO 80210, US.
+Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos y Agropecuarios, Biblioteca Nacional Agropecuria, La Paz, Bolivia.
+E. J. Weber, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Division, IDRC Regional Office, Apartado Aereo 53016, Bogota, Colombia.
+Pennisetum typhoides
+E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
+Kosteletzkya virginica
+J. L. Gallagher, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, US.
+M. N. Islam, Department of Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, US.
+Acacia
+Janette C. Brand, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
+Tecticornia
+Paul G. Wilson, Western Australian Herbarium, PO Box 104, Como, WA 6152, Australia.
+Terminalia catappa
+Julia F. Morton, Director, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US.
+Argan
+Julia F. Morton, Director, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US.
+Salicornia
+James O'Leary, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US
+Carl Hodges, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson International Airport, Tucson, AZ 85706
+Leaf Protein
+Walter Bray, 13-15 Frognal, London NW3 6AP, UK.
+Rolf Carlsson, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Lund, Box 7007, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden.
+Peter Fellows, Oxford Polytechnic, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 OPB, UK
+Shoaib Ismail, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32, Pakistan.
+Carol Martin, Find Your Feet, 345 West 21st Street, Suite 3D, New York, NY 10011, US.
+A. K. Singh, S 4/50 D4, Tajpur, Orderly Bazar, Varanasi, 221 002, India.
+Fruits
+Quandong
+Margaret Sedgley, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
+Lycium
+Richard S. Felger, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US.
+Coccoloba uvifera
+Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenaza, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
+Institute of Tropical Forestry, PO Box AQ, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928, US.
+Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Merida, Venezuela.
+Traditional Crops
+Asparagus
+Yoel De Malach, Ramat Negev Regional Experimental Station, Doar Na Halutza 85515 Israel.
+M. A. Nichols, Department of Horticulture and Plant Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
+Rice
+I. U. Ahmed, Department of Soil Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 2, Bangladesh.
+M. Akbar, International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
+F. N. Ponnamperuma, International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
+R. S. Rana, Genetics Research Center, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India.
+C.-K. Wong, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
+Barley
+E. Epstein, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, US.
+R. T. Ramage, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US.
+E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
+H. M. Rawson, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
+Wheat
+E. Epstein, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, US.
+S. Jana, Department of Crop Science and Plant Ecology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SN7 0W0, Canada.
+R. Munns, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
+R. S. Rana, Genetics Research Center, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India.
+M. Siddique Sajjad, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, PO Box 128, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
+J. P. Srivastava, Cereal Improvement Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria.
+R. G. Wyn Jones, Department of Biochemistry and Soil Science, University College of North Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, Wales, UK.
+Maize
+D. Khan, Shoaib Ismail, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32, Pakistan.
+Yoel De Malach, Ramat Negev Regional Experimental Station, Doar Na Halutza 85515 Israel.
+K. L. Totawat, Department of Soil Science, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur 313 001, India.
+Tomato
+Yoel De Malach, Ramat Negev Regional Experimental Station, Doar Na Halutza 85515 Israel.
+Richard A. Jones, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, US.
+Honey
+Eva Crane, International Bee Research Association, Hill House, Gerrards Cross, Bucks SL9 ONR, UK.
+<section>Fuel</section>
+<section>Introduction</section>
+More than a billion people in developing countries rely on wood for cooking and heating. In most developing areas, the rate of deforestation for fuelwood and for agricultural expansion far exceeds the rate of reforestation. People spend increasing amounts of time and money to acquire fuel. Substitute energy sources such as kerosene or electricity are either unavailable or are too expensive.
+The need for agricultural land to feed growing populations makes it unlikely that high-quality land will be used for planting trees. There are several options for increasing the production of fuelwood - for example, improving cultural practices in existing forests, growing trees with other crops (agroforestry), and utilizing marginal lands.
+Fuelwood and building materials can be produced from salttolerant trees and shrubs using land and water unsuitable for conventional crops. Fuel crop plantations established on saline soils or irrigated with saline water would allow better land and fresh water to be reserved for food or forage production. Moreover, some salt-tolerant Prosopis, Eucalyptus, and Casuarina can survive prolonged exposure to 40-45°C - temperatures that few food crops can withstand.
+With careful planning, trees can help rehabilitate degraded lands by stabilizing the ecosystem and by providing niches and protection for other plants and animals. Criteria for selecting plant species for use as fuelwood in saline environments include:
+· Rate of Growth and Regrowth - Although many species may survive in saline habitats, their growth is often too slow to provide any significant production The ability to coppice is of great practical importance. Combustible litter and branches shed from some species is an advantage. High-density wood is preferred, but there is generally a negative correlation between density and growth rate. Species should be chosen that are easy to handle, cut, and split. The wood should burn evenly and slowly without sparks or noxious smoke.
+· Establishment - In saline environments, establishment may be difficult. There may only be a brief period suitable for planting. Special preparation such as mulching, furrowing, or ridging may be required to facilitate early growth. Some halophytes can tolerate harsher conditions later in their growth than at germination.
+· Adaptability - Some species require specialized habitats or microclimates and will not survive in all elements of the landscape or across an entire climatic zone. Plants with significant plasticity in climatic and site tolerance have greater potential for success.
+· Diverse Use Salt-tolerant trees and shrubs can serve other purposes. They can reduce wind erosion, protect row crops, provide shade or forage for livestock, and serve as a first step in land restoration. Spiny salt-tolerant shrubs can be planted as living fences. Trees can also serve to control salinity through their ability to use more water than crops or pasture on an annual basis, and to draw it from deeper in the soil profile. Candidate species that provide such benefits in addition to fuel production would be advantageous.
+Since it is unlikely that any species will meet all these requirements, compromise is necessary. Although selection is usually based on performance in a similar environment, some species "travel" poorly, some show extreme variation in regard to source (provenance), and some perform remarkably well far outside their native climate.
+In Australia, a consortium of business and academic groups is developing a multitiered approach to provide salt-tolerant trees for use as fuel and for pulp.
+The project will screen Australian trees for growth rates and salt and drought tolerance. In addition, root fungi, which help plants to obtain nutrients from the soil, will be screened for salt tolerance and their influence on tree growth. Trees with superior growth on saline soils will be tissue cultured and inoculated with salt-tolerant root fungi. These cloned trees will then be tested for field performance. After the field trials, useful plant material will be made commercially available for use in saline environments in Australia and other countries.
+In the United States Eucalyptus and Casuarina trees have been tested for over four years in demonstration plantations in California to reduce agricultural drainage water and lower water tables on saline sites. Superior trees have been cloned to produce seed and biomass for economic exploitation. Another Australian tree, Acacia melanozylon, is also being evaluated in this project.
+<section>Fuelwood trees and shrubs</section>
+Some of the species that are promising for fuel production in saline environments are found in the genera Prosopis, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Rhizophora, Melaleuca, Tamarix, and Acacia.
+Prosopis
+Shrubs and trees of the genus prosopis are found throughout arid and semiarid areas of the tropics. Since they fix nitrogen, they improve the soil and so supply part of their own nutrients. In tests by Felker and coworkers (1981), P. articulata, P. pallida, and P. tamarugo all grew and fixed nitrogen when irrigated with water containing 3.6 percent salt.
+In more recent tests by Rhodes and Felker (1988), Prosopis seeds from widely divergent saline areas of Africa, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and the United States were germinated and grown in sand culture at NaCl concentrations up to 3.3 percent. Six of the species tested had seedlings that grew in 3.3 percent NaCl. P. juliflora, from West Africa, seemed to have the best potential for rapid growth at high salinity. Other Prosopis surviving at 3.3 percent NaCl were P. chilensis, P. articulata, P. alba, P. nigra/flexuosa, and P. alba/nigra. P. tamarugo, identified earlier as having exceptional salt tolerance, died from stem fungal disease before salt was introduced. P. pubescens seedlings succumbed at 1.2 percent NaCl, possibly from fungal disease as well. P. juliflora has few soil and water constraints. It can be grown in either dry or waterlogged saline areas, and on degraded soils with low fertility. A thorny, deciduous, large-crowned, deep-rooted tree, P. juliflora may grow to
+10 m or more, depending on the variety and site. It is native to Central America and northern South America, but it has been widely propagated in Africa and Asia, particularly in India.
+In India, P. juliflora has spread throughout the state of Tamil Nadu where it is used for fuel by many of the rural poor, and its availability is credited with a reduction of cutting in natural forests. In one district, where substantial saline patches occur, farmers use P. juliflora as a fallow species for four years. The trees are harvested for fuelwood or, in many cases, converted to charcoal. The land can then be used for food crops for at least two years, after which trees are replanted.
+In Pakistan, more than 300 hectares of P. juliflora have been successfully established in sandy plains and dunes along the seacoast. Nursery-grown seedlings were irrigated with underground saline water for two years. After this, irrigation was discontinued, but the plants continued to grow well, using their extensive root systems to absorb rainwater and dew.
+Simultaneous plantings of P. juliflora in non-sandy strata with poorer percolation did not fare as well, apparently because of salt buildup in the root system. The wood produced in the sandy environment had a high heat content and low ash, indicating its suitability as fuelwood.
+Many other species of Prosopis yield good fuelwood as well. P. chilensis has been planted extensively in arid areas and P. alba has been used for reforesting dry saline areas. P. ruscifolia and P. pallida also have potential for use on saline soils and P. cineraria tolerates soils with a pH of over 9.
+About 9,000 hectares of Prosopis have been planted in the Bhavnagar area of India. Half is used by villagers for fuelwood and half belongs to the forestry department.
+Eucalyptus
+Of the more than 500 species of Eucalyptus, relatively few are salt tolerant. Among those that are salt tolerant, there is a broad range of adverse environments where they occur. For example, a recently described and appropriately named species, E. halophila, occurs on the edges of salt lakes in Australia. E. angulosa grows in white coastal sand in Western and South Australia. It is used as a windbreak in coastal areas and may be grown where salt spray is a problem. E. torquata occurs in South Australia, often on shallow rocky soils and in association with Triplex species.
+E. camaldulensis grows widely in arid areas, usually along permanent or seasonal inland streams. An Australian native, it is now planted in many Mediterranean countries and is used for fuelwood, charcoal, poles, and for paper and particleboard manufacture. It is adapted to tropical and temperate climates and will grow well on poor soils and in areas where there are prolonged dry seasons (provided its roots can reach groundwater) or where periodic waterlogging occurs. It is not suitable for planting in humid tropical lowlands, nor in coastal areas where it would be exposed to windblown salt. Of its numerous provenances, a few have been shown to be highly salt-tolerant.
+E. occidentalis is drought resistant and tolerates high temperatures, salinity, and waterlogging. In Western Australia, it has been found in clayey soils adjacent to salt lakes.
+E. sargentii is also native to Western Australia, where it is frequently found in areas where salt appears on the soil surface. It is reported to be one of the hardiest species and one of the last to die in areas of increasing salinity.
+Of several Australian eucalyptus species tested in Israel, the highest growth rate and resistance to salinity (~30 dS/m) were shown by E. occidentalis and E. sargentii; at lower salinity levels (20- 30 dS/m), E. spathulata, E. kondininensis, and E. loxophleba also exhibited rapid growth.
+Eucalyptus species reported by Blake (1981) to survive salt concentrations of ~1.8 percent are E. calophylla, E. erythrocorys, E. incrassata, E. largiflorens, E. neglecta, and E. tereticornis. Other species that have been reported to grow well in saline environments are listed in Table 8.
+Casuarina
+Casuarina equisetifolia is a fast-growing evergreen tree, 15-30 m tall, with a long straight trunk, 60-120 cm in diameter. It is native to southern Asia, Malaysia, coastal Queensland,
+Australia, and other Pacific Islands. It is an important fuelwood species in India and serves to stabilize coastal dunes in China. It has been successfully introduced to coastal East and West Africa and to many areas of the Caribbean. It can grow on loose seashore sand within a few meters of high tide.
+Its success as an introduced species is due to its ability to grow on nutrient-poor soils and to tolerate windblown salt, high alkalinity levels (pH 9.0-9.5), and moderate groundwater salinity.
+In a study of the effect of salinity on growth and nitrogen fixation in C. equisetifolia, it was found that increasing the NaCl level to 200 mM (about 1.2 percent) had little effect on nitrogen fixation. At intermediate levels of salinity (50-100 mM NaCl), nitrogen fixation and growth were greater than for the control.
+Not all species of Casuarina are salt tolerant and there is significant variation among those that are. C. cristata, C. glauca, and C. obesa are all reported to be more salt tolerant than C. equisetifolia and more suitable for heavier clay soils and waterlogged conditions. In recent testing for performance in saline-waterlogged conditions, C. obesa grew better than Eucalyptus camaldulensis and five other Eucalyptus species (van der Moezel et al., 1988).
+C. obesa is noted for its ability to grow in warm subhumid and semiarid zones. It produces good fuelwood and is useful in shelterbelts.
+TABLE 8 Salt-Tolerant Eucalyptus Species.
+Eucalyptus Species
+Other Site Characteristics
+E. astringens
+Dry
+E. brockwayi
+Dry
+E. calycogona
+Dry
+E. campaspe
+Dry
+E. concinna
+Dry
+E. diptera
+Dry, Coastal
+E. flocktoniae
+Dry
+E. forrestiana
+Dry, Coastal
+E. gracilis
+Dry, Clay
+E. griffithsii
+Dry
+E. Iehmannii
+Dry, Coastal
+E. (foecunda) leptophylla
+Dry
+E. lesouefi
+Dry
+E. longicornis
+Dry
+E. merrickiae
+Dry
+E. ovularis
+Dry
+E. platycorys
+Dry
+E. platypus
+Dry
+E. salmonophloia
+Dry
+E. woodwardii
+Dry
+SOURCE: Chippendale, 1973.
+Rhizophora
+Mangrove forests grow on 45 million hectares of tropical coastal and estuarine areas. They are tolerant of waterlogging, high salinity and humidity, and strong coastal winds. Although seawater is tolerated, most species grow best at lower salinity levels, particularly where there is freshwater seepage to moderate seawater salinity. Studies on the mangrove Avicennia marina, indicate that growth is poor in fresh water; maximum biomass production occurs at salinity levels of 25-50 percent of seawater.
+Rhizophora species range from small shrubs to tall trees. While R. mangle and R. mucronata are usually about 20-25 m tall, R. apiculata can grow to heights of 60 m.
+The principal use for most Rhizophora species is for fuelwood and charcoal. Most species also produce a strong, attractive timber, notably durable in water. Mangroves have the added value of reducing typhoon damage, binding and building sand and soil, serving as spawning and nursery grounds for many species of fish and shellfish, and as nesting and feeding sites for seabirds. Mangroves serve as a special link between the land and sea; inorganic nutrients from the land become organic nutrients and are passed on to the sea.
+R. mangle has been planted for coastal protection in Florida and Hawaii. R. mucronata is used for replanting cleared areas in Malaysia. Mangrove swamps have been managed for fuelwood in Malaysia for more than 80 years with harvest on a 30-year cycle. In Indonesia, the rotation is 20 years for firewood and 35 years for charcoal. In Thailand, a 30-year rotation is practiced for producing poles, firewood, and charcoal.
+The black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, of the New World tropics and subtropics, as well as the Old World species A. marina and A. officinalis, inhabiting salt marshes, tidal swamps, and muddy coasts, provide fuel, charcoal, and wood for boats, furniture, posts, pilings, and utensils.
+Mangroves are generally slow growing and cannot tolerate indiscriminate lopping. Although some species can be established by direct seeding, if strip-felling rather than clear-cutting is used for harvest, natural regeneration will occur. The Mangrove Research Center in the Philippines has a mangrove nursery and a working group on the silviculture of mangroves.
+Melaleuca
+Melaleuca quinquenervia and M. viridiflora are often found together occupying slightly higher ground next to mangrove swamps. M. quinquenervia is deep rooted and can grow on nutrient-poor coastal soils. It can grow near the beach and survives windblown salt. Although it grows best in fresh water, it can tolerate saline groundwater. It is an excellent fuelwood and regenerates readily after coppicing. It seeds profusely and can become a nuisance in areas where occasional fires create a suitable seedbed.
+M. styphelioides is a fast-growing tree, 6-18 m tall, found in swampy coastal sites in eastern Australia. It is more salt tolerant than M. quinquenervia and tolerates a wide variety of conditions including sandy, wet, saline, and heavy clay soils and some coastal exposure.
+Six species of Melaleuca from an area of salt lakes in Western Australia were examined for their relative salt tolerance in greenhouse tests. Growth and survival at salinity levels up to 7.2 dS/m were tracked over 15 weeks. M. cymbifolia had the highest survival rate and M. thyoides the best growth in these tests. M. thyoides, a large shrub, also has outstanding tolerance to waterlogging.
+M. bracteata, M. calycina, M. cardiophylla, M. glomerata, M. nervosa,M. pauperiflora, and M. subtrigona also occur on the margins of salt lakes in the interior of Australia.
+Tamarix
+Tamarisks are hardy shrubs or trees of the desert and seashore. There are more than 50 species of tamarisk and most tolerate salty soils, poor-quality water, drought, and high temperatures. Several types can be used to afforest sand dunes and saline wastelands.
+They have been used as windbreaks in desert areas and the mature trees can be used for lumber and fuelwood.
+One disadvantage of tarnarisks is the high salt content of their litter and the salt drip from their leaves. Vegetation surrounding these trees is killed and, where they are planted as a windbreak for agriculture, an open space must be allowed between the trees and the crop to prevent yield reduction. Leaves and twigs will not burn because of their high salt content.
+These drawbacks must be weighed against their useful characteristics when considering their introduction.
+Tamarix aphylla is a heavily branched tree, 8-12 m tall at maturity. It has a deep and extensive root system and, like other Tamarix species, it excretes salt. Salty "tears" drip from the glands in its leaves at night, so that the soil under the tree is covered with salt. Field tests in Israel showed that T. aphylla, T. chinensis, and T. nilotica could all be grown with seawater irrigation.
+T. stricta is a tree from the Middle East, closely resembling T. aphylla, but T. stricta has straighter stems, a denser canopy, and faster growth. T. articulata and T. gallica are reported to grow well on moderately salty sites in Western Australia. Both can be readily propagated from cuttings.
+In a study of biomass production using tamarisks irrigated with saline water, Garrett (1979) found that T. aphylla had a higher growth rate than T. africana or T. hispida. He also projected T. aphylla yields of up to 14 dry tons per acre when irrigated with 0.06-3.5 percent saline water.
+Acacia
+More than 800 of the known species of Acacia are native to Australia and many have potential for establishment on salt-affected sites. Species such as A. longifolia, A. saligna, and A. sophorae have been used to stabilize dunes in Israel and North Africa. In tropical Australia, A. oraria grows close to the sea and A. crassicarpa, in association with Casuarina equisetifolia, tolerates salt-laden winds on frontal sand dunes.
+Some Acacia species tolerate high levels of groundwater salinity. A. stenophylla is widely planted on salt-affected sites and A. redolens, A. ampliceps, A. xiphophylla, and A.- translucens all grow in highly saline areas. Other species with good salt resistance include A. floribunda, A. pendula, A. pycnantha, A. retinodes, and A. cyclops.
+A. auriculiformis is suitable for coastal sandy sites subjected to windblown salt and areas with acid or alkaline conditions. In northern Australia, it grows on sand dunes with a soil pH of 9.0. In laboratory tests, it has tolerated highly acid conditions. This nitrogen-fixing species also grows well in seasonally waterlogged areas. It has the disadvantage of brittle branches, which may break in ordinary winds.
+Other Species
+In India, twenty species of trees and shrubs were planted in a trial using saline water (EC = 4.0-6.1 dS/m) for irrigation. Of these, nine species were growing well after 18 months. The trees included Acacia nilotica, Albizzia lebbek, Cassia siamea, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Syzygium cumin), and Terminalia arjuna; shrubs were Adhatoda vasica and Cassia auriculata. On the basis of costs for establishing and maintaining these plants, and the selling price for firewood, it was estimated that the required investment would be recovered in five years.
+Pongamia pinnata, known as karanja, is found along the banks of streams and rivers and in beach and tidal forests in India. In West Bengal, a rotation of 30 years is used in Pongamia fuelwood plantations. Pongam oil, 27-39 percent of the seed, is used for leather treatment, soap making, lubrication, and medicinal purposes. An active component in the oil, karanjin, is reported to have insecticidal and antibacterial properties.
+Butea monosperma is a medium-sized (3-4 m) deciduous tree that grows in waterlogged and saline soils in tropical Asia. Its profuse spring canopy of scarlet flowers earn it the common name "flame of the forest." Its seeds and seed oil have anthelmintic properties.
+The Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) is a hardy evergreen tree that grows to 18 m in the Indian plains and tropical Americas. A legume, it grows in poor and sandy soils and survives in coastal areas even with its roots in salty water. It is also drought resistant and reproduces readily from seeds and cuttings. In addition to its fuel use, the fleshy pulp of its pods is consumed as a fruit and its leaves and pods are used as fodder for cattle, sheep, and goats.
+Information on more than 1,500 species of ground cover, vines, grasses, herbs, shrubs, and trees that tolerate seashore conditions has been assembled by Menninger (1964). Most of these are categorized as to their ability to grow (1) right on the shore, (2) with sonic protection, or (3) well back from the beach. Although there are no indications of other desirable characteristics for use as fuelwood, some of the trees suggested for planting where there is direct exposure to salt spray and sand (category 1) are listed in Table 9.
+TABLE 9 Seashore Trees.
+Species
+Common Name
+Native Area
+Albizia lophantha
+Cape Wattle
+Australia
+Araucaria excelsa
+Norfolk Island Pine
+Norfolk Island
+Banksia integrifolia
+Coast Honeysuckle
+Australia
+Barringtonia acutangula
+Sri Lanka
+Caesalpinia coriaria
+Divi-divi
+Venezuela
+Carallia integerrima
+Dawata
+India
+Casasia clusiaefolia
+Seven Year Apple
+Florida
+Catesbaea parviflora
+Lily Thorn
+Florida
+Cerbera odollam
+Gon-kadura
+India
+Conocarpus erectus
+Buttonwood
+Florida
+Corynocarpus laevigatus
+Karaka
+New Zealand
+Crataegus pubescens
+Mexican Hawthorn
+Mexico
+Cytissus proliferus
+Escabon Canary
+Islands
+Ficus rubiginosa
+Rusty Fig
+Florida
+Garcinia spicata
+India
+Grevillea banksii
+Australia
+Griselinia littoralis
+Broadleaf
+New Zealand
+Guettarda speciosa
+South Pacific
+Holoptelea integrifolia
+Indian Elm
+India
+Juniperus barbadensis
+Barbados Red Cedar
+West Indies
+Leptospermum laevigatum
+Coast Tea Tree
+Australia
+Messerschmidia argentia
+Beach Heliotrope
+Hawaii
+Metrosideros tomentosa
+Christmas Tree
+New Zealand
+Myoporurn laetum
+New Zealand
+Olearoa albida
+Tree Aster
+New Zealand
+Pinus halepensis
+Aleppo Pine
+Mediterranean
+Pinosporum crassifoliurn
+Karo
+New Zealand
+Pornaderris apetala
+Tainui
+New Zealand
+Prunus spinosa
+Sloe
+Australia
+Pseudopanax crassifolium
+Lancewood
+New Zealand
+Torrubia longifolia
+Blolly
+Florida
+Vitex lucens
+Puriri
+New Zealand
+Ximenia arnericana
+Tallow wood
+West Indies
+SOURCE: Menninger, 1964.
+<section>Liquid fuels</section>
+A number of countries are pioneering the large-scale use of alcohol fuels. In Brazil, for instance, a country that imported more than 80 percent of its petroleum in 1979, a combination of factors - including the availability of land and labor, a need for liquid fuels, and a strong base in sugarcane production - has led to an ambitious alcohol fuels program.
+TABLE 10 Utilization of Kallar Grass for Biogas Production.
+Material
+Yield per Hectare per Year
+Kallar grass
+40 t (green)
+Kallar grass
+16.8 t (dry)
+Methane (0.18 m3/kg dry matter)
+3,024 m3
+Sludge (0.72 kg/kg dry matter)
+12.1 t
+Nitrogen in sludge
+240 kg
+Total Energy
+15 x 1000000 kcal
+SOURCE: Malik et al., 1986.
+Instead of producing granular sugar for the world market, sugarcane juice is fermented to ethanol. This alcohol is used both in combination with gasoline and as a complete substitute for gasoline in Brazil's automobiles. In Costa Rica, Indonesia, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sudan, Thailand, and other countries, alcohol fuel projects are being examined or developed.
+The opportunity also exists for the production of liquid fuels from salt-tolerant plants. The sugar beet, Beta vulgar's, can be grown with saline water. The techniques for extracting sugar from this crop and fermenting it to ethanol are well known and widely practiced.
+Although less well known, the nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is also a potential source of sugar for conversion to ethanol.
+The nipa palm flourishes in the tidal marshes and on the submerged banks of bays and estuaries from West Bengal through Burma, Malaysia to northern Australia. There are extensive stands in the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia.
+Nipa sap contains about 15 percent sugar, which can be collected from the mature fruit stalk after the fruit head has been cut off. Carefully done, tapping can continue for an extended period and considerable quantities of sap can be harvested. Pratt et al. (1913) report yields of 40 liters per tree per season, which they project as 30,000 liters of juice per hectare each year. Cultivated palms may produce as much as 0.46 liters of sap per tree each day, which is equivalent to nearly 8,000 liters of alcohol per hectare each year.
+Because of the presence of wild yeasts, the sap begins to ferment as soon as it is tapped; if it is not used quickly, fermentation will proceed to acetic acid. The principal disadvantages for nipa the inaccessibility of its wild stands and the difficulty of working in the swampy terrain that the plant prefers. Cultivated stands may require land that would otherwise be suitable for rice.
+<section>Gaseous fuels</section>
+Although grown primarily for use as fodder, kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) has been shown to have potential as an energy crop by researchers at the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology in Pakistan. As shown in Table 10, when kallar grass is used as a substrate for biogas production, the energy yield per hectare per year is estimated to be 15 x 1000000 kcal.
+<section>References and selected readings</section>
+General
+Adappa, B. S. 1986. Waste land development for bioenergy need for forestry grant schemes and incentive policies. MYFOREST 22(4):227-231.
+Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Barrett-Lennard, E. G., C. V. Malcolm, W. R. Stern and S. M. Wilkins (eds.). 1986. Forage and Fuel Production from Salt Affected Wasteland. Elsevier, Oxford, England. (Also published as Volume 5, No. 1-3, 1986, of Reclamation and Revegetation Research).
+Bangash, S. H. 1977. Salt tolerance of forest tree species as determined by germination of seeds at different salinity levels. Chemistry Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan.
+Chaturvedi, A. N. 1984. Firewood crops in areas of brackish water. Indian Forester 110(4):364-366.
+Goodin, J. R. 1984. Assessment of the Potential of Halophytes as Energy Crops for the Electric Utility Industry (Final Report). International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Lubbock, Texas, US.
+Gupta, G. N., K. G. Prasad, S. Mohan and P. Manivachakam. 1986. Salt tolerance of some tree species at seedling stage. Indian Forester 112(2):101-113.
+Jambulingam, R. and E:. C. M. Fernandes. 1986. Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands in Tamil Nadu State (India). Agroforestry Systems 4:17-32.
+Le Houerou, H. N. 1986. Salt-tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediterranean basin. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:319-341.
+Lima, P. C. F. 1986. Tree productivity in the semiarid zone of Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management 16:5-13.
+Malik, M. N. and M. I. Sheikh. 1983. Planting of trees in saline and waterlogged areas. Part I. Test planting at Azakhel. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 33(1):1-17.
+Menninger, E. A. 1964. Seaside of the World Hearthside Press, Great Neck, New York, US.
+Midgley, S. J., J. W. Turnbull and V. J. Hartney. 1986. Fuel-wood species for salt affected sites. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:285-303.
+Morris, J. D. 1983. The role of trees in dryland salinity control. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 95(3):123-131.
+Morris, J. D. 1984. Establishment of trees and shrubs on a saline site using drip irrigation. Australian Forestry 47(4):210-217.
+Negus, T. R. 1984. Trees for saltland. Farmnote 67/84. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+O'Leary J. W. 1979. The yield potential of halophytes and xerophytes. Pp. 574-581 in: J. R.
+Goodin and D. K. Northington (eds.) Arid Land Plant Resources. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, US.
+Patel, V. J. 1987. Prospects for power generation from waste land in India. Appropriate Technology 13(4):18-20.
+Sheikh, M. 1. 1974. Afforestation in waterlogged and saline areas. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 24(2):186-192.
+Van Epps, G. A. 1982 Energy biomass from large rangeland shrubs in the Intermountain United States. Journal of Range Management 35(1):22-25.
+Yadav, J. S. P. 1980. Potentialities of salt-affected soils for growing trees and forage plants. Indian Journal of Range Management 1:33-44.
+Fuelwood Trees
+Prosopis
+Almanza, S. G. and E. G. Moya. 1986. The uses of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 16:49-56,
+Esbenshade, H. W. 1980. Kiawe (Prosopis pallida): a tree crop in Hawaii. International Tree Crops Journal 1(2/3):125-130.
+Felker, P., G. H. Cannell and J. F. Osborn. 1983. Effects of irrigation on biomass production of 32 prosopis (mesquite) accessions. Experimental Agriculture 19(2):187-198.
+Felker, P., P. R. Clark, A. E. Laag and P. F. Pratt. 1981. Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes mesquite (prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, P. velutina and P. articulata), algarrobo (P. chilensis), kiawe (P. pallida) and tamarugo (P. tamarugo) grown in sand culture on nitrogen-free media. Plant and Soil 61(3):311-317.
+Khan, D., R. Ahmad and S. Ismail. 1986. Case history of Prosopis juliflora plantation at Makran coast raised through saline water irrigation. Pp. 559-585 in: R. Ahmad and A. San
+Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan,.
+Marmillon,E. 1986. Management of algarrobo (Prosopis alba, Prosopis chilensis, Prosopis flexuosa, and Prosopis nigra) in the semiarid regions of Argentina. Forest Ecology and Management 16:33-40.
+Muthana, K. D. ant B. L. Jain. 1984. Use of saline water for raising tree seedlings (Pro&opt& juliflora, Leuceana leucocephala). Indian Farming 34(2):37-38.
+Rhodes, D. and P. Felker. 1988. Mass screening of Prosopis (Mesquite) seedlings for growth at seawater concentrations. Forest Ecology and Management 24(3):169-176.
+Eucalyptus
+Biddiscombe, E. F., A. L. Rogers, E. A. N. Greenwood and E. S. DeBoer. 1981. Establishment and early growth of species in farm plantations near saline seeps. Australian Journal of Ecology 6:383-389.
+Biddiscombe, E. F., A. L. Rogers, E. A. N. Greenwood and E. S. DeBoer. 1985. Growth of tree species near salt seeps, as estimated by leaf area, crown volume and height. Australian Forest Research 15(2):141-154.
+Blake, T. J. 1981. Salt tolerance of eucalypt species grown in saline solution culture. Australian Forest Research 11(2):179-183.
+Carr, S. G. M. and D. J. Carr. 1980. A new species of Eucalyptus from the margins of salt lakes in Western Australia. Nuytsia 3:173-178.
+Chippendale, G. M. 1973. Eucalypts of the Western Australian Goldfieids. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.
+Darrow, W. K. 1983. Provenance-type trials of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis in South Africa and Southwest Africa: eight-year results. South African Forestry Journal 124(3):13-22.
+Grunwald, C. and R. Karshon 1983. Variation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis from North Australia grown in Israel. Division of Forestry, Agricultural Research Organization, Ilanot, Israel.
+Jacobs, M. R. 1981. Eucalypts for Planting. FAO Forestry Series No. 11, Rome, Italy.
+Karschon, R. and Y. Zohar. 1975. Effects of flooding and of irrigation water salinity on Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. from three seed sources. Leaflet No. 54, Division of Forestry, Agricultural Research Organization, Ilanot, Israel.
+Mathur, N. K. and A. K. Sharma. 1984. Eucalyptus in reclamation saline and alkaline soils in India. Indian Forester 110(1):9-15.
+Muthana, K. D., G. V. S. Ramakrishna and G. D. Arora. 1983. Analysis of growth and establishment of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone Research 22(1):151-155.
+Sands, R. 1981. Salt resistance in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. from three different seed sources. Division of Soils, CSIRO, Glen Osmond, Australia.
+Zohar, Y. 1982. Growth of eucalypts on saline soils in the Wadi Arava. La - Yaaran 32(1-4):60-64.
+Casuarina
+Ng, B. H. 1987. The effects of salinity on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Casuarina equisetifolia. Plant and Sod 103:123-125.
+Turnbull, J. W. 1986. Casuarina obesa Pp. 244-245 in: Multipurpose Australian Trees and Shrub,. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. van der Moezel, P. G., L. E. Watson, G. V. N. Pearce-Pinto and D. T. Bell. 1988. The response of six Eucalyptus species and (Casuarina obesa to the combined effect of salinity and waterlogging. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 15(3):465-474.
+Rhizophora
+Bunt, J. S., W. T. Williams ant H. J. Clay. 1982. River water salinity and the distribution of mangrove species along several rivers in north Queensland. Australian Journal of Botany 30(4):401-412.
+Chan, H. T. 1987. Mangrove forest management in the ASEAN region. Tropical Coastal Area Management 2(3):6-8.
+Chan, H. T. and S. M. Nor. 1987. Traditional Uses of the Mangrove Ecosystem in Malaysia. UNDP/UNESCO Regional Mangrove Project, New Delhi, India. de la Cruz, A. A. 1980. Status of mangrove management in Southeast Asia. BIOTROP 1980:11-17. Bogor, Indonesia.
+Gordon, D. M. 1988. Disturbance to mangroves in tropical-arid Western Australia: hypersalinity and restricted tidal exchange as factors leading to mortality. Journal of Arid Environnents 15(2):117-146.
+Fortes, M. D. 1988. Mangrove and seagrass beds of East Asia: habitats under stress AMBIO 17(3):207-213.
+Khan, Z. H. 1977. Management of the principal littoral tree species of the Sundarbans. Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
+Morton, J. F. 1976. Craft industries from coastal wetland vegetation. Pp. 254-266 in: M. Wiley (ed.) Estuarine Processes Vol.1. Academic Press, New York, New York, US.
+Rutzler, K. and C. Feller. 1988. Mangrove swamp communities. Oceanus 30(4):16-34.
+Snedaker, S. C. and J. G. Snedaker (eds.). 1984. The Mangrove Ecosystem. Unipub, New York, New York, US.
+Teas, H. J. (ed.). 1984. Physiology and Management of Mangroves. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands.
+Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press, New Rochelle, New York, US.
+Melaleuca
+Cherrier, J. F. 1981. The niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in New Caledonia. Revue Forestiere Francaise 33(4):297-311. van der Moezel, P.G. and D. T. Bell. 1987. Comparative seedling salt tolerance of several Eucalyptus and Melaleuca species from Western Australia. Australian Forestry Research 17:151-158.
+Morton, J. F. 1966. The cajeput tree: a boon and an affliction. Economic Botany 20:31-39.
+Wang, S., J. B. Huffman and R. C. Littel. 1981. Characterization of melaleuca biomass as a fuel for direct combustion. Wood Science 13(4):216-219.
+Tamarix
+Garrett, D. E. 1979. Investigation of Woody Biomass for Fuel Production in Warm Climate, Non-Agricultural Land Irrigated with Brackish or Saline Water. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, US.
+Singh, B. and S. D. Khanduja. 1984. Wood properties of some firewood shrubs in northern India (Tamarix dioca, Carissa spinarum, Acacia calycina, Adhatoda vasica, Dedonia viscosa). Biomass 4(3):235-238.
+Acacia
+Turnbull, J. W. (ed.). 1986. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16, Canberra, Australia.
+Adhatoda vasica
+Chaturvedi, A. N. 1984. Firewood crops in areas of brackish water. Indian Forester 110(4):364-366.
+Singh, A., M. Madan and P. Vasudevan. 1987. Increasing biomass yields of hardy weeds through coppicing studies on Ipomoea fistulosa and Adhatoda vasica with reference to wasteland utilization. Biological Wastes 19:25-33.
+Pongamia pinnata
+Krishnamurthi, A. (ed.). 1969. Pongamia. Wealth of India VIII:206-211. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Lakshmikanthan, V. 1978. Tree Borne Oil Seeds Khadi &Village Industry Commission, Pune, India.
+Bringi, N. V. and S. K. Mukerjee. 1987. Karanja seed oil. Pp. 143-166 in: N. V. Bringi (ed.) Non-Traditional Oilseeds and Oils of India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
+Butea monosperma
+Manjunath, B. L. (ed.). 1948. Butea. Wealth of India 1:251-252. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Lakshmikanthan, V. 1978. Tree Borne Oil Seeds. Khadi & Village Industry Commission, Pune, India.
+Pithecellobium dulce
+Krishnamurthi, A. (ed.). 1969. Pithecellobium. Wealth of India VIII:140-142. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Nipa Palm
+Davis, T. A. 1986. Nipa palm in Indonesia, a source of unlimited food and energy. Indonesian Agricultural Research &Development Journal 8(2):38-44.
+Hamilton, L. S. and D. H. Murphy. 1988. Use and management of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans, Arecacae): A review. Economic Botany 42:206-213.
+Paivoke, A. E. A. 1984. Tapping patterns in the nipa palm. Principes 28:132-137.
+Pratt, D. S., L. W. Thurlow, R. R. Williams and H. D. Gibbs. 1913. The nipa palm as a commercial source of sugar. The Philippine Journal of Science 8(6) :377-398.
+Kallar Grass
+Malik, K. A., Z. Aslam and M. Naqvi. 1986. Kallar Gras, - A Plant for Saline Land Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
+<section>Research contacts</section>
+General
+Rafiq Ahmad, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32, Pakistan.
+A. N. Chaturvedi, Conservator of Forests, Research and Development Circle, Lucknow, India.
+G. N. Gupta, Forest Soil cum Vegetation Survey, Southern Region, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
+P. C. F. Lima, EMBRAPA-CPATSA, Cx.P. 23, 56300 Petrolina PE, Brazil.
+J. D. Morris, Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, GPO Box 4018, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
+David N. Sen, Department of Botany, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342001, India.
+Lex Thomson, Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
+M. I. Sheikh, Forestry Research Division, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan.
+J. S. P. Yadav, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, India.
+Prosopis
+Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Av. Gen. San Martin 1371, CP 1022, Bonji, Recife, PE, Brazil.
+Peter Felker, Center for Semi-Arid Forest Resources, Texas A&I University, Kingsville, TX 78363, US.
+F. Squella, Estacion Experimental La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), PO Box 5427, Santiago, Chile.
+Holger Stienen, Center for International Development and Migration, Bettinastri 62, 6000 Frankfurt, FRG.
+D. Khan, Shoaib Ismail, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32, Pakistan.
+Eucalyptus
+E. A. N. Greenwood, Division of Water Resources, CSIRO, Private Bag, Wembley, W. A. 6014, Australia.
+N. K. Mathur, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun, India.
+K. D. Muthana, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodphur 342 003, India.
+Paul G. van der Moezel, Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
+Yehiel Zohar, Department of Forestry, Agricultural Research Organization, Ilanot 42805, Israel.
+Casuarina
+M. H. El-Lakany, Desert Development Center, American University in Cairo, 113 Sharia Kasr el Aini) Cairo, Egypt.
+S. J. Midsley, Division of Forest Research, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.
+B. H. Ng, Botany Department, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4067, Australia.
+Paul G. van der Moezel, Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
+Rhizophora
+John S. Bunt, Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville M.C., Queensland 4810, Australia.
+Chan Hung Tuck, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.
+A. A. de la Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, US.
+Francis E. Putz, Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, US.
+Klaus Rutzler, Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, US.
+UNDP/UNESCO Regional Mangroves Project, 15, Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110003, India.
+Melaleuca
+J. F. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US.
+Paul G. van der Moezel, Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
+Tamarix
+Chihuahua Desert Research Institute, PO Box 1334, Alpine, TX 79830, US.
+Acacia
+Division of Forest Research, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Canberra 2600, Australia. Forestry Division, Agricultural Research Organization, Ilanot, Israel.
+Nipa Palm
+T. A. Davis, JBS Haldane Research Center, Nagercoil-4, Tamil Nadu, India.
+L. S. Hamilton, East-West Center, Honolulu, HI 96848, US.
+E. J. Del Rosario, BIOTECH, UPLB, Los Banos, Philippines.
+Kallar Grass
+K. A. Malik, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, PO Box 128, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
+<section>Fodder</section>
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Halophytes have been used as forage in arid and semiarid areas for millennia. The value of certain salt-tolerant shrub and grass species has been recognized by their incorporation in pasture improvement programs in many salt-affected regions throughout the world. There have been recent advances in selecting species with high biomass and protein levels in combination with their ability to survive a wide range of environmental conditions, including salinity.
+Trees and shrubs can be valuable components of grazing lands and can also serve as shelter and complementary nutrient sources to grasses in arid and semiarid areas. Their deep roots serve as soil stabilizers and nutrient pumps and can lower saline water tables.
+Trees can provide shade for livestock and shrubs can be used as living fences. Leguminous species improve soil quality by fixing nitrogen.
+In arid and semiarid zones, trees and shrubs have several advantages over grasses as fodder. They are generally less susceptible to seasonal variation in moisture availability and temperature, and to fire. Usually less palatable than grasses, they can provide reserve or supplementary feed sources.
+In Africa, about 60 percent of the meat production and about 70 percent of the milk production is from arid and semiarid environments. It is here that pastures are most severely degraded and where the planting of trees and shrubs may be most helpful. The use of salt-tolerant species in pasture improvement may allow the use of brackish water for irrigation.
+In this section, salt-tolerant grasses, shrubs, and trees with potential for fodder use are described.
+<section>Grasses</section>
+Kallar Grass
+Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) is a highly salt-tolerant perennial forage that grows well even in waterlogged conditions. Its deep roots help open hardened soils and harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It recovers well from grazing and can also be cut for hay. Pastures can be established from seed, but the use of rooted slips or stem cuttings yields better results.
+Kallar grass is widespread in tropical and southern Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Although largely indifferent to rainfall levels, it does require almost constant moisture for its roots. It grows best in waterlogged soils, lake or river margins, and on seasonally flooded flats.
+In Pakistan, March is the favored time for planting. A reasonable stand of grass develops in a month, with maximum yields during July and August, the monsoon season. Five cuttings can be obtained during the year with a total yield of about 40 tons of green fodder. Even during the winter months (November through February) when the growth of grass is retarded, a single cutting can yield 3 tons per hectare. Even this low yield is valuable in salt-affected areas where winter fodder is scarce. The grass appears palatable to sheep, goats, buffalo, and cattle.
+The qualities that allow kallar grass to grow well under adverse conditions also contribute to its ability to compete well in rice fields and in irrigation canals as a weed.
+Silt Grass
+Silt grass (Paspalum vaginatum) occurs naturally on muddy seacoasts, in tidal marshes, and brackish sandy areas of tropical and subtropical regions. Either erect or prostrate, it has tough, creeping roots and forms dense mats. Once well established, it serves as a useful pasture grass, especially in bog and seepage areas that stay wet with salty water. Although quite suitable for grazing, it dries slowly and turns black when cut for hay. It has been grown with water containing 1.4 percent salts where ample water was applied for leaching to avoid salt accumulation.
+This grass has been found in coastal areas of the West Indies, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina in the Western Hemisphere as well as in tidal swamps in Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Gabon. It is widely used for revegetation in saline seepage areas in Australia.
+The best means of propagation is through roots, runners, or sod; seeding is not effective.
+The grass is sensitive to herbicides. Since sheep crop the grass closely and prevent runners from colonizing, grazing protection must be provided until bare areas are covered.
+Russian-Thistle
+Russian-thistle (Salsola iberica) is a salt-tolerant annual common in the western United States. It is well adapted to survive under drought conditions, requiring only about half as much water per unit of dry matter produced as alfalfa. The crude protein content of Russian-thistle is in the 15-20 percent range and the amino acid composition of this protein is quite similar to that of alfalfa. In a study in New Mexico (USA), biomass yields of 10 tons per hectare were demonstrated.
+Although salinity tolerance at germination is low, seedlings tolerate brackish water well, and this exposure seems to improve salinity tolerance in the later vegetative and reproductive stages. Moderate salinity levels resulted in improved yields. Table 11 shows some of these data.
+Salsola may also find use as an energy crop. The energy content of field-dried Salsola is comparable to lignite. It has been successfully compressed into pellets for use as boiler fuel.
+Saltgrasses
+Distichlis spicata is used as forage for cattle near Mexico City. Grown on 20,000 hectares of salt flats, this may represent the world's largest area devoted to an introduced halophyte.
+There are distinct seashore and inland ecotypes; the seashore ecotype has been grown with water twice as salty as seawater.
+TABLE 11 Yield and Moisture Content of Salsola iberica at Five Salinity Levels. (Saline irogation was initiated six days after planting; harvest was 64 days after planting.)
+Irrigation
+Fresh
+Dry
+Moisture
+Salinity (dS/m)
+Weight(g)
+Weight(g)
+Content(%)
+SOURCE: Fowler et al., 1985.
+Another variety of Distichlis developed by NyPa, Inc. has growth rates and nutrient characteristics similar to those of alfalfa. Yields of 20 tons per hectare (dry matter) have been reported using irrigation water containing 1-2 percent salts. A perennial that can tolerate both waterlogging and long periods of drought, it appears suitable for use in many hot arid areas where saline water is available for irrigation.
+Channel Millet
+Channel millet (Echinochloa turnerana) is an uncultivated, wild Australian plant. Its most significant feature is that in its native habitat it requires only a single watering to develop from germination to harvest. It is always found in silty clay that cracks deeply when dry and is subjected to sporadic flooding. Sites may remain dry for years, but when flooding occurs growth is abundant. The seed will not germinate after light rains; deep flooding is required.
+Channel millet grows almost exclusively in the so-called "Channel country" of Queensland in inland Australia, where it is recognized as a productive, palatable, and nutritious fodder grass. The grain is consumed by cattle, horses, and sheep. In addition, the leaves, calms, and seedheads are eaten by livestock and the whole plant makes excellent hay.
+Little is known about the agronomy of channel millet; few attempts have been made to domesticate it and there is little documented information on its botany, germination, growth, environmental requirements, and yield. Laboratory salinity testing indicated that a 50-percent reduction in grain yield occurs at 24 dS/m. Some species of Echinochloa are ruinous weeds in rice fields. The weediness of channel millet is unknown, but quarantine measures should be used in its testing to prevent inadvertent release.
+E. crus-galli is reported to be a good fodder for cattle, with its grain fed in time of scarcity. E. frumentacea is grown as a quickmaturing (six weeks) food crop in India. Both are grown in Egypt on lands too saline for other crops.
+Cordgasses
+Members of the Spartina genus are tough, long-leaved grasses found in tidal marshes in North America, Europe, and Africa. These grasses have hollow stems (culms) and rhizomes.
+The hollow stems allow air transport from the leaves to the roots during tidal inundation to maintain aerobic conditions in the root zone. Most Spartina species propagate vegetatively by means of spreading underground rhizomes, which grow new roots and buds. Seeds are a less important means of propagation for most species. These grasses survive salt water and saline soils by excreting salt through special glands in their leaves.
+Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) is a tall (1-3 m), robust species that grows closest to the water line. It transplants well and can be seeded under some conditions. S. folioso (California cordgrass) is shorter (1 m) and produces less seed. It grows along the western coast of North America from California to Mexico. S. patens (salt meadow cordgrass) grows densely in marshes in the area of mean high water. S. patens has historically been used for grazing or cut for hay.
+S. alterniflora tidal salt marshes are important nursery grounds and sources of nutrients for aquatic organisms. These marshes also provide food and habitat for wildlife, reduce shoreline erosion, and assimilate excess nutrients from pollutants such as sewage and agricultural drainage. Because of this, studies have been made of establishment methods and long term stability of man-made marshes. In North Carolina (USA), it was shown that, after four growing seasons, there was no difference in growth between a transplanted S. alterniflora marsh and an adjacent natural marsh. Biomass production of the two marshes was similar during the remainder of the ten-year study.
+Rhodes Grass
+Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) has been grown in the United Arab Emirates to supply fodder for a rapidly growing livestock population. When irrigation water with a salinity level of 6,000 ppm of dissolved salts was used, the survival of seedlings dropped to zero. However, when the grass was started in a nursery and tufts transplanted to the field, normal growth was obtained with water containing a salt load of up to 15,000 ppm. Success was attributed to good soil drainage. No difficulties were encountered in areas with deep sandy soils.
+In laboratory work with C. gayana, five successive generations were grown on sand irrigated with NaCl solutions up to 0.7 M (about 4.2 percent). The most successful survivors were found to have not only greater salt tolerance but an improved ability to withstand multiple harvests even at salt levels of about 2 percent.
+Tall Wheat Grass
+Tall wheat grass (Elytrigia [Agropyron] elongata) is native to southern Russia and Asia Minor where it grows in seashore marshes. It was introduced in Australia more than 50 years ago, where it has since been used for revegetating salted areas. A perennial, it is well adapted to poorly drained saline soils. Although it grows moderately well on saline areas that are permanently wet, best growth occurs where the soil dries out in the summer. Tall wheat grass can be established from seed. It germinates well but is slow to establish. Once a crown of stems develops near ground level, it can withstand moderate grazing.
+Other Species
+Sporobolus airoides, S. helvolus, and S. maderaspatanus are all grown on sandy and saline soils in India as fodder for horses and cattle. In Pakistan, irrigation of S. arabicus with 17 dS/m water gave yields of 3.9 kg per m2 per year. In recent tests, S. stapfianus demonstrated salt tolerance comparable to kallar grass.
+Puccinellia dietans (North Africa) and P. ciliata (Australia) are fodder grasses highly tolerant to salinity. Puccinellia has been widely used on saline areas in Australia. The plant is an outstanding pioneer species on bare salted land. Seedlings grow slowly and establishment is most successful on bare areas where there is no competition from other plants and where there is protection from grazing. Crude protein contents of 4 percent and digestibilities of about 50 percent are common.
+Hedysarum carnosum is a biennial fodder legume that occurs in eastern Algeria and Tunisia on saline clay soils. Native stands in southern Tunisia may yield 2,000-3,000 kg dry matter per hectare per year. Data on H. carnosum and other salt-tolerant Mediterranean basin forage grasses are shown in Table 12.
+<section>Shrubs</section>
+Although shrubs such as the saltbush (Atriplex) and bluebush (Maireana) occur widely on saline soils, their salt tolerance at germination is poor. Atriplex species have relatively narrow temperature ranges under which germination will occur. As the external salt concentration increases, the temperature range for germination narrows. When saltbush and bluebush species are sown on saline soils under natural rainfall conditions, there is a delicate balance between temperature and salinity levels and the germination and establishment of the seedlings. Such salt-tolerant shrubs may be started in nurseries before being planted in potential grazing areas, but this increases the cost of establishment significantly since it is usually less expensive to plant seed than seedlings.
+The use of the Mallen Niche Seeder overcomes some of these problems. In one pass, the seeder performs the following functions:
+· Creates two furrows to collect water next to the seed planting site;
+· Forms a central ridge to raise the seed above the level of the surrounding area to reduce waterlogging and aid salt leaching;
+. Molds a niche on the top of the ridge to give a sheltered depression for the seed and mulch and to collect rain; and
+· Deposits seed and mulch in the niche at approximately 2 m intervals and sprays the mulch and seed with a black coating to raise the soil temperature.
+TABLE 12 Fodder Grasses Growing on Salt-Affected Land in the Mediterranean Basin.
+Frost
+Salt
+Species
+Rainfall1
+Tolerance2
+Tolerance3
+EC dS/m
+Non-Legumes
+(Perennial)
+Festuca elatior
+G
+(subspecies arundinacea)
+Elylrigia elongatum
+G
+Agropyropsis lolium
+G
+Pucciniella distans
+G
+Sporobolus tourneuxii
+F
+S. helvolus
+F
+Legumes
+(Annual & Biannual)
+Medicago ciliaris
+F
+M. intertexta
+F
+M. hispada
+F
+Hedysarum carnosum
+F
+Melilotus indica
+F
+M. alba
+G
+(Perennial)
+Trifolium fragiferum
+G
+Lotus creticus
+P
+L. corniculatus
+G
+Teragonolobus siliquosus
+G
+1. Minimum rainfall requirement in rnm/yr.
+2. Frost tolerance G = good, F = fair, P = poor.
+3. Maximum salt tolerance = electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract at 25°C,
+SOURCE: Adapted from Le Houerou, 1986.
+The seedbed shape, ridge height, and plant spacing can be adjusted for different soil and climatic conditions. In arid areas, the niche is made lower and wider to capture more water; in high rainfall areas, it is made narrower and higher to reduce the danger of waterlogging.
+Although newly planted fields can usually be protected from stock animals, the seedlings are attractive to insects, rodents, and other small animals that are more difficult to exclude.
+Atriplex
+Saltbushes grow throughout the world. They tolerate salinity in soil and water, and many are perennial shrubs that remain green all year. They are especially useful as forage in arid zones. Atriplex nummularia, for example, grows well with only 150-200 mm annual rainfall.
+Native stands of Atriplex produce about 0.5-4 tons of dry matter per hectare per year. Under rain-fed cultivation, about twice that amount may be obtained. When grown with irrigation, yields equivalent to those of conventional irrigated forage crops can be obtained. And the
+Atriplex can be irrigated with saline water.
+Nutritive values for A. nummularia and A. halimus are high. Both have digestible protein contents averaging near 12 percent of dry matter, about the same as alfalfa. In a year with only 200 mm of rainfall, these two species supported 1,000-1,500 feed units per hectare, about eight times better than a good native pasture under the same conditions. They also survived a year with only 50 mm of rainfall. Although A. nummularia has poor palatability, a palatable type has been selected in South Africa. It has been successfully introduced in North and South Africa and several South American countries.
+A. canescens (four wing saltbush) is native to semiarid areas of North America where spring and fall rainfall patterns are typical.
+Its nutritive value is as high as A. nummularia and it can be seeded in saline soil. Pasture with a mixed population of A. canescens and native vegetation sustained three sheep per hectare with 250 mm annual rainfall. A. canescens is also palatable to cattle.
+In Israel and North Africa, a Mediterranean species, A. halimus, has proven hardier than A. nummularia or A. canescens. Although less palatable, it will grow in shallow soil and on slopes where other plants cannot survive. It does well with a winter rainfall of 200 mm but should be interplanted with more palatable species.
+A. patula grows on higher ground and does not tolerate prolonged flooding or immersion in salt water. It has grown well when irrigated with 2.5-3.2 percent saline water, yielding 1.2 tons per hectare of seed with 16 percent crude protein.
+A. polycarpa reportedly produces vegetative yields equivalent to alfalfa even when irrigated with water containing 3-4 percent salt. The protein content of A. polycarpa is about the same as alfalfa.
+A. amnicola (formerly A. rhagodioides) is a spreading bush that can reach 4 m in diameter and 1 m in height. Prostrate branches take root to expand coverage. Mulch-covered seeds can be used for introductions in new areas. Once established, it tolerates grazing well. It is particularly suited for waterlogged conditions.
+A. amnicola grazed in autumn provided 1,588 sheep-grazing days per hectare (average over 6 years) in a 350-mm rainfall zone of Australia. Heavy grazing failed to damage the stand and many new plants were established. Establishment of A. amnicola in saline soils is improved by using genotypes selected for their tendency to produce volunteer plants.
+A. undulate, from Argentina, is in widespread use on salt-affected land in Western Australia.
+Seeds are harvested mechanically and the bushes are established by commercial contractors using direct seeding. A. undulata is palatable to sheep, and when used as an autumn reserve feed, provided about 900 sheep-grazing days per hectare in a 300 mm rainfall zone. A. lentiformis, from the southwest United States, is included with A. undulata sowings on salt-affected soil in southwest Australia.
+A. halimus has been grown irrigated with a nutrient solution containing 3.0 percent sodium chloride. Propagation of A. halimus is straightforward. Seedlings or cuttings are grown in a nursery for 3-6 months and then planted in the field in early spring, preferably after rain. In Israel, washed seed planted directly into moist soil established well. Grazing should be deferred for two or three years until the plants are about 1.5 m high.
+The importance of long-term adaptation studies has been demonstrated in Iran, where extensive plantings of A. halimus and A. lentiformis suffer from a disease not found in their native habitats. In northeastern Iran, A. lentiformis is unable to regenerate from seed, apparently because of the high temperatures required for germination.
+As part of an extensive evaluation of halophytes in Israel, seven Atriplex species were grown using 100 percent seawater irrigation. Results of these experiments are shown in Table 13.
+Of these seven species, A. barclayana is outstanding both in terms of salt tolerance and biomass production. This species has been multiplied from vegetative cuttings to develop plantings for animal feeding trials. A. lentiformis also produces large quantities of biomass but has a tendency to become woody. It therefore has the potential for both fodder and fuelwood. A. lentiformis and A. canescens (subsp. linearis) have also given high yields (1.7+ kg per m2 per year) when grown with hypersaline (about 4 percent total salts) seawater in Mexico's Sonora Desert.
+Mairiena
+In Australia, there are many Mairiena species that are useful for grazing. Mairiena are small to medium woody shrubs with succulent leaves and winged, wind-disseminated fruits. In general, they occur in less waterlogged areas than Atriplex. M. brevifolia is widely grown in Western Australia. It is palatable, recovers well from grazing, and colonizes readily. It has crude protein levels ranging from 15 to 26 percent (dry basis), and serves as a nutritious forage for sheep.
+TABLE 13 Annual Yield and Feed Value of Atriplex Species Grown With 100 Percent
+Seawater Irrigation.
+Fresh
+Dry
+Crude
+Atriplex Species
+Weight kg/m2
+Weight kg/m2
+Ash (%)
+Fiber (%)
+Protein (%)
+A. atacamensis
+A. barclayana
+A. "camarones"*
+A. cinerea
+A. lentiformis
+A. linearis
+A. undulata
+*Unidentified Atriplex species collected in the region of Camarones, Argentina.
+SOURCE: Aronson et al., 1985.
+Differences in salt resistance, salt content, drought resistance, leafiness, and palatability have been observed within populations of many of these shrub species. Selection and breeding could greatly improve these characteristics as well as growth habit (to allow easier grazing) and recovery after grazing.
+Kochia
+Prostrate kochia (Kochia prostrata) is a perennial shrub used for browse in Asiatic Russia, where it is consumed by domestic livestock and wildlife. It is well adapted to arid areas and does well on saline and even alkaline soils. Where it has been introduced in the western
+United States, biomass yields have been good and oxalate levels, a concern with some members of this family, have been low (<2 percent). In a recent test, one accession of K. prostrata showed no reduction in dry matter yields at soil salinity levels of 17 dS/m.
+Kochia indica and K scoparia have been field tested in Saudi Arabia to determine germination and vegetative yields on saltaffected land using saline water (0.53 percent total dissolved solids) for irrigation. Both K indica and K. scoparia germinated well when seeds were planted at <1 cm deep. Irrigated growth from March through August gave mean fresh weights of 8.5 kg per bush for K. indica and 5.6 kg per bush for K. scoparia.
+Samphire
+Samphires are succulent, highly salt-tolerant perennial shrubs that occur naturally on waterlogged saltland throughout agricultural areas in Western Australia. The most common species are blackseeded samphire (Halosarcia pergranulata), pale-seeded samphire (H. lepidosperma), and woody-seeded samphire (H. indica ssp. bidens).
+Samphire plants do not have true leaves. The stem is thickened into a succulent cylinder with joints at the points where leaves or shoots would normally be. The black-seeded samphire contains about 14 percent crude protein on a dry basis. Pale-seeded samphire is generally lower in protein and higher in salt. Since all samphires contain high levels of salt, excessive salt intake by grazing animals is possible. Water with a low salt content and alternative feeds should be provided.
+<section>Trees</section>
+Trees can be used as forage in several ways. Trees with low branches can be grazed directly. Management of these stands can involve seasonal control of stocking rates to avoid periods when the plants are susceptible to grazing damage. Trees with branches out of the reach of livestock can provide fallen leaves and pods for fodder. Such taller trees can also be lopped for fodder. Trees of any size can be protected in their stands and fodder cut and carried to the livestock.
+Acacia
+Acacia species are widely used in arid and saline environments as supplementary sources of fodder. Although dry matter digestibility of Acacia leaves has not been determined for a large number of species, available data indicate it is relatively low. This is probably associated with the high lignin content of the cell wall and the presence of tannins, both of which inhibit digestibility.
+Acacia pods provide food for livestock in large areas of the semiarid zone of Africa. Since most of the Acacia branches are above the reach of the livestock, overgrazing is not a problem.
+A. cyclops and A. bivenosa tolerate salt spray and salinity. They grow on coastal dunes as small trees or bushy shrubs. Pods and leaves of both are consumed by goats. Although salt tolerance is likely in many Acacia species found in coastal areas, it is unmeasured or unconfirmed for most.
+A. ampliceps grows in saline soils in northwestern Australia and appears to be a useful fodder species. Other Australian Acacias with potential for use as fodder include A. holosericea, A. saligna, A. salicina, and A. victoriae.
+Leucaena
+Leucaena leucocephala is a tree legume widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. It is both salt and drought resistant. Leaves, pods, and seeds are browsed by cattle, sheep, and goats. In Pakistan, it has been grown on coastal sandy soil through irrigation with saline (14 dS/m) water. When seawater comprised 20 percent of the irrigation water, yields were reduced by 50 percent.
+In the Ryukyu Islands, where monsoon winds carry seawater into windward pastures, salt- tolerant fodder sources are needed. Among nine tropical legumes tested in a forage- production project, Leucaena showed the highest salt tolerance.
+Prosopis
+The leaves and pods of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) have been used as forage for cattle, goats, sheep, and camels in countries throughout the world - P. juliflora and P. cineraria in India, P. chilensis in South America, P. glandulosa in the United States, and P. pallida in Australia.
+In the Pampa del Tamarugal of northern Chile, the annual rainfall is less than 50 mm, the water table ranges from 2 to 20 m, and a crust of salt about 0.5 m thick covers much of the ground. About 20 years ago the Chilean government began to improve this area by growing tamarugo (P. tamarugo). In some cases, these trees were planted in pits dug through the salt into the soil. Although watering was required for the first year, after that the plants survived by capturing moisture from the ground and air.
+About 23,000 hectares are now covered with tamarugo forest. The trees are 8-15 m in height with trunks up to 35 cm in diameter. After the trees reach about 10 m, further growth is very slow and the tree diverts more and more energy from photosynthesis to the production of leaves and fruits. The leaves are rich in carbohydrates and protein and have a feeding value similar to that of hay. The fruits have 37-61 percent digestibility and are an excellent feed for sheep and goats.
+About 1.5 sheep per hectare can subsist on the tamarugo forest range and produce about 3-5 kg of wool per fleece. Supplemental feeding with alfalfa raises meat yields.
+In addition, dense and durable tamarugo wood finds many uses. The heartwood is extremely resistant to weathering and has desirable timber qualities. It is used for heavy construction, railway ties, poles, furniture, tool handles, and, because of its hardness, for parquet floors. It also makes superior firewood and can be used to produce a high quality charcoal as well.
+<section>References and selected readings</section>
+General
+Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Barrett-Lennard, E. G., C. V. Malcolm. W. R. Stern and S. M. Wilkins (eds.). 1986. Forage and Fuel Production from Salt Affected Wasteland. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
+Greenwood, E. A. N. 1986. Water use by trees and shrubs for lowering saline groundwater. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:423-434.
+Le Houerou, H. N. 1986. Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediterranean basin. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:319-341.
+Le Houerou, H. N. 1985. Forage and fuel plants in the arid zone of North Africa, the Near and Middle East. Pp. 117-141 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.) Plants for Arid Lands. George Allen & Unwin, London, UK.
+Le Houerou, H. N. 1979. Resources and potential of the native flora for fodder and sown pasture production in the arid and semi-arid zones of North Africa. Pp. 384-401 in: J. R. Goodin and D. K. Northington (eds.) Arid Land Plant Resources Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, US.
+Looijen, R. C. and J. P. Bakker. 1987. Utilization of different salt-marsh plant communities by cattle and geese. Pp. 52-64 in: A. H. L. Huiskes, C. W. P. M. Blom and J. Rozema (eds.) Vegetation Between Land and Sea. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
+Mahmood, K., K. A. Malik, K. H. Sheikh and M. A. K. Lodhi. 1989. Allelopathy in saline agricultural land: vegetation successional changes and patch dynamics. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15(2):565-579.
+McKell, C. M. 1986. Propagation and establishment of plants on arid saline land. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:363-375.
+Rautenstrauch, K. R., P. R. Krausman, F. M. Whiting and W. H. Brown. 1988. Nutritional quality of Desert Mule Deer forage in King Valley, Arizona. Desert Plants 8(4):172-174.
+Sen, D. N., R. B. Jhamb and D. C. Bhandari. 1985. Utilization of saline areas of Western Rajasthan through suitable plant introduction. GEOBIOS 1985:348-360.
+Zedler, J. B. 1984. Salt Marsh Restoration, California Sea Grant Program, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093, US.
+Grasses
+Kallar Grass
+Malik, K. A., Z. Aslam and M. Naqvi. 1986. Kallar Grass - A Plant for Saline Land Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
+Qureshi, R. H., M. Salim, M. Abdullah and M. G. Pitman. 1982. Diplachne fusca: an Australian salt-tolerant grass used in Pakistani agriculture. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. 48:195-199.
+Sandhu, G. R., Z. Aslam, M. Salim, A. Sattar, R. H. Qureshi, N. Ahmad and R. G. Wyn Jones. 1981. The effect of salinity on the yield and composition of Diplachne fusca (kallar grass). Plant, Cell and Environment 4:177-181.
+Silt Grass
+Anonymous. 1980. Salt-water couch - for salty seepages and lawns. Farmnote 23/80. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Morton, J. F. 1973. Salt-tolerant silt grass (Paspalum vaginatum). Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 86:482-490.
+Russian-Thistle
+Foster, K. E., M. M. Karpisak, J. G. Taylor, and N. G. Wright. 1983. Guayule, Jojoba, Buffalo Gourd and Russian Thistle: Plant Characteristics, Products and Commercialization Potential. Desert Plants 5(3):112-126.
+Fowler, J. L., J. H. Hageman, and M. Suzukida. 1985. Evaluation of the Salinity Tolerance of Russian Thistle to Determine its Potential for Forage Production using Saline Irrigation Water. New Mexico Water Resources Institute, Las Cruces, New Mexico, US.
+Saltgrasses
+Wrona, A. F. and E. Epstein. 1982. Screening for salt tolerance in plants: an ecological approach. Pp. 559-564 in: A. San Pietro (ed.) Biosaline Research. Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
+Channel Millet
+Shannon, M. a., E. L. Wheeler and R. M. Saunders. 1981. Salt tolerance of Australian channel millet. Agronomy Journal 73:830-832.
+Sastri, B. N. (ed.). 1952. Echinochloa. The Wealth of India III:124-126. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Cordgrasses
+Broome, S. W., E. D. Seneca and W. W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1986. Long-term growth and development of transplants of the salt-marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. Estuaries 9(1):63-74.
+Rhodes Grass
+Malkin,E. and Y. Waisel. 1986. Mass selection for salt resistance in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Physiologica Plantarum 66:443-446.
+Tariq, A. R. and H. M. A. Tayab. 1984. Cultivation of Chloris gayana cv: Pioneer on saline water under hyper-arid climate. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry 34(7):151-154
+Tall Wheatgrass
+Roundy, B. A. 1985. Emergence and establishment of basin wildrye and tall wheatgrass in relation to moisture and salinity. Journal of Range Management 38(2):126-131.
+Shannon, M. a. 1978. Testing salt tolerance among tall wheatgrass lines. Agronomy Journal 70:719-722.
+Hedysarum carnosum
+Le Houerou, H. N. 1986. Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediterranean basin. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:319-341.
+Puccinellia
+Negus, T. R. 1982. Puccinellia - its grazing value and management. Farmnote 34/82. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Negus, T. R. 1980. Spray-seed for puccinellia establishment. Farmnote 17/80. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Sporobolus
+Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Chadha, Y. R. (ed.). 1976. Sporobolus. The Wealth of India X:24-25. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Wood, J. N. and D. F. Gaff. 1989. Salinity studies with drought-resistant species of Sporobolus. Oecologia 78:559-564.
+Shrubs
+General
+Malcolm, C. V. and T. a. Swaan. 1989. Screening Shrub, for Establishment and Survival on Salt-affected Soils in Southwestern Australia. Technical Bulletin 81. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Malcolm, C. V. 1986. Saltland management-revegetation. Farmnote 44/86. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Malcolm, C. V. 1983. Seeding shrub pastures on saltland. Farmnote 43/83. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Otsyina, R., C. M. McKell and G. Van Epps. 1982. Use of range shrubs to meet nutrient requirements of sheep grazing on crested wheatgrass during fall and early winter. Journal of Range Management 35(6):751-753.
+Atriplex
+Aronson, J. A., D. Pasternak and A. Danon. 1985. Introduction and first evaluation of 120 halophytes under seawater irrigation. in: E. E. Whitehead, C. F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann and R. G. Varady (eds.) Arid Lands Today and Tomorrow. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
+El Hamrouni, A. 1986. Atriplex species and other shrubs in range improvement in North Africa. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:151-158.
+Franclet, A. and H. N. Le Houerou. 1971. Les Atriplex en Tunisie et en Afrique du Nord. FAO, Rome, Italy.
+Glenn, E. P. and J. W. O'Leary. 1985. Productivity and irrigation requirements of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 9:81-91.
+Malcolm, C. V. 1985. Production from salt affected soils. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:343-361.
+O'Leary, J. W. 1986. A critical analysis of the use of Atriplex species as crop plants for irrigation with highly saline water. Pp. 415-432 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Mairiena
+Kok, B., P. R. George and J. Stretch. 1987. Saltland revegetation with salttolorant shrubs. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 6:25-31.
+Malcolm, C. V. 1983. Collecting and treating bluebush seed. Farmnote 44/83. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Kochia
+Davis, A. M. 1979. Forage quality of prostrate kochia compared with three browse shrubs. Agronomy Journal 71:822-825.
+Francois, L. E. 1986. Salinity effects on four arid zone plants (Parthenium argentatum, Simmondsia chinensis, Kochia prostrata and Kochia brevifolia). Journal of Arid Environments 11:103-109.
+Zahran, M. A. 1986. Forage potentialities of Kochia indica and K scoparia in arid lands with particular reference to Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 4(1):53-68.
+Samphire
+Malcolm, C. V. and G. J. Cooper. 1982. Samphire for waterlogged saltland. Farmnote 4/82. Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Australia.
+Trees
+Acacia
+Goodchild, A. V. and N. P. McMeniman. 1987. Nutritive value of Acacia foliage and pods for animal feeding. Pp. 101-106 in: J. W. Turnbull (ed.) Australian Acacia, in Developing Countries. ACIAR Proceedings No.16, Canberra, Australia.
+Turnbull, J. W. 1986. Acacia ampliceps. Multipurpose Australian Trees and Shrubs (Pp. 96-97). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
+Leucaena
+Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Kitamura, Y. 1988. Leucaena for forage production in the Ryukyu Islands. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterily 22(1):40-48.
+Prosopis
+Almanza, S. G. and E. G. Moya. 1986. The use of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) in the highlands of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 16:49-56.
+Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion. 1983. Actividades Forest ales y Ganaderas en la Pampa del Tamarugal (1963-1982). Tomo I: Aspectos Forestales y Ganaderas. Tomo II: Aspectos Ganaderos. Tomo III: Aspectos Economicos y Evaluacion Social.
+Harden, M. L. and R. Zolfaghari. 1988. Nutritive composition of green and ripe pods of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa, Fabaceae). Economic Botany 42:522-532.
+Lyon, C. K., M. R. Gumbmann and R. Becker. 1988. Value of mesquite leaves as forage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 44(2):111-117.
+Marangoni, A. and I. Alli. 1988. Composition and properties of seeds and pods of the tree legume Prosopis juliflora. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 44(2):99-110.
+Stienen, H. 1985. Prosopis tamarugo in the Chilean Atacama - ecophysiological and reforestation aspects. Pp. 103-116 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.)
+Plants for Arid Lands. George Allen &Unwin, London, UK.
+Vercoe, T. K. 1987. Fodder potential of selected Australian tree species. Pp. 95-100: in J. W. Turnbull (ed.) Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16, Canberra, Australia.
+Zelada, L. and P. Joustra. 1983. Ganderia en La Pampa del Tamarugal. Panel VI Seminario Desarrollo de Zonas Deserticos de Chile. CORFO, Gerencia de Desarrollo AA 83/45. Santiago, Chile.
+<section>Research contacts</section>
+General
+James F. O'Leary, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US.
+J. P. Bakker, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren(Gn), Netherlands.
+H. N. Le Houerou, CEPE/Louis Emberger, BP 5051, Montpellier-Cedex 34033, France.
+C. M. McKell, School of Natural Sciences, Weber State College, Ogden, UT 84408, US.
+Grasses
+Kallar Grass
+K. A. Malik, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, PO Box 128, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
+B. Myers, Institute for Irrigation and Salinity Research, Ferguson Road Private Bag, Tatura, Victoria 3616, Australia.
+R. G. Wyn Jones, Center for Arid Zone Studies, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK.
+Silt Grass
+C. V. Malcolm, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth 6151, Australia.
+J. F. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US. Russian-Thistle
+J. L. Fowler, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, US.
+Saltgrasses
+N. Yensen, NyPa, Inc., 727 North Ninth Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85705, US. Channel Millet
+M. C. Shannon, USDA Salinity Research Laboratory, 4500 Glenwood Drive' Riverside, CA 92501, US.
+Cord Grasses
+D. L. Drawe, Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, TX 78387, US.
+J. L. Gallagher, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, US.
+E. D. Seneca, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US.
+Rhodes Grass
+Y. Waisel, Department of Botany, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
+Tall Wheatgrass
+J. Dvorak, Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, US.
+B. A. Roundy, School of Renewable Natural Resources' University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US.
+Hedysarum carnosum
+H. N. Le Houerou, CEPE/Louis Emberger, BP 5051, Montpellier-Cedex 34033, France. Puccinellia a. v. Malcolm, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth 6151, Australia.
+Shrubs
+Atriplex
+R. K. Abdul-Halim, Department of Land Reclamation, Center for Agriculture and Water Resources, Council for Scientific Research, PO Box 2416, Baghdad, Iraq.
+A. El Hamrouni, Institut des Regions Arides, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia.
+H. N. Le Houerou, CEPE/Louis Emberger, BP 5051, Montpellier-Cedex 34033, France.
+C. V. Malcolm, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth 6151, Australia.
+C. M. McKell, School of Natural Sciences, Weber State College, Ogden, UT 84408, US.
+J. F. O'Leary, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US.
+M. K. Sankary, Range and Arid Zone Ecology Research Unit, University of Aleppo, PO Box 6656, Aleppo, Syria.
+D. N. Ueckert, Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center, San Angelo, TX 76901, US.
+Maireana
+P. R. George, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth 6151, Australia. B. Kok, Department of Agriculture, Carnarvon, W. A. 6701, Australia.
+Kochia
+M. A. Zahran, Department of Botany, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. Samphire a, V. Malcolm, Western Australia Department of Agriculture, South Perth 6151, Australia.
+Trees
+Acacia
+A. V. Goodchild, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4067,
+Australia.
+Lex Thomson, Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
+J. W. Turnbull, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
+T. K. Vercoe, CSIRO, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
+Leucaena
+R. Ahmad, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32, Pakistan. Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 286003, India.
+Centro International de Agriculture Tropical, A.A. 6713, Cali, Colombia.
+NifTAL Project, PO Box 0, Paia, Maui, HI 96779, US.
+Prosopis tamarugo
+Estacion Experimental La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), PO Box 5427, Santiago, Chile.
+Instituto Forestal, Huerfanos 554, Casilla 3085, Santiago, Chile.
+P. Joustra, SACOR Ltda., Matias Cousino No. 64, Piso 3, Santiago, Chile.
+Holger Stienen, Center for International Development and Migration, Bettinastri 62, 6000 Frankfurt, FRG.
+<section>Fiber and Other Products</section>
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Salt-tolerant plants can be used to produce economically important materials such as essential oils, gums, oils, and resins, pulp and fiber, and bioactive compounds. Further, salt- tolerant plants can be cultivated for landscape use and irrigated with saline water, thereby conserving fresh water for other uses.
+<section>Essential oils</section>
+Kewda
+The male flowers of kewda (Pandanus fascicularis), a common species of screw pine in India, are used to produce perfume and flavoring ingredients. The flowers are charged to a copper still, water added, and the mix distilled. The steam and essential oil (approximately 0.3 percent by weight of the flowers) are condensed to produce kewda water, or the kewda vapors are captured in sandalwood oil and formulated from this base. The kewda plant is salt tolerant and has been planted in coastal areas to check drifting sand. Propagation is through suckers or stem cuttings, and flowering starts 3-4 years after planting. An annual income of US$8 per plant has been estimated.
+Mentha and Other Species
+In India, economic yields of a number of essential oils were obtained from plants grown on saline alkaline soil. Two Mentha species were evaluated. M. piperita (for peppermint oil) and M. arvensis (for menthol) both gave yields comparable to those obtained on normal soil.
+Other plants giving satisfactory yields on saline alkaline soil included Matricaria chamomilla, Vetiveria zizanioides, Cymbopogon nardus and C. winterianus (for citronella oil), Tagetes minuta, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, and Anethum graveolens (English dill). Palamarosa grass (C. martini)), a commercially important essential oil plant, is also reported to grow under moderately saline conditions.
+The production of essential oils to provide a new source of income in rural areas is one of the objectives of the Ciskei Essential Oils Project, established in southern Africa in 1972.
+Other objectives include the modification of extraction techniques for use in rural areas, and the identification of markets for the oils produced.
+This effort was planned to provide an income for rural dwellers that was derived from familiar, indigenous resources and required relatively little capital. Over the past four years, this project has produced and exported US$1 million worth of essential oils and provided employment to hundreds of rural dwellers during the harvest season. Although the use of salt-tolerant plants is not the focus of the Ciskei Project, the principles could be applied to provide employment and income in areas where saline water or soil occurs.
+<section>Gums, oils, and resins</section>
+Sesbania biepinosa, commonly known as dhaincha in India, is an important legume and fodder crop. It is an erect, multibranched annual, about 2.5 m tall at maturity that grows readily on alkaline saline soils. Often grown for use as a green manure (about 12 tons per hectare), its stalks are sources of fiber and fuel, and the seeds yield a galactomannan gum that can be used for sizing and stabilizing purposes. The seed meal can be used for poultry and cattle feed. S. sesban and S. speciosa are salt-tolerant perennials used as green manure. S. sesban can tolerate waterlogging and salt concentrations of 1.0 percent as a seedling and 1.4 percent as it matures.
+Grindelia camporum is a 0.5-1.5 m resinous perennial shrub. It exudes large amounts of aromatic resins that cover the surface of the plant. The resins are nonvolatile mixtures of bicyclic terpene acids, esters, and related structures that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The amount of resin produced ranges from 5 to 18 percent of the dried biomass.
+The plant appears to be salt tolerant; populations are found in saline flats and near salt lakes and springs. Several species of Grindelia occur along the North American Pacific Coast in estuaries or salt marsh habitats. These include G. humilis, G. stricta, G. latifolia, and G. integrifolia. All produce diterpene acid resins.
+Grindelia resins have properties similar to the terpenoids in wood and gum rosins, which are used commercially in adhesives, varnishes, paper sizings, printing inks, soaps, and numerous other industrial applications (Figure 3). With increasing costs and declining supplies of these wood-based materials, substitutions with Grindelia resins in this market (700,000 tons per year) may become practical.
+The creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) grows over large areas of the Chihuahua, Sonora, and Mojave deserts of North America. Evaluations of Larrea resins have shown potential uses as an antioxidant for rubber, as an antifungal agent for agricultural applications, and as a reactive material for polymerization with formaldehyde.
+Sapium sebiferum, the Chinese tallow tree, is a small marshland tree native to subtropical China. It has been cultivated there for more than 1,000 years as a source of specialty oils, medicines, and vegetable dyes. The Chinese tallow tree possesses several valuable characteristics: it can be seeded directly; it grows rapidly in warm, waterlogged saline soils; and it resprouts readily.
+The major economic potential for this tree is in its high yield of oilseed - more than 10 tons per hectare according to the USDA. The seed contains both an edible hard vegetable fat and an inedible liquid oil, which comprise 45-50 percent of its weight. These oils are physically separated in the seed and may be isolated separately. The edible fat is a potential substitute for cocoa butter and the inedible oil (stillingia oil) appears promising as a drying oil for paints and varnishes. Of the total lipid content in the seed, 30-50 percent is the edible fat.
+The seed meal, after extraction of the oil, has a high protein content. It can be used for feed or, with suitable treatment, for human consumption. Five years after planting, when seed production begins, a net return of US$3,200 per hectare per year has been estimated.
+Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a perennial desert shrub with seeds that contain a unique oil.
+About half of the seed's weight is an oil with a structure similar to sperm whale oil - an ester of a C20_22 straight chain alcohol with a C20_22 straight chain acid. Both the alcohol and the acid have a terminal double bond, providing a readily accessible site for diverse chemical reactions. This oil and its derivatives have been used primarily in cosmetics, but broader use as a component in specialty lubricants and waxes will probably develop when increased oil production brings lower prices. Currently there are about 16,000 hectares of jojoba plantations in the southwestern United States and other plantations in Mexico, Australia, Israel, Argentina, and South Africa and other African nations.
+Jojoba is relatively salt tolerant. In California, plants are growing satisfactorily with water containing 0.2 percent salts. In laboratory testing, one variety of jojoba showed no reduction in flower production with 0.6 percent salt. In Israel, jojoba is growing well near the Dead Sea irrigated with brackish water (5-6 dS/m).
+While natural rubber occurs in over 2,000 plant species, the commercial source is the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Natural rubber consists of cis-1,4-polyisoprene units. It is preferred in applications that require elasticity, resilience, tackiness, and low heat buildup. It is indispensable for bus, truck, and airplane tires. In 1980, the United States imported about 700,000 tons of natural rubber; imports of about 1 million tons are anticipated for 1990.
+Rubber rabbitbush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) is a common desert shrub native to western North America. It grows under a wide range of environmental conditions from Mexico to
+Canada, commonly appearing on disturbed sites and saline soil. In addition to its forage value, it contains natural rubber and a hydrocarbon resin, and it has constituents that are potential insecticides and fungicides.
+The perennial desert shrub, guayule (Parthenium argentatum), has also been used as a source of natural rubber. In 1944, there were 12,000 hectares of guayule planted in California (USA) for rubber production. In tests with guayule, total rubber yields first increased and then decreased as soil salinity increased (Table 14). Interest has recently been revived in guayule for natural rubber.
+More recent reports on guayule (Hoffman et al., 1988; Maas et al., 1988) indicate the root- zone salt-tolerance threshold to be about 7.5 dS/m; above this, rubber production is reduced 6.1 percent per unit increase of soil salinity.
+Rubber samples from Hevea, Parthenium, and Chrysothamnus appear to be structurally identical. Rubber contents as high as 6.5 percent for Chrysothamnus have been reported. If rubber yields of 2 percent are assumed, a plantation would produce 370 kg per hectare after 6 years' growth (guayule yields from California production were higher - about 1,000 kg per hectare after 2 years; Hevea yields are about 1,300 kg per hectare per year). Resin contents as high as 21 percent have been reported for Chrysothamnus, and some of its hydrocarbon components may find use as insecticides and fungicides.
+TABLE 14 Plant Growth and Rubbet Content of One-Year-Old Guayule Plants at Three Soil Salinities.
+Fresh Top
+Soil Salinity
+Plant Height
+Weight
+Rubber
+dS/m
+cm
+g
+SOURCE: Francois, 1986.
+Compared with guayule, Chrysothamnus has several advantages as a potential source of natural rubber. Guayule generally requires good soil, good moisture conditions, and good horticultural practices. Guayule must be grown in frost-free areas because freezing kills it. In contrast, Chrysothamnus grows on poor soil, on disturbed sites, and on saline soil. It is found from the hot desert of Arizona to the western arid regions of Canada; there are subspecies that grow at sea level and others that grow at 3,000 m. The rubber content of these plants is similar to that of guayule in natural populations.
+<section>Pulp and fiber</section>
+Phragmites australis, common reed, is an ancient marsh plant that has served in roofing, thatching, basketry, and fencing, as well as for fuel. It grows throughout the world in areas with saturated soils or standing water 2.5 m deep or less. The water can be fresh or moderately saline. Nearly any soil from peat to sand is tolerated. Little data exist for yields from managed stands. In the harvest of natural stands, however, productivity is consistently estimated to be about 10 dry tons per hectare. There is current use and broader interest in the manufacture of paper and other cellulose derivatives from this plant.
+In Romania, 125,000 tons of Phragmites are harvested in the Danube delta each year for use in papermaking. The pulp from these reeds is blended with wood pulp to give a stronger final product.
+In Sweden, extensive stands of Phragmites have been suggested as an alternative fuel for winter heating. This reed has about 40 percent (by weight) of the energy content of heating oil.
+In Egypt, two rushes, Juncus rigidus and J. acutus, have been investigated with particular emphasis on their potential use in papermaking. In pilot-level testing, the strength properties of unbleached J. ripidus pulp were found to be 73 percent of the kraft pulp ordinarily used. In similar tests, rice straw and bagasse pulps gave only 24 and 42 percent of the strength of kraft pulp.
+TABLE 15 Germination of Juncus spp. Wit Increasing Salinity.
+Germnation %
+NaCl%
+at 25°C
+J. rigidus
+J. acutus
+SOURCE: Zahran and El Demerdash, 1984.
+In germination and propagation testing, J. rigidus was much more salt-tolerant than J. acutus. Germination results are shown in Table 15.
+When rhizomes of these two species were planted on saline test plots, the vegetative yield of J. rigidus was almost twice that of J. acutus. In studies of the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, vegetative yields and fiber lengths in both species were improved.
+Increased fiber lengths are an indicator of improved performance in papermaking.
+J. rigidus has also been introduced to India from Egypt. Germination, seedling growth, and evaluation of nine-month culms in India indicate that 1.5-2.0 tons per hectare of pulp for papermaking can be produced on saline soil.
+The textile screw pine, Pandanus tectorius, abounds in tidal flats of Southeast Asia, Malaysia, and Polynesia. The leaves are traditionally and widely used for thatching and basketry. They are also used to fashion wallpaper and lampshades.
+Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) grows in semiarid areas of North Africa. It covers more than 7 million hectares in Algeria and 1.5 million hectares in Tunisia. It has been used for more than a century in papermaking. The paper produced from this fiber is smooth, opaque, and resilient. A paper mill in central Tunisia produces more than 70,000 tons of pulp and paper from this grass, and 20,000 rural families find seasonal work harvesting the crop. In addition, a vegetable wax extracted from the grass before pulping can be used as a substitute for carnauba wax.
+The southern cattail, Typha domingensis, is the only Typha species that does well in brackish water. It flourishes along the eastern coast of the United States, the Caribbean Islands, and tropical America and Oceania. Its leathery leaves are woven into durable baskets and mats, and are also used for chair seats and backs.
+In Pakistan, irrigation with 17 dS/m water gave yields of 5.5 kg per m2per year of Saccharum griffithii. The roots of this grass are used for rope and mats, and the leaves are used to produce paper pulp.
+Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus, is an annual native to east-central Africa with a fiber content of about 35 percent. Yields of 6-10 tons of dry fiber per acre are possible in five months.
+Although the projected use of the fiber in the southern United States is for producing newsprint, a major current product from the plant is cordage, which is used for carpet pads, twine, rope, and fiber bags.
+In recent work at the U.S. Salinity Laboratory, kenaf was irrigated with water having ECs of up to 6.0 dS/m. Vegetative growth was unaffected by irrigation water salinity up to 4.6 dS/m.
+Each unit increase above 4.6 dS/m reduced vegetative yield by 36 percent.
+Hibiscus tiliaceus, a shrub or small tree, is found near sea shores, mangrove swamps, and tidal streams throughout the tropics. The bark fiber is used for ropes, fishing lines, and nets.
+Urochondra setulosa is a halophytic grass of the Indus delta and saline marsh flats of the Pakistan coast. This plant dominates sites with ECs of 34-62 dS/m. It merits evaluation as a fiber source.
+Cotton (Gossypium hirusutum) production using saline water has been examined in the United States, India, Israel, and Tunisia. In Israel, using drip irrigation and four levels of water quality (EC = 1.0, 3.2, 5.4, and 7.3 dS/m), salinity did not reduce yields even at the highest level. In the United States, cotton was drip irrigated with 8.5 dS/m saline water on saline soil in the presence of a saline water table. The yields were equal to that of a control plot that was irrigated with fresh water.
+In India, three cotton varieties were reduced in growth and yield when irrigated with seawater diluted to 10,000 and 15,000 ppm salts. In Tunisia, two varieties of cotton were grown with irrigation water containing 0.25, 1.43, 2.43, and 3.45 g per liter of soluble salts. Yield increases of 30-34 percent were obtained at the highest salt level.
+Palms
+Several salt-tolerant palms are sources of fiber and other materials for a wide variety of uses.
+Fronds from the nipa palm, for example, are also used for thatching, basketry, mats, and similar applications.
+Cocos nucifera, the familiar coconut palm, is commonly found on sandy beaches but also occurs in low marshy areas occasionally flooded by seawater. The uses of the nut for food, its value as a source of oil, and tapping of the inflorescence for toddy and sugar are all well known. In addition, leaves are used for thatching, walls, and screens, and leaflets are woven into baskets, plates, hats, mats, and other articles for daily use. Fibers from the husk are used for brushes, mats, twine, rope, stuffing for mattresses and upholstery, and for caulking boats.
+Elaeis oleifera is found in coastal swamp forests from the lower basin of the Amazon to southern Mexico. Often called the American oil palm, it is closely related to the African oil palm (E. guineensis). The fruits are a source of oil, tallow, and chicken feed. The tree has a low-growing habit, which simplifies fruit harvest.
+Licuala spinosa is a palm found in tidal forests immediately behind the mangroves from the Malay Peninsula to the Andaman Islands. Its leaves are used for roofing and for wrapping food.
+Manicaria saccifera, the monkey-cap palm, occurs in tidal swamps in Central America and northern South America. The leaves are used for roofing and for covering boats. The fibrous inner bract is made into fiber for bags, mats, hats, and other personal articles. Its oil is suitable for soapmaking.
+Oncosperma fillimentosa, the nibung palm, grows on brackish lowlands just behind mangrove stands in India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The trunk is used for construction and the spines are used as darts in blowpipes and as tips on fish spears. The leaves are used for making baskets and the bracts as buckets.
+Raphia taedigera, the pine cone palm, is found in marshes from the lower Amazon north to Costa Rica. Its multiple short trunks are used for walls in native dwellings and its fibers are used for fishing nets and cordage. Raphia vinifera, the bamboo palm, grows in tidal bays and creeks in tropical West Africa.
+Fiber from the leaf bases is used for fishing lines and for animal snares and cordage. It is also exported for use in the manufacture of brooms, industrial brushes, and upholstery stuffing.
+<section>Bioactive derivatives</section>
+Callophyllolide (Figure 4), a complex 4-phenyl coumarin, has been isolated from the seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel), a common evergreen tree of coastal southern India, Burma and Sri Lanka. In preliminary testing against oxyphenbutazone, a widely prescribed antiinflammatory, callophyllolide appears promising for the treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic conditions. The seed oil can also be saponified to give a soap with antibacterial properties. Extracts of the bark and leaves of C. inophyllum are used in traditional Indian medicine. These extracts have been qualitatively analyzed to show the presence of steroids and alkaloids.
+The fruits of Balanites roxburghii are a potential source of diosgenin, a precursor for the synthesis of a number of steroidal drugs. The ripe fruits can contain 3-4 percent diosgenin.
+Diosgenin has great versatility. Progesterone and orally active progesterone analogues can be readily produced from diosgenin through chemical synthesis and cortisone and other useful corticosteroid hormones by microbial synthesis. For the manufacture of most current contraceptive drugs, however, the preferred starting material is sitosterol from soybean oil extraction wastes.
+A recent discussion paper published by FAO suggests that diosgenin could be produced in the Sudan from the fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca. The paper calculates that the Sudan could produce 1,200 tons per year, enough to meet about half the world demand and earn an export income of $36 million.
+The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has great potential for agricultural and commercial exploitation. It is a fast-growing tree that can be established on poor soils unsuitable for farming. Fruiting begins at about five years. Although neem seed oil is inedible, it is traditionally used in soapmaking. More importantly, neem seed extracts are effective in the control of several insect pests. The extracts act both as antifeedants and pesticides, and appear to be nontoxic to humans and animals. Neem seedlings have been grown successfully in Pakistan on sandy soil using irrigation water with an EC of 17 dS/m. A neem plantation has been established near Mecca in Saudi Arabia to provide shade for Muslim pilgrims. Water with an EC of 4.25 dS/m is used for irrigation.
+Various extracts of Adhatoda vasica, a salt-tolerant evergreen shrub common in India, are effective as antifeedants, insecticides, viricides, and as wound healing agents for water buffalo.. The alkaloid vasicine is found in the leaves and bark at 0.2-0.4 percent. Extracts are also used in commercial preparations for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. A. vasica has also been grown as a firewood crop.
+The perennial herb Anemopsis californica is found in semisaline and alkaline wetland soils in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It has long been esteemed for medicinal purposes in this region and continues to be widely used in Sonora. Extracts from the large roots (up to a meter in length) are used internally for colds, coughs, or indigestion, and externally for wounds or swellings. One of the active ingredients appears to be 4-allylveratrole, a mild antispasmodic.
+Periwinkle (Catharanthue roseus), a tropical plant found in the coastal sands of India, has been found to grow under saline conditions (up to 12 dS/m). Catharanthus roots contain alkaloids used in the treatment of leukemia, and its leaves contain alkaloids reported to lower blood pressure.
+TABLE 16 Bioactive Materials Isolated From Salsola Species.
+Species
+Compound
+Amount
+Potential Use
+S. richteri
+Salsolinol
+Heart. stimulant,
+binds to brain
+neuroreceptors
+S. kali
+Salsolidine
+Antihypertensives,
+S. richteri
+and
+vasodilators
+S. ruthenica
+Salsoline
+S. subaphylla
+N-feruloylputrecine
+Weakly antihypertensive
+S. pestifer
+Carotene
+4.5 mg/100g
+Vitamin
+S. pestifer
+Ascorbic acid
+77 mg/100g
+Vitamin
+S. gemmascens
+Citric acid
+Food additive
+SOURCE: Adapted from Fowler, 1985.
+Derris trifoliata, a climbing vine, abounds in mangrove forests and along muddy shores from East Africa to India and through Malaysia to Polynesia. The leaves, which contain rotenone, are pounded and put in shallow water to stun fish. Such toxicants can be used to eliminate predators and competitors in freshwater and brackish water ponds to be used for the culture of crustaceans and finfish.
+Other mangrove vegetation has similar uses. The bark and seeds of Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia alba, Barringtonia asiatica, and the roots of Heritiera littoralis all contain a fish poison, and the milky sap of Excoecaria agallocha is used as a fish and arrowhead poison.
+Citrullus colocynthis a creeping plant, occurs in the warmer parts of Asia and Africa. It is common on the seashores of western India and is used to control drifting sand in coastal Pakistan. The dried pulp of its unripe, full-grown fruit constitutes the drug colocynth, which is used as a cathartic.
+In addition to the potential for Russian-thistle (salsola iberica) as a fodder source (p. 76), other salsola species contain recoverable amounts of bioactive materials. Some of these are shown in Table 16.
+TABLE 17 Salt-Tolerant Omamental Plants.
+Flower
+Flowering
+Average
+Salt
+Plant
+Color
+Season
+Height(m)
+Resistance
+Trees:
+Acacia gerrardii
+cream
+July-Oct
+A. horrida
+yellow
+May-Sept
+A. raddiana
+cream
+Mar-Apr
+Oct-Dec
+A. salicina
+cream
+Mar and Sept
+A. tortilis
+cream
+Spring and Fall
+Casuarina
+glauca
+Apr
+Conocarpus erectus
+Elaeagnus
+angustifolia
+white
+Apr-May
+Eucalyptus sargentii
+yellowish-
+white
+Moringa peregrina
+white
+Mar-May
+to pink
+Parkinsonia aculeata
+yellow
+May-June
+Phoenix dactylifera
+Prosopis juliflora
+white
+Apr-May
+Tarnarix aphylla
+white
+May-June
+Shrubs:
+Atriplex barclayana
+A. cinerea
+A. nummularia
+Callistemon rigidus
+red
+Apr
+Cassia mexicana
+yellow
+Apr-Sept
+Colutea istria
+yellow
+Mar-Apr
+Maireana sedifolia
+Melaleuca nesophila
+lilac
+May-July
+Retama raetam
+white/
+Mar-Apr
+purple
+Tamarix chinensis
+violet
+"mapu"
+Succulents and Semi-Succulents:
+Agave americana
+white
+Apr-July
+Arthrocnemum
+fruticosum*
+A. macrostachyam
+Batis maritima
+Biennial and Perennial Ground Cover:
+Arctotis grandis
+assorted
+Dec-Apr
+Aster alpinus
+blue
+Dec-Apr
+Catharansus roseus
+white/
+Most of year
+pink
+Cineraria maritima
+violet
+Apr-June
+Crithmum rnaritimum
+yellow
+May-June
+Gazania splendens
+assorted
+Dec-May
+Inula crithmoides
+yellow
+June-July
+Nitraria billardieri
+white
+Apr-May
+Sesuvimn verrucosum
+lilac
+June-July
+Lawn Grasses:
+Cynodon dactylon
+Paspalum vaginatum
+Salt resistance: arbitrary degrees according to soil electrical conductivity:
+1 = 5-15 dS/m; 2 =15-25 dS/m; 3 = 25-50 dS/m.
+*Thrives under conditions of waterlogging.
+SOURCE: Adapted from Pasternak et al., 1986.
+<section>Landscape and ornamental use</section>
+Many attractive halophytes can be used as landscape plants, especially in areas with constraints on the use of fresh water for watering or irrigation. In Israel, trees such as Conocarpus erectus, Eucalyptus sargentii, and Melaleuca halmaturorum, and shrubs such as Maireana sedifolia, Borrichea frutescent, and Clerodendrum inerme are sold for amenity planting to allow irrigation with saline water.
+A selection of salt-tolerant ornamental plants is shown in Table 17. The striking floral display of the Butea monosperma tree (p. 63) has earned it the name "flame of the forest." In addition, plants such as Limonium species have potential for floral use. For example, sea lavender (Limonium axillare) can be irrigated with seawater and used to produce cut flowers.
+<section>References and selected readings</section>
+General
+Balandrin, M. F., J. A. Klocke, E. S. Wurtele and W. H. Bollinger. 1985. Natural plant chemicals: sources of industrial and medicinal materials. Science:1154-1160.
+Hinman, C. W. 1984. New crops for arid lands. Science 225:1445-1448.
+Vietmeyer, N. D. 1986. Lesser-known plants of potential use in agriculture and forestry. Science 232:1379-1384.
+Essential Oils
+Kewda
+Dutta, P. K., H. O. Saxena and M. Brahman. 1987. Kewda perfume industry in India. Economic Botany 41:403-410.
+Mentha and Other Species
+Chandra, V., A. Singh and L. D. Kapoor. 1968. Experimental cultivation of some essential oil bearing plants in saline soils. Perfume and Essential Oil Review. December:869-o73.
+Graven, E. H., B. Gardner and C. Tutt. 1987. Essential oils - new crops for Southern Africa. Ciskei Agricultural Journal 1:2-8.
+Patra, P. and P. K. Dutta. 1979. Studies on salinity tolerance in aromatic and medicinal plants. Journal of the Orissa Botanical Society 1(1):17-18.
+Piprek, S. R. K., E. H. Graven and P. Whitfield. 1982. Some potentially important indigenous aromatic plants for the eastern seaboard areas of Southern Africa. World Crops 10(4):255-263.
+Gums, Oils and Resins
+General
+Forti, M. 1986. Salt tolerant and halophytic plants in Israel. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 5:83-96.
+Greek, B. F. 1987. Modest growth ahead for rubber. Chemical and Engineering News 66(12):25-51.
+Sesbania
+Chabda, Y. R. (ed.). 1972. Sesbania. The Wealth of India. 1X:293-303. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Chandra, V. and M. I. H. Faroogi. 1979. Dhaincha for seed gum. Extension Bulletin No. 1 National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
+Gorham,J., E. McDonnell and R. G. Wyn Jones. 1984. Pinitol and other solutes in salt-stressed Sesbania aculeata. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie 114:173-178.
+Grindelia
+Hoffmann, J. J. and S. P. McLaughlin. 1986. Grindelia camporum: potential cash crop for the arid southwest. Economic Botany 40:162-169.
+Schuck, S. M. and S. P. McLaughlin. 1988. Flowering phenology and outcrossing in tetraploid Grindelia camporum Greene. Desert Plants 9(1):7-16.
+Timmerman, B. N. and J. J. Hoffmann. 1985. The potential for the commercial utilization of resins from Grindelia camporum. Pp. 1321-1339. in: E. E. Whitehead, C. F. Hutchinson, B.
+N. Timmermann, and R. G. Varady (eds.) Arid Land& Today and Tomorrow. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
+Larrea tridentata
+Belmares, H. and A. Barrera. 1979. Polymerization studies of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) phenolic resin with formaldehyde. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24:1531-1537.
+Belmares, H., A. Barrera, M. Ortega and M. Monjaras. 1980. Adhesives from creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) phenolic resin with formaldehyde. Characteristics and application. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25:2115-2118.
+Sapium sebiferum
+Chadha, Y. R. (ed.). 1972. Sapium. Wealth of India. 1X:229-231. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Scheld, H. W. and J. R. Cowles. 1981. Woody biomass potential of the Chinese tallow tree. Economic Botany 35:391-397.
+Scheld, H. W., J. R. Cowles, C. R. Engler, R. Kleiman and E. B. Shultz, Jr. 1984. Seeds of the Chinese tallow tree as a source of chemicals and fuels. Pp. 81-101 in: E. B. Shultz, Jr. and R. P. Morgan (eds.) Fuels and Chemicals from Oilseeds. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
+Jojoba
+Baldwin, A. R. (ed.) 1988. Proceedings: 7th International Conference on Jojoba and its Uses.
+American Oil Chemists Society, Chicago, Illinois, US.
+Bhatia, V. K., A. Chaudhry, A. Masohan, R. P. S. Bisht and G. A. Sivasankaran. 1988.
+Sulphurization of jojoba oil for application as extreme pressure additive. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 65(9):1502-1507.
+Guayule
+Francois, L. E. 1986. Salinity effects on four arid zone plants (Parthenium argentatum, Simmondsia chinensis, Kochia prostrata and Kochia brevifolia). Journal of Arid Environments 11:103-109.
+Hoffman, G. J., M. C. Shannon, E. V. Mass, L. Grass. 1988. Rubber production of salt- stressed guayele at various plant populations. Irrigation Science 9:213-226.
+Maas, E. V., T. J. Donovan and L. E. Ftrancois. 1988. Salt tolerance of irrigated guayule. Irrigation Science 9:199-212.
+Miyamoto, S. and D. A. Bucks. 1985. Water quantity and quality requirements of guayule: current assessment. Agricultural Water Management 10:205-219.
+Chrysothamnus
+Ostler, W. K., a. M. McKell and S. White. 1986. Chrysothanus nauseosus: a potential source of natural rubber. Pp. 389-394 in Proceedings - Symposium on the Biology of Artemisia and Chrysothamnus. USDA, Ogden, Utah, US.
+Weber, D. J., D. F. Hegerhorst, T. D. Davis and E. D. McArthur. 1987. Potential uses of rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus). Pp. 27-33 in: K. L. Johnson (ed.) The Genus Chrysothamnus. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, US. Pulp and Fiber
+Reed de la Cruz, A. A. 1978. The production of pulp from marsh grass. Economic Botany 32:46-50. de la Cruz, A. A. and G. R. Lightsey. 1981. Pulping Characteristics and Paper Making Potential of Non-wood Wetland Plants. Sea Grant Publication MASGP80-016. Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564, US.
+Graneli, W. 1984. Reed Phragmites australis as an energy source in Sweden. Biomass 4:183-208.
+Iyengar, E. R. R. and J. B. Pandya. 1983. Juncus rigidus for saline soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Chemistry 16(1):147-152.
+Zahran, M. A. and M. A. El Demerdash. 1984. Transplantation of Juncus rigidus in the saline and non-productive lands of Egypt. Pp. 75-131 Research in Arid Zones. Report No. 17, International Foundation for Science' Stockholm, Sweden.
+Zahran, M. A. 1986. Establishment of fiber producing halophytes in salt affected areas of Egypt. Pp. 235-251 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Typha
+Morton, J. F. 1975. Cattails (Typha spp.) - a weed problem or potential crop? Economic Botany 29:7-29.
+Saccharum griffithii
+Ahmad, R. 1987. Saline Agriculture at Coastal Sandy Belt. University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Hibiscus
+Francois, L. E., T. J. Donovan and E. V. Maas. 1988. Salt tolerance of kenaf. Presented at 1st National Symposium for New Crops: Research, Development, Economics. October 23-26, 1988. Indianapolis, Indiana, US.
+Kugler, D. E. 1988. Kenaf Newsprint: Realizing Commercialization After Four Decades of Research and Development. USDA, Washington, DC, US.
+Sastri, B. N. (ed.). 1959. Hibiscus. The Wealth of India. V:75-98. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Cotton
+Ayars, J. E., R. B. Hutmacher, R. A. Schoneman, S. S. Vail and D. Felleke. 1986. Drip irrigation of cotton with saline drainage water. Transactions of the ASAE 29(6):1668-1673.
+Babu, V. R., S. N. Prasad, A. M. Babu and D. S. K. Rao. 1987. Evaluation of cotton genotypes for tolerance to saline water irrigations. Indian Journal of Agronomy 32(3):229-231.
+Bouzaidi, A. and S. El Amami. 1980. Irrigation a l'eau salee de deux variates de cotonnier dans les essais de plein champ. Physiologie Vegetale 18(1):35-44.
+Dean, P. 1981. Two-bale cotton with high-salt water. Agricultural Research (October):10-11.
+Iyengar, E. R. R., J. B. Pandya and J. S. Patolia. 1978. Evaluation of cotton varieties to salinity stress. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 21(2):113-117.
+Mantell, A., H. Frenkel and A. Meiri. 1985. Drip irrigation of cotton with saline-sodic water. Irrigation Science 6:95-106.
+Nawaz, A., N. Ahmad and R. H. Qureshi. 1986. Salt tolerance of cotton. Pp. 285-291 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Biosaline Research University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
+Palms
+Balick, M. J. 1979. Amazonian oil palms of promise: A survey. Economic Botany 33:11-28.
+Morton, J. F. 1976. Craft industries from coastal wetland vegetation. Pp. 254-266 in: M. Wiley (ed.) Estuarine Processes. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, New York, US.
+Pinheiro, C. U. B. and M. J. Balick. 1987. Brazilian Palm&: Notes on their Uses and Vernacular Names. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, US. Plotkin, M. J. and M. J. Balick. 1984. Medicinal uses of South American palms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10(2):157-179.
+Bioactire Derivatives
+Calophyllum inophyllum
+Mehrotra, S., R. Mitra and H. P. Sharma. 1986. Pharmacognostic studies on punnaga, Galophyllum inophyllum L., leaf and stem bark. Herba Hungaria 25(1):45-71.
+Saxena, R. C., R. Nath, G. Palit, S. K. Nigam and K. P. Bhargava. 1982. Effect of calophyllolide, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, on capillary permeability. Planta Medica. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 44(4):246-248.
+Guevara, B. Q. and R. C. Solevilla. 1983. An antibacterial soap from bitaog oil. Acta Manilana A, Natural and Applied Sciences 22(11):62-64.
+Balanites roxburghii
+Ghanim, A., I. Chandrasekharan, V. A. Amalraj and H. A. Khan. 1984. Studies on diosgenin content in fruits of Balanites roxburghii. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology and University Center of Desert Studies 9(2):21-22.
+National Research Council. 1987. Workshop on Biotechnology of Steroid Compounds as Contraceptives and Drugs. Summary Report. National Research Council, Jakarta, Indonesia, and National Academy Press, Washington, DC, US.
+Azadirachta indica
+Ahmed, S., S. Bamofleh and M. Munshi. 1989. Cultivation of neem (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae) in Saudi Arabia. Economic Botany 43:35-38.
+Ahmed, S. and M. Grainge. 1986. Potential of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development. Economic Botany 40:201-209.
+Deshmukh, P. B. and D. M. Renapurkar. 1987. Insect growth regulatory activity of some indigenous plant extracts. Insect Science ant Its Application 8(1):81-83.
+Kasmi, S. M. A. 1980. Melia azadirachta - A most common cultivated tree in Somalia. Somalia Range Bulletin 9:20-23.
+Radwanski, S. A. and G. E. Wickens. 1981. Vegetative fallows and potential value of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) in the tropics. Economic Botany 35:398-414.
+Saxena, R. C. 1989. Insecticides from neem. Pp. 110-135 in: J. T. Arnason, B. J. R.
+Philogene and P. Morand (eds.) Insecticides of Plant Origin. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, US.
+Adhatoda vasica
+Arambewela, L. S. R., C. K. Ratnayake, J. S. Jayasekera and K. T. D. De Silva. 1988. Vasicine contents and their seasonal variation in Adhatoda vasica. Filoterapia 59(2):151-153.
+Bhargava, M. K., H. Singh, A. Kumar and K. C. Varshney. 1986. Athatoda vasica as wound healing agent in buffaloes - histological and histochemical studies. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery 7(2):29-35.
+Saxena, B. P., K. Tikku, C. K. Atal and O. Koul. 1986. Insect antifertility and antifeedant allelochemics in Adhatota vasica. Insect Science ant Its Application 7(4):489-493.
+Tripathi, R. N., R. K. R. Tripathi and D. K. Pandey. 1981. Assay of antiviral activity in the crude leaf sap of some plants. Environment India 4(1/2):86-87.
+Anemopsis californica
+Childs, R. F. and J. R. Cole. 1965. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Anemopsis, californica. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 54(5):789-79l.
+Ezcurra, E., R. S. Felger, A. D. Russell and M. Equihua. 1988. Freshwater islands in a desert sand sea: the hydrology, flora, and phytogeography of the Gran Desierto oases of northwestern Mexico. Desert Plants 9(2):35-44,55-63.
+Mangrove Toxicants
+De la Cruz, A. A., E. D. Gomez, D. H. Miles, G. J. B. Cajipe and V. B. Chavez. 1984. Toxicants from Mangrove plants: I. Bioassay of crude extracts. International Journal of Ecological and Environmental Science 10:1-9.
+Gomez, E. D., A. A. de la Cruz, V. B. Chavez, D. H. Miles and G. J. B. Cajibe. 1986. Toxicants from mangrove plants: II. Toxicity of aqueous extracts to fish. The Philippine Journal of Science 115(2):81-89.
+Miles, D. H., D.-S. Lho, A. A. de la Cruz, E. D. Gomez, J. A. Weeks and J. L. Atwood. 1987. Toxicants from mangrove plants III. Heritol, a novel ichthyotoxin from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoral),. Journal of Organic Chemistry 52:2930-2932.
+Citrullus colocynthis
+Bringi, N. V. 1987. Lesser known tree-borne oil seeds. Pp. 216-248 in: N. V. Bringi (ed.) Non-Traditional Oil, and Oilseeds of India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
+Sastri, B. N. (ed.). 1950. Citrullus colocynthis. Wealth of India. II:185-186. CSIR, New Delhi, India.
+Russian-Thistle
+Fowler, J. L., J. H. Hageman, and M. Suzukida. 1985. Evaluation of the Salinity Tolerance of Russian Thistle to Determine its Potential for Forage Production Using Saline Irrigation Water. New Mexico Water Resources Institute, Las Cruces, New Mexico, US.
+Landscape and Ornamental Use
+Pasternak, D., J. A. Aronson, J. Ben-Dov, M. Forti, S. Mendlinger, A. Nerd and D. Sitton. 1986. Development of new arid zone crops for the Negev Desert of Israel. Journal of Arid Environments 11:37-59.
+Verkade, S. D. and G. E. Fitzpatrick. 1988. Development of the threatened halo phyte Mallontonia gnaphalodes as a new ornamental crop. Presented at 1st National Symposium for New Crops: Research, Development, Economics. October 23-26, 1988. Indianapolis, Indiana, US.
+<section>Research contacts</section>
+Essential Oils
+V. Chandra, National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow 226001, India
+P. K. Dutta, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Division, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar 751013, Orissa, India.
+Earl Graven, Head, Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Ciskei, South Africa.
+Gums, Oils and Resins
+General
+V. Chandra, National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow 226001, India.
+M. Forti, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben Gurion University, PO Box 1025, 84110 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
+E. Rodriguez, Phytochemical Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine CA 92717, US.
+Dhaincha
+R. G. Wyn Jones, Center for Arid Zone Studies, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Wales, LL57 2UW, UK
+V. Chandra, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
+Grindelia
+Stephen P. McLaughlin, Bioresources Research Facility, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706, US.
+Creosote Bush
+Hector Belmares, Centro de Investigascion en Quimica Aplicada, Aldama Ote. 371, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
+Chinese Tallow Tree
+Robert Kleiman, USDA Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 North University, Peoria, IL 61604, US.
+H. W. Scheld, PhytoResource Research, Inc., 707 Texas Avenue - Suite 202D, College Station, TX 77840, US.
+E. B. Shultz, Jr., Box 1106, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, US. Jojoba
+Hal C. Purcell, Jojoba Grower's Association, 3420 East Shea - Suite 125, Phoenix, AZ 85028, US.
+David Palzkill, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US.
+John Rothfus, USDA Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 North University, Peoria, IL 61604, US.
+Chrysothamnus nauseosus
+D. J. Weber, Department of Botany and Range Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, US.
+Guayole
+Joseph Beckman, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, 1200 Firestone Parkway, Akron, OH 44317, US.
+D. A. Bucks, US Water Conservation Laboratory, 4331 East Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040, US.
+S. Miyamoto, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927, US.
+Pulp and Fiber
+Cotton
+James E. Ayars, USDA-ARS, WMRL, Fresno, CA 93700, US.
+A. Mantell, Institute of Soils ant Water, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
+Akhtar Nawaz, Department of Soil Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
+James D. Rhoades, USDA Salinity Research Laboratory, 4500 Glenwood Drive, Riverside, CA 92501, US.
+Reed
+Armando A. de la Cruz, Department of Zoology, Mississippi State University, MI 39762, US.
+Wilhelm Graneli, Institute of Limnology, Box 3060, S-22003 Lund, Sweden.
+E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364 002,
+India.
+M. A. Zahran, Botany Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. Esparto Grass Director, Institut National de Recherches Forestieres, Ministere de l'Agriculture, Route de la Soukra, B.P. 2, Ariana, Tunisia.
+Typha
+J. F. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US.
+Kenaf/Hibiscus
+Charles Adamson, USDA Plant Introduction Center, Route 1, Sharpsburg, GA 30277, US.
+Marvin O. Bagby, USDA Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 North University, Peoria, IL 61604, US.
+L. E. Francois, US Salinity Laboratory, 4500 Glenwood Drive, Riverside, CA 92501, US. Palms
+M. J. Balick, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, US.
+J. F. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, US.
+Bioactive Derivatives
+Calophyllum inophyllum
+S. Mehrotra, Pharmacognosy Section, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 22600, India.
+R. C. Saxena, Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow 226003, India.
+Balanites roxburghii
+A. Ghanim, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342 003, India.
+Azadirachta indica
+S. A. Radwanski, Land Resources Consultancy, 361 Wimbledon Park Road, London SW196PE, UK.
+G. E. Wickens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK. Commiphora wightii
+S. Kumar and V. Shankar, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India.
+Catharanus roseus
+P. K. Dutta, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Division, Regional Research Laboratory,Bhubaneswar 751013, Orissa, India.
+Landscape and Ornamental Use
+Dov Pasternak, Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Sede Boger 84990, Israel.
+Stephen D. Verkade, University of Florida, 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, US.
+<section>Board on Science and Technology for International Development</section>
+RALPH H. SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Chairman
+Members
+JORDON J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.
+PETER D. BELL, President, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, New York, New York
+GEORGE T. CURLIN, The Fogarty International Center, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
+DIRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Science Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
+ELLEN L. FROST, Corporate Director, International Affairs, United Technologies Corporation, Washington, D.C.
+FREDERICK HORNE, Dean of the College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis
+ROBERT KATES, Director, Alan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
+CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, Molecular Genetics, Inc., Minnetonka, Minnesota
+ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington
+ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Department of Strategic Planning and Review, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
+BARBARA D. WEBSTER, Associate Dean, Office of Research, University of California, Davis
+GERALD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, ex officio
+WILLIAM E. GORDON, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, ex officio
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/foodfirst_ff08ne.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/foodfirst_ff08ne.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..879eb2635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/foodfirst_ff08ne.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+<title>Needless hunger: voices from a Bangladesh village</title>
+Betsy Hartmann
+James K. Boyce
+IFDP
+INSTITUTE FOR FOOD AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY
+145 NINTH STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94103 U.S.A. (415) 864-8555
+Hartmann, Betsy.
+Needless hunger: voices from a Bangladesh village/Betsy Hartmann, James K. Boyce-San Francisco, Calif.: Institute for Food and Development Policy. c1979.
+Bibliography: P. 66-68
+1. Food supply - Bangladesh. 2. Hunger. 3. Agriculture - Bangladesh. 4. Bangladesh-Rural conditions. 1. Boyce, James K., joint author. II. Institute for Food and Development Policy, San Francisco. III. Title.
+HD9016.B352H37
+338,195492-dc19
+ISBN: 0-935028-03-X
+© 1979, 1982 by Institute for Food and Development Policy
+Second printing, revised: January 1982; Third printing, 1987
+To order additional copies, call or write:
+Institute for Food and Development Policy
+145 Ninth Street
+San Francisco, CA 94103 USA
+Please add 15 percent for postage and handling ($1 minimum). Bulk discounts available.
+Distributed in United Kingdom by:
+Third World Publications
+151 Stratford Road
+Birmingham B11 1RD
+England
+Cover photo by Hartmann/Boyce. Designed by Barbara Garza
+Map
+Formerly East Pakistan, Bangladesh was founded in 1971 following the Bengali revolt against Pakistan. Officially known as Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh (People's Republic of Bangladesh) and lying in the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, Bangladesh is 55,126 square miles (142,776 square kilometers) in area, approximately the size of Wisconsin. Bangladesh is the fourth largest agricultural society in the world: 90 percent of its 83 million people are rural and 80 percent depend directly upon agriculture as a livelihood. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Bangladesh is possibly the richest country in the world as far as inland fishery resources are concerned."
+<section>Hunger in a fertile land</section>
+<section>1. The paradox</section>
+In U.S. news media Bangladesh is usually portrayed as an "international basketcase," a bleak, desolate scene of hunger and despair. But when we arrived in Bangladesh in August 1974 we found a lush, green, fertile land. From the windows of buses and the decks of ferry boats, we looked over a landscape of natural abundance, everywhere shaped by the hands of men. Rice paddies carpeted the earth, and gigantic squash vines climbed over the roofs of the bamboo village houses. The rich soil, plentiful water and hot, humid climate made us feel as if we had entered a natural greenhouse.
+As the autumn days grew clear and cool and the rice ripened in the fields, we saw why the Bengalis in song and verse call their land "golden Bengal." But that autumn we also came face to face with the extreme poverty for which Bangladesh has become so famous. When the price of rice soared in the lean season before the harvest, we witnessed the terrible spectacle of people dying in the streets of Dacca, the capital. Famine claimed thousands of lives throughout the country. The victims were Bangladesh's poorest people who could not afford to buy rice and had nothing left to sell.
+As we tried to comprehend the contrast between the lush beauty of the land and the destitution of so many people, we sensed that we had entered a strange battleground. All around us silent struggles were being waged, struggles in which the losers met slow, bloodless deaths. In 1975 we spent nine months in the village of Katni, collecting material for a book on life in the Third World. There we learned more about the quiet violence which rages in Bangladesh.
+Katni is a typical village. The majority of its 350 people are poor: most families own less than two acres of land, and a quarter of the households are completely landless. The poorest often work for landlords in neighboring villages who own over 40 acres apiece. Four-fifths of the villagers are Muslims and one-fifth are Hindus. Except for two rickshaw pullers, all make their livings from agriculture.
+"Bangladesh is rich enough in fertile land, water and natural gas for fertilizer not only to be self-sufficient in food, but a food exporter, even with its rapidly increasing population size."
+To minimize the differences between ourselves and the villagers, we lived in a small bamboo house, spoke Bengali and wore local clothing. By approaching the villagers as equals we were eventually able to win their trust. Jim spent most of his time talking with the men as they worked in the fields or went to the market, while Betsy spent most of her time talking with the women as they worked in and around their houses. The villagers taught us what it means to be hungry in a fertile land.
+Golden Bengal
+Bangladesh lies in the delta of three great rivers-the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and Meghna-which flow through it to empty into the Bay of Bengal (see map). The rivers and their countless tributaries meander over the flat land, constantly changing course, since most of the country lies less than 100 feet above sea level. The waters not only wash the land, they create it; their sediments have built the delta over the centuries. The alluvial soil deposited by the rivers is among the most fertile in the world.
+Abundant rainfall and warm temperatures give Bangladesh an ideal climate for agriculture. Crops can be grown 12 months a year. The surface waters and vast underground aquifers give the country a tremendous potential for irrigation in the dry winter season. The rivers, ponds and rice paddies are alive with fish; according to a report of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), "Bangladesh is possibly the richest country in the world as far as inland fishery resources are concerned."^1
+The country's dense human population bears testament to the land's fertility; historically the thick settlement of the delta, like that along the Nile River, was made possible by agricultural abundance. Today, with more than 80 million people, Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous nation. Its population density is the highest of any country in the world except for Singapore and Hong Kong,^2 a fact which is all the more remarkable in light of the country's low level of urbanization. Nine out of 10 Bangladeshis live in villages, where most make their living from the land.
+Bangladesh's soil may be rich, but its people are poor. The average annual income is less than $100 per person, the life expectancy only 47 years, and like all averages these overstate the wellbeing of the poorest.^3 A quarter of Bangladesh's children die before reaching the age of five^4 .Malnutrition claims many. Over half of Bangladesh's families consume less than the minimal calorie requirement, and 60 percent suffer from protein deficiencies.^5 Health care is poorly developed and concentrated in the urban areas. Less than a quarter of the population is literate.^6
+A United States Senate study notes that Bangladesh "is rich enough in fertile land, water, manpower and natural gas for fertilizer not only to be self-sufficient in food, but a food exporter, even with rapidly increasing population size."^7 But despite rich soil, ideal growing conditions and an abundant supply of labor, Bangladesh's agricultural yields are today among the lowest in the world. According to a World Bank document, "Present average yields of rice are about 1.2 metric tons per hectare, compared with 2.5 tons in Sri Lanka or 2.7 in Malaysia, which are climatically similar, or over 4 tons in Taiwan where labor inputs are greater."^8 Production has stagnated; today's yields are similar to those recorded 50 years ago.^9
+Why is a country with some of the world's most fertile land also the home of some of the world's hungriest people? A look at Bangladesh's history sheds some light on this paradox. The first Europeans to visit eastern Bengal, the region which is now Bangladesh, found a thriving industry and a prosperous agriculture. It was, in the optimistic words of one Englishman, "a wonderful land, whose richness and abundance neither war, pestilence nor oppression could destroy."^10 But by 1947, when the sun finally set on the British Empire in India, eastern Bengal had been reduced to an impoverished agricultural hinterland.
+Many who read Food First: ; Beyond the Myth of Scarcity find among its most shocking revelations the fact that Bangladesh isn't a hopeless basketcase: there are indeed enough resources in that country to provide for all. The media-generated image of an entire people condemned to perpetual hunger is now being challenged. The truth is more hopeful, if paradoxical: despite its current low productivity, Bangladesh may already produce enough grain for all its people. Moreover, it has barely tapped its agricultural potential-among the greatest in the world.
+Many people want to learn more about Bangladesh, for they sense, as we do, that Bangladesh provides lessons with implications well beyond its national scope. If hunger is needless in this foremost "basketcase," it is indeed needless in every other country in the world.
+Here in Needless Hunger, Betsy Hartmann and James Boyce share their own direct experiences and lessons drawn from the villages of Bangladesh. Hartmann and Boyce, Bengali-speaking Americans and Fellows of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, spent two years (1974-1976) living in Bangladesh and nine months in one typical rural village. Their growing familiarity with the daily struggles and conflicts within the village allowed them to cut through the seeming irrationality of hunger to find its political and economic roots. The authors describe how the few have gained effective control over productive resources, leading to both the underuse and misuse of these resources. We learn of the perceptions, fears and frustrations of those who strain to survive in rural Bangladesh against the weight of unjust social and economic structure.
+But the authors do not only present us with a microscopic view of Bangladesh society. They describe in concise terms how the local hierarchy is supported at the national level. Indeed, Hartmann and Boyce demonstrate how we in the West are directly linked to the very forces that generate hunger in Bangladesh. The United States, Canada, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Saudi Arabia, Japan, France, Germany, etc., all have large "development assistance" programs in Bangladesh. These programs-together with those of the multilateral agencies like the U. N.'s World Food Program and the World Bank-now total well over $1 billion a year. Hartmann and Boyce show from their own on-site investigations that such aid often undermines the very people with whom we would most wish to ally ourselves - the hungry and impoverished. Similarly, the authors help us understand that no matter how good our government's intentions, the massive food aid we are told is for the hungry in fact ends
+up feeding and enriching a privileged minority.
+But Needless Hunger is not a story without hope. Hartmann and Boyce reveal the strength and potential of the Bangladesh people. They argue that social reconstruction could bring genuine economic progress for all. And they show that there is a way that we in the West can help: we can work to remove the obstacles to social change being built by forces of intervention which shore up the hunger status-quo.
+The global analysis of our book Food First is vividly captured here in a single country-in a single village.
+Frances Moore Lappé
+Joseph Collins
+<section>2. Riches to rags</section>
+The Colonial Legacy
+We in the industrialized nations often view development as a straightforward historical progression: poor countries are simply further behind on the path to development than rich ones. But this view ignores the fact that the destinies of nations have been linked, in ways which have often benefited one nation at the expense of another. In eastern Bengal, as in most of the third world, involvement with the West began with trade, and later gave way to direct political control by a colonial power. The legacy of Bangladesh's colonial history is a variation on a familiar theme: as the region became a supplier of agricultural raw materials to the world market, local industry withered and food production stagnated. The country not only did not develop, it actually underdeveloped.
+European traders-first the Portuguese in the 16th century and later the Dutch, French and English-were lured to eastern Bengal by its legendary cotton textile industry, which ranked among the greatest industries in the world. Today, in a Dacca museum, one can see a specimen of the famous Dacca muslin, once prized in the imperial courts of Europe and Asia. A pale turban rests in a glass display case. Thirty feet long and three feet wide, the turban is so fine that it can be folded to fit inside an ordinary match box. The weavers of Dacca once produced this cloth on their handlooms, using thread spun from the cotton which grew along the banks of the nearby Meghna River. Today both the cotton and the weavers have disappeared. The variety of cotton plant adapted to the moist Bengali climate is extinct, and Bangladesh must import virtually all its cotton from abroad.
+What happened to Bengal's cotton industry? After the British East India Company wrested control of Bengal from its Muslim rulers in 1757, the line between trade and outright plunder faded. In the words of an English merchant, "Various and innumerable are the methods of oppressing the poor weavers... such as by fines, imprisonments, floggings, forcing bonds from them, etc."^1 By means of "every conceivable form of roguery," the Company's merchants acquired the weaver's cloth for a fraction of its value.
+Ironically, the profits from the lucrative trade in Bengali textiles helped to finance Britain's industrial revolution. As their own mechanized textile industry developed, the British eliminated competition from Bengali textiles through an elaborate network of restrictions and prohibitive duties. Not only were Indian textiles effectively shut out of the British market, but even within India taxes discriminated against local cloth^2 The rapid decimation of local industry brought great hardship to the Bengali people. In 1835 the Governor-General of the East India Company reported to London, "The misery hardly finds a parallel in the history of commerce. The bones of the cotton weavers are bleaching the plains of India."^3
+The population of eastern Bengal's cities declined as the weavers were thrown back to the land. Sir Charles Trevelyan of the East India Company filed this report in 1840:
+The peculiar kind of silky cotton formerly grown in Bengal, from which the fine Dacca muslins used to be made, is hardly ever seen; the population of the town of Dacca has fallen from 150,000, to 30,000 or 40,000, and the jungle and malaria are fast encroaching upon the town Dacca, which used to be the Manchester of India, has fallen off from a flourishing town to a very poor and small one.^4
+As Britain developed, Bengal underdeveloped.
+With the decline of local industry, eastern Bengal assumed a new role as a supplier of agricultural raw materials. At first, using a contract labor system not far from slavery, European planters forced the Bengali peasants to grow indigo, the plant used to make blue dye. But in 1859 a great peasant revolt swept Bengal, and after this "indigo mutiny" the planters moved west to Bihar. Jute, the fiber used to make rope and burlap, soon became the region's main cash crop. By the turn of the century, eastern Bengal produced over half the world's jute, but under British rule not a single mill for its processing was ever built there. Instead, the raw jute was shipped for manufacture to Calcutta, the burgeoning metropolis of west Bengal, or exported to Britain and elsewhere.
+The British not only promoted commercial agriculture, they also introduced a new system of land ownership to Bengal. Before their arrival, private ownership of agricultural land did not exist; land could not be bought and sold. Instead, the peasants had the right to till the soil, and zamindars, notables appointed by the Muslim rulers, had the right to collect taxes. Hoping to create a class of loyal supporters as well as to finance their own administration, the British in 1793 vested land ownership in the zamindars, who were henceforth required to pay a yearly tax to the British. In one stroke, land became private property which could be bought and sold. If a zamindar failed to pay his taxes, the state could auction his land.
+The British set their original tax assessment so high that many estates were soon sold for arrears, and as a result, land rapidly changed hands from the old Muslim aristocracy to a rising class of Hindu merchants. In eastern Bengal, where the majority of peasants were Muslim, Hindu zamindars came to own three-quarters of the land. Conflicts between landlords and tenants began to take on a religious coloring.
+The architects of the land settlement expected that the new landlords would devote their energies to improving their estates. But the zamindars found it far easier to collect rent than to invest in farming. Instead of agricultural entrepreneurs they became absentee landlords. Numerous intermediaries (sometimes as many as 50), each of whom subleased the land and took a share of the rent, arose between the zamindars and the actual tillers of the soil.^5 This led to exorbitant rents, which had a disastrous effect upon the peasants. Many were forced to borrow from moneylenders whose usurious interest rates further impoverished them. As early as 1832, a British inquiry commission concluded: "The settlement fashioned with great care and deliberation has to our painful knowledge subjected almost the whole of the lower classes to most grievous oppression.^6
+Little of the wealth extracted from the peasant producers by way of commercial agriculture, rent and land taxation was ever productively invested in Bengal. The budget of the colonial government clearly revealed the colonists' sense of priorities. Resources which could have financed development were instead devoted to subjugating the population. For example, in its 1935-36 budget, the Indian government devoted 703 million rupees to military services and the administration of justice, jails and the police. Another 527 million rupees were paid as interest, largely to British banks. Only 36 million were invested in agriculture and industry.^7
+Throughout their rule, the British also consciously exploited Hindu-Muslim antagonisms in a divide-and-rule strategy.^8 When they finally departed in 1947, Bengal was split along religious lines between the new independent nations of India and Pakistan. West Bengal, which was mainly Hindu and included Calcutta, went to India. Predominantly Muslim East Bengal became East Pakistan joined in an awkward union with West Pakistan, a thousand miles away.
+"In one stroke, land became private property which could be bought and sold."
+Pakistan and the Birth of Bangladesh
+With the creation of Pakistan many Hindu zamindars fled to India. In 1950 the oppressive zamindari system was legally abolished. Control of the land passed into the hands of a predominantly Muslim rural elite. Although the members of this new elite lived in the villages, they were reluctant to invest in agricultural production, preferring the easier profits to be made by moneylending and trade.
+As East Pakistan, the east Bengal region did experience a limited amount of industrial development. The first jute mills were finally built in the world's foremost jute-producing region. Growth remained stunted, however, by a new colonial relationship in which the West Pakistanis replaced the British. The majority of Pakistan's people lived in the eastern wing, yet westerners dominated the military and civil service. East Pakistan's jute was the main source of the nation's foreign exchange, but development expenditures were concentrated in West Pakistan. Incomes grew in the west but not in the east, and the widening disparities created political tensions between the two wings.
+In 1971 these tensions culminated in civil war. The stage was set by the December 1970 national elections, when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League won an overwhelming victory in East Pakistan on a platform of regional autonomy. The West Pakistani rulers responded by launching a vicious military crackdown. Bangladesh's bloody birth trauma began. As the Bengalis waged a guerilla struggle and millions of refugees poured across the border into India, Bangladesh was suddenly catapulted from relative obscurity into the headlines of the world press. The Indian government, straining under the refugee burden and worried lest the liberation struggle assume more radical overtones, finally sent its army into Bangladesh in December, and the Pakistanis surrendered two weeks later.
+Independence brought hope that the country, freed at last from the shackles of colonial domination, could begin to develop its abundant resources and address the needs of its people. But beneath the euphoria of independence lurked the deeply rooted problems of economic stagnation and impoverishment. When we arrived in Dacca in 1974, the triumphant flush of enthusiasm had faded, giving way to growing anger and despair. Many Bengalis blamed soaring rice prices and the autumn famine on the corruption of Mujib's ruling party, and on the hoarding of grain by merchants. A Dacca rickshaw puller told us, "First the English robbed us. Then the Pakistanis robbed us. Now we are being robbed by our own people."
+Since independence Bangladesh has received a massive influx of foreign aid-over $1 billion per year. Yet the country's agriculture and industry continue to stagnate and the living conditions of the poor steadily deteriorate. Bangladesh's colonial legacy cannot be easily erased. The British and Pakistani rulers may be gone, but they left a social order which condemns millions to needless hunger.
+<section>The making of hunger</section>
+<section>3. Who owns the land</section>
+The pattern of landownership in Bangladesh profoundly affects both the production and distribution of food. Although Bangladesh is often called a "land of small farmers," the reality in the villages is more complex. On the one hand, many villagers own no land at all and depend upon wage labor for their livelihoods. On the other hand are landlords whose holdings, though modest by American standards, are large enough to free them from the necessity of working in the fields.
+A recent study commissioned by the United States Agency for International Development (AID) found that a "dichotomy between ownership of land and labor on it" is widespread in Bangladesh. Less than 10 percent of Bangladesh's rural households own over half the country's cultivable land, while 60 percent of rural families own less than 10 percent of the land. One third own no cultivable land at all, and by including those who own less than half an acre, the study concludes that 48 percent of the families of rural Bangladesh are "functionally landless." Pointing to the difficulties of collecting reliable data, the authors of the study note that these figures probably underestimate the actual extent of landlessness and the true level of concentration of landownership.^1
+Based on their different relationships to the land, the villagers of Bangladesh fall into five basic classes:
+o Landlords do not work on the land themselves, except sometimes to supervise their workers. Instead they hire labor or let out land to sharecroppers.
+o Rich peasants work in the fields but have more land than they can cultivate alone. They gain most of their income from lands they cultivate with hired labor or sharecroppers.
+o Middle peasants come closest to our image of the selfsufficient small farmer. They earn their livings mainly by working their own land, though at times they may work for others or hire others to work for them.
+o Poor peasants own a little land, but not enough to support themselves. They earn their livings mainly by working as sharecroppers or wage laborers.
+o Landless laborers own no land except for their house sites, and sometimes not even that. Lacking draft animals and agricultural implements, they seldom can work as sharecroppers, and must depend upon wages for their livelihoods.
+A villager in Katni told us, "Without land, there is no security." Indeed, without land there is often no food. An International Labor Organization study reports that landless laborers consume only 78 percent as much grain as those who own over seven and one-half acres of land, despite the fact that the landless need 40 percent more calories because they work harder.^2 As we shall see, landownership not only determines who will have enough to eat, but also affects how much food is actually produced.
+Not surprisingly, the small minority of rural families who own over half the country's farmland are, in the words of the AID study, "at the apex of the structure of power in rural Bangladesh; the political economy of the countryside is controlled by them."^3 Land is the key to their power, power which in turn brings them control over other food-producing resources such as irrigation facilities and fertilizer. Since these agricultural inputs are often highly subsidized by the government, they are all the more desirable to the rural elite.
+"Land, the ultimate source of wealth and power in rural Bangladesh, is becoming concentrated in fewer and fewer hands."
+Similarly, the large landowner is better able to receive low interest loans from government banks. His land serves as collateral, and he knows how to deal with the bank officials: how to fill out the necessary forms and when to propose a snack at the nearest tea stall. The large landowners also usually dominate village cooperatives which have access to government credit.
+The rural poor meanwhile must turn to the village moneylender when they need cash, often paying interest rates of more than 100 percent a year. Not coincidentally, the moneylender and the large landowner are often one and the same person. Since Islam, Bangladesh's main religion, condemns the taking of interest, moneylenders ease their consciences through such simple expedients as buying a peasant's crop before the harvest-at half the market rate. To get credit small farmers frequently mortgage their land, forfeiting the right to cultivate it until they repay the loan.
+The large landowners' control of food-producing resources- land, inputs and credit-allows them to appropriate much of the wealth produced in the countryside. As a result, they are able to buy out hard-pressed smaller farmers, driving them into the ever growing ranks of the landless. One study found that peasants who own less than an acre of land sell half their remaining land every yearn Land, the ultimate source of wealth and power in rural Bangladesh, is becoming concentrated in fewer and fewer hands.
+<section>Shaha Paikur: landlord, merchant and moneylender</section>
+Shaha Paikur lives with his four wives in a cement house in Dosutari, a village adjoining Katni. He is typical of the local merchants, for he is also a landlord and moneylender. He deals in jute, rice and mustard seed, and his warehouse is large enough to hold the produce of many local peasants as well as that of his own extensive landholdings. When he sells his jute, a caravan of 50 oxcarts carries it to town. Villagers often speculate about his riches, and some claim he buries gold in his courtyard.
+Shaha Paikur's moneylending has earned him an unsavory reputation. "He began life with nothing but a sharp eye," recalls our neighbor Aktar Ali. "First he married an orphan girl who had some land, and then he worked himself up by moneylending, charging interest rates so high that borrowers could seldom pay him back. When we first came here, he took some of our land too. Now we have learned never to borrow from him; when in need, we borrow from our relatives.
+"Shaha is clever, though. When a man falls on hard times, Shaha offers money. He acts so friendly, 'You have no rice? You have no clothes? Here, take this! You can pay me back at harvest time.'
+"Men are weak. They know they shouldn't take his money, but they think: 'Let me eat today. Let the future bring what it may.' At harvest time Shaha is back, demanding payment in rice at half the market rate. When a man cannot repay, Shaha takes his land-he never lends money to a landless man.
+"Our Koran tells us that moneylending is a great sin. In Allah's eyes, taking interest is as evil as murder. Let me tell you a story to prove it. Last year, when caterpillars attacked my rice crop, I tried all kinds of chemical sprays with no effect. Finally someone suggested the old method of writing a moneylender's name on pieces of paper and tying them to stakes at three corners of the field. You leave one corner open so the insects can escape. I wrote Shaha Paikur's name, tied it to the stakes, and in two days those caterpillars were gone! That is how much Allah despises the moneylender-even pests flee his name!''
+Today the villagers are wary of Shaha Paikur's advances, and turn to him for money only in desperation. But Shaha has found other avenues to expand his fortune. He is now the biggest landlord in Dosutari, with holdings scattered in neighboring villages. At harvest time his agents ply the local markets and his warehouse fills. When the price is right an oxcart caravan takes his goods to town. He sells jute to the government and to bigger merchants, rice to the grain dealers in the nearest town, and mustard seed to a company which presses it for oil. With his profits he buys more land.
+Although trade is not as morally repugnant as moneylending, many villagers resent Shaha Paikur as much for his merchant activities as for his usury. "I grow the jute in Shaha's warehouse,'' said one middle peasant. "Without me, where would he be? What do I get for my labor? Worn hands, aching muscles, and just enough to eat so that I can live to work another day. Meanwhile Shaha sits and eats, and counts his taka."
+<section>4. Siphoning the surplus</section>
+Just as Bangladesh is often called a land of small farmers, so the country's agriculture is sometimes described as "subsistence farming." The implication is that the peasants grow barely enough to feed themselves, with little left over for anyone else. Once again, reality is more complex. Much of the wealth which the peasants produce in the fields is siphoned by large landowners, moneylenders and merchants. The hunger of Bangladesh's poor majority is intimately related to the ways this wealth is extracted and used.
+Who Works, Who Eats?
+Surplus is siphoned from poor peasants and landless laborers by the twin mechanisms of sharecropping and wage labor, production relationships which determine who works the land and who eats its fruits.
+Sharecropping, according to a 1977 AID study, covers at least 23 percent of Bangladesh's farmland.^1 In Katni's vicinity, landlords and rich peasants generally cultivate about three-fourths of their land by means of sharecroppers and the remaining one-fourth with hired labor. The landowner and sharecropper normally split the crop equally, although in some districts the landowner often takes two-thirds.^2 The sharecropper usually must bear the costs of seed and fertilizer, so that in practice his share is really less than half the crop.
+Although the rewards from sharecropping may seem meager, those of wage labor are even less. In Katni the standard wage for male laborers is about 33 U.S. cents per day, paid in a combination of rice, cash and a morning meal which insures that the laborer has enough strength to work all day in the fields. Women from poor families who work processing crops in well-to-do households earn even less-about 20 cents for a day's hard labor.
+The number of landless laborers in Bangladesh is rising rapidly due to population growth and the displacement of small farmers. The dramatic rise in landlessness has not been matched by a rise in employment opportunities. As a result, in 1974 real wages for agricultural laborers had fallen to less than two-thirds of their 1963 level.^3 As Dalim, a landless laborer, told us: "I earn two pounds of rice, one taka (about 7 cents) and a meal for a day's work. With that taka I used to be able to buy two more pounds of rice, with a little left over for oil, chills and salt. But today one taka won't even buy one pound of rice. Employers used to let their workers take a few free vegetables when they went home in the evening, but nowadays they aren't so generous. Times are getting harder for men like me."
+With wages declining, it is becoming more profitable for the landowner to cultivate with hired labor than to give land to sharecroppers. The large landowners in Katni's vicinity calculate that wage labor only costs them one-fourth to one-third of the crop. They are slowly shifting more and more land to hired labor.
+In some countries this shift has been associated with the "green revolution"-the introduction of new crop varieties, chemical fertilizers and irrigation-which by raising yields also makes wage labor more attractive to the landowner than sharecropping. But in Katni the main reason for the shift is not that yields are going up, but rather that wages are going down.
+Poor peasants and landless laborers are caught on an economic treadmill. No matter how hard they run they keep slipping backwards. The siphoning of the surplus makes it almost impossible for them to save enough money to buy land of their own. Instead, illness and unemployment often force them to sell their remaining tiny plots of land and their meager household possessions (The Trials of A Poor Peasant Family, p. 27). Though they devote their lives to growing and processing food, they face perpetual hunger.
+What happens to the surplus once it passes into the landowners' hands? If it were used productively, the suffering of the poor might not be entirely in vain. After all, any society must generate a surplus for investment if the economy is to grow. But in Bangladesh very little of the surplus finds its way into productive investment. Luxury consumption absorbs much of the income of the rural elite. For example, Nafis, a big landlord, bought himself a new Japanese motorcycle while we were in Katni. It cost him as much as a laborer working on his land would earn in 20 years.
+Large landowners are reluctant to invest in agriculture, for farming is a difficult and risky business. They may buy more land, but this is simply a transfer of resources (usually from small farmers), which adds nothing to the nation's productive base. Even less of the surplus is mobilized for investment elsewhere in the economy through taxes or savings because the government does not want to tax the large landowners for fear of losing their political support, and the interest paid on savings deposits cannot compare with other more profitable uses to which the landowner can put his money. Trade and moneylending-both of which siphon surplus from the peasants while leaving the production process untouched-offer by far the most lucrative and easy avenues for investment.
+The Market
+Through the exchanges of the marketplace, merchants are able to siphon surplus from Bangladesh's peasants. Receiving low prices for the crops they sell and often paying high prices for the goods they buy, the peasants lose whether they enter the market as producers or as consumers. The transfer of wealth is often hidden by the seemingly impersonal movement of prices, but in Katni we found several examples which throw the relationship between peasants and merchants into sharp relief.
+"In Bangladesh we call our jute `the golden fiber,'"said one peasant. But tell me, who gets the gold?"
+Jute, the fiber used to make rope, burlap and carpet backing, is the main cash crop of Bangladesh's peasants and provides about four-fifths of the country's export earnings. After independence jute prices stagnated, while rice prices soared. As a result, peasants grew less jute and more rice, so that by 1975 jute acreage had shrunk to two-thirds of its pre-independence level. Worried about export earnings, the government announced a floor price for jute which it hoped would check the decline in production. Government purchasing centers throughout the country were instructed to buy jute from the growers for about 90 taka per maund (one maund is about 80 pounds).
+One such purchasing center was located three miles from Katni. Nevertheless, the villagers sold their jute in the local markets for 60 taka per mound, two-thirds of the government rate. At this price jute was decidedly a losing venture. As the rich peasant Kamal complained: "I sold my jute for less than half of what it cost me to grow it!"
+A visit to the local jute procurement center yielded some clues as to the reasons for the striking discrepancy between the official support price and the actual market rate received by the peasants. The purchasing center consisted of a half dozen large warehouse buildings which had once belonged to a West Pakistani company. The buildings were piled high with rough bales and loose mounds of the golden fiber.
+The manager, a heavyset young man dressed in Western clothing, was happy to explain how the jute is graded and how to operate the baling press. But when asked where the jute in his warehouse came from, his reply was guarded: "We buy from the growers."
+"At what price?"
+"We pay the government rate, 91.50 take per mound."
+"How curious. In the markets a few miles from here, the growers are selling their jute for only 60 taka."
+"Oh, they must be selling to the merchants."
+"Ah, the merchants. And do you buy from them too?"
+"Yes, we buy from the licensed traders." The manager stressed the word "licensed," to emphasize the legitimacy of such transactions.
+"The jute in this warehouse-did you buy most of it from growers, or from merchants?"
+The manager began to look uneasy. "Well, actually we buy mostly from the merchants. You see, these growers only bring in eight or ten mounds at a time, so it is very inconvenient to buy from them. From the merchants we can buy hundreds of mounds at once."
+The manager declined to elaborate as to why the growers are willing to sell so cheaply in the local markets, if they could receive the much higher government price simply by coming to the warehouse a few miles away. The villagers were less reticent. "If I bring in a cartload of jute," said one middle peasant, "the warehouse people say, 'Today we are closed-come back tomorrow.' So my time has been wasted. If I return the next day they will have another excuse: 'We've already bought our quota for the day,' or 'We have to wait for funds from Dacca.' We can never sell our jute to the government."
+Why do the warehouse people turn the peasants away? Our middle peasant friend explained: "We sell our jute in the market at 60 taka. The merchants then sell it to the government at 90 taka, making a 30 taka profit on each mound. They share this profit with the warehouse manager, giving him maybe half. So of course he won't buy from us!" Besides paying kickbacks, the merchants are said to pay the warehouse manager a monthly retainer in order to ensure his cooperation. The manager accordingly buys only from those who make it "convenient" for him to do so. Perhaps he does buy directly from a few growers-local landlords who make suitable arrangements.
+In previous years jute prices in the local markets had been somewhat higher, because much jute was smuggled to India and this demand had helped to keep prices up. But in 1975, following the assassination of Sheikh Mujib, the political connections which had protected the smugglers unraveled and the illegal flow of jute across the border slowed to a trickle. In collusion with the government authorities, a few merchants were then able to strengthen their control over the local jute market, pushing prices to the abysmally low level of 60 taka per mound.
+"In Bangladesh we call our jute 'the golden fiber,' " said one peasant. "But tell me, who gets the gold?"
+While some merchants buy cash crops from the peasants, others sell various goods to them. No villager is entirely selfsufficient; all rely on the market to meet some of their needs. Landless laborers and poor peasants must buy food, everyone has to buy salt and cloth, and those who can afford them purchase such items as medicine and footwear. The prices the villagers pay are often high, in part because of hoarding by merchants.
+Sometimes hoarding is a reaction to genuine scarcities, but other times it is a means to deliberately raise prices. Merchants not only manage at times to control the supply of a particular good within a given locality; on occasion they are able to corner a market throughout the country. For example, in the autumn of 1974 a cartel cornered the market for salt in Bangladesh. The price rose to 50 times its normal level, and salt riots broke out in major towns. For two weeks the merchants who hoarded the nation's salt reaped tremendous profits. Then they loosened their grip, and prices returned to normal.
+Most hoarding is less spectacular, and it is often hard to say where natural scarcities end and artificial ones begin. For example, rice prices are generally lowest at harvest time and highest just before the next harvest. This predictable fluctuation makes speculation in rice attractive to merchants. If they hold stocks in anticipation of rising prices, this in itself helps to lift prices. Landless laborers and poor peasants, who rely on the market for much of their food needs, must pay the price. Middle peasants often lose coming and going: they sell their rice cheaply at harvest time because they need cash for consumption, investment in the next crop and repayment of debts; a few months later they have to buy rice at inflated prices.
+The rice trade was not particularly lucrative in the 1960s, but after independence this changed. In 1974 the price of rice climbed to 10 times its pre-independence level. Peasants were particularly vulnerable in parts of the country where floods had damaged crops. As prices rose, many sold their animals, their land and their household possessions in order to buy rice. The poorest, with nothing left to sell, came to the towns in search of work or relief. An estimated 100,000 people starved to death.
+A villager recalls: "Lalganj (a town five miles from Katni) became a town of beggars. Whole families were living, sleeping and dying in the streets. Each day there were new bodies along the roadside."
+Officially, the government blamed the famine on floods, but many observers believed that hoarding by merchants and a breakdown in government administration were responsible for turning a manageable, localized shortage into a catastrophe. According to an AID official in Dacca: "The food supply was there; it just didn't get to the right people."
+The 1974 famine brought terrible suffering to many people, but to some it brought profit. The merchants who hoarded grain were not the only ones to benefit. Moneylenders did a brisk business, and large landowners were able to buy land cheaply from their poor neighbors. In the hardest hit areas land registry offices had to stay open late into the night to handle the record sales.
+The villagers are well acquainted with many of the merchants who profit at their expense. The men who buy their jute, for example, are local landlords who have diversified into trade and moneylending (Shaha Paikur: Landlord, Merchant and Moneylender, p. 19). A pyramid of trade extends above these local merchants to regional, national and sometimes even international economic interests. At the base of this pyramid are the peasants. They sum up their situation with a simple phrase: "The merchants drink our blood."
+<section>The trials of a poor peasant family</section>
+Abu and Sharifa live with their six children in a one-room bamboo house with broken walls and a leaky straw roof. They are poor peasants, and year by year they are becoming poorer.
+"I wasn't born this way," says Abu. "When I was a boy I never went hungry. My father had to sell some land during the '43 famine, but still we had enough. We moved to Katni when he died-my mother, myself, and my three brothers. We bought an acre and a half of land. As long as none of us brothers married that was enough, but one by one we married and divided the land."
+''I was young," recalls Sharifa, "and I worked very hard. I husked rice in other women's houses to earn money, and finally I saved enough for us to buy another half acre of land. But my husband's mother was old and dying, and he wanted to spend my money to buy medicines for her. He threatened to divorce me if I didn't give him the money, so I gave in. The money was wasted-she died anyway-and we were left with less than half an acre. Then the children came. Our situation grew worse and worse, and we often had to borrow to eat. Sometimes our neighbors lent us a few taka, but many times we had to sell our rice to moneylenders before the harvest. They paid us in advance and then took the rice at half its value."
+"People get rich in this country by taking interest," Abu interjects bitterly. "They have no fear of Allah-they care only for this life. When they buy our rice they say they aren't taking interest but really they are."
+"No matter how hard we worked," continues Sharifa, "we never had enough money. We started selling things-our wooden bed, our cattle, our plow, our wedding gifts. Finally we began to sell the land."
+Today Abu ant Sharifa own less than one-fifth of an acre of land. Most of this is mortgaged to Mahmud Hazi, a local landlord. Until Abu repays his debt, he must work his own land as a sharecropper, giving Mahmud Hazi half the crop. "I can't even earn enough to feed my family," he says, "let alone enough to pay off the mortgage."
+Sharecropping is difficult. "When I work for wages," he explains, "at least we have rice, even if it's not enough to fill our stomachs. But I don't eat from my sharecropping until the harvest. To plow the land I have to rent oxen from a neighbor, plowing his land for two days in exchange for one day's use of his animals. In this country a man's labor is worth half as much as the labor of a pair of cows !"
+When Sharifa can find work husking rice, she usually receives only a pound of rice for a day's labor. Often she cannot find employment. ''If we had land I would always be busy," she says. "Husking rice, grinding lentils, cooking three times a day. Instead I have nothing to do, so I just watch the children and worry. What kind of life is that?" She unwraps a piece of betel nut from the corner of her sari. "Without this we poor people would never survive. Whenever I feel hungry I chew betel nut and it helps the pain in my stomach. I can go for days without food. It's only worrying about the children that makes me thin."
+Soon after our arrival in Katni, Abu fell ill with a raging fever. For a month he was unable to work. Sharifa husked rice in other households and their children collected wild greens, but finally hunger and the need to buy medicine forced the family to sell another bit of land: threehundredths of an acre. They slipped a little further towards total landlessness.
+Six months later, in the lean season before the autumn harvest, Abu and Sharifa could not find any work. Again the family faced a crisis. "Sharifa will tell you she lost her gold nose pin," a neighbor whispered to Betsy. "It's a lie. If she had really lost it, her husband would be beating her. He sold it in the bazaar. How else would they be eating rice tonight?''
+The money from the nose pin was soon gone, so one sunny afternoon Abu cut down the jackfruit tree beside his house. He had planted it four years earlier, and in another year it might have borne its first fruit. By selling it as firewood in town he hoped to get 25 taka. Sharifa and a young son watched as he dug up the roots, which he could also sell as fuel. ''Do you know what it is like when your children are hungry?" asked Sharifa. ''They cry because you can't feed them. I tell you, it's not easy to be a mother."
+She brushed a strand of hair from her forehead and unconsciously fingered the small twig stuck in the hole where her nose pin used to be. ''Why do you sit here listening to our troubles? When people in this country are happy and their bellies are full, they won't listen to tales of sorrow. They say, 'Why are you telling me this? I don't want to hear.' "
+Abu nodded. "Our religion says that the rich man should care for the poor man. He should ask him whether he has eaten. But in this country a rich man won't even look at a poor man."
+Sharifa gazed into the fields and mused aloud: "They say that Allah makes men rich and poor. But sometimes I wonder-is it Allah's work or is it the work of men?"
+<section>5. The inefficiency of inequalily</section>
+From the pages of economic texts and the documents of government planners the familiar theme often emanates that inequalities in income distribution are economically efficient. We are led to believe that the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few leads to higher savings and investment, which ultimately benefits society as a whole. But a look at the realities of rural Bangladesh has already revealed that the surplus the elite extracts from the peasants is not invested productively. The squandering of wealth which could potentially finance development is only one side of the inefficiency of inequality in Bangladesh. The other side is the chronic underutilization of existing resources: land, labor and water.
+Bigger isn't Better
+In Bangladesh the concentration of land in the hands of a few large farmers is a major cause of low agricultural productivity. Several studies indicate that in Bangladesh, as in many countries, small farms have per acre yields equal to or higher than those of large farms. As one report noted: "This may be considered remarkable in view of the heavy discrimination against marginal farmers as far as distribution of modern inputs is concerned."^1 Even though they reap the advantages of subsidized fertilizer, irrigation and credit, Bangladesh's large farmers still don't produce more than their smaller neighbors!
+The reasons for this discrepancy are not hard to fathom. The large landowners tend to cultivate their lands less intensively than small owners. The small landowning peasant, who tills the soil with his own hands, knows that his work determines how much he and his family will have to eat. He invests more labor in his agriculture, and strives to use every bit of land and every drop of water to its utmost. The large landowner's incentive is not so great, and the incentive of the sharecroppers and wage laborers who actually work his land is often minimal.
+The sharecropper knows that half the fruits of his labor will go to the landowner, so he saves his extra effort for the little land he owns himself. He has little incentive to invest in agricultural inputs, not only because the landowner will reap half the benefits, but also because he knows that next year he may not be around to enjoy the returns to his investment. According to the AID land survey, more than 70 percent of all sharecroppers have cultivated their tenant lands for a period of three years or less. This leads the authors to conclude, "It may be reasonably assumed that with such a high turnover in tenant-operated areas that tenants might be less than enthusiastic concerning the need to invest in improvements in such land-including the use of fertilizers having residual impact in succeeding years."^2 The landowner also displays a marked reluctance to invest in improvements, for he has easier ways to make money. The AID study found that less than one percent of
+landowners supplied any inputs to their tenants.^3
+If the large landowner cultivates with hired labor, he may be more likely to invest in inputs, but once again yields are likely to be lower than if the same land were owned and tilled by a smaller farmer. Hired laborers have even less incentive to produce than sharecroppers: they worry about their wage, not about the landowner's yields. And since the landowner must pay for their labor, he uses it sparingly. Moreover, large landowners are often poor farm managers. They usually disdain the dirty work of farming, preferring instead to devote their entrepreneurial talents to such refined activities as trade and moneylending.The villagers of Katni described the incompetence of one big landlord: "Nafis understands nothing about farming. He seldom even goes to the fields. His workers cheat him all the time, and laugh at him behind his back."
+Since small farmers cultivate their land more intensively, they also tend to make more efficient use of credit and agricultural inputs-when they can get them. But most of these resources flow to the large landowners, by virtue of their political power. Commenting on the Bangladesh government's latest rural credit scheme, the World Bank notes: "As usual for such programs, the small farmers demonstrated a better repayment record but did not get a large share of the credit outlays."^4
+While in Katni, we had the chance to see the government's agricultural extension service in action. One day the village children ran to tell us that a "foreigner" had come to see us. It turned out to be the local agricultural extension agent. With his immaculate clothing and upper-class accent, the children were sure he was not a Bengali. The agent's job was to give technical advice to farmers, but he was a stranger to the poor and middle peasants of Katni. We learned that his main role was simply apportioning subsidized fertilizer among the local landlords. These realities are what the AID study calls "institutional impediments" to the dissemination of new agricultural technology.
+In Japan and Taiwan, the groundwork for a highly productive agriculture was a far-reaching land reform, which put control of food-producing resources into the hands of small farmers. In the absence of such a land reform, to imagine that one could redirect credit, inputs and agricultural extension services to the small farmers of Bangladesh is wishful thinking. Moreover, even if by some stroke of political magic one could reorient development programs in favor of the poor and middle peasants, this would still leave out the large and growing numbers of landless.
+Underemployment of Labor
+The chronic underemployment of Bangladesh's- landless and poor peasants represents a terrible waste of the country's greatest resource: the labor of its people. The demand for agricultural labor is highly seasonal-in the peak periods of harvesting, weeding the spring rice and transplanting the rainy season rice, most of the poor can find work. But between these periods they are often unemployed, with no income at all. Taking these seasonal fluctuations into account, a United Nations study set the unemployment rate in rural Bangladesh at a staggering 42 percent.^5 For many, this figure translates into chronic hunger and even starvation (The Death of A Landless Laborer, p. 36).
+Massive underemployment means that millions of people cannot afford to buy basic consumer goods. This lack of what economists call "effective demand" is in itself a cause of economic stagnation. Industry cannot grow without a market, but families who can hardly afford to eat are not about to become consumers of even basic items such as footwear and soap. Indeed, their lack of buying power may act as a brake on food production too. Discussing the prospect of rising unemployment, a cable from AID's Dacca mission states, "These findings in turn cast doubt upon the feasibility of current foodgrain production strategies, implying as they do a general reduction in the level of demand."^6
+The rural poor of Bangladesh represent a huge, untapped work force for labor-intensive agricultural and industrial projects. Mobilized for development, they could be transformed from a drain on the nation's economy into a powerful asset. Yet despite the fact that labor-intensive rural works projects are frequently endorsed as a key to development in Bangladesh, efforts to implement such projects run aground on hard political realities; the government has other priorities. As the AID cable notes: "The government's Rural Works Program is widely reported to have been in a state of deterioration in recent years owing to a variety of management difficulties. "^ 7
+For their part, the rural poor have no incentive to undertake such projects as long as they are deprived of the land which would be improved by their labor. Even if more rural works projects were instituted, the extent to which the landless would benefit is open to question. As an AID study points out:
+Such projects (e.g., the building of a farm to market road) provide income to rural workers for a specified period, but do nothing generally to change the fundamental economic conditions that produced unemployment in the first place. At the same time, such projects tend to provide long-term benefits to landholders who, in this example, use the road to gain access to local markets.^8 In the same vein, the World Bank warns that the scope for reducing unemployment and poverty through rural works projects "would be offset by the inequitable distribution of secondary benefits of the program."^9 As one experienced Bank official told us, "It's hard to see much we can really do for the landless." Hard, that is, under the present inequitable social order.
+Water, Water Everywhere, But . . .
+The present structure of landownership in Bangladesh results in the underutilization of another precious agricultural resource: water. Although Bangladesh has vast surface and ground water resources, only 12 percent of the country's cropland is currently irrigated. Irrigation would bring tremendous production increases in the dry winter season, would insure the regular spring and monsoon season crops against drought, and would allow earlier plantings which reduce the risk of flood damage. But today the uneven distribution and fragmentation of landholdings blocks the cooperative effort needed to harness Bangladesh's great water resources.
+Although it would be a formidable engineering challenge, there is certainly great potential for taming Bangladesh's rivers through construction of dams, embankments and canals. These could provide not only irrigation but also much-needed flood control and drainage for millions of acres. Bangladesh has no shortage of manpower to undertake these tasks but, as we have seen, the mobilization of this labor is almost impossible under the present social order. Moreover, the fact that land is fragmented into many individual holdings poses great difficulties for any such scheme. For instance, who would decide whose precious plots would be sacrificed to the construction of canals and channels?
+"The chronic underemployment of Bangladesh's landless and poor peasants represents a terrible waste of the country's greatest resource: the labor of its people."
+Indeed, fragmentation and unequal distribution of landholdings today undermine even modest efforts to provide irrigation with low-lift pumps and tubewells. For example, a deep tubewell can irrigate 60 acres of land. But even the biggest landlords seldom own so much in a single block-their holdings are scattered here and there. So to use such a well to its full capacity requires cooperalion, which is hard to come by as long as a few large landowners control irrigation resources for their own benefit. An AID cable points to "the well known fact that pump group cooperatives exist only on paper or are otherwise captured by the large landowners."^10
+The World Bank, which has financed several tubewell projects in Bangladesh, has found persistent "organizational problems arising in conveying the water to the farmers' fields." ^11 They are pouring an extra million dollars into one deep tubewell project to facilitate the digging of water channels. "You or I could go out there and dig those channels," one Bank official admitted. "The problem is not that the farmers don't know how to dig ditches, but that they don't want to." In rural Bangladesh political realities not only make large-scale irrigation works impossible-even the use of a single tubewell is problematic!
+The Priorities of the Elite
+There is another important dimension to the inefficiency of inequality in Bangladesh. The priorities of the government reflect the interests of a narrow elite rather than the needs of the poor majority. For instance, expenditures for "defense, justice and police" have risen from 20 percent of the revenue budget under Sheikh Mujib to 30 percent under the present regime Major-General Ziaur Rahman.^12 Government leaders meanwhile make innumerable pronouncements about the importance of attaining agricultural self-sufficiency. But although agriculture generates almost 60 percent of the Gross National Product (GNP) and employs over 80 percent of the labor force, its share of the government's development budget is scheduled to drop from 30 percent in 1976-78 to 25 percent in 1979-80.^13 And the little money devoted to agriculture will mainly be used to subsidize the price of fertilizer.
+Agriculture suffers not only from a lack of funds, but from a lack of commitment on the part of government officials. The World Bank notes pointedly; "Examples of the few countries which have been successful in rural development (e.g. China, Taiwan and Korea) show that government officials have diligently and persistently worked with local people."^14 In Bangladesh, even the most optimistic foreign aid officials admit this diligence and persistence in rural development is hard to come by. The concept of public service is alien to most members of Bangladesh's elite, who look upon the poor majority with disdain. For them, villages are to be escaped, not to be served.
+In fact, the main development which has taken place in Bangladesh in recent years is the development of the elite. Bangladesh's most pressing employment problem is providing work for the millions of landless rural people, but as the World Bank reports, "The only sector which has been booming in terms of employment is public administration."^15 While real wages of landless laborers are plummeting, the government recently increased the salaries of civil servants by 20 to 25 percent.^16
+Although Bangladesh suffers from a shortage of skilled workers, ranging from doctors to mechanics, the government is now encouraging such workers to go abroad so they will send home foreign exchange. (One reason the government needs foreign exchange is to repay foreign aid loans.) At present more than 3000 Bangladeshis migrate to the Middle East each month.^17 More of Bangladesh's senior nurses now work there than in their own country! The New York Times reports from Dacca that the mass exodus of skilled labor is "so serious that the Agency for International Development has all but stopped sending Bangladeshis to the United States for training, even though specialized skills are badly needed here to promote development."^18 Exporting labor which is needed at home is like exporting food when people are hungry: resources go where the profits are highest, not where the needs are greatest.
+Hunger in Bangladesh is neither natural nor inevitable. Its causes are deeply rooted, but they are man-made. The surplus siphoned from the peasants is squandered; land, labor and water are underutilized; and, at the national level, financial resources and skilled manpower are allocated for the benefit of a few rather than for the well-being of the majority Although we have painted a bleak picture, Bangladesh's future is by no means hopeless. Identifying the barriers to development is an important first step to formulating a positive alternative.
+<section>The death of a landless laborer</section>
+''Between the mortar and the pestle, the chili cannot last. We poor are like chills. Each year we are ground down a little more, until there is nothing left of us."
+These are the words of Hari, a Hindu landless laborer who lived in Katni with his wife Komla, their three young children, and a niece whose parents died in the 1974 famine. Their house consisted of a packed mud floor, a sagging straw roof and walls made of a few dried palm leaves hanging from bamboo poles. Inside there was no furniture-the family slept on burlap bags, covering themselves with straw on cold winter nights. Hari did not even own the land on which the house was built.
+Hari's father once owned six acres, enough land to support his wife and five sons. He sold some land to pay for his sons' weddings, but most of it was stolen by powerful Muslim landowners who rose to fill the vacuum left by the departure of the Hindu zamindar. Through fraud, force and moneylending, men like Shaha Paikur wrested Hari's father's land.
+At the time of his death, Hari's father owned only one acre of land, which was then divided among the five brothers. Hari's one-fifth of an acre was not enough to feed his growing family, so he worked as a wage laborer and Komla husked rice in other households. Little by little, Hari sold his land to buy food, clothing and medicine and to repay his debts. By 1971 the land was gone, but Hari and Komla still had a few objects of value-a wooden bed, and a house with solid walls of woven bamboo mats. Then came the independence war.
+The Hindus of Katni had to flee to India to escape the ravages of the Pakistani army, for whom any Hindu was fair game. In the crowded refugee camps across the border, two of Hari's brothers died, probably of cholera. In retrospect, Hari said he had more to eat in the camps than he did when he returned to Bangladesh. Still he told us, "If we Hindus ever have to Bee again, I'll just stay here. Everyone has to die once, and I would rather do it at home."
+When Hari and Komla returned to Katni after the war, they had nothing. Their house had been looted; even the walls had been stolen. Despite the promises of government officials, they received no reliefno food, no clothing, no blankets. Echoing poor people throughout Bangladesh, they maintained that corrupt local leaders sold these relief goods on the black market. Hari and Komla struggled to make ends meet, but rising rice prices cut into the value of their already meager wages.
+In the autumn of 1974, when rice sold at 10 times its preindependence level, Hari and Komla came face-to-face with famine. "I had no work, and we had nothing to eat," Hari recalled. "We begged from house to house, but no one had much to give. One day when l went to town, I saw hundreds of poor people living in the streets. The gutters were filled with their excrement. What an awful stench! People sat outside restaurants waiting for the cook to throw out a few scraps. I saw people fighting over the intestines of a chicken. I saw people selling their children in the bazaar."
+"Later the government set up a gruel kitchen in the town. One day I went with my brother Kirot. We waited all day, and each got one roti (a piece of unleavened bread). Who can live on one roti a day? I decided I would rather die here than in town. My wife and I collected wild greens and roots, and when we weren't looking for food, we slept. When the children's cries woke us, we went out again to search for food. Kirot and his wife died at the gruel kitchen. That's why their daughter Gopi lives with us now."
+The famine had passed by the time we arrived in Katni, but Hari and Komla were still living dangerously close to the margin. During the planting and harvesting of the crops they could find work, but in the slack seasons they often went for days without a decent meal. Hari's health slowly deteriorated. He was trapped in a vicious cycle: without work he could not eat, not eating made him weak, and because he was weak, employers did not want to hire him.
+In the lean season before the autumn harvest of 1975 rice prices were unusually low because hoarders had unloaded their rice stocks in the uncertainty following Sheikh Mujib's assassination. But the low prices did not help Hari, who had no cash. Komla spent hours foraging for edible weeds and roots, while Hari searched from village to village for work. They sent their children to the town bazaar to collect the grains which spilled around the rice merchants' stalls. As the cool, damp nights of winter set in, Hari caught a cold. His body, weakened by hunger, could not resist it. Within a week he was dead.
+Komla's face was knit in a permanent expression of despair. Villagers promised her work after the harvest, and some gave her a little rice when she begged at their houses, but their generosity was limited by their own poverty. Komla worried about her sari, which was falling to pieces. "This sari will last another month, no longer," she told Betsy. "What will I wear after that? How will I leave my house to look for work? My husband never earned much, but at least he shared my worries. Now I have to face the world alone."
+Komla realized she would share the same fate as the other beggar women who passed through Katni-a life of unrelenting hunger. ''People say I will die like my husband, like his brothers and their wives," she confided. "But until then I must try to feed the children."
+<section>6. What is the alternative?</section>
+With fertile land, abundant water and and vast reserves of natural gas, Bangladesh clearly has the potential to afford all its citizens a decent livelihood. The basic obstacles to realizing this potential are social, not technical. True, agricultural output can be increased somewhat by providing more inputs, more credit and better extension services, and by raising prices to give large landowners more incentive to produce. But this will not help those who have no land on which to grow food and are too poor to buy it; in fact, such production increases may actually result in greater hunger by accelerating the concentration of land in fewer hands. Moreover, the inefficiencies inherent in an inequitable social structure will continue to seriously limit the scope for increasing production.
+Social Reconstruction
+What is the alternative to the needless hunger of Bangladesh's poor majority? Only a far-reaching social reconstruction can break the fundamental barriers to increased production and at the same time ensure that the poor majority shares in the fruits of development. The key to such a reconstruction is land reform. If a ceiling of 10 acres per family were perfectly implemented and the excess land redistributed among the landless, each family would receive less than 0.4 acre. A more drastic four-acre ceiling would yield enough surplus to provide each landless and near landless family with a total of 0.86 acre.^1 But even if such a radical reform were implemented, over time lands would be subdivided among children, and for one reason or another some peasants would end up selling out to others, so that eventually a landless group would reemerge. This suggests that land reform, though necessary, would not alone be sufficient to overcome the roots of poverty in Bangladesh. Access
+to the land is only half of the answer to the needs of the rural poor the other half lies in the cooperative use of the land.
+Cooperation in agricultural production would enable the peasants of Bangladesh to undertake self-help development projects which remain impossible as long as agriculture is organized on a fragmented, individual basis. Through labor-intensive construction of irrigation facilities, drainage canals and embankments, the peasants could collectively begin to master the forces of nature in the face of which single individuals are powerless. As the people of our village remarked: "One bamboo alone is weak; many bamboos lashed together are unbreakable." The certainty that the peasants themselves would reap the fruits of their labor, rather than the village landlords, would release tremendous popular energy and initiative.
+Western experts tend to disparage such an alternative approach to development. The authors of the AID land study, for example, dismiss this possibility:
+It is difficult to imagine the people in the countryside (even the landless), committed as they are by tradition to venerate individual rights in land, being amenable to joint farming activities of any kind. Only under circumstances in which the state was able and willing to employ extraordinary coercive power can such joint farming cooperatives be envisaged in Bangladesh. Therefore, for reasons that are practical rather than ideological, joint farming cooperatives do not appear to be a viable option within a general program for rural development.^2
+But are joint farming cooperatives in Bangladesh really such a farfetched idea? Certainly no one should underestimate the difficulties involved in such a major social transformation, but one must distinguish between difficulties and insurmountable obstacles.
+The assertion that the peasants of Bangladesh are committed by tradition to "venerate individual rights in land" is an overstatement. Land ownership in Bangladesh has been far from stable. After 1947, the breakup of the zamindari system resulted in the transfer of ownership of three-fourths of the country's land to new hands.^3 It was through such transfers that many of the landlords in Katni's vicinity acquired their extensive landholdings. The peasants recall this with bitterness; they hardly venerate the landlords' rights to the land.
+While we were in the village, we witnessed the constant turnover of land, the buying and selling through which small farmers are being gradually dispossessed. Certainly, land is more than just another commodity to the peasants of Bangladesh, for land ownership can spell the difference between survival and starvation. But this is a question of economic security, not of quasi-religious attitudes.
+Furthermore, the notion of cooperation was far from alien to the peasants of our village. Many small landowners worked together in informal mutual aid groups. Five or six peasants would join together during the plowing, transplanting or weeding of the fields or at harvest time, working one day on one man's land, the next day on another's and so on. Mostly this was done by middle and poor peasants, but sometimes landless friends would join the group, being paid by whomever owned the land that was worked on a particular day. The villagers explained, "When you work alone, time passes slowly. Working in a group, we talk and sing and the work gets done much faster."
+A transition to joint farming in Bangladesh would necessarily pass through stages, perhaps building at first upon the existing tradition of mutual aid groups. It would have to rely on the peasants' own initiative-it could never be imposed upon them. Once convinced that change was possible, the landless and small farmers could be expected to actively support land redistribution and the growth of agricultural cooperation, for these would bring them improved living standards and greater control over their lives and labor.
+Rich landowners would probably be less than enthusiastic about such changes, and force might be necessary to break their resistance. Coercion and the violence of state repression, as well as the more subtle violence of starvation, are today routine in Bangladesh. What would be "extraordinary" about any coercion involved in a social reconstruction would not be its scale but rather that it would be employed against the wealthy minority, instead of against the poor majority.
+Who could exercise the necessary force to bring about a basic land reform ? Only the poor themselves, whose numbers give them strength. The act of joining together to bring about social change would help to set the stage for cooperation in agricultural production itself. Industry as well as agriculture would benefit from such a social reconstruction, since those who today are too poor to buy consumer goods would be transformed into a vast internal market.
+To suggest that the road to development in Bangladesh lies in this direction is not to say that the "Chinese model" can or should be exactly duplicated. The people of each country must chart their own path of development. What the Chinese have shown is that change is not impossible and that starvation is not inevitable. Development is a great challenge, and one which can only be met through the mobilization of the talents and energies of the poor themselves. It will take patience, organization and dedication. There are no magic words and no instant solutions.
+"Only far reaching social reconstruction can break the fundamental barriers to increased production and at the same time insure that the poor majority shares in the fruits of development. The key to such a reconstruction is land reform."
+Too Optimistic?
+Some might argue that this scenario is too optimistic. A World Bank staff member told us, "The poor people I knew would not be able to mobilize themselves for development or revolution. In Latin America maybe, but the poor in Bangladesh are too submissive and ignorant. "
+Privately, however, many aid officials view a far-reaching social reconstruction in Bangladesh not as a wishful dream but rather as a sad inevitability. AID's Dacca mission states in a 1978 memorandum: "More pessimistically, we foresee that the time will come when the organization of productive forces will have to be radically transformed in such a fashion that rural people will only be able to find security, employment and income in some form of communal agriculture."^4
+Are Bangladesh's peasants too "submissive and ignorant" to see the need for change? Bangladesh has a long history of peasant rebellions.^5 In 1947 and 1971 the peasants saw that political power can and does change hands. But to struggle against the rural elite is to invite retaliation. The large landowners are backed when necessary by the force of arms. Peasants are not by nature passive; on the contrary, they are among the most energetic, hardworking people in the world. The problem lies not in their ability to act, but in the powerful forces that prevent them from acting.
+The rural elite which rules the countryside is not the only obstacle to change. The urban elite which controls the government also benefits from the present social order and wishes to preserve it. Moreover, in Bangladesh most members of the urban upper and middle classes are first or second generation city dwellers with roots still in the villages. The urban and rural elites are not only natural allies, they are also blood relations. Government patronage to the large landowners, in the form of subsidized inputs, credit and funds for local public works projects, serves to strengthen this alliance. The cross fertilization of the two elites has recently taken a new twist, as reported by The Washington Post: "Many of the land transfers recently recorded are to army officers, senior bureaucrats and police."^6
+There is no natural barrier to the satisfaction of the basic human needs of Bangladesh's people. But there is the man-made barrier of a social order which benefits a few at the expense of many. In the cautious language of an AID report, "A local government may lack the political will to implement needed agrarian reforms, however obvious the need for such reforms."^7 No such shortage of political will however is likely to handicap the government when it comes to crushing any challenge to the vested interests it protects.
+Just as Bangladesh's large landowners rely on the backing of the elite-based government, so the government relies on financial and logistical support from wealthier countries. Each year the United States government and U.S.-supported multilateral institutions provide hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign aid to the Bangladesh government. If we as Americans are concerned about the needless hunger of Bangladesh's poor majority, our first duty is to understand the effects of the aid given in our name.
+<section>Us and them</section>
+<section>7. Foreign helping hand ?</section>
+Foreign aid is big business in Bangladesh. The vehicles of aid agencies ply the streets of Dacca, their offices buzz with activity, and new luxury housing to accomodate their personnel sprouts in Dacca's suburbs. Although private voluntary agencies, of which there are more than one hundred in Bangladesh, are highly visible, they account for only four percent of the aid flowing into the country. The other 96 percent comes from official government agencies and international organizations.
+Independence launched Bangladesh on its aid bonanza. Within three years of its break with Pakistan, the nation received $2.5 billion in aid commitments, more than it had received in its 25 years as East Pakistan. The flow is increasing: in fiscal year 1979 new aid commitments are projected to reach $1.6 billion.^1 Much of this aid comes from the United States and U.S.-supported multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank. Aid currently finances about half of the government's budget, and is equivalent to nearly 10 percent of the GNP.
+On the surface, Bangladesh seems like a worthy recipient of foreign aid. It is an ideal testing ground for the new "basic needs" strategy so popular among major donors like the World Bank and AID. By meeting the basic needs of the poor-food, shelter, health care and education-the aid agencies hope to lay the groundwork for "growth with equity" instead of economic growth alone, which in the past has usually bypassed the poor. But unfortunately, it is far easier to talk about "basic needs" development programs than to implement them. Implementation is the responsibility of the recipient government, which is often more interested in meeting the not-so-basic needs of the rich and powerful than in helping the poor. As we discovered in Bangladesh, programs which on paper help the needy often look very different in the field.
+Food Aid for the Elite
+About one-quarter of the aid to Bangladesh comes in the form of food aid. The United States provides roughly one-third of this food aid under Titles l, ll, and Ill of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (Public Law 480). Under Title I, the Bangladesh government buys American food with concessionary loans and then distributes it according to its own policies. Title II food, given as a grant for disaster relief and humanitarian purposes, is usually disbursed through private voluntary agencies. Under the newly created Title III program, food will be provided to the government as under Title I, but the loan will be written off if the government uses the revenues from the sale of the food for development projects.
+Since 1974, most American food aid has come to Bangladesh under the Title I program, giving the Bangladesh government virtually total control over food aid distribution. The Bangladesh government sells the Title I food at subsidized prices through its ration system. Ironically, most of the food aid goes to those who can best afford to pay the market price: the urban middle class. Twentyseven percent of rationed food grains is allotted to members of the military, police and civil service, and to the employees of large enterprises; another 30 percent goes to the predominantly middleclass ration holders in the six urban areas. Nine percent is supplied to mills which sell flour to bakeries catering to the urban consumer.^2 It is no secret that the primary purpose of the ration system is to keep prices low for the politically volatile urban population.
+The urban ration system is rife with corruption. A December 1977 AID memorandum reports: "The number of urban ration recipients appears now to equal or exceed the total urban population, a finding that would seem to suggest large-scale system leakages." As examples of these leakages, the document cites "double listing of recipients, padded rolls, black marketing of all types."^3
+Although 90 percent of Bangladesh's people live in the countryside, only one-third of the government's rationed foodgrains are allotted to rural areas. In theory, the ration of rural inhabitants is half that of city dwellers, but in practice they receive even less The rural ration dealers siphon a substantial portion of the foodgrains and sell them on the black market. For this reason, a dealership is a key form of political patronage. The local dealer in Katni's area received the job because his father-in-law had been head of the local administrative body, the union council. As a result of "leakages," only an estimated 14 percent of the rural population receive any grain from the ration system.^4
+During our nine-month stay in Katni, the villagers were able to buy rationed foodgrains on only five occasions. Each time their quota was only one-half pound of grain per family member. As one villager remarked in disgust, "That is not enough for a single meal-it's hardly worth my time to go and buy it."
+Although they recognize the shortcomings of the government's ration system, many aid donors insist that food aid has the beneficial effect of increasing the overall availability of foodgrains in Bangladesh. However, the main problem of the poor is not lack of supply, but lack of purchasing power. Even when rice was plentiful and selling at a reasonable price in the bazaar, the poor of our village went hungry. Title II foodgrains, distributed by voluntary agencies through food-for-work projects, sometimes provide temporary relief to the rural poor but in the long run as we have noted, these rural works projects primarily benefit the large landowners.
+Food aid also has adverse long-term effects on agricultural development. Despite the stipulation in P.L. 480 that American food aid should relate to "efforts by aid-receiving countries to increase their own agricultural production," the U.S. Embassy in Dacca acknowledged in a 1976 cable that, "The incentive for Bangladesh government leaders to devote attention, resources, and talent to the problem of increasing domestic foodgrain production is reduced by the security provided by U.S. and other donors' food assistance."^5 Moreover, food aid undermines domestic food production by reducing the government's need to procure grain from local farmers and thus support prices at harvest time.
+The new Title III "Food for Development" agreement with the Bangladesh government is designed to reduce these adverse consequences. Theoretically, government revenues from the sale of the 800,000 tons of American Title III wheat will be devoted to "selfhelp" rural development and health care projects. But this is little more than an accounting procedure, as money which would otherwise be allocated for these purposes will be released for other uses. As one experienced aid official told us, "Most of the money will probably end up being used to build new staff quarters for the military."
+In fact, as this official explained, the main reformist thrust of Title III in Bangladesh lies not in the use of funds, but rather in policy changes tied to the agreement. Chief among these is the stipulation that the Bangladesh government must distribute at least half the wheat through open market sales to private traders. These sales are designed to keep prices from soaring beyond the reach of the poor in the lean season before the harvest-a tacit admission that food aid is more likely to reach the poor if sold on the open market than if distributed through the government's ration system. But whether or not the open market sales will succeed in holding down lean season prices is questionable. Prices soar primarily because of hoarding by merchants, so selling them more food may simply give them greater opportunities for profit. The World Bank notes that in order for open market sales to succeed, the government must "make no announcement as to the quantity available for this
+operation, thereby minimizing speculation by private dealers."^6 Given the cozy relationship between merchants and government officials, prospects do not seem bright.
+Proponents of continued food aid to Bangladesh argue that even though the vast majority of food goes to feed the middle and upper classes, the poor would be worse off without it. Without food aid to supply the ration system, the rich would buy their rice on the market. If domestic foodgrain production falls short of the country's requirements, market prices would then soar beyond the reach of the poor. This dilemma leaves the rich of Bangladesh in a position to blackmail the donors: if you cut off our food aid, we won't be the ones to starve.
+But the extent to which there is a shortfall between the country's production and its consumption needs is not clear. The sale of foodgrains through the ration system is a major source of government income, providing about one-fifth of the government revenue budget in fiscal year 1977. To ensure continuing food aid and revenue from its sale, the Bangladesh government is said by aid officials to consistently underestimate the amount of each harvest in its reports to the international donors.^7 Today Bangladesh must produce about 15 million metric tons of foodgrains to feed its people.^8 Estimates of current production vary widely. The World Bank estimate for 1977-78 is 13.3 million metric tons,^9 but the FAO figure for 1977 is 19.6 million.^10 No one really knows, but Bangladesh might even now be self-sufficient in the production of foodgrains.
+"Ironically, most of the food aid goes to those who can best afford to pay the market price, the urban middle class."
+Notwithstanding various "self-help" provisions, food aid by its very nature can only address the symptoms of hunger, not its underlying causes. The logic is simple and compelling: if people are hungry, give them food. But instead of feeding needy people, food aid often strengthens the very forces which create hunger. In Bangladesh, food aid bolsters the elite and undermines any impulse towards self-reliance. In 1976, a U. S. Senate study recommended the phasing out of food aid to Bangladesh over a five-year period, following the advice of experts who believed that a commitment to terminate food aid "was the only way to force the government to take the necessary actions for eventual self-sufficiency.''^11 This of course raises the question of why it should be necessary to "force" a government to act in the interests of its own people. This recommendation has not interrupted the flow of American food aid to Bangladesh.
+Project Aid: A Tubewell for the Village Landlord
+Aid to specific development projects would seem to offer donors greater scope for translating their concern for the poor into concrete action. Indeed, much project aid goes to the rural areas, where most of Bangladesh's needy people live. In their project descriptions, the donors frequently identify their "target group" as Bangladesh's small farmers. Unfortunately, most of their aid misses the mark.
+Project aid reached Katni in the form of a deep tubewell for irrigation, one of 3000 installed in northwestern Bangladesh by a World Bank project. On paper, the tubewell will be used by a farmers' cooperative formed especially for the purpose. According to the press release which announced the project, each tubewell "will serve from 25 to 50 farmers in an irrigation group."^12 In reality, the tubewell in our village was the personal property of one man: Nafis, the biggest landlord of the area. The irrigation group, of which Nafis was supposedly the manager, was no more than a few signatures he had collected on a scrap of paper.
+Nafis and his younger brothers inherited 70 acres of land from their father, who had become rich by serving as a rent collector and a procurer of village women for the local zamindar during the colonial era. While attending college, Nafis joined the late Sheikh Mujib's Awami League and soon became an influential figure in local politics. Shortly after independence he was appointed vice chairman of the union council, in which position he misappropriated the few blankets and sheets of corrugated tin which came to the village as postwar relief supplies.
+The tubewell was by far Nafis's greatest patronage plum. Although each tubewell cost the donors and the government about U.S. $12,000, Nafis paid less than $300 for his, mostly in bribes to local officials. The tubewell sits in the middle of a 30-acre tract of Nafis's best land. Since it will yield enough water to irrigate twice that area, Nafis says the smaller farmers who till adjacent plots will be able to use his water-at a price. But the hourly rate he intends to charge is so high that few of his neighbors are interested. As a result his tubewell will not be used to its full capacity.
+At first we were surprised that the beneficiary of the World Bank's aid should be the richest man in our village, but on closer inspection we learned that this was not so strange. A foreign expert working on the project told us, "I no longer ask who is getting the well. I know what the answer will be, and I don't want to hear it. One hundred percent of these wells are going to the big boys. Each thana (county) is allotted a certain number of tubewells. First priority goes to those with political clout: the judges, the magistrates, the members of parliament, the union chairmen. If any are left over, the local authorities auction them off. The rich landlords compete, and whoever offers the biggest bribe gets the tubewell. Around here the going price is 3000 taka (less than U.S. $200)."
+"You see," he explained, "On paper, it's a different story. On paper, all the peasants know these tubewells are available. If they want to have one, they form themselves into a democratic cooperative, draw up a proposal and submit it to the union council, which judges the application on its merits. The union council then passes the proposal to the Thana Irrigation Team, which again judges the case on its merits. If the proposal is accepted, the foreign consultants verify that the site is technically sound. So on paper it all sounds quite nice. Here are the peasants organizing to avail them selves of this wonderful resource. When the high-level officials fly in from Washington for a three-day visit to Dacca, they look at these papers. They don't know what is happening out here in the field, and no one is going to tell them."
+An evaluation sponsored by the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), which helped to finance the tubewell project, confirms that the experience of our village was typical. The evaluator concluded after examining 270 tubewells:
+It is not surprising that the tubewells have been situated on the land of the well-to-do farmers who are the chairmen and managers of the irrigation groups. It (would have) been more surprising if the tubewells had not been located on their land, with the existing rural power structure, maintained largely because of the unequal distribution of land.^13
+Given the social realities of rural Bangladesh, the outcome of the World Bank's tubewell project was entirely predictable.
+For the poor of our village, the only conceivable benefit of the project will be the employment generated by Nafis's extra rice crop. Nafis plans to work part of his tubewell land with hired labor and to lease part to sharecroppers. (Since the yield on this irrigated land will be higher, Nafis intends to take two-thirds rather than his customary one-half of the crop: "After all," he says, "I bought the well.")
+Against any employment benefits one must weigh the negative effects of the tubewell: with his extra income, Nafis will be better able to buy out smaller farmers when hard times befall them, driving them into the ever-growing ranks of the landless. He already has an eye on the plots nearest his tubewell.
+What lessons has the World Bank learned from this project? One Bank official told us that the tubewell project "should not be used as an example of the Bank's current programs in Bangladesh," because it was conceived in 1969 before the Bank had adopted the basic needs strategy. But while new ideas may become fashionable among aid donors, the realities of rural Bangladesh remain the same. A look at the Bank's "Rural Development One" (RD-1) pilot project, launched in 1976, reveals the old contradictions present in the Bank's new directions.
+New Directions?
+RD-1 provides $16 million spread over seven of Bangladesh's 410 thanas for everything from rural works, credit and agricultural extension to the construction of government buildings. According to a Bank press release, "One of the most important goals of the project will be to reduce the domination of rural institutions by the more prosperous and politically influential farmers and to make farm credits and agricultural inputs (fertilizer, pumps, tubewells, insecticide and fuel) available to the 'small farmers' through the cooperative system."^14
+What has happened in reality? An unusually frank internal World Bank memorandum, evaluating the first year of RD-1, concludes that the implementation of the project is "unsatisfactory." The memo cites one cooperative as a typical example: "The manager (of the cooperative) owns 20 acres of land and has held his managerial position since inception, although he has been in jail for the past one and a half years . . . the TPO (Thana Project Officer) approved a loan of Tk/17,000 to this society in July/August 1977. Other members of this KSS (cooperative) were not aware of this loan. The TPO is unable to give any logical reason for approval of this credit."^15
+The memo also notes that the local project staff "appears to consider the filling out of innumerable forms to be its main function."^16 Because of widespread corruption and incompetence in the public works constructed under the project, roads were washing away and market buildings crumbling within months of their completion.
+RD-1 has earned such notoriety in Bangladesh that even AID officials are quick to disassociate themselves from it. One AID official told us: "Don't assume our programs are like that. In our view, RD-1 is a project which has been captured by the rich." Nevertheless, in early 1979 Bank officials in Washington told us that the project is a success, and that they plan to launch a second project on the same lines in the near future.
+Despite much talk of "targeting" assistance to the rural poor, AID's rural development projects face the same basic obstacle: the unequal distribution of land and power in rural Bangladesh means that large landowners will inevitably seize the lion's share of scarce aid-provided resources. One of AID's main activities in Bangladesh is the provision of fertilizer; in fact, the recent Title III food aid agreement specifies that over half the proceeds from the sale of the food will be used to purchase and distribute fertilizer.^17 Fertilizer prices are highly subsidized by the Bangladesh government, ostensibly to help small and large farmers alike to increase their production. But who does the subsidy really benefit? According to the World Bank: "By most accounts farmers usually have to pay the market rather than the subsidized price, the margin benefiting the middleman instead of the farmer."^18 The middlemen are the same merchants, landowners and local officials who hold the
+reins of power in rural Bangladesh. As usual, not much "trickles down" to the poor.
+AID is also becoming involved with rural electrification, which is enjoying a new upsurge of popularity among aid donors in Bangladesh. According to one AID official, electrification will bring such tangible benefits as supplying power for tubewells, increasing the use of radio for agriculture extension services, spurring the growth of local industries, and, at last but not least, making government officials less reluctant to get out into the countryside.
+Of all these ostensible benefits, the growth of rural industry would seem most likely to help the poor, who are desperately in need of employment. But what kind of industries are likely? In an interview with OXFAM-America, an experienced foreign field worker described how the Germans and Japanese are trying to market high technology rice mills in Bangladesh. Rather than generating employment, these mills would displace the labor of millions of poor rural women who earn their livelihood by manually processing rice. "It's generally true that expensive technology introduced into an unequal situation increases the inequality," the field worker explained. "The poorest people suffer most . . . In the present situation, large-scale electrification would lead to large numbers of high technology mills, resulting in the immediate unemployment of these women who would become destitute because there is no other alternative."^19
+Who Is to Blame?
+Confronted with the failure of rural development aid to benefit the poor, foreign donors predictably blame the Bangladesh government, not themselves. "The Bank is not blind to these things," one World Bank official told us, "but our ability to do anything about them is limited. If the government doesn't have the will to help the small farmers, we can't force them to do it. We can advise, we can write provisions into our projects, but without that genuine commitment on the part of the government it just won't work."
+But when we spoke to a high-ranking Bengali diplomat, he put it another way: "We have no control over these projects. The World Bank and the other international agencies tell us what to do, and we do it. If they want to give us tubewells or fertilizers because it's good for business in their countries, what are we to do? After all, they have the money."
+Both arguments contain an element of truth. Drawing its support from the urban and rural elites, the Bangladesh government does lack the political will to help the poor. But aid donors design and finance projects which time and again benefit these same elites. In veiled statements in confidential documents, the donors occasionally criticize the government, but money speaks louder than words. Indeed, quantity rather then quality seems to be the prime concern of many international aid agencies. That there is a contradiction between self-reliance and the absorption of an ever growing volume of foreign aid seems to escape them.
+Why do aid institutions push money on Bangladesh? Partly because aid is good for business back home. The U.S. Commerce Department's publication Commerce America reports happily: "In fiscal year 1977 AID commodity expenditures [worldwide] amounted to $771,132,000, 98 percent of which was in the U.S."^20 Moreover, foreign aid has spawned vast bureaucracies with a vested interest in their own survival and expansion.
+"For Bangladesh's poor, the quiet violence of starvation and the less subtle violence of state repression are two sides of the same shiny foreign coin."
+But the main motives behind foreign aid are related to longterm political and economic interests. A prominent aid official wrote in 1964, before the basic needs rhetoric became fashionable:
+In the most general sense, the main objective of foreign assistance, as of many other tools of foreign policy, is to produce the kind of political and economic environment in the world in which the United States can best pursue its own social goals ... The second objective, which concerns the immediate future, is internal stability, which is sought by giving politically popular types of aid to existing governments, by the prevention of internal disorders . . . The third major objective of foreign assistance is security of the United States and its allies from external aggression.^21
+In Bangladesh foreign aid helps to insure that the government will look kindly on foreign investors, whose eyes are above all on the country's vast reserves of natural gas.^22 It helps to promote "internal stability" by allowing the government to buy the support of the urban elite with subsidized food and government jobs, and the support of the rural elite with patronage given under the guise of rural development.
+In its 1978 budget presentation to Congress, AID notes: "The U. S. political interests in Bangladesh are limited and reflect a concern for the impact that instability in Bangladesh could have on the subcontinent as a whole."^23 Bangladesh borders on the politically volatile Indian state of West Bengal and on hill areas where India has been fighting tribal insurgents for years. Recently Zbigniew Brzezinski, the National Security Advisor for the President of the
+United States, has hinted at Bangladesh's strategic importance: "Today the area of crisis is a group of states on the shores of the Indian Ocean-literally an arc of instability, which can be drawn on a map from Chittagong in Bangladesh, through Islamabad, all the way to Aden. Their internal fragility, social and political, could interact with the projection of Soviet power . . . "^24
+But foreign development aid alone can not buy political "stability" in Bangladesh-it must be backed up by the force of arms. While food aid provides indirect financing for the government's repressive apparatus, military assistance directly bolsters forces which crush any challenge to the status quo. For Bangladesh's poor, the quiet violence of starvation and the less subtle violence of state repression are two sides of the same shiny foreign coin.
+Arming the Status Quo
+Early one morning as we rode on a bus north from Dacca, we passed a military cantonment. Through the heavy mist we saw a line of prisoners, their heads shaven and their arms chained, marching under armed guard near the road. The genial chatter in the bus stopped abruptly as the passengers absorbed the scene in silence. We had just caught a glimpse of the realities of political repression in Bangladesh.
+The governments which have come and gone in Bangladesh have one thing in common: each has used force to suppress opposition. Sheikh Mujib, whose overwhelming victory in the 1970 elections precipitated the independence struggle, originally enjoyed tremendous popular support. But within two years disenchantment set in, as the corruption and incompetence of the ruling Awami League plunged the country into economic chaos. In response to growing opposition, Mujib declared a state of emergency in late 1974, suspending civil liberties and instituting press censorship. In January 1975, he scrapped the parliamentary system, outlawed all political parties except his own, and declared himself president. The prisons filled with his political opponents.
+Mujib was assassinated in August 1975 by disgruntled junior army officers, paving the way for a series of coupe. In November 1975, after a convulsive army mutiny, Major-General Ziaur "Zia" Rahman seized power as head of a new martial law regime. In July 1976, Zia's government hung Colonel Abu Taher, a hero of the independence war and leader of the November army mutiny, in Bangladesh's first official political execution since the days of British colonial rule. When a mutiny again broke out in the armed forces in October 1977, Zia responded with mass executions of hundreds of soldiers, setting yet another ominous precedent.
+In its 1977 Annual Report, Amnesty International estimated that there were from 10,000 to 15,000 political prisoners in Bangladesh, most held without trial. Within the jails, the organization reported that treatment of prisoners "borders on conditions that are inhuman."^25 This dismal human rights situation soon began to tarnish Zia's image in the West. In order to both appease critics abroad and legitimize his rule at home, Zia decided to gradually return Bangladesh to "democracy."
+"Until Americans take a hard look at the political realities in countries like Bangladesh, they can expect their foreign aid dollars to perpetuate rather than alleviate poverty."
+In June 1978, Zia ran for president in an election held under martial law, and won a predictable victory. Then in parliamentary elections held in February 1979, his party won a large majority of seats. However, only 40 percent of the electorate turned out to vote.^26 A senior Bangladesh army officer candidly revealed the motives behind the elections: "The West, and especially the U.S. Congress, likes it if we can be called a democracy," he told a foreign journalist. "It will make it easier for us to get aid. That is the main importance of the election."^27
+Zia himself echoed this view in a speech to foreign reporters: "Now, with this election and the democratic process being restored more private investment should come into this country."^28
+Despite some improvements, the human rights situation in Bangladesh is still far from rosy. During Zia's five years in power, more than 1,000 military personnel are reported to have been executed. On May 30, 1981, the illusion of stability was shattered when Zia himself died in a hail of gunfire in an abortive coup attempt.^29
+The most serious human rights violations in Bangladesh today are in the southeastern Chittagong Hill Tracts, where the government is trying to crush a movement for limited autonomy. A statement by the tribal movement, the Shanti Bahini (Peace Army), published in a prominent Indian journal, charges that the Bangladesh army has unleashed a reign of terror, including rapes, summary executions, indiscriminate burnings and lootings of entire villages, and the creation of "strategic villages" which resemble concentration camps.^30 One of the few foreign journalists who managed to visit the area reported "The only able-bodied young civilians I saw roped together, through the town bazaar at Kaptai, 30 miles east of Chittagong."^31
+Foreign aid dollars are directly supporting Bangladesh's military and police forces. The British government is providing U.S. $1.3 million worth of telecommunications equipment to the Bangladesh police, and eight British military officers are helping to establish a military staff college north of Dacca. Several foreign governments are providing financing for a road in the Chittagong Hill Tracts which will facilitate troop movements.^32
+The United States, for its part, is providing aid under the International Military Education and Training Program (IMET), which brings Bengali officers to the United States to study "management techniques." The State Department's rationale for the IMET program is "to improve an institution which contributes to stability in Bangladesh and in the region."^33 But the stability to be purchased by propping a regime which rules in favor of Bangladesh's narrow elite is likely to prove illusory.
+In the long run, economic development is the key to political stability. But it does not follow that in the short run political stability is the key to economic development. This is especially true if what is stabilized is the political power of a narrow elite which puts its own interests above those of the country's poor majority. Until Americans take a hard look at the political realities in countries like Bangladesh, they can expect their foreign aid dollars to perpetuate rather than alleviate poverty.
+<section>Family planning comes to Bangladesh</section>
+"Overpopulation" is not the cause of poverty in Bangladesh. The country could easily feed its present population-and more-if the social constraints on agricultural production were removed. Even though population growth is not the main problem, many villagers want access to family planning.
+As we learned in Katni, villagers have good reasons for wanting children. Children's labor is a vital part of the household economy, and parents rely on their sons to support them in their old age. Because the infant and child mortality rate is so high in Bangladesh, parents must have many children in order to ensure that at least one son will survive. But once villagers have enough children to meet their needs, they are often very interested in birth control. Women are tired of constant pregnancies, and parents realize that too many children can be a drain on the family's resources.
+Soon after our arrival in Katni, we were bombarded with pleas for birth control pills. AID had already given millions of dollars worth of pills to the Bangladesh government to be distributed free of charge, but the only pills the village women had seen were marketed by a travelling merchant woman at a price of eight taka-more than the average daily wage-for a month's cycle. Several daring women had bought them without their husbands' knowledge, but lacking instructions on how to use the pills, they soon became pregnant.
+In response to the villagers' pleas, we visited the government family planning office in the nearest town and requested that extension workers come to our village. After their arrival, we learned why the demand for birth control in the villages was not being met. Wearing expensive jewelry and silk saris, the extension workers were educated, middle-class town women, separated from the village women by a gulf of arrogance and indifference. They addressed the villagers in upperclass Bengali and in their presence asked us how we could stand the "inconvenience" of living in a dirty village. After they left, the villagers inquired if they were our sisters from America.
+The family planning workers promised to return within three days with a supply of pills, but it was many weeks before the villagers saw them again. They claimed that they could not come because their jeep had broken down, and they were unable to walk the five miles to the village from the town, a distance many villagers covered by foot every day. This explanation did not inspire confidence. Nor did the ensuing discussion. The extension workers told the village women it was immodest not to wear blouses beneath their saris. Unable to afford blouses, the village women sat for a moment in embarrassed silence.
+Although the extension workers left behind a carton of pills, the villagers doubted they would ever return to replenish the stock, much less to supervise the women's taking of the pill. As one village woman told us, ''All government officers care about is their salary. They sit in offices and drink tea. What do they care about us?"
+Our village's encounter with the family planning service illustrates the failure of Bangladesh's health care system to reach the poor. Over three-fourths of Bangladesh's doctors serve the 10 percent of the people who live in urban centers; in the rural areas there is only one doctor for every 40,000 people.^1 The few health care workers employed in the countryside often share the attitude of the women who visited our village: they look down on the rural poor.
+Although the aid donors are now recognizing the limitations of using upper-class government servants for family planning work in the villages, the alternatives they have developed may actually be making matters worse. AID has launched a "contraceptive inundation" program for birth control in Bangladesh. The countryside is literally being flooded with cheap birth control pills, distributed by undertrained field workers or sold through small village shops. In the words of Dr. Ravenholt, the head of AlD's population program: "The principle involved in the household distribution of contraceptives can be demonstrated with Coca Cola . . . If one distributed an ample, free supply of Coca Cola into each household, would not poor illiterate peasants drink as much Coca Cola as the rich literate residents?"^2
+But as Stephen Minkin, the former head of UNICEF's nutrition program in Bangladesh, points out, birth control pills are a powerful drug, not a soft drink. Given without adequate supervision, they are potentially harmful to women and children. Pregnant women who take the pill increase the risk of cardiovascular birth defects in their children. Moreover, the use of the pill by nursing mothers may decrease their milk supply, contributing to infant malnutrition.^3
+In the absence of a health care system designed to meet the needs of the rural poor, aid for family planning, like aid for rural development, more often hurts than helps.
+<section>8. What can we do?</section>
+We as Americans can help to end the needless hunger in Bangladesh.
+First, we can work to halt military and economic assistance which bolsters Bangladesh's narrow elite at the expense of the country's poor majority. Conventional wisdom suggests that we should give more aid to Bangladesh, not less. Many concerned Americans are dismayed at how little of our national wealth we devote to "helping the poor countries." But we must re-examine this charity impulse. We must look beyond the symptoms of hunger to the causes. In particular, we must ask whether the best way to help the poor is to give arms, money and food to the rich. Only the Bangladeshi people can carry out the social reconstruction which alone can bring an end to hunger in Bangladesh. But we, as Americans, have both the power and the responsibility to remove those obstacles which our government's "aid" places in their way.
+Secondly, we can assist the many people in Bangladesh and throughout the third world who are working to mobilize the poor fo. developement and social change. We can offer financial support to groups working in their own communities, using local organizers, and starting with the immediate needs of their people.
+Thirdly, we can continue to educate ourselves and others about the needless hunger of millions of people throughout the world. No issue more clearly reveals the gap between technological possibilities and social realities, or points more vividly to the urgent need for social change. As we in the United States learn about the role of our political and economic institutions in perpetuating hunger, we will find that we must reshape our own society. Here, as in Bangladesh, we must work to ensure that the well-being of many is not sacrificed to the narrow interests of a few. In this struggle, the poor of Bangladesh are our allies.
+Betsy Hartmann and James Boyce, Fellows of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, were in Bangladesh from 1974-1976 on grants from Yale University. Their articles on Bangladesh have appeared in The Nation, The Christian Science Monitor, Le Monde Diplomatique, Food Monitor and other journals. Betsy Hartmann is currently writing a novel set in the Third World; James Boyce is studying for a doctorate in economics at Oxford University.
+<section>Notes</section>
+1. The Paradox
+1. Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangladesh: Country Development Brief, 1973, cited in Food First, p. 19.
+2. World Bank, Bangladesh: Development in a Rural Economy, Volume 1: The Main Report, September 15, 1974, p. 1.
+3. According to World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. iv, per capita income is $91. Life expectancy from United States Agency for International Development (A. l. D. ), FY 1978, Submission to Congress: Asia Programs, February, 1977, p. 16.
+4. World Bank, Bangladesh: Development in a Rural Economy, Volume 1: The Main Report, September 15, 1974, p. 2.
+5. Nutrition Survey of Rural Bangladesh, 1975-76, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dacca, December, 1977.
+6. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December, 15, 1978, country data, p. 1.
+7. "World Hunger, Health and Refugee Problems: Summary of Special Study Mission to Asia and the Middle East," report prepared for the Subcommittee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 1976, p. 99.
+8. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Economic Situation and Development Policy Issues, May 19, 1977, p. 34.
+9. Rice yields for 1928-32 can be found in Nafis Ahmad, An Economic Geography of East Pakistan, London: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 129.
+10. Ibid, p. 75.
+2. Riches to Rags
+1. William Bolts, Considerations on Indian Affairs, London, 1772, cited in Ramkrishna Mukherjee, The Rise and Fall of the East India Company, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974, pp. 302-303.
+2. Helen Lamb, "The 'State' end Economic Development in India," in S. Kuznets et al, ea., Economic Growth: Brazil, India, Japan, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1955, p. 468.
+3. Cited in Mukherjee, p. 304.
+4. Cited in Mukherjee, pp. 337-338.
+5. Abu Abdullah, "Land Reform and Agrarian Change in Bangladesh," The Bangladesh Development Studies, volume IV, no. 1, January 1976, p. 69.
+6. Cited in A.R. Mallick, British Policy and the Muslims in Bengal, Dacca: 1961.
+7. Lamb, p. 490.
+8. For example, Home Minister Sir Herbert Risley frankly described the motives behind the 1905 partition of Bengal along religious lines: "Bengal united is a power. Bengal divided will pull in different ways. . . . One of our main objects is to split up and thereby weaken a solid body of opponents to our rule." Quoted in A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge: India Between 1890 and 1910, Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1967, p. 95.
+3. Who Owns the Land?
+1. F. Tomasson Jannuzi and James T. Peach, Report on the Hierarchy of Interests in Land in Bangladesh, Washington, D.C.: Agency for International Development, September 1977, pp. xxi, 30.
+2. Azizur Rahman Khan, "Poverty and Inequality in Rural Bangladesh," in Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia, Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1977, p. 142.
+3. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 70.
+4. Khan, p. 159.
+4. Siphoning the Surplus
+1. Jannuzi and Peach, pp. 41-42, 81.
+2. Ibid, pp. 42-43.
+3. Edward J. Clay, "Institutional Change and Agricultural Wages in Bangladesh," paper presented at Agricultural Development Council Seminar on Technology and Factor Markets, Singapore, August 9-10,
+5. The Inefficiency of Inequality
+1. "Bangladesh: Rural Development in four thanas in Kushtia District," Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Technical Assistance Department, February, 1978.
+2. Jannuzi and Peach, pp. 43-44.
+3. Ibid., p. xxvii.
+4. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 3.
+5. Agricultural Employment in Bangladesh, Government of Bangladesh- UNDP/FAO Mission, April 1977. Cited in "Agricultural Unemployment in Bangladesh, Prospects for the Next Decade," USAID/DACCA cable A-57, September z7, 1977.
+6. USAID/DACCA cable A-57, September 27, 1977.
+7. Ibid.
+8. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 88.
+9. World Bank, Rural Development: Sector Policy Paper, February 1975.
+10. "Land Reform and Related Matters," cable from American Embassy, Dacca to Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., December 1977.
+11. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 32.
+12. Ibid., pp. 24, 29-30, 87.
+13. Ibid., p. 24.
+14. Ibid., p. 22.
+15. Ibid., p. 25.
+16. Ibid., p. 7.
+17. Ibid., p. 49.
+18. James P. Sterba, "Bangladesh Losing Skilled Workers by Thousands," New York Times, March 11, 1979.
+6. What Is the Alternative?
+1. Figures based on data in Jannuzi and Peach.
+2. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 87.
+3. Rounaq Jahan, Pakistan: Failure in National Integration, Dacca: Oxford University Press and New York: Columbia University Press, 1973, pp. 18-19.
+4. "A. l. D. Development Strategy for Bangladesh," USAID Mission to Bangladesh, January 1978, submitted to strategy meeting in Washington, D.C., February 6-7, 1978, p. 9.
+5. See Premen Addy and Ibne Azad, "Politics and Culture in Bengal," New Left Review, no. 79, May-June 1973.
+6. Kevin Rafferty, "'Lucky' in Bangladesh," The Washington Post, September 3, 1978.
+7. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 73.
+7. Foreign Aid: A Helping Hand?
+1. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 18.
+2. Figures on distribution through the ration system are based on information in World Bank, Bangladesh: Food Policy Review, December 12, 1977.
+3. "Aspects of the Public Food Distribution System," AID/Dacca memorandum, December 1, 1977.
+4. Ibid.
+5. Cable cited in Donald McHenry and Kai Bird, "Food Bungle in Bangladesh," Foreign Policy, Summer 1977.
+6. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 35.
+7. McHenry and Bird.
+8. Calculated as follows: According to the 1978 World Bank report (p. 27), the Government of Bangladesh estimates the average daily foodgrain requirement at 15.5 ounces per capita; multiplied by the World Bank Bangladesh population estimate of 85 million, we get ]3.66 million metric tons; adding 10 percent for seed, feed and wastage the figure comes to 15 million metric tons.
+9. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 2.
+10. FAO, Production Yearbook, 1977, Rome, 1978.
+11. "World Hunger, Health, and Refugee Problems: Summary of Special Study Mission to Asia and the Middle East," report prepared for the Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, January 1976, p. 104.
+12. International Development Association Press Release No. 70/38, July 1, 1970.
+13. Per Arne Stroberg, "Water and Development: Organizational Aspects of a Tubewell Irrigation Project in Bangladesh," mimed, Dacca, March 1977.
+14. IDA Press Release No. 76/22, May 24, 1976.
+15. World Bank Office Memorandum, Dacca, September 19, 1977, p. 5.
+16. Ibid., p. 3.
+17. "Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh for a Public Law 480 Food for Development (Title III) Program," Annex B. August 1978, p. 5.
+18. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. ii.
+19. Michael Scott, Aid to Bangladesh: For Better or Worse?Oxfam-America/ Institute for Food and Development Policy Impact Series No. 1, 1979, p. 10.
+20. "AID Today-A Suppliers' View," Commerce America, September 11, 1978.
+21. Hollis B. Chenery, "Objectives and Criteria for Foreign Assistance," in G. Rains, ea., The United States and the Developing Economies, New York: 1964, p. 81.
+22. On the prospects of foreign investment in natural gas, see: N. M. J., "Murder in Dacca: Ziaur Rahman's Second Round," Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay), March 25, 1978. On the Bangladesh government's efforts to attract foreign investment, see James P. Sterba, "Bangladesh Wooing Businesses," The New York Times, April 9, 1979
+23. United States Agency for International Development, FY 1978 Submission to the Congress: Asia Programs, February 1977, p. 16.
+24. "The World According to Brzezinski," Interview by James Reston, The New York Times Magazine, December 31, 1978.
+25. Amnesty International, Report of Amnesty International Mission to Bangladesh (4-12 April 1977), February 1978.
+26. "Zia Party Set for Landslide in Polls," The Guardian (U. K. ), February 19, 1979. See also: "Turnout Is Not Heavy In Bangladesh Voting for Parliament of 300," The New York Times, February 19, 1979.
+27. S. Kamaluddin,"Bangladesh: Electing for Time to Think," Far Eastern Economic Review, January 12, 1979.
+28. James P. Sterba, "Bangladesh Voters Support President," New York Times, Feb. 20, 1979.
+29. Kai Bird, "The Unknown Zia," The Nation (New York), June 13, 1981.
+30. "Revolt in Chittagong Hill Tracts," Economic and Political Weekly, Bombay, April 29, 1978.
+31. Brian Eads, "Thousands Trapped in Bangladesh Terror," The Observer London, August 20, 1978.
+32. Simon Winchester, "Where Britain may be aiding an armed dictatorship," The Guardian (London), December 20, 1977.
+33. U.S. State Department, Congressional Presentation, FY Z978, Security Assistance Program, Volume 1.
+Family Planning Comes to Bangladesh
+1. World Bank, Bangladesh: Development in a Rural Economy, Volume 1, September 15, 1974, p. 197.
+2. Stephen F. Minkin, "Abroad, the U. S. Pushes Contraceptives Like Coca Cola," Los Angeles Times, September 23, 1979.
+3. Ibid.
+<section>Further reading on Bangladesh</section>
+Abdullah, Abu, "Land Reform and Agrarian Change in Bangladesh," Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. IV, No. 1, January 1976.
+Abdullah, A., M. Hossain and R. Nations, "Agrarian Structure and the IRDP - Preliminary Considerations," Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol. IV, No. 2, 1976.
+Addy, Premen, and Ibne Azad, "Politics and Culture in Bengal," New Left Review, No. 79, May-June 1973.
+Ahmad, Nafis, An Economic Geography of East Pakistan, London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
+Ahmed, Feroz, "The Structural Matrix of the Struggle in Bangladesh," in Kathleen Cough and Hari Sharma, eds., Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973.
+Alamgir, Mohiuddin, "Some Aspects of Bangladesh Agriculture: Review of Performance and Evaluation of Policies," Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. III, No. 3, July 1975.
+Arens, Jenneki, and Jos van Beurden, Jhagrapur: Poor Peasants and Women in a Village in Bangladesh, Birmingham, England: Third World Publications, 1977.
+Bertocci, Peter, "Elusive Villages: Social Structure and Community Organization in Rural East Pakistan," Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University, 1970.
+Blair, Harry, "Rural Development, Class Structure and Bureaucracy in Bangladesh," World Development, vol. 6, no. 1, January 1978.
+Bose, S. R. "The Comilla Cooperative Approach and the Prospects for Broad-based Green Revolution in Bangladesh," World Development, vol. 2, no. 8, August 1974.
+Briscoe, John, "Politics of an International Health Programme," Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay), March 18, 1978.
+Chowdhury, Anwarullah, A Bangladesh Village: A Study of Social Stratification, Dacca: Center for Social Studies, Dacca University, January 1978.
+Clay, Edward, "Institutional Change and Agricultural Wages in Bangladesh," Dacca: Agricultural Development Council, mimeo, November 1976.
+Clay, Edward, "Fool Aid and Food Policy in Bangladesh," Food Policy, vol. 4, no. 2, 1979.
+Haq, M. Nurul, Village Development in Bangladesh, Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, 1973.
+Haque, Wahidul, et al., "Towards a Theory of Rural Development," Development Dialogue (Uppsala, Sweden), 1977: 2.
+Hartmann, Betsy, and James Boyce, "Bangladesh: Aid to the Needy?" International Policy Report, Washington, D. C.: Center for International Policy, May 1978.
+Huq, M. Ameerul, ea., Exploitation and the Rural Poor, Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, March 1976.
+Islam, A. K. M. Aminul, Victorious Victims: Political transformation in a traditional society, Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Pub. Co., 1978.
+Jahan, Rounaq, Pakistan: Failure in National Integration, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
+Jannuzi, F. Tomasson, and James T. Peach, "Report on the Hierarchy of Interests in Land in Bangladesh," Washington, D. C.: United States Agency for International Development, September 1977.
+Khan, Akhter Hameed, "A History of the Food Problem," Michigan State University Asian Studies Center, South Asia Series, Occasional Paper No. 20, reprinted by Agricultural Development Council, New York, October 1973.
+Khan, Azizur Rahman, "Poverty and Inequality in Rural Bangladesh," in Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia, Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1977.
+Khan, Azizur Rahman, "The Comilla Model and the Integrated Rural Development Program in Bangladesh," World Development, vol. 7, no. 4/5, April-May 1979.
+Kinley, David, and Joseph Collins, "Rural Advances in Bangladesh," Food Monitor, no. 4, May-June 1978.
+Lapp' Frances Moore, and Joseph Collins, Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977, New York: Ballantine Books 1979.
+Lifschultz, Lawrence, "Bangladesh: A State of Seige," Far Eastern Economics Review, August 30, 1974.
+Lifschultz, Lawrence, Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution, London, Zed Press, 1979.
+Maniruzzaman, T., "Radical Politics and the Emergence of Bangladesh," in P. Brass and M. Franda, eds., Radical Politics in South Asia Cambridge, Mass.: M. l. T. Press, 1974.
+Maniruzzaman, T., "Bangladesh: An Unfinished Revolution?" Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 34, no. 4, August 1975.
+McHenry, Donald, and Kai Bird, "Food Bungle in Bangladesh," Foreign Policy, no. 27, Summer 1977.
+Mukherjee, Ramkrishna, "The Social Background of Bangladesh," in K.
+Gough and 11. Sharma, eds., Imperialism and Revolution in South Asia, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973.
+Mukherjee, Ramkrishna, The Rise and Fall of the East India Company, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
+Nations, Richard, "The Economic Structure of Pakistan: Class and Colony," New Left Review No. 68, July-August 1971.
+Scott, Michael, Aid to Bangladesh For Better or Worse, Oxfam-America/lnstitute for Food and Development Policy Impact Series, no. 1, 1979.
+Stepanek, Joseph, Bangladesh-Equitable Growth? New York: Pergamon Press, 1979.
+Stevens, Robert D., Hamza Alavi and Peter I. Bertocci, Rural Development in Bangladesh and Pakistan, Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1976.
+Van Schendel, Willem, "At Bay: The Peasantry of Bangladesh," Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1974.
+<section>Institute publication</section>
+Now We Can Speak: A Journey through the New Nicaragua
+features interviews with Nicaraguans from every walk of life telling how their lives have changed since the 1979 overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship. Frances Moore Lapp' and Joseph Collins, 124 pages with photographs. $4.95
+What Difference Could a Revolution Make? Food and Farming in the New Nicaragua
+provides a critical yet sympathetic look at the agrarian reform in Nicaragua since the 1979 revolution and analyzes the new government's successes, problems, and prospects. Joseph Collins and Frances Moore Lapp', with Nick Allen, 185 pages. $5.95
+Trading the Future: Farm Exports and the Concentration of Economic Power in Our Food System
+is a scholarly investigation which develops a comprehensive analysis of U.S. farming and food systems. It demonstrates how the increasing concentration of control over farmland, rapid erosion of soil, loss of water resources, and our growing reliance upon a narrow range of export crops parallels the process of underdevelopment experienced in the third world. Alterations in America's farm landscape threaten us not only with severe imbalances in control over resources, but also with rising prices in the midst of huge surpluses. James Wessel with Mort Hantman, 250 pages. $8.95
+Diet for a Small Planet: Tenth Anniversary Edition
+, an updated edition of the bestseller that taught Americans the social and personal significance of a new way of eating. Frances Moore Lapp', 432 pages with charts, tables, resource guide, recipes, Ballantine Books. $3 50
+Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity
+, 50 questions and responses about the causes and proposed remedies for world hunger. Frances Moore Lapp' and Joseph Collins, with Cary Fowler, 620 pages, Ballantine Books, revised 1979. $3.95
+Comer es Primero: Mas Alla del Mito de la Escasez
+is a Spanishlanguage edition of Food First, 409 pages, Siglo XXI-Mexico $9.95
+Food First Comic
+, a comic for young people based on the book Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity. Leonard Rifas, 24 pages. $1.00
+Aid as Obstacle: Twenty Questions about our Foreign Aid and the Hungry
+demonstrates that foreign aid may be hurting the very people we want to help and explains why foreign aid programs fail. Frances Moore Lapp', Joseph Collins, David Kinley, 192 pages with photographs. $5.95
+Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines
+, uses the World Bank's own secret documents to show how its ambitious development plans actually hurt the very people they were supposed to aid-the poor majority. Walden Bello, David Kinley, and Elaine Elinson, 270 pages with bibliography and tables. $6.95
+Against the Grain: The Dilemma of Project Food Aid
+is an indepth critique which draws extensively from field research to document the damaging social and economic impacts of food aid programs throughout the world. Tony Jackson, 132 pages, Oxfam-England $9.95
+A Quiet Violence
+is an in-depth portrayal of village life in Bangladesh revealing the human joys, intracacies and tragic events in the lives of the Kantni villagers. Betsy Hartmann and James Boyce. 275 pages. Zed Press. $9.95
+World Hunger: Ten Myths
+clears the way for each of us to work in appropriate ways to end needless hunger. Frances Moore Lapp' and Joseph Collins, revised and updated, 72 pages with photographs. $2.95
+El Hambre en el Mundo: Diez Mitos
+, a Spanish-language version of World Hunger: Ten Myths plus additional information about food and agriculture policies in Mexico, 72 pages. $1.45
+Needless Hunger: Voices from a Bangladesh Village
+exposes the often brutal political and economic roots of needless hunger. Betsy Hartmann and James Boyce, 72 pages with photographs. $3.50
+Food for Beginners
+is an irreverent primer tracing the history of food and agriculture. Susan George and Nigel Paige. 175 illustrated pages with bibliography. Writers and Readers Beginner Series, Norton and Norton. $4.95
+Circle of Poison: Pesticides and People in a Hungry World
+documents a scandal of global proportions, the export of dangerous pesticides to Third World countries. David Weir and Mark Schapiro, 101 pages with photos and tables. $3.95
+Circulo de Veneno: Los Plaguicidas y el Hombre en un Mundo Hambriento
+is a Spanish-language version of Circle of Poison, 135 pages, Terra Nova-Mexico. $3.95
+Seeds of the Earth: A Private or Public Resource?
+examines the rapid erosion of the earth's gene pool of seed varieties and the control of the seed industry by multinational corporations. Pat Roy Mooney, 126 pages with tables and corporate profiles. $7.00
+A Growing Problem: Pesticides and the Third World Poor
+, a startling survey of pesticide use based on field work in the Third World and library research. This comprehensive analysis also assesses alternative pest control systems. David Bull, 192 pages with charts, photos, and references. Oxfam-England. $9.95
+What Can We Do?
+An action guide on food, land and hunger issues. Interviews with over one dozen North Americans involved in many aspects of these issues. William Valentine and Frances Moore Lapp', 60 pages with photographs. $2.95
+Mozambique and Tanzania: Asking the Big Questions
+looks at the questions which face people working to build economic and political systems based on equity, participation, and cooperation. Frances Moore Lapp' and Adele Negro Beccar-Varela, 126 pages with photographs. $4.75
+Casting New Molds: First Steps towards Worker Control in a Mozambique Steel Factory
+, a personal account of the day-to-day struggle of Mozambique workers by Peter Sketchley, with Frances Moore Lapp', 64 pages. $3.95
+Agribusiness in Africa
+exposes the disruptive influence of transnational food corporations and the devasting effect that their centralized control over land, crops and marketing has on Africa's poor majority. Barbara Dinham and Colin Hines. 224 pages with tables, bibliography, index. Earth Resources Research Publication. $9.95
+Agrarian Reform and Counter-Reform in Chile
+, a firsthand look at some of the current economic policies in Chile and their effect on the rural majority. Joseph Collins, 24 pages with photographs.$1.45
+Research Reports.
+"Land Reform: Is It the Answer? A Venezuelan Peasant Speaks." Frances Moore Lapp' and Hannes Lorenzen, 17 pages. $1.50
+"Export Agriculture: An Energy Drain." Mort Hantman, 50 pages $3.00
+"Breaking the Circle of Poison: The IPM Revolution in Nicaragua." Sean L. Swezey and Rainer Daxl, 23 pages.$4.00
+Food First Curriculum Sampler
+offers a week's worth of creative activities to bring the basics about world hunger and our food system to grades four through six. 12 pages. $1.00
+Food First Slideshow/Filmstrip
+in a visually positive and powerful portrayal demonstrates that the cause of hunger is not scarcity but the increasing concentration of control over food producing resources, 30 minutes. $89 (slideshow), $34 (filmstrip)
+Agribusiness Goes Bananas Slideshow
+illustrates how multinational corporations and their system of plantation farming have affected the agricultural economy and lives of the Filipino people. 18 minutes. 140 color slides. Purchase only. $65.00
+"Four Myths of Hunger: An Evening with Frances Moore Lapp' and Dr. Joseph Collins"
+Videotape focuses on the four of the fundamental misconceptions about the causes and solutions to world hunger: scarcity, production, the trade-off between justice and production, and the effects of foreign aid. 35 minute color videotape with resource guide. Purchase only. ½-inch VHS $86.50; ¾-inch $106
+Write for information on bulk discounts.
+All publications orders must be prepaid. California orders must include 6% sales tax.
+Please include shipping charges of 15% ($1.00 minimum) with each order for book post delivery. Add 20% for UPS delivery within the U.S.; and add 45% ($4.00 minimum) for Air Mail delivery outside of the U.S. Postage for Audio-visual materials will be billed.
+Food First Books
+Institute for Food and Development Policy
+1885 Mission Street
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+About the Institute
+The Institute for Food and Development Policy, publisher of this book, is a nonprofit research and education center. The Institute works to identify the root causes of hunger and food problems in the United States and around the world and to educate the public as well as policymakers about these problems.
+The world has never produced so much food as it does today- more than enough to feed every child, woman, and man as many calories as the average American eats. Yet hunger is on the rise, with more than one billion people around the world going without enough to eat.
+Institute research has demonstrated that the hunger and poverty in which millions seem condemned to live is not inevitable. Our Food First publications reveal how scarcity and overpopulation, long believed to be the causes of hunger, are instead symptoms-symptoms of an ever-increasing concentration of control over food-producing resources in the hands of a few, depriving so many people of the power to feed themselves.
+In 55 countries and 20 languages, Food First materials and investigations are freeing people from the grip of despair, laying the groundwork-in ideas and action-for a more democratically controlled food system that will meet the needs of all.
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+Each new and continuing member strengthens our effort to change a hungry world. We'd like to invite you to join in this effort. As a member of the Institute you will receive a 25 percent discount on all Food First books. You will also receive our tri annual publication, Food First News, and our timely Action Alerts. These Alerts provide information and suggestions for action on current food and hunger crises in tile United States and around the world.
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diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/gtz_g24ine.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/gtz_g24ine.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0ba6f839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/gtz_g24ine.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+<title>Introduction of Animal-Powered Cereal Mills</title>
+Wulf Boie
+A Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE , a Division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH - 1989
+The author:
+Wulf Boie, born in 1957, studied mechanical engineering in Cologne and pedagogics of vocationaltraining in Kassel. From 1983-1986 free-lance contributor to the GTZ project "Documentation, Improvement and Propagation of animal-Powered Technology". Since 1987 staff member of Projekt-Consult GmbH, Frankfurt.
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien- GATE
+Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE - stands for German Appropriate Technology Exchange. It was founded in 1978 as a special division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. GATE is a centre for the dissemination and promotion of appropriate technologies for developing countries. GATE defines "Appropriate technologies" as those which are suitable and acceptable in the light of economic, social and cultural criteria. They should contribute to socio-economic development whilst ensuring optimal utilization of resources and minimal detriment to the environment. Depending on the case at hand a traditional, intermediate or highly-developed can be the "appropriate" one. GATE focusses its work on the key areas:
+- Technology Exchange: Collecting, processing and disseminating information on technologies appropriate to the needs of the developing countries: ascertaining the technological requirements of Third World countries: support in the form of personnel, material and equipment to promote the development and adaptation of technologies for developing countries.
+- Research and Development :Conducting and/or promoting research and development work in appropriate technologies.
+- Cooperation in Technological Development: Cooperation in the form of joint projects with relevant institutions in developing countries and in the Federal Republic of Germany.
+- Environmental Protection. The growing importance of ecology and environmental protection require better coordination and harmonization of projects. In order to tackle these tasks more effectively, a coordination center was set up within GATE in 1985.
+GATE has entered into cooperation agreements with a number of technology centres in Third World countries.
+GATE offers a free information service on appropriate technologies for all public and private development institutions in developing countries, dealing with the development, adaptation, introduction and application of technologies.
+Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+The government-owned GTZ operates in the field of Technical Cooperation. 2200 German experts are working together with partners from about 100 countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America in projects covering practically every sector of agriculture, forestry, economic development, social services and institutional and material infrastructure. - The GTZ is commissioned to do this work both by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and by other government or semi-government authorities.
+The GTZ activities encompass:
+- appraisal, technical planning, control and supervision of technical cooperation projects commissioned by the Government of the Federal Republic or by other authorities
+- providing an advisory service to other agencies also working on development projects
+- the recruitment, selection, briefing, assignment, administration of expert personnel and their welfare and technical backstopping during their period of assignment
+- provision of materials and equipment for projects, planning work, selection, purchasing and shipment to the developing countries
+- management of all financial obligations to the partner-country.
+Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE
+in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+P. O. Box 5180
+D-65726 Eschborn
+Federal Republic of Germany
+Tel.: (06196) 79-0
+Telex: 41523-0 gtz d
+Fax: (06196) 797352
+A Publication of
+Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien -GATE
+in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+Cereal grinding takes a considerable portion of the daily working time of women in rural areas in the third world.
+Work with the traditional grinding stones or the mortar is very hard. In many regions, the women join up in order to organise the purchase of a motor mill. However' experience has shown that especially in remote regions and small villages motor mills often do not work any more after a short time.
+In many cases, animal-powered cereal mills can be an alternative to motor mills. Since 1984, GATE has worked on the introduction of animal-powered mills in West Africa within the framework of a pilot programme. This brochure reflects the experience gained so far. It is designed to provide information and help to interested projects and organisations for the planning and implementation of projects for the dissemination of animal-powered mills.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Today, power gears are still widely spread in large parts of North Africa, Asia and Latin America. For most parts of the rural population they are the only practicable alternative to manual labour for works such as water raising, sugar cane crushing, and grinding of cereals and oil producing fruits. In Europe, power gears were used until the first half of this century.
+The GTZ project ,,Documentation, Improvement and Dissemination of Animal-Powered Technology", which was begun in 1984, was based on the consideration, that power gears can facilitate work for the rural population even beyond their traditional dispersal area, provided that the use of draft animals is already known.
+So far, the project has concentrated on disseminating animal-powered cereal mills in West Africa. The present guideline is based on the experience made in Senegal, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Cameroon and the Central African Republic. Furthermore, individual pilot and demonstration power gears for water raising, rice husking and manioc grinding were tested in these countries.
+In many African regions dishes made of flour are the main food component. Normally, the women are responsible for flour production. They grind the cereals in traditional, labour- extensive processes using wooden mortars or grinding stones.
+Investigations conducted in West Africa have shown that motor mills can only work economically when they have a customer range of 1000 to 1500 consumers. Furthermore, motor mills pose quite a number of maintenance and repair problems as well as bottlenecks in fuel supply, so that often they are no practicable alternative to manual work in particular for the population in very poor, remote regions.
+The animal-powered mill developed by Project-Consult on behalf of GATE, however, can be operated economically even in small villages. All maintenance and repair works can be performed by the users themselves or by local craftsmen. Nevertheless, it facilitates work very much in comparison with manual labour.
+This guideline is designed to provide help for the implementation of animal-powered mills in developing countries. In Part I, the technical foundations and socioeconomic frame conditions are explained. Part II deals with the construction of animal-powered mills. The work conducted by the project so far has shown that initial difficulties of the introduction of the mill were rarely due to clearly classifiable problems, but to a complicated network of technical, cultural, economic and organisatorial problems.
+The use of animal-powered mills affects several fields of problems, influences them and is influenced by them:
+- Animal-powered mills are designed to facilitate the women's work, women shall use the mill and organise its operation. This is often contradictory to the roles traditionally played by men and women.
+- The power of draft animals is used for driving the power gear of the mill. However, this power can only be roughly estimated and depends very much on feeding, health conditions, care and training. Often particularly the women are denied the use of draft animals.
+- Animal-powered mills serve for the production of basic food. This food has to meet certain requirements, which differ very much regionally and individually. This fact calls for constructional adaptations of the mills and alterations of the traditional process of food preparation.
+- The device is to be manufactured by local craftsmen, whose qualifications may vary considerably from one location to the other. The construction must always be adapted to the abilities and equipment of the craftsmen.
+Every first introduction of animal-powered mills must be preceded by a thorough analysis of these framework conditions. Such an analysis is the basis for discussing all possible ways of organising the use of the animal-powered mill with the women; for planning the training of users and craftsmen; for adapting the mill to the actual local requirements; for recognizing the cause of any problems which may arise.
+In most of the locations in question the thought of driving mills by draft animals is an entirely new idea. This means that every demonstration unit is judged much more critically and skeptically than a familiar technology, e.g. a motor mill. Therefore, even slight faults can result in a fundamental disapproval of the power gear technology on the part of the village population.
+Hence every implementation in a village should be preceded by a trial and demonstration phase, in the course of which the technical problems can be solved and the acceptance of the flour can be tested.
+<section>Part I: General Conditions for the use of Animal-Powered Mills</section>
+<section>1. Objectives of the Introduction of Animal-Powered Mills</section>
+Grinding is one of the most power- and time-consuming daily tasks of women in rural Africa. Often the women give highest priority to the mechanization this work. It could give them time for other economic and social activities, thus being a precondition for other projects designed to improve the situation of women in rural areas.
+The animal-powered mills installed so far are mostly operated by rural women's cooperatives. The concrete and difficult task of organising the operation of the mill often leads to a clear consolidation and strengthening of such self-help organisations.
+The animal-powered mill utilizes the work of draft animals, i.e. a renewable source of energy, which is available in many developing countries. It contributes to the preservation of the environment, the saving of fossil fuels and thus also to the saving of foreign currencies.
+The local artisans play a central role in their propagation. In order to enable a commercial dissemination of the device in the internal economic circulation in the long run, the power gear is so designed that it can be manufactured by metal craftsmen with comparatively simple . workshop equipment. The local craftsmen are also responsible for repairs and for training the maintenance staff. This means that a successful implementation of animal- powered mills must always be combined with a punctual promotion of artisans by means of training activities, acquisition of tools and loans etc.
+<section>2. Framework Conditions for the Use of Animal-Powered Mills</section>
+2.1 Nutritional habits and working rhythm
+2.2 Possible problems for the use of draft animals and power gears by women
+2.3 Questions concerning animal keeping
+2.4 Manufacture of animal-powered mills by craftsmen
+2.1 Nutritional habits and working rhythm
+So far, the project has gained experience mainly in the field of animal-powered mills used for millet grinding. First tests were performed for maize milling, as well as for driving rice hullers and manioc mills, by means of power gears.
+In those regions where millet is the basic food, fermented millet flour is often preferred. After removal of the indigestible husks, the millet is soaked in water overnight for fermentation, so that its taste becomes slightly sour. In times of overwork, e.g. during the harvest, however, fermentation, and in some regions even the removal of husks, is dispensed with.
+Two different traditional milling procedures are used in West Africa:
+- pounding of millet in a mortar
+- grinding of millet between two grinding stones
+The two procedures are based on different working rhythms. In those regions, in which the cereals are ground with grinding stones, the grains are dried before grinding, whereas in the mortar the millet is pounded while it is humid.
+If the grains ground by the animal-powered mills are too humid, the mill becomes sticky, so that no acceptable flour can be produced. Therefore, in those regions where the mortar is traditionally used, the grains must be dried in the morning after the overnight fermentation, before they can be ground in the afternoon, or soaking of the millet must be dispensed with, which would, however, cause a difference in taste.
+Tab. 1: The traditional working rhythm of flour production, shown by the examples of Senegal and Burkina Faso, and the change required by the introduction of animal-powered mills.
+Grinding stones fermented flour
+unfermented flour
+Wooden mortar fermented flour
+Animal powered mill fermented flour
+unfermented flour
+Afternoon
+glume removal
+glume removal
+Evening
+grain washing preparation of fermentation
+grain washing preparation of fermentation
+glume removal
+glume removal
+Night
+fermentation
+fermentation
+fermentation
+Morning
+glume removal
+grinding
+Noon
+drying
+drying
+further fermentation or drying
+drying
+short drying grinding
+Afternoon
+grinding
+grinding
+Evening
+food preparation
+food preparation
+food preparation
+Table 1 shows traditional working rhythms and their alterations required by the introduction of animal-powered mills. Work with animal-powered mills requires coordination among the women, which was not necessary when grinding stones or mortars were used individually. If the millet is dried before grindings the flour can be stored for a few days, which is a positive secondary consequence. This feature can facilitate the organisation of the mill use if the women can be convinced to grind millet on stock.
+The consumers test the quality of the flour optically, haptically (i.e. by touching) and in terms of taste. The following parameters influence the quality:
+- the fineness (average size distribution of the individual particles)
+- the homogeneity (uniformity of size distribution)
+- the hardness (depends on the grain size and humidity content)
+- the colour (depends on the humidity and on whether extracts or the whole grain were used).
+Tab. 2: Characteristic curve of the flour produced by traditional processes.
+Grinding with grinding stones
+Grinding with mortar
+Fineness
+relatively fine
+relatively coarse
+Homogeneity
+relatively homogenous
+relatively inhomogeneous
+Humidity
+dry
+humid
+Hardness
+hard
+soft
+Colour
+bright
+bright
+Table 2 shows the flour qualities achieved using the traditional processes. The fineness is probably the most important criterion for the evaluation of the flour. This is not only due to its taste, but fine flour also signals wealth, because the fineness of the flour produced by traditional processes indicates how much working time the family can spend on grinding. The flour ground with the help of the power gear is furthermore compared with the product of the motor mill, so that fine flour is also regarded as an indication of progress.
+Still, often the consumers disapprove of flour which is fine, but inhomogeneous, because it is not fine enough. This can be remedied by sieving out the coarse particles after the first grinding process. If fine, humid flour is compared with equally fine, but dry flour by ,,touching", the humid flour appears to be finer ("woollen granularity"). The use of cereals with too high a humidity content can lead to differences in colour and taste. Furthermore, insufficient cleaning of the mill influences the colour and taste, because spoilt particles mix with the flour.
+Investigation and counseling steps
+examination of the traditional organisation of work
+evaluation of the quality of the flour produced by traditional procedures regarding
+- fineness
+- homogeneity
+- humidity
+- hardness
+-colour
+determination of the necessary processing capacity and of the processing peaks which must be covered by the capacity of the mill.
+trials with the animal
+-powered mill:
+- adjustment of the millstones
+- drying oftrains
+- sieving of flour
+food test with consumers until a satisfactory flour quality is achieved
+counseling of the women regarding the organisation of work and coordination among themselves, advantages of stockkeeping
+technical counseling of the women with respect to mill adjustment, drying, sieving procedure, cleaning of the mill.
+2.2 Possible problems for the use of draft animals and power gears by women
+Often the women's fear of handling the draft animals and mainly the resistance of the men, who mostly have the disposing power of the draft animals, still prevent the women from working with draft animals.
+Traditionally, the preparation of food is a female duty; and the men are responsible for handling the technical equipment. In West Africa, the social position of women is determined above all by the quality of their housework. With respect to housekeeping, the men totally depend on the women. Therefore, the social position of the women would certainly be weakened if a considerable part of the housework, namely grinding, was taken over by the men. For this reason' in the case of most power gears installed so far the women were familiarized with handling the draft animals and the animal-powered mill. The women organise the operation of the mill, operate the device and harness and unharness the draft animals themselves. But they often leave those works- they consider to be technical jobs, such as cleaning the mill, to the men.
+The experience made so far shows that women are certainly willing to work with draft animals, if this is clearly advantageous for them. In this case they mostly have energy enough to convince their husbands to make concessions. It proved to be advantageous that, if the men still refuse their consent, the women's group buys one or two draft animals designed exclusively to drive the power gear.
+Usually it is more readily accepted socially if the women work with donkeys than with, e.g., oxen.
+Investigation and counseling steps
+examination, in how far resistance on the part of the men and women against the use of draft animals by women is to be expected
+training of women for handling draft animals
+2.3 Questions concerning animal keeping
+So far, donkeys, oxen and horses have been used as draft animals for animal powered mills. The employment of donkeys as draft and pack animals is very widespread, they are also frequently used by women. They are easy to handle, relatively insensitive, live on very little and are much cheaper than other draft animals.
+Oxen are more expensive, more difficult to train and make more demands regarding feeding and care, but are more powerful than donkeys.
+As far as horses are concerned, the situation varies very much, depending on the country and the region. In Burkina Faso, e.g., horses are very expensive. They are mostly owned by rich people, for whom the horse is more of a status symbol than of a work animal. In Senegal, however, horses are frequently used as draft animals.
+The regular employment of draft animals for animal-powered mills makes higher demands regarding their care and feeding than their temporary use for soil treatment and transportation. This means that care for the draft animals must be improved by targeted training and counseling activities. First of all it must be ascertained whether the economic basis for sufficient feeding of the draft animals is secured during the dry season, too.
+Investigation and counseling steps
+register available draft animals find out disposing powers
+examine feeding situation
+select draft animals with respect to the factors
+- disposability
+- disposing power
+- costs
+- care capacity
+- basis of feeding
+training of the future mill users in handling the draft animals
+counseling with regard to feeding of and care for the animals, training of care staff
+2.4 Manufacture of animal powered mills by craftsmen
+Animal-powered mills can be manufactured by local craftsmen with relatively simple workshop equipment. In addition to the usual tools, such as hammers, spanners, pliers, and manual saws, a welding unit and a drilling machine are needed. A forging equipment is desirable, but it is not a necessary precondition for building animal-powered mills.
+Since animal-powered mills can be produced locally and are competitive with motor mills, a strategy can be chosen which aims at an automatic commercial dissemination of the device in the medium term. Therefore, local private craftsmen must be integrated into the production of and the post-support for the installed power gears as early as possible.
+The craftsmen should:
+- be open to innovations and improvisation
+- have a certain spatial faculty of imagination
+- be able to work with a high degree of exactitude
+- possibly have knowledge in forging.
+Investigation and counceling steps
+selection of an adequate workshop
+training of the craftsman "on the job"
+<section>3. Technical Foundations</section>
+3.1 Functional principle of animal-powered mills
+3.2 Grinding output
+3.3 Evaluation of output and flour quality
+3.1 Functional principle of animal-powered mills
+The driving gear of the animal-powered mill is so designed that it can be produced by craftsmen in developing countries. The grinding unit used so far is an industrially manufactured cereal mill produced by the company Moulis and imported from France. It is a disk mill with stone disks, which was originally designed for manual and motor operation. In principle, all disk mills with a disk diameter of 18-20 cm can be used in connection with a power gear. However, comparative examinations of small commercial mills showed that the Moulis mill is the best, although it also has numerous constructional deficiencies. The selection of the grinding unit should be determined not only by the size of the millstones, but also by a solid construction, good bearings and easy cleaning, which are necessary because of the great torques exerted at the power gear. A grinding unit which can also be manufactured by local craftsmen is still under development.
+The grinding unit has a horizontal axle. This means that the power gear must meet two requirements:
+- it must convert the movement of the draft animals around a vertical axis into the rotation of a horizontal axis;
+- it must gear up the slow circular movement of the animals (2-3 rounds/minute at a circle diameter of 8 m) to 40-100 times this speed.
+The power gear designs known from the traditional usage areas and from Europe mostly achieve this goal by means of a multistage toothed gearing. This interlocking type of power transmission had the consequence that the power gears had to be over dimensioned in order ta resist overloads, e.g. when the working machine blocked.
+In the animal-powered mill, power deviation and the first transmission are achieved by means of a wheel which runs on a circular wall. This wheel is connected to a centralized axle via a frame and is pulled by the animal running round in a circle. A chain drive links the wheel and the grinding unit, which is fixed to the frame, thus forming the second transmission stage (Fig. 5).
+This system offers two advantages:
+- A high transmission is achieved by two gear steps (up to 1/140).
+- Contrary to toothed-wheel power gears only series components are used, which are available in many developing countries.
+- The friction principle limits the tractive power exerted by the draft animal, so that over dimensioning of components can be dispensed with (important e.g. in case the cereal mill blocks).
+- By using series components and since over dimensioning can be dispensed with, the material costs are low compared to the traditional toothed-wheel power gears.
+3.2 Grinding output
+The grinding output of animal-powered mills varies very much, depending on the desired flour quality and the capability of the draft animals. Table 3 shows the grinding output determined for the animal-powered mills installed so far.
+If very fine flour is desired, and if only badly fed and weak draft animals are available, the lower values indicated in the table are more likely to be achieved, whereas the higher values can be assumed in the case of stronger draft animals and more coarse flour.
+3.3 Evaluation of output and flour quality
+Especially in the initial phase of the introduction of animal-powered mills it is necessary to systematically monitor the quality of the flour ground with the help of this mill type and the per hour output of the mill. Any deficiencies of the mill can usually be evaluated only if these parameters are compared to those of other animal-powered mills, which have already been tested, on the basis of possibly objective standards.
+The users normally express their criticism of the mill and the flour quality in a relatively general way. It is the duty of the supporting team to find out the precise reason for any possible discontent.
+For example, if the output is too low? this can be due to constructional faults, but also to a bad organisation of work, too weak animals or wrong adjustment of the mill.
+The output can be judged only if the flour quality is determined at the same time. If fine flour is ground the output is usually lower than in the case of coarse flour.
+The decisive criterion for the evaluation of the flour quality is the fineness of the flour. It is described by a particle-size distribution curve and the fineness index. With the help of the fineness index it is possible to compare the flour ground by the animal-powered mill with the traditional product and the flour produced by a motor mill (Annex 1, p. 61).
+Tab. 3: Output of the animal-powered mills installed so far. (The figures are based on the determination of the grinding time needed for quantities of 2 kg.)
+Country
+traditional process
+grinding stock
+intended use
+draft animal
+grinding output
+remarks
+Burkina Faso
+grinding stones (relatively fine flour)
+millet
+food flour
+donkey
+5-15 kg/h
+animals are in bad health and food conditions
+Burkina Faso
+grinding stones (relatively fine flour)
+millet
+Dolo (only coarse grinding required)
+donkey
+30-50 kg/h
+Senegal
+mortar (relatively coarse flour)
+millet
+food flour
+donkey
+10-12 kg/h
+Senegal
+mortar (relatively coarse flour)
+millet
+food flour
+horse
+15-20 kg/h
+Senegal
+mortar (relatively coarse flour)
+maize
+food flour
+donkey
+8 kg/h
+Sierra
+mortar
+maize
+food flour
+ox
+14 kg/h
+Leone
+(relatively coarse flour)
+Sierra
+mortar
+maize
+food flour
+pair of oxen
+20 kg/h
+Leone
+(relatively coarse flour)
+Central African Republic
+mortar (relatively coarse flour)
+millet
+food flour
+ox
+15 kg/h
+mortar(relatively coarse flour)
+manioc
+manioc flour
+ox
+34-38 kg/h
+with modified grinding unit of the company Irus (modified hopper and feeding screw)
+Investigation and counseling steps
+performance of test meals or distribution of flour samples to families. Interviews with the consumers. Systematization of the criticism.
+determination of the output of the animal-powered mill, comparison with other power gears that have already been tested
+determination of the particle-size distribution curve and of the fineness index, comparison with the particle size distribution curve and the fineness index of the traditional product
+evaluation of the test results, identification of deficiencies and problems in the field of technology and organisation of work. If necessary, technical and organisatorial alterations.
+<section>4. Economic Efficiency and Acceptance of the Animal-Powered Mill in Comparison with the Motor Mill</section>
+Investigations conducted in West Africa have shown, that even small motor mills with a capacity of 80 kg/in can work economically only in the case of a user circle of 1000 to 1500 consumers. Therefore, motor mills which work on a commercial basis are mostly found in towns or bigger villages.
+The animal-powered mill is designed for a consumer circle of approximately 100 persons with a daily operation time of four hours, or 200 persons with a daily operation time of eight hours. This results in 10 to 25 actual female users - a number which can be justified also with respect to organisatorial considerations, if a family size of 8-10 persons is assumed.
+Although the employment ranges of animal-powered mills and motor mills differ substantially, as shown in Annex 3 (p. 65) and Fig. 7 (p. 19), animal-powered mills are often compared to motor mills.
+In fact, motor mills have the advantage over animal-powered mills, that they apparently ,,automatically" produce flour of almost any fineness. Animal-powered mills, on their part, have a relatively low grinding capacity, require a certain degree of coordination among the users, require a draft animal, which must be harnessed and unharnessed, and produce a more inhomogeneous flour. Although the flour quality certainly corresponds to that achieved by traditional methods, and although the time consumption, including the travelling and waiting times, necessary for the use of the animal-powered mill is not higher than in the case of the motor mill, the motor mill is often regarded as the "more progressive" solution.
+This is a problem particularly in those regions, where the motor mill is known by mere report, but not by own experience. When the population has already gathered experience in terms of maintenance problems and costs caused by a motor mill, it is much easier to explain the advantages of the animal-powered mill.
+When selecting the locations for animal powered mills, care must be taken that the number of persons to be equipped with this milling facility does not become too big, because this may lead to disputes about the right to use the mill. If necessary, several mills must be installed in one village.
+The women should pay an adequate price for the use of the mill, which allows them to finance the maintenance and repair works themselves, and to replace the mill after expiry of the estimated useful life. It would probably be best if the women paid this grinding price in the form of a monthly contribution to a common fund, other types of organisation are also conceivable.
+Annex 3 (p. 65) lists comparative figures for the determination of the necessary grinding price.
+Investigation and counseling steps
+examine prior experience with motor mills
+establish a public image on the question ,,motor or animal-powered mill,,, with particular regard to influential persons (chiefs, missionaries, etc.)
+examine and point out the economy and easy maintenance of the animal powered mill in comparison with the motor mill in the respective context
+examine and compare the time consumption required for the use of animal-powered and motor mills
+determine the potential user circle
+determine the required grinding price
+give organisatorial counseling with respect to the payment of the grinding price
+<section>5. Organisation Models</section>
+In most existing locations, the animal-powered mills are owned collectively by women's groups. In Senegal, the groups elected two women, who are responsible for monitoring the operation, and a mechanic for servicing the device. In Burkina Faso, control mostly lies with "mill committees", with equal representation of men and women.
+The grinding price is usually paid in the form of a weekly or monthly contribution to a common fund. As a rule, all members of the women's group, or all women who have shared the costs of the installation, have access to the mill.
+In most cases every woman uses her own donkey, or that of her family, as draft animal. If the men do not accept this, or if other organisatorial problems occur, the women's group can also purchase several draft' animals (at least two), which are exclusively used to drive the power gear. In this case a person must be appointed who is responsible for the care for the animals.
+The women's group should not be big, and its members should possibly live in the same neighbourhood in order to facilitate the coordination of the mill use.
+Other types of organisation are conceivable as an alternative. For example, the women could hire a miller, who would be responsible for all questions concerning the mill operation, maintenance and care for the animals. This model has the advantage of clear responsibilities and optimum mill operation, which would certainly have effects on the flour quality and the grinding output. On the other hand, the grinding price would increase' knowledge would be monopolized, and the women would become dependent on the miller.
+Another conceivable model would be the commercial operation of the mill by a private miller. In this case it is doubtful, however, whether an animal-powered mill could satisfy the profit expectations of a private entrepreneur. Such a model would also have the above-mentioned advantages, but would totally cut off the women from flour production.
+Because of profitability reasons, the last two models can be realized, if at all, only if oxen are used as draft animals, since the miller's income can be achieved only by a higher flour output.
+Investigation and counseling steps
+examine in how far women's groups already exist, which organisation structures they have
+judge the dynamics and readiness for innovations
+find out the responsibilities within the group - overall responsibility - organisation of the fund
+- maintenance of the power gear - if necessary, care for the draft animal
+determine the organisation of the mill use - which draft animals are used - who may grind when
+<section>6. Organisation of the Project Implementation and Counseling of the Target Groups</section>
+The network of problems in the different fields, which are inherent in the first implementation of animal-powered mills requires an implementation strategy which allows to disentangle the problems.
+It has turned out to be useful if first a trial and demonstration programme is performed in a technological centre, a demonstration farm or similar. The centre should be situated in a place where demonstrations for interested farmers and peasant women can be held. Local projects and organisations, which are likely to be the future executing organisations of the project, should be integrated at an early stage into the trial and demonstration programme.
+These organisations may include rural development projects, women's projects, projects working in the field of animal power or projects active in the branch of food processing.
+The trial and demonstration programme has four objectives:
+- to create interest for the use of animal powered mills among the rural population,
+- to adapt the milling power gear to local requirements (in particular to the flour quality desired in the respective region),
+- to evaluate the chances of the power gear to be accepted in the village,
+- to judge the local executing organisations.
+Good experience was made with the installation of a first demonstration mill on the premises of particularly innovative private individuals, e.g. the family of the craftsman together with whom the power gear was built.
+The demonstration programme should particularly be aimed at the inhabitants of those villages, in which the animal-powered mill can probably be installed in a further step.
+The following criteria should be applied when selecting the villages in which such a pilot project could be installed:
+- adequate size of the village;
+- there are no functioning motor mills, or they are not used by the population;
+- population is ready for innovations;
+- functioning women's groups;
+- readiness to participate in the installation of the mill financially and by means of work.
+The financial participation of the village population should be proportionate to the relatively high risk they run by testing a widely unknown technology. In Senegal and Burkina Faso, the villages normally contribute 10-20 % of the installation costs. In many cases the foundations and the circular wall are built by the villages by self-construction.
+Within the framework of a pilot programme, animal-powered mills may be installed in villages only when it is foreseeable that the flour is accepted by the population, and that the users are able to organise the operation of the animal-powered mill.
+During the pilot programme the villages need intensive support of a counseling team.
+The team should include at least a technician, a craftsman and a female village counselor. The latter two should be local staff.
+In particular the counselor must be familiar with the culture and the way of living of the women in the villages (especially their cooking and food habits) and understand their language - in the double sense of the word.
+She will have the following training and counseling duties
+- to train the women for handling the draft animals
+- counseling with respect to possibly necessary changes in the working rhythm and the organisation of the mill use
+- counseling regarding the food preparation, taste tests, cooking tests, experiments with different fermentation times and flour finenesses
+- technical training: handling and maintenance of the machine
+The craftsman will also be responsible for technical counseling, if this is not realised by the counselor, and for training the maintenance staff, insofar as men are concerned.
+The technician should solve difficult technical problems.
+Investigation and counseling steps
+identification of a suitable location for a trial and demonstration programme
+identification of potential executing agencies
+performance of demonstrations for village inhabitants
+selection of suitable villages for a pilot programme
+selection and training of counseling staff
+working and organisation scheme for the counseling activities
+- responsibilities
+- investigations to be performed
+- time schedule
+- reporting
+<section>Part II: Construction of the Animal-Powered Mill</section>
+<section>1. Preface</section>
+The second part of this guide is intended for the technically proficient reader who considers the animal-powered mill a practicable alternative to both manual labor and motor-driven mills in his field of activities, and who wants to test, construct and possibly propagate it. This construction guide should not be used as a conventional manual. We take the view that instructions which precisely dictate the arrangement, dimensions and materials to the reader are not in line with the concept of appropriate technology. Moreover, they make it impossible for the reader and his co-workers to contribute their own ideas and experiences and thus help to improve the device. The development of the animal-powered mill is yet to be completed. There remains a lot of work to be done before the animal-powered mill, including all its components, can be constructed in countries which are short in material supplies, and before it fully satisfies the needs of its users. We would like to invite
+the readers of this guide to help us with this work. We do not intend to offer universal solutions but rather construction examples. The main emphasis will be put on the explanation of the reasons why we opted for certain solutions, why other solutions turned out to be less suitable, and why some components involve specific problems.
+This guide is not designed to take away the role of the reader in constructing his own animal-powered mill. On the contrary' it is our prime intention to give the reader an incentive to think over his own needs and then design his own adaptations to specific problems of application. Another purpose of this guide is to help the reader avoid experiencing difficulties which others have already encountered.
+<section>2. How Efficient is a Draft Animal and how much Power is Required for Driving a Mill?</section>
+Table I surveys the performance of different draft animals. In view of the fact that the average performance of draft animals can be compared with the efficiency of electric kitchen appliances, it may seem hardly understandable that the mastery of the animal tractive power can pose actual problems for the mechanical engineer. It is, however, necessary to bear in mind that the maximum tractive power of the animals, which can be maintained for a very limited time, can be ten times the normal optimum level. Although their maximum performance is relatively low, they can develop enormous tractive power because they move very slowly.
+The dimensioning of the driving gear of the power gear depends on the maximum torque the draft animal can exert on the power gear. If the machine of a traditional toothed power gear without predetermined breaking points blocks, when driven by an ox of 500 kg, the maximum torque would be approximately 15 000 Nm, thus corresponding to 15 times the maximum motor torque of a Peugeot 504 Diesel.
+For this reason it is necessary to limit the torque that can act upon the power gear by means of predetermined breaking points as e.g. shearing pins or by means of torque limiters such as belt drives or frictional wheels.
+On the other hand, the machine - in this case the grinding unit - must be designed for the average performance of draft animals i.e. for 200 to 500 W because it has to be operated for several hours a day.
+In spite of the low efficiency, the daily continuous - operation requires a solid construction of the grinding unit. During the initial stages of the project, relatively small grinding units were used which had been designed for the actuation by means of small motors (3 to 5 cont.hp.) The power required for driving these mills was reduced by operating them with a lower number of revolutions (60 to 150 rpm) than originally planned (400 to 600 rpm).
+Tab. 1: Tractive power of different draft animals in developing countries
+Animal
+Average weight of animal (kg)
+Approx. draft (continuous) (kg)
+Average speed (m/s)
+Power developed (W)
+Light horse
+Bullock
+Buffalo
+Cow
+Mule
+Donkey
+At the same time, however, the development of a grinding unit adapted to the power gear began; a grinding unit which, moreover, could be constructed by local craftsmen.
+The construction is determined by the power to be transmitted and by the ratio of transmission. For the time being, these parameters can only be calculated roughly. Their actual values differ very much from region to region depending on the condition of the draft animals, the cereals, and the desired fineness of the flour. When a power gear is tested in a certain region for the first time it is always likely that further modifications will be necessary after the installation.
+The power to be transmitted corresponds to the average performance of the draft animals available in the respective region (see Table 1).
+Experience shows that the required speed of the mill varies between 60 and 150 rpm. For donkeys, a lower value can be assessed, for oxen a higher one, and for horses a medium value.
+<section>3. The Frictional Wheel -Principle of the Animal-Powered Mill</section>
+At first sight the technician might consider a number of solutions more appropriate than the somewhat unconventional construction principle of the animal-powered mill (for a more detailed description see Chapter 3.1 of the first part of this guide). Toothed power gears, rope power gears, chain power gears (Fig. 1-3) are only a few of the numerous constructions known in the history of technology.
+All the solutions have two things in common:
+- due to the high torque exerted by the animals the machine parts of the first gear stage have to be extremely large and are therefore expensive.
+- the gearing has to be connected by means of underground shafts and cardan joints.
+Fig. 1: A 19th century German toothed power gear
+Fig. 2: A rope power gear patented in Germany in 1882
+Since high-quality and expensive machine parts must be used, small farmers in Third World countries cannot afford these animal-powered mills. Today, a power gear like the one shown in Fig. I would cost as much as a small car. We take the view that a modern-day comeback of traditional animal powered mills as shown for instance in Fig. I will only make sense if they are already used widely in the respective area, and if the stone required for the grinding unit and the necessary know-how for the production of the stones are available locally. Even in this case it is doubtful whether such a mill would be cheaper than a mill with small, high- speed grinding stones and a gearing.
+In comparison with conventional power gears, the principle of the "runner wheel power gear" has the following main technical advantages:
+- for the often problematic first gear stage of the power gear, a concrete path that can be easily constructed locally and a universally available car wheel are used
+- since the grinding unit runs round in a circle with the animal, long subterranean shafts and cardan joints can be dispensed with
+- the frictional wheel principle effectively protects the power gear as well as the machine against
+overload.
+<section>4. The Idea and its Realization</section>
+Before going into technical details, we want to give the reader a first insight into the construction of the animal powered mill and its specific problems by presenting the "ancestral portrait gallery" of the power gear.
+The idea in the history of technology
+in technical cooperation
+Further development
+<section>5. Functional Structure of the Animal-Powered Mill</section>
+In order to tackle the construction in a structured manner, a number of conditions must be established. These conditions must be considered when dividing the overall function into several partial functions which are then assigned functional units (Fig. 12, p. 34). Most of the conditions were already defined in the previous chapters.
+The precondition that the animal goes round in a circle might be considered banal. One could, however, conceive a device whose wheel runs on a straight path (i.e. a kind of cart whose wheels drive the mill). The most important advantage of the circular movement is that the animal moves almost without guidance once it gets used to it. Another advantage of the circular movement is that there is no loss of time because the animals must not turn round as is the case with a straight path.
+Before a functional principle can be established, first decisions with regard to the basic construction of the individual functional units must be made:
+Drive mechanism: The car wheel which runs along on a circular path is the heart of the drive mechanism. The transmission obtained in this way is, however, not sufficient for driving the mill. A second transmission by means of a chain, a belt drive, or similar' is essential. The wheel is connected to the second gear stage by a shaft.
+Central axle, frame: The wheel must be guided in a circle. For this purpose the drive unit is connected to a bearing unit at the central point of the path by means of a frame, or similar.
+Grinding unit: A high-speed, small-size mill with a grinding mechanism made of stone disks, similar to the one used with small-power motors, serves as a grinding unit.
+The combination of these functional units results in the functional principle shown in Fig. 11.
+<section>6. Construction of the Functional Units</section>
+6.1 Harnessing
+6.2 The path
+6.3 The drive unit
+6.4 The frame
+6.5 The central axle
+6.6 The grinding unit
+6.7 Protection devices
+6.1 Harnessing
+The harnessing is designed to transmit the tractive power of the animal with the least possible loss to the power gear. The slightest loss is attained when the power transmission is
+- as tangential as possible and
+- as horizontal as possible.
+Tangential power transmission
+It is easier for the draft animal to move along a circular track if the front and hind legs move on the same radius.
+Therefore, power transmission will always be subject to losses of power when transmitted to the power gear behind the animal, since in this case power transmission at a right angle is impossible (Fig. 14).
+For this reason it is advisable to transmit the force to the power gear between the front and hind legs of the animal (Fig. 15)
+Horizontal power transmission
+When a draft animal draws a load under a vertical angle, this load can be divided into a horizontal tractive load component and a vertical carrying load component (Fig. 16). When the power gear is in operation the carrying load component results in a loss in efficiency. After all, the draft animal is supposed to pull the power gear and not to lift it. The ideal solution would be to harness the draft animal horizontally to the power gear by means of a pull rope or a pull chain. This is only possible with horses and donkeys, because these animals draw mainly with their breasts and shoulders, whereas oxen and cows draw with their necks. For pressing the yoke onto the necks of the cows a slightly angular guide of the pull rope or the pull chain is required. With regard to the size of the angle no definite statement can be made. It should, however, be as wide as necessary and as small as possible.
+Construction examples
+Most of the power gears that have been constructed so far have a semi-circular harnessing consisting of two curved pipes (Fig. 17).
+The two pipes are welded together in such a way that from above they look like a trapezoid.
+On the outer side of the semi-circular harness there are hooks at various heights to which the animal's outer pull chain can be fastened.
+It is advisable to construct the harnessing in such a way that it can be removed after use of the mill. This construction helps to prevent children playing with the mill and furthermore makes its unauthorized use impossible. For example, the semi-circular harness may be inserted into two pipes that are welded to the frame. In this case limit stops must be provided for at the two inner pipes.
+It must be decided from case to case whether such a relatively costly harness should be used or whether the disadvantages of a more simple harness, as shown in Fig. 10, p. 32, can be accepted for the sake of cost saving.
+Dimensioning proposal
+Harness:
+pipe d = 40 mm, s = 3 mm
+Harnessing hooks:
+round steel d = 10 - 12 mm
+Limit stops: round steel
+d = 10-12 mm
+Fastening of the harness to the framepipe
+d = 50 mm, s = 3 mrn
+- The height of the semi-circular harness depends on the height of the wall, the diameter of the wheel and the height of the draft animals.
+- The width of the semi-circular harness depends on the breadth of the draft animals.
+Construction tips
+- To bend the pipes, they are first filled with sand, then heated and finally curved.
+6.2 The path
+The main function of the path is to ensure a good power transmission between the ground and the car wheel. Concrete has proved to be a good material for this purpose, since the coefficient of friction between concrete and the car wheel is between 0.85 and 1. For two reasons the path should be slightly raised:
+- to prevent the path from filling with sand and dirt
+- to facilitate a horizontal power transmission
+If possible, the power should be transmitted at the height of the contact surface of the wheel and the path. Otherwise the torque acting upon the frame could result in a major distortion of the frame.
+The height of the path is limited by its costs. The paths of most animal powered mills constructed so far consist of ringshaped walls made of two rows of concrete blocks. This corresponds to a height of 40 to 50 cm. Attempts have been made to cast the entire wall in one concrete block. The construction of the shuttering, however, turned out to be much more costly and time-consuming than the construction of the path walls.
+The capacity of resistance to wear of conventional concrete blocks is not sufficient to resist the continual stress caused by the circulating wheel. Therefore, the wall must be reinforced by a more solid concrete covering of 5 - 10 cm thickness which must contain more cement and be mixed with small laterite stones. The laterite stones help considerably to reduce abrasion. Moreover, the covering should be fortified with concrete reinforcing round steel.
+The construction of the wall is difficult because
+a) it has to be almost perfectly round
+b) it has to be almost perfectly level
+Dimensioning proposal
+Average diameter of the path:
+6 m
+(see also Chapter 6.3)
+Width of the path:
+at least 25 cm
+Height of the path (from ground).
+40 - 50 cm
+Height of the foundation:
+5cm
+Height of the covering:
+5cm
+Ratio of components:
+foundation: 150 kg/m³
+concrete blocks: 110 kg/m³
+covering: 350 kg/m³
+Construction tips
+- Before beginning with the construction, the central point of the ring should be marked with the help of a concrete reinforcing round steel of 1 m length. A rope which should be as inflexible as possible serves as a compass. The excavation required for the foundation is drawn on the ground with the help of the compass. Later, the rope compass is used for controlling the position of the concrete blocks.
+- A level foundation of the wall is obtained by driving a concrete reinforcing round steel into the ground to be excavated at its highest point. 5 cm of the reinforcing round steel must jut out of the ground. Further reinforcing bars must now be driven into the ground at 1 m intervals. Each reinforcing bar has to be adjusted to the previous one with the help of a water balance. The concrete for the foundation is then filled up to the very top of the concrete reinforcing round steel.
+- An easily removable shuttering for the concrete covering can be produced with plywood strips 5 - 8 mm thick and 20 cm wide. The plywood strips are pressed against the wall from the inside as well as from the outside by means of simple clamps (consisting of concrete reinforcing round steel of 12 - 14 mm thickness. The covering should, however, not be higher than 5 - 8 cm, because otherwise the shuttering could collapse (Fig. 19).
+Potential problems
+The concrete path is one of the most expensive component parts of the animal powered mill.
+A reliable but cheaper solution could certainly be considered as a major contribution to making the device more economical.
+6.3 The drive unit
+The drive unit is designed to transmit the force required for driving the mill from the draft animal to the mill and at the same time increase the "number of revolutions" of the draft animal.
+The drive mechanism consists of the following components - a car wheel - a second gear stage (chain, belt drive, etc.) - a shaft - bearings
+The car wheel
+The force that can be transmitted by the car wheel depends on the coefficient friction between path and wheel and on the load on the wheel. The maximum peripheral force which can be transmitted by the wheel is
+F max = µ x Fg
+Fg: weight
+µ: coefficient of friction
+(for rubber tires running on concrete µ is 0.85 - 1. On a dry path a higher coefficient of friction can be achieved with bald tires than with new ones).
+The maximum power that can be transmitted is
+Pmax =µ x Fg x d x pi x n/60 x e
+e= efficiency of the power transmission
+d = diameter of the wheel (m)
+n = revolutions of the wheel (1/min)
+Fg = weight (N)
+Losses occur in the first gear stage. Primarily, these losses are a result of boring friction and rolling resistance.
+Boring friction occurs when a cylindrical body (an automobile tire is a cylindrical body) runs on a circular path. In principle, the tire has the tendency to run straight ahead. When forced to move on a circular path the tire runs too slowly on the outer radius of the circular path and too fast on the inner radius. This relative motion is the reason for increased wear and power loss.
+The wider the tire becomes in relation to the path, the higher the boring friction. The diameter of the path should therefore be as large as possible, whereas the width of the tires should be as small as possible.
+The rolling resistance is a result of the elastic deformation of the tires and of the path. For a car wheel loaded with 200 kg which has the proper tire pressure, the rolling resistance is 30 - 40 N (3-4 kg). By increasing the tire pressure the rolling resistance can be reduced.
+Dimensioning proposal
+Size of tire 155 - 13. These tires can be obtained almost everywhere. Their outside diameter is approximately 60 cm. A transmission ratio of 1:10 can be achieved with a path diameter of approximately 6 m.
+The second gear stage
+Assuming that
+- a transmission ratio of 1:10 is achieved in the first gear stage,
+- the draft animal walks 2-3 rounds per minute,
+- a speed of 60 - 140 rpm is required to drive the mill, a transmission ratio of 1:3 - 1:7 is needed in the second gear stage.
+The structural components of the second gear stage should not demand a very precise mounting. Taking this into account
+- a roller chain gearing - a V-belt drive gearing - a flat belt drive gearing - or a friction gear in which the car wheel serves as a driving pulley (see also p. 32, Fig. 10) could be used.
+Dimensioning examples:
+The power to be transmitted should on average be 1 kW, the transmission ratio 1:5, and the speed of the driving gear should be 20 rpm.
+Chain drive:
+chain:
+10 B. 5/8"
+wheel:
+76 teeth
+d = 391 mm
+pinion:
+15 teeth
+d = 83 mm
+Flat belt drive:
+driving disk:
+d = 500 mm
+driven disk:
+d = 100 mm
+leather belt:
+belt width approx.200 mm, thickness of belt: 3 mm
+synthetic belt:
+belt width approx. 60 mm, thickness of belt: 1.4 mm
+V-belt drive:
+driving disk:
+500 mm
+driven disk:
+100 mm standard V-belt: width 17 mm
+Due to the large belt width which would otherwise be necessary, a flat belt drive can only be used if high-quality belts are available. With narrow axle bases and a vertical installation, the required high initial tension of the belt causes problems. The most important advantage of flat belt drives is the fact that the pulleys can be produced locally. To prevent wear of the belt the bearing surface of at least one pulley must have a crowned surface.
+The biggest disadvantage of V-belts is the high price of the pulleys, which can hardly be produced locally (the lathe must have a turning diameter of 500 mm!). The required V-belts are difficult to obtain in developing countries.
+Roller chains can be bought in almost all developing countries. Even though the chain wheels can only be produced by extremely gifted craftsmen or with the help of expensive machine tools, they are cheaper than industrially manufactured V-belts or flat belt pulleys.
+The length of the chain can easily be varied by removing or adding chain links. Tensioning devices are unnecessary.
+For these reasons chain drives were used for the second gear stage of all animal powered mills that have been installed so far.
+Dimensioning proposal
+Roller chain 10 B 5/8", wheel 76 teeth If it is the first installation in a region, it is advisable to keep a number of pinions ready (13, 17, 21, 25 teeth), for adapting the transmission to the performance of the draft animals and to the required flour fineness.
+Bearings and shafts
+Fig. 21 shows appropriate and less appropriate arrangements of the wheel, the bearings and the chain wheel.
+The shaft must be capable of resisting and/or transmitting the following forces and torques:
+- the weight of the frame
+- the longitudinal force of the tires - the chain and/or belt forces
+- the torque necessary for driving the mill
+The shaft material of most of the so far installed animal powered mills was bright drawn round steel with a diameter of 40 mm. Bright drawn material fits if it has a slightly smaller dimension than specified (h 11 - h 8). It need not be turned to size, but it is quite expensive.
+The necessity of using bright drawn shafts is primarily a consequence of the use of ball bearings for the animal powered mills already installed.
+In most cases Y-bearing units have been used so far, They have a crowned outer ring and can, if necessary, be adjusted in the bearing housing for compensating alignment errors.
+The inner ring has an eccentric ring, headless pins or an adapter sleeve which serves for pressing the bearing to the shaft. Self-aligning ball bearings are also available with such mounting devices.
+A conventional round steel shaft can of course be used, provided that a lathe for turning is available.
+In this case ordinary deep groove ball bearings can also be used (press fit indispensable). With deep groove ball bearings a more rapid wear must be accepted in the case of alignment errors.
+Potential problems
+The rolling bearings account for a relatively high share of the total costs of the device. We favored this solution because we wanted to ensure a high reliability and a high efficiency of the power gear in the introductory phase. It should be considered whether lower costs would possibly justify a less complicated bearing construction and a lower efficiency. The use of wood bearings might, for instance, be an alternative. Wood bearings (Fig. 22) made of hardwood could easily be produced locally. In order to increase the wear resistance, the wood bearings should be soaked in hot oil for 24 hours.
+Installation of the drive unit
+The easiest way of installing the chain wheel on the shaft is to install it by means of a headless pin (M 8 or larger). The necessary boring inside the shaft should fit precisely because otherwise it will widen very soon. The car wheel is best mounted on the hub of a donkey or ox cart and should be fastened to the shaft with a bolt. In case there is no hub, it can be constructed by using sheet steel and a suitable pipe (Fig. 23). The drive unit and the bearings are fastened to two crossheads of the frame (Fig. 28).
+6.4 The frame
+The frame has several functions:
+- to fasten the drive unit, the grinding unit and the harnessing
+- to carry the seat for the user, so that the user need not go round in a circle behind the power gear
+- to connect the wheel and the central axle so that the central axle can keep the wheel on its circular path.
+The frame must resist a vertical bending moment which is primarily produced by the weight of the user. A horizontal bending moment results from the tractive power of the animal which must be supported by the central axle. It is, however, the torsional moment that acts upon the with latticework reinforcement frame via the lever arm of the frame (Fig. 25) which is of crucial importance for the considerations regarding the stability of the frame.
+For this reason the torsional resistance of the frame must be as high as possible.
+Construction examples
+Channel steel frame with latticework reinforcement
+The frame of the first animal powered mills was made of channel steel. Since channel steel has a relatively low section modulus of torsion, the frame was rein forced by a latticework construction (Fig. 26)
+Frame made from pipes
+Later, water pipes were used for the frame construction. Due to the higher polar section modulus of pipes in comparison with channel steel, the latticework construction could be dispensed with (Fig. 27). The water pipes can be replaced by a square tube of a similar dimension. In this way the drive unit, the grinding unit etc. can be mounted even more easily.
+In the final analysis, however, the choice of the materials will be determined by their costs.
+Arrangement of the grinding unit, the drive unit, the seat and the holding device for the calabash (Fig. 28)
+The height of the table on which the grinding unit is mounted depends primarily on the required axle base between the two chain wheels. The axle base should be at least 400 mm.
+The table should be very rigid' because the grinding unit must not vibrate under the influence of the chain forces. Of particular importance is the reinforcement of the table around the mounting holes for the grinding unit. The table is only necessary if a separately bought grinding unit is used. If the grinding unit is produced locally, the table can be integrated into the grinding unit. It should be made sure that the crossheads for mounting the drive unit are connected as securely as possible to the frame. The arrangement of the seat and of the holding device for the calabash should be determined by ergonomic considerations.
+Dimensioning proposal
+Frame:
+-pipe (round) 60 x 3 or 48 x 4
+-square tube 50 x 4
+-channel steel U 60 x 6
+Latticework reinforcement: round steel (concrete reinforcing round steel) 12 mm Holding device for the calabash: round steel (concrete reinforcing round steel) 10 or 12 mm
+Crossheads for mounting the bearings: channel steel U 60 x 6
+Table for mounting the grinding unit: angle steel L 40 x 3, sheet metal 3 mm
+Seat. angle steel L 40 x 3, sheet metal 2 mm
+6.5 The central axle
+In order to guide the wheel precisely' the axle must be exactly central and must be absolutely vertical.
+Foundation
+The central axle must be connected to a concrete foundation in the center of the concrete path.
+Dimensioning proposal
+For saving concrete, a cross-shaped construction of the foundation has proved to be advantageous. The dimensions are shown in Fig. 30. Ratio of mixture: 200 kg/m³. The foundation should be fortified by concrete reinforcing round steel.
+Construction tip
+It has turned out to be difficult to embed the bolts for the attachment of the central axle in the foundation in such an exact manner that they are all level with the mounting holes in the central axle.
+It is therefore advisable to reserve holes for subsequent filling out. At the bottom of these holes rod irons are anchored in the concrete. These holes can be produced with the help of tins, polystyrene blocks or sand-filled plastic bags. Subsequently, the bolts with a hook at one end are hung in the rod irons (Fig. 30). In this way, the bolts have enough play for adjusting their position to the mounting holes in the central axle and thus make a precise alignment of the axle possible. It is advisable to complete the entire metal structure before completing the foundation. The height of the foundation can then be adjusted to the dimensions of the animal powered mill (Fig. 31).
+Metal construction
+The design of the central axle of the animal powered mills installed so far has often been- modified.
+The factors that determine the construction are
+- the rigidity of the construction (Considerable power peaks may occur. The resulting vibrations of the animal powered mill have a negative effect on the grinding process.)
+- saving of material (Due to the use of roller bearings - as in the case of the drive unit - expensive bright drawn shaft has up to now been used for the central axle. As a consequence, the axle must be as short as possible).
+Construction examples
+Fig. 32 shows several construction examples
+Dimensioning proposals
+Cross-shaped foundation: channel steel 60 x 6
+Axle: bright drawn shaft d = 40 mm
+Reinforcements: sheet metal 3 mm
+Attachment of the frame: channel steel 100 x 6
+Hub: channel steel 60 x 6 or pipe 80 x 5 and channel steel 80 x 6
+In order to compensate possible inaccuracies of the path and the central axle, the frame of the animal powered mills constructed so far was mounted to the central axle in a vertically flexible installation. Initially, wood bearings were used for this purpose. Practice has shown, however, that the excursions are so negligible that it is sufficient mount the frame direct on rubber plates or rubber strips (Fig. 33).
+Potential problems
+Up to now, rolling bearings have been used for the central axle and driving shaft. As to the possibility of replacing the rolling bearings with wood bearings, see also Chapter 5. Due to the lower forces and the lower speed of the central axle, it is less difficult to replace the rolling bearings by wood bearings in this case than in the case of the driving shaft. The bright drawn shaft can therefore be dispensed with. As regards the coupling of the frame to the central axle, it should be considered whether inaccuracies of the path could not be compensated by the elasticity of the frame and whether in this way a flexible fastening could be unnecessary.
+6.6 The grinding unit
+Initially, an industrially manufactured grinding unit of the French manufacturer Moulis was used for the animal powered mill. This device came off best in several tests even though it has a number of major deficiencies. For this reason and also for saving costs, the development of a grinding unit that can be constructed by African craftsmen began. The construction of a grinding unit requires, however, a great deal of experience and precision. A technician should therefore only undertake the construction of a grinding unit, if he has already had practical experience with the animal powered mill. For the first installation of an animal powered mill, we recommend the use of a Moulis grinding unit. Another possibility is to order via Gate a grinding unit constructed by one of the craftsmen who cooperate with the project. The Moulis grinding unit and the grinding unit built by craftsmen have the same functional principle. In the course of the development of the locally
+constructible grinding unit other construction principles were tried. Eventually it turned out that the traditional construction was the most appropriate one. It consists of one static and one rotating and axially adjustable grinding disk made of stone. The grain flows through a hole in the static grinding disk into the space between the disks. Due to the structure of the grinding stones, the grain moves on a spiral between the disks, leaving the grinding space at the outer side of the spiral as flour (Fig. 35).
+When driven by a power gear, the use of the Moulis mill poses the following problems:
+1. The case and the outlet opening are too small. Flour sticking to the inner walls of the case causes blockages that result in a reduction of the grinding capacity.
+2. The case is manufactured inaccurately. The supports of the grinding unit and of the shaft are not parallel. As a result, it is difficult to mount the shaft of the grinding unit and the shaft of the power gear so that they are parallel.
+3. The grinding disks are not parallel. As a consequence, the clearance between the grinding disks differs at least during the feeding phase.
+4. The cover of the case does not fit properly. Since the second bearing of the shaft is inside the cover, the shaft has too much play so that the clearance between the grinding disks changes continually.
+5. Inside the case cover, between the shaft and the adjusting screw, there are a small bearing and some other components which fall off whenever the cover is removed, e.g. for cleaning the grinding unit.
+One of the purposes of the construction of special grinding units for animal powered mills was to avoid such deficiencies. The construction of this grinding unit will be described later. First, however, we want to describe the installation of the Moulis grinding unit.
+Installation of the Moulis grinding unit
+At its feeding opening the Moulis grinding unit has a vibration mechanism which ensures a steady feeding of the grain. This mechanism is not only very fragile but also unnecessary when driven by a power gear, since the vibrations of the power gear are sufficient for guaranteeing a steady feeding. The vibration mechanism should therefore be dismantled. Once this has been done, the funnel provided for by the manufacturer, can no longer be installed. This does not matter because it is too small anyway. As a consequence, a new funnel must be constructed (see also Fig. 36).
+This funnel should be equipped with a watertight cover since grinding particles, which deteriorate as a result of humidity in the grinding unit, can have a negative impact on the quality of the freshly ground flour. The grinding unit is fastened to the grinding table by means of two screws. In order to achieve a parallel position of the mill shaft and the driving shaft, inaccuracies of the support of the grinding unit have to be compensated by welding sheet metals onto it. The table must have a hole at the outlet openings of the grinding unit. A pipe (which must not be too thin) or a sheet metal guide directs the flour into the calabash and prevents it being blown away by the wind.
+Construction of a locally constructible grinding unit
+Fig. 36 shows the design of the grinding unit. It is constructed in such a way that it can, in principle, be constructed by craftsmen with simple tools. The craftsmen should, however, be able to work with the utmost accuracy. A lathe is required for the construction of some of the components. For the construction of the grinding unit the following factors are of decisive importance.
+1. A parallel position of the two grinding disks
+It is quite obvious that an optimum grinding result will only be achieved if the clearance between the grinding disks does not differ at any point. The carrier disk of the rotating grinding stone must therefore be constructed with the help of a lathe. First, a disk (140 mm) consisting of 8 mm sheet metal is cut to size. A hole (40 mm) must be drilled in its middle.
+The disk is then welded onto a piece of shaft (40 mm). On the lathe the shaft is first drilled in the middle (25 mm) and, when this is done, the disk is faced. Since the static grinding disk is fastened to the case, the bearings (i.e. the bearing housings) must be welded to the housing with the shaft installed and the grinding disks pressed together. The two halves of the housing must fit precisely so that they cannot move.
+2. Rigidity of the housing
+In order to guarantee that the grinding disks are parallel at each stage of the grinding process, the housing must be resistant to torsion. For this reason it should be made of sheet metal of at least 6 mm thickness.
+3. Sufficient clearance between the grinding disks and the housing; large outlet openings
+The grinding disks have a diameter of 180 mm, the inside diameter of the housing of the locally constructible mill is 250 mm. The housing of the Moulis mill has a diameter of 210 mm. The Moulis mill has only a small outlet opening whereas the entire lower side of the locally constructible mill is left open in order to guarantee that the flour can flow off without difficulties.
+The grinding stones, the stone guard springs and the conveyor spiral (which also presses the grinding stones apart) are identical to those of the Moulis mill. The stone guard springs protect the grinding disks against stones and other hard objects that may be contained in the grain. Two valve springs of a Honda motorbike could also be used for this purpose. The friction bearing fastened to the housing cover is made of cast iron turned on a lathe. The second bearing is a deep groove ball bearing. The outer ring of the bearing is axially fixed inside a pipe which must be opened on a lathe. There is a fixed clearance fit between the shaft and the inner ring. For adjusting the grinding disks it is essential that the shaft can be moved axially within the inner ring of the bearing. This is necessary despite the fact that it also constitutes a disadvantage because the shaft moves on the inner ring and, as a consequence, wears out. The wear- which in practice is almost negligible -
+does not justify the considerably higher construction costs which a driving fit between the shaft and the bearing would imply.
+The shaft of the Moulis grinding unit is borne against the adjusting screw with a small thrust ball bearing. The disadvantages of this construction have been pointed out already.
+The bearing between the shaft and the adjusting screw of the locally constructible grinding unit only consists of one single bearing ball (d = 15 mm). The ball is held on the shaft by a sheet metal ring which is welded onto the shaft, and in which it can rotate.
+The part of the housing to which the static grinding disk is fastened is welded to a crosshead made of channel steel 60. The crosshead is fastened to the pipe frame by means of clips which can be made either of pipe or of square steel.
+6.7 Protection devices
+The protection devices (Fig. 38) serve primarily to prevent accidents which can happen e.g., when someone gets trapped between the wheel and the frame or gets with his hands or clothing caught in the chain. They are also designed to protect the chain against dirt and rain water.
+It is advisable to weld the protection devices to the frame. Experience has shown that dismountable protection devices are often not returned to their appropriate place after removal. Hinges allow access to the covered components.
+Dimensioning proposals
+Coverings:
+sheet metal 2 mm
+Hinges:
+flat steel 20 x 2, round steel: 8 mm
+Construction tips
+The flap of the hood should slightly underlap the static part in order to prevent rain water from seeping into the mill. For the same reason, seals made from the inner tube of a car wheel should be affixed to the edges of the flap.
+<section>7. Dear Reader...</section>
+This guide was not designed as a "construction manual". We know from experience that such manuals often cause trouble and annoyance because very often they do not explain why certain solutions are favored, because the recommended materials and tools are not available, or because passages can be misinterpreted. The latter cannot be avoided altogether, and we are sure that some readers will have the same problems; with this guide.
+Nevertheless we hope that our description of the construction is precise enough that you will be able to overcome the difficulties not mentioned. Although the power gear has proved its worth in practical operation, its construction can certainly be further improved.
+On request we will offer updated information if improvements are found to be effective in practical operation or if the power gear is used for new purposes (e.g. for driving rice hullers, oil presses, etc.).
+We will be very grateful for your critical remarks concerning this guide and will do our best to consider your comments and suggestions in further publications of this kind.
+In particular, we would like to ask you to keep us informed of your experience with the power gear and improvements which you have tested yourself; and we would also appreciate accounts of failures and problems. They will help others to learn from your experience.
+<section>Annex</section>
+<section>1. Technical foundations for the evaluation of animal-powered mills</section>
+Output
+The theoretical and the actual output of animal-powered mills are not identical. The calculation of the theoretical output is based on the assumption of a continuous, constant and faultless operation of the mill, whereas the actual output is usually lower because of interruptions in work, set-up times, fatigue of the animals etc.
+The theoretical output is determined by grinding a small amount of grains (1-2 kg), timing the grinding process and calculating the value for one hour. The determination of the actual output should be based on monitoring the work for several days. Then the daily flour quantity must be related to the daily working time.
+The employment of "bicycle computers" as measuring instruments has proved successful.
+They store the total of wheel revolutions and the time during which the mill actually works.
+This method is helpful not only for the precise determination of the theoretical output, but also for the identification of frequent disturbances, rapid fatigue of the animal, bad organisation of work etc., if the daily working time and flour quantity are recorded, too.
+(2) Particle-size distribution curve of a flour suitable for the preparation of couscous, according to the same housewife.
+Flour quality
+The decisive criterion for the evaluation of the flour quality is the fineness It can be described by means of a flour particle size distribution curve, which is determined by sieving the individual fractions using sieves with mesh widths 1.4 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.2 mm. With the help of the particle-size distribution curve the homogeneity of the flour can be determined (Figs. I, 2). The particle-size distribution curve of the flour produced with the help of the animal-powered mill should be similar to that produced traditionally in the respective region.
+The numerical value of the flour fineness is usually given as the average size of the flour particles and the deviation of particles from this average size. However' this method does not give any information as to the power required for the production of a certain flour type.
+This information can be obtained using the formula developed by the Institut Technologique Dello for the calculation of a fineness index. It is based on the hypothesis that the power required for grinding is in proportion to the enlargement of the surface resulting from grinding. The enlargement of the surface' on its part, is in proportion to the reduction of the diameter. This results in the following fineness index for millet:
+Imillet = d1/d1 x P1 + d1/d2 x P2 + d1/d3 x P3 + d1/d4 x P4 + d1/d5 x P5 - 100
+d is the average diameter of the particles of the respective fraction. d1 is the average diameter of the unground millet.
+Furthermore, the following applies:
+P1: portion (%) of the particles :> 1.4 mm
+P2: portion (%) of the particles < 1.4 mm, > 0.8 mm
+P3: portion (%) of the particles < 0.8 mm, > 0.4 mm
+P4: portion (%) of the particles < 0.4 mm, > 0.2 mm
+P5: portion (%) of the particles < 0.2 mm
+If d1 = 1.5 mm hence it follows
+I[millet] = 1 P1 + 1.36 P2 + 2.5 P3 + 5 P4 + 15 P5- 100
+For Sorghum and maize bigger sieves should be used additionally.
+For Sorghum (d, = 3 mm) the following holds
+I[sorghum] = 1 P1 + 1.43 P2 + 2.73 P3 + 5 P4 + 10 P5 + 30 P6 - 100
+with P1: portion (%) of the particles > 2.8 mm,
+P2 - P6 corresponds to P1 - P5 for millet, with
+P2> 1.4 mm < 2.8 mm
+For maize (d1 = 6 mm) the following holds
+I[maize] = 1 P1 + 1.43 P2 + 2.86 P3 + 5.46 P4 + 10 P5 + 20 P6 + 60 P7- 100
+with P1: portion (%) of particles > 5.6 mm
+P2: portion (%) of particles > 2.8 mm
+P3 - P7 corresponds to P1 - P5 for millet
+<section>2. Curriculum for project implementation</section>
+Phase
+Field of problems
+Investigation and counseling tasks
+Participants
+Feasibility study
+Organisation of the use of the power gear
+- examine in how far women's groups already exist and which organisation structures they have
+women, rural population, women's projects
+- judge the dynamics and readiness for innovations
+- examine the traditional organisation of work
+- determine the potential user circle
+Acceptance/ economy
+- examine prior experience with motor mills
+women, rural population, notabilities, administration, political decision makers, projects in the field of food technology
+- establish a public image on the question"motor or animal powered mill" with particular regard to influential persons (chiefs, missionaries, etc.)
+- examine in how far resistance on the part of the men and women against the use of draft animals by women is to be expected
+- determine the necessary processing capacity and the processing peaks which must be covered by the capacity of the mill
+Draft animals
+- register available draft animals, find out disposing powers
+rural population, veterinary medical services, projects in the field of animal power craftsmen, projects for trade promotion
+- examine the feeding condition of the animals
+Production
+- examine whether local craftsmen would be able to produce power gears
+Preparation of the demonstration phase
+Executing agency
+- identification of a suitable location for a test and demonstration programme
+projects and organisations in the field of
+- identification of potential executing agencies
+- animal power
+- women
+- appropriate technology
+- promotion of artisans
+- rural development
+- food technology
+Draft animals
+- select the draft animals with respect to the factors
+- rural population
+- disposability - care capacity
+- projects in the field of animal power
+- disposing power - basis of feeding
+- veterinary medical
+- costs services
+Production
+- selection of a suitable craft workshop promotion projects
+- craftsmen, trade
+Demonstration phase
+Acceptance/ economy
+- examine and compare the time consumption required for the use of animal powered and motor mills
+executing agency, craftsmen,
+- determine the output of the animal powered mill, compare with already tested animal powered mills
+women, rural population, projects in the field of food technology
+- examine and point out the economy and easy maintenance of the animal powered mill in comparison with the motor mill in the respective context
+- evaluate the quality of the flour produced by t raditional procedures regarding
+- fineness - hardness
+- homogenity - colour
+- humidity
+- trials with the animal powered mill:
+- adjustment of the millstones
+- drying of grains
+- sieving of flour
+- evaluate the test results, identify deficiencies
+and problems in the field of technology and
+organisation of work; if necessary, technical and organisatorial alterations.
+- perform demonstrations for the rural population
+- food test with consumers, until a satisfactory flour quality is reached
+Organisation of the use of the animal powered mill
+- examine in how far women's groups already exist, which organisation structures they have
+women, rural population,
+- judge the dynamics and readiness for innovations
+executing agency, women's projects
+Production trade promotion projects
+- craftsman training "on the job"
+executing agency, craftsmen,
+Preparation of the pilot programme
+- selection of suitable villages for a pilot programme
+executing agency, rural population, rural development projects
+Pilot programme.
+Executing agency
+- selection and training of counseling staff village counselor, women's
+executing agency, craftsmen,
+- work and organisation scheme for the counseling activities
+projects, trade promotion
+- responsibilities
+projects, projects in the field
+- investigations to be performed
+of food technology
+- time schedule
+- reporting
+Draft animals
+- training of the future mill users in handling the draft animals
+executing agency, women, village counselor, rural population, projects in the field of "animal power", veterinary medical services
+- counseling with regard to feeding of and care for the animals, training of care staff
+Organisation of the mill use
+- find out the responsibilities within the group
+executing agency, rural women's groups, village counselor
+- overall responsibility
+- organisation of the fund
+- maintenance of the power gear
+- if necessary, care for the draft animals
+- determine the organisation of the mill use
+- which draft animals are used?
+- who may grind when?
+Acceptance/ economy
+- evaluate the quality of the flour produced by traditional procedures regarding
+executing agency, women, village counselor, craftsmen, projects in the field of food technology
+- fineness - hardness
+- homogenity - colour
+- humidity
+- trials with the animal powered mill:
+- adjustment of the millstones
+- drying of grains
+- sieving of flour
+- examine and compare the time consumption required for the use of animal powered and motor mills
+Production/ maintenance
+- continuous counseling and assistance for the craftsman
+executing agency, craftsman, trade promotion projects
+- training of maintenance staff in the village
+<section>3. Comparison of the economic efficiency of animal-powered mills and motor mills (100 FCFA <= 0.33 $ US)</section>
+Animal powered mill (25 families).
+Motor mill
+(50 families)
+(100 families)
+(200 families)
+1.General data
+pilot lot
+improved model
+(25 families)
+1.1 Investment costs ($US)^1
+- mill
+- building
+1.2 Working hours (h/d) 8
+(d/a) 300
+(h/a) 2400
+1.3 Output (kg/h)²
+Output (kg/d)
+Output (kg/a)
+1.4 Fuel/oil ($US/h)^3
+1.5 Useful life (h)^4
+Write off time (a)
+2. Annual costs
+2.1 Writeoffs ($US/a)^5 155
+2.2 Donkey food ($US/a)^6 124
+2.3 Staff costs ($US/a)^7 (animal power: animal care; motor mill: miller)
+2.4 Maintenance and repair^8 ($US/a)
+2.5 Fuel/oil ($US/a)
+3. Grinding costs ($US/a)
+Grinding costs ($US/kg)
+Diouf, D. et al. (Senegal): The investment costs of a motor mill are assumed to be 1285000 FCFA
+(motor Hatz, 11 H.P:and hammer mill Skiold).
+M.D.R. (Burkina Faso): The investment costs are assumed to be 1 200 000 FCFA (motor
+Anil, 8 H.P. and disk mill Hunt)
+Altarelli-Herzog, V. (Burkina Faso): The investment costs for the same mill are claimed to be
+636 500 FCFA, the investment costs for the mill building 60 000 FCFA (written off for 10 years).
+According to our own experience, these figures are obviously too low. For the cost comparison the following values were assumed:
+Mill and motor: 1 200 000 FCFA
+Building: 240 000 FCFA
+Diouf, D. et al. (Senegal): The theoretical grinding output of the mill is 300 kg/h. However, this value was not achieved in practice. The following actual grinding times (incl. idle time) are assumed:
+small villages: 100 kg/4 h
+large villages: 250 kg/4 h
+paid grinding: 400 kg/8 h
+M.D.R. (Burkina Faso): Grinding output 100 kg/h. The assumption of 100 kg/in was taken over for the cost comparison.
+Diouf, D. et al. (Senegal):
+Fuel consumption
+in small villages: 1 1/60 kg
+in large villages: 1 1/80 kg
+paid grinding: I 1/50 kg
+Fuel price:
+155 FCFA/I
+Oil consumption
+in small villages: 0.1 1/100 kg
+in large villages: 0.041/100 kg
+paid grinding: 0.1 1/100 kg
+Oil price: 860 FCFA/l
+M.D.R. (Burkina Faso):
+Fuel consumption: 21/h
+Fuel price: 250 FCFA/l
+Oil consumption: 0.16 l/h
+Oil price: 600 FCFA/l
+Altarelli-Herzog (Burkina Faso):
+Fuel consumption: 0.77l/h - 1 l/h
+Fuel price: 252 FCFA/l
+Oil consumption: 17 - 35 FCFA/h
+For the cost comparison the following values are assumed:
+Oil consumption: 0.05l/h at 700 FCFA/l
+Diouf, D. et al. (Senegal): The write-off time for the motor mill is assumed to be alternatively
+15 or 5 years.
+M.D.R. (Burkina Faso): A 5-year write-off time is assumed for the motor mill.
+Altarelli-Herzog, V. (Burkina Faso): The write-off of the motor mill is assumed to be 4 years, of the building over 10 years.
+For the cost comparison the useful life of the motor mill was assumed to be 12 000 h when fully utilized (8-hour operation), which corresponds to 5 years. For l-hour operation, the useful life was assumed to be only 4500 h (corresponds to 15 years). The other values were straight-line interpolated.
+Since the animal-powered mill has only very few components which cannot be produced locally, and the grinding unit runs only with one sixth of the number of revolutions for which it was designed when motor-driven, a useful life of 24 000 h was assumed (corresponds to 10 years).
+without interest
+When feeding additionally 50 kg peanut shells, maize etc./month during 6 months/year. 50 kg a 6000 FCFA
+Diouf, D. et al. (Senegal): small village: 5 000 FCFA/month large village: 12 500
+FCFA/month paid grinding: 10 000 FCFA/month M.D.R. (Burkina Faso): 10 % of the grinding price of 15 FCFA/kg corresponds to 1.5 FCFA/kg. Altarelli-Herzog, V. (Burkina Faso): same as MDR
+<section>4. List of the studies, reports an brochures elaborated within the framework of the project</section>
+Information booklets
+Peter Lowe: Der Gopel - eine Alternative bei der Mechanisierung der Landwirtschaft (Animal-powered systems) Eschborn 1983 German, English, French
+Projekt-Consult: Gopeltechnologie - ein Programm von GATE/GTZ in Westafrika (Animal power gears - a programme of GATE/GTZ in West Africa) Frankfurt 1986, German, English
+Technical reports - not country-specific
+Status reports:
+Bernard Gay: Moulins et Maneges (Mills and power gears), Verberie, 1984, French
+Jacques Sarda: Pompes et Maneges (Pumps and power gears), Verberie, 1984, French
+Wulf Boie: Reibradgopel und Kettengopel (Power gears with friction wheels and chains)?
+Frankfurt, 1984, German
+Wulf Boie: Industriell gefertigte Antriebselemente fur Gopelwerke (Industrially manufactured driving elements for power gears), Frankfurt 1984, German
+Short reports, test reports:
+Jacques Sarda: Construction d'un prototype de moulin de fabrication artisanale (Development of a cereal mill for artisan manufacturing), Verberie, 1985, French
+Wulf Boie: Anpassung einer Pumpe an den Universalgopel - Testbericht (Adaptation of a pump to the universal power gear - test report), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Wulf Boie: Anpassung von Reisschalmaschinen an den Universalgopel - Testbericht (Adaptation of rice husking machines to the universal power gear - test report), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Wulf Boie: Marktubersicht und Beurteilung industriell hergestellter Gopel (Market survey and evaluation of industrially manufactured power gears), Frankfurt 1986, German
+Peter Lowe: Technischer Kurzbericht industrieller Universalgopel (Short technical report of industrial universal power gears), Frankfurt 1984, German
+Country-specific studies
+Senegal:
+Peter Lowe: Moglichkeiten der Erprobung und des Einsatzes von Hirsemahlen mit Gope lantrieb im Senegal (Possibilities for testing and using millet mills with power gears in Senegal), Frankfurt 1984, German
+Nicolas Bricas/ Rapport d'Evaluation du projet manege au Senegal (Evaluation report of the
+Francois Protte: power gear project in Senegal), Dakkar 1986, French
+Burkina Faso:
+Peter Lowe: Prefeasibility-Studie, Test und Demonstration von Gopeln in Burkina Faso (Prefeasibility study, test and demonstration of power gears in Burkina Faso), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Ursula Fitzau: Choix de zones et de sites d'experimentation de manege a traction animale au Burkina Faso (Selection of test regions and locations for animal-powered systems in Burkina Faso), Frankfurt 1985, French
+Barry Hassan/ Introduction des Moulins a Traction Animale au Burkina Faso, Rapport Final
+Peter Lowe:
+de la Phase de Demonstration (Introduction of animal-powered mills in Burkina Faso, Final report of the demonstration phase), Frankfurt 1987, French
+Sarda, Jacques: Projet Manege au Burkina Faso (Power gear project in Burkina Faso), Verberie 1986, French
+Sierra Leone:
+Winfried Muziol: Prefeasibility-Studie: Einsatzmoglichkeiten von Gopeln in Sierra Leone (Prefeasibility study: Employment possibilities of power gears in Sierra Leone), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Wulf Boie: Bau von 2 Demonstrationsgopeln im Rolako Equipment Centre des ,,Sierra Leone Work Oxen Project" (Construction of 2 demonstration power gears in the Rolako Equipment Centre of the ,,Sierra Leone Work Oxen Project"), Frankfurt 1986, German
+Central African Republic:
+Peter Lowe/ Prefeasibility-Studie, Einfuhrung von Gopelmuhlen im GTZ-Projekt ,,ACAD
+Ursula Fitzau: OP" (Zentralafrikanische Republik) (Prefeasibility study, Introduction of ani mal-
+powered mills in the GTZ project ,,ACADOP" (Central African Republic)), Frankfurt
+1986, German
+Walter Wilmers: Fabrication et installation de deux moulins a manege au nord de la RCA (Production and installation of two mills with power gears in the north of the CAR), Frankfurt 1986, French
+Mali:
+Werner Roos: Prefeasibility-Studie uber die Einfuhrung der Gbpeltechnologie in Mali (Prefea sibility study for the introduction of animal-powered systems in Mali), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Mauretania:
+Bernard Gay: Introduction de maneges en Mauritanie (Introduction of power gears in Mauretania), Verberie 1985, French
+Togo:
+Peter Munzinger: Kurzbericht: Moglichkeiten der Erprobung und des Einsatzes von Gopeln in Togo (Possibilities for testing and using power gears in Togo), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Non-country-specific studies
+Ursula Fitzau: Berucksichtigung soziokultureller Faktoren bei der Einfuhrung van Gopelmuhlen in Westafrika (Accounting for socio-cultural factors when introducing animal- powered mills in West Africa), Frankfurt 1985, German
+Studies and reports, which were conducted on behalf of GATE before the beginning of the power gear project
+Peter Lowe/
+Gopelschopfwerke in Agypten (Animal-powered water raising systems in
+Wulf Boie:
+Egypt), Frankfurt 1983, German
+Peter Lowe:
+Die Senia - eine technische Innovation im Tal des Beni Boufrah (Marokko)
+(The Senia - a technical innovation in the valley of Beni Boufrah (Morocco)),
+Frankfurt 1983, German
+Diploma theses
+Wulf Boie: Stand der Technik auf dem Gebiet der Gopeltechnik sowie Konstruktion und Bau eines Prototypen fur die Anwendung in Entwicklungslandern (State of technology in the field of power gears as well as construction and building of a prototype to be used in developing countries), Cologne 1982, German
+Ursula Fitzau: Auswirkungen technischer Innovationsprozesse auf die Lebenssituation von Frauen in Entwicklungslandern am Beispiel der Einfuhrung von Gopelmohlen in Burkina Faso (Consequences of technical innovation processes for the situation of women in developing countries, exemplified by the introduction of animal-powered mills in Burkina Faso), Frankfurt 1987, German
+<section>5. Source documentation of figures</section>
+Part 1
+Lowe, Peter (Projekt-Consult) (Cover photograph, la, 2, 3, 4)
+Fitzau, Ursula (Projekt-Consult) (1b, 6)
+Part 2
+Walther, Karl: Die landwirtschaftlichen Maschinen, Leipzig 1910: (1)
+Patent Office of the German Empire: Patent Specification 20051 (2)
+Patent Office of the German Empire: Patent Specification 8678 (3)
+Patent Office of the German Empire: Patent Specification 46642 (5)
+Stuhlmann, Franz: Ein kulturgeschichtlicher Ausflug in den Aures (4) Ohler-Grimm, Ueli (Okozentrum Langenbruck) (6) Lowe, Peter (Projekt-Consult) (7-9) Oertel, Welf (Bachelor of Design) (11, 13-38)
+Figures not specified: Wulf Boie
+<section>6. Contact addresses</section>
+German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE)
+Postfach 5180
+D-6236 Eschborn I (FRO)
+Projekt-Consult
+Beratung in Entwicklungslandern GmbH
+Limburger StraBe 28
+D-6240 Konigstein (FRO)
+Institut Technologique Dello
+8, Rue Paul Bert
+F-83300 Aubervilliers (France)
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/iirr_ii02re.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/iirr_ii02re.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8e3dc776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/iirr_ii02re.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4918 @@
+<title>Resource management for upland areas in Southeast Asia - An information kit</title>
+Organized by:
+International of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)
+FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO)
+Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO)
+Financial and technical inputs provided by:
+FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO)
+FAO Headquarters (AGSP)
+Farmer-centred Agricultural Resource Management Programme (FAO)
+· Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network
+· People-centred Sustainable Development Sub-programme with the Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
+· Rainfed Farming Systems in Asia Subprogramme
+· Watershed Management in the Tropics and Upper Himalayas Subprogramme
+Forest Trees and People Programme (FAO)
+International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
+Asia Soil Conservation Network
+Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development
+UK Freedom from Hunger Campaign
+Technical inputs provided by participants from:
+China
+Agro-ecology Institute, Zhejiang Agricultural University
+Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry
+Indonesia
+Agency for Agricultural Education and Training
+Agricultural Polytechnic, Kupang
+Department of Soil Science, Bogor Agricultural University
+Plant Resources of Southeast Asia Foundation
+World Neighbors - Southeast Asia Media Support Program
+Papua New Guinea
+Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Boroko
+Philippines
+Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
+Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources
+Institute of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Don Mariano Marcos University
+Kapwa Upliftment Foundation
+University of the Philippines at Los Baños
+· Agroforestry Program, College of Forestry
+· Department of Community and Environment Resource Planning
+Thailand
+Office of Community Forestry, Royal Forest Department
+Regional Community Forestry Training Centre
+Thai-German Highland Development Programme
+Vietnam
+CARE International
+Centre for Natural Resource Management and Environmental Studies,
+University of Hanoi
+College of Agriculture and Forestry, Thudoc
+Forestry College, Xuan Mai
+University of Agriculture No. 3, Bacthai Province
+<section>Workshop background, objectives and process</section>
+A workshop on upland management
+This information kit was produced through a workshop at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) from 29 August to 9 September 1994.
+The workshop was organized by IIRR and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, with the Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (APAN, based in Bogor, Indonesia) and the Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA, Bangkok) taking the lead on FAO's behalf.
+A group of more than 30 men and women were drawn from government agencies, nongovernment organizations, universities and international groups in China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. They worked closely with the workshop organizers and the IIRR production team of editors, artists and desktop publishing staff.
+The workshop developed this set of information and training materials on sustainable approaches to agriculture and natural resources management in the uplands. These materials are aimed at extension specialists from government and nongovernment organizations throughout the region.
+Workshop objectives
+The workshop stressed three "Ps" process, participation and product. The workshop idea grew from discussions between IIRR and FAO staff during a consultation with NGOs held in September 1993 in Bangkok at the FAO-RAPA.
+Three primary objectives were recognized:
+· to expose participants to a consultative and participatory process for producing useful information on upland management
+· to maximize participation and harness the experiences, interdisciplinary knowledge and creative and analytical powers of the diverse group of participants and organizers
+· to produce an information kit that can easily be adapted and translated into local media and languages for specific training and extension purposes and tailored to particular user groups.
+Southeast Asian countries face increasing population, deforestation, soil erosion and underdevelopment. Logging and illegal clearing for farming have already destroyed the forests in much of the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Papua New Guinea and the larger islands of Indonesia have some of the few remaining areas of rain forest in the region.
+Unsuitable farming practices and natural resource exploitation are causing serious degradation in the uplands. Rising populations and low crop yields force farmers to clear yet more land. Meanwhile, the eroded soil clogs reservoirs and make rivers downstream shallow, resulting in flooding in the lowlands.
+Improved farming and natural resource management help solve this problem. Simple strategies, such as hedgerows of nitrogen-fixing trees planted across the slope, can slow erosion and maintain soil fertility. Growing a combination of crops, livestock, trees and fish can raise farm incomes and reduce the need to clear new land. At the same time, policy and institutional support is urgently needed to improve agriculture and natural resources management and to strengthen the decisionmaking process of farm households
+The workshop process
+The workshop used a process developed by IIRR. This process has been used to produce information kits on a range of topics related to agriculture and natural resources management, including agroforestry technologies in the Philippines and Ghana, integrated agriculture aquaculture in Asia, ethnoveterinary medicine and environmental concepts and actions. (For a full list of such kits, contact IIRR.)
+In February 1994, a list of potential topics was developed and resource persons were identified to develop first drafts on each topic, using guidelines provided.
+During the workshop itself in August 1994, each participant presented his or her draft paper, using overhead transparencies of each page. Copies of each draft were also given to all other participants, who critiqued the draft and suggested revisions.
+After the first presentation, an editor-artist team helped the author revise and edit the draft and draw illustrations to accompany the text The edited draft and artwork were then desktop-published to produce a second draft.
+Each participant then presented his or her revised draft to the group for a second time, also using transparencies. Again, the audience critiqued it and suggested revisions. After the presentation, the editors, artists and desktop publishing staff again helped the author to revise it and develop a third draft.
+Toward the end of the workshop, the third draft was made available to the participants for final comments and revisions. On the last day of the workshop, the participants worked in country groups to brainstorm and develop follow-up plans to adapt and use the information kit in their own countries.
+The workshop allowed inputs from all participants to be incorporated, taking advantage of the diverse experience and expertise of all present. The concentration of resource persons, editors, artists and desktop publishing resources at one time and place enabled materials to be produced more quickly than is typical for similar publications. And the sharing of experiences among participants allowed the development of networks that would continue to be fruitful long into the future and lead to concrete follow-up activities in the countries concerned.
+Sponsors
+The many partners listed below provided generous financial and technical support to the -workshop. Their valuable contributions are gratefully acknowledged
+· IIRR technical and production staff
+· FAO Headquarters and FAO-RAPA
+· FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (based in Bogor)
+· the UNDP/FAO/UNIDO Farmer-centered Agricultural Resources Management (FARM) Programme (Apart from APAN, three FARM Sub-programmes provided support: Farming Systems (based in Manila), Watershed Management (based in Kathmandu), Peoplecentered Sustainable Development (based at ANGOC, Manila)
+· the FAO Forest, Trees and People Programme (based at the Regional Community Forestry Training Center, Bangkok)
+· Asia Soil Conservation Network
+· Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development
+· the UK Freedom from Hunger Fund
+<section>How to use, adapt and evaluate this kit</section>
+This technical information kit is designed for use by agriculture and forestry trainers, extension subject-matter specialists and government agencies and NGOs focusing on agriculture and natural resource management in the uplands of Southeast Asia. The material draws on a range of experiences from institutions and individuals in the region.
+No collection of material can claim to be perfect or comprehensive and this effort makes no such claim. However, the materials presented lend themselves to adaptations for specific user groups, languages, local media and purposes. The ideas and experiences presented in each of the topics emphasize principles, approaches and methods, not detailed technologies.
+The topics presented in the kit are based on a systems approach to analysis of key resource management concerns in upland communities of Southeast Asia. The systems approach is applied in the design and development of appropriate program interventions. This approach acknowledges that farm households are systems experts and that their local knowledge, needs and experiences must become the basis for program development.
+Chapter contents
+The kit is divided into six chapters (plus appendices), with several topics presented in each chapter. Many topics are interrelated or overlap, this is a deliberate attempt to highlight key messages. Chapter 1 outlines several important concerns confronting upland communities of the region and attempts to summarize some strategies which may be widely applied. Chapter 2 describes and analyzes examples of upland farming and natural resource management practices and systems from Southeast Asia. Chapter 3 briefly describes a range of soil and water conservation methods used in Southeast Asia, their advantages and limitations and factors affecting their adoption.
+Chapter 4 presents a range of diagnostic methods and tools for appraising and assessing human, natural and financial resources available for use by upland households and communities.
+Chapter 5 discusses the importance of support services (e.g., extension, research, marketing and rural enterprise development) which can (1) increase the effectiveness of upland systems when present, or (2) limit the sustainability of the systems when absent.
+How the material can be used
+· As a reference material and a 'menu of options'' to use in developing program strategies and designing interventions
+· As a training material for agriculture/forestry extension personnel
+· As an English-language prototype that can be translated, adapted and revised for each country of the region.
+Chapter 6 presents several methods for evaluating and measuring the impact of upland development programs. Financial, biophysical, social and sustainability indicators are discussed and analyzed. The appendices compile additional resource information, glossaries and detailed information about the workshop participants and their institutions.
+Example of how four topics in the kit can be used in a logical sequence. Outputs from one topic can be treated as inputs into the next. However, the same four topics may be used alone or in a different order if the situation requires.
+Basket approach
+The various chapters present a "basket" of program strategies; they are not intended to represent a "blueprint,, approach. Each of the strategies will be appropriate and relevant based on the local circumstances. However, many of the strategies represented as topics can be used in a logical programming sequence.
+Much of the material in the kit focuses on the development and implementation of upland farming systems using a natural resource management strategy. Within these topics, a distinction is made between agroforestry "systems" and soil and water conservation "practices,,' recognizing that many of the "systems', combine several "practices,,, therefore involving some degree of overlap. However the agroforestry systems information (Chapter 2) focuses more on the tree-crop interactions, while the practices information (Chapter 3) focuses more on component technologies and how they might be integrated into existing systems.
+It is extremely difficult transfer whole systems from one area to another without some degree of adaptation. Equally unsuccessful have been attempts, over the years, to train extension personnel to extend an entire farming system. A more appropriate strategy is the development and promotion of systems components which allow flexibility to farm households to mix-and-match components most relevant to their particular resource base and needs.
+Format
+The format of the kit was chosen by the workshop participants based on the advantages that it offers: (1) it is large enough to be clear and easy to use; (2) the standard size allows for easy photocopying and sharing Given that the contents of many topics are interrelated, crossreferences are given when appropriate; for instance, see Levels of decision-making.
+Evaluation
+This material can be evaluated in various ways. Examples include:
+· Monitoring the adaptation, use and distribution within the AsiaPacific Agroforestry Network and other networks and partners
+· Using a formal evaluation survey, which could be initiated before country-level adaptations are undertaken
+· Obtaining feedback from users of the kit.
+Follow-up
+On the last day of the two-week workshop, the participants discussed and developed follow-up action plans. Some of the key elements of those plans are presented below:
+· In Indonesia, the materials will be used for training and extension (with some adaptation) by government agricultural offices and agricultural polytechnics and universities.
+· In Vietnam, the materials will be used to provide a general framework for upland area development projects, with a focus on the learning, planning, and monitoring and evaluation aspects of program implementation.
+· There was interest to translate and adapt the materials by several of the country groups, including Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam. Additionally, both the China and Vietnam groups made requests to receive diskette copies of the publication in order to facilitate translation and adaptation.
+· All the country groups discussed the distribution of the kit to strategic institutions or individuals within their respective countries.
+· In the Philippines, a national consultation for a training-of-trainers was conceptualized in order to assess how the material could be used by existing trainers within the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the Department of Agriculture, local government units and NGOs. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program---Integrated Social Forestry Program was specifically mentioned as a potential user of the material.
+<section>1. Overview of upland issues and approaches</section>
+<section>Upland development issues and approaches</section>
+The uplands of Southeast Asia contrast with the region's lowlands. They are hilly or mountainous areas, with steep slopes and generally poor soils. While dryland agriculture is most common, the uplands also contain areas of wetland rice where the topography permits irrigation.
+The uplands form a significant portion of most countries in the region: they account for 80% of Indonesia's, 70% of China's and 72% of Vietnam's total land area. Because of their varied topography and poor soils, the uplands sustain lower populations than the more fertile lowlands: only 26% of Vietnam's population lives in upland areas.
+How can integrated, participatory approaches which balance economic and ecological considerations be translated into agricultural development and natural resource management models that can be understood by extension workers and adopted by farmers?
+Links between uplands and lowlands
+· Population movements.
+· Upper watersheds regulate water flow further downstream.
+· Erosion causes siltation and flooding downstream.
+· Lowlands provide markets for uplands.
+· Government policies determined in lowlands, often by lowland inhabitants.
+Lowlands and uplands compared
+These are broad generalizations; they do not apply everywhere.
+Lowlands
+Uplands
+Lowlands
+Uplands
+Biophysical factors
+Extension approaches
+Flat
+Steep slopes
+Complex technology
+Technology simple, promoted step-by-step
+Not subject to erosion
+Prone to erosion
+Uniform
+Varied
+Package oftechnology
+"Menu" of technologies
+Little remaining forest
+Contain most of the region's remaining forest cover
+Package provided Intensive use of chemical inputs
+Process facilitated use of leguminous trees and annual crops, animal manure and composting
+Deep, fertile soils
+Shallow, infertile, marginal al soils
+Irrigated
+Dryland
+Few NGOs involved
+Many NGOs involved
+Monocrop rice or vegetable
+Complex farming systems
+Focus on farm system
+Relevant to overall land
+Intensive farming
+Extensive farming
+Predictable field conditions
+Unpredictable field conditions
+Vital technologies
+Water supply
+Soil and water conservation
+Socioeconomic factors
+Hybrid species
+Nutrient conservation
+Good infrastructure
+Poor infrastructure
+Pest and disease management
+Accessible Remote
+Good extension service
+Poor extension service
+Majority culture
+Minority ethnic groups
+Little ethnic variation
+Large number of ethnic groups
+High literacy levels
+Low literacy levels
+Wage labor
+Family labor
+Relatively well-off
+Relatively poor
+Credit easy to provide
+Credit difficult to provide
+Market-oriented
+Subsistence-oriented
+Clear land tenure titles
+Complex land tenure status
+Land owned privately
+Much land owned by government
+Characteristics of the uplands
+Two features characterize the region's uplands: diversity and change.
+Diversity
+· The varied topography results in wide variations in soil types and fertility, microclimate and vegetation over short distances.
+· Steep slopes and deep ravines make agriculture, transport, communication and the provision of infrastructure difficult.
+· Farming systems are complex, with hundreds of different species and varieties of crops grown.
+· The uplands are home to the majority of the region's ethnic minorities. For instance:
+- 2 million people belonging to 54 ethnic groups in the uplands of Vietnam.
+- 1 million members of hill tribes in northern Thailand.
+· The people in the uplands use a wealth of indigenous techniques, developed and tested over centuries, that can be a valuable resource for development.
+· Diversified, socioeconomic, cultural and agroecological conditions.
+· Diversified ethnic groups.
+· Competition to manage natural resources among individuals, villages, firms, government and NGOs.
+Change
+· Deforestation through logging is rapid, opening up land for cultivation.
+· Shifting cultivation is sustainable where low population densities allow long fallow periods, but results in erosion, soil depletion and declining yields where rising populations force farmers to shorten fallows.
+· The overexploitation and depletion of natural resources result in nonsustainable production systems.
+· Farming systems are changing from a predominantly subsistence basis to the increasing importance of crops and livestock raised for cash
+· Upland areas in Vietnam, Laos and the Philippines are recovering from the effects of war and civil unrest.
+· Land uses are changing from forest to agricultural land and agricultural land to settlement.
+Problems in the uplands
+· Degradation of natural resources (soil, water, forests). Soil and water erosion affects an area of 1.79 million km² in China, causing a loss of more than 5 billion tons of soil annually. The nutrients contained in the lost soil are equivalent to 50 million tons of chemical fertilizers.
+· Changes in climate, biophysical conditions, population and technology, affecting the natural resource carrying capacity and social and economic development
+· Land tenure
+· Farmers' limited technical skills
+· Marketing of agricultural products
+· Gaps in agricultural production processes, marketing and industry in terms of regulations, technology, human resources and physical infrastructure
+· Gender issues.
+Note: Some of these problems may also be severe in lowland areas.
+Population
+Some of the region's uplands are densely populated: Examples are the highlands of Java and the midland region of northern Vietnam. Such areas typically have more fertile soils or are near densely populated lowland areas. Others, such as much of Borneo and Papua New Guinea, are lightly populated.
+The population in the uplands is increasing. These areas are experiencing movements of people in two different directions:
+· Young people in the uplands are moving to the cities in search of employment, leaving children and the elderly in the villages. This results in critical shortages of labor during planting and harvesting.
+· At the same time, people from the lowlands are moving into upland areas in search of cultivable land. Often, these newcomers use inappropriate farming techniques. They also bring different cultural values from the traditional ethnic groups in the hills. They clash with local people for the ownership of land that has traditionally been farmed on a shifting cultivation basis by the ethnic minorities.
+Natural growth and migration from the lowlands mean that upland populations are rising, forcing farmers to cultivate steeper slopes and poorer soils and to leave land fallow for shorter periods. This exacerbates the problems of erosion, soil fertility and water conservation. Many upland areas suffer from severe erosion: 40% of the Jratunseluna watershed in Central Java is degraded.
+Complex relationships
+Farmers, extensionists and researchers must consider many factors:
+· biophysical (soil, water, trees, pests, slope, climate, etc.)
+· social (individuals, households, labor, education, skills, etc.)
+· economic (credit, commodity prices, etc.).
+The complex relationships among these factors help determine the existing farming system and the range of opportunities open to farmers --and the types of soil and water conservation measures they are likely to be able to implement. (See also Levels of decision-making.)
+Components, not technology packages
+The diversity of the uplands means it is impossible to apply single solutions or unified packages of technologies to agricultural problems in the uplands. Rather than trying to design and promote whole-farm systems, experience has shown it is more useful develop and promote components of systems. Farmers can then choose from a "menu" of technologies--some indigenous, some introduced and some a result of a blend of indigenous and introduced technologies. They can select and adapt those technologies that best suit their own unique needs.
+Research and extension approaches
+The diversity of ecosystems, culture and languages also makes research and extension work difficult. Research institutions have generally focused on lowland areas, to the relative neglect of the uplands. Much of this research has been of marginal relevance to problems faced by upland farmers, partly because of poor linkages between research, extension and farmers. In addition, relevant research findings have not been widely disseminated to extension services and farmers.
+Extension services in the uplands are generally weak, with a few, underqualified and poorly paid staff required to cover large areas. Conventional research and extension approaches are clearly unsuited in these conditions. Various alternatives have been tested in the uplands, emphasizing participatory approaches to develop productive, sustainable farming systems. These approaches include participatory technology development, farmer-to-farmer extension and farming systems development.
+Integrated, participatory approaches
+Many agricultural development and natural resources management programs have been very specific in their disciplinary approach, commodity and farming systems orientation. Program orientations have sometimes ignored local conditions, basic community needs and the need for human development. integrated, participatory approaches are needed to ensure that interventions address local problems and are sustainable. New programs seek to increase productivity yet minimize environmental destruction and try to improve the quality of the environment. These programs are integrated and diversified to ensure balance between economic and ecological considerations. The uplands are the focus of several major government programs and smallscale, innovative approaches, often implemented by NGOs.
+Institutions involved in the uplands
+· national government local government
+· research institutes
+· universities
+· extension services
+· infrastructure services
+· nongovernment organizations
+· farmer groups
+· cooperatives
+· indigenous organizations
+· input suppliers
+· marketing organizations
+Examples of integrated program approaches
+· soil and water conservation
+· integrated pest management
+· agroforestry
+· social forestry
+· permaculture
+· ecofarming
+· watershed management
+<section>People's participation</section>
+People are central to the use and management of resources. People use resources for livelihood. People need these resources for their wants. People use these resources for their luxury.
+People's participation is a prerequisite to community-based natural resource management. It is central to a people-centered, sustainable development approach and is a continuous, interactive process.
+Participation means that people become the stakeholders and decision-makers. Participation must not be induced or co-opted. People must be the subjects, not the objects of development initiatives. Participation is the essence of responsible stewardship of natural resources.
+Participation is not easy.
+People's participation requires organization, Interaction, consensusbuilding, decision-making and conflict resolution.
+Community-based natural resources management The community-based natural resources management approach is an ongoing, collective initiative by the community to manage its natural resources. It includes eight components.
+1 Educate and build awareness.
+· Natural resources are the base for food production.
+· Natural resources are part of the global life-support system.
+· These resources must be used sustainably. (See Indicators of sustainability.)
+· It is our civic duty to use, conserve and protect natural resources.
+2 Promote sustainable farming and resource use.
+· Research and develop sustainable farming and resource use.
+· Ensure participation of farm communities.
+· Create partnerships among farmers, extensionists and researchers. (See Research-extension-farmer linkages.)
+· Respect and build on indigenous knowledge. (See Building on indigenous knowledge. )
+3 Conserve and protect sensitive ecosystems.
+The community and local government should work together to identify ways to conserve and protect sensitive ecosystems.
+Criteria for selecting ecosystems:
+· Importance of the ecosystem to local livelihood.
+· Biological diversity and uniqueness.
+· Contribution to the life-support chain and local culture.
+4 Enhance regenerative capacity of natural resources.
+· Identify ways to stop destruction and pollution of natural resources.
+· Promote the regenerative.capacity of resources (e.g., tree planting, composting) to prevent erosion. (See Integrated land-use planning in upland areas.)
+5 Promote gender equity and participation.
+Integrated development programs must ensure women's participation and empowerment. (See Gender analysis.)
+6 Ensure indigenous and minority interests.
+Indigenous people and other minorities have been robbed of their natural resource base. Their survival is threatened.
+· Ensure the continued use of resources for the survival of minorities and their cultural practices.
+7 Address transboundary issues.
+One community can be affected by activities in another community or by pollution from outside. For example, several communities may share a river or beach.
+· Develop mechanisms to deal with transboundary concerns.
+· Find ways to internalize production costs.
+8 Networking and linkage support.
+· Provide training to respond to community needs.
+· Link the community with support agencies, universities and NGOs.
+· Collaborate with other organizations. (See Resource institutions.)
+Implementing community-based natural resources management
+1 Selection of site and collaborators
+· Identify communities.
+· Identify collaborating NGOs or community organizations.
+2 Capacity-building
+· Train collaborators to mobilize people's participation.
+· Train in sustainable approaches to natural resource management.
+3 Community visioning
+· Undertake a community visioning with the local leaders, government agencies and officials, women and youth.
+4 Understanding the situation
+· Assess the local situation. (See Participatory appraisal methods. )
+· Study government plans and interventions.
+5 Participatory planning
+· Assist key community leaders to plan activities.
+· Validate the plans with as many groups as possible (e.g., women, youth, indigenous people).
+6 Implementation
+· Collaborating group (NGO or people's organization) undertakes implementation.
+· Involve as many local organized groups as possible.
+· Ensure that ownership of the project is transferred to the community.
+7 Participatory monitoring and evaluation
+· Regularly monitor activities.
+· Discuss activities with the participants to evaluate successes and weaknesses.
+<section>Levels of decision-making</section>
+Agriculture and natural resources management systems are made up of social, biophysical and economic systems. They must be viewed at different levels: from the individual farmer and household, up through the community to the national and international levels. These levels are interrelated and affect each other in various ways.
+Decision-makers
+Different people or organizations make decisions at the various levels. At the farm level, individual members of the farm household (male, female, young, old) make key decisions. The household is the most important decision-making unit in many settings. At the community level, local leaders (both formal and informal) are important. The cultural norms and traditional practices of ethnic groups may also determine the activities of a family or an individual.
+Individuals and groups make decisions after considering many factors--social, biophysical and economic (see General systems overview). The perceived risk involved is a major influence. Decision-makers may take a short-term or a long-term view.
+Decisions made at one level can affect that level and the lower levels. For example, an individual farmer can decide what crops to plant and this will affect his or her income and the types of pest problems in the field.
+Individual decision-makers at one level do not normally affect what happens at higher levels. For instance, an individual farmer's cropping practices do not have a major impact on the amount of soil erosion in a river catchment or on the market price of the crop. However, farmers can have an impact on erosion or price if a large number of individuals make the same decisions, either deliberately (as in a cooperative) or because of external factors (as when they respond to price increases).
+Empowerment--a key to sustainable development--means enabling farmers and other rural people to make decisions that affect them, both at their own level and (through community organizations) at higher levels.
+Systems
+Production and decision-making are affected by social, biophysical and economic systems in a given area. These systems are complex and interrelated, leaving farmers with large numbers of choices. An understanding of the many factors and the relationships among them is key to helping farmers make informed decisions. To do this, researchers and extensionists must have a broad understanding of various issues. Frequently, a multidisplinary approach to research is needed. (See General systems overview.)
+Social
+Social elements include the farmer (male and female, young and old), the household and community. Each of these units has certain characteristics, skills, needs, priorities and rules.
+Some social factors, such as management skills, can be changed through training or experience. Others, such as family size, change only in the long run.
+Biophysical
+Physical systems include soils, topography, climate, water and location. Biological elements include crops and livestock, insects and diseases.
+Some of these can be altered by the scientist or farmer. For instance, water availability can be improved by building irrigation facilities. Crop yield potential can be increased by breeding droughtresistant varieties or by the use of fertilizers.
+Economic
+Economic components include village stores, input suppliers, and processing and marketing systems. These help determine the demand for a commodity, supply of inputs and prices of produce.
+Many economic factors are determined at more macro levels, so are largely outside the control of individual farmers. However, they may be amenable to change by group action, cooperatives and government programs.
+Scientific disciplines
+Different scientific disciplines tend to address systems at certain levels. For instance, agronomists and plant pathologists focus on cropand field-level biophysical systems. Community organizers are interested in the multifarm and community levels. Some disciplines (such as ecology) span a wide range of levels.
+Role of the extensionists at various levels
+The extensionist works mainly at the farmer, household and community levels (levels I to 4) in the system. He or she has little control over characteristics determined at higher levels (such as commodity prices and disease epidemics). The extensionist's role depends on the level of the system.
+Crop and field levels
+At the crop and field levels (levels 1 and 2), interactions among the soil, plants and insects are the key. The farmer can, to a certain extent, control these interactions through the choice of crop, planting time, application of compost or artificial fertilizers and management of pests. The role of the extensionist is to help the farmer decide what are the most appropriate ways of controlling these interactions--for instance, by helping identify promising local knowledge, testing technologies and introducing new ideas.
+Farm level
+At the farm level (level 3), the extensionist can help the farmer design changes in his or her farm system, such as introducing a new enterprise or assisting in the construction of soil conservation measures.
+Community level
+At the community level (level 4), the extensionist can help farmers and other rural people become organized so they can have an impact on higher-level systems. For instance, a cooperative can affect the marketing system and thereby the price that farmers received for their produce. A farmer group can test and implement soil and water conservation techniques in a microcatchment, reducing soil erosion and improving productivity in this area
+Watershed level
+At the watershed level (level 5), the extensionist can help test the applicability of improved management practices so they can be promoted over a wider area. The extensionist can facilitate cooperation and exchange of information among villages and ethnic groups. He or she can also influence local governments to improve market systems and the accessibility of remote villages.
+<section>2. Integrated upland systems management</section>
+<section>General systems overview</section>
+Prescriptive models and packages of technology are seldom transferable from site to site. (See also Upland development issues and approaches.) Conditions within Southeast Asia, within particular countries, within watersheds, and even within communities are generally too diverse for top-down models to be applied at the farm level. Apart from agroecological diversity, there is a diversity of clients to address-- large and smallholder farmers, marginal farmers, the landless, rural industry workers, shopkeepers, townspeople and urban dwellers--all with different socioeconomic and cultural characteristics and needs.
+This chapter brings together lessons about prominent agroforestry systems in the region. The next chapter describes important soil and water conservation practices that are being applied in these systems. To understand what makes these systems and practices work, it is important to identify factors or considerations that influence farmers in deciding how to manage their natural resources.
+The broad framework for this discussion incorporates socioeconomic, biophysical, conservation and agriculture production issues, which interrelate with the farm household. Many factors influence a farmer's choice of production enterprise or conservation effort.
+· Equip extension workers with a framework for understanding the multiple factors that influence how and why farmers make production and resource allocation decisions.
+· Serve as a tool for conducting diagnostic activities and helping farmers and extension workers improve their decision-making process.
+The checklist may be used at the diagnostic phase for guiding semistructured interviews and group discussions with farmers. (See also chapter on Diagnostic methods and tools ) It may also help to probe for underlying biophysical and socioeconomic factors that explain how and why farmers make specific choices regarding management of their farming systems. Finally, the checklist can be used in monitoring and evaluating field activities.
+<section>Overview of agroforestry systems in Southeast Asia</section>
+What is agroforestry?
+Agroforestry is the deliberate growth and management of trees along with agricultural crops and/or livestock in systems that are ecologically, socially and economically sustainable.
+or, more simply:
+Agroforestry is the use of trees in farming systems.
+How is agroforestry relevant in Southeast Asia?
+In agroforestry research and development, both farmers and scientists should test and validate the aims, potential and positive interactions among both socioeconomic and ecological components. Some important aims of agroforestry are:
+· Increased productivity/income
+· Improved equity in benefit-sharing
+· Sustainable upland management.
+To work effectively with farmers, researchers and development workers must be able to approach agroforestry from a farming systems perspective. (See also Farming systems development.)
+Ways to classify agroforestry systems
+By components
+(What combinations of trees, crops, pasture and other components?)
+By function of trees
+(Are the trees used primarily for production or conservation?)
+By temporal association
+(Is the system only temporary or more permanent?)
+By pattern of trees
+(Are trees managed in a regular pattern or irregularly spread?)
+By tenure
+Agroforestry practices are influenced by the land and tree tenure system (private or state-controlled) that farmers operate in.
+Tenure affects the decision farmers make about the kind of agroforestry system they can use.
+Farm-based
+Forest-based
+Biased toward crops and
+Biased toward trees
+livestock.
+Emphasizes forest and
+Emphasizes fruit trees and
+timber tree species
+multipurpose tree species.
+Generally on government
+Generally on private farm lands.
+controlled forest lands
+Other important factors
+· Agroecological and environmental adaptability.
+· Socioeconomic characteristics.
+· Culture and traditions.
+· Management practices.
+Tenure and land-use rights
+Agroforestry technologies are only a partial solution to upland problems. Fundamental issues of land tenure and long-term use rights need to be resolved in the uplands. Secure tenure is an essential but not sufficient conditions. Other required support services must be mobilized; otherwise agroforestry efforts will not truly benefit resource-poor farmers.
+Examples of tenurial policy changes that favor farming households
+· Renewable 25-year certificates of land stewardship granted within the Philippines, Integrated Social Forestry Program.
+· Renewable long-term production contracts (20 years on agricultural land and 50 or more years on forest land) provided to Vietnamese farmers on over 5 million hectares of lands formerly controlled by state agriculture and forest enterprises.
+Evolution of agroforestry
+Agroforestry systems in Southeast Asia have evolved over centuries and are very diverse and complex. Today, as conditions change, farmers continue to innovate, experiment and improve these systems.
+To meet their needs of food, fodder and fuelwood, fiber and cash, farmers integrate agriculture crops, trees and livestock in their farming systems. This integration has resulted in a wide diversity of traditional agroforestry systems. Most of these systems are well-suited to the local agroecological conditions, the specific subsistence and cash needs of farmers, their social and cultural context and the environmental conservation needs.
+In areas where the people are still living in forest areas or still surrounded by abundant forests (e.g., parts of Laos and Indonesia), they practice shifting cultivation and harvest or collect many nonwood forest products for their own use or for markets.
+In settled agriculture, trees are extensively integrated with the farming systems. In densely populated areas, trees may be more valued and more valuable than in low-population areas where forests are still abundant. Agroforestry systems, particularly in high-population and fuelwood-deficit areas, can serve as buffer zones to mitigate the degradation of natural and plantation forests.
+Trees in and around farms are planted judiciously, carefully and selectively. This is the most widely practiced agroforestry system. Very specific tree and crop combinations are developed for all agroecological zones. If the farming system is based on a tree that takes long time to produce yields (e.g., coconut, areca nut, horticultural trees, rubber), farmers intercrop and/or integrate livestock to generate some early economic returns.
+Farmers living near the forests in densely populated areas have developed practices to integrate their farming systems with the adjoining forests to graze their cattle (or collect fodder) in the forest, or have develop forest gardens to meet their subsistence and cash needs.
+Indigenous vs Introduced technologies
+An agroforestry system may use:
+· Indigenous (existing) technologies that farmers are familiar with.
+· Practices that have been modified or improved by farmers or outsiders.
+· Practices introduced by outside researchers or extension agents.
+Indigenous or existing practices and knowledge should be the basis for designing agroforestry interventions. But many projects have relied (largely unsuccessfully) on introducing agroforestry models and technologies using exotic tree species and technologies.
+Introducing technologies from outside has two risks:
+· Introduced technologies may not be socially or economically acceptable to farmers.
+· Introduced technologies or species may not be ecologically sound (e.g., introduction of Leucaena on acid soils).
+Small-scale, on-farm experiments to test new technologies must be properly conducted and evaluated before these technologies can be promoted.
+<section>Design and management considerations for agroforestry systems</section>
+Agroforestry is an approach to sustainable land-use which is very relevant for the management of upland areas with severe physical and chemical soil constraints.
+Agroforestry systems can improve and maintain soil fertility by:
+· Increasing nutrient input. The incorporation of trees and shrubs into the farming system can increase the organic matter of the soil and the fixation of nitrogen.
+· Recycling nutrients from deep soil layers. Soil nutrients are taken up by tree/shrub roots from deeper soil layers and recycled to the topsoil through litter or lopping (including root residues), forming an almost closed cycle of nutrients.
+· Synchronizing nutrient inputs with plant growth. Trees or shrubs can help synchronize nutrient release with crop requirements by controlling the quality, timing and manner of addition of plant residues like prunings and cuttings.
+· Preventing erosion. In sloping areas, trees or shrubs act as a physical barrier to reduce nutrient loss from erosion.
+The soil-nutrient cycle in the agroforestry system consists of nutrient pools, nutrient flows within the system and nutrient gains and losses.
+The most common problems of upland soils
+· Acidity.
+· Low nutrient content, particularly deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorous.
+· Nutrient losses through soil erosion, leaching and volatilization.
+Key technical considerations for design and maintenance of agroforestry systems
+1 Use nitrogen-fixing trees or shrubs to increase gains from symbiotic fixation. Examples of nitrogen-fixing trees are Gliricidia septum, Desmanthus virgatus, Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Cajanus cajan, Paraserianthes falcataria, Erythrina spp., Albizzia spp. and Calliandra calothyrsus
+2 Select fast-growing and deep-rooted trees or shrubs that can be pruned or lopped more frequently to provide organic matter. Deep-rooted trees can enhance nutrient uptake and act as "nutrient pumps.,, They can store nutrients from below the surface in above-ground biomass. Examples: Acacia spp., Cassia siamea, Gliricidia septum, Desmanthus virgatus, Albizzia lebbek.
+3 Plant trees or shrubs (and crops also) along the contour as a barrier to control soil erosion. The most common design is contour planting or hedgerows. Place crop residues, twigs, barks and other materials on the upward side of the hedgerows or spread along the contours to serve as mulch to control surface run -off further.
+4 In hedgerow intercropping, the hedgerows can be pruned to a height of 75 cm to 100 cm (I m). Incorporate all cuttings and other available organic materials (e.g., twigs, barks, leaves, fruit residues, etc.) into the soil.
+5 Synchronize the timing of tree pruning or lopping with the required nutrients needed by a crop. The potential contribution of plant residues is important, as the nutrients can be supplied to the crops when the nutrients are most needed. The decomposition rate for all organic material is directly proportional to the availability of soil moisture. For example, lopping should be done before the intercrop is planted to allow the residues to be converted from the organic materials to available nutrients.
+6 Practice crop rotation for the intercrops. Plant leguminous nitrogen-fixing crops after grain crops to replenish losses from grain harvest. Some legume crops improve nitrogen gains through symbiotic fixation. Example of a crop sequence: mungbeancorn/rice-cowpea.
+7 Develop and maintain the upper slopes of farmlands as forested plots. These areas then protect the watershed and serve as a source of fuelwood and other wood products. The overall area planted to trees or shrubs should be about 60 percent.
+8 Plant cover crops or green manure crops in fallow areas. Cover crops improve soil fertility through the addition of significant amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen (as much as 200 kg/ha). They also help suppress weeds that might use stored nutrients in the soil. Some recommended cover and green manure crops are: Desmanthus virgatus, Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea), Centrocema pubescens (centrocema), Phaseolus antropurpureus, Vigna radiata (mungbean), Vigna sinensis (cowpea), Sesbania rostrata (sesbania).
+<section>Integrating local tree species into family farms</section>
+An experience from Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia
+Swidden cultivators have traditionally relied upon both their gardens and the local forest to provide for their basic needs. Due to a variety of factors, many shifting cultivators are gradually turning to more sedentary forms of farming. Farmers making this transition often begin planting perennial cash crops in addition to their annual staple crops. However, these tree crops incorporated into their farming system cannot totally supplant the functions of the slowly disappearing natural forests.
+In the province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) in Indonesia, many of the transition farmers working with Yayasan Tananua, a local farmers' organization, have been gradually planting trees to create "forests,, on sections of their own farms. These "family forests,,, or hutan keluarga, are planted with exotic trees and a variety of local forest species that traditionally provided the farm families with food, timber, fuelwood, herbal medicines and other useful products. These hutan keluarga have evolved into highly varied systems in terms of species composition and planting distances resulting from individual preferences and selection of each household.
+Examples of local tree species integrated in family forests (NTT, Indonesia)
+Names
+Scientific name
+Use (parts used)
+Sumbanese
+Indonesia
+Ha Moi Hua
+traditional medicine (bark)
+Melinjo
+Gnetum gnemon
+vegetables (leaves), snacks
+(processed seed), rope material(bark)
+Hureni
+Suren
+Toona sureni
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Kaduru
+Kayu Merah
+Pterocarpus indicus
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Kajiu
+Cemara
+Casuarina junghuhniana
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Kajiu Omang
+Cemara Hutan
+Podocarpus imbricatus
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Kaninggu
+Kayu Manis
+Cinnamomum zeylanicum
+spice (bark), traditional medicine
+Kayu Loba
+cloth dye (bark)
+Kiru
+Dyxoxylum caulostachyum
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Kombu
+Mengkudu
+Morinda citrifolia
+cloth dye (bark)
+Lamua
+Mindi
+Melia azedrach
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Langira
+Nauclea orientalis
+timber/construction material (trunk)
+Lobung
+Decaspermium sp.
+vegetable (leaves), food
+ingredient (seed), timber/
+construction material (trunk)
+Mangata
+timber/construction material (trunk)
+Mangawa
+Jabon
+Anthocephalus cadambu
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Mbaku Hau
+Melur
+Podocarpus amarus
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Pau Omang
+Mangga, kedipir
+Mangifera indica, Mangifera gedebe
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Tumbu Ndaba
+Tumbaran
+Neonauclea exelsa
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Wihi Kaloki
+Calophyllum soulattri
+timber/construction material(trunk)
+Wora
+Bayur
+Pterospermum diversifolium
+cloth dye (bark)
+Factors influencing adoption
+When the hutan keluarga became popular in the island of Sumba during the late 1980s, it was expected that farmers would plant many of the local species from the natural forest on their own farms. This way, the original role of the forest in the traditional shifting farming system could be maintained. This, however, did not happen, most of the hutan keluarga that currently exist have only a few species endemic to the natural Sumbanese forest.
+Reasons for not cultivating local species
+· Planting materials of preferred local species are difficult to find and collect. On the other hand, planting materials of exotic or naturalized species are easily accessible from the market, the government or nongovernment organizations in the area.
+· Some local species are hard to propagate.
+· Farmers are not convinced that forest species can grow outside the natural forest.
+· The perception that exotic species are "modern,, made some farmers prefer them over local species.
+· Some farmers perceive that local species are not as valuable as exotics.
+Difficulties encountered by farmers planting local species
+· Collecting and transporting planting materials (saplings are most commonly used) from the forest to their farm is difficult and timeconsuming.
+· Saplings from the forest need special care (watering, shading, wind protection, etc.) compared to naturalized or exotic species commonly grown in the locality.
+· Local forest species have generally lower survival rates, despite the special care given to them.
+· Most of the preferred local species have long growing cycles, e.g., first grade construction wood normally takes 10-1 5 years before it can be harvested.
+Most transition farmers do want to plant more species from the natural forest to their hutan keluarga. However, incorporating local species, even among the more experienced and enthusiastic farmers, is still a matter of trial and error. Thus, the practice has spread only to a limited area. If incorporating the local forest species into the hutan keluarga is to be encouraged, the more problematic issues of access to planting materials and proper care and management practices need to be addressed.
+<section>Agroforestry systems in China</section>
+China is a vast country, with mountains (including hills and plateaus) covering 6.3 billion ha, or approximately 66% of the total area. About onethird of the total population, two-fifths of the cultivated land and 90% of the forest are located in this mountainous area.
+The practice of agroforestry in China has a long history, though use of the term "agroforestry" is new. Given that there are so many types and patterns of agroforestry systems, only some of the more important examples are presented below.
+Farm-based agroforestry systems
+Crop-based agroforestry
+Crop-based agroforestry systems are composed of herbaceous agricultural crops (the major component) and woody trees. They are oriented towards food production focusing on grains, cash crops and vegetables.
+The trees are usually planted in rows. Tree density depends on the production purpose and the area to be covered. In some areas, fish ponds are included.
+"Agroforestry in Chinese"
+While there is no single equivalent Chinese term for agroforestry, several parallel terms can be used. These include:
+hun nong lin xi tong
+Mixed agriculture and forestry system
+Iin nong fu he xi tong
+Forestry and agriculture complex system
+nong lin fu he xi tong
+Agriculture and forestry complex system
+nong lin xi tong
+Agriculture and forestry system
+nong lin mu yu fu he xi tong
+Agriculture-forestry-animal-fish sideline complex system
+nong yong lin ye
+Forestry for agricultural purposes
+Different agroforestry systems are most commonly named according to their major components, for example, the "Paulownia-wheat" system.
+Advantages
+· Crop-based agroforestry can produce both woody and agricultural products, improve the physical environment and increase farm productivity. For example, during winter and early spring the trees have no leaves and, therefore, do not affect the growth of the crop. However, during late spring and summer, the trees can reduce wind speed (by as much as 30%), reduce soil evaporation (by 10%) and increase air humidity (by about 5%), all of which enhance grain yields
+· Firewood collected from the trees provides cooking materials, reducing the pressure on forests and saving straw and animal manure for use as organic fertilizers
+Fruit tree-based agrotorestry
+Intercropping fruit trees with herbaceous crops is an age-old practice by Chinese farmers. However, the system has been improved as more technology and management options have become available. In central and northern China, deciduous fruit species are dominant, while in central and southern China, evergreen species dominate. There are numerous planting patterns that are adapted to local situations in China.
+Many herbaceous crops are grown in association with the fruit trees In many places, animals and fishes are also major components of the system.
+Variations of crop-based agroforestry systems
+Although crop-based agroforestry systems are most widely practiced in Henan province, some neighboring provinces also have similar systems. A variation involves the use of tree species as forest windbreaks. This is widely practiced throughout the northern area of Dongbei, Huabe and Xibei and covers about 46% of the total land in that area.
+Another variation is the development of bamboo-based systems, now rapidly expanding in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces. Bamboo is planted on sloping or flat farmland. Vegetables, grains, legumes and other crops are intercropped in the initial years. After a few years, the bamboo becomes dense and is the single most important crop in the system. Because of the high price for edible bamboo shoots, small bamboo plantations can generate very high economic returns--up to US$20,000/ha in some places. Most of the bamboo shoots are sold as fresh shoots, but some amount of post-harvest processing is done, including drying, preservation in solution and some canning for local, national and international markets.
+Advantages
+· Intercropping with fruit trees can fully utilize land and labor resources, give better vegetative cover for soil and water conservation and provide products for humans, fodder for animals and green manure to improve soil fertility.
+· Intercropping can also increase soil temperature, promote root and microorganism activity in winter reduce labor and minimize competition for nutrients and light.
+Limitations
+· Fruit tree production can be a profitable enterprise. However, risks of overproduction of fruits do exist. For example, in some parts of China, yellow peach trees were replaced with other fruit trees because of low market prices. Ecological risks also exist. For example, in recent years citrus trees have been planted on land where other crops have not performed well due to low temperatures.
+Homegardens
+Homegardens are an ancient agricultural system in China and are commonly found throughout the country. Researchers and Chinese practitioners of ecological agriculture have helped to improve and intensify these systems significantly in recent years.
+Every garden is a unique creation, with a complex set of tree and crop species and animals. Mushrooms are often grown as well. Fishponds are used to raise fish or high-value species such as eels or soft turtles. Biogas digesters supplied with animal dung are common.
+Fruit tree-based agroforestry
+Common fruit trees
+Apple
+Orange
+Chestnut
+Peach
+Citrus
+Pear
+Grape
+Persimmon
+Jujube
+Plum
+Longan
+Pomelo
+Lychee
+Walnut
+Common crops
+Beans
+Sweet potato
+Grains
+Vegetables
+Green manure
+Legume and
+Peanut
+grass fodder
+Strawberry
+crops
+Homegardens
+Common crops and trees
+Bamboo
+Flowers
+Fruits
+Herbs
+Medicinal plants
+Ornamental trees
+Vegetables
+Other cash crops
+Animals
+Pigs
+Chicken
+Ducks
+Mushrooms
+Pasania
+Oyster-cap
+Straw mushrooms
+Aquatic species
+Fish
+Eels
+Soft turtles
+Advantages
+· The system is usually small in scale. However, the potential to generate income is generally very high.
+· Homegardens are very flexible and can allow adjustments in production as prices change. In addition to providing income, homegardens contribute to the nutritional improvement of a household, as well as improving the beauty of the homestead.
+Limitation
+Operating and managing an intensive homegarden requires a high level of skills.
+Tea-based agroforestry
+Tea-based agroforestry systems are common in the provinces along the Yangtze river valley. Tea is usually intercropped with fruit or timber trees and crops. Many different herbaceous crops, especially legumes, are intercropped into the rows of trees and tea. In certain circumstances, grain or vegetable crops are intercropped. This is especially common in newly established tea plantations. The system often includes animals and fish: usually, there are more animal and fish species in this system than in the crop-based system.
+Advantages
+· Intercropping of woody or fruit trees can improve the local microclimate (temperature, humidity, light scattering, etc.), enhancing tea yield and improving tea quality.
+· As well as producing tea, the system yields other products such as fruits, firewood, fodder and green manure.
+· Intercropping of trees in a tea plantation can reduce runoff, lessen soil erosion and moderate high summer temperatures.
+Tea-based agroforestry
+Tea
+Common trees
+Jujube, peach, pear, persimmon, plum and other deciduous fruit trees
+Masson pine, slash pine, loblolly pine, Chinese fir, Chinese tallowtree, tung oil tree, paulownia, poplar and sassafras
+Common crops
+Alfalfa
+Barley
+Chinese milky vetch
+Common vetch
+Corn
+Horse bean
+Pea
+Soybean
+Wheat
+Animals and fish
+Chicken
+Duck
+Pig
+Eel
+Limitations
+· Crops such as sesame that share common pests with tea should not be used as an intercrop.
+· The proper selection of pesticides and timing of application on the intercrop are important to avoid pesticide residues on the tea.
+Rubber-based agroforestry
+An agroforestry system which incorporates tree species and herbaceous crops into the rubber plantation is widely practiced.
+Rubber, commonly grown in large-scale plantations, is widely grown in the tropical areas of Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. The system contributes greatly to the dried rubber production of China. Although it is varied both in terms of species combination and density, the rubber-based system is not as diversified as the tea-based agroforestry system.
+Rubber-based agroforestry
+Rubber
+Other common woody perennials
+Coffee
+Tea
+Windbreak trees
+Common crops
+Legumes
+Medicinal crops
+Pepper
+Sugar cane
+Advantages
+· The system enhances resource use efficiency (light, heat, water, etc.), increases biomass productivity, fully utilizes the land and improves soil and water conservation.
+· It absorbs labor and enhances economic efficiency.
+· It is more tolerant to natural disasters than are monocropped rubber plantations.
+Limitation
+· Rubber-based agroforestry requires an intensive use of technology and material inputs. Technical aspects to be considered include the selection and proper arrangement of the species
+(more tea should be planted on the upper part of a slope, with more rubber on the lower part to avoid wind injury), proper pruning of the rubber trees and proper application of fertilizers and pesticides.
+Forest-based agroforestry systems
+Timber tree-based agroforestry
+Timber tree-based agroforestry includes large-scale, industrial tree plantations for production of timber. One example is the Chinese fir system, located mainly in the provinces along the Yangtze River valley. Crops are often intercropped into the newly established tree plantations by planting in between the young seedlings. Chinese fir, pine and other fast-growing species often dominate these plantations. The tree density is high and intercropping with herbaceous crops can only be practical during the initial years. Animals are also raised in the system.
+Advantages
+· Intercropping between timber trees can effectively balance short-term and long-term benefits. Better vegetation cover can reduce soil and water erosion. Cultivation and fertilization can promote the growth of both crops and trees.
+Limitations
+· Land preparation is laborintensive.
+· Land preparation for tree planting and intercropping can destroy the natural vegetation. Serious soil and water erosion can occur after heavy rains and before the intercrop is well-established. This affects overall soil degradation, as well as reducing the yields of the crop and tree species.
+· For these reasons (and others), this system is not welladapted to the conditions of individual farm households.
+Timber tree-based agroforestry
+Common trees
+Chinese fir, pine
+Common crops
+Beans
+Grains
+Green manure
+Legume and grass fodder crops
+Peanut
+Sweet potato
+Vegetables
+Watermelon
+Animals
+Chicken
+Duck
+Pig
+Timber and medicinal plants agroforestry
+Herbaceous and woody plants have long been used in Chinese medicine. Using timber tree plantations to produce medicinal plants is a recent variation to this age-old practice. This agroforestry system can be found in hilly and mountainous regions of China.
+High-value medicinal plants (woody or herbaceous) are often intercropped into established timber plantations 4-5 years after first pruning.
+Advantages
+· This agroforestry system can help balance the conflict between the long-term economic benefits of timber production and mediumterm livelihood opportunities. It can also meet the increasing demand for high value medicinal plants like ginseng.
+Limitations
+· Susceptible to fluctuations in market prices for medicinal plants.
+Timber and medicinal plants agroforestry
+Medicinal plant species
+Amur corktree
+Eucommia
+Ginseng
+Magnolia
+Nackberry lily
+White aster
+Villous amomum
+Other promising agroforestry systems in China
+Intercropping agricultural crops with Paulownia sp.
+This system has become important in the flatland areas of north China. Paulownia is a fast-growing tree with a deep root system (minimizing root competition with annual crops). It seems to enhance the suitability of the microclimate for agricultural crops and also produces timber within a short period (about 10 years).
+Intercropping agricultural crops with Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese date)
+In an intercropping system, the mixed planting of the Chinese date with an annual crop such as wheat can increase the yield of both crops. The vitamin-rich Chinese date is very popular in China and is found from temperate to subtropical areas, with the Yellow River--Huaihe River plain as the center of distribution.
+Multiple-layer artificial population
+Several variations of multiple-layer agroforestry systems have been found to perform well in the tropical regions of southern Yunnan. Rubber-tea and rubber-camphor-tea combinations have been the most productive. Traditional Chinese medicine species (e.g., Cinchona ledgeriana) have also been used successfully.
+<section>Agroforestry systems in Indonesia</section>
+Traditional agroforestry systems are found throughout Indonesia, including the kebun-talun and pekarangan systems in Java, and the multistoried agroforestry gardens in Sumatra. Introduced agroforestry systems also are common in many parts and are integrated into forest development programs on forest lands, as well as being widely practiced on private farm lands.
+Farm-based agroforestry systems
+Pekarangan system
+The pekarangan (homegarden) is a mixture of annual crops, perennial crops and animals (including livestock) in the area surrounding a house. It is an integrated system with definite boundaries that serves a variety of economic, biophysical and sociocultural functions. The homegarden system originated in Central Java and spread to East and West Java in the middle of the eighteenth century.
+Kebun-talun and homegardens in West Java generate relatively good income and are good sources of calcium, vitamin A and vitamin C.
+A typical homegarden has a similar structure from year to year, though there may be some seasonal variations. The lowest two layers (up to 2 m in height) are dominated by starchy food plants, vegetables and spices. Cassava and ganyong (Canna edulis) are the most common plants found in the homegarden. The next layer (two to five meters) is dominated by bananas, papayas and other fruit trees. The five to ten meters layer is also dominated by fruit trees or other cash crops, such as cloves. The top layer, higher than 10 meters, is dominated by coconut and other trees, e.g., Albizia, for building materials and firewood.
+Kebun-talun system
+The kebun-talun system usually consists of three stages: kebun (garden), kebun campuran (mixed garden) and talun (mixed tree garden). The first stage, kebun, involves clearing the forest and cultivating annual crops. These crops are generally consumed by the farm household, with part of the produce sold as cash crops.
+In the kebun stage, three vertical layers of annual crops predominate: the lowest layer consists of creeping plants that occupy the ground below a height of 30 cm. The layer from 50 cm to 1 m is occupied by vegetables, and the upper layer includes maize, tobacco, cassava or leguminous vines supported by bamboo sticks.
+Pekarangan (homegarden)
+Top layer (>10 m)
+Coconut, Albizia, other trees
+5-10 m layer
+Fruit trees: Soursop, jackfruit, duku (Lansium domesticum), guava, mountain apple, cloves
+2-5 m layer
+Bananas, papaya, other fruit trees
+1-2 m layer
+Ganyong (Canna edulis), Xanthosoma, beans, spinach, cassava, gembili (Dioscorea esculenta)
+Lowest layer (< 1 m)
+Taro, Xanthosoma, chili pepper, eggplant
+After two years, tree seedlings start to grow, leaving increasingly less space for the annual crops. The kehun gradually evolves into the kebun campuran, in which the annuals are mixed among half-grown perennials. The economic value of the mixed garden is less than that of the garden, but the biophysical value becomes higher. The diversified nature of the kebun campuran also enhances soil and water conservation. Erosion in the talun system is minimal, because undergrowth and litter are abundant. When the undergrowth and litter are removed, erosion may increase substantially.
+In the kebun campuran, shade-tolerant plants such as taro occupy the space below one meter. Cassava forms the second layer from one to two meters height and the third layer is occupied by bananas and trees.
+After harvesting the annual crops in the kebun campuran, the field may be abandoned for two to three years to become dominated by perennials. This stage is known as talun and is the climax stage of the kebun-talun system.
+The talun is dominated by a mixture of perennial trees and bamboos, forming three vertical layers. The talun stage can take a variety of forms such as woodlots (for firewood and building materials), bamboos and mixed perennials.
+The three-strata system
+The three-strata system is a method of planting and harvesting grasses, legumes, shrubs and trees in such a way that animal fodder will be available throughout the year. The practice was developed by households in the island of Bali. The first layer, consisting of grasses and legumes is intended to supply fodder at the beginning of the wet season. The second layer, consisting of shrubs, is to supply fodder in the middle and the end of the wet season. The third layer, comprised of trees, is to supply fodder during the dry season.
+The three-strata system divides a piece of land into three parts:
+· nucleus
+· blanket
+· boundary.
+The nucleus is maintained for food production. The blanket is divided into a number of compartments, with each compartment cultivated with various grasses and legumes.
+Fodder tree species are planted around the boundary at a spacing of 2 trees every 5 m. Between these trees Gliricidia or Leucaena shrubs are planted at a 10 cm distance between the shrubs.
+Animal stocking rates can vary from low (0. 5 ha per cow) to high (0.25 ha per cow) due to improved fodder availability. Cattle raised in the system grow rapidly and are ready for market at an early age.
+Alley cropping in the semi-arid provinces of East Indonesia
+This technology has been developed in dryland farming programs in the semi-arid provinces of Nusa Tenggara since the early 1980s. The technology consists of hedgerow planting on contour lines with legume species. Before 1986, the hedgerow mainly consisted of lamtoro gung (Leucaena leucocephala); but after the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) infestation, Gliricidia septum and Calliandra calothyrsus were used. The hedgerows are intended for enhancing soil and water conservation. Between the hedgerows, annuals, perennial crops and grasses are planted.
+In Sumbawa and other islands, live fences and rock walls are constructed to protect the crops against grazing livestock and wild animals.
+Forest-based agroforestry systems
+Shifting cultivation
+Shifting cultivation (also called swidden or bush fallow agriculture) is widely practiced in most Indonesian islands, except Java. Shifting cultivation includes a variety of practices occurring in a diversity of environments under many specific circumstances.
+In Apo Kayan (East Kalimantan), almost all the forests cleared for agriculture are secondary forests and the fallow period is between 10 to 30 years. The farmers believe that the fallow period should be long enough to reduce weeds and to prevent the short-term degradation of the forest into scrub. Occasionally, sites may be left unused for even longer periods (40 to 50 years) to prevent gradual declines in fertility and an increase in weedy species. The farmers recognize the merits of long-term swidden management.
+In Long Segar (also in East Kalimantan) shifting cultivators clear more primary forest than secondary forest for swiddens. People in Long Segar grow rice, easily selling the surplus through trade boats or to local markets. For this reason and because of the availability of chainsaws and fuel for motor boats, the area cleared and cultivated by Long Segar farmers is about 0.4 ha per capita per year, or about 33% larger than in Apo Kayan. The total area cultivated in 1979-1980 was about 400 ha, of which 82% was primary forest. Because of market, technology and population pressure, the rotation is becoming shorter. The recovery of such fields to forest is slow and, consequently, there is danger of land degradation.
+Improved fallow
+Improved fallow technology is one of the alternatives to control destructive shifting cultivation practices and to develop more sustainable dryland agricultural systems. Abandoned fields are planted to the fast-growing cover crop, Pueraria javanica, to rehabilitate soil fertility and as a perennial cash crop. Food crops can again be planted after 3-4 years--a much shorter fallow period than traditionally followed
+This revised cropping pattern will produce rice and cassava within a short period; pineapple, ginger and peanut in the near term and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) in the long-run.
+Multistoried agroforestry garden system in West Sumatra
+The system is characterized by an intensive integration of forest species and commercial crops, forming a multilayer, forest-like system. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which supplement rice production.
+Tumpangsari (Taungya)
+Various tumpangsari methods exist. They are introduced agroforestry systems designed to meet the subsistence needs of households with limited access to cultivable lands.
+The implementation of tumpangsari in Java's teak forests includes four main activities: (1) site preparation, (2) seed preparation; (3) planting and (4) maintenance. The spacing of the main crop (teak) is generally I x 3 m; Leucaena is planted as a dense row in the middle between the teak rows. Additional crops can be planted in the I . 5 m-wide space between the teak and the Leucaena rows.
+Similar activities can also be carried out in the establishment of plantations of other timber species, such as Pinus, Agathis, Altingia and Swietenia. Tumpangsari can also be found in rubber (Hevea) plantations, especially among smallholders. Due to the psyllid infestation problem with Leucaena, other species for interplanting need to be tested: Acacia villosa, Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia.
+Inmas or intensified tumpangsari
+Intensified tumpangsari includes the following technologies:
+· high-yielding crop varieties
+· improved soil conservation and tillage methods
+· fertilizers
+· insecticides (if necessary)
+· correct timing for planting and fertilizing with respect to rainfall.
+Since the 1970s, the intensified tumpangsari approach in teak forests has given satisfactory results and is increasingly being applied over larger areas. With the use of selected superior crop varieties and crop fertilization (in the range of 90-100 kg urea and 60-150 kg triple super phosphate per ha), together with the use of insecticides, yields of dryland rice may increase from 700 kg to 2,000-3,000 kg per ha.
+Another example of intensified tumpangsari is vegetable tumpangsari in the Lembang area. Farmers in Lembang cultivate high-value vegetables between pine and other tree species on forest as well as on private lands. The vegetables include tomato (Lycopersicum Iycopersicon), potato (Solanum tuberosum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis), white beans (Visum sp.), chili pepper (Capsicum anuum), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Dryland rice (Oryza sativa) is also grown.
+West Sumatra multistorey system
+Cultivated annual crops
+Chili (Capsicum anuum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), maize (Zea mays), beans ( Vigna spp., Phaseolus spp.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
+Trees
+Durio zibethinus, Pterospermum javanicum, Toona sinensis, Cinnamomum burmani, Myristica fragrans, Coffea canephora
+Damar mata kucing agroforestry in Krui
+Damar mate kucing is a resin of Shorea javanica produced in artificial forests in Krui, Lampung, in Sumatra. The resin is a cash crop sold throughout the year. The damar trees dominate the ecosystem. Other products are fruits, vegetables and other horticultural products, including langsat (Aglaia domestika), duku (Aglaia dookoo), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), menteng (Baccaurea racemosa), durian (Durio zibethinus), aren (Arenga pinata), coffee (Coffea spp.), doves (Syzygium aromaticum), bamboo and rattan.
+Whole rotation, or integrated tumpangsari
+A more recent variation of tumpangsari is the integration of the approach into social forestry programs which include formation of farmer's groups, longer-terra tenurial arrangements and more flexibility of farm households to plant food crops.
+In traditional tumpangsari, farmers are entitled to plant food crops between the young forest trees for only about two years. In the integrated tumpangsari, they are also allowed to grow fruit trees, grasses and other kinds of plants between the timber trees during the whole rotation period of the forest crop. The various planting materials for the forest, as well as the non-forest trees, are provided by the Forestry Service. The farmers may harvest the fruits, fuelwood, grasses, medicinal and other plants during the rotation period of the forest crops.
+<section>Agroforestry systems in the Philippines</section>
+Agroforestry has been traditionally practiced by different tribal groups in the Philippines for generations. This land-use system is now recognized by the government as one of the alternatives to address the twin problems of meeting the needs of upland farmers and maintaining the integrity of the environment. It is one of the major components of the community-based forestry programs of the government, such as the Integrated Social Forestry Program and the Community Forestry Program. Many nongovernment organizations also develop and promote different forms of agroforestry as approaches for sustainable upland development.
+Farm-based agroforestry systems
+Alley cropping
+Alley cropping is also known as hedgerow intercropping system. Hedgerows of trees or shrubs (usually double hedgerows) are grown at intervals (usually 4-6 m) along the contours. The strips or alleys between the hedgerows are planted with agricultural crops (annuals and/or perennials).
+A good example of this system is the Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT).
+One or two rows of woody perennials are grown as hedgerows, either from seeds or cuttings, along the contours. Contour lines are located using an Aframe tool. The recommended horizontal distance between contour hedgerows is 46 m or about 1.5 m vertical distance. At an average of 5 m interval (horizontal distance) and l m width of hedgerows, about 20% of the total area is occupied by the hedgerows. For the alleys, the recommended cropping pattern is to plant perennial crops (e.g., coffee, fruit trees, etc.) in every third alley while the other two alleys can be devoted to annual crops. This makes a spatial ratio of about 20% hedgerows, 25% perennials and 55% annuals.
+Philippine upland situation (1990)
+· Uplands constitute 17.5 million ha, or 59% of the total land area.
+· About 12.2 million ha are marginal upland areas.
+Cultivated/open areas
+0.30 million ha
+Grasslands
+1.80 million ha
+Cultivated mixed grasslands
+10.11 million ha
+Eroded and other barren areas
+0.01 million ha
+Total
+12.22 million ha
+· Upland population is estimated to be about 18 million, or more than 3 million households.
+--8.5 million forest dwellers
+--6.0 million tribal Filipinos
+--3.3 million migrants from lowland areas
+· At a population growth rate of 2.6% per year, an additional 5.25 million ha of forest lands will be cleared by the year 2025.
+The hedgerows are regularly pruned to a height of about 0. 5 m to minimize shading of agricultural crops in the alleys. The pruning frequency depends on the coppicing ability of the species. Biomass from the prunings can be used as green manure or mulch to the alley crops or as fodder fed to livestock. Through time, natural terraces can form at the base of the hedgerows, thereby minimizing soil erosion and surface run-off.
+Advantages
+· Conserves soil and water.
+· Can increase crop yield and farm income (e.g., 4-5 fold increase in maize yield when compared to maize yield of upland fields without hedgerows.
+· Flexible since different cropping systems can be integrated (e.g., annual and perennial crops can be mixed in different ratios along the alleys; livestock can also be integrated.)
+· Reduces dependence on inorganic fertilizers. (Prunings can be used as organic fertilizer.)
+Limitations
+· Can decrease overall farm yield due to: (1) loss of cropland resulting from hedgerow establishment; (2) improper pruning and too-close hedgerow interval can reduce light penetration, and (3) some hedgerows may have allelopathic properties which can adversely affect crop growth.
+· Laborious to establish and maintain.
+Alley cropping with improved pasture grasses and/or fodder trees or shrubs
+Hedgerows of fodder trees or shrubs (e.g., Desmodium rensonii, Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia septum, Flemingia congesta) are planted along contours at intervals. The alleys between the hedgerows are planted with improved pasture grasses and/or fodder trees or shrubs. Pruning from the hedgerows grasses and fodder trees/shrubs are fed to animals in a cut-and-carry method.
+Ideal characteristics of hedgerow species
+· easy to establish (from seed or cutting)
+· fast-growing
+· good coppicing ability
+· nitrogen-fixing
+· deep-rooted has multiple uses (i.e., food, fuel, fodder, etc.)
+Some recommended hedgerow species
+· Gliricidía septum
+· Flemingia congesta
+· Leucaena leucocephala
+· Desmodium rensonni Cassia spectabilis Calliandra calothyrsus
+· Desmanthus sp.
+· Some grasses such as napier (Pennisetum purpureum), vetiver ( Vetiveria zizanoides), guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Setaria sp.
+Multistorey system
+In this agroforestry system, mixed species occupy different canopy levels, with the upper layers occupied by trees or other woody perennials that provide partial shade to agricultural crops in the lower layers. This system is similar to the structure (multilayer) and composition (diverse species) of a tropical rainforest. Examples are coconut-coffee-pineapple-banana mix (commonly found in Cavite province); Albizia-coffee/cacao mix (commonly found in provinces of Mindanao); Gliricidia-coffee mix (found in many areas); and homegardens (found throughout the country).
+This system can be adapted by interplanting shade-tolerant species under established tree and coconut plantations.
+Advantages
+· Promotes optimum utilization of light and soil resources.
+· Promotes efficient nutrient cycling.
+· Series of canopy layers minimizes rainfall impact, thus reducing soil erosion and runoff.
+· Promotes greater diversity; hence, crops become less prone to pests and diseases.
+· Diversified cropping helps to ensure a year-round source of food and income.
+· Promotes maximum utilization of labor and time.
+Limitation
+Possibility of too much competition among crops for light and nutrients.
+Desirable characteristics of upper canopy trees
+· small crown or sparse foliage to allow some light to pass through to lower canopies
+· nitrogen-fixing
+· deep-rooted
+Some common nursery trees for coffee and cacao plantations
+· Gliricidia septum
+· Alnus japonica
+· Leucaena leucocephala
+· Erythrina orientalis
+· Paraseriantes falcataria
+· Pterocarpus indicus
+· Samanea saman
+Multistorey system + animals
+This system is similar to the multistorey system except that freerange grazing animals are added as a component. An example is the coconut-lanzones mixture, with horses or cattle, found in Laguna and Quezon provinces.
+Trees along farm boundaries
+Trees are planted along farm boundaries as: boundary marker, live fence, live-fence post for tying barbed wire or bamboo slats, or as shelterbelts/windbreaks.
+When mature, some of these trees can be harvested and used as posts or as light construction materials. Pruning can also provide fuelwood, fodder or green manure.
+Live fences (or living fences) can be established by planting rows of trees or shrubs around a grassland area to enclose the grazing animals. Aside from the tree's role as a fence, it can be managed (e.g., by regular top-pruning to encourage more lateral branching) so that the enclosed animals can browse on the low-lying branches, which serve as fodder supplement.
+Advantages
+· Trees serve as windbreak or live fence.
+· Trees serve as source of post, fuelwood, fodder, green manure and live trellis.
+Limitations
+· Possible shading of crops by tree.
+· Can be difficult to establish if animals are allowed to graze, as they may browse the trees before they are well-established as a fence
+Species used as live fence
+· Leucaena leucocephala
+· Gliricidia septum
+· Sesbania grandiflora
+Species used as windbreak/shelterb elt
+· Eucalyptus camaldulensis
+· Casuarina equisettifolia
+· Acacia auriculiformis
+· Bamboo
+Trees as live trellis
+Trees are top-pruned (pollarded) to serve as live trellis for climbing crops, especially vegetables like beans, peppers, yams and cucumbers. The most commonly used trees as live trellis are Gliricidia septum and Leucaena leucocephala.
+Tree-crop grazing system
+Animals (e.g., cattle, carabao, goats, sheep) are allowed to graze freely underneath relatively mature tree plantations. A good example is the silviculture scheme of the Nasipit Lumber Company in Agusan province.
+The cattle are allowed to graze freely under lumbang (Aleurites moluccana) trees where improved forage grasses have been planted. This system has proven to be practical and economical because the land is fully utilized while being maintained and protected. The grazing animals keep the grass down, allowing for easier collection of the lumbang nuts.
+Protein or fodder bank
+Leguminous fodder trees or shrubs (e.g., Leucaena, Gliricidia, Flemingia) may be established in intensively planted small stands on the farm. These are usually fenced off and serve as a supplementary source of protein for livestock. The top and branch prunings are fed to animals through a "cutand-carry" system. A good example is the intensive feed garden.
+Advantage
+· Ideal for coconut plantations commonly found throughout the Philippines
+Limitation
+· Grazing animals may eat the tree bark if it is palatable.
+Forest-based agroforestry systems
+Taungya system
+Taungya is an agroforestry system in which newly established reforestation areas are interplanted with agricultural crops. As soon as the tree canopies close making the light intensity critically low for crop production, the farmers move to another reforestation area and the same process is repeated. An example of this is the Family Approach to Reforestation piloted by the Bureau of Forest Development (now the Department of Environment and Natural Resources).
+Advantage
+· Proven to be a cost-effective reforestation strategy.
+Limitations
+· Farmers cannot grow permanent crops since they have to leave the area as soon as the tree canopies start to close (after 3-5 years).
+· Can be discouraging to farmers as the more they care for the area (e.g., weeding and fertilizing their crops which also favor the trees), the faster the trees grow and the sooner they will lose access to the land.
+· Provides only a temporary, supplementary source of food and income for the first 3-5 years after the establishment of the reforestation area.
+· Family resettlement after the tree canopy closes can be very difficult.
+Alley cropping--tree plantation integrated production system
+In this system, the upper 60% of the hillside is devoted to small-scale tree plantation, devoting one or more forest tree species for various uses (e.g., timber, polewood and/or fuelwood). These tree plantations may be established at close spacing to ensure that poles and posts are produced. When the trees are already tall enough, rattan or other shadetolerant crops can be interplanted. The lower 40% of the hillside is devoted to food production where the alley cropping system is practiced.
+Advantages
+· Effectively conserves soil.
+· Provides abundant food, wood and income for upland farmers.
+Improved fallow system
+In the uplands, cultivated areas are planted with agricultural crops and then allowed to fallow for some time to allow the soil to rejuvenate. To shorten the fallow period, the area can be seeded with leguminous trees. Once the soil has been rejuvenated, these areas are again cleared for crops. This can be considered as an improved version of the traditional shifting cultivation practice.
+An example is the Naalad-style farming system, practiced in Naalad, Naga, Cebu. In this system, the native Leucaena is used as the species to shorten the fallow period; the trees are cut and the branches are piled along the contours to form a barrier structure known locally as balabag, which traps the eroding soil. Through time, natural terraces are gradually formed, thus stabilizing the steep slopes.
+Advantages
+(improved fallow system vs. traditional shifting cultivation)
+· Introduction of nitrogen-fixing trees as fallow species shortens the fallow period required for soil rejuvenation.
+· Terraces are gradually formed, thus stabilizing slopes.
+· Promotes efficient nutrient cycling (no burn).
+Limitations
+· Laborious because of the construction and maintenance of the balabag.
+· Wood from the fallow species (Leucaena) is used for construction of the balabag rather than for fuel.
+Rice terraces--forest agroforestry system
+This indigenous agroforestry system can be considered sustainable as it has existed for more than 2000 years, as pioneered by the Ifugao tribe in northern Philippines. A series of bench terraces is constructed along steep mountainsides and rice is planted throughout the year. Irrigation is provided through a network of canals along dikes which originate from natural springs emanating from small forest stands celled pinugo. These are managed and protected by Ifugaos based on a set of tribal laws.
+Advantages
+· Sustainable.
+· Steep slopes are put to productive use.
+Limitations
+· Laborious to establish and maintain.
+· Limited to areas where there are natural springs.
+<section>Agroforestry systems in Thailand</section>
+Agroforestry has long been practiced by farmers in Thailand. Shifting (rotational) cultivation, for example, has been used by some ethnic groups in the upland areas of northern Thailand for centuries. In the Lab Lae district of Uttaradit province, homegardens have been cultivated for more than 200 years. Similarly, multistorey fruit orchards have been cultivated in many parts of the country for more than 100 years.
+Traditional agroforestry, characterized by a simultaneous combination of trees and crops, low-input techniques and indigenous knowledge, are harmonized with local culture and traditions.
+Newly developed agroforestry systems, with a systematic combination of trees, crops and livestock and usually driven by market forces, emerged in areas where cultivated land is limited, beginning during the mid-1950s. These systems were first introduced in Prae province, where teak plantations were intercropped with upland rice (in a taungya system). They have since evolved, however, into improved taungya systems, with crops, fruit trees and rubber trees grown in various combinations with timber trees.
+Thailand's a total land area of 51,311,500 hectares, consists of 76 provinces with a population of 56.5 million and an average population density of 1.1 person per hectare. In 1988, 48.9 percent of the country was officially categorized as forest land, consisting of 1,215 national reserved forest areas 120 million hectares), 58 national parks (2.5 million hectares) and 30 wildlife sanctuaries (2.2 million hectares).
+Farm-based agroforestry
+Homegardens
+Homegardens are multitiered systems found in family compounds surrounding the home. Permanently settled communities in upland areas throughout the country have cultivated homegardens for centuries. Most notable are the Karen and the Lua ethnic groups. In the north, homegardens are mostly located in communities in the foothills. Owing to small landholdings in the central region of the country, homegardens here tend to be small.
+Most homegardens have three to five layers. Erythrina dadap and banana are common tree species providing shade for crops and vegetables. Moringa oleifera and Sesbania grandiflora are commonly planted as multipurpose trees. In the south, big trees such as wild durian (Durio spp.), yang trees (Dipterocarp spp. ), Parkia speciosa and Artocarpus integer dominate the top storey of the gardens. Eugenia caryophyllus is commonly mixed with fruit trees to provide cash income.
+Limitation
+· Homegardens require considerable indigenous knowledge and labor to establish and maintain.
+Live fences on farm land
+Live fences of bamboo and fast-growing trees are common in the central and eastern regions of Thailand (Prachinburi, Nakornnayok, Srakhew and Chanthaburi provinces) where they serve as windbreaks and shelterbelts for crops and fruit orchards and as boundary markers. Commonly planted species are Thysostrycus siamensis, Bambusa nana, Bambusa flexuosa and Acacia spp. In the south, Azadiractha excelsa is commonly planted in and around farm fields.
+Advantages
+· Trees supply poles and wood for farms.
+· Fences protect crops in the field and reduce wind damage.
+Limitation
+· Some productive land must be sacrificed to establish the windbreaks.
+Natural trees and shrubs left on agricultural land
+Diverse trees and shrubs are deliberately left on farmland to serve as shade and provide green manure for crops such as rice and beans. The trees and shrubs also recycle minerals in the soil and control the development of problem soils, particularly saline soils in the northeastern region.
+Forest-based agroforestry
+Small-scale block planting on abandoned agricultural land
+Due to migration of rural people to cities, large marginal upland areas which used to be cultivated are being abandoned. This has presented an opportunity for small-scale commercial tree farming.
+People from urban centers are investing in land in rural areas and planting high-value trees such as teak (Tectona grandis), eucalyptus and Azadirachta excelsa These species are longterm alternatives to large plantations for both economic and ecological reasons.
+Shifting (rotational) cultivation
+This system involves the cultivation of several areas of sloping land on a rotational basis (short cultivation, long fallow). It has long been sustainably practiced in upland and highland areas by several ethnic groups, most notably the Karen and the Lua. Rice and various other crops are planted simultaneously to produce food and fodder.
+Advantage
+· This system helps conserve the biodiversity of indigenous plant genetic resources such as rice, other crops and medicinal plants.
+Limitations
+· This system is rather fragile. It may collapse due to inappropriate interventions and population increases.
+· The system requires several pieces of land for adequate rotation and to allow the land to recover, thus it is inappropriate where land is scarce or population density is high.
+Forest gardens
+Forest gardens include various indigenous forest and fruit trees, located away from but within walking distance of the family house. In forest gardens in central Thailand (Khao Sol Doa, Chanthaburi), Amomum xantitioides has been cultivated under moist evergreen forest for centuries. However, forest gardens are mostly found in the mountainous area of Uttaradit province in the north and Nakornsrithammarat, Trang and Phattalung provinces in the south.
+In the northern forest gardens, Cammellia sinensis is cultivated under evergreen forests without having to cut trees in the forest.
+In the south, wild durian (Durio sp.), duriannok (Durio sp.) takiens and yangs (Dipterocarp spp.) are the most dominant species of the top storey.
+Advantages
+· In the forest garden systems, trees and crops are simultaneously cultivated, thus requiring few inputs.
+· Because of their diversity, forest gardens are ecologically sound.
+Limitation
+· Because they are located away from the village, forest gardens are difficult to manage and are subject to loss from theft, fire, or livestock.
+Forest plantation and livestock
+This system incorporates cattle grazing under tree plantations. It is commonly practiced in old plantations where grasslands for livestock are scarce.
+Forest species planted in this system are Tectona grandis, Dipterocarpus spp., Hevea brasiliensis and other fast-growing species, such as Eucalyptus spp. and Azadirachta indica.
+Advantage
+· This system reduces dry matter in the forest plantation, thus reducing the risk of fires.
+Limitations
+· Fruit trees, crops and other plants cannot be cultivated.
+· Without appropriate management of livestock numbers, season of grazing, etc., the soil can be seriously compacted by livestock.
+Improved taungya
+This system, combining trees and livestock, was first developed under the government reforestation program, with an aim toward establishing teak plantations. It has since been expanded to include other species and to increase crop production. It is currently being practiced in both government and private forest plantations.
+Forest tree species commonly planted include Tectona grandis, Pinus kesiya and Pterocarpus marcrocarpus. However, in some areas, fruit and rubber are also planted as the major trees. Normally, cash crops are intercropped with the trees in the early years of establishment. Livestock are usually allowed to graze in the plantation when the trees are more than three years old.
+Advantage
+· This system benefits the government and private companies by expanding forest plantations. It can benefit local people by providing land for fruit trees, crop and livestock production on a temporary or long-term basis.
+Limitations
+· Taungya systems have traditionally not been beneficial to local people over the long term. From the perspective of timber production, risks also exist that people will damage the trees in order to continue crop and fruit tree production and grazing beyond the limited number of years permitted by the system regulations.
+<section>Agroforestry systems in Vietnam</section>
+In the uplands of Vietnam, agroforestry in various forms is widely used by farmers and forest enterprises. Of the total land area, 70% is upland and almost 30% of the population lives in upland areas. Almost all of the 54 ethnic minority communities are found in the upland areas.
+System
+Region
+Farm-based agroforestry
+· Homegardens and von ao ca chuong
+all regions
+· Fruit orchards, including coconut-based gardens
+all regions
+· Forest/crop/irrigated rice
+hilly and mountainous areas
+· Woodlot
+mostly midland areas
+· Commercial crops under multipurpose tree species
+--tea
+midlands and uplands
+--coffee
+central and southern
+midlands and uplands
+--black pepper
+central and southern
+midlands and uplands
+--other agricultural crops
+· Agricultural crops under commercial trees
+--rubber
+central and southern
+midlands and uplands
+--cashew nut
+coastal and midland areas
+--fruit trees
+all regions
+--cinnamon
+central and northern regions
+· Hedgerow and contour planting
+central and northern regions
+(SALT)
+Forest-based agroforestry
+· Shifting cultivation/fallow upland areas
+· Taungya
+--timber production
+northern midlands and
+uplands
+--paper pulp production
+central and northern
+midlands and uplands
+· Accelerated pioneer climax series
+all regions
+Upland use
+Total upland area
+24.5 million ha
+· Arable land
+5.4 million ha
+Cultivated
+--Perennials
+--Rice
+--Annual crops
+Pasture
+Others
+· Forest land
+19.1 million ha
+Forested
+--Natural forest
+Planted forest
+Deforested
+Upland population
+19 million
+Ethnic minorities practicing shifting cultivation
+2 million
+Average household size
+7 persons
+Farm-based agroforestry systems
+Homegardens
+The homegarden is a traditional agroforestry system found throughout Vietnam from the lowlands to the highlands. On a relatively small piece of land around the house (usually only about 0.5 ha, but occasionally up to 5 ha), the land is used as efficiently as possible to produce a wide variety of products. Fruit, vegetables, root crops, fish, livestock, fodder, fiber, medicine, small timber fuelwood and various minor products are grown in a multilayered structure. Seed and seedlings for propagation are often obtained from the family or neighbor's gardens. One kind of tree or crop may be dominant and the homegarden may be named accordingly, e.g., coconut garden. Although the size of individual homegardens is small, their cumulative effect can be very important in watershed and natural resource management on a community or regional scale.
+One very common type of homegarden is the so-called von ao ca chuong or rung von ao ca chuong (RVAC) system, combining forest trees, fruit trees, fishpond and livestock in an integrated farming system.
+Factors influencing species composition
+· soil conditions.
+· available labor.
+· local climate.
+· household needs.
+· household economy.
+· farmer skills and preferences.
+· Iocal markets.
+Species found in Vietnamese homegardens
+Fruit trees
+Root crops
+jacktruit
+cassava
+banana
+sweet potato
+orange
+taro
+lemon
+canna
+pomelo
+yam
+grapefruit
+papaya
+Vegetables
+sapote
+squash
+longan
+soybean
+litchi
+pumpkin
+starfruit
+Chinese
+coconut
+cabbage
+cashew nut
+squash
+durian
+spinach
+rambutan
+black pepper
+avocado
+carrot
+guava
+mungbean
+water apple
+custard
+Others
+apple
+peanut
+cumquat
+sugarcane
+mangosteen
+pineapple
+langsat
+ginger
+jujube
+medicinal
+plants
+Others
+coffee
+Animals
+cacao
+fish
+bamboo
+pigs
+rattan
+goats
+mulberry
+chickens
+tea
+ducks
+cinnamon
+cattle
+Melia spp.
+deer
+forest trees
+silkworms
+bees
+Advantages
+· ecologically/economically stable.
+· Iow labor requirements.
+· Iow level of pests and diseases.
+· familiar to farmers (traditional).
+Limitations
+· Quality and availability of seedlings are not yet fully established.
+Forest/crop/irrigated rice
+Forest/crop/irrigated rice systems are often established in hilly and mountainous areas. A natural forest or plantation crowns the site and is usually managed by state. forest enterprises or community groups. In some places, the upper part of the system includes a water reservoir which is to irrigate the lower areas and to generate electricity. Vegetables or cash crops are grown on terraces or along contour lines and the irrigation system allows farmers in the valley to grow paddy rice.
+Advantages
+· The spatial arrangement of the components enables their positive interaction, thereby optimizing the overall production of the area.
+· Even distribution of work and income throughout the year.
+· Diversity of locally available products.
+Limitation
+· The system requires good relations and cooperation between farmers, farmers' cooperatives and the forestry agency or group managing the forest This can be difficult in newly established communities.
+Woodlot
+Woodlots have been successfully established on underutilized or degraded land, using fast-growing trees, especially nitrogen-fixing multipurpose species.
+Along with the rehabilitation of wastelands, these woodlots supply fuelwood, small timber and other minor products for local consumption. Beekeeping and livestock grazing are often practiced in the woodlot. Agricultural crops can be intercropped during the establishment of the woodlot tree species. State lands, as well as financial and technical support, have been allocated to individual farmers for plantations.
+Advantages
+· Simple management (monoculture, regular arrangement).
+· Can provide windbreak and soil protection.
+· Aesthetic improvement to the landscape.
+· Intercropping is possible during woodlot establishment.
+Limitations
+· Sufficient planting material not available.
+· Requires extension support.
+· Pests and diseases.
+· Uncertain distribution of work responsibilities and income on state lands.
+Commonly used woodlot tree species
+Acacia auriculiformis
+A. mangium
+Cassia siamea
+C. fistula
+Erythrina spp.
+Eucalyptus tereticornis
+E. camaldulensis
+Gliricidia septum
+Melia azedirachta
+Cash crops under multipurpose tree species
+Cash crops, such as coffee, tea and black pepper, can be grown under trees which provide shade and other forms of support to the crops. Tree species commonly used in these systems are Pinus kesya, P. merkusii, Cassia siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Pterocarpus indicus, Moringa oleifera, Manglieta glauca, Aleurites fordii, T. candida and cinnamon. Although the trees do not provide the major income from these systems, their contribution to farm income can still be important. They also serve various other purposes.
+Advantages
+· Protection and support of agricultural crops through windbreaks, shade and possible nitrogen fixation provided by trees.
+· Improved soil protection through contour planting.
+· Increased soil cover by tree litterfall.
+· Diversification, which improves food security.
+Limitations
+· Crops such as coffee or tea are dependent on international market fluctuations.
+· Practice requires much skill and technical expertise.
+· Trees may affect cash crop productivity.
+Agricultural crops under commercial trees
+Several agroforestry systems use the space between commercial tree crops to intercrop agricultural crops (annuals). This intercropping is usually limited to the first few years of plantation establishment (e.g., rubber plantations, or fruit orchards of cashew nut, mango or jackfruit) until the tree canopy closes. This is usually done by a farm family who manages the plantation for another landowner (usually a state enterprise).
+Advantages
+· Potentially high income.
+· Tree cover improves soil protection.
+Limitations
+· Labor intensive
+· Allows for cultivation of agricultural crops only during establishment.
+· High investment costs.
+Intercropping during the establishment of cinnamon plantations
+A common practice of the ethnic Zao people is to intercrop during the establishment of a cinnamon plantation. The plantation is often established on steep slopes (>25 degrees) under natural forest with a crown cover varying from 50-70 %. Cinnamon requires 2000mm of evenly distributed annual rainfall, generally warm and humid conditions and good soils. Usually, the eastern side of a slope is used for this practice.
+· Initially 2000-3000 cinnamon seedlings per hectare are planted under the shade of the forest trees after clearing shrubs.
+· In the first 3 years, upland rice and cassava may be intercropped.
+· After 2-4 years, the trees of the natural forest are thinned to provide more light.
+· When the cinnamon is 6-7 years old, a second thinning of the natural forest trees is carried out.
+· At the age of 8-10 years, most forest trees are cut and the cinnamon becomes the dominating tree in the system.
+· When the cinnamon trees are 20-25 years old, they then reach their mature harvest age.
+Hedgerow and contour planting
+Various combinations of techniques have evolved to allow cultivation on steep, sloping terrain without causing serious soil erosion. In Vietnam, within the last decade, farmers have adapted the SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) technique, originally developed in the Philippines. Locally suited species, like Tephrosia shrubs and Indigofera trees, have been incorporated. By the use of a very simple A-frame, farmers are able to mark out the contour lines of the slope. Along these contour lines, physical measures may be applied to enable cultivation, including construction of terraced fields and stone embankments. On the edge of the terraces, rows of woody perennials are grown. In Central Vietnam, trees are also planted on the contour lines, together with grasses and other crops. Natural terraces will gradually form as the tree rows form a barrier which prevents soil and plant material from washing down the slope.
+Advantages
+· Soil and water control.
+· Diversified production.
+· Income throughout the year.
+· Increased yields.
+· Green manure can improve soil fertility.
+Limitations
+· Labor intensive.
+· High investment for seed/seedlings required.
+· Training of farmers required.
+· Difficulties in marketing newly introduced products or crops.
+· Farmer reluctance to adopt the new system.
+Sequence of SALT practice in Lang Son province
+· Initially, forest trees are planted at the top of the slope (generally 15-25 degrees) and cash crops such as pineapple and hill rice are planted. At the foot of the hill, forest trees (such as Manglieta) are inter-planted with rattan.
+· After 2 years, barrier crops such as Tephrosia spp. and pineapple are planted along the edges and waterdiverting ditches are constructed, creating natural terraces over time.
+· Depending on water availability, fruit trees, tea, staple food crops or other crops can be planted on the terraces.
+Forest-based agroforestry systems
+Shifting cultivation
+Shifting cultivation, or slash and burn, is practiced extensively by more than two million people from more than 50 different ethnic groups in the hilly and mountainous areas of Vietnam. On a patch of upland forest, farmers slash shrubs and other low vegetation and then burn it. Hill rice is then grown for two to three years. The field is then abandoned and the farmer moves to another site to repeat the process. In the past, the farmer returned to a site only after 10 to 20 years, depending on the recovery rate of the fallowed fields. Rice yields were reported from 2000 kg/ha in the first year to 900 kg/ha the third year in central and northern Vietnam. However, today this fallow period is often reduced to 5-7 years, resulting in much lower yields. In some places, cassava is cultivated for 1-2 years after the first two years of rice cultivation. But this practice leaves the soil without any cover for 34 months following each harvest, causing severe erosion. Besides these two
+crops, farmers may also cultivate corn, bamboo and various tree species, such as Manglieta or Melia.
+Traditionally, shifting systems were sustainable because population pressure was low and enough time was allowed for the forest to regenerate. However, with today's rapidly growing population, this system has been cited as a major cause of deforestation in Vietnam.
+Advantages
+Limitations
+· Low cost.
+· Large land area needed.
+· System is familiar to farmers.
+· Soil erosion after burning.
+· Leads to deforestation.
+· Simple technology.
+· Low yields.
+· Integrated part of local culture.
+· Extensive weeding initially needed.
+Taungya
+The taungya system allows venous intercrops to be grown (until the tree canopy closes) between newly established tree rows in forest plantations. This system has been used for many contract reforestation projects throughout Vietnam as a means to rehabilitate degraded natural forest lands. These contracts between state forestry enterprises and rural households often include technical support, such as the introduction of new species, supply of seedlings and fertilizers, training in planting and intercropping techniques, as well as financial support. The contracts also specify land tenure and duration and percentage of benefits to the farmer from the clearing, thinning and harvesting operations to be undertaken. The forest trees may be grown for either timber or paper pulp production.
+Advantages
+· Reduced management costs for plantation owner.
+· Provides additional cropland to farmers (in the initial stages).
+· Ecological benefits of reforestation.
+Limitations
+· Short agricultural cropping period.
+· Farmers must have other land.
+· Requires some management skill.
+· Requires a guarantee for the sale of the forest product.
+Taungya system for timber production
+· Fast-growing trees Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium or Cassia siamea are planted at a density of 1250 trees/ha (2m x 4m spacing) for fuel wood and small timber production in a 10-year rotation.
+· Timber species Hopea odorata and Dipterocarpus alatus are planted with a density of 312 trees/ha (4m x 8m spacing).
+· Cash crops are interplanted in the alleys between rows of forest trees during establishment.
+Taungya is also practiced by several state forestry enterprises to produce pulp for paper production. In these systems, each family plot is divided into 20 parts that are gradually planted with EucaIyptus and Acacia species in an 8- to 10year cycle and intercropped with annual cash crops.
+Degraded land restoration by sequential planting accelerated pioneer climax series system
+Reforestation has been proposed as the most promising stategy to rehabilitate degraded upland soils and make them more productive and ecologically balanced. The accelerated pioneer climax series (APCS) system has been applied in reforestation of marginal lands in the midhills and uplands of central and southern Vietnam. Experiments with APCS were carried out in Vietnam as early as the 1920s. Although reforestation is the major aim, intercropping of agricultural crops is possible during certain phases.
+APCS is based on the ecological principle of natural succession, which relies on pioneer species that have the ability to adapt to adverse conditions. These species will improve the microclimate and soil conditions of a particular site, making it favorable for the establishment of less-sturdy climax species. Natural succession is a slow process, but it can be accelerated considerably through planting pioneer species and interplanting climax species. Variations of this practice focus on different species and planting distances. There are two main phases:
+Phase 1. The establishment of dense stands of fast-growing species to eliminate "cogon grass" (Imperata cylindrica) and to produce short-cycle fuelwood and roundwood. This involves high tree densities (2000-3300 trees per ha) to eliminate light-demanding grasses within two years after planting. Species commonly used are Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, Indigofera teysmanii and Gliricidia septum. Four years after establishment, the trees are thinned to remove one out of every four rows for fuelwood and small-pole production. Crops and dipterocarp species are then planted in the alleys between the double rows of pioneer trees. At years 8 and 12, the pioneer species will be gradually cut and removed, providing more light for the climax species and space for growing crops.
+Phase 2. The establishment of mixed plantation with pioneer, intermediate and climax tree species. Pioneer species may be Indigofera teysmanii, intermediate species are Acacia auriculiformis, or Cassia siamea; and climax species include Dipterocarp species, like Dipterocarpus alatus, D. dyerii and Hopea odorata. Planting densities follow these guidelines: pioneer species--1666 trees/ha, intermediate species--833 trees/ha and climax species--278 trees/ha.
+Objectives of APCS
+· To quickly rehabilitate wasteland and denuded hills
+· To produce fuelwood and small timber for local consumption
+· To make the site favorable for the climax forest species
+The three species planted are:
+· The pioneer species (Indigofera teysmanii) which is cut every two years for fuelwood production. This species grows fast and coppices well.
+· The intermediate species (Acacia auriculiformis) which is gradually thinned every six years, providing fuelwood, poles and small timber.
+· The climax species (Dipterocarpus alatus or Hopea odorata) which is expected to develop for 60 years before harvest for timber.
+Advantages
+Environmental
+· Follows the principle of natural succession.
+· Promotes tree diversity (at least two species are planted).
+· Recovers grassland areas, which were formerly dipterocarp forests.
+· Improves the microclimate and provides immediate cover.
+· Protects upland soils from erosion.
+· The pioneer trees improve soil conditions, particularly the soil's biological and physical properties.
+· The growth performances of the intermediate and climax species are improved and are much better than in pure stands.
+· Strengthens the nutrient cycling process, thereby restoring the productivity of the upland tropical forest ecosystem.
+Socioecono mic
+· Thinnings from the pioneer and intermediate species can be good sources of fuelwood, roundwood, fodder, mulch, organic fertilizer and small timber for local consumption.
+· Acceptable to local people since the practice allows participating farmers to get different products shortly after establishment until the end of the climax species rotation.
+· Cost-effective, especially on open grasslands, since the pioneer and intermediate trees quickly suppress light-demanding grass.
+Limitation
+· Willingness of farmers to accept this system to rehabilitate degraded lands or on commununal lands.
+<section>3. Soil and water conservation approaches</section>
+<section>Introduction to soil and water conservation approaches</section>
+In recent years, a new approach to soil and water conservation has been emerging, based on experience gained through farming systems research. This approach, sometimes called land husbandry, shifts the emphasis from looking only at what is happening to the soil (e.g., symptoms of erosion) to examining why erosion is taking place (e.g., the underlying causes of erosion). Examining the why component involves understanding the biophysical and socioeconomic factors that contribute to land degradation.
+The figure below illustrates the balance of interactions between the biophysical environment and the socioeconomic environment in developing sustainable land-use systems. Due to the biophysical characteristics of many upland areas of Southeast Asia, the loss of soil and water resources remains a critical problem.
+The following section outlines 16 soil and water conservation and soil fertility management practices that can make up an integrated approach to upland farm management. Some of the practices focus more on agronomic principles, others more on engineering strategies. However, all of the practices attempt to balance the conservation and production objectives of the farm household. There is a tremendous variability within each of the practices presented and very few speciesspecific recommendations are given. Instead, a description and analysis of each of the practices are presented, focusing on the advantages, limitations and the biophysical and socioeconomic factors which might affect adoption or rejection of the practice.
+Some key principles for soil/water conservation
+· Loss of soil productivity is much more important than the loss of the soil itself. Therefore, soil conservation must be an integral part of a general agricultural development strategy that focuses on improved production practices. Generally, conservation measures designed to control soil loss precede soil improvement practices. However, the two are interrelated and must be considered in combination, even if one practice would actually follow the other in sequence.
+· Erosion is a consequence of how the land is used and is not itself the cause of soil degradation. Land degradation should be prevented before it occurs, rather than attempting to develop a cure afterwards.
+· Land has been studied too much in soil conservation programs, whereas the land user (the farm household) has been studied too little. A conservation program that aims to solve a land degradation problem through treatment of causes requires a bottom-up approach based on a detailed knowledge of the farm and the farm household as a holistic land-use system. Top-down programs, on the other hand, tend to focus primarily on the symptoms of erosion through subsidized terracing, promotion of alley cropping, or other measures which have had mixed success when introduced by outside agencies.
+· In upland systems, plant yields are reduced more by a shortage or excess of soil moisture than they are by soil loss. Therefore, there should be more emphasis on rain water management, particularly water conservation and less on soil conservation per se. Consequently, agronomic process (tillage, mulching) are potentially more significant than mechanical measures in preventing erosion and runoff.
+· Soil conservation efforts will be more successful when applied through long-term programs rather than through short, fixedterm approaches.
+· The farm household and its environment should be the focal point of every soil conservation program.
+· Farmers need to be convinced of the short-term benefits which will result from change. It is important to address farmers' immediate needs through the development and introduction of production strategies that are both conservation-effective and which will provide production returns to the farmers.
+<section>Bench terraces</section>
+Bench terraces are a soil and water conservation measure used on sloping land with relatively deep soils to retain water and control erosion. They are normally constructed by cutting and filling to produce a series of level steps or benches. This allows water to infiltrate slowly into the soil. Bench terraces are reinforced by retaining banks of soil or stone on the forward edges. This practice is typical for rice-based cropping systems.
+In China, a modification of bench terraces includes an interval slope planted with perennials and grasses between individual terraces. This system is suitable where soil erosion is critical, rainfall is low and labor and farm manure are not typically available. Shrubs or herbs can also be grown on the edges of the terraces.
+Advantages
+· Effectively controls soil and water runoff and erosion.
+· Traps sediment in the drainage ditches built along the terrace.
+· Reduces slope length. Every 2-3 meters of slope length is levelled to terraces. The velocity of water running down the slope is greatly reduced.
+· Improves soil fertility over the long run.
+Limitation s
+· Initially disturbs the soil, reducing productivity in the first 2-3 years.
+· Needs intensive labor and investment for construction and maintenance.
+· Needs skills for proper construction.
+· Terraced fields with an interval slope consume much land.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Not suitable for shallow and slipping upland soils.
+· Not suitable for potato-growing since the terrace tends to become waterlogged.
+· Terraces with interval slopes can be used in regions with little rainfall.
+Socioeconomic
+· Labor shortages and low incomes make bench terraces difficult for farmers to adopt in some areas.
+· Lack of secure land tenure serves as a disincentive to long-term construction measures, such as terraces.
+· In areas with poor soils, the terraces have a low return on investment.
+<section>Composting</section>
+Compost is a type of organic fertilizer derived from the decomposition of plant and animal wastes. It is an excellent source of plant nutrients. Composting is common in homegardens. There are many ways to prepare compost (in a pit, above ground, in a field, near a livestock pen, etc.), depending on various socioeconomic and biophysical factors. The use of compost is a traditional soil fertility management practice throughout Southeast Asia.
+Composting involves the decomposition of plant and animal wastes. The decomposition process involves bacteria, beetles and earthworms. Moisture content, an adequate supply of air and temperature control are important parameters for quality compost production.
+A variation of this systems is practiced in the western highlands of Papua New Guinea with volcanic ash soils between 1600 and 2800 m. In this practice, large mounds of soil are built up and sweet potato vines, weeds and grasses are collected and placed in the center of the mound. These are left up to 10 weeks for the decomposition process to start. Then, the mounds and biomass are covered with soil, and sweet potato vines are randomly planted on the mound. Often, a second crop like Pyrethrum is planted at the edges of the mounds. Sweet potato takes up to 11 months to mature at 2800 m. Sequential harvesting is practiced so that only large tubers are taken, leaving the rest in the ground for future harvest. Compost mounds are common on slopes up to 10°. They can sustain production for up to 40 years.
+Advantages
+· Decaying compost generates nutrients for crops.
+· Decaying compost generates heat, which maintains temperature at optimum levels for tuberization, despite very low night temperatures at high altitudes (Papua New Guinea).
+· Mounds are good for tuberization since the volume of rooting zone is increased.
+Limitations
+· Compost mounds requires a large quantity of plant material (up to 40 tons/ha).
+· Cannot be used in the lowlands where severe weed infestation is a problem.
+· Cannot be practiced on steep slopes.
+· High labor requirement.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· May not be needed on soils high in organic matter.
+· Must have adequate supply of biomass.
+· Biomass requirements may be difficult to meet in drier climates.
+Socioeconomic
+· Labor is needed to harvest, haul and distribute the organic matter.
+· In some societies, it is not acceptable to handle animal dung.
+<section>Contour tillage/planting</section>
+Contour tillage or planting is practiced on sloping lands to reduce soil erosion and surface runoff. A contour is an imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation on the ground surface, perpendicular to the direction of slope. Structures and plants are established along the contour lines following the configuration of the ground.
+Contour planting may involve construction of soil traps, bench terraces or bunds, or the establishment of hedgerows. Contour tillage is being promoted in the Southeast Asian region for sustainable upland farming. Different combination of crops can be planted following different pattems. The SALT system practiced in the Philippines is a good example of contour farming.
+Advantages
+· Reduces runoff and soil erosion.
+· Reduces nutrient loss.
+· Cultivation is faster if using draft animals or machinery since the equipment moves along the same elevation.
+Limitations
+· Improperly laid-out contour lines can increase the risk of soil erosion.
+· Labor-intensive maintenance.
+· Needs special skills to determine contour lines.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Increased productivity and soil condition are attractive.
+· Trapping water in the furrows increases infiltration and production
+Socioeconomic
+· In some marginal lands, laws do not allow the construction of engineering structures, so contour planting is an appropriate alternative.
+· In some areas, people find it easier to cultivate the soil up and down the slope using hand tools.
+<section>Cover crops</section>
+Cover crops are grown to protect the soil from erosion and to improve it through green manuring (the plowing-under of a green crop or other fresh organic materials). These are usually short-term crops (less than two years), planted in fields or under trees during fallow periods. Cover crops are also interplanted or relay-planted with grain crops such as maize, or planted once in a cropping cycle. Cover cropping is practiced in the Philippines and other Asian countries to suppress weeds under rubber and coconut plantations and to provide forage for animals. Cover crops can also be used in fallow systems to improve soil fertility quickly and shorten the fallow period.
+Most of the plants used as cover and green manure belong to the legume family. Examples are:
+Desmanthus virgatus
+Phaseolus atropurpureus
+Centrocema pubescens
+Clitoria ternatea
+(butterfly pea)
+Sesbania rostrata
+Vigna radiata (mungbean)
+Pueraria phaseoloides (kudzu)
+Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)
+Desmodium heterophylla
+Tephrosia candida
+Advantages
+· Improves soil fertility and physical and chemical properties.
+· Reduces soil erosion and water loss.
+· Suppresses weeds.
+· Reduces need for fertilizer and herbicides.
+· Provides human food and animal forage.
+· Increases soil organic matter.
+· Helps retain moisture in the soil and prevent soil from drying.
+· Some cover crops can provide good cash income through sale of products (e.g., pods, seeds).
+Limitations
+· May compete for soil moisture and nutrients with the perennial crops.
+· Involves additional farm labor and inputs.
+· May result in weed problems.
+· May be alternate host for pests.
+· Some cover crop species may contain chemicals which inhibit subsequent crop growth.
+· Rats or snakes may hide in dense cover crop foliage.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Not applicable on steep slopes.
+· Contributes to improved soil fertility.
+· Some cover crops are prolific seeders and difficult to control, while other species do not seed well under some climatic conditions.
+Socioeconomic
+· Reduces the need for herbicides and labor required for weed control.
+· May not appeal to farmers with short-term tenure.
+· Can require additional labor.
+· Cover crop generates lower short-term income.
+· Cover crops often do not yield a product which has tangible benefits (i.e., food, seed, etc.)
+· Many cover crop species are palatable to livestock. They can produce good fodder but be difficult to establish if livestock are allowed to graze.
+<section>Crop rotation</section>
+Considering its widespread adoption, crop rotation is arguably the most important crop management practice in Southeast Asia. Various crop species are grown in sequence, one after another, in the same part of the farm or field. These cropping patterns can vary from year to year; but they are designed to achieve a common result: better soil physical and nutrient composition.
+Each crop places a different demand on the soil in which it is grown. Likewise, each crop leaves some amount of beneficial residue or performs some action on the physical structure of the soil. A good crop rotation takes into account each crop's characteristics--what it takes and gives back to the soil--so that the net effect is improved soil.
+In agroforestry systems, the perennial crop component can be changed after a number of years. This would be considered one rotation. The agricultural crop component can follow a shorter rotation period, usually less than one year. Agroforestry requires a longer-term approach to rotations, involving a wider variety of crops, each with a unique production cycle.
+A typical crop rotation is rice-mungbean-corn-cowpea. Since legume crops increase soil nitrogen, mungbean (Vigna sinensis) is planted after rice (Oryza sativa), to replenish some of the nitrogen and other nutrients taken by the rice. Likewise, cowpea (Vigna radiata), with its nitrogen-fixing ability and positive effects on soil, can be grown after corn (Zea mays), which places relatively high demands on the soil.
+Advantages
+· Very effective in improving soil fertility.
+· Reduces nutrient drain.
+· Helps sustain crop production.
+· Diversifies crop production.
+· Helps controls pests and diseases.
+Limitations
+· May be difficult where input supplies are poor.
+· Less applicable for long-term crops.
+· May require a farmer to plant a crop which is not the highest priority.
+· Demands more skills of the farmers.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· While nutrient supplements are still required, crop rotation lends itself to sustained crop production.
+· Crop rotation can be designed to work well in poor soil conditions.
+Socioeconomic
+· Can produce increased income in the long run, but may yield lower income in the short run.
+· Can supply a varied diet.
+· Short-term tenure discourages conservation objectives.
+· Can have a high labor demand--a problem especially in areas with seasonal migrations.
+· Precludes intensive crop production in the offseason.
+<section>Diversion ditches</section>
+Diversion ditches are constructed along the contour lines and across slopes for the purpose to intercept surface runoff and divert it to suitable outlets. These ditches are the main soil conservation structures to manage runoff in upland areas. Diversion ditches are dug at varying intervals, depending on the steepness of the slope; the steeper the slope, the closer the interval. Ditches follow the contour, they are 1 meter wide at the top, 0.5 meter wide at the bottom and 0.5 deep.
+Another variation is a waterway or drainage canal. A drainage canal is similar to a diversion ditch except that it is larger and deeper. It is normally dug along the boundary of an upland parcel of land, redirecting the runoff around the parcel. In Papua New Guinea, downslope drains also function as sediment traps.
+Waterways dispose of the excess flow in diversion drains and surface runoff and channel it to the natural drainage channels.
+Advantages
+· Protects cultivated land from hillside runoff.
+· Controls gully erosion.
+· Slows down the erosive power of runoff.
+Limitations
+· If not properly designed, the ditches can overflow on to the farms during heavy rain.
+· Needs support structures such as check dams and drops to effectively control erosion.
+· Needs continuous repair and desilting.
+Factors influencing adoption
+Biophysical
+· To be effective, ditches must be constructed along graded lines. Farmers need to know how to use the A-frame or water-tube level for determining grades.
+Socioeconomic
+· Part of the cultivable area is lost for constructing a ditch.
+· Discharging water into a neighboring farmer's waterway can cause social conflicts.
+<section>Drop structures</section>
+Drop structures are constructed to slow the flow of water in channels. In a steeply sloping channel, erosion can be controlled by allowing the water to flow over a series of steps, or drop structures. Though effective, these structures are quite expensive for ordinary farmers to construct. Drop structures are more effective when combined with check dams. They can also be reinforced by vegetative means, such as planting trees or shrubs.
+Advantages
+· Controls the upstream water velocities to reduce erosion.
+· Drops the water flow to a lower level.
+· Dissipates the excess energy of water flow.
+· Controls downstream erosion.
+Limitation
+· Requires some skill to construct.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Drop structures built of wood may rot over time; it may be necessary to use preservatives.
+Socioeconomic
+· Expensive to construct when materials other than logs or stones are used.
+· Complex designs using concrete require skill to construct.
+· Unless the causes of the excessive upstream runoff are also addressed, the drop structure will not be effective over the long run.
+<section>Grass strips</section>
+Planting grasses along contour lines creates barriers to minimize soil erosion and runoff. It induces a process of natural terracing on slopes as soil collects behind the grass barrier, even in the first year.
+Grass can be planted along the bottom-and sides of ditches to stabilize them and to prevent erosion of the upper slope. Grasses can also be planted on the risers of bench terraces to prevent erosion and maintain the stability of the benches.
+Grasses are trimmed regularly (every 2-4 months) to prevent them from flowering, shading and spreading to the cropped area between the strips. Thus, grass strips can be very appropriate for farmers who cut and carry fodder for their animals. Grasses can also be used as mulch for crops.
+On hillsides, grass seeds or tillers are planted in double rows (50 cm apart) along the contour with varying distances between the double rows. In ditches, tillers are planted close together in rows. On the risers of bench terraces, they are planted in a triangular pattern at a spacing of 30 cm x 20 cm.
+Examples of grass species commonly used are: setaria (Sitaria anceps), ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziiensis), napier or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), guinea grass (Panicum maximum), NB21 (Napier crossed with pearl millet), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides).
+Advantages
+· Controls soil erosion and runoff.
+· Provides fodder.
+· Grass can be used as mulch.
+Limitations
+· Labor is required for management of grass strips.
+· Ruzi grass can root itself from cuttings.
+· Mulching of grass cuttings may contribute to the weed problem.
+· Uses land which may otherwise be used for food production.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Not applicable on steep slopes or areas with longduration rainfall.
+· In dry areas, grasses cannot withstand drought.
+Socioeconomic
+· Farmers may not have time to manage intensively, resulting in weed problems.
+· In traditional farming systems where livestock graze freely, farmers may not wish to use cutand-carry practices.
+· Farmers feel that grasses serve as a refuge for rodents which threaten food crops.
+· Planting materials are not available in many upland locations.
+· If farmers do not own livestock, they have little incentive to plant grasses.
+<section>Hedgerows</section>
+Hedgerows are one of the simplest erosion control practices on sloping land (see Ridge terraces and Contour tillage). Nitrogen-fixing trees/shrubs, grasses, fruit trees or other crops, such as pineapples or banana, are planted in rows along the contour. Various tree and crop species are established in the hedgerow to enhance farm income and diversity. Hedgerows help slow down the passage of rainwater and trap soil to gradually form natural terraces. They also improve soil fertility and crop production. Contour hedgerow cultivation is an indigenous practice in Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand and is now adopted in many other countries.
+Advantages
+· Reduces soil erosion.
+· Improves soil fertility and soil moisture.
+· Provides biomass for green leaf manure.
+· Provides shading for young plants.
+· Serves as a source of fodder, fuelwood and light construction materials.
+· Improves soil structure and water infiltration.
+· Provides a source of mulch.
+Limitations
+· Loss of land for cultivation due to establishment of contour hedgerow (at least 10% of cultivated land is used).
+· Hedgerows compete with food crops planted between the rows for light, soil nutrients and moisture (in dry season). Root pruning and trimming can limit this competition.
+· Hedgerow plants may be hosts to pests.
+· Effective retention of excess water may result in soil slippage on steep slopes.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Low or high temperatures may cause sterility of some hedgerow species.
+· It is difficult to establish contour hedgerows on very steep lands (>5O degrees).
+· Most nitrogen-fixing species are not adapted to acid soils.
+Socioeconomic
+· Lack of selected seeds/tree stock.
+· Lack of money to purchase seeds/tree stock.
+· Lack of time/labor to establish contour hedgerows.
+· Lack of land ownership/tenure.
+· Farmers fear that hedgerows produce no food or income.
+· Farmers feel that the hedgerow competes with their food crops and harbors pests (Central Java).
+· Farmers who use traditional cultivation tools and methods (e.g., hoes, or planting down the slope) do not like hedgerows because they are inconvenient.
+<section>Minimum tilIage/zero tillage</section>
+In this system, simple farm implements such as hoes and digging sticks are used to prepare land and plant food crops. Minimum tillage is common and effective in controlling soil erosion, particularly on highly erodible and sandy soils. Examples of minimum tillage operation are rice-cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand and taro cultivation in the Papua New Guinea lowlands.
+Advantages
+· Lessens the direct impact of raindrops on bare soil, thus minimizing soil erosion.
+· Minimizes degradation of soil structure.
+· Slows down the rate of mineralization, leading to more sustained use of nutrients in the organic matter.
+· Requires less labor than full tillage.
+· Can be practiced on marginal soils that might not otherwise be feasible to cultivate.
+Limitations
+· Inadequate seedbed preparation may lead to poor establishment and low yield of crops such as maize and sweet potato.
+· Rooting volume may be restricted in soils with massive structures.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Under no-burn swidden conditions, the soil is covered with tree litter and brush, making it difficult to plow.
+Socioeconomic
+· Provides an alternative to cultivation using draft animal power.
+· Farmers in swidden systems traditionally use and are familiar with minimum tillage practices.
+<section>Mulching</section>
+Mulching is a soil and water conservation practice in which a covering of cut grass, crop residues or other organic materials is spread over the ground, between rows of crops or around the trunks of trees. This practice helps to retain soil moisture, prevents weed growth and enhances soil structure. It is commonly used in areas subject to drought and weed infestation. The choice of the mulch depends on locally available materials. The optimal density of soil cover ranges between 30% and 70%.
+In alley-cropping systems, hedgerow biomass is often used as mulch. In orchards, cover crops may also be used as live mulches, especially around young trees that are well-established. Another strategy is to leave crop residues on the ground after harvesting (e.g., pineapple tops, corn stover, rice straw, etc.). This ensures that some nutrients are taken up by the plant and returned to the soil.
+Advantages
+· Intercepts the direct impact of raindrops on bare soil and reduces runoff and soil loss.
+· Suppresses weeds and reduces labor costs of weeding.
+· Increases soil organic matter.
+· Improves soil chemical and physical properties.
+· Increases the moisture-holding capacity of the soil.
+· Helps to regulate soil temperature.
+Limitations
+· Possible habitat for pests and diseases.
+· Not applicable in wet conditions.
+· Difficult to spread evenly on steep land. Lack of available materials suitable for mulching.
+· Some grass species used as mulch can root and become a weed problem.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Suited to areas with limited or irregular rainfall.
+· Insufficient availability of mulch may be a constraint in upland areas.
+Socioeconomic
+· Farmers are used to burning crop residues instead of returning them to the soil.
+· Labor for collecting mulch and applying it is a problem.
+· Mulch is more important in homegardens or valuable horticulture crops than in lessintensive farming systems.
+<section>Ridge terraces</section>
+A ridge terrace consists of a furrow and ridge, constructed along the contour on sloping land (usually less than 15%). Its purpose is to control soil loss and trap water. Grasses and legume trees are usually used to stabilize the ridge, but fruit trees, banana and cassava are also commonly used. During the wet season, the furrow fills with sediment and farmers put this back on to their land. Variations on ridge terraces include alley cropping, contour tillage and sloping agricultural land technology (SALT)
+Advantages
+· Effectively controls runoff and erosion on moderate slopes.
+· The furrow behind the ridge traps sediment and nutrients.
+· Relatively low labor inputs are required compared to bench terracing.
+· There is minimum disturbance of soil--particularly important on shallow upland soils.
+Limitations
+· Less effective in controlling erosion than bench terraces
+· Takes time and labor to establish a stable ridge.
+· Needs proper maintenance, since the ridge can break, channel runoff and result in rills.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· If livestock are present, grasses or tree legumes can be grown on ridges to provide fodder.
+· Intense rain can wash away ridges, especially in the first two years when they are not firmly
+established.
+· Ridges on sandy or unstable soils do not stand up well.
+Socioeconomic
+· Bench terrace construction on state-owned land is prohibited in some countries, so ridge terraces are the next best alternative. This also relates to the tenure problem (Indonesia).
+· Farmers with limited labor appreciate the relative ease of constructing ridge terraces compared to bench terraces.
+· Grass and other fodder species grown on the ridges are sometimes seen as competing with food crops and are removed, thus weakening the ridge.
+<section>Shifting cultivation</section>
+This form of low-input agriculture and fallow management is common in Southeast Asia, particularly in rice, taro and cassava-based systems. It is also commonly referred to as swidden cultivation. If managed properly, it can be considered a sustainable practice, particularly in sparsely populated areas. In this system, the underbrush is cut, then most of the trees are felled. Certain tree species are left to stand and branches are pruned. In most places, underbrush is burned; but in parts of Papua New Guinea, no-burn practices are used. The branches and leaves are slashed and may be laid along the contour. Food crops are then planted using minimum tillage practices, such as dibble or digging sticks.
+Advantages
+· Slowly releases nutrients from the forest biomass to the soil (no-burn practice in Papua New Guinea).
+· Helps control weeds in the first three months, enabling crops to grow quickly (burn and no burn).
+· Retains soil moisture.
+· Easy method of clearing rainforest for permanent agriculture.
+· Minimizes direct impact of raindrops on soil surface (no burn).
+· Suitable for root crops and banana-based cropping systems.
+Limitations
+· Increases soil and nutrient loss.
+· Soil nitrogen is lost by burning.
+· Only simple land preparation (i.e., minimum or zero tillage) is possible.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Optimal planting density cannot be obtained on sloping land due to difficulty of planting.
+Socioeconomic
+· High labor input for clearing, especially under tropical forest conditions.
+· Not suitable for fallow under 10 years due to existence of undesirable weedy species. (Papua New Guinea)
+· Suitable only in areas with low population density.
+· Many farmers believe that burning improves soil fertility. (Thailand)
+<section>Soil barriers</section>
+Soil barriers slow down runoff and retain the soil lost by sheet erosion. They may be made of wood or rocks; over time, they may develop into live fences of trees and shrubs. In Papua New Guinea and the Philippines, barriers are constructed with logs and branches across the slope. These are placed against wooden stakes driven into the ground. The upper side of the barrier is filled with grass and other materials to act as a sediment trap. The width of the cropland between barriers depends on the slope gradient, but is usually 4 m to 8 m. Crops such as maize, sweet potato and tobacco are planted in the alley.
+Advantages
+· Slows down surface runoff.
+· Retains sediment behind the fences.
+· If properly maintained, natural terraces develop over time.
+· Allows cultivation even on steep slopes that may not otherwise be feasible to crop.
+Limitations
+· Wooden barriers do not usually last for more than 2-5 years.
+· Barrier construction requires significant labor.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· More likely to be adopted if land with more moderate slopes is not available to grow crops.
+Socioeconomic
+· Labor to build barriers may not be available.
+· Allows farmers to grow relatively high-value crops on slopes otherwise impossible to cultivate (e.g., tobacco in the Philippines).
+<section>Soil traps</section>
+Soil traps are structures constructed to harvest soil eroded from the upper slopes of the catchment. The most common types of soil traps are check dams and trenches, built in diversion ditches or waterways.
+A check dam slows down the water flow and allows heavier soil particles to settle. The size of the check dam depends on the size of the drainage or gully to be protected. Check dams can be built of Gliricidia stakes, bamboo, loose rocks, logs or other locally available materials.
+Trenches are built to trap soil along the waterways and complement the function of check dams. A trench is dug about 1-2 meters above the check dam, at least 0.8 m deep, 1.0 m long and 0.5 m wide. A variation is to construct the trench at the lower portion of the field just above a bund. The purpose is to trap soil and to store water temporarily to increase infiltration.
+The accumulated soil in trenches and dams is returned to the field.
+Advantages
+· Prevents widening and deepening of gullies.
+· Promotes the deposition of nutrient-rich, highly fertile sediments.
+· Reduces the velocity of runoff in gullies.
+· The area where soil accumulates can be used for growing crops.
+Limitations
+· Requires continuous desilting to prevent overtopping during heavy rains.
+· Check dams require regular repair and maintenance.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Materials for making check dams may be unavailable.
+Socioeconomic
+· Damage to check dams must be repaired and trenches desilted frequently.
+· Soil traps constructed without the necessary support structures may be ineffective.
+Prepared by Kennedy Igbokwe
+<section>Water harvesting</section>
+Water availability for upland agriculture can be improved by smallscale impoundments to capture and store rainwater for irrigation.
+Small-scale water harvesting is most successful when operated as a system with three components: the watershed or catchment area that generates the runoff; the reservoir which holds or collects the runoff; and the service area where the harvested water is used for production.
+A catchment area of sufficient size is needed to drain water into the reservoir. The amount of runoff generated depends on the catchment characteristics and rainfall pattern (amount, duration and intensity); hence, the variability of catchment sizes. In parts of the Philippines with an annual rainfall of 1200-1500 mm, a catchment area of 0.2 to 0. 5 ha of terraced rice land yields 1000 m³ of water for storage in the reservoir. For grassland and residential areas, a catchment area of about 0.6 to 1.0 ha is enough to fill the same volume. Water harvesting is also possible in areas with low rainfall (300-500mm per year), but larger catchment areas are necessary.
+Small-farm reservoir sites are suitable in elevated or depressed areas (valleys) where irrigation is possible by natural flow. Sites that are communally owned should be properly managed to ensure sharing among the intended beneficiaries. Places with springs or flowing streams to ensure a year-round water supply are good sites for reservoirs. Topography that is undulating or rolling with slopes of 2 to 18% is desirable.
+Advantages
+· Improves food production (crops, fish, fruit trees, etc.).
+· Promotes conservation and ecological balance.
+· Involves low investment cost per hectare.
+· Easy to construct.
+· Provides alternative (often high-return) uses to offset sacrificed land area.
+· Protects against drought.
+· Allows irrigation by gravity (no additional power cost).
+· Mostly individually owned; hence, minimal social problems.
+Limitations
+· Requires large amount of labor.
+· High seepage and evaporation losses possible (depending on soil type).
+· Floating vegetation may infest reservoir.
+· Uncontrolled runoff in high intensity rainfall areas can overtop and damage the embankment.
+· Poor design and management can lead to erosion and flooding.
+Factors affecting adoption
+Biophysical
+· Soils that have high seepage and percolation rates may require lining.
+Socioeconomic
+· Farmers may be unwilling to sacrifice a portion of their land for a reservoir.
+· Land tenure status can influence the investment decision.
+· Labor may be insufficient.
+· Funds or credit services may be unavailable.
+· Engineering knowledge (both for constructing the impoundment and managing the irrigation system) is required.
+<section>4. Diagnostic methods and tools</section>
+<section>Participatory appraisal methods</section>
+A number of participatory approaches for assessing local conditions, problems and opportunities have been developed. They provide a "basket" of tools and techniques for visualizing, interviewing and group work. The approaches share various features:
+· They can be used to collect and analyze information in a participatory way.
+· They examine interactions between social, economic and biophysical systems.
+· They allow interdisciplinary teams (e.g., of researchers, extensionists and planners) to work in a sensitive manner directly with farmers and local communities in the field. Each team member uses his/her specific expertise to develop lines of inquiry with local people.
+· Information is pooled to construct a picture of the area and current resource management issues and to generate ideas on major constraints.
+· Learning is from and with rural people and stresses local knowledge, skills and practices. The learning is rapid, progressive and iterative (not a fixed blueprint).
+· The information is a selective sampling of a range of conditions and extremes (not solely based on averages).
+· Probing and "triangulation" of methods and sources of information ensure reliability and validity.
+· Local people can analyze and make decisions on the spot, based on the information they themselves provide.
+· These techniques can help mobilize and organize local people around issues they consider important.
+Advantages of participatory approaches
+· Participatory approaches allow close interactions between local people and outsiders.
+· They can provide insights to complex, multidimensional problems.
+· They can identify key problems quickly and cheaply.
+· They can be followed by surveys to provide in-depth analysis and understanding of selected components.
+· They allow local people to identify problems and empower them in seeking solutions.
+Examples of participatory appraisal methods
+· Farming systems research
+· Agroecosystems analysis
+· Diagnosis and design
+· Rapid rural appraisal
+· Participatory rural appraisal
+· Situation-specific assessment.
+These approaches are continually evolving as they are used and further tested and adapted in the field.
+Uses
+· Diagnostic studies
+· Planning and design of research and extension projects
+· Land-use planning
+· Community development
+· Agricultural development
+· Participatory monitoring and evaluation
+· Training.
+Site selection
+Since the target area is often large, it is impossible to do assessment in the whole area. It is necessary to select some typical sites that represent local features and conditions. Later, the information collected and findings can be presented to the whole community.
+It is necessary to meet the local leaders and the community as a whole. This helps people in the community understand and participate in the program.
+Methods and tools
+Visualized analyses
+Guidelines for conducting three of these methods (transects, matrices and calendars) are given later in this section.
+· Participatory mapping and modelling (resource and social maps)
+· Transects
+· Seasonal calendars
+· Changing trends (historical profiles/trend analyses/time lines)
+· Matrices, reference ranking
+· Participatory diagramming (systems, flows, institutions, decisions, problems)
+· Tables or graphs showing basic village data
+· Listing of problems, causes, strategies, potentials.
+Interviews
+· Semistructured household interviews
+· Focus groups
+· Key informants.
+The team
+· 4-8 persons with varied disciplinary backgrounds. (Number depends on the size of the community or village and on the scope of information to be collected.)
+· Each member collects one type of data.
+· Rotate responsibilities among members.
+· Combine and integrate information obtained.
+· Stimulate interaction and information exchange.
+Socioeconomic indicators
+· Wealth ranking
+· Traditional practices and beliefs.
+Field sampling
+· Transect walks
+· Direct observation.
+Group and team dynamics
+· Brainstorming
+· Rapid report writing
+· Work sharing (in local activities)
+· Villager shared presentations.
+Writing up results
+The report should be written immediately after the fieldwork and be based mainly on the records. The sections may be divided among the team members or may be written jointly through a workshop. The report should be short and clear.
+Limitations
+· Difficulty of building the right team dynamics.
+· Superficial data collection, generalizing based on a small sample.
+· Failure to involve all members of a community.
+· Overlooking the invisible.
+· Lecturing instead of learning and listening.
+· Imposing external ideas and values without realizing it.
+· Raising expectations in the community regarding follow-up activities and interventions.
+Participatory assessment methods are not an end in themselves, but a process that must be judiciously used in combination with other tools, including secondary data, select surveys and other more in-depth investigations into key problems and constraints.
+Transect
+Definition
+A transect is a cross-section of major land-use zones. It compares the main features, resources, uses and problems of the different zones.
+Purpose
+A transect shows the different land-use or ecological zones. It provides a detailed picture of a community. It shows how the natural resource potential is managed and used, as well as problems and opportunities related to each zone.
+Materials
+Flipcharts and colored markers, notebooks and pens, a community map.
+Approach
+· Find key informants (both men and women) who are knowledgeable and willing to assist.
+· Identify the transect route (on the map|.
+· Walk along the transect route.
+· Discuss with key informants the different factors to be drawn on the transect (crops, land use, trees, soil, water, etc.), problems and opportunities.
+· Identify the main natural and agricultural zones.
+· Draw the transect.
+· Cross-check the transect with the key informants.
+Value
+A transect walk is an excellent tool to get information on details of land use, natural resources, soil types, yields, problems, constraints, advantages and possible solutions. It encourages villagers to participate in the assessment process.
+Matrix
+Definition
+A matrix lists certain items (such as tree species or crop types), in the rows and characteristics of each item (such as yield, uses and drought resistance) in the columns. The body of the matrix shows the level or rank of the characteristic for each item. Local people choose the items to list and the measures to be used.
+Purpose
+Matrices can be used for many purposes. Examples:
+· Crop and tree species: uses, characteristics, farmers, preferences.
+· Prioritization of possible development interventions.
+Materials
+Local materials (sticks, stones, seeds, leaves). Chalk or stick to draw matrix frame. Papers and pens to record the results.
+Approach
+· Identify interested and knowledgeable individuals (both men and women).
+· Find a large, clear area to draw matrix.
+· Ask participants to define items (e.g., list of tree species).
+· Draw a series of rows (the number of rows depends on the number of species to be evaluated). Write the name of each species to the left of each row. Put a leaf or fruit from that species here.
+· Ask participants to identify criteria to use.
+· Draw a series of columns (the number of columns depends on the number of criteria used). Write criteria at the top of each column.
+· Ask participants to decide categories for each criterion (e.g., highest yield, high, medium, low, lowest).
+· Participants put sticks or stones in the body of the matrix. The number of sticks or stones depends on the level of the category: for instance, 1 stone means "lowest yield,,, 5 stones means "highest yield."
+Value
+Helps farmers and program managers make decisions in conducting the program. Questions that can be answered:
+· What species are desirable or important?
+· What are priority activities to solve identified problems?
+· What resources can be utilized?
+Calendar
+Definition
+A calendar identifies items or activities that vary from month to month, for instance: livelihood tasks (crop production, harvesting, etc.), rainfall, cultural events, prices, off-farm income and food availability.
+Calendars can categorize responsibilities for livelihood tasks by gender, age and intensity of activity.
+Purpose
+Developing a calendar can generate information on seasonal variations in social, biophysical and economic conditions, show the relationships between them and identify opportunities for change.
+Materials
+Poster board or a large roll of brown paper, markers.
+Approach
+· Identify interested and knowledgeable local people (men and women). This exercise can be done with either focus groups or key informants.
+· Draw a matrix with 12 columns and as many rows as you need (you can add rows as you go on). Write the names of the months at the top of each column.
+· Define some items (e.g., types of tasks, etc.) to discuss. Write these to the left of each row. Ask participants to define additional items (e.g., additional tasks).
+· Ask participants to trace on the calendar when certain activities occur.
+· Make sure that the level of each activity (e.g., sporadic, continuous, intense) is reflected.
+· Make sure that the activities and responsibilities of each household member (men, women, children) are represented.
+Value
+· Assists project planners and managers to anticipate the best timing for work in the community.
+· Helps analyze various local indicators and the relationships among them.
+· Information can show responsibilities of individuals (men, women, children) and groups and how these change over the year.
+· Calendars may vary according to socioeconomic status of the participants.
+<section>Integrated land-use planning in upland areas</section>
+Considerations
+· Use land according to its capacity.
+· Production needs must balance with environmental conservation needs.
+· Promote efficiency and long-term stability of land use.
+· Plans must be sensitive to local culture.
+· The complex upland situation requires an integrated approach.
+· Dialogue between farmer and extension worker is necessary to find viable solutions.
+· Soil and water conservation measures need time to take effect; therefore, long-term solutions must be linked to the solution of the farmer's immediate priorities.
+Important
+An interdisciplinary and participatory process helps avoid treating symptoms rather than actual causes.
+Ecological context
+· Climate changes
+· Food chain disruption
+· Diminishing productivity
+· Unstable soil
+· Forest changes
+· Flood and droughts
+· Other environmental effects of human activities.
+An example of the results of a land-use planning process (carried out in Northern Thailand)
+Potential innovation
+Areas of sloping land
+Assumptions for successful implementation
+Top
+Middle
+Bottom
+Permanent tree cover
+x
+· Other lands available on slopes for cash-crop cultivation
+No burning
+x
+x
+x
+· Alternative weed/pest management
+· Adequate labor available
+Use of mulch
+x
+x
+· Awareness of mulching benefits
+· Adequate labor and mulch available
+Minimum tillage
+x
+x
+· Economic feasibility
+· Mulch used
+· Labor available for seedbed preparation
+· Willingness to shift from mono- to multiple cropping
+· Awareness of erosion problems in area.
+Hedgerows
+x
+x
+· Financial benefits from hedgerows
+· Hedgerows visibly reduce erosion.
+· No down-hill plowing
+Cut-and-carry livestock
+x
+x
+x
+· Adequate labor available
+management
+· Awareness of possible impact of free grazing
+· Training in livestock management
+Intercropping
+x
+· Financially viable market for intercrop
+· increased income from intercropping
+· Adequate labor available
+Fruit-tree cultivation
+x
+x
+· Higher income from fruit-tree cultivation
+· Transition period can be tolerated.
+· Cash, seedlings and labor available for tree establishment
+· Promising market for fruit.
+Cover crops
+x
+x
+· Cover cropping financially beneficial
+· Awareness of erosion problems in area
+· Extension available
+Fertilization
+x
+x
+· For some farmers: credit availability
+Crop diversification
+x
+x
+x
+· No dependence on monocrop middlemen
+Integrated aquaculture
+x
+· Knowledge/technical supervision
+· Fingerlings available
+· Proper pesticide management on adjacent lands.
+<section>Farm househoId profile</section>
+The household is the basic unit of a community. Looking at the household unit, one can do a true natural resource accounting. An inventory of goals and aspirations of household members can also reveal much. The household is a source of labor, skills, cash and other resources. When monetized, the value of consumption at the household level can provide information about community livelihoods and, when analyzed at a community level, can indicate how much the community saves or spends. The farm household economy includes income, as well as all assets and liabilities.
+Developing a farm household profile involves a process of identifying labor, goods and income shared by a group of people living in one house and determining the adequacy of resources in relation to their needs. Among other things, a farm household profile looks at the incomes and expenses of individual household members by gender so that the whole family decides where and on what to invest. The profile should also consider other critical factors, such as educational level (see also checklist in General syslems overview). It also involves gender and generational analysis in terms of decision-making, contributions, influences and expenses.
+A farm household profile can be developed through the use of three simple tools: a farm household inventory (balance sheet), a farm household gross income statement and a farm household budget. (Facie of these tools is explained below.) All members of the farm household should be involved in the use of these tools in order to ensure that each of their different perspectives is included and to ensure joint decision-making. Before beginning with these three tools, identify each member of the household by number, age and gender. Also, identify labor utilization of each of the household members--who does what, when, where. (See also Gender analysis.)
+Farm household inventory (balance sheet)
+A farm household inventory (or balance sheet) shows the net worth of the farm household. The total value of liabilities (e.g., debts, loans, etc.) is subtracted from the total value of assets (e.g., land, livestock, saving, etc.)
+1. List farm assets.
+· land (value of landholding)
+· farm buildings
+· farm animals
+· farm equipment and tools
+· stored crops
+· other farm supplies stored on the farm (e.g., fertilizer, etc.)
+2. List household assets.
+· house
+· vehicle
+· furniture and other appliances
+· savings
+3. Estimate the current market value for each asset item.
+4. List farm and household liabilities.
+· short-term loans
+· mortgages and other long-term loans
+5 Subtract the value of the total liabilities from the total assets to provide the net worth of
+the household.
+Example:
+Farm household inventory (balance sheet)
+ASSETS
+A. Farm assets
+Quantity
+Estimated current market value per unit
+Total amount
+Land (ha)
+Farm buildings
+Farm sheds
+Farm animals
+Carabaos
+Goats
+Farm equipment
+Plows
+Harrows
+Stored crops
+Corn (kg)
+Total farm assets
+B. Household assets
+House
+Furniture
+Savings
+Total household assets
+TOTAL ASSETS
+LIABILITIES
+Short-term loans
+Long-term loans
+TOTAL LIABILITIES
+CURRENT NET WORTH(total assets less total liabilities)
+Annual farm household gross income statement
+This tool shows the sources and amounts of the farm household income. It is a usefill tool for households to be able to know how important are the various income-generating activities to the total income of the house.
+1. List the value of sales of crops and livestock for the year.
+· Quantity the number of pieces or kilos sold per item
+· Estimate the current market price per unit for each item.
+2. List other income sources.
+3. Add the income items from the farm and other sources to come up with annual farm household gross income. In order to calculate the net income, the various expenses for each of the income sources should be subtracted. These are the cost of production (e.g., fertilizer, feeds, seeds, etc.).
+Annual farm household budget
+A farm household budget serves many purposes: 1 ) it allows the family to compare their expenditures, based on their income; 2) it allows them to discuss and agree upon what items or activities they spend their money on; and 3) it allows them to set limits (on a per-month and per-year basis) for their amount of spending. For a rural development worker, this information can be very helpful to determine who might receive specific technical assistance (given the labor profile) and the capability of the household to venture into new activities and to assume new risks. l. Invite the members of the household to list the items they spend their income. 2. List average monthly expenses. 3. Multiply the monthly expenses by l 2 months to determine the annual amount spent on each item. 4. Sum the annual expense for each item to come up with the total annual farm household budget.
+Example: Annual farm household income statement
+INCOME FROM CROP/LIVESTOCK
+Unit
+Current market price per unit
+Total amount
+1. Fruit
+--Pomelo (pcs)
+--Papaya (pcs)
+2. Vegetables
+--Cabbage (kg)
+--Sweet peas (kg)
+3. Livestock
+--Sale of goat
+Subtotal
+OTHER INCOME
+1. Sale of firewood
+2. Remittances
+3. Hired labor (days)
+Subtotal
+Total annual farm household gross income
+Example:
+Annual farm household budget
+1. Food
+1,200 x 12
+2. Gas
+50 x 12
+3. Soap
+50 x 12
+4. Education
+150 x 12
+5. Transport
+20 x 12
+6. Medicines
+7. Tobacco
+200 x 12
+8. Alcoholic beverages
+100 x 12
+9. Gambling and leisure
+50 x 12
+10. Others
+TOTAL
+<section>Gender analysis</section>
+Gender roles
+Most upland development programs have presumed that there is a clear division in the labor of women and men. Women were thought to be primarily responsible for the care and maintenance of the household and its members, including bearing and caring of children, preparing food and collecting water and fuel. Men were thought to be primarily involved in agricultural and livestock production activities.
+Research has shown that, while gender roles clearly differ in most societies, women are often involved in making key decisions related to agricultural and livestock production. In addition, women's roles are changing. Upland development efforts, therefore, must also change.
+Gender analysis and upland resource management
+The disappearance of much of the forest and increased cultivation of fragile upland areas have transformed gender roles, increased the hours women work to fetch water and fuel, increased the number of female-headed households and forced women and men to explore new ways to earn a living.
+Gender analysis reveals how gender differences define women's and men's rights, responsibilities and opportunities in resource management.
+Types of labor
+Different types of labor are divided into productive, reproductive and community work. Analyzing what men and women do, their interactions and the possible effects of development projects can help in the design of such projects.
+Productive work
+The production of goods and services, such as farming or wage labor
+Reproductive work
+The care and maintenance of the household and its members, including childbearing, cooking and cleaning.
+Community work
+The collective organization of social events, such as church, school and cultural events.
+What is gender?
+Gender is the social differences between men and women. These differences are learned, vary from place to place, and may change over time. Gender is a socioeconomic variable used to analyze roles, responsibilities, constraints, opportunities and needs of men and women.
+Sex is the physical or biological difference between men and women.
+Why gender analysis?
+Gender analysis helps decision-makers to:
+· Design programs which recognize the different roles, interests and needs of women and men.
+· Enhance women's productive role, without adding to their work burden.
+· Create projects which promote the partnership of women and men in determining their future.
+Gender and age division of labor
+An analysis of tasks, functions, roles, responsibilities and activities of men, women, boys, girls and the elderly reveals what society deems culturally appropriate. While women continue to be primarily responsible for the wellbeing of their families, more and more are engaging in income-generating activities.
+Approach
+1 Prepare a chart with six columns showing boys, men, elderly men, girls, women and elderly women. (See table.)
+2 Ask respondents (both men and women) to name activities and identify whether these are tasks dictated by gender and age.
+3 Discuss the implications of such a division. Is it fair? Is it just? Should something be done about this?
+Gender and age division of labor
+Some examples
+Boys
+Men
+Elderly men
+Girls
+Women
+Elderly women
+Productive work
+· pasture livestock
+cultivate fields
+feed livestock
+weed fields
+· tend garden
+· tend garden
+· harvest
+· weed fields
+· weed pasture livestock
+· trading
+· food processing
+Reproductive work
+· collect firewood
+· maintain house
+· care for children
+cook food take care of younger siblings
+· care for children and elderly
+· care for children
+· fetch water
+· maintain house
+· clean house
+· cook food
+· wash clothes
+· clean house
+· wash clothes
+· buy house hold needs
+Community work
+· organize youth activities
+· lead village council
+· sit on village council
+· beautify village during festivals
+· attend to church activities
+· attend to church activities
+· repair roads
+· work in community health activities
+Gender-based labor calendar
+A gender-based labor calendar shows the female/male, adult/ child responsibilites for productive, reproductive and community work.
+The calendar can generate information on the types of labor men, women and children do and can show opportunities for intervention and extension.
+Approach
+1 Identify males and females of various ages who are interested in participating. Explain the purpose and process of the exercise.
+2 On a big sheet of paper, draw a matrix with 12 columns (1 for each month) and as many rows as you need. (See table.)
+3 Ask participants to list the major types of activities under "production,,' "reproduction" and "community work.', Write each activity on the left side of the rows.
+4 Ask participants to show on the calendar (using chalk or markers) when certain activities occur.
+5 Request participants to define the intensity of the activity. Use continuous lines for continuous activities and broken lines for sporadic activities.
+6 Match all activities with who specifically within the household is responsible for each task. Possible categories are male/ female, child/ adult/elder and hired labor.
+7 Discuss with them their reactions to the results on the chart. Explore ways where adjustments might be needed.
+Access, responsibility and control
+It is important to know who has access to, responsibility for and control over existing resources. While women are heavily involved in (and are responsible for) production activities, they often do not control the use of the benefits of production.
+Access, responsibility and control matrix
+A matrix can show which household members have the primary responsibility for, access to and control over which key resources It can show both gender and generational role differences.
+Access
+The opportunity of a person to make use of resources.
+Responsibility
+The burden of ensuring that the task(s) is completed.
+Control
+The authority to determine the use of the resource and impose this decision on others.
+Approach
+1 Identify interested and knowledgeable local women and men who can participate in the activity.
+2 Explain the purpose of the exercise and the meanings of access, responsibility and control.
+3 Draw a matrix with 3 columns, one each for access, responsibility and control. (See table.)
+4 Ask the respondents to define what key resources and activities are important to include. Write each of these to the led) side of each row in the matrix
+5 Ask respondents to indicate who has responsibility for, access to and control over the item in each row. Put their responses in the correct cell in the matrix. You can use drawings or cut out shapes from paper for men and women. Or use sticks for men, stones for women. Use different sizes of sticks and stones to show children, adults and elderly people.
+Value
+The matrix can lead to an understanding and discussion of the range of roles different household members play. It demonstrates the differences between responsibility, access and control and stimulates a discussion of the reasons for these differences.
+<section>Collecting information on crops</section>
+Information on income, labor and other costs involved in producing individual crops can be useful in many situations. It can be useful for:
+· scientists in determining suitable topics for research.
+· planners in estimating the probable returns of a project.
+· farmers in making farm management decisions.
+· extension workers and farmers as basis for discussions aimed at finding ways to improve the farm economy.
+Data collection
+Crop information can be collected in various ways. The method used depends on available local resources, purpose and the degree of accuracy needed.
+Data collection workshop
+Gather farmers (men and women) in the area for a 1-2 day workshop. Small groups of 3 to 5 farmers should discuss a specific crop and fill out the information sheet. Crop data can be presented and discussed among the participants.
+Individual interviews of farmers by extension agents
+This is a time-consuming way to gather information. The data may not be any more accurate than those collected through a workshop or group meeting.
+Collection by farmers
+Interested individual farmers collect information by themselves as they carry out their farm activities. Initial supervision by the local extensionist is needed to ensure that the data are recorded correctly. Once every 6 or 12 months, the extensionist can gather the information from the farmers for analysis and presentation.
+Data to collect
+· Yields
+· Fertilizers and pesticides--management, use, quantities and costs
+· Labor use--days for different activities, cost per day
+· Other inputs, costs
+· Income, prices received, quantities sold
+· Constraints in the cultivation of individual crops
+· Marketing.
+Presentation of results
+After collection, the data should be presented in a systematic yet simple way that everybody can understand. The presentation should stimulate a dialog among farmers and researchers or extensionists. Suitable times are during a short training session, workshop or farmer group meeting.
+<section>Building on indigenous knowledge</section>
+Over centuries, communities have acquired a wide spectrum of information, skills and technology in:
+· agriculture
+· Iivestock rearing
+· food preparation and preservation
+· construction and building
+· soil and water conservation
+· natural resource management
+· community organizing
+· health care, education and other subjects
+This indigenous knowledge is a product of many years of experience. Indigenous knowledge is
+· unique to a given community
+· based on cumulative experience
+· often tested over centuries of use
+· adapted to local culture and environment
+· dynamic and changing with conditions
+· transmitted through indigenous communication channels.
+In many instances, indigenous knowledge will be a blend of "locally rooted" and exogenous knowledge.
+Development and indigenous knowledge
+Indigenous knowledge is a valuable resource for development activities. It may be equal or even superior to the know-how introduced by outsiders.
+Development initiatives should build on a community's knowledge. They should unleash a process of blending, strengthening, energizing and synergizing indigenous with exogenous knowledge.
+Roles of indigenous knowledge in development
+Indigenous knowledge:
+· Is a basis for selfsufficiency and selfdetermination.
+· Strengthens people's participation and the empowerment process.
+· Ensures viability and sustainability.
+· Promotes the use of appropriate technology.
+· Ensures cost-effective approaches.
+· Provides the opportunity to understand and facilitate the design of appropriate development approaches.
+Types of indigenous knowledge
+Information
+Examples:
+· Which trees and plants grow well together?
+· Which tree species are best suited for mulching?
+Practices and technologies
+Examples:
+· Ways to store seeds.
+· Simple threshing devices.
+· Stonewall terracing.
+· Grafting, composting or other practices.
+Beliefs
+Beliefs can play a fundamental role in a people's livelihood and in maintaining the environment.
+Examples:
+· Holy forests, protected for religious reasons, in fact, maintain a villager's lifegiving watershed.
+· Rituals and religions may regulate the access and pattern of water distribution.
+Tools
+Examples:
+· Implements for planting and harvesting.
+· Carriers for fodder grass collected as animal fodder.
+Experimentation
+Examples:
+· Farmers' integration of new tree species into existing farming systems.
+· Farmers' modification of planting practices.
+Human resources
+Examples:
+· Specialists such as healers and blacksmiths.
+· Local organizations such as kinship groups, councils of elders, or groups formed for labor sharing and exchange.
+Biologicals
+Examples:
+· Animals' breeds.
+· Local crop and tree species.
+Materials
+Examples:
+· Stones for building walls.
+· Housing construction materials.
+Deciding on appropriate interventions
+Not all indigenous knowledge is equally useful Some may be ineffective or even harmful from a development point of view. Practices originally benign under conditions of low population and limited contact with the outside may no longer be appropriate
+Example: Introducing an agroforestry scheme into a village. Before deciding which species and techniques to promote in this scheme, farmers and project staff should systematically record and document whether there are any local tree and bush species, how they are used arid whether farmers have indigenous knowledge related to agroforestry, such as intercropping, terracing, etc. Then the team should decide whether any of the existing indigenous knowledge (information, practices, technologies, species) could be used, improved or blended with outside technologies. As with any technology, efficacy, costs, cultural and social feasibility, effect on user and non-user groups, environmental impact and other factors should be considered and weighed against characteristics of alternative solutions
+Blending indigenous and exogenous knowledge
+Farmers in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, have several practices to improve soil fertility and prevent erosion. The table shows how the Indigenous knowledge can be blended with and improved through exogenous knowledge.
+Indigenous practice
+Indigenous practice blended with exogenous knowledge
+Carry biomass from the forest and burn it on fields.
+Promote tree growing on farm for biomass production.
+Burn plant residues on the farm and distribute the ash.
+Reduce burning on farm; incorporate at least half of the residues unburnt into the soil.
+Build walls from dry branches, shrubs and
+Combine wall with contour ditch uphill from wall.
+Bamboo.
+Strengthen wall with live hedgerows.
+Integrate trees into fields.
+Improve planting patterns of existing practices.
+Build terraces from rocks.
+Strengthen terraces with live hedgerows.
+<section>5. Extension and linkage strategies</section>
+<section>Farming systems development</section>
+The aim of farming systems development (FSD) is to rapidly identify useful local practices, as well as introduce new technology, for the benefit of small farmers. Agricultural extension workers work with. families to help choose farm management practices which fit local ecological and socioeconomic conditions. This participatory approach to upland rural development considers total farming systems. Income generation and food production are important, but sustainability is critical.
+The success of FSD depends on the combined efforts of farmers, researchers, extension workers and planners. Scientists, sociologists and economists work with farmers to understand the limits to production and sustainability at the farm level. Plans are developed from the bottom up.
+FSD bridges the gap between research and on-farm utilization while taking into consideration other influences such as markets, availability of labor, access to credit, level of surrounding infrastructure, extension support and government policies. The approach is long term.
+The existing agricultural and natural resource base must be managed properly to maintain its carrying capacity and prevent further environmental degradation. This is a complex problem, pitting declining productivity and environmental degradation on one side and increasing population on the other.
+FSD evolved as a strategy for implementing farming systems research.
+FSD characteristics
+· Farmer- and problemoriented
+· Holistic
+· Considers system interactions and linkages
+· Multidisciplinary.
+Methodology
+FSD is carried out in a series of steps, each done separately, each affecting subsequent steps.
+1 Area selection
+FSD should be started in a few areas selected by delineating agroecological zones Representative sites should be chosen in each zone. Farm families should be tentatively classified into homogenous groups (families practicing more or less similar cropping systems, facing the same resource and other constraints and perhaps requiring similar solutions.
+2 Getting started
+Informal exploratory surveys and structured surveys are conducted and secondary data collected to help identify constraints and opportunities associated with the existing system, both in qualitative and quantitative terms.
+3 Establishing a multidisciplinary team
+A multidisciplinary team of specialists must be assembled to support the program. The composition of the team will depend on the potential of the area for crop production, forestry, fishery and livestock production but will always take into account the farm families for whom the project is being initiated. A farm management specialist, sociologist, economist and resource management specialist should be on the team. Caution: Multidisciplinary work is difficult, especially when it involves specialists from different agencies.
+4 Evaluation of physical and biological factors
+The productive potential of the project area is limited by physical and biological factors. The extent of resource degradation as well as its causes and effects should be assessed to determine constraints and identify needed improvements. Conservation and management practices required to maintain and improve the productivity of land and other natural resources should be identified. Analysis should be done by the team with the participation of farmer groups.
+5 Identification of resources and constraints
+The combination of on-farm enterprises is determined by the resources of the farm family. A household survey should be conducted to determine available resources, income and farm management practices of the farm family. An understanding of the goals and attitudes of farm families is important in order to prioritize development strategies.
+6 Formulation of improved systems and strategies
+Information on improved farm and natural resource management practices, as well as the experiences of successful farmers and technicians working in the field, should be collected. These should be compared with farmers, existing practices. Those found superior--in terms of technical merit, financial and economic viability and sustainability--should be used for developing improved farming systems and natural resource management plans
+7 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
+New systems are tested on farmers, fields to determine their value. Did they increase production and income? Did they arrest degradation? Are they acceptable to the farm families? In the process of testing, offfarm factors which could constrain adoption of the new systems are analyzed. Means of overcoming these potential constraints are sought. The test farms must be monitored and a revised plan prepared based on the findings.
+8 Expansion of the program
+Systems which prove successful can be introduced to new areas with similar conditions. The value farmers see in the new systems will be affected by various socioeconomic and institutional factors such as land tenure, availability of credit, the existence of cooperatives and marketing and extension support. Adjustments will be needed to ensure the system fits the new areas.
+Important considerations
+1 Improved data collection systems and analysis
+The FSD approach requires improved methodologies for information gathering and analysis. Understanding of the interrelationships and interactions of the various system components is crucial.
+2 Better research and extension linkages
+A strong link between research and extension is critical to FSD. Farmers' needs, priorities and resources must be considered. Likewise, extension workers rely on researchers for improved technology
+3 Orientation of agricultural extension workers
+Many extension personnel are still commodity-oriented. Socioeconomic considerations are often neglected Therefore, training of agricultural extension workers is needed to institutionalize the FSD approach.
+4 Improved support services
+Since FSD evolved from farming systems research, its natural strength lies in technology generation. But FSD's success will depend on how it deals with such factors as marketing, extension input supply, credit availability and policy support.
+Make optimum use of natural and socioeconomic resources
+· The plants and animals selected should be welladapted to the physical environment of the system.
+· Establish proper proportions of crop, forest, livestock, fish and sideline production, according to the natural resource base, family nutritional needs, market demand and need for cash income.
+Balance production and conservation
+· Protect marginal lands and other sites prone to damage from agriculture.
+· Proper tillage, cultivation and conservation measures must be adopted to conserve soil and water.
+The result: Improved living conditions of farm families
+· Improved nutrition
+· Improved quality produce
+· Firewood and other subsistence materials
+· Enhanced efficiency and productivity to increase farm income.
+Integrated farming systems
+Components of an integrated farming systems interact to form a functional whole. Proper integration of components can promote productivity and sustainability. For instance, plant species of different heights growing in the same field can provide good vegetative cover to protect soil and conserve water, while making optimum use of space, labor, rainfall, sunlight and nutrient resources In China, livestock, fish and specialty food crops are produced together to make good use of feed crops and crop by-products (such as straw used as medium for growing mushrooms). The livestock manure improves the soil's physical and chemical properties which increase water infiltration and reduce erosion. Add a biogas digester to the system and organic wastes are turned into cooking fuel, reducing the demand for firewood, leaving the forests better protected against water erosion.
+Integrated farming systems should benefit whole communities as well as individual farm families. Good systems can be sustainable suppliers while protecting and nurturing natural resources, if they are planned correctly from the start
+<section>Farmer-led research and extension</section>
+Farmer-led research and extension (also called "participatory technology development,, or PTD) combines the knowledge and research capacities of local communities and research and development organizations in an interactive learning process. It involves identifying, generating, testing and adapting new techniques and practices to help solve local problems. The ultimate aim is to strengthen the experimental and technology management capacities of local people and communities, thus farmers play a key role in the entire process. The "P.' in PTD can also refer to "people-centered" strategies and processes.
+Principles
+· Consider farmers' needs, indigenous knowledge, existing resources and local networks. Foster the development of these resources.
+· Gain joint understanding of the main characteristics of and changes in the agroecological system.
+· Support farmers and their organizations to increase their awareness, self-respect, self-confidence, knowledge and skills. This also encourages local people to continue the research and extension process after outside facilitation ceases.
+· Ensure that farmers and outside facilitators jointly define priority problems.
+· Provide practical experience to selected farmers so they can develop new technological options and transfer their knowledge to others.
+· Use low-cost, locally produced research and extension inputs and materials. Let farmers and their organizations circulate them. This ensures that farmers are self-reliant and inputs are appropriate.
+· Encourage demonstrations by a farmer or farmer group on their farm(s). The demonstrations can be replicated by other farmers.
+· Promote research and extension roles for farmers themselves. Farmers traditionally fill these functions and they should not be taken up by outsiders who often know less about local physical and sociocultural conditions.
+· Provide information on the changing situation to create awareness.
+· Experiment locally with a variety of options derived both from farmers (indigenous knowledge or other farmer experiences) and from formal science. Suggest optional practices for farmers to decide on and test in their own fields, and encourage farmers also to suggest practices to test.
+· Hold fore for farmers to evaluate and extend the research results to others.
+Why do conventional research and extension not work well in the uplands?
+Conventional agricultural research and extension systems work relatively well in the lowlands, where access to inputs and services is easy and technological "packages" fit well into homogenous, resource-rich conditions. But in the diverse, complex and resource-poor uplands, conventional research and development are less effective. Reasons for this include:
+· Neglect of local knowledge and resources
+· Over-emphasis on stationbased research under "ideal" conditions
+· Research typically focuses on a single commodity, as opposed to system interactions.
+· Neglect of rainfed areas
+· Neglect of environmental effects (especially across ecosystems)
+· Gender bias
+· Primary focus on marketoriented production
+· Extension of inappropriate technologies
+· Poor extension methods (e.g., formal training, poorly timed, by outsiders unfamiliar with local conditions and language)
+Process
+1 Participatory appraisal
+Researchers and extension workers lead a participatory appraisal of physical, socioeconomic and cultural circumstances of the community and external factors influencing it. (See Participatory appraisal methods ) Topics to identify:
+· Indigenous knowledge (See Integrating indigenous knowledge)
+· Traditional information networks
+· Potential and limitations of local farming systems and natural resources management, within changing external conditions.
+· Technical options on how to overcome limitations.
+2 Research design
+Conduct meeting(s) with farmers to design the research. Topics to discuss:
+· The changing external situation
+· Technical options suggested by researchers and extension workers in relation to farmers, experiences and knowledge
+· Options to test in their fields
+· Design of the experiment
+· Management of the research (e.g., to be implemented by individual or groups?)
+· Plans to conduct the research.
+3 Technology testing and demonstration
+Researchers and extensionists assist individual farmers or a group to implement experiments and monitor progress.
+· Farmers record activities, e.g., date of planting, weedings and harvesting, date and amount of input applications, crop yield.
+· Regular meetings, field days and exchange visits allow the farmers to show their tests and interim results to others.
+Farmer-led vs conventional research and extension
+Farmer-led approaches are complementary to (not a substitute for) station-based research, scientist-managed on-farm trials and conventional extension approaches.
+Farmer-led approaches link the power and capacities of agricultural science to the priorities and capabilities of farming communities.
+Farmer-led and conventional research and extension activities differ in three essential ways:
+· Farmer-led approaches do not attempt to generate results that can (or should) be generalized across wide areas (although that may happen).
+· Farmer-led methods follow a different approach to collecting, codifying, interpreting and utilizing information.
+· Practitioners of farmer-led approaches can be based in any rural development service or project and even among a local community.
+4 Joint evaluation
+Researchers, extension workers and farmers jointly evaluate the experiment and plan for the new research. Questions to discuss:
+· What are the results of the experiment? Positive or negative?
+· What do we learn from the experiment?
+· What should be the design for the next experiment?
+· What should be the management for the next experiment?
+5Experienced farmers extend findings
+· Training, meetings, study trips and field visits
+· Local production, supply and marketing of inputs.
+Farmers as trainers
+Advantages
+· Improves farmer-specialists' ability to disseminate know-how.
+· Avoids language barrier.
+· Training takes place at a convenient time and place--usually in the trainees' own village.
+· Topics are adjusted to fit the farmers' context, ideas and local resources.
+· Relaxed atmosphere allows a free exchange of ideas.
+· Strengthens local information network.
+Considerations
+· Farmer-trainers must have others' trust: they must be experienced and have good intentions and ethics. Training activities should not burden them.
+· Junior specialists who are not experienced in giving presentations should practice as assistant trainers first.
+· Selection of farmer-trainers can be a delicate issue, for conflicts may exist among villages or clans.
+· Training should be conducted in small groups with field practice. Each group has an assistant trainer to respond to questions and guide the practice.
+· Farmers are often willing to pay an honorarium to farmertrainers.
+Key actors
+· Farmers and local community members
+· Official research and development institutions (usually government or academic)
+· Nongovernment organizations
+· Farmer organizations
+· Artisans and traders
+· Private enterprise (inputs, markets, etc.)
+Limitations of farmer - led research and extension
+· Farmer experiments are often undirected and unfocused. This is a result of (or leads to) poor experimental design.
+· The relevance and application of research can be limited.
+· Political friction, language problems, remoteness and inaccessibility can limit the ability of researchers and extension workers to follow up experiments and of local farmers or communities to share their experiences.
+Meetings
+Village and intervillage meetings, study trips and field visits are ways for farmers to exchange experiences, ideas and know-how. Study trips and field visits allow farmers to see real experiences in specific conditions. This stimulates discussion on what they can apply in their own conditions. Such visits also strengthen information networks and technical assistance.
+Considerations
+· In many places, village or intervillage meetings are held either by regulation or tradition. These can be used for farmers to exchange ideas with other farmers.
+· Study trips conducted to villages of the same ethnic group allow easy communication.
+· Farmers are always interested to see (not only to hear) what happens in the fields. Field visits are effective means of exchanging knowledge and ideas.
+<section>Farm planning</section>
+Farm planning is an important part of farmer-led extension strategies. It facilitates local farmers to adopt crops and technologies appropriate to their problems, needs and programs. It also helps translate issues, problems, policies and research findings to the farm level. Farm planning assumes that a community approach to extension is used and that farmers wish to improve their farms. The process is facilitated by key farmers or extension workers.
+Helping farmers plan
+Assess problems
+Farmers assess needs and identify problems using diagnostic tools (See section on Participatory appraisal methods).
+Discuss finding
+The farmers discuss the findings in a group meeting or workshop. They analyze problems related to household needs, farm production, local economic conditions and the availability of basic services. They also discuss current trends and the potential for developing individual farms.
+Visit farms
+During the meeting, the facilitator may organize visits to individual farms to allow more detailed discussion of findings. Such visits make it easier later to translate the findings into individual farm plans.
+Draw existing farm layout
+Each farmer draws a diagram of his or her existing farm layout. Alternatively, several farmers can work together on a single diagram The diagram should include all buildings, crops and other enterprises. It forms the basis of the individual farm plan.
+Otter alternatives
+The extension worker, representatives of other agencies or farmers themselves outline various alternatives for improvements. These may be based on ideal models developed by the farmers, research findings, farms visited during cross-visits and practices found useful elsewhere.
+Develop farms
+Farmers discuss possible changes and design improved farms for each individual based on the existing layouts and the alternatives suggested. Farmers may modify the ideal models to suit their own situations, capabilities and objectives. For instance, one farmer may focus on livestock production, while another chooses to grow vegetables. The facilitator helps individuals prepare short-, mediumand long-term plans for the types of crops and livestock, in order for the farmer to achieve his or her income or other objectives.
+Plan technology testing
+Farm planning can also be used to design on-farm trials of new technologies, crop varieties or livestock breeds.
+These various activities can be done in a different order from that presented here. In practice, the activities build on and merge into each other. For instance, discussion of an existing farm layout may suggest new alternatives for improvement. It is possible that the plans are changed several times before a farmer decides which is the most appropriate course of action for him or her. The farm planning sheet can help farmers determine what actions to take.
+Structure of farm planning sheet
+Problems
+Objectives of farm improvement (Expected output, yield and in
+come, when to be accomplished)
+Available resources or potentials
+Areas or site to be planted (Whole or part of farm)
+Limitations
+Crops and trees to be selected
+Possible combination of crops/planting pattern and distance
+Supporting technologies to be adopted
+Seeds and other materials required
+Source of information, technology, seeds, other materials
+Activity, schedule and responsible person.
+Institutional issues
+· Extension workers who will facilitate the farm planning process must be carefully selected and trained. They must be broad-minded to relate to local social, economic and biophysical issues. They should have a good community approach and communication skills.
+· Using existing farmers' organizations and community groups facilitates the planning process. These organizations should be strengthened through leaders, members' participation in cross-visits, workshops, training and planning sessions.
+· It may be necessary to strike compromises with government policies and strategies, adapting these as necessary to suit local conditions.
+· External reviews should include government officials, nongovernment organizations and others who have relevant experience and knowledge about the area.
+Farm planning: Some lessons
+· Farm plans are usually prepared on a yearly basis, although farmers also have long-term objectives.
+· Farm plan diagrams are kept at the farmer's house. Every year, this diagram will be improved. It will also become the basis of the implementing agencies' annual planning and for developing measurable objectives.
+· Farmers usually cannot (or do not want to) improve the whole farm if they do not have enough resources or are uncertain of the outcomes.
+· Not all farmers are interested in farm trials.
+· Extension workers or key farmers often become the source of improved models. Usually, they must have their own farm trials for other farmers to evaluate and adopt new technology.
+· The economic implications of implementing the farm plan can be evaluated by calculating the gross margin or a partial budget (See Financial indicators as a decision-making tool,
+Example of farm planning sheet
+Problems
+· Low corn-yield production
+· Soil fertility decreasing; erosion
+· Poor fencing; crops damaged by freeroaming animals
+· Lack of fodder for animal
+· Lack of income
+· Lack of timber.
+Objectives
+Short term ( 1-3 years)
+· Improve soil condition (fertility management and erosion control)
+· Plant fodder species
+· Improve fencing
+· Improve animal production
+· Identify and strengthen farm-based income-generating activities.
+Long term
+· Improve income
+· Improve yield and achieve food self sufficiency
+· Produce sufficient timber.
+Available resources
+· 1.5 ha of land, partially planted with fruit trees; small portion used for housing, storage and pig house
+· 1 cow, 3 goats: grazing on the grass and tethered in the evening
+· Locally available fencing materials (Gliricidia stem cuttings)
+· Material for nursery house available locally.
+Limitations
+· No water supply on the farm
+· Sloping land
+· 7-8 month dry season: no activity
+· Poor access
+· Intense rainfall during rainy season.
+Name of farmer: Pak Nani
+Village: Desa Gerodhere
+Farmer group: Watubha
+Crops/species selection
+(All these species usually given in local names)
+· Gliricidia septum (fencing materials and live hedgerows)
+· Calliandra (live hedgerows and fodder)
+· Flemingia congesta (live hedgerows and fodder)
+· Acacia nilotica (fencing and fodder)
+· Mahogany (timber)
+· Sesbania grandiflora (fodder and fuelwood)
+· Elephant grass ( pasture and soil conservation)
+· Banana (fruit)
+· Coconut (nut)
+· Gmelina arborea (timber and furniture)
+· Acacia villosa (fuelwood)
+Planting pattern
+Uphill part
+Tree crops, fruit and fodder planted in the uphill part of the farm in wide rows.
+Middle part
+Hedgerows and in-row tillage. Hedgerows will be Gliricidia, Flemingia, Calliandra and
+Acacia villosa. Some hedgerows will be strengthened with elephant grass.
+Sesbania grandiflora will be planted in wide rows as a source of fodder.
+Lower part
+In-row tillage.
+Fencing
+Stem cuttings of Gliricidia septum planted at 25 cm distance. On the inside, Acacia nilotica seeds will be sown to strengthen the fencing.
+Supporting technologies
+· Nursery techniques
+· Hedgerows
+· Living fence
+· In-row tillage
+· Family forest
+· Animal house construction.
+Materials and support needed
+· Seeds of trees and shrubs
+· Plastic bags
+· Training on A-frame and in-row tillage
+· Nursery technique
+· Information on introduced species.
+Schedule
+Activity
+Months
+Responsible person
+Farmers' meeting for farm planning
+Apr
+Group of farmers
+Collect seeds
+Jun-Sept
+Group
+Construct nursery
+Jun-Jul
+Group
+Plant nursery
+Jul-Sept
+Self/group
+Maintain and care for nursery
+Jul-Jan
+Self/group
+Prepare soil
+Oct-Nov
+Self/group
+A-frame training and practice
+Oct
+Group
+Sow seeds and construct contour ditch
+Nov-Dec
+Group
+Dig rows for in-row tillage
+Oct
+Self/group
+Transplant seedlings
+Jan
+Self
+Cut and plant stems for fencing
+Nov
+Self
+Improve fencing
+Dec
+Self
+Weed I
+Jan-Feb
+Group
+Weed 11
+Feb-Mar
+Group
+Prune hedgerows
+Mar-AprlNov
+Self
+Replace/plant
+Feb
+Self
+Construct animal house
+Self/group
+Sell goat
+Self
+Sell cattle
+Self
+Buy young goat
+Self
+Buy young cattle
+Self
+Farmers' evaluation meeting
+Group
+<section>Using farmers' quarterly meetings for sharing and extension</section>
+Yayasan Tananua is a local farmers' organization working in the islands of Sumba, Flores and Timor in Indonesia. The Yayasan's oldest branch is currently working with 28 out of 100 villages in the subdistrict of East Sumba. Of these, eight are attended by full-time field workers; 11 by part-time farmerleaders; the rest have neither. Unable to provide field workers or farmer-leaders for the remaining nine villages, Yayasan Tananua relies on the enthusiasm and volunteerism of the farmers to extend technologies while it provides supervisory visits. This new approach is currently being tested and may form an alternative model for managing farmer-to-farmer extension.
+Quarterly meetings are one of the most important mechanisms for the upland communities in Yayasan Tananua's program area to keep abreast of what is happening within and outside the organization. These meetings usually last for four days (excluding travel time to and from the meeting place) and are attended by about 5070 farmers, farmer-leaders, extension workers and staff of the organization.
+The meetings alternate among the villages, with the host village organizing all the logistics (including sleeping quarters, meals and snacks) and the meeting agenda. A typical quarterly meeting features farmers, presentations of their accomplishments and plans; other activities include farm visits, training/hands-on practice on new technologies and evaluations of farmer-leaders or new staff under probation. It is also a forum for exchanging information and discussing other program issues.
+Farmer presentations
+Presentations alternate from village to village. On the average, 2-5 farmers from each village attend (representatives to these meetings are decided by villagers themselves). They present an evaluation of their farm activities during the last quarter and their plans for the next. Many farmers are now making use of farm plans drawn on large sheets of paper to make their presentations. They also take this opportunity to raise problems they experience with certain technologies and seek advice from the more experienced farmers.
+Farmer-leaders and field workers also report on the progress made at the village level (number of farmers they are currently assisting, number of new recruits, number/types of training, courses attended or conducted, etc.). Field supervisors and program leaders likewise present their own reports about program-level concerns.
+Demonstrations and field practice
+Extensionists and farmers alike give practical demonstrations and lead practicum sessions on relevant technologies in one of the farms. These technologies may be the results of their own experiment, practices in other places they have visited, or new ones they learned from training they have attended recently.
+Farm visits
+During the farm visits, farmers in the host village show the progress they have made on their farms and raise questions on problems they are facing. Visiting farmers critically evaluate the farms--often providing recommendations based on their own experience; this also gives them a chance to learn about technologies being practiced locally. The group tries to visit as many farms as possible. These farms need not be the best ones in the village; priority is given to farms not previously visited.
+Staff evaluation
+Field workers and farmer-leaders are carefully scrutinized during these meetings. As leaders, they have responsibilities toward the communities they serve. When farmers feel that these leaders are not fulfilling their responsibilities, the issue is raised and discussed openly with everyone involved in trying to find a solution.
+An occasional feature of the quarterly meeting is the evaluation of new field staff or farmer-leader candidates. A team of farmers and field workers is formed to facilitate the evaluation process. The evaluation team prepares a set of questions to be answered within a specified time limit. Questions are simple and fair, e.g., what are the basic principles of the organization, how to increase/manage soil fertility and the like. Often, the "examinees', are asked to respond to hypothetical questions or do a role play (such as a simulation of how one would introduce a new technology).
+Ideas for future meetings
+Toward the end of the meeting, the venue and time of the next quarterly meeting are planned and the tentative agenda are drawn up so that farmers can bring back the news to their neighbors.
+Radio announcements are made to remind them and to inform others of the next meeting. Information about relevant training courses, plans for cross-visits and other such events are also discussed.
+Key values
+These quarterly meetings provide a good training ground for both present and future leaders. Activities are organized and all the sessions are moderated by the farmers themselves. Part of the central role that these meetings play in building leadership and solidarity among the members also lies in the key values being promoted:
+· Giving voice. Every farmer is given an opportunity to speak-- either to share an experience, raise an issue, or ask a question.
+· Democracy. All problems and issues of the organization are raised openly; everyone is encouraged to form opinion and help in finding the solution.
+· Inclusiveness. These quarterly meetings are open to everyone: even non-members can attend and participate.
+· Accountability Farmers, farmer-leaders, field workers, program staff are all evaluated on their performance and accomplishments.
+· Commitment to learning. Farmers come to these meetings, avid to learn from each other. If they have not learned something new, they usually leave disappointed.
+Challenges and problems
+· Logistical arrangements for transport, food and accommodation for an ever-enlarging group are becoming more difficult. The organization has recently split the program villages into the two groups by geographic location. The quarterly meetings are now easier to manage, although this has resulted in additional demands on the program leaders who have to attend the two separate meetings.
+· The increasing interest from other programs and agencies has resulted in a larger number of people attending these meetings.
+· Due to the democratic process used, discussions are often long and drawn out and conclusions are not always clear.
+· Despite the organization's attempts to involve more women, their attendance to these meetings is still very low. In the host villages, their involvement is generally limited to preparing and serving the food and snacks.
+Additional reading
+Farmer-to-farmer extension: Some experiences of Yayasan Tananua by Patris da Gomez and llya Moeliono in Resource book on sustainable agriculture for the lowlands. IIRR. June 1992.
+<section>Extension systems</section>
+Why do extension efforts fail?
+Mandate of extension
+· Extension goals conflict with agricultural policy.
+· The extension service does not have a clear provision for conservation of natural resources (e.g., environmental degradation, soil erosion, water contamination).
+Top-down vs two-way approach
+· Many extension organizations use a directive, top-down approach, with information flowing from the central government, through extensionists, to farmers. Effective extension also requires information to flow in the opposite direction, from farmers, through extension, to higher levels.
+· A lack of such information flows and a failure to recognize farmers' problems result in inappropriate research and extension programs. (See Participatory appraisal methods for some ways to overcome this.)
+What is extension?
+Extension is the conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions. Both government and non government organizations engage in extension work. There is a great diversity in the organization, utilization and delivery of extension services, ranging from national government structures with thousands of extension workers to smallscale initiatives by NGOs and people's organizations.
+Successful extension programs must use an approach (or combination of approaches) that facilitates an understanding of the complexity of farm-household systems. Extension planners and field workers must understand the dynamic processes encompassing values, beliefs and other social and political perspectives that influence people in agriculture.
+Links with research
+· Government research and extension departments are in separate units. resulting in Door linkage and a fragmented approach. (See Research-extension-farmer linkages for ideas on overcoming this problem.)
+· Technology generated through research and extended to farmers is incompatible with farmers' needs.
+Links with farmers
+· Extensionists are unable to relate to farmers.
+· Most extensionists are men. They mainly consult male family members. Women and children lack access to information, training and extension services.
+· Extensionists attempt to act as "experts,, who have all the answers, rather than as facilitators who can help farmers solve their problems.
+Links with support services
+· Support systems (credit, market, input suppliers, etc.) are weak.
+· Links between research and extension and these support systems are poor.
+Government support
+· Extensionists lack training and experience.
+· The number of extension workers is limited (I extension worker for every 2666 farmers in the Asia-Pacific region).
+· Funding for extension is limited.
+· Training facilities and information materials (video, slides, training materials, etc.) are inadequate.
+Orientation and motivation
+· Extension workers are commodity-oriented rather than systems- or problem-oriented.
+· Extension workers are poorly paid. They have low morale and may seek other sources of income.
+Conventional extension
+Conventional extension aims to disseminate farm information and persuade farmers to adopt certain innovations. An example of this approach is the "training-and-visit,, system. Field extension agents train selected "contact farmers," who are expected to pass on their new knowledge to other farmers.
+Limitations
+· The selected farmers may adopt the technology only because they are more educated or have better access to resources or technical skills.
+· Improving the extension service has focused more on efficient delivery rather than the effectiveness and relevance of messages to farmers.
+· Extension workers see themselves as messengers rather than listeners, learners and farm advisers.
+· This approach promotes technology transfer rather than technology adaptation.
+· Not well-suited to diverse agroecosystems and socioeconomic conditions of the uplands.
+Strengths
+· Enormous investments already made in conventional extension approaches.
+· Relatively easy for governments to manage.
+· Suited to disseminating uniform messages throughout large areas of relatively homogeneous agroecosystems.
+· Takes maximum advantage of a small number of technologies developed and tested by research organizations.
+Participatory extension
+Participatory extension recognizes the range of capabilities of the farmers based on their accumulated experience in managing their production systems. It involves the farmers in the whole process of decision-making--from data collection and analysis, identification of problems, constraints and opportunity analysis, preparation of improvement plans to implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The role of extension worker is to enhance the farmers, capabilities and potentials for improving their farms.
+The extensionist must be motivated and willing to work with resource-poor upland farmers. The participatory extension approach can work with either individual farmers or groups. Its success depends on support from policy and decision-makers to strengthen local institutions to provide extension and other services.
+Limitations
+· Needs training of resource-poor farmers.
+· Needs reorientation of research and extension organizations.
+· Needs training of research and extension personnel.
+· Difficult to implement on a wide scale.
+· Requires large staff time per number of farmers reached.
+Strengths
+· Highly effective at generating and adapting locally specific technologies.
+· Can lead to self-sustaining groups of farmers who generate, test and extend their own technology.
+· Produces technologies and strategies that respond to needs of resource-poor farmers (rather than researchers or policy makers).
+· Develops the skills of farmers to solve their own problems even as conditions change.
+(See other sections in this chapter for information on various participatory approaches to extension.)
+Farming systems development
+Farming systems development incorporates improved natural resource management practices for sustainable management of marginal and fragile areas. Biological scientists, sociologists, economists and the extension workers work with farmers to understand the limits to production for sustainability at the farm level. (See the section on Farming systems development for details.)
+Limitations
+· Extensionists lack training on the farming systems development approach and related areas.
+· Linkages between research and extension are weak.
+· Budgets to implement the process are limited.
+· Support systems in research, extension, input supply, marketing, credit and policy-making are weak.
+· Forming a multidisciplinary team in the field is difficult.
+Strengths
+· Farmer-oriented. Involves farmers in planning, design and implementation.
+· Problem-oriented. Examines the goals, needs, resources, opportunities and constraints of farmers.
+· Systems-oriented. Entails a systematic process of data collection, analysis, planning, technology development and information dissemination. It assumes that the technology is available, allowing the intervention to take only a short period.
+· Holistic. Integrates the farming systems with the community and other support institutions.
+· Multidisciplinary. Links scientists, extensionists and farmers.
+<section>Research-extensionfarmer linkages</section>
+A linkage is two-way communication channel between two subsystems, such as research and extension. For the agricultural development process to operate efficiently and to benefit farmers, strong linkages are necessary between researchers, extension agencies and fanners.
+The success of these linkages depends on several factors:
+· The willingness of participants to contribute actively to the linkage.
+· A working relationship based on partnership and mutual trust among the different groups.
+· Activities managed and financed transparently.
+· Budgetary support to undertake activities.
+Research-extension linkages
+Research publications
+Examples: newsletters, brochures, folders and booklets
+· Contain current information.
+· Present research results in simple, easy-tounderstand form.
+· Serve as "first-aid" tools for extensionists who encounter problems in farmers' fields.
+· Scientific journals are difficult to translate into practical recommendations, so are of little use to most extensionists.
+Regular meetings
+Examples: seminars, workshops
+· Allow extensionists and researchers to share experiences.
+· Allow questions and immediate feedback.
+· Can train both researchers and extensionists.
+Joint field visits
+· Allow researchers and extensionists to see problems and discuss them with farmers.
+On-farm research
+· Helps ensure that research is appropriate to field conditions.
+· Enables extensionists to test and disseminate findings rapidly.
+· Helps extensionists appreciate research activities.
+· Enables researchers to understand farmer and extension needs.
+Research-farmer linkages
+On-farm research
+· Helps researchers become aware of farmers' problems.
+· Enables joint problem-solving.
+· Allows development of appropriate, location-specific technologies.
+Field studies
+· Enable researchers to study problem over wide area.
+· Allow researchers to focus on specific topics.
+Participatory data gathering
+Example. Participatory rural appraisal, situation-specific analysis
+· Enables joint identification of problems and potential solutions.
+· Allows local people to air problems.
+· Develops researchers' understanding of farmers' situation.
+See also sections on Participatory appraisal methods and Farmer-led research and extension.
+Other linkages
+Many other organizations and groups also need to be linked into the research-extension-farmer triangle. These include policymakers, government service agencies, input suppliers, marketing organizations and NGOs. Appropriate linkages with these groups must be developed to ensure that research and extension efforts adequately serve the needs of farmers.
+Institutions to ensure linkage
+Ensuring strong linkages among researchers, extensionists and farmers is not easy. Various institutions can play a role in this. Here are some examples from Indonesia.
+Research-extension
+Provincial-level agricultural information centers.
+Extension-farmer
+District-level agricultural and forestry extension services.
+Rural extension centers.
+Research-farmer
+Provincial-level research and development centers.
+Commercial research organizations.
+NGO research organizations.
+Extension-farmer linkages
+Farm and home visits
+· Enable individual discussion and consultations on specific problems.
+· Strengthen understanding between extension staff and farmers.
+Farmers' visits to extension centers
+· Enable farmers to express their needs and seek solutions to problems.
+· Can be organized for groups or be on a walk-in basis.
+Farmer training programs
+· Allow formal way for extensionists to improve farmers, knowledge and skills.
+Participation in farmer meetings
+· Extensionists can help organize farmer groups to tackle common problems.
+· Indigenous organizations (e.g., irrigation associations, mutual-help groups, committees to organize fiestas) provide useful ways for extensionists to discuss topics with farmers.
+Technology demonstrations on farmers' fields
+· Boost farmers' interest in technologies.
+· Allow dialogue on problems and their solutions.
+· Enable researchers to share new technologies and participate in dialogue.
+Joint research and development (penelitian pengembangan) in Indonesia
+Goal
+The goal of the Indonesian Upland Agriculture and Conservation Project was to increase farm production and income, while minimizing soil erosion in critical upland areas of Central and East Java.
+Strategies
+Five years (1987-91) were spent testing alternative farming systems. Initially, a top-down approach advocating ideal farming models (based on the slope of the land) was used. Adoption of the models, however, had limited success because of great variation in site conditions. Also, during the early years, linkages were not well-developed between farmers and agencies involved in the project.
+During 1991-93, a more dynamic planning approach was used which systematically drew upon the experience of farmers, extension workers, local government leaders, researchers and agricultural entrepreneurs. This approach, known as penelitian pengembangan (joint research and development) relies on consensus building and collaboration from the planning stage all the way through implementation and evaluation. Farmers are treated as full partners in the process. Also, conservation strategies are tailored to fit the physical, biological and socioeconomic characteristics of each site (a microcatchment of 18 to 50 ha) and preferences of individual farm families.
+The process involves:
+· Site selection
+· Conduct of a participatory diagnostic exercise
+· Discussion of alternative conservation and production strategies
+· Formation of farmer groups
+· Implementation of field activities
+· Management of superimposed trials (to test promising new technologies)
+· Regular monitoring
+· Joint evaluation and reporting
+· Identification of opportunities for expansion on a wider scale.
+To supplement on-farm research under the penelitian pengembangan approach, longterm trials were conducted in a "field laboratory" on researcher-managed land. This was useful to test component technologies before extending them to farmers and to measure erosion under controlled conditions.
+Limitations
+· While the penelitian pengembangan approach is well-suited for dealing with highly diverse ecological and socioeconomic conditions, it is expensive and assumes the presence of motivated rural development managers, extension workers, research personnel and farmers.
+· In some cases, where top-down control is necessary for protection of endangered natural resources, this approach may be incompatible with enforcement strategies of government agencies.
+· Operating linkages between agencies involved in agroforestry from various government and I nongovernment agencies are often weak.
+<section>Marketing support</section>
+Marketing upland farm products is not easy. Products produced by a large number of scattered, small farmers are assembled, transported, stored, processed and passed through several channels, before reaching the consumers who have varying incomes, tastes and preferences. The products are seasonally produced, highly perishable and bulky. Infrastructure and communication facilities are relatively inadequate in upland areas. Limited attention has been given to improving upland marketing because many governments assume that the market will take care of itself and that the private sector will perform the marketing functions. However, experience shows that government has an important role to play. Long-term solutions also require the empowerment of community organizations and their networks in marketing management. Short-term solutions will help farmers obtain a better price for their produce; they include greater market transparency by providing market information, assistance in
+post-harvest handling, grading and packaging and better crop-care practices. The development of an upland marketing system depends upon the overall level of national development. Efforts to improve the system should start from a thorough assessment of the problems. For example, dismantling the market power exercised by traders will not be effective if the real problems are in transport, storage and processing.
+Constraints in marketing upland agricultural produce
+Production practices
+Growers generally are unaware of the importance that production factors have on their ability to market their produce effectively. Attention should be given to production and cultivation practices which determine not only the quantity but also the timeliness and the quality of produce and hence the price it will command in the market. Orienting production to meet market demand at a given time of the year will avoid market glut and assure the farmer a better price.
+Post-harvest handling practices
+Untimely and improper methods of harvesting, rough handling, nonsorting of damaged produce and substandard packaging will increase losses and put the farmer-seller at a disadvantaged position vis-a-vis the buyer.
+Structure of the market
+Growers are reluctant to increase their production because of lack of market and marketing knowledge. Moreover, market channels overlap in some areas where produce changes hands several times during assembling, packaging, transporting to wholesalers, to other wholesalers, to retailers and finally to the consumers. In each stage, marketing costs are incurred and the people involved have to make a profit. High marketing costs and profit make the price spread between the producer and the consumer high. A high marketing margin (marketing costs plus profit) is an indicator of an inefficient marketing system.
+Marketing problems
+· Limited volume of production due to small farm size and subsistence nature of some production systems.
+· Seasonality of production due to climatic and weather conditions.
+· Inadequate infrastructure facilities.
+· Lack of market information on volume of production and current prices.
+· Immediate need for cash, forcing farmers to sell immediately after harvest when prices are lowest.
+· Market price fluctuations due to both domestic and world market situations.
+· High transportation cost because of difficult road access, especially during the rainy season.
+· Lack of storage facilities.
+· Limited skills to process produce to add value.
+Market channels
+Direct marketing
+In direct marketing, farmers themselves market their own produce. Usually, these farmers are well-educated and have contacts with the private sector. They have transport facilities and are knowledgeable about the market. They are in a better position than other farmers who just wait for traders to buy their produce.
+Traders
+Middlemen play a vital role in marketing farm produce. They must receive a reasonable rate of return from their investment, buying produce at a low price and then selling to consumers at higher prices. Many traders are local people who have developed good relationships with farmers. Some traders provide rice on credit or advance loans to farmers to guarantee that the farmers will sell them their produce. They then deduct from the purchase price the cost of the rice or the money advanced plus the interest.
+Contract farming
+There are several types of contract farming. One is contract selling, in which the traders take over the management until the crop is harvested. Contract selling assures farmers of a market at harvest time with no risk to the trader. Another type is a resourcemanagement contract, which operates through a broker system. The broker contacts farmers, distributes complete packages of seeds, fertilizer and pesticides on credit, carries out extension work, does the marketing and pays the farmers.
+Contract farming schemes assure agro-based industries a ready supply of raw materials as well as a ready market for the farmer contractgrowers. However, sometimes the contract is so restrictive that it penalizes the farmer heavily. For example, if quality standards are not met, products are rejected and farmers have to reimburse the expenses incurred.
+Improving marketing opportunities
+At the farm or village level
+· Increase farmers' knowledge of factors influencing marketing fluctuations, options for marketable products, trends in the price of each crop, marketing chains and outlets, required technology, capital and crop management, economic risks and availability of supplies and credit institutions. Also, increase farmers, skills to deal with marketing by means of study trips, intervillage meetings, on-the-job training, etc.
+· Support the formation of producer and marketing groups for cash crops. Such groups strengthen farmers, bargaining power in dealing with organized traders, low pricing and difficult access to transport due to small quantities, low quality produce due to poor management practices and lack of information and skills.
+· Raise the social responsibility of agro-industries in contract farming. Strengthen farmers, ability to negotiate with them to improve the brokers, marketing and payment system and to share risks of production. Extension workers should be in a position to intervene in contract arrangements to assure that they benefit the farmers.
+· Assist farmers in planning market-oriented production to prevent market glut and assure that there will be demand for the produce.
+· Provide farmers with market information to guide them on planning where and when to sell and at what price.
+· Assist farmers in grading, sorting, storage and handling their produce.
+· Provide direct market assistance by locating the buyers.
+At the market level
+· Provide assembly or trading centers or wholesale markets where farmers could bring their produce and where prices are determined in a competitive market situation.
+· Improve and maintain farm-to-market roads to minimize losses and lower transportation costs.
+· Introduce new and improved processing that will add value to products.
+· Train traders at all levels on proper marketing procedures, grading, packaging, etc., to increase efficiency, lower the risks of loss and attain a reasonable level of profit.
+· Provide market information systems for buyers, traders and consumers so they can decide what, when and where to buy products.
+· Provide incentives. Appreciate the role of traders in development and instill discipline and sense of accountability to promote cooperation and avoid cheating the consuming public.
+At the national or policy level
+· Maintain strong political will with resource commitments to support upland marketing systems.
+· Determine appropriate price and non-price policies that provide incentives for farmers to introduce innovations that will increase income.
+· Adopt a market-led farming systems development approach: a system that is demand-driven and considers the interrelationships, interdependency and linkages among the different actors in the whole process of production, marketing and consumption activities.
+· Train extension workers on marketing to increase their capability not only to look at production aspects but also to consider marketing and production as a continuous, interrelated process.
+· Conduct relevant market research to improve marketing functions so as to minimize losses and increase efficiency.
+<section>Farm credit support</section>
+Need for farm credit
+· To expand agricultural production
+· To conserve soil and water
+· To expand post-harvest practices and facilities
+· To improve marketing
+· To promote integrated cropping and livestock systems.
+Procedures for determining credit requirements
+Medium- and long-term investments require more thorough technical economic and financial feasibility studies.
+Factors affecting farmers' accessing credit
+1. Availability of credit sources in the area
+2. Timeliness of credit requirements
+3. Annual interest rate
+4. Maturity and manner of payment
+5. Collateral requirements.
+<section>Rural enterprise development</section>
+Many small-scale farmers are unable to support their families adequately given marginal upland conditions. Off-farm employment and income-generating activities are one way to improve their livelihoods. Many farm families already rely on such activities for a large portion of their income. Income sources include both wage labor and independent entrepreneurship. Various family members may earn income in this way: men and women, young and old, seasonal and permanent migrants.
+Natural resources and skills available in upland communities can be optimized through:
+· Developing small-scale enterprises.
+· Forming mutually beneficial linkages with existing enterprises outside the community.
+Encouraging entrepreneurship
+One strategy for upland development is to help farmers become more effective entrepreneurs. This does not mean they should be encouraged to abandon their farms. Rather, they should be able to mobilize resources to develop their productivity and increase their bargaining power.
+Extension workers can play an important role in helping link farmers with emerging markets and production opportunities. They may also help link farmers with other farmers so they are able to attain the critical mass needed to become competitive. Extension personnel have to learn how to think like entrepreneurs and to share these skills with farmers.
+The following list of possible steps is to help farmers and extension personnel work together to start a small enterprise.
+1 Meet with farmers to discuss existing on-farm or off-farm enterprises that could be expanded into a business. These may include products or services which are in demand in the community or in neighboring areas.
+2 Determine if others are already providing the same product or service.
+3 Determine how the market infrastructure works? Is there an existing marketing chain?
+4 Identify technical and resource constraints.
+5 Identify who will be able to provide new skills that are needed to develop the enterprise.
+6 Identify required support services and problems in gaining access to them.
+· Credit
+· Transport
+· Extension
+7 Evaluate risks associated with the enter prise. For example:
+· What are possible pitfalls?
+· How important are these risks?
+· How can these risks be anticipated and managed?
+8 Based on all this information, farmers can decide whether or not to develop a business.
+<section>6. Evaluation strategies</section>
+<section>Impact evaluation of agroforestry programs</section>
+The integrative model
+An integrative model is useful to conduct an impact evaluation. This model combines the social, economic and environmental impacts of an agroforestry program. Non-market components are also included; hence, a more adequate picture of the program impacts will be obtained.
+Under this model, annual data are typically used in the evaluation. However, if impact indicators are not available, data on two observations, i.e., "before" and "after,' the program, may be used. The table below shows how to use this model.
+How the integrative model is used in evaluating agroforestry impacts
+Social variable (e.g., security of tenure)
+Environmental vanable(e.g., average no. of trees)
+Economic variable(e.g., income)
+Before
+After
+Change
+Before
+After
+Change
+With CSC*
+B
+A
+A-B
+F
+E
+E-F
+Without CSC
+D
+C
+C-D
+H
+G
+G-H
+Difference
+(A-B)-(C-D)
+(E-F)-(G-H)
+* CSC is a Certificate of Stewardship Contract issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to Filipino upland farmers. It is a lease agreement for 25 years renewable for another 25 years.
+The integrative model recognizes that, while an effective conservation strategy through agroforestry practices calls for full participation of the farmers, their own economic, social and/or cultural needs and aspirations also need to be addressed. Although the agroforestry program may have a direct response to agroforestry problems (e.g., soil erosion), the objective should be the improvement of human conditions. The environmental goals are a means towards achieving the objectives of enhancing the lives of human beings.
+Importance of impact evaluation
+Impact evaluation is vital in assessing the effectiveness of an agroforestry system. Its outputs can serve as basis for improving the approaches, strategies, design and implementation scheme of agroforestry projects.
+Modifying the model
+The integrative model may still need to be modified for wider applicability. Other parameters for each of the subsystems--economic, social, environmental--should be identified and included in the model, depending on the locality.
+Besides tenure, other factors such as the quality of support services (e.g., availability of extension services, credit, markets) influence technology adoption. Because of this, other studies may contradict the specific findings of the Jalajala study.
+Example of the use of the integrative model
+The integrative model was used to evaluate an agroforestry program in Jalajala, Rizal in the Philippines. The evaluation made use of a "before-after" approach to collect data. The study covered 30 respondents from a total of 200 farmers.
+· There was a marked difference between the trees planted, hectarage planted to Leucaena, area rockterraced, soil fertility (measured in terms of organic matter content), soil erosion rate, family labor inputs and gross incomes of farmers awarded with a certificate of stewardship contract and those without. The first had more hectares planted with Leucaena and area rockterraced. Their farms were more fertile before and after the program and had less soil erosion than other farms. Family labor inputs of these farmers as well as gross incomes were higher.
+· The higher income of tenured farmers is largely due to their decision to increase the area planted to market-oriented agricultural and tree crops such as Colocasia esculenta and Leucaena leucocephala, rather than increases in the crop yield per unit area.
+· Land tenure and soil erosion are directly linked to farmers' income. As farmers are more secure in their land ownership, their income tends to increase. On the other hand, as soil erosion decreases, income increases.
+· Increased vegetation, farm labor, soil fertility also could lead to increased incomes.
+<section>Financial indicators as a decision-making tool</section>
+When deciding to engage in a productive operation, farmers consider the amount of income they can expect from it. If the operation can be expected to give enough net income, the farmer is likely to undertake it.
+Here are some calculations to help farmers decide whether a proposed operation is financially sound. The information required can be collected in various ways, including individual or group interviews, participatory appraisal methods and secondary data (such as market prices collected by local government services). (See Participatory appraisal methods and Collecting information on crops for details.)
+Gross margin
+Calculating the gross margin is useful for a new operation which will largely, if not completely, change the existing farm system. The gross margin is the difference between (1) the total income and (2) the total cash cost of the farm operation.
+Gross margin = Total income- Total cash cost
+Calculate the gross margins for the existing enterprise(s) and for the proposed alternative(s). Compare the two margins to decide whether to adopt the alternative enterprise. See Collecting information on crops for a worksheet for calculating this.
+Calculations
+1 Calculate the income from each existing farm enterprise (e.g., a rice crop, mungbean crop, goat herd). Multiply the quantity of each commodity produced by the sale price of that commodity. This gives the total cash income from that enterprise.
+2 Sum the gross incomes from each enterprise. This gives the total cash income.
+Example
+Kg of rice grain produced x Sale price per kg = Income from rice
+Example
+Income from rice + Income from mungbean = Total income
+3 Calculate the cash cost of each input (e.g., hired labor, seeds). Multiply the quantity of each input (e.g., hours of hired labor) by the cost of that input (e.g., the hourly wage rate).
+4 Sum the total cost of each input. This gives the total cash cost.
+5 Subtract the total cash cost from the total cash income. This gives the gross margin of the existing enterprise.
+6 Repeat these steps for the alternative enterprise. This will give the gross margin of the alternative enterprise.
+7 Compare the gross margin of the existing enterprise with the gross margin of the alternative enterprise. Consider selecting the enterprise that produces the higher margin.
+Gross margin of an alternative enterprise
+1 hectare of mungbean followed by transplanted rice
+Income
+Rice grain: 200 kg/ha x R2.3 per kg
+P= 460
+Mungbean: 87 kg/ha x P8.0 per kg
+Total cash income
+P=1156
+Cash costs
+Rice
+Seed: P5 kg/ha x P5 per kg
+P=25
+Fertilizer: P10 kg/ha x P4 per kg
+Hired labor for transplanting:
+4 person days/ha x P40 per day
+Mungbean
+Seed: 4 kg/ha x P15 per kg
+Insecticide: P40/ha
+Total cash costs
+P=325
+Gross margin = total cash income - total cash costs per hectare = P1156- 325 = R831 Compare this gross margin figure with the gross margin from the existing farm system.
+Examples
+Hours of labor hired x Cost of 1 hour of hired labor = Total cost of labor
+Kg of seed bought x Cost of 1 kg of seeds = Total cost of seeds
+Kg of fertilizer bought x Cost of 1 kg of fertilizer = Total cost of fertilizer
+Cost of labor + Cost of seed + Cost of fertilizer + Cost of other inputs = Total cash cost
+Total income - total cost = Gross margin
+Partial budget
+Calculating a partial budget margin is useful when only a part of the existing farm practice will be affected by a proposed new activity. Calculating a partial budget is less time-consuming than a gross margin because the unaffected components of the farm operation need not be accounted for.
+The partial budget is the difference between (1) additional (or reduced) costs and (2) additional (or reduced) benefits that are associated with the change.
+Increased incomes can result from either higher income or reduced costs, or a combination of these.
+Calculations
+1 Calculate the additional income due to the changed activity.
+Example
+Kg of extra yield expected x Sale price of 1 kg = Total additional income
+2 Calculate the additional costs expected.
+Examples
+Kg of higher-priced seed x Difference in price of 1 kg of seed = Extra cost of seed
+Kg of additional fertilizer x Price of fertilizer = Extra cost of fertilizer
+3 Sum the additional (or reduced) costs.
+Example
+Extra cost of seed + Extra cost of fertilizer = Total additional cost
+4 Subtract the total additional costs from the total additional income expected.
+Total additional income - Total additional cost = Net additional (or reduced) income expected
+Partial budget
+Introducing a new variety of maize
+Additional income
+Income due to higher maize yield:
+100 kg/ha x P3 per kg
+P=300
+Total additional income
+P=300
+Additional costs
+Higher price seed:
+10 kg/ha x additional P5 per kg
+P=50
+Higher level of fertilizer required:
+20 kg/ha additional fertilizer x P5 per kg
+Total additional costs
+Net additional income per hectare
+P=150
+Price trend
+Prices of agricultural commodities rise and fall from season to season and from year to year. An understanding of these changes can help farmers select when to plant a crop or sell an animal. Comparing changes in prices of two or more commodities can help farmers choose which to produce. This analysis can be done for each season or over several years.
+Prices of crop X and crop Y by year
+Crop X
+Crop Y
+Indicators of sustainability
+The sustainability of upland management can be viewed from different perspectives. Absolute criteria to measure sustainability have not yet been developed. It is necessary to devise a framework to suit the individual situation. See Project status indicators for a method of assessing the status of development projects.
+Why assess sustainability?
+· To identify at an early stage remedies to problems caused by inappropriate management.
+· To evaluate the performance of approaches used for possible revision.
+· To provide policy makers and development planners a sound basis in formulating and revising policies and programs.
+Who uses sustainability measures?
+· The community.
+· Development workers and extensionists.
+· Researchers.
+· Policymakers and planners.
+Sources of information
+· Forestry and agricultural offices
+· Research, extension and technology institutions
+· National or local government
+· Development organizations/NGOs
+· Local people (using participatory methods; see Participatory appraisal methods.)
+· Field measurement (e.g., of river sediment load, soil erosion).
+Where possible, information from one source should be validated by checking with another source. For instance, the local bank's assessment of credit availability according to the local bank can be checked against local people's own assessment. This cross-checking is called "triangulation. "
+Sustainable resource use: The use of resources within their capacity to renew themselves
+Examples
+The amount of soil eroded is equal to (or lower than) the amount of new soil created naturally from rock and organic maker.
+Exploitation of forest products does not reduce the number or diversity of species in the forest.
+Indicators of sustainability
+The indicators in the table below are the result of the consultations with NGOs and farmers. They are intended for guidance only. Other indicators may be developed or adapted as required. Field testing may be necessary to ensure the indicators are appropriate for a specific area or use.
+Source of information, means of collection and verification
+Indicator Soil
+Rating
+Soil loss
+1 serious erosion (gully)
+-- sediment in streams
+2 moderate erosion (rill, sheet erosion)
+-- top soil thinning
+3 less erosion
+-- database/information from records/reports of
+concerned agencies (land development department, forest department
+-- field observation
+Soil productivity
+1 low productivity
+-- records/reports on annual yield and production of
+2 somewhat reduced average production
+some selected crops from agricultural extension offices
+3 high productivity
+Problem soils
+1 high occurrence
+-- records/reports on the area and effects of problem soils.
+2 medium
+3 rare
+Water
+Stream flow
+1 overflow after rainfall
+-- records/reports on stream flow from irrigation and characteristics meteorological stations
+2 dry in summer
+3 regular flow
+Occurrence of
+1 often
+-- records/reports from the irrigation department, community development, etc. and key informant interviews
+flood, drought
+2 moderate
+3 rare
+Quality of water
+1 poor (turbidity, pollution)
+-- records/reports on physical and biological aspects of water flow and its quality, (e.g., turbidity, chemical pollution and bacteria contamination) from the irrigation department, land development department, etc.
+2 somewhat moderate
+3 good (clean, no pollution)
+Forest
+Percentage and status of protected area
+1 poor condition (forest encroachment, frequent big fires
+-- statistics/records/reports of local forestry office and conservation NGOs on forestry
+2 average condition (less encroachment, few and small forest fires
+-- field observation
+3 intact forest
+Tree/plant species
+1 few species
+-- statistics/forest inventory reports
+2 average number of species (trees for
+-- local NGO interviews with foresters and villagers
+commercial purposes)
+-- field observation
+3 diverse species, multilevels
+Non-wood forest product
+1 none
+-- records/reports, research paper from local forest offices, research institutions, NGOs
+2 few
+3 diverse
+-- interviews with villagers
+-- market survey
+Wildlife
+1 few species (degraded habitat, destructive
+-- records/reports/research papers from forestry offices,
+poaching, hunting methods)
+research institutions, environmental NGOs
+2 average species (hunting)
+-- interviews with villagers living in nearby forest
+3 diverse species (good reproduction
+-- market survey
+condition, abundant habitats, no
+destructive hunting)
+Harvesting and
+1 destructive
+-- records/reports/research papers from forestry offices,
+hunting methods
+2 tolerable
+research institutions, environmental NGOs
+3 conservation
+-- interviews with villagers living in nearby forest
+- market survey
+Agriculture
+Water sources for
+1 mainly rainfall
+- records/statistics/information on agriculture from
+agriculture
+2 mainly rain and small irrigation
+agricultural extension offices, NGOs, research
+3 large dam, central or communal deep
+institutions, development agencies, etc.
+wells
+- key informant interviews
+- field observation
+Weed and pest
+1 with chemicals
+controls
+2 biological/mechanized
+3 biological, cultural, alternative pest
+management
+Animals
+1 raised separately
+2 some are separated, others are integrated
+3 integrated on farm
+Cropping system
+1 monocropping, market-oriented
+2 more species but repeatedly cultivated
+3 crop rotations and diversified cropping
+Labor and capital
+1 outside the community
+2 family, inside and outside the community
+3 family, hired labor inside the community
+Source of capital
+1 external sources
+for farming
+2 family, coop
+3 credit institutions/coops, own enterprise,
+family
+Community
+Settlement pattern
+1 frequent migration
+-- records/reports on landlessness from public welfare
+2 seasonal/temporary migration
+department, local government
+3 permanent settlement
+- permanent migration, seasonal migration, relocation and related current policy
+Food nutrition and
+1 severe shortage of food
+- records/statistics on health and well-being (e.g., health,
+sanitation
+2 insufficient/permanent
+food shortage, condition of shelter and other social
+3 sufficient and balanced diet, good
+services
+condition of shelter
+- key informant interviews
+- field observation
+Structure/condition
+1 temporary/poor condition
+- statistics/spot maps/social maps from local
+2 semi-permanent
+government, private institutions
+3 permanent field observation
+Peace and order
+1 unsafe
+- records/reports on criminal events
+2 somewhat safe
+- key informant interviews
+3 safe, peaceful and orderly
+- field observation
+Exposure to toxic
+1 no access
+- records/reports from environmental groups/institutions,
+chemicals and
+2 moderate exposure
+health care centers, hospitals
+pollutants
+3 little or no exposure at all
+Access to support
+1 few or no support services
+- surveys/records/reports on yield and production by
+services (credit,
+2 less than adequate support services
+agricultural extension officers
+extension service,
+3 adequate support services, self-help
+- list of support groups working in the community from
+inputs)
+local government units
+- key informant interviews
+- field observation
+People's participation
+1 no participation
+-- research/evaluation reports from community
+in community
+2 little participation
+development offices, research and environment
+activities related to
+3 active participation.
+natural resource
+management
+Local rules and
+1 no rules and regulations
+- historical/existing information on the rules and
+regulations on the
+2 with local rules and regulations but
+regulations being implemented in the community over
+use of natural
+inefficiently enforced
+natural resources management
+resources
+3 strongly enforced
+- key informant interviews
+- field observation
+Adoption of
+1 no adoption
+- research
+appropriate cultural
+2 moderate adoption
+- key informant interviews
+and traditional
+3 high adoption
+- field observation
+practices
+How to conduct a sustainability assessment
+Sustainability cannot be determined in a single assessment. You need to collect these data over a long time period (several years) to assess sustainability.
+1 Identify the objectives of assessment and select indicators.
+2 Test the indicators and modify them to suit your objectives.
+3 Collect information.
+4 Validate the information by checking against other sources.
+5 Set up baseline data and identify specific indicators and parameters.
+6 Rate the level of sustainability using the form:
+1 = not sustainable
+2 = likely to become sustainable
+3 = sustainable.
+Do not sum the ratings in the form.
+7 Interpret rated indicators through discussions.
+8 Repeat steps 3-7 each year.
+9 Check for changes in the ratings from year to year. If a rating falls over time, the system is becoming less sustainable.
+10 Propose changes in policy and program strategies to improve
+sustainability.
+<section>Project status indicators</section>
+Knowing the status of a development project provides insights into the efficiency of strategies and the capability of the project to sustain itself. It can be useful to determine whether an intervention should be increased, modified, or terminated. The assessment will guide the implementor in defining and implementing specific actions. See Indicators of sustainability for an approach to measuring the sustainability of upland management systems.
+Status indicators
+· Productivity
+· Institutional linkages
+· Organization and management
+· Technology
+· Community participation/acceptability .
+Specific parameters
+Productivity
+· Area developed (AD) Number of hectares developed into agroforestry farms, converted into hedgerows, contoured, etc.
+· Production (PD) Earnings derived from the project, including crops, livestock, fuelwood, bamboo and rattan, processed products, etc.
+· Processing (PR) Percentage of food processed by the community
+· Post-harvest (PH) Use of post-harvest practices and facilities.
+Institutional linkages
+· Marketing (MK) Number and type of marketing and trading linkages identified and used, formally or informally, by the community.
+· Technical agencies (TA) Number of agencies (government or NGO) directly extending regular technical assistance on farming practices (crop production, livestock care and management, pest control, forest and watershed management and others) to the community.
+· Financing (Fl) Availability of financial or credit institutions used by the farmers in their farming.
+Organization and management
+· Formal organization (FO) A registered organization with an approved constitution and by-laws and other legal documents.
+· Organizational structure (OS) A functional organizational structure with an active set of officers and members managing (planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating) the project.
+· Infrastructure (IS) Number of infrastructure facilities constructed or set up that enhance organizational build-up and production.
+· Conduct of meetings (CM) Frequency of interaction, assembly or meetings among the officials and members of the organization.
+· Organizational funds (OF) Sufficiency of money generated by the organization to meet the needs of its members and the community.
+· Decision-making process (DM) The mechanism in arriving at decisions and policies, either by assembly, committee, the officers alone, or a combination of the above.
+Technology
+· Adaptability (AP) Degree in which the technology is used to improve, modify or enhance an indigenous practice (observed or practiced by the members and the community).
+· Replicability (RP) Extent of applying the same technology in another community or area.
+· Technical training (TT) Number and type of training courses conducted to encourage adoption of technology, enhance existing practices, community participation, etc.
+Community participation/acceptability
+· Profit-sharing (PS) Sharing mechanism that ensures equitable distribution of benefits among the members.
+· Perception (PE) Members' level of awareness and under' standing of the project's objectives.
+· Attitude (AT) Degree of like or dislike towards the project's activities.
+· Access to services/facilities (AS) Number and type of services and facilities made available to the members.
+· Cooperators (CO) Number of active members relative to the total number initially organized by the project.
+· Attendance in meetings (AT) Number of members regularly attending organizational meetings.
+Rating procedure
+1 Identify the objective of the assessment and assign corresponding indicators. Allocate equal weight to the set of indicators and parameters, or weigh each indicator according to project objectives and needs.
+2 Interview individually each member of the project in a specific community/organization.
+3 Evaluate the project using the rating scheme at the left. If an accurate standard for scoring is lacking, base the performance evaluation on the personal assessment of the project coordinator.
+4 Calculate the overall sustainability score using Form A:
+a Sum the parameter scores for each indicator
+Example
+Total productivity score = Area developed score + Production score + Processing score + Post-harvest score
+b Divide the raw score by the number of parameters used in the total. This gives the sustainability score for that indicator.
+Example
+Average productivity score = Total productivity score / No. of parameters (=4)
+c Sum average scores of the indicators. This gives the overall sustainability score. The maximum possible sustainability score is 20.
+Example
+Overall sustainability = Productivity + Linkages + Organization + Technology + Participation
+7 Interpret the scores using agreed criteria, such as those given at the left.
+8 Use Form B to determine strategy changes or specific interventions.
+Rating scheme
+Score
+Criteria
+not met
+fairly met
+satisfactorily met
+very satisfactorily met
+excellently met
+Interpreting scores
+Scores
+Assessment
+for termination
+needs more intervention
+needs less intervention
+self-reliant
+<section>7. Appendices</section>
+<section>Glossary terms</section>
+A
+acid soil A soil with a pH value < 7.0. Usually applied to surface layer or root zone, but may be used to characterize any horizon.
+agrisilviculture A form of agroforestry consisting of tree (woody perennial) and crop components.
+agroecosystem analysis Developed by Gordon Conway and Khon Kaen University researchers (Thailand) in the early 1980s. It is often used in the diagnostic or planning stage and utilizes tools for pattern analysis.
+agroforestry The use of trees in farming systems (see Chapter 2).
+agrosilvopasture A form of agroforestry consisting of tree (woody perennial), crop and pasture/animal components.
+alkali soil A soil that contains sufficient alkali to interfere with the growth of most crop plants.
+alley cropping/farming Growing annual crops between rows of trees or shrubs, often leguminous. Pruned material from these is used as mulch around annual crops and also as fodder and fuelwood.
+alluvial soil A soil developing from recently deposited alluvium and exhibiting essentially no horizon development or modification of the recently deposited materials.
+annual plant A plant that grows for only one season (or year) before dying, in contrast to a perennial, which grows for more than one season. apiculture Honeybee rearing.
+arid climate Climate in regions that lack sufficient moisture for crop production without irrigation. In cool regions, annual precipitation is usually less than 25 cm. It may be as high as 50 cm in tropical regions. Natural vegetation is desert shrubs.
+B
+bench terrace An embankment constructed across sloping fields with a steep drop on the downslope side.
+biennial plant A plant which completes its life cycle in two years. Plants of this type usually produce leaves and a welldeveloped root system the first year; stems, flowers and seeds the second year; and then die.
+biomass The weight of material produced by a living organism or collection of organisms. The term is usually applied to plants to include the entire plant, or it may be qualified to include only certain parts of the plant, e.g., aboveground or leafy biomass. Biomass is expressed as fresh weight or dry weight. bole The main tree trunk.
+browse The buds, shoots, leaves and flowers of woody plants are eaten by livestock or wild animals.
+budding The practice of splicing a bud from one tree into the bark of another, usually to obtain highquality fruit on hardy, established trees.
+bund A ridge of earth placed in a line to control water runoff and soil erosion, demarcate a plot boundary, or other uses.
+bush A small woody plant (see shrub).
+C
+canopy The upper layer of trees in a forest or a complex of trees.
+carbon/nitrogen ratio The ratio of the weight of organic carbon (C) to the weight of total nitrogen (N) in a soil or organic material.
+cereal A grass that is grown primarily for its seed which is used for feed or food.
+clump A close grouping of stems of trees, bushes, or grasses.
+community forestry A form of social forestry, where tree planting is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands.
+component species Individual species that are parts of mixed systems.
+contour An imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation on the surface of the soil. A contour terrace is laid out on a slope at right angles to the direction of the slope and nearly level throughout its course. A contour ditch is sometimes constructed along the contour to store and conserve water.
+coppicing Cutting certain tree species close to ground level to produce new shoots from the stump. Also occurs naturally in some species if the trees are damaged.
+cover crop A close-growing crop grown primarily for the purpose of protecting and improving soil between periods of regular crop production or between trees and vines in orchards and plantations.
+crop growth rate The gain in weight of a plant on a unit of area in a unit of time.
+crop residue The portion of a plant or crop that is left in the field after harvest, e.g., rice straw.
+cropping pattern The yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops or of crops and fallow on a given area.
+cropping system The cropping patterns used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available technology which determine their makeup.
+crown The canopy or top of a single tree or other woody plant.
+cut-and-carry Fodder or other plant products which are harvested and carried to a different location to be used or consumed by livestock.
+cutting A piece of a branch or root cut from a living plant with the objective of developing roots and growing a new plant, genetically identical to the original parent (a clone).
+D
+deciduous plant A plant that sheds all or most of its leaves every year at a certain season. The opposite of evergreen.
+deforestation Disturbance, conversion, or wasteful destruction of forest lands.
+denitrification The biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.
+diagnosis and design Developed by ICRAF in the early 1980s as a methodology for the diagnosis of land management problems and the design of agroforestry solutions.
+direct seeding Sowing seeds directly where they are to develop into mature plants.
+discounting The process of determining the present worth of a future quantity of money.
+drought The absence of precipitation for a period long enough to cause depletion of soil moisture and damage to plants.
+drought tolerance The capacity of plants to survive drought; specifically adaptations that enhance their power to withstand drought-induced stress.
+E
+ecosystem All the plants and animals in a given area and their physical environment, including the interactions among them.
+erosion (1) The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or other geological agents, including such processes as gravitational creep. (2) Detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity. The following terms are used to describe different types of water erosion:
+accelerated erosion Erosion much more rapid than normal, natural, geological erosion; primarily as a result of the activities of humans or, in some cases, of animals.
+gully erosion The removal of soil by water concentrated in deep, narrow channels.
+natural erosion Wearing away of the earth's surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions of climate, vegetation and so on, undisturbed by humans.
+rill erosion An erosion process in which numerous small channels of only several centimeters in depth are formed; occurs mainly on recently cultivated soils.
+sheet erosion The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil from the land surface by runoff water.
+splash erosion The spattering of small soil and particles caused by the impact of raindrops on soils. The loosened and separate particles may or may not be subsequently removed by surface runoff.
+evaporation Loss of moisture from surfaces other than plants.
+evapotranspiration The combined loss of water from a given area and, during a specified period of time, by evaporation from the soil surface and by transpiration from plants.
+evergreen Plants which retain their leaves and remain green throughout the year. Opposite of deciduous.
+exotic A plant or animal species which has been introduced outside its natural range. Opposite of indigenous.
+extensive Land use or management spread over a large area where land is plentiful (at least for those who control it). Opposite of intensive.
+F
+fallow Land resting from cropping, which may be grazed or left unused, often colonized by natural vegetation.
+family A taxonomic category between order and genus. Plants or animals in the same family share some common characteristics.
+farm-based agroforestry Agroforestry approach in which trees are incorporated into a farm ecosystem.
+farm enterprise An individual crop or animal production function within a farming system.
+farm forestry Tree planting on farms.
+farming system All the elements of a farm which interact as a system, including people, crops, livestock, other vegetation, wildlife, the environment and the social, economic and ecological interactions between them.
+farming systems research An applied problem-solving approach conducted by multi-disciplinary teams, with a degree of farmer participation. Evolved from cropping system research.
+fertilizer Any organic or inorganic material which is added to the soil to supply one or more plant nutrients.
+fodder Parts of plants which are eaten by domestic animals. These may include leaves, stems, fruit, pods, flowers, pollen, or nectar.
+foliage The mass of leaves of plants, usually used for trees or bushes.
+forage Vegetative material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state which is fed to livestock (hay, pasture, silage).
+forest-based agroforestry Agroforestry approach in which annual or perennial crops are incorporated into a natural forest ecosystem.
+G
+genetic resources Plant and animal stock with distinct inheritable characteristics of potential use within an agroecosystem.
+genus A taxonomic category between family and species. A genus consists of one or more closely related species and, in plants, is defined largely in terms of the characteristics of the flower and/or fruit.
+grafting The practice of propagating plants by taking a small shoot from one and attaching it to another so that the cambium layers from both are in contact and the transferred shoot grows as part of the main plant. This is normally used to obtain high-quality seedlings from hardy, well-established plants (rootstock).
+green manure Green, leafy material applied to the soil to improve its fertility.
+groundcover Living or nonliving material which covers the soil surface.
+groundwater Water which is underground. It may be pumped to the surface or reached by plant roots or wells or may feed into bodies of surface water.
+gully A deep, narrow channel cut into the soil by erosion. gully erosion (see erosion)
+H
+hedgerow or hedge A closely planted line of shrubs or small trees, often forming a boundary or fence.
+herbaceous A plant that is not woody and does not persist above ground beyond one season.
+herbivore An animal that feeds only on plants.
+homegarden Traditional cropping practice around the house, usually includes fruit and fuel wood trees, vegetables, root crops, poultry and smaller livestock and sometimes a fishpond.
+humid A climate in which rainfall exceeds potential evaporation during at least 9 months a year and usually more than 1500 mm annual rainfall.
+I
+indigenous Native to a specific area; not introduced. Opposite of exotic.
+indigenous knowledge Local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society.
+infiltration The downward movement of water into the soil.
+infiltration rate The maximum rate at which water can enter a soil under specified conditions, including the presence of an excess of water.
+in-row tillage The agronomic practice of continuous cultivation of crops in a narrow band of soil (or row).
+intensive Land use or management concentrated in a small area of land. Opposite of extensive.
+intercropping Growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time in a mixture.
+interface The area where there is a positive or negative relationship between two entities, such as between a row of trees and a row of crops.
+internal rate of return (IRR) The maximum rate of interest that a project can repay on loans while still recovering all investment and opportunity costs, or, the earning power of money invested in a particular venture.
+L
+land equivalent ratio (LER) The ratio of the area needed under monoculture to a unit area of intercropping to give an equal amount of yield.
+landscape An area of land, usually between 10 and 100 square kilometers, including vegetation, built structures and natural features, seen from a particular viewpoint.
+Iand-use-map sketching A method used in extension work, where farmers make sketches of their existing land and how they want to change the land.
+Iand-use system The way in which land is used by a particular group of people with a specified area.
+leaching The removal of soluble materials from the upper soil layer by water moving vertically down.
+legume Any plant species from the family Leguminoseae (e.g., beans, peas), many of which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen via bacteria in or on their roots.
+litter The uppermost layer of organic material on the soil surface, including leaves, twigs, and flowers freshly fallen or slightly decomposed.
+lopping Cutting one or more branches of a standing tree or shrub.
+M
+manuring Application of animal dung, compost or other organic material used to fertilize the soil.
+microcatchment A small earthwork used to catch and direct rainfall to a crop or to livestock.
+microclimate The temperature, sunlight, humidity and other climatic conditions in a small localized area (e.g., in a field or stand of trees).
+mineralization The conversion of an element from an organic form to an inorganic state as a result of microbial decomposition.
+mixed farming Cropping systems which involve the raising of crops, animals and/or trees.
+mixed intercropping Growing two or more crops simultaneously with no distinct row arrangement.
+monoculture The repetitive growing of the same, single crop on the same land.
+mulch Plant or non-living materials used to cover the soil surface with the object of protecting the soil from the impact of rainfall, controlling weeds or moisture loss and, in some cases, fertilizing the soil.
+multiple cropping Growing two or more crops in the same field in one year at the same time or one after the other.
+multipurpose tree species Woody perennials which are grown to provide more than one product or service.
+multistoried (sometimes written as multistoreyed) Relating to a vertical arrangement of plants so that they form distinct layers, from the lower (usually herbaceous) layer to the uppermost tree canopy.
+N
+natural vegetation The vegetative cover that would exist in a given area without interference from humans.
+net present value (NPV) An indicator of a project's long-term value as estimated at the time of implementation; it is calculated by summing all the annual net costs or benefits over the prescribed life span of a project, discounted at a preselected rate.
+nitrogen fixation The biological conversion of elemental nitrogen (N2) to organic combinations or to forms readily utilized in biological processes.
+nitrogen cycle The sequence of chemical and biological changes undergone by nitrogen as it moves from the atmosphere into water, soil and living organisms and, upon death of these organisms (plants and animals), is recycled through a part or all of the entire process.
+O
+opportunity cost The economic value of a true sacrifice incurred by the choice of a given action.
+overstory (or overstorey) The highest layer of vegetation, often the tree canopy, which grows over lower shrub or plant layers.
+P
+participatory rural appraisal (PRA) A set of facilitative and participatory technologies developed in the late 1980's by researchers and NGOs, to build upon local people's capabilities and to empower local people in the process.
+pasture A portion of land covered with grasses or grasslegume mixtures suitable for grazing.
+perennial plant A plant that grows for more than one year, in contrast to an annual, which grows for only one year (or season) before dying.
+pH The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity (concentration) of a soil. A pH of 7 is neutral; a pH of less than 7 is acidic, one higher than 7 is alkaline.
+pollarding Cutting back the crown of a tree in order to harvest wood and browse to produce regrowth beyond the reach of animals and/or to reduce the shade cast by the crown.
+productivity, soil The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants under a specified system of management. Productivity emphasizes the capacity of soil to produce plant products and should be expressed in terms of yields.
+pruning Cutting back plant growth, including side branches or roots.
+R
+rapid rural appraisal (RRA) A set of techniques developed in the early 1980s by researchers at universities and international centers to improve data gathering in natural resource management programs.
+reforestation Replanting of a forest which has been chopped down or destroyed by fire. regeneration Regrowth
+relative humidity The ratio expressed as percent between the quantity of water vapor present and the maximum possible at given temperature and barometric pressure.
+relay cropping Growing two or more crops with their growing seasons overlapping, e.g., the second crop is planted before the first crop is harvested.
+rhizobia Bacteria capable of living symbiotically with higher plants, usually in nodules on the roots of legumes, from which they receive their energy and capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen to combined organic forms.
+ridging Making long parallel raised strips of earth usually on the contours, into which seeds are sown.
+root sucker A shoot arising from the root of a plant.
+rotation In agriculture, changing the crops grown on a particular piece of land (or crops and fallow) from season to season. In forestry, the length of time between establishment and harvesting of a plantation or tree.
+runoff The portion of the precipitation on an area that is discharged from the area through stream channels. That which is lost without entering the soil is stream is "surface runoff' and that which enters the soil before reaching the stream is called "groundwater runoff' or "seepage flow" from ground water.
+S
+sapling A young tree, no longer a seedling but not yet a pole, a few meters high and about 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height.
+seedling A young stage of a plant grown from a seed.
+selective cutting Harvesting specific tree species or individuals in a forest and leaving the rest untouched.
+semiarid Term applied to regions or climates where moisture is more plentiful than in arid regions but still definitely limits the growth of most crop plants. Natural vegetation in uncultivated areas is short grasses, shrubs and small trees.
+sequential cropping Growing two or more crops in sequence on the same field per year. The succeeding crop is planted after the preceding crop has been harvested.
+shifting cultivation A form of agriculture in which soil fertility is maintained by rotating fields rather than crops. New plots are usually cleared by "slash and burn" and cropped until soil exhaustion. The land is then left to regenerate naturally while cultivation is done elsewhere.
+shrub A woody plant that remains less than 10 meters tall and produces shoots or stems from its base (see bush).
+silvopastoral system A form of agroforestry system consisting of trees (woody perennials) and pasture/animal components.
+situation-specific analysis An appraisal/diagnostic method developed by Chiangmai University in northern Thailand to examine interactions between local resource management system and dynamics of the system under a specific environment.
+slope The incline or angle of the land surface, which can be measured as a percent or ratio or in degrees or grades.
+small farm (small holding, farm household, small farmer) A farm that is at the same time a home and a business enterprise so that farm-management decisions are made, based on household needs as well as business interests.
+social forestry The practice of using trees and/or tree planting specifically to pursue social objectives, usually betterment of the poor, through delivery of the benefits to the local people.
+soil conservation A combination of all management and land-use methods that safeguard the soil against depletion or deterioration caused by nature and/or humans.
+soil organic matter The organic fraction of the soil that includes plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms and substances synthesized by soil organisms.
+sole cropping One crop variety grown alone in pure stand at normal density. Opposite of intercropping/mixed cropping.
+species A taxonomic category below genus. A very closely related group of individual organisms which forms the basic unit for naming and classification according to distinguishable genetic characteristics.
+staggered (planting, harvesting) Referring to activities carried out at different times or locations, instead of synchronized to occur at the same time or place.
+stover The mature, cured stalks of maize or sorghum from which the grain has been removed.
+stress Any factor that disturbs the normal functioning of an organism.
+strip cropping Planting of alternate strips of grasses, or grains with other crops on contours in order to conserve moisture and decrease erosion.
+subhumid In the tropics, a climate with average annual rainfall of 900-1500 mm.
+succession An orderly process of change in a community (of plants, animals) that results from modification of the environment by organisms and culminates in a system attaining steady state, or climax.
+sucker A side shoot from the roots of a plant; a side growth arising from an axillary bud.
+T
+taungya The intercropping of agricultural crops during the first years of forest plantation establishment.
+tenure The right to property, granted by custom or law, which may include land, trees and other plants, animals and water.
+terraces Soil and water conservation structures established on sloping lands to reduce the runoff of soil and water down the slope.
+thinning An intermediate cutting aimed primarily at controlling the growth of a tree stand by adjusting stand density.
+tiller An erect or semi-erect, secondary stem in grass species (such as rice).
+topography The physical description of land; changes in elevation due to hills, valleys and other features.
+transect walk A systematic walk with (small) farmer groups on their land to identify land uses and problems and to discuss potential improvements.
+transpiration The loss of moisture from plants in the form of water vapor.
+U
+understory The lower layer of vegetation, often grasses, shrubs or crops that grow under taller vegetation.
+V
+viability The capability of living and developing in a given environment or, in the case of a technology, of being practiced in the long term.
+W
+water harvesting Collection and storage in a tank or in the soil of water (either runoff or streamflow) for securing water availability for crop growth, or animal and human consumption.
+woody Plants which consist in part of wood; not herbaceous.
+Z
+zero-grazing Livestock production systems in which the animals are fed in pens or other confined areas and are not permitted to graze.
+Sources
+Delorit, R.J., L.J. Greub, and H.L Ahlgren. (eds.) 1974. Crop production. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
+Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
+Smith, D.M. (ed.) 1986. The practice of silviculture. 8th edition. John Wiley, New York, USA.
+Soil Science Society of America. 1987. Glossary of soil science terms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI, USA.
+Soule, J. (ed.) 1985. Glossary of horticulture crops. John Wiley, New York, USA.
+Wilson, T.C. 1978. Researcher's guide to statistics: Glossary and decision map. Univ. Press of America, Washington, D.C, USA.
+<section>Commonly used species in agroforestry in Southeast Asia</section>
+(China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam)
+Scientific
+English
+Chinese
+Indonesian
+Pillpino
+Thal
+Vietnamese
+Forest trees
+Acacia auriculiformis
+Acacia
+Jinghehuang
+Japanese acacia
+Kruthin Napong
+Keo la tram
+Acacia mangium
+Mangium
+Mangium
+Krathin Tepa
+Keo tai tuong
+Bambusa spp.
+Bamboo
+Zhuzhi
+Bambu
+Kawayan
+Phai
+Tre
+Calamus spp.
+Rattan
+Teng
+Rottan
+Wai
+May
+Canarium spp.
+Kanari
+Pili
+Tram
+Cassia siamea
+Thailand shower
+Tiedaomu
+Thailand shower
+Kae lek
+Muong xiem
+Casuarina equisetifolia
+Australian pine
+Agoho
+Son Tale
+Phi lao
+Cinnamomum cassia
+Cinnamon
+Rugui
+Kayumanis
+Que
+Dendrocalamus spp.
+Bamboo
+Longzhu
+Bayog
+Phai
+Tre. Iuong
+Desmodium rezonii
+Desmodium -
+Karikut-rikut
+Dipterocarpus alatus
+Dipterocarp
+Damar
+Yang
+Dau rai
+Erythrina spp.
+Dadap
+Dapdap
+Thong fang
+Vong
+Eucalyptus spp.
+Eucalyptus
+Anshu
+Eucaliptus
+Red gum
+Eveulyp
+Bach den
+Flemingia congesta
+Flemingia
+Gliricidia septum
+Gamal
+Madre de de cacao
+KaeFarang
+Do mai
+Hevea brasiliensis
+Rubber
+Xiangjiao
+Karet
+Karet
+Yangpara Takien
+Cao su Sao
+Indigofera teysmanii
+Dau cham
+Leucaena leucocephala
+Leucaena
+Yinghehuang
+Lamtoro
+Ipil-ipil
+Krathinyak
+Keo dau
+Mangletia glauca
+Mo
+Melia azedirachta
+Neem tree
+Mindi
+Paraiso
+Sadao
+Xoan
+Pinus spp.
+Pine
+Shongshu
+Pinus
+Pine
+Son
+Thong
+Pterocarpus spp.
+Narra
+Praduu
+Giang huong
+Samanea saman
+Raintree
+Raintree
+ChamChulee
+Cong/
+Sesbania grandiflora
+Sesbania
+Mutianqing
+Turi
+Katuray
+Kae ban
+So dua
+Styrax tonkinensis
+Styrax
+Bo de
+Tectona grandis
+Teak
+Youmu
+Jati
+Teak
+Sak
+Tech
+Fruit trees
+Anacardium occidentale
+Cashew
+Jambu monyet
+Kasoy
+Mumuong Himmapan
+Dieu
+Annona muricata
+Custard apple
+Pinggua
+Buah none
+Guyabano
+NoiNaa
+Mang cau/ na ta
+Artocarpus heterophyllus
+Jackfruit
+Langka
+Langka
+Kanun
+Mit
+Carica papaya
+Papaya
+Mugua
+Pepaya
+Papaya
+Malakop
+Du du
+Citrus spp.
+Citrus
+Ju,che
+Jeruk
+Kalamansi
+Som
+Cam,chanh quat
+Citrus reticulate
+Mandarin
+Ju
+Quit
+Cocos nucifera
+Coconut
+Kelapa
+Niyog
+Niyog
+Dua
+Coffea spp.
+Coffee
+Kafei
+Kopi
+Kape
+Kafae
+Caphe
+Dimocarpus longan
+Longan
+Longgan
+Longyan
+LumYai
+Nhan
+Diospyros kaki
+Oriental persimmon
+Shizhi
+Kesemek
+Plub
+Hong
+Durio zibethinus
+Durian
+Durian
+Duryan
+Durian
+Xoai
+Lansium domesticum
+Lanzones
+Duku
+Lansones
+Lansat
+Bon bon
+Litchi sinensis
+Lychee
+Lizhi
+Lingee
+Vai
+Mangifera indica
+Mango
+Manggio
+Mangga
+Mangga
+Mamuong
+Xoai
+Nephelium lappaceum
+Rambutan
+Rambutan
+Rambutan
+Ngao
+Chom chom
+Persea americana
+Avocado
+Alpukat
+Abokado
+Bo
+Psidium guajava
+Guava
+Jambu
+Bayabas
+Farang
+Oi
+Theobroma cacao
+Cacao
+Keke
+Kakao
+Kakaw
+Cacao
+Vegetables
+Allium cepa
+Onion
+Yangchong
+Bawang merah
+Sibuyas
+Hanh
+Allium sativum
+Garlic
+Dacuan
+Bawang putih
+Bawang
+Toi
+Annonas conosus
+Pineapple
+Boluo
+Nenas
+Pinya
+Subparot
+Thom
+Arachis hypogaea
+Peanut
+Huasheng
+Kacang tanah
+Mani
+Tualisong
+Dau phong
+Brassica oleracea
+Brocolli
+Brokoli
+Brokoli
+Bap cai
+Brassica
+Cabbage oleracea
+Baoxingcai
+Kol
+Repolyo
+Bap su
+Brassica pekinensis
+Chinese cabbage
+Baicai
+Pecai
+Petsay
+Cucumis sativus
+Cucumber
+Caigua
+Timun
+Pipino
+Dua leo/ chust
+Curcurbita spp.
+Squash
+Mangua
+Labu
+Kalabasa
+Bau,bi
+Daucus carota
+Carrots
+Huluobou
+Wortel
+Karot
+Ca rot
+Glycine max
+Soybean
+Dadou
+Kedelai
+Dau nanh
+Hibiscus esculentus
+Okra
+Okra
+Dau bap
+Lycopersicon esculenthum
+Tomato
+Xihongshi
+Tomat
+Kamatis
+Ca chua
+Oryza sativa
+Rice
+Shuidao
+Padi
+Palay
+Kao
+Lua
+Piper nigrum
+Pepper
+Hujiao
+Lada
+Paminta
+Prikthai
+Ot
+Solanum
+Eggplant
+Qiazhi
+Terung
+Talong
+Ca tim
+melongena
+Vigna radiate
+Mungbean
+Ludou
+Kacang hijau Munggo
+Tuakiew
+Dau xanh
+Zea mays
+Corn
+Yumi
+Jagung
+Mais
+Bap
+Root crops
+Colocasia spp.
+Taro
+Yunei
+Talas
+Gabi
+Mon
+Ipomea batatas
+Sweet potato
+Fanshu
+Ubijalar
+Kamote
+Khoai fang
+Manihot esculenta
+Cassava
+Mushu
+Ubikayu
+Kamoteng kahoy
+NunSumpalangSan
+Solanum tuberosum
+Potato
+Malinshu
+Kentang
+Patatas
+Khoai tay
+Zingiber officinale
+Ginger
+Jiang
+Jahe
+Luya
+Khing
+Gung
+Livestock
+Bee
+Mifeng
+Lebah
+Bubuyog
+Pung
+Ong
+Buffalo
+Shuinui
+Kerbau
+Kalabaw
+Kwai
+Trau
+Chicken
+Ji
+Ayam
+Manok
+Kai
+Ga
+Cow
+Neiniu-
+Sapi
+Baka
+Von
+Bo
+Duck
+Ya
+Itik
+Bibe/itik
+Ped
+Vit
+Fish
+Yu
+Ikan
+Isda
+Plu
+Ca
+Goat
+Yang
+Kambing
+Kambing
+Pae
+De
+Goose
+E
+Angsa
+Gansa
+Hon
+Ngong
+Pig
+Zhu
+Babi
+Baboy
+Mu
+Heo, lon
+Sheep
+Mianyang
+Domba
+Tupa
+Kae
+Cuu
+<section>Resource institutions</section>
+Institutions
+Expertise
+Program focus
+China
+Agro-ecology Institute Zhejiang Agricultural University Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China
+farming systems, agroecology
+research and development, education
+Institute of Forestry Research China Academy of Forestry Beijing, China
+forestry and agroforestry
+basic and applied research, demonstration, networking (APAN national focal point)
+Institute of Scientific and Technical Information Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing, China.
+forestry, social forestry
+information generation and dissemination
+Institute of Soil Science Academia Sinica Nanjing, China
+soil conservation, agroforestry
+agroforestry networking project
+Institute of Sub-tropical Forestry Research Chinese Academy of Forestry Hangzhou, China
+sub-tropical forest, bamboo-based farm forestry
+research, experiment station, documentation
+Institute of Tropical Forestry Research Chinese Academy of Forestry Guangzhou, China
+tropical forestry and agroforestry
+research, experiment station, outreach
+International Farm Forestry Training Center China Academy of Forestry Beijing, China
+farm forestry, agroforestry
+training
+Indonesia
+Agricultural Polytechnic-Kupang Jl. Adisucipto, Pentui P. O. Box 1111
+dryland farming and agroforestry systems, indigenous
+research and development, education and training
+Kupang 8501 1, Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia
+knowledge, agroecosystems, multipurpose tree species
+Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO-APAN) Jl. Gunung Batu 5 P. O. Box 481 Bogor 16004, Indonesia
+agroforestry systems, human resource development
+networking, training, information services, field demonstration
+Asia Soil Conservation Network (ASOCON) Manggala Wanabakti Blok IV Lt. S. Jl. Gatot Subroto or P. O. Box 133 JKWB Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
+soil conservation
+networking
+Badan Pendidikan den Latihan Pertanian(Agency for Agricultural Education and Training) Jl. Harsono No. 3, Pasarminggu Jakarta 12560, Indonesia
+farming system, nature conservation, human resources development
+networking, training and extension education, monitoring and evaluation methods
+Balai Metodologi Informasi Pertanian(Agricultural Information Methodology Center) P. O. Box 252, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia
+farming systems, people-based approach
+instructional media training development, information services
+Bogor Agricultural University Jl. Raya Pajajaran Bogor, Indonesia
+forestry, farming systems, food technology
+research and development, education and training
+Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Center Jl. Gunung Batu 5 Bogor, Indonesia
+agroforestry systems, nature conservation
+research and development, training and extension, (APAN national focal point)
+ICRAF Southeast Asia Programme Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor, Indonesia
+agroforestry
+research and development
+Kelompok Kerja Konservasi(Working Group for Conservation) c/o LP3ES, Jl. Mergapati 10 Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia
+agroforestry, nature conservation
+networking, information services
+Nusa Tenggara Upland Development Consortium c/o World Neighbors Southeast Asia P. O. Box 71, Ubud 85071, Bali, Indonesia
+agroforestry, nature conservation, gender, participatory approach
+networking, information services
+Perum Perhutani Gd. Manggala Wanabhakti Blok IV Lt 4 Jl. Gatot Subroto, Senayan Jakarta, Indonesia
+agroforestry, non- wood forest product, nature conservation
+research and development, training extension
+PROSEA Network Office c/o Research and Development Center for Biology, LIPI Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 22 P. O. Box 234 Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia
+fanning systems, indigenous and exogenous knowledge
+research and development, networking, information services on plant resources, handbook, data bank
+World Neighbors Southeast Asia Office P. O. Box 71, Ubud 85071, Bali, Indonesia
+people-based approach, upland development program
+networking, media development, information services
+World Neighbors Southeast Asia Media Support Program Studio Driya Media, Jl. Makmur No. 16 Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
+people-based approach, upland development program
+networking,media development, information services
+Yayasan Bina Swadaya Jl. Gunung Sahari III/7, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
+agroforestry, social forestry
+training
+Papua New Guinea
+Bubia Research Station LAE, Morobe Province Papua New Guinea
+farming systems
+research, information services
+Highlands Agricultural Experimentation Station, Aiyuva P. O. Box 384 Kainantu, EHP Papua New Guinea
+agroforestry/farming systems
+research, information services
+Land Utilization Section Department of Agriculture and Livestock P. O. Box 1863 Baroko, Papua New Guinea
+land suitability assessment, soil survey, agroclimatology, agroecological zoning, land use planning
+planning, coordination, information services
+Subsistence Agricultural Improvement Project Department of Morobe LAE, Morobe Province Papua New Guinea
+agriculture
+training and extension
+Wan Ecology Institute Private Bag LAE Morobe Province Papua New Guinea
+indigenous knowledge, agriculture, land use, wildlife ecology
+research, information services
+Philippines
+Bureau of Agriculture Research Department of Agriculture Visayas Avenue, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
+farming systems
+research and development, networking
+Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
+natural resources technology generation, ecosystems
+research and development
+International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Y.C. James Yen Center Silang, Cavite 4118 Philippines
+integrated community-based rural development, environment, natural resources, agriculture, rural enterprise building
+integrated approach, research, networking, media development, training and extension, information services
+International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
+farming systems, crop management, post- harvesting technology
+research and development
+Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 427 Durian St., Juan Subdivision Matina 8000, Davao City Philippines
+agroforestry, gender, human resource, land tenure
+people-centered development program, networking, training, extension
+Mag-Uugmad Foundation, Inc. 39-2 Pelaez St. 6000 Cebu City PhiIippines
+soil and water conservation, farming systems, farmer- centered development
+people-centered development, networking, training, extension, media development, research
+Mariano Marcos State University Institute of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture College of Agriculture and Forestry Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
+dryland agriculture, farming systems
+research and development
+Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center Kinuskusan, Bansalan Davao del Sur, Philippines
+upland technology development, farming systems
+training, extension, media development, research and development
+Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources and Development Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
+forestry, agriculture, farming systems
+research, technology generation, verification dissemination and development
+Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement P. O. Box 10479 Broadway Centrum, Quezon City, Philippines
+natural resources management
+advocacy, research, information services
+Southeast Asia Regional Center for Research in Agriculture Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
+agriculture
+research and development, training
+University of the Philippines at Los Baños College, Los Baños Laguna, Philippines
+agronomy, human ecology, forestry, biological science, natural resources, rural development
+research and development
+- College of Forestry
+- Institute of Biological Science
+- Department of Agronomy
+- College of Human Ecology
+Thailand
+AgricuIture Department Paholyothin Road, Chajutak Bangkok 10900, Thailand
+sustainable agriculture
+research and development
+CARE Thailand18 A Sub Soi, Aree 4 North Paholyothin 7, Bangkok 10400 Thailand
+natural resource management, watershed management, community development
+extension
+Faculty of Agriculture Chiangmai University Chiangmai, Thailand
+natural resource conservation
+research and development, training
+Faculty of Forestry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand
+nature conservation, human resource development
+research and development, training
+FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand
+rural development, food security, agroforestry, farm management, marketing, women in development, soil and water conservation
+development assistance through expert consultation, training, networking, information services
+Farming Systems Research and Development Office of Agricultural Economics Paholyothin Road, Chatujak 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
+farm-based approach
+research and development, training
+Hill Areas Development Foundation P. O. Box 1 I Mae Chan District Chiangrai 57110, Thailand
+natural resource management, community development, soil and water conservation
+education, extension
+Kasetsart University Chajutak, Bangkok 10903 Thailand
+nature conservation, human resource development
+research and development, training
+- Faculty of Agriculture
+- Faculty of Forestry
+Multipurpose Tree Species Network for Asia P. O. Box 1038 Kasetsart Office Bangkok 10903, Thailand
+farm forestry, integrated agricultural systems
+research and development
+Office of Community Forestry Royal Forest Department Paholyothin Road, Bangkhen Bangkok 10900, Thailand
+agroforestry, social forestry
+planning and development, training(APAN national focal point)
+Population Development Association Sukhumvit Soi 12 Bangkok, Thailand
+people-based approach
+research and development
+Regional Community Forestry Training Center c/o Faculty of Forestry Kasetsart University P. O. Box 1111 Bangkok 10903, Thailand
+social forestry
+training, Information services, networking
+Royal Forest Management Chatujak, Bangkok Thai land
+natural forest management and conservation
+planning and development
+- Natural Forest Land Use Management Division
+- Silviculture Division
+- Watershed Conservation Division
+Save the Children P. O. Box 49 Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand
+farm forestry, community forestry
+development, networking, training
+Sustainable Agriculture Extension Division Agriculture Extension Department Paholyothin Road, Bangkok Thailand
+agroforestry and farming systems
+extension
+Thai-German Highland Development Program P. O. Box 67 Chiangmai 50000, Thailand
+farming and agroforestry systems, watershed, natural resource management, land use, community based
+research and development
+Vietnam
+Agriculture Research Institute No. 1, 1 16 Nguyen Binh Chieu Street District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
+agriculture
+research and extension
+CARE International in Vietnam130 A, Thung Khue Hanoi, Vietnam
+community forestry, upland farming system, community development
+training and extension
+Center for Natural Resources Management and Natural Environmental Studies15 B Trieu Viet Vuong Hanoi, Vietnam
+natural/agricultural/ rural resources, agroforestry, biodiversity
+management and development (upland area)
+Center for Soil and Fertilizer Research and Techno-Transfer(ISF/MAFI), 37 Ben Chuong Duong District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
+soil fertility
+research and extension
+College of Agriculture and Agroforestry Thuduc, Ho Chi Minh City65/5 a Nguyen Trong, Tuyen Street Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
+agriculture, forestry
+development and extension
+Forest Science Institute Chem-Tu, Liem Hanoi, Vietnam
+forestry
+research (APAN national local point)
+Forestry College Xuan Mai, Hatay Province Vietnam
+silviculture, social forestry, wood processing
+research and development, training, networking
+Hanoi Agricultural University Gia Lam, Hanoi Vietnam
+agriculture, agro- ecology, farming systems, food production
+research and development
+Langa Union of Forest Enterprise Ministry of Forestry Hanoi, Vietnam
+dipterocarp forest
+research and extension
+Upland Farming Systems, R & D Center University of Agriculture No. 3 Bacthai Province, Vietnam
+upland farming and agroforestry systems, soil and water
+research and development, training and extension conservation
+<section>Participants and workshop staff</section>
+Participants
+Ms. Kwanchewan Buadeng (Thailand)
+Dr. Lope A. Calanog (Philippines)
+Dr. Roberto V. Dalmacio (Philippines)
+Alma Monica A. dela Paz (Philippines)
+Dr. Narciso R. Deomampo (Thailand)
+John Dixon (Thailand)
+Antonius P.Y. Djogo (Indonesia)
+Ines Vivian D. Domingo (Indonesia)
+Patrick B. Durst (Thailand)
+Riri Fithriadi (Indonesia)
+Dr. James H. French (Indonesia)
+Dr. Sunarya Hadiwisastra (Indonesia)
+Helle Qwist-Hoffman (Thailand)
+Peter Qwist-Hoffman (Thailand)
+Nguyen Huu Hong (Vietnam)
+Dr. Kennedy Igbokwe (Philippines)
+Michael Jensen (Thailand)
+Wu Jianjun (China)
+Dr. Junus Kartasubrata (Indonesia)
+Chun K. Lai (Indonesia)
+Teunchai Lakhaviwattanakul (Thailand)
+Pearmsak Makarabhirom (Thailand)
+Dr. Stanley C. Malab (Philippines)
+Cai Mantang (China)
+Dr. Evelyn Mathias (Philippines)
+Nguyen Ba Ngai (Vietnam)
+Bui Ngoc Quang (Vietnam)
+Dr. Hamish Richards (United Kingdom)
+Dr. Walfredo Raquel Rola (Philippines)
+Prem Sharma (Nepal)
+Bishan Singh (Philippines)
+Dr. Naik Sinukaban (Indonesia)
+Mike Stainburn (Philippines)
+Nguyen Van So (Vietnam)
+Dr. Yoyo Sulaiman (Indonesia)
+Esther Velasco (Philippines)
+Tran Duc Vien (Vietnam)
+Balthazar Wayi (Papua New Guinea)
+Zheng Wei (China)
+Editors
+David Abbass
+Lyn Capistrano-Doren
+Scott Killough
+Ray Montes
+Dr. Paul Mundy (Workshop coordinator)
+Jimmy Ronquillo (Scheduling)
+Sheila Siar
+Artists
+Ric Cantada
+Albert Contemprate
+Arnold Gardon
+Rannie Ramacula
+Desktop publishing
+Mamet Magno
+Jel Montoya
+Angie Poblete
+Logistics
+Lhai Kasala
+Angie Poblete
+Support
+Thess Aquino
+Carding Belenzo
+Gerry Medina
+Jel Montoya
+Rollie Ramos
+* Did not attend the workshop
+<section>Participants' profiles</section>
+Kwanchewan Buadeng
+Kwanchewan "Jid" Buadeng is a Social Researcher at the Social
+Thai-German Highland Development
+Research Institute, Chiangmai University, Thailand. She holds a
+Program
+Masters in Anthropology from the Ateneo de Manila University,
+P O Box 67, Chiangmai 50000
+Philippines. Jid has attended many national and international
+Thailand
+workshops and presented papers at the Asian Farming Systems
+Fax 66-53-211 808
+symposium, Farming Systems Development working groups of
+GTZ projects and other conferences.
+Dr. Lope Calanog
+Ecosystems Research and Develop-
+Dr. Lope A. Calanog is a Supervising Science Research Specialist
+ment Bureau
+at the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau of the
+Department of Environment and
+Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the
+Natural Resources
+University of the Philippnes - Los Baños. At present, he is the head
+University of the Philippines at Los
+of the Community Forestry Section of the Ecosystems Research
+Baños, College, Laguna 4031
+and Development Bureau of the DENR. He has just completed his
+Philippines
+Ph.D. in Community Development. Soon, he will be completing a
+book tentatively titled Adaptive Traditionalism of a Swidden
+based Upland Community.
+Roberto Dalmacio
+Dr. Roberto "Bert,, V. Dalmacio is the Instruction Division Coor
+UPLB Agroforestry Program
+dinator at the UPLB Agroforestry Program, Philippines, and is
+College of Forestry
+also an Associate Professor in Silviculture and Forest Influences.
+University of the Philippines at Los
+He teaches graduate courses in silviculture and agroforestry and
+Philippines
+advises graduate students. He conducts research in the fields of
+silviculture and agroforestry. He also designs and coordinates
+training courses in reforestation and agroforestry and serves as a
+resource person in topics dealing with silviculture and
+agroforestry.
+Alma Monica de la Paz
+Alma Monica A. dela Paz is the Executive Director of the Kapwa
+Executive Director
+Upliftment Foundation, Inc., in Matina, Davao City, Philippines.
+Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc
+Alma is currently a member of the board of directors of
+427 Durian St., Juan Subdivision
+PHILDHRRA, a national coalition of NGOs. She is one of 18
+Matina 8000, Davao City, Philippines
+private-sector representatives to the Regional Development Coun
+cil of Region XI as well as serving as a member of the Economic
+Development Committee of the Council. She also represents
+Kapwa in the Regional Upland Development Committee of the
+DENR.
+Dr. Narciso Deomampo
+FAO Regional for Asia and the
+Dr. Narciso R. Deomampo is the FAO Regional Farm Manage
+Pacific (RAPA)
+ment Economist based at the FAO Regional Office in Bangkok,
+Maliwan Mansion
+Thailand. Before joining RAPA, Dr. Deomampo worked as an
+39 Phra Atit Road
+FAO Project Manager in Sri Lanka on Agricultural Marketing
+Bangkok 10200, Thailand
+Extension from 1985-1986. He was assigned as FAO Marketing
+Fax 66-2-280 0445
+Economist in the Northern Areas of Pakistan from 1987-1989. In 1990, Dr. Deomampo was the Chief Technical Adviser of FAOTCP Project in Chiangmai, Thailand, on Group Marketing and Extension. In 1991, he was appointed as Chief Technical Adviser of FAO/UNDP Marketing Project - Lesotho, Southern Africa for two years.
+John Dixon
+Programme Coordinator
+John Dixon is a farmer from Queensland, Australia. He holds
+FARM Programme
+degrees in Rural Science, Agricultural Economics, Natural Re
+FAO Regional Office for Asia and the
+source Management and Sustainable Agriculture. He has worked
+Pacific
+for FAO in Africa, the Near East, Asia and its headquarters. He
+Maliwan Mansion
+now serves as coordinator of the UNDP/FAO/UNIDO Farmer
+39 Phra Atit Road
+centred Agricultural Resource Management Programme.
+Bangkok .0200, Thailand
+Fax 66-2-280 0445
+Antonius P. Y. Djogo
+Director
+Antonius "Tony', P.Y. Djogo is the Director of Agricultural Poly
+Agricultural Polytechnic-Kupang
+technic, Kupang, Indonesia. He graduated from Bogor Agricul
+Jl. Adisucipto, Pentui
+tural University Indonesia in 1980 (from the Department of Soil
+P O BOX 1111
+Sciences] Faculty of Agriculture). He has attended several
+Kupang 85011
+trainings in-country and overseas. The research and development
+Nusa Tenggara Timur
+areas in which he specializes include: agroecosystem analysis,
+Fax 62-391-31001
+agroforestry and social forestry; dryland farming systems; and
+farmer-based dryland farming systems development.
+Ines Vivian Domingo
+Ines Vivian "IV,, D. Domingo is the Coordinator of the World
+Southeast Asia Media Support
+Neighbors - Southeast Asia Media Support Program. She is based
+Program
+in Bandung Indonesia. She coordinates the production of low-cost
+Studio Driya Media
+media in a variety of topics, including sustainable upland agriculture.
+JI. Makmur No. 16
+Bandung 40161
+West Java, Indonesia
+Patrick Durst
+Patrick B. Durst is a Regional Forestry Officer for Asia and the
+FAO Regional Office for Asia and the
+Pacific at FAO, Bangkok, Thailand. Before joining FAO, he
+Pacific (RAPA)
+worked for nearly eight years with the Office of International
+Maliwan Mansion
+Forestry, USDA Forest Service--first as Special Projects Coordi
+39 Phra Atit Road
+nator for the Forestry Support Program, then as Coordinator for
+Bangkok 10200, Thailand
+Asia and Near East Programs and finally as Asia-Pacific Branch
+Fax 66-2-280 0445
+Chief.
+Riri Fithriadi
+Riri Fithriadi is the Agroforestry Extension Specialist of the FAO
+Agroforestry Extension Specialist
+Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO-APAN). He joined
+FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry
+APAN in 1993 and was responsible for information and technology
+Network
+exchange, training, field activities and networking in Indonesia. In
+JI. Gunung Batu 481
+1990-1993, he worked with the Studio Driya Media in Bandung,
+P O Box 481, Bogor 16004
+Indonesia, as Associate Director for Research and Development
+Indonesia
+and was responsible for media development management and some field activities.
+Dr. James H. French
+Dr. James "Jim,, French is the Information and Training Specialist
+Information Specialist
+of the FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO-APAN).
+FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry
+Home is shared between New Hampshire, Bangkok and Bogor.
+JI. Gunung Batu 481
+Jim has lived in Thailand for 14 years and in Indonesia for 5 years.
+P O Box 481, Bogor 16004
+Most of this time was with UNDP working on rural development,
+Indonesia watershed management and rubber replanting programs. In Indo nesia, he worked with Winrock International on researchextension linkages and the Upland Agriculture and Conservation Project. His doctorate is in extension education and his masters is in communication.
+Dr. O. Sunarya
+Dr. Sunarya "Ooy" Hadiwisastra is an Agriculture Extension
+Hadiwisastra
+Specialist at the Agency for Agricultural Education and Training of
+Balai Diklat Pertanian
+the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. He holds a Ph.D. in Devel
+Proyek P4K Pusat
+opment Communications from UPLB, Philippines. At the Agency,
+JI. Harsono RM 3
+Ooy serves as the project secretary of PHK (Income-generating
+Jakarta 12560
+activities for small farmers and landless).
+Indonesia
+Fax 62-21 -780 5209
+Nguyen Huu Hong
+Nguyen Huu Hong is a lecturer and researcher in upland rice,
+Deputy Director
+upland farming systems and agroforestry at the University of
+Upland Farming Systems (R & D Center)
+Agriculture, No. 3, Bacthai, Vietnam. He holds an MSc degree on
+University of Agriculture No. 3
+agronomy from Migazaki University in Japan. He is the deputy
+Bacthai Province, Vietnam
+director of agroforestry, research and development center for the
+northern mountains in Vietnam.
+Dr. Kennedy Igbokwe
+Water Resources Management
+Dr. Kennedy Igbokwe is the Water Resources Management Spe
+Speciaiist
+cialist at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction,
+International Institute of Rural
+Philippines. He graduated from Central Philippines University with
+Reconstruction
+a BSc degree in Agricultural Engineering and holds MSc and
+Silang, Cavite, Philippines
+Doctoral degrees in Agricultural Engineering with specialization in
+Fax 63-96-402 0891
+soil and water management from Central Luzon State University,
+Philippines. He is presently involved in conceptualizing and devel
+oping water resources/watershed management projects and participatory technology development for rainfed agriculture improvement in the semi-arid areas of India.
+Michael Jensen
+Michael Jensen is an Associate Professional Officer/Agroforestry
+FAO Regional Office for Asia and the
+of FAO-RAPA. He holds an M.Sc. degree on Agroforestry and
+Pacific (RAPA)
+Forest Ecology from Copenhagen University and the Royal Veteri
+39 Phra Atit Road
+narian and Agricultural University. Since 1992, he has been work
+Bangkok 10200, Thailand
+ing with FAO--first in the Regional Wood Energy Development
+Fax 66-2-280 0445
+Programme and then at the Forestry Section of RAPA, both
+located in Bangkok, with agroforestry as his main responsibility. He has previous working experience in ecological research in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
+Wu Jianjun
+Associate Professor and Deputy
+Wu Jianjun is the Deputy Director of the Agro-ecology Institute,
+Director
+Zhejiang Agricultural University, China. He has worked in the
+Agro-ecology Institute
+Institute since 1987 as an instructor, researcher and associate
+Zhejiang Agricultural University
+professor. In addition to teaching (crop production, groecology,
+Hangzhou, 310029
+specific topics on agroecosystems and integrated farming systems),
+Zhejiang Province
+he conducts research on Chinese ecological agriculture, farming
+People's Republic of China
+systems development on red soil hilly areas (uplands) and the
+Fax 86-571 -604 9815
+structure and mechanisms for integration of agricultural education,
+demonstration, training and extension.
+Dr. Junus Kartasubrata
+Dr. Junus Kartasubrata heads the Network Office of the Plant
+Acting Head
+Resources of South East Asia (PROSEA) Foundation in Bogor,
+PROSEA Network Office
+Indonesia. He holds a doctorate in Forestry from Bogor Agricul
+c/o Research and Development
+tural University.
+Centre for Biology
+LIPI, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 22
+P.O. Box 234
+Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia
+Fax 62-251 -336 425
+Scott Killough
+Scott Killough is the Director of the Environment, Natural Re
+Director
+sources and Agriculture program at the International Institute of
+Environment, Natural Resources and
+Rural Reconstruction. He has been involved in management of
+Agriculture
+research and training activities in upland farm management in the
+Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite
+Philippines, India, Guatemala and Ethiopia. Before joining IIRR,
+Philippines
+he worked with the Peace Corps in Guatemala and in the U.S.A.
+Fax (632) 522 2494
+Chun K. Lai
+Chun Lai, Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (APAN) Regional
+Regional
+Coordinator, was born in Hongkong and raised and educated in the
+FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry
+U.S. He holds forestry/international forestry degrees from the
+Jl. Gunung Batu 481
+University of Maine at Oroneo and from Yale University. His
+P O Box 481, Bogor 16004
+professional experience includes assignments in the Northwestern
+Indonesia
+U.S. (U.S. Forest Service), West Africa (Peace Corps, Fulbright
+Program and USAID), Bangladesh (Winrock International) and Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network--FAO network based in Bogor, Indonesia. His total experience exceeds 1 5 years in the field working on forestry and agroforestry.
+Teunchai
+Teunchai "Jai" Lakhaviwattanakul is a Professional Forest Officer
+Lakhaviwattanakul
+at the Royal Forest Department, Thailand. She is also the current
+Chief, Agroforestry Branch
+APAN National Coordinator in Thailand.
+Office of Community Forestry
+Forest Department
+Pa halyoth in Road, Bangkhen
+Bangkok 10900, Thailand
+Fax 66-2-579 1718
+Pearmsak Makarabhirom
+Pearmsak Makarabhirom is a Technical Forestry Officer of the
+Agroforestry Branch
+Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. He is also a Pro
+Office of Community of Forestry
+gram Officer of the Regional Community Forestry Outreach
+Forest Department
+Program of the Regional Community, Forestry Training Center for
+Pahalyothin Road, Bangkhen
+Asia-Pacific. He is experienced in agroforestry research and
+Bangkok 10900
+extension, community forestry and forestry extension.
+Thailand
+Fax 66-2-579 5416
+Dr. Stanley Malab
+Assistant Professor
+Dr. Stanley "Stan,, C. Malab is a Professor and Director for Re
+Institute of Sustainable Dryland
+search at the Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos
+Agriculture, College of Agriculture
+Norte, Philippines. His present assignments include: Professor of
+and Forestry, Mariano Marcos State
+Forest Science, Director for Research and Development; and
+university
+Concurrent Director of the Institute of Sustainable Dryland Agri
+Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
+culture. He has conducted research on nitrogen dynamics on
+Fax 63-77-792 3131
+agroforestry systems, bamboo technology, sand dune utilization
+and computer modelling for agroforestry systems.
+Dr. Evelyn Mathias
+Dr. Evelyn Mathias is the Coordinator of the Regional Program for
+IlRR, Silang, Cavite
+the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA) at
+Philippines
+the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. Her major
+Fax (632) 522 2494
+interests are in ethnoveterinary medicine, the use of indigenous
+knowledge in development, livestock development and the delivery of animal health care services. Before joining IIRR, she was a visiting lecturer at the Bogor Agricultural University in Indonesia. Dr. Mathias holds a Dr. Med. Vet. degree (equivalent to Ph.D.) in veterinary medicine and a DVM degree, both from Justus- Liebig University in Giessen, Germany. She has a Master's in International Development from Iowa State University, USA.
+Dr. Paul Mundy
+Dr. Paul Mundy is the Director of the Communication Division at
+Director, Communication Division
+the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. A British
+IlRR, Silang, Cavite
+national, he worked as an editor in the Central Research Institute
+Philippines
+for Food Crops in Indonesia and in Egypt before joining IIRR. He
+has a Ph.D. in Mass Communication from the University of Wisconsin.
+Nguyen Ba Ngai
+Nguyen Ba Ngai is a Lecturer in Social Forestry at the Forestry
+Lecturer in Social Forestry
+College of Vietnam. He teaches forest management and social
+Forestry College, Xuan Mai
+forestry
+Hatay Province, Vietnam
+Fax 84-4-250 000
+Bui Ngoc Quang
+Bui Ngoc Quang is a Project Officer of CARE International in
+Project Officer
+Vietnam. He has experiences in community forestry in the northern
+CARE international in Vietnam
+mountainous provinces of Vietnam; agroforestry systems in the
+130 A, Thuy khue
+uplands; participatory rapid appraisal; and working with ethnic
+Hanoi Vietnam
+minorities at the community level.
+Fax 84-4-2337 14
+Dr. Hamish Richards
+Dr. Hamish Richards is an executive committee member of the UK
+Development Consultancy Services,
+Freedom From Hunger Campaign. He has undertaken
+Ltd.
+consultancies for the UN Population Programme (project evalua
+Heath, Cardiff CF4 4HG
+tion); UNESCO (nonformal education); Pacific Commissioner
+Wales, United Kingdom
+(population/human resource development); ILO (population
+Fax 44-1222-750 621
+programme management and child care facilities); and European
+Community (plight of street children).
+Dr. Walfredo Raquel Rola
+Dr. Walfredo "Wally" Raquel Rola is an Assistant Professor at the
+Department of Community and
+Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning
+Environmental Resource Planning
+at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños. He has been
+University of the Philippines
+engaged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) several times as
+at Los Baños
+an agricultural economist or financial analyst in reformulating and
+College, Laguna, Philippines
+evaluating projects in the Philippines, Nepal and Indonesia. Cur
+rently, he is serving as a management system and logistic specialist for an ADB
+funded Vegetable Integrated Pest Management Project in the Philippines.
+Prem Sharma
+Prem Sharma is the Regional Coordinator/Chief Technical Advisor
+FAD-FARM
+with FAO. He is also the Regional/Senior Scientist (Land-use) of
+CTA, Watershed Management
+CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. He has authored over 40 publica
+FAO office in Nepal
+tions in watershed management, agroforestry, soil conservation,
+P. O. Box 25, Kathmandu
+irrigation, natural resources management for uplands in Asia and
+Nepal
+Latin America.
+Fax 977-1-526358
+Bishan Singh
+Bishan Singh is the executive president of the Management Insti
+PCSD Programme Manager
+tute for Social Change. He has more than 30 years of experience in
+Asian NGO Coalition
+the NGO movement. He is the President of the Pahang Association
+PO Box 3107
+of Consumers, a post he has held for the last 20 years. He was the
+Quezon City
+past president of the Federation of Malaysian Consumers' Associa
+Metro Manila, Philippines
+tions and co-chair of the Education Committee of the International
+Organization of Consumers' Unions. Bishan was the first awardee
+of the "Consumer Advocate Award" of the Government of
+Malaysia.
+Prof. Dr. Naik Sinukaban
+Dr. Naik Sinukaban is the Head of the Soil and Water Conserva
+Department of Soil Science
+tion Laboratory at Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia.
+Bogor Agricultural University
+Jl Raya Pajajaran
+Bogor
+Indonesia
+Fax 62-251-312708
+Nguyen Van So
+Nguyen Van So is a lecturer of the University of Agriculture and
+College of Agriculture and Forestry
+Forestry, Thu Duc Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He holds an M.S.
+Thuduc, Ho Chi Minh City
+degree in silviculture and forest influences at the University of the
+65/5a Nguyen Trong, Tuyen Street
+Philippines at Los Baños with a minor in social forestry. His area
+Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
+of specialization includes plantation forestry, water and soil con
+Fax 84-8-960 713
+servation measures and social forestry.
+Esther Velasco
+Esther Velasco is IlRR's Gender and Development Specialist. She
+Research Division
+develops research and development programs and provides train
+Internationai institute of Rural
+ing aimed at improving gender equity in developing countries.
+Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite
+Before joining IIRR, she served as the Program Coordinator of the
+Philippines
+University of the Philippines at Los Baños' Gender Program for
+Rural Development. Ms. Velasco has a master's degree in Sociol
+ogy, from Ateneo de Manila University.
+Mr Tran Duc Vien
+Tran Duc Men is a Lecturer and Researcher at the Center for
+Centre for Natural Resources
+Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies,
+Management and
+University of Hanoi Vietnam
+Environmental Studies
+University of Hanoi
+15 B Trieu Viet Vuong
+Hanoi
+Vietnam
+Fax 844-2-66618
+Balthazar Wayi
+Balthazar Wayi is a Chief Land-use Officer at the Department of
+Chief Land-use Officer
+Agriculture and Livestock in Boroko, Papua New Guinea. He
+Land-use Section
+graduated from the University of Papua New Guinea in 1977, with
+Department of Agriculture and
+a Bachelor of Agricultural Science. In 1983, he obtained a post
+PO Box 1863
+graduate diploma in Agricultural Science from Massey University
+Boroko
+in New Zealand. In 1985, he was awarded an MSc in Soil Science
+Papua New Guinea
+at the State University of Ghent in Belgium. His field of expertise
+Fax 675 - 214354
+is soil survey, soil classification, level land suitability evaluation
+and land-use planning.
+Zheng Wei
+Ms. Zheng Wei is an Editor at the Chinese Academy Forestry in
+Institute of Scientific and Technical
+Beijing, China. She graduated from the Northeast Forestry Univer
+Information
+sity and specialized in forestry botany. She now works at the
+Chinese Academy of Forestry
+Institute of Scientific and Technology Information on the
+Beijing, China
+agroforestry program.
+Fax 86-1-258 2317
+<section>References</section>
+General references
+Achmad, H., A. Martadihardja, Suharto, Wawan Gunawan and Handyana. 1978. Sociocultural Aspects of Homegarden (Ind.). Seminar on Ecology of the Homegarden II, 2526 October, 1978. Institute of Ecology, Pajajaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
+ANGOC. 1977. Soil Conservation Handbook. Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction and Maintain Agriculture Resources Development Bureau. Tai Sowing the Seeds for future, Report of the Second Asian Development Forum, Sustainable Agriculture Towards Food Security and Enhanced Quality of Life, 2226 February, 1993. Cagayan de Oro, Philippines.
+Asdak, C. and T.P. Sandjaja. 1989. Traditional Agroforestry Systems: A Potential Role for Rehabilitating Degraded Watershed Areas. Proceedings of International Seminar on Agricultural Change and Development in Southeast Asia, 20-23 November, 1989. Jakarta, Indonesia.
+Avila, M. and S. Minae. 1992. Diagnosis and Design for Technology Development. Lecture note for ICRAF-DSO training course. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.
+Axinn, G. 1988. In Education for Agriculture. IRRI, Philippines.
+Balangue, T.O. 1988. Interactive Land Use Planning Algorithm. Ph.D. Dissertation (Forestry). Graduate School, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
+Banilodu, L. and N.T. Saka. 1993. Descriptive Analysis of Sumba Forest: Research Results. Widya Mandiri Catholic University, Kupang, Indonesia.
+Carlson, Les E. and Keith R. Shea. 1986. Increasing Productivity of Multipurpose Lands: IUFRO Research Planning Workshop for Africa: Sahelian and North Sudanian Zones, Nairobi, Kenya, 9-15 January, 1986. International Union of Forestry Research Organization. Canada.
+Celestino. A.F. and F.P. Elliot. Hilly Land Farming Systems in the Philippines: An Assessment. Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute.
+Chambers, R. 1992. Rural Appraisal: Rapid, Relaxed and Participatory. Discussion Paper 311. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, Great Britain.
+Chambers, R. and B. Ghildyal. 1985. Agricultural Research for ResourcePoor Farmers: The Farmer-Firstand-Last model. Agricultural Administration and Extension, 20. in Chambers et al. 1989.
+Chambers, R. and J. Jiggins. 1986. Agricultural Research for Resourcepoor Farmers: A Parsimonious Paradigm. IDS Discussion Paper 220, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, Great Britain.
+Chambers, Robert, Arnold Pacey and Lori Ann Thrupp. (eds.) 1991. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. Immediate Technology Publications: Great Britain.
+Chandrasekharan, C. 1984. Opening statement delivered at the Regional Workshop on Community Forestry. UNDP (Thailand), EPI-East-West Center (Hawaii) and FAO (Bangkok, Thailand).
+Combe, J. and G. Budwoski. Classification of Agroforestry Techniques. Workshop on Agroforestry Systems in Costa Rica, Latin America
+Conway, G.R. 1985. Agroecosystems Analysis. Agricultural Administration, 20. pp 31-55.
+Cook, Cynthia and Mikael Grut. 1989. Agroforestry in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Farmer's Perspective. World Bank Technical Paper, 112. The World Bank. Washington, D.C. 95p.
+CVPED. 1992. Forestry for People and Nature. Field Research and Theory on Environment and Development in the Cagayan Valley, Philippines. Cagayan Valley Programme on Environment and Development.
+Danusastro, H. 1980. The Role of Homegarden as a Source of Additional Family Income. Seminar on the Ecology of Homegardens III. Institute of Ecology, Pajajaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
+Davison, D.A. 1980. Soils and Land Use Planning. Longman, New York.
+Denholm, Jeanette and Min Bahadur Ryachhetry. 1990. Major Agroforestry Activities of Nongovernmental Organizations in Nepal: A Survey. Research Report Series, 10. HMG Ministry of Agriculture, Nepal. Winrock International.
+Deomampo, N.R. 1990. Guidelines in Adjusting Production to the Market. (unpublished).
+Devendra, C. (ed.) 1990: Shrubs and Tree Fodders for Farm Animals: Proceedings of a Workshop in Denpasar, Indonesia, 24-29 July, 1989. International Development Research Centre, Canada.
+Djogo, A.P.Y. March 1994. Proses Perkembaw, Pekewang dar Tartaw Konsortium Pengembangan Datao Timgi usa Tenggara (Nusa Tangan Upland Development Consortium). Paper presented to NTUDS Annual. Matara. 10-21 April, 1994.
+Fabos, J.G. 1979. Planning the Total Landscape: A Guide to Intelligent Land Use. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.
+______. 1985. Land Use Planning: From Global to Local Challenge. Chapman and Hall, New York.
+FAO. A Forester's Guide for Community Involvement in Upland Conservation, with Special References to the Asia-Pacific Region.
+FAO. A Forester's Guide for. Community Involvement in Upland Conservation. 1986. Based on the work of James H. French and Romeo H. Gecolea. Rome.
+Fong Jie. 1992. Compilation of Highefficiency Agricultural Patterns in China. Agricultural Publishing House, Beijing, China.
+Forestry College of Vietnam. 1993. Report on the National Research Theme for Social Forestry in the Northern Province of Vietnam.
+Forestry College of Vietnam. 1992. Teaching materials on Agroforestry.
+Forestry College of Vietnam. 1993. Teaching materials on Social Forestry.
+Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project. 1994. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms. 2nd ed. Winrock International, Thailand.
+Gammage, S. 1990. Environmental Economics in the Developing World. Report to the US Agency for International Cooperation (USAID).
+Gordon, John C., et al. 1990. A Handbook on the Management of Agroforestry Research. Winrock International. U.S.A.
+Hamilton, L.S. and A.J. Pearce. 1986. Biophysical Aspects in Watershed Management. In: Watershed Resources Management--An Integrated Framework with Study from Asia and Pacific. Eds. K.W. Easter, J.A. Dixon and M.M. Hufschmidt. Westview Press. pp. 33-52.
+Handbook #2. 1983. Farm Irrigation Structure, Water Management Synthesis Project Colorado State University and Utah State University.
+Hoey, P.M. 1987. Conservation Farming Systems for the Highlande. Int. Sem. Impact of Agri. Production on the Environment. NRCT, MIAT, JSPS, SAEDA, TUA and CMU. Dec. 17-20, 1987. Chiangmai, Thailand.
+Hufschmidt, M.M. 1986. A Conceptual Framework for Watershed Management. In: Watershed Resources Management--An Integrated Framework with Study from Asia and Pacific. Eds. K.W. Easter, J.A. Dixon and M.M. Hufschmidt
+Jodha, N.S., Banskota and Tej Partap (eds.) 1992. Sustainable Mountain Agriculture: Perspective and Issue. Vol. 1. Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. 389p.
+Kartawinata, K., H. Soedjito, T. Jusup, A. P. Vayda and C. J. P. Calver. 1984. The Impact of Development on Interactions between People and Forest in East Kalimantan: A Comparison of Two Areas of Kenyah Dayak Settlement. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
+Kerkhof, Paul. 1990. Agroforestry in Africa: A Survey of Project Experience. London: Panos Publications, Ltd. 216p.
+Knipscheer, H. and R. Harwood. 1988. Onstation versus On-farm Research: Allocation of Resources in Developments in Procedures for Farming Systems Research. Proceedings of an International Workshop in Indonesia. Edited by Sukmana, S., P. Amir and D. Mulyedi. Published by AARD, Winrock International, IDRC.
+Kumar, Krishna. (ed.). 1993. Rapid Rural Appraisal Methods. World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
+Leones, Julie P. 1987. The Impact of an Agroforestry Project on Upland Farming in San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines. New York: Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University. 65p.
+MacDicken, K.G. 1994. Selection and Management of Nitrogen-fixing Trees. Winrock International and FAO, Rome.
+Markandya, A. (ed.) 1994. Policies for Sustainable Development, 4 Essays. FAO.
+Mathias-Mundy, Evelyn, et al. 1992. Indigenous Technical Knowledge of Private Tree Management: A Bibliographic Report. Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change Series, 7. U.S.A.: Iowa State University Research Foundation. 191p.
+Mbonye, Arsen and Kihika Kiambi. n.d. How to Collect, Handle and Store Seeds. KENGO Agroforestry Training Series. Kenya: KENGO. 22p.
+Melink W. Y.S. Rao and K.G. MacDicken. (eds.) 1991. Agroforestry in Asia and the Pacific. RAPA, Bangkok. pp 182193 and 297-300.
+Ministry of Agriculture. 1990. Prosiding temu tugas penelitian penyuluhan pertanian. Departemen pertanian badan penelitian den pegembangan pertanian pusat perpustakaan pertanian den biologi. (Agricultural Research-Extension on the Jobs meeting. The Agency for Agricultural Research and Development. Center for Agricultural and Biological Library).
+Moya, T.B., W.C. Dela Vena and S.I. Bhuiyan. 1986. The Potential of Farrn Reservoir in Rainfed Areas. Phil. Journal of Crop Science, 11(2): 125-132.
+Muniz-Miret, Nuvia and Julie Bournes: 1993. Directory of International Training and Educational Opportunities in Agroforestry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 80p.
+Narayana, V.V.D. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Research in India. Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Indian Council of Agriculture, New Delhi, India.
+Nitrogen-fixing Tree Association. 1993. The Production, Management and Use of Nitrogen-fixing Trees: A Manual for Field Trainers. Paia, Hawaii. pp. 50.
+NRC. 1993. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. National Research Council: National Academy Press, Washington, U.S.A.
+Pava, Herminio M. and the Musuan Team. 1990. Bukidnon Upland Development Studies: The Himaya Musuan Experience. Philippines: Central Mindanao University. 244p.
+Payuan, E.V 19%4. Agroforestry Programs/Activities of the Bureau of Forest Development. Paper presented in the IAGFRA Workshop on Agroforestry in the Philippines Implementation, Evaluation and Documentation. Center for Forestry Education Development. UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines.
+Personal interview with Umbu Hilu, Yayasan Tananua Sumba FarmerLeader by l.V. Domingo.
+Poffenberger, Mark. 1990. Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives in Southeast Asia. Ateneo de Manila University Press, Philippines.
+Reijntjes, Coen, Bertus Haverkort and Ann Waters-Bayer. 1992. Farming for the Future: An Introduction to Lowexternal Input and Sustainable Agriculture. The MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
+Reifsnyder, W.S. and T.O. Darnhofer. (eds.) 1987. Meteorology and Agroforestry. From: International Workshop on the Application of Meteorology to Agroforestry Systems Planning and Management. 9-13 February, 1987. Nairobi.
+Rocheleau, D., F. Weber and A. FieldJuman. 1988. Agroforestry in Dryland Africa. Kenya: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. 311 p.
+Sheng, T.C. 1972. A Treatment-oriented Land Capability Classification Scheme for Hilly Marginal Lands in the Humid Tropics. J. Sci. Res. Coun. Jamaica. 3: 93-112.
+Shingi, Prakash M. ed. 1990. Studies on Social Forestry in India: Management Perspectives. RAPA, Food and Agriculture Organization. Thailand. 240p.
+Siew Tuan Chew. 1989. Agroforestry Projects for Small Farmers: A Project Manager's Reference A ID Evaluation Special Study, 59. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development. 42p.
+Singh, R.P. Farm Ponds. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India.
+Soemarwoto, O. 1987. Homegarden; A Traditional Agroforestry Systems with Promising Future. Institute of Ecology, Pajajaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
+Soenarto. 1987. Wen Hipere, Suatu Sistem Budidaya Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lan.) di Lembah Baliem, Irian Jaya (Wen Hipere, A Farming System for Sweet Potatoes (Ipomaea batatas) in Baliem Valley, Irian Jaya. MS thesis, Faculty of Graduate Study, IPB Bogor, Indonesia.
+Terra, G. J. A. 1953. The Distribution of Mixed Gardening in Java. Landbouw 25:163-223.
+Tohir, K. A. 1951. Pedoman Bercocok Tanam. (Manual for Farming Practices). Dinas Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, Indonesia.
+Undan, R.C. 1992. Small Farm Reservoir. Background paper presented during the Investment Forum sponsored by CLARRDEC and DOST m held at Bulwagang Kapampangan, San Fernando, Pampanga on July 23, 1992.
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+References for each chapter
+Introduction
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+5 Extension and linkage strategies
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+6 Evaluation strategies
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+Raintree, J.B. 1991. Socioeconomic Attributes of Tree Planting Practices. Community Forestry Note No. 9. I vest, Trees and People Programme. FAO, Rome, Italy.
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diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/index b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/index
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+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/index
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+bostid_b12sae
+foodfirst_ff08ne
+gtz_g24ine
+iirr_ii02re
+ngls_ng01ie
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/ngls_ng01ie.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/test/ngls_ng01ie.txt
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+<title>Implementing Agenda 21: NGO experiences from around the world</title>
+The views expressed in this publication are those- of the authors. They do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations Non-Governmental Liasons Service (NGLS) 07 any other part of the United Nations system
+The designations used do not imply the expression of any opinion what so-ever the part of' NGLS or any part of the United Nations system concerning the legal status of any country area or territory or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
+UNCTAD/NGLS/83
+Editors: Leyla Alyanak and Adrienne Cruz
+Cover design: Cemil Giray
+Layout Suroor Alikhan
+Published in April 1997 by
+United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS)
+Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10. Switzerland
+Room 6015, 866 UN Plaza, New York NY 10017. USA
+<section>Preface</section>
+Nitin Desai, Under-Secretary-General for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development
+The Special Session of the General Assembly for the five-year review of Agenda 21 provides an extraordinary opportunity for all those involved in its implementation to step back and take stock of what has gone right (and why), what has gone wrong (and why), and where we go from here.
+To carry out this evaluation, governments will have before them evidence of many kinds and from many sources. As this evidence is examined, it will he important to keep in mind a few broad and fundamental questions. Since 1992, is the world community closer to meeting human needs? Is the quality of life improving for the world's population? Are we reducing risks to the quality of life and enhancing our capacity to meet needs? Are we broadening options for the future?
+The answers may not he that easy to come by because, among other things, the yardsticks for measuring progress are not yet available in many instances. The exercise currently underway, aimed at developing, agreeing to, testing and adopting sustainable development indicators, is an important means to address this. Even when these indicators are in use, however, they will need to be complemented by first-hand insight into the progress of the post-Rio process.
+In this light, the contributions in this hook are invaluable NGOs have a long and rich history of involvement with the UN, ever since the first years of the Organization when they were instrumental in getting the women's issue on the international policy agenda. The Earth Summit was a fuming point. ushering in a new chapter of quantitatively as well as qualitatively increased NGO involvement.
+NGOs now speak from a number of perspectives: as local practitioners in the implementation process, as watchdogs who can he counted on to sound the alarm when national or international authorities fail to meet commitments, and as advocates who push for sustainable development policies and programmes at all levels
+We are fortunate, in this hook, to hear NGOs' views from these diverse perspectives. NGO reflection on and lessons learned from their multidimensional experiences are essential to carrying out the demanding and critical task at hand that of accurately assessing the effectiveness of existing policies and practices in meeting the goals of Agenda 21 so that, with new insights and renewed commitment, we can chart a more effective sustainable development course for a better future.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+The June 1997 Special Session of the UN General Assembly to review implementation of Agenda 21 provides a unique opportunity to assess the progress made and the difficulties and challenges of implementing the action programme adopted at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). NGLS has published this collection of contributions from NGOs around the world in order to highlight dimensions of Agenda 21 implementation at the local level that might not otherwise be captured by the international dialogue. In their articles, contributors describe NGO projects and other activities focused on UNCED follow up and how UNCED's new approach to sustainable development affected thinking, programmes and strategies.
+The most common theme running through all the articles is the real impact of post-UNCED activities at the local level, as well as civil society's strong commitment to Agenda 21 follow up, despite often difficult institutional and political challenges. Many contributors stress that "successful" follow-up activities are ones that link environmental protection with the goal of enabling local people to improve their livelihoods and their control over natural resources.
+Almost all contributors to the book discuss the many challenges of implementing Agenda 21, such as limited financial resources and those related to institutional, political and other issues at the national and international levels. Articles from contributors in developing countries and those in transition from centrally-planned to market economies shed light on the opportunities and special challenges civil society faces within these contexts.
+Many of the articles underline the importance of public information campaigns and all acknowledge the Earth Summit's impact in helping to popularize many issues related to sustainable development which some NGOs have been promoting for many years.
+Several contributors to the book describe the way in which some social groups, despite heavy odds or conventional attitudes about their roles, have historically played an important role in promoting sustainable development, such as indigenous people and practitioners of some traditional religions in Africa.
+Perhaps the most striking message of the book is one that can only be discovered by reading between-the-lines of every article: civil society organizations around the world, no matter the national setting or specific social, institutional and political context in which they operate, arc deeply committed to achieving many of the goals of the Agenda 21 programme of action. Their perseverance and optimism in the face of many difficulties underpin the day-to-day struggle to promote sustainable livelihoods and protect natural resources. The experiences of civil society organizations described in the following articles are truly inspiring and demonstrate the potential of civil society to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development when supported by genuine partnerships, institutional recognition and respect, and an enabling environment.
+Tony Hill, NGLS Coordinator, March 1997
+<section>Authors</section>
+Mike Anane is Editor of The Triumph newspaper and Founding President of the League of Environment Journalists in Ghana.
+Tanveer Arif is President of the Pakistani NGO, Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment (SCOPE).
+Lawrence Arturo is the Director of the Office of the Environment, Bahá'i International Community.
+Tom Bigg is the Administrator of the United Nations Environment and Development UK Committee (UNED-UK).
+Hazel Brown is Executive Officer, Network of NGOs of Trinidad and Tobago for the Advancement of Women.
+Katongo Chisupa heads the Communications Unit of the Environmental Council of Zambia.
+Kevin Cook is the Global Publications Officer for Consumers International.
+Nigel Cross is the Executive Director of the Panos Institute in the United Kingdom.
+Felix Dodds is Coordinator of the United Nations Environment and Development UK Committee (UNED-UK).
+Eric L. Hyman is Programme Economist at Appropriate Technology International.
+Magdi Ibrahim is Programme Coordinator at Environnement et Developpement au Maghreh ( ENDA - Maghreb ).
+Ashish Kothari is a lecturer in environmental studies at the Indian Institute of Public Administration.
+Olga Ponizova is a researcher in the Department of Economics at Moscow State University.
+Jacqueline Roddick is Coordinator of the Scottish Academic Network on Global Environmental Change.
+Barbara Rutherford is Policy Coordinator, Water Pollution and Toxics at the World Wide Fund for Nature International (WWF).
+Jan Karel Sorgedrager coordinates the UNDP/UNV Eco-Volunteer project at the Environment Liaison Centre International in Kenya.
+Kerrie Strathy is the Women and Education Adviser at the South Pacific Action Committee for Human Ecology and Environment.
+Victoria Tauli-Corpuz is Executive Director of the Cordillera Women's Education and Resources Centre in the Philippines.
+Vida Ogorelec Wagner is Executive Manager of the Slovenian Foundation for Sustainable Development.
+Judy Walker is Director, Membership and Information Services at the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI).
+Dominic Walubdngo is Director of the Forest Action Network in Kenya.
+Kitty Warnock is Environment Programme Director at the Panos Institute.
+Samuel Watchueng is in charge of the Urban Environment Sector at ENDA-Maghreb.
+<section>NGOS and the UN system since the earth summit: The NGO steering committee for the commission on sustainable development</section>
+by Tom Bigg and Felix Dodds
+Introduction
+Over the years since the Earth Summit, enormous changes have taken place in the functioning of UN institutions and processes. Significant reductions in the funding provided by governments have forced the UN secretariat, agencies and programmes to cut back on their activities and staffing. Uncertainties over the intentions of major donors make long term planning extremely difficult. To add to this gloomy picture, the power of governments to take decisions to address many of the global problems identified in Rio is widely perceived to be on the decline, as multinational companies grow in influence and multilateral agreements reduce the authority of national governments over many areas of policy crucial to sustainable development. According to Richard Barnet and John Cavanagh in Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order, " The fundamental political conflict in the opening decades of the new century, we believe will not be between nations or even between
+trading blocs but between the forces of globalization and the territorially based forces of local survival seeking to preserve and redefine community."
+On the positive side, the Earth Summit provided a focus for consideration of the changing role of the UN, given the end of the Cold War. International relations would no longer be governed by hostilities between two superpowers, and the Brundtland Commission's timely report provided the rationale for new ways of considering international cooperation and shared objectives and responsibility. The UN system as a whole was able to consider what this new paradigm would mean to its own operations, and also the ways in which "sustainable development" could give new relevance to the UN for a whole range of non-state actors, as well as governments. The UN has been open to those outside central government in certain contexts (the Economic and Social Council, implementation of country programmes, and consultation on specific issues, such as those addressed by UN conferences and summits). Agenda 21 and the other Rio agreements shifted the emphasis dramatically. Two elements recur
+throughout and are crucial to the changing role of NGOs in the UN system:
+- the importance of local, or grassroots action
+- the need for participation by those outside government in every stage of decision-making and implementation
+The involvement of the major groups of society, as defined in Agenda 21, is not an optional extra for sustainable development but should be seen as a sine qua non. The concept of "partnership" has been whdely used (and abused) in recent years, but it lies at the heart of the agreements reached in Rio. According to Chapter 23 of Agenda 21, "Critical to the effective implementation of the objectives, policies and mechanisms agreed to by governments in all programme areas of Agenda 21 will be the commitment and genuine involvement of all social groups. One of the fundamental prerequisites for the achievement of sustainable development is broad public participation in decision-making. Furthermore...the need for new forms of participation has emerged."
+Recently other UN summits, notably the 1995 Social Summit, have elaborated on the role of Major Groups of civil society. 1\ consideration of emerging opportunities for non-governmental involvement in the UN system should draw on these. However, it should focus principally on what happened before, during and since the Earth Summit, and on ways the principles established there have been put into practice. We do not intend to examine national structures for Agenda 21 implementation in detail, or the range of innovative developments in other UN processes, except when relevant to a consideration of the changing institutional arrangements for N GO participation in UN follow up to the Earth Summit.
+NGOs and the UN: Before, During and After the Earth Summit
+The International Facilitating Committee
+The run up to the Earth Summit was clouded by disagreement over how NGOs should organize themselves. To address the issue, the Centre for Our Common Future called a meeting of NGOs in June 1990. Representatives from most of what would later be called the Major Groups attended. They included representatives of industry, trade unions, women's organizations, and youth and voluntary non-profit groups. The meeting led to the creation of the International Facilitating Committee (IFC), which would act as a "facilitating group," rather than a political or representative forum. After much discussion, industry was allowed to be part of the committee. The Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS) played a vital role in providing continuity and support for the evolving NGO arrangements.
+The International Non-Governmental Organizations Forum (INGOF)
+Some NGOs were unhappy that the IFC was unable to agree on political statements, and they disliked industry's involvement. The Environmental Liaison Centre International led a group that set up an International Steering Committee (ISC). The ISC, along with the French government, organized what has been described as "a dreadful meeting" of NGOs in Paris in December 1991. At the meeting participants agreed on a synthesis of NGO positions entitled Roots for Our Future, and they elected representatives to an International Non-Governmental Organizations' Forum (INGOF). Two representatives from each geographical region were chosen to lead INGOF, which took over from the ISC during the final months before Rio.
+The IFC provided the physical infrastructure in Rio for the NGO parallel meeting, known as the Global Forum. Many NGOs attending the UNCED fourth and final preparatory session, held in New York in March 1992, organized their substantive input through INGOF. INGOF used the six months before the summit to focus on developing NGO treaties, which offered a forum for NGOs to debate and agree on their plans of action during the summit. The treaties were an attempt to negotiate common positions to enable NGOs to cooperate more closely at the international level. They were not intended for consideration by governments preparing for the negotiations in Rio but constituted a parallel "alternative" process.
+At the Earth Summit, hundreds of NGOs worked in issue-based groups under the INGOF process to negotiate over 40 treaties. INGOF also hosted regular plenary meetings to which all NGOs were invited. At the final plenary session, participants decided that NGOs did not want a new coordinating structure to continue after the Earth Summit. Instead, INGOF was asked to ensure that copies of the treaties were translated and distributed, and to provide an information clearing-house service for NGOs immediately after the conference. Substantive follow-up work was to be dealt with at the regional level, and the NGO treaties were to be used as public documents by NGOs as they saw fit. An international meeting to consolidate the regional work was called for at that time and held in Manila (Philippines) in late 1995.
+INGOF was a bold attempt to deal with some of the key difficulties NGOs experienced when active internationally. Among its activities, INGOF acted as a distributor of up-to-date information. particularly through electronic conferencing; and a facilitator to promote NGO common positions by proposing that NGOs work on developing common positions for their own activities, and not focus all their energy on trying to change government positions.
+Some of the larger NGOs viewed the INGOF process as a distraction and chose to focus on direct interaction with decision-makers. However, others saw the alternative treaty process as an opportunity to create "political space" for NGOs. They used the treaties to explore whether a political agenda could be agreed to with which NGOs across the world could work. However, both the IFC and INGOF had problems that were not resolved at Rio and both suffered from a perceived lack-of transparency and accountability.
+UN Commission on Sustainable Development
+So who would take forward the coordination of NGOs in the post-Rio process? At the first meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) in April 1993, NGOs organized the way they had at the preparatory meetings, as if the structure that had operated then still existed. It became obvious that this was not a viable way of working. For example, the instigation of official CSD intercessional meetings meant that without any NGO facilitating process, there would be little involvement of NGOs or other Major Groups unless governments or the UN felt their presence would be beneficial. When this was the case, they went to NGOs they already had a relationship with, which continued to reinforce a predominately Northern NGO bias.
+NGOs attending the CSD agreed to collect the views of those present on the way forward. This was accomplished, and a paper was presented to a full meeting of NGOs towards the end of the final week of the meeting. The paper received support, but no process was agreed on how to take it forward, because trust had broken down between Northern and Southern NGOs. However, discussions did take place during the following year to prepare for the next CSD. Some NGOs attending the "between the summits" meeting, organized by the Environment and Development Resources Centre in Copenhagen, took the opportunity to prepare a set of recommendations.
+This draft agreement was presented to the NGOs at the CSD in May 1994, where discussions were frank and forthright. They extended the original paper to include the possibility-for the first time in the United Nations-of creating a body that would include representation from all Major Groups identified in Agenda 21. There was a heated debate on whether industry should be allowed to be a member of the steering committee, which was similar to discussions about setting up the IFC before the Earth Summit. In the end it was felt that the steering committee was not a political committee, and in the spirit of Rio and the Small Island Developing States Conference, it should be inclusive. Participants agreed that the committee would be made up of elected representatives from:
+- regions (Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, Central America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, South America, Australasia, and Small Island States);
+- issue-based caucuses;
+- Major Groups (industry, indigenous people, farmers, NGOs, trade unions, youth, women, local government, and academics);
+- North and South multi-regional caucuses; and major international networks.
+The system of regional representation helped to ensure that there were more Southern than Northem NGO representatives on the committee. Two co-chairs-one from the North and one from the South-were chosen by all Northern and Southern-based NGOs present. During CSD sessions, the co-chairs took responsibility to organize steering committee meetings and to act as the focus for the steering committee in the intercessional period. It was agreed that they should be based in New York to enable them to have regular meetings with officials from the CSD secretariat in the Department of Policy Co-ordination and Sustainable Development (DPCSD), as well as with relevant UN Missions.
+Key roles identified for the steering committee were:
+- transfer up-to-date information to members of the committee, so that they can disseminate it more widely;
+- provide a link with DPCSD and particularly with its Division for Sustainable Development; facilitate selection of NGO representatives for governmental interses sional meetings;
+- organize facilities for NGOs taking part in CSD meetings;
+- facilitate setting up NGO working groups on issues to be addressed by the CSD;
+- organize government/NGO dialogues and morning and evening strategy sessions for NGOs; and - act for the NGO body as a whole when there are disputes with the CSD secretariat or bureau, or between NGOs.
+In many ways the NGO Steering Committee was an amalgam of the IFC and the ISC (INGOF) approaches before the Earth Summit. It was agreed that the steering committee should not take positions on behalf of NGOs; its role is to create the circumstances in which common NGO positions can be developed. This is a very important distinction: common positions should emerge in NGO caucuses, which are open to all eligible organizations. The caucuses should then present positions developed to the CSD. The steering committee also acts if there is a dispute within a caucus -for example, in 1995 members of the forest caucus objected to a document that was released with the names of their organizations listed as supporters, when none of the organizations had seen the document. The steering committee in this instance closed down the caucus and reopened it with a steering committee chair.
+The caucuses have been vital to the success of NGO activities at the CSD, and increased access has been achieved because NGOs are relatively well organized. NGOs at CSD meetings have access to governmental "informal" and "informal informal" sessions, and they have been able to address delegates during these. This has been at the bequest of the chair of the relevant meetings, but because the chairs of the CSD-Ambassador Razali, Dr Klaus Töpfer, Ambassador Cavalcanti and Minister Gechev-all have placed great emphasis on NGO participation, even the more reluctant countries have acquiesced. The steering committee has made necessary arrangements to coordinate NGO interventions on the issue under discussion. I his is a move away from the system in operation during sessions of other UN commissions, in which NGOs are only able to speak at the end or beginning of sessions. As a result, NGO speakers are obliged to be succinct, to the point, and not excessively lecture the governments.
+The steering committee had three overall working objectives when it was set up-to be transparent, accountable and democratic. It has been able to achieve these. Each year elections to the committee from the various caucuses take place and two co-chairs are elected or endorsed by the whole body of NGOs. Since 1993 the committee has grown as Major Groups, international networks and issue-based caucuses have joined. At present the committee's membership includes, among many others, organizations such as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Chamber of Commerce, International Council for Local Environmental
+initiatives, Greenpeace International, Women's Environment and Development Organization, Third World Network and the Habitat International Coalition and many others. The steering committee, through financial support from Ford Foundation and the government of the Netherlands, has been able to employ staff in New York to prepare for the June 1997 UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), or Earth Summit 11 as known by NGOs.
+Run Up to Earth Summit 11
+The steering committee has been vital in a number of areas in preparing NGOs and other Major Groups for UNGASS. The committee has:
+- produced a synthesis paper of all the NGO papers available at CSD-4, held in May 1996;
+- set up a CSD NGO Steering Committee web page for up-to-date information on UNGASS;
+- produced a monthly newsletter to keep people informed of UNGASS developments;
+- set up a list server for all steering committee members so they can keep each other informed;
+- produced a training document for NGOs attending the 1997 events;
+- produced an information pack of 20 papers on ten issues that NGOs can use for their own domestic meetings;
+- produced a directory of all NGOs accredited to take part in the 1997 events;
+- set up a process so that NGOs can agree on positions about major issues to be addressed at the 1997 events;
+- raised funds for Southern and Eastern European NGO participation at the three key meetings in New York during 1997;
+- raised funds for staff and infrastructural costs associated with the 1997 events;
+- is working to establish infrastructure for NGOs at the 1997 events; and set up a general list server for anyone interested in the 1997 events.
+Opportunities in 1997
+There are two elements to the review of Agenda 21 that are central to the approaches NGOs will take in preparing for UNGASS. One is to raise the profile and therefore the stakes of the event as much as possible. This will entail working nationally and internationally to make sure that the five year review is used as an occasion for widespread consideration of experiences since the Earth Summit and key issues to be addressed for the future. The other element is for NGOs working at the UN level to consider where critical decisions are taken, and whether those areas in which they are given extensive rights are merely a playground for those working on "soft" issues, while the real decisions on key questions of trade and finance are taken in intergovernmental fore well beyond their reach:
+'NGOs must consider the fundamental question of whether their work in the UN process should be intensified with an eye to achieving better results or whether they are simply participating in marginal activity, while the important decisions are being taken by bodies beyond their influence (such as the G-7, World Trade Organization or the Bretton Woods institutions). -Jens Martens and Peter Mucke, German NGO Forum 1996
+These two approaches are complementary, because UNGASS offers the opportunity for governments to acknowledge that progress toward sustainable development will require far greater coordination of different international activities. The institutions established to further the objectives of sustainable development should not be peripheral, but should be enabled to call to account other bodies as appropriate. Similarly, the extent to which this rationale has been applied to regional, national and local decision making processes should be the focus for non-governmental organizations in preparing for UNGASS.
+Changes in NGO Access to the UN System
+A comprehensive review of NGO involvement in the work of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) was finalized at the ECOSOC meeting in July 1996. Two issues debated in meetings of the Open Ended Working Group on the Review of Arrangements for Consultations with
+NGOs are particularly significant when considering follow up to the Earth Summit. They are the rights of national organizations to participate in ECOSOC processes and new definitions of the nature and roles of NGOs, which include use of the "Major Groups" terminology of Agenda 21 and an emphasis on networks and other innovative structures.
+The first, based on the priorities identified in Agenda 21, has been accepted. The second has proved problematic because informal structures and an expanded definition of the concept of civil society do not correspond with the more narrow mandate and objectives of the working group.
+Ad hoc Arrangements in Various Fora
+While these changes to official arrangements for AGO accreditation have been debated, a large number of less formal developments have occurred. These can be understood as pointers for changes that could be widely applied in the future or as impromptu occurrences dependent upon a set of circumstances, which could not necessarily be replicated.
+Those frequently cited are discussed below.
+Habitat 11
+The International Facilitating Group for Habitat 11 was set up using the model that the CSD NGOs devised. The terms of reference were changed little, but it was decided that there should be four co-chairs: two Northern and two Southern, made up of two women and two men. This management team was to coordinate the work of the IFG in the run up to Habitat II. The lFG has carried on working after the conference; its work will be reviewed at the next meeting of the Commission on Human Settlements in May 1997.
+During preparatory meetings for Habitat II. NGOs were able to participate in meetings of the informal drafting group, which was preparing the text for the Istanbul programme of action. This extended to tabling textual amendments directly. A real breakthrough for the NGOs in Istanbul was when the UN agreed le. bring out the Ngo Composite Text as an official
+UN document (A/Conf.165/lNF/8), which is the first time NGO amendments were given official recognition. This was due to strong support by the United States government. In addition, NGOs were allowed to take the floor and speak from a microphone on their amendments, which enabled governments to listen and respond to NGO proposals. If a government sponsored an NGO amendment, the conference was allowed to debate it. This is the first time an NGO document has been made available in this way.
+One proposal under consideration for the future of the Commission on Human Settlements after Habitat 11 is that it be reconstituted as a quadripartite body with representation from governments, NGOs, local authorities and the private sector. This will be discussed at the commission's meeting in May 1997.
+Global Environment Facility
+Prior to meetings of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), one day is devoted to open dialogue with NGOs. Extensive changes to the relations with NGOs have occurred since the GEF was first created. Given the role of the World Bank in the GEF this could constitute an opening for greater involvement of NGOs in meetings of the international financial institutions.
+United Nations Joint Programme on HI V/AIDS
+This is the newest interagency UN body, which brings together WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA and the World Bank, in the fight against AIDS. Five seats have been allocated to NGOs on the UNAIDS governing board.
+Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
+The IPF, an open-ended intergovernmental working group of the Commission on Sustainable Development, has built on the partnership with NGOs that was evident at the CSD. During panel sessions, NGOs have worked through the CSD NGO Steering Committee to choose representatives to attend governmental intercessional meetings. At the panel itself, the NGO caucus on forests facilitates interventions, which have been
+been substantive and on the agenda item under discussion. The chair's draft included NGO amendments within the text and indicated NGO amendaments in the same way as suggested textual changes from individual governments, the G-77 and the European Union. This is the first time NGO recommendations have been recognized in this way in official UN negotiation of a draft text without the support of countries for the amendments.
+A More Effective UN System
+Many NGOs and some governments are using the 1997 review as an opportunity to open up wider debate on ways to improve instruments designed to promote sustainable development work. In particular, the lack of ownership of decisions taken in UN intergovernmental fora has been cited as a real stumbling block. Also of concern is the inadequacy of the consensus-building process, which is a means within the UN to initiate dynamic and decisive action. A range of practical steps that could be taken have been put forward as potential solutions to these shortcomings.
+Conclusion
+Non-governmental organizations have had to adapt to rapidly-changing patterns for interaction with the various parts of the UN system dealing with Earth Summit follow up. Often they have been able to take advantage of the evolving nature of current arrangements for NGO participation in different fora to push for steadily increasing access and influence in UN intergovernmental negotiations. The rapidity of change frequently has made advances easier; yet it carries with it the danger that such developments easily could be reversed.
+The CSD NGO Steering Committee has established new ways of operating, which have already been used as a model for closer cooperation
+between NGOs, governments and the UN system. UNGASS will demonstrate if this is an aberration or not. It definitely reflects changes at local and national Ievel in many parts of the world and otters a valid process for NGOs operating internationally, which is transparent, democratic and accountable.
+Changing Responsibilities for NGOs
+"NGOs," according to Peter Padbury of the Canadian Council for International Co-operation, "are often seen as critics. Many NGOs working on the sustainability agenda have shifted from seeing themselves as critics to seeing themselves as 'co-creators' who bring analysis, expertise and solutions to policy dialogues. They can link local action with the global dialogue."
+Despite the importance placed on decisions and actions at the local level, it is extremely difficult to establish direct links between the UN and such contexts. NGOs operating at the international level have a key role to play in building such links. However, these responsibilities are not clearly spelt out-indeed, the disparate nature of NGOs makes it difficult to be prescriptive in this respect. Nevertheless, an enhanced role for civil society in the functions of the UN will require NGOs to pay serious attention to the degree to which they can claim to be a legitimate voice of others.
+These issues of legitimacy and representativity will become more and more relevant as organizations of civil society gain more of a role in the process of governance. Questions such as the capacity of these organizations to express the aspirations of people, while providing information and education, will become increasingly relevant.
+-Report of a Seminar on Involvement of Civil Society in Follow-up to the Social Summit, held in Mohonk, New York, 1995
+It is not viable to separate consideration of ways to ensure greater representation of NGOs at the UN level from questions about their legitimacy and mandate from a wider community. Just as the link between the UN and national decision making needs to be strengthened, NGOs working at the international level also have a responsibility to promote public interest and involvement in the process of working towards sustainability.
+'More and more, NGOs are helping to set public policy agendas-identifying and defining critical issues, and providing policy makers with advice and assistance. 11 is this movement beyond advocacy and the provision of services towards broader participation in the public policy realm that has such significance for governance."
+-Our global Neighbourhood report of the Commission for Global Governance, 1994.
+<section>The issues</section>
+<section>The implementation of agenda 21 and indigenous peoples</section>
+by Victoria Tauli-Corpuz
+This article will identity general trends of Agenda 21 implementation. During the 14th session of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations, held in Geneva from 29 July-2 August 1996, indigenous peoples met and agreed to make a more comprehensive review, which will be given to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) during its five-year review of Agenda 21 in June 1997.
+If the rhetoric of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration of Principles are truly implemented, undoubtedly these will have positive impacts on indigenous peoples. Principle 22 of the Rio declaration states:
+"Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture, and interests and enable their effective participation in sustainable development."'
+The declaration acknowledged that unsustainable patterns of production and consumption should be reduced to achieve sustainable development (Principle 8). This is important because it is an admission that the prevailing development paradigm is unsustainable; therefore, elements of these or the whole paradigm should be altered. Indigenous peoples have questioned this kind of development since colonization.
+UNCED was a watershed because it looked at environment and development in an integrated fashion. It linked issues such as poverty, inequity, unequal trade and the debt crisis to environmental degradation. Indigenous peoples have always had a holistic view of the world. From their perspective, the major weakness of the Rio documents is that they still operate within the framework of the dominant development paradigm, which regards economic growth through more competitive and liberalized markets as the way to development. UNCED is about looking for the balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability. It was not about questioning the economic growth model as the main reason for environmental degradation.
+One aspect that is glaringly absent from the documents is the whole issue of mining. For many indigenous peoples, mining of minerals and oil remains the main economic activity in their communities that has resulted in massive environmental degradation and economic disasters. Although mining is one of the most unsustainable activities of land and resource management, Chapter 10 of Agenda 21 on Integrated Approach to the Planning and Management of Land Resources, makes no reference to mineral lands. Obviously, this whole issue was conveniently avoided because large-scale commercial mining cannot pass the test of environmental sustainability.
+Another weakness of Agenda 21 and other UNCIED documents is the lack of affirmation of our inherent rights to self-determination and our ancestral territories and resources. We believe that our capacity to contribute effectively to attaining a sustainable planet is directly linked to the recognition and respect of these rights.
+The Significance of Chapter 26
+When we started lobbying during the PrepComs, we did not intend to have a separate chapter on indigenous peoples, because this can "ghettoize" our concerns. We attempted to ensure that the issues and perspectives of indigenous peoples were reflected in all the chapters. However, when it was apparent that our influence over the other chapters was minimal, we changed our approach to strengthen further chapter 26.
+Nevertheless, the inclusion of indigenous peoples as one of the major groups was important. This chapter brought indigenous peoples into the whole sustainable development discourse. It also gave additional bite to our lobbying at the subsequent UN conferences and at the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations. Furthermore. it reinforced the legitimacy of our tight for our rights to ancestral lands and territories and selfdetermination.
+Whatever we gained in the final documents that came out of Rio can be partly credited to the lobbying we did and to the efforts of some advocates from the NGOs and governments. However, the real credit should be given to indigenous peoples from the past and present generations who have sustained the struggles to defend our territories and our sustainable lifestyles amidst tremendous pressures from modem society.
+What Has Happened Four Years After Rio?
+After lobbying by indigenous peoples, the United Nations declared 1993 as the International Year of the World's Indigenous People. Subsequently, the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People was declared. Some UN agencies such as UNESCO designated special focal points for indigenous peoples, and the International Labour Office (ILO) set up an Interregional Programme to Support Self-Reliancc of Indigenous and Tribal Communities through Cooperatives and Other Self-Help Organizations. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided support to governments, some NGOs and indigenous peoples' organizations and facilitated regional meetings among indigenous peoples between 1994 and 1995.
+Multilateral financial institutions, such as the World Bank' produced policy papers on indigenous peoples. While the papers recognize that indigenous peoples should be consulted or involved in project development, the institutions' track record in terms of really addressing indigenous peoples' concerns is very poor. In tact, they played key roles in marginalizing and displacing indigenous peoples from their lands. Since multilateral banks exist to promote the market economy, the projects they support undemmine indigenous peoples' subsistence production systems, cosmology or worldview, and value systems.
+Many conflicts have erupted between indigenous peoples and govemments with bank-supported projects, and the injustices committed by these institutions should be addressed if they want to develop partnerships with indigenous peoples. If these multilateral financial institutions still insist on just promoting the neo-liberal market paradigm, there is not much hope that indigenous peoples can relate with them without sacrificing their rights.
+Some governments such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Norway have a representative of indigenous peoples in their delegations to UN conferences and sessions like the CSD. Some donor governments, such as the Netherlands, have produced policy papers on indigenous peoples and have allotted money for indigenous peoples' organizations.
+However, on the whole I think the majority of indigenous peoples will say that Rio did not really make a significant dent in arresting environmental degradation in our communities. In fact, immediately after Rio we can cite case after case of how governments, transnational corporations and other multilateral agencies, such as the World Bank and the IMF, violated Agenda 21.
+Continuing Conflicts over Control of Territory and Resources
+Many conflicts today are over resources found on indigenous peoples' lands. Many Third World countries still rely largely on extracting primary natural resources to trade with richer nations. Most of the remaining lands, which are still considered frontier lands, are ancestral territories of indigenous peoples. We continue to be sacrificed for the sake of national interests. This is the story of indigenous peoples from colonization up to the present. The only difference between then and now is the rhetoric acknowledging indigenous peoples' roles in sustainable development, and the importance of indigenous and traditional knowledge, which is found in many documents of the UN, the World Bank and governments. Many are paying lip service to indigenous peoples and sustainable development. But the practice has remained basically the same. Our rights to have control over our lands and resources are blatantly violated even now in the name of sustainable development. Trade
+liberalization, which is the obsession of many countries, has aggravated such conflicts.
+For example in the Philippines the revised Mining Code, now known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act 7942), was signed into law on 6 March 1995. Among other things, the law provides for 100% foreign equity in mining investments, leases for 50-75 years over huge tracts of mineral lands, and 100% repatriation of profits for foreign corporations. Even before this was signed, there have already been 54 applications from foreign mining corporations. The bulk of the mineral lands up for grabs is found in the ancestral territories of ten million indigenous peoples and Moros (Muslims).
+And in Brazil, Decree 1775 has just been passed. It opened up 344 reserves or 57% of indigenous peoples' lands to claims by any person, company or local authority that thinks they may have a case. This decree contradicts Article 231 of the Brazil constitution, which recognizes the inalienable right of indigenous peoples to their ancestral lands and natural resources. Since the decree was enacted in 1996 loggers, miners, ranchers and others are filing injunctions to reverse indigenous land titles.'
+In Nigeria, the traditional economic base of the Ogoni people has been ruined by Shell Oil Company's drilling of over 900 million barrels of oil. Ogoni traditional lands are ruined beyond rescue. The people continue to live in dire poverty, and they still do not have electric lights. Kenule Saro-Wiwa, the head of the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP) and eight others sacrificed their lives to assert their rights to have control over their territory.
+These are all post-UNCED developments. The ratification of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the setting up of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have major implications for the implementation of Agenda 21. Member states have to adhere to the requirement that national laws be consistent with GATT rules. The liberalization of investment laws automatically conflicts with the ancestral land rights of indigenous peoples. Mining has always been an investment that ensures tremendous profits. Therefore, indigenous peoples living on mineral lands are experiencing more aggressive incursions into their lands.
+From the late 1940s to the 1980s, dam building has been a major area for World Bank lending. World Bank reports say around 350,000 people may be displaced by dams it funded between 1994 and 1996. Evidence of aggressive dam construction can be seen in all parts of the world.
+In Brazil, 400 Maaxi Indians in Carapara 11 were driven out of their villages to make way for the construction of the Cotingo Rive Hydroelectric Dam. And the Bakun Dam in Malaysia will require the clear cutting of 80,000 hectares of rainforest and forced displacement of 5,000 8,000 indigenous peoples from 15 communities. The legacy of 50 years of dam building shows that mega-hydroelectric dams are unsustainable, ye loans and funds continue to be made for such projects. For indigenous peoples, dams are not environmentally sustainable nor socially acceptable, so they are resisting them.
+Bioprospecting, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Human Genome Diversity Project
+Since UNCED, many indigenous peoples have been fighting against the systematic appropriation of their biological and human genetic resources Appropriation is done in the name of conserving biodiversity, and various instruments are used to legitimize it. The WTO Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), which allows for patenting of life forms, is the most dangerous instrument.
+Transnational corporations and governments have discovered that genetic and biological resources are "gold mines." Many of our sacred lands and burial grounds have been ravaged beyond rehabilitation by traditional mining. Now, the new form of prospecting is bioprospecting, which invades and colonizes the sacred spaces not only of our plants and animals, but of our own bodies. Bioprospecting activities are carried out aggressively in our lands. The science of biotechnology, particularly genetic engineering, has provided the impetus for commodifying and commercializing genetic resources.
+TRIPS has provided the legal framework for this appropriation and commercialization to take place. TRIPS awards intellectual property rights (IPRs), such as patents, to private entities who have "innovated" a product and can reproduce it on a commercial scale. It automatically excludes most indigenous peoples from being granted lPRs. Many of their practices don't fit within the framework of TRIPS since communal sharing of genetic resources is regarded as knowledge that is social, collective and cumulative-therefore it cannot be appropriated by a single individual.
+Transnational pharmaceutical, agribusiness, and biotechnology corporations cut their research expenses significantly by acquiring indigenous knowledge about indigenous seeds and medicinal plants. They compensate indigenous peoples to harvest the plants, and once the plants arrive at the corporations' laboratories, the process of innovation and patenting follows. This situation is not any different when indigenous small-scale miners are used to trace mineral ore veins; when the mining prospectors obtain this knowledge, they take over, and indigenous peoples end up as the miners. In bioprospecting, we end up as the harvesters of the medicinal plants, and in the Human Genome Diversity Project we ourselves become the raw materials.
+Recognition of the sovereign rights of states to have control over their own biological resources is important, because it counters the Northem agenda of regarding biodiversity as the global commons. However, the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities over their biodiversity is not equally addressed. It is important to balance the possible abuse of states in allowing the appropriation and exploitation of this biodiversity by the local elite or transnational corporations. Some nation-states claim sovereignty over these resources, only to offer them to the highest bidders who are mostly foreign investors. For example, the main issue under discussion in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is how to share equitably the benefits accruing from biodiversity. But the key issue for indigenous peoples is how the state and the international community guarantee our rights to have control over the resources, and how we should use it and share them.
+The importance of conserving biodiversity was stressed in chapter 15 of Agenda 21, but recommendations for biodiversity conservation are very limited. These range from setting up integrated protected area systems to valuing biodiversity which acknowledges the roles of indigenous peoples in conserving this biodiversity and recommends that these roles be strengthened. However, discussing biodiversity conservation outside of the framework of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands and resources is meningless.
+Transnational corporations and industrialized countries look primarily at biodiversity as raw material for the biotechnology industry. This follows the same pattern of how ancestral lands, territories and resources of indigenous peoples were appropriated in the past. This time the legal framework for the appropriation of genetic resources is negotiated internationally. Governments should harmonize their laws with these international agreements reached in the Uruguay Round. Regional economic agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) are following the same track, and it seems that what has not been achieved globally at the GATT/WTO will be opened up at regional levels.
+Indigenous peoples have sponsored on their own, or in coordination with other NGOs or UN agencies, discussions and conferences on intellectual property rights. Almost all of the conferences have arrived at a common conclusion: the intellectual property rights regime of WTO is a Northern concept, which is antithetical to the world view and practice of indigenous peoples. While we are trying to lobby the UN, CBD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and others to provide protection to our genetic resources and indigenous knowledge, the mad race to collect medicinal plants, seeds, and indigenous knowledge is on. Bilateral genetic prospecting agreements are already being forged between biopirates, universities, unsuspecting indigenous peoples' communities or organizations, and unscrupulous individuals. While many bioprospecting corporations claim they are concerned with the welfare of indigenous peoples, even the seemingly best arrangements end up with indigenous
+peoples feeling cheated, exploited and manipulated.
+The Human Genome Diversity Project has been condemned by many indigenous peoples as one of most despicable projects targeting indigenous peoples. indigenous peoples refer to this as the "Vampire Project." We are told that because many of us are on the verge of extinction. our genetic
+material has to be collected since these are "isolates of historic interest," and for the sake of medical science. In my opinion the project symbolizes the ultimate colonization of indigenous peoples and the destruction of their values and traditions. However, in spite of worldwide protests, the collection of genetic materials is still taking place, and the patenting of indigenous peoples' cell lines has happened already. On 14 March 1995, the genes of an indigenous person from the Hagahai tribe of Papua New Guinea was awarded United States patent no. 5,397,696. The Hagahai, now only 260 people, find that their DNA-the building block of their very identity-is the property of the US government.
+Conclusion
+The picture 1 have presented is evidence enough to say that Agenda 21 has not been implemented to the satisfaction of indigenous peoples. Also, there is no strong evidence to show that there is genuine political will to implement Agenda 21. More often than not, when economic interests are challenged by environmental considerations, the environment is sacrificed. Worst, when mainstream development is challenged by us, we are branded as subversives, which gives those in power the license to violate our basic human rights. Principles 10, 14 and 22 of the Rio declaration and Chapter 26 of Agenda 21 have been blatantly violated. Genuine consultation and involvement of indigenous peoples, which is stressed in Chapter 26, is hardly done. Involvement of indigenous peoples is only allowed if they agree with the projects designed for them.
+In spite of the gloomy picture described, there are still positive developments upon which we can build our hopes. Notwithstanding the tremendous limitations in resources, numbers, and expertise, etc., we have shown that we can participate equally and effectively in lobbying international bodies and conferences. Before Rio, indigenous peoples concentrated on lobbying at the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations. We have also lobbied at the conferences that followed Rio. However, we need to build up our capabilities to lobby and do advocacy work. We look at the Agenda 21 as a building block, which can be used toward the recognition and respect for our rights.
+More importantly, we have also seen that many indigenous peoples have persisted in their resistance against development projects and policies that are going to be detrimental to them. Our capacity to say no at the community level should be reinforced many times over. Our right to veto projects that we think are detrimental to us should be accorded. Whatever achievements we have at the international level will be meaningless if our people on the ground have lost the will to assert their rights and demands.
+Notes
+1. Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development, United Nations Department of Public Information, New York, 1992.
+2. Cultural Survival Quarterly (Spring 1996), Cultural Survival, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 1996.
+3. Final statement of a regional meeting on Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia), 28-30 September 1994.
+3. Earth Summit Briefings, Third World Network, Penang (Malaysia), 1992.
+3. Ethics and Agenda, United Nations Environment Programme, New York, 1994.
+4. Multinational Monitor (April 1996), Essential Information, Washington DC, 1996.
+5. Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria, Asian Indigenous Peoples' Perspectives on Environment and Development, UNCED Secretariat, New York, 1991.
+6. Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria, Mining Indigenous Peoples' Lands, Minds, and Bodies, Unpublished speech presented at the International Forum On Globalization, George Washington University, Washington DC, May 1996.
+7. Third World Resurgence, Issue No. 70 (KDN PP 6738/1/96), June, Third World Network, Penang, 1996.
+<section>Sustainable development of non-timber forest products</section>
+by Eric L. Hyman
+Agenda 21 discusses the predicament of low-income people and their relationship to forest environments in Chapter 2 on combating poverty and Chapter 11 on protecting forests. It emphasizes that providing rural people with greater economic incentives and managerial control over local natural resources can empower them to conserve these resources more effectively over the long term if they have the necessary initial technical assistance. One of the areas in which this hypothesis applies most clearly is in nontimber forest products (NTFPs). Agenda 21 also emphasizes the need for environmental monitoring and helping forest resource users gain access to the information needed for effective resource management.
+Poverty forces NTFP gatherers to maximize short-term income by overharvesting at the expense of future income. Traditional systems that control use of open-access resources are breaking down, and governments are facing constraints in enforcing resource use restrictions. Forest resources are also being lost to other major land uses such as agriculture, commercial logging, livestock grazing and mining. At the same time, population growth and migration are placing Increasing stress on the remaining resources.
+Low-income people living in rural areas, particularly women and indigenous cultural groups, rely on forests for subsistence products and an important source of income. Yet, while some NTFPs bring high profits to processors and traders in international markets, gatherers selling NTFPs usually receive a small share of the value of the final products.
+Unorganized gatherers typically sell small amounts of NTFPs with little or no processing. Individually, these small-scale producers have little bargaining power and lack information on prices and alternative markets. There are often many intermediaries in the marketing chain for NTFPs. Buyers frequently carve out exclusive purchasing territories, especially in remote areas where transport and transaction costs are high and products are perishable or have a short harvest season.
+When processing takes place closer to the forest, NTFP gatherers can obtain higher prices for raw materials because several layers of intermediaries are eliminated. Processing enterprises can also be structured so that gatherers earn additional profits through an ownership share. Even if local processing is not feasible, marketing cooperatives can reap economies of scale and improve gatherers' bargaining power. But to make these changes possible, NTFP gatherers often require some initial external assistance.
+Because of the link between conservation and development, development assistance agencies are devoting increasing attention to NTFPs. One example is the work of Appropriate Technology international (ATI), an international NGO that joins forces with local NGOs and the private sector to help smallscale producers. ATI's value-chain approach begins with an analysis of the feasibility of local processing and alternative marketing arrangements to identify profitable opportunities that can be environmentally sustainable. ATI and its partner organizations help organize production and marketing and leverage financing. They also develop or transfer technologies for production and processing, and provide technical and managerial assistance and training.
+By emphasizing low cost, labor-intensive technologies, ATl's previous activities have always had at least neutral environmental impacts. After participating in the UNCED NGO summit, ATI began developing new programmes with more explicit goals for positive environmental benefits, such as NTFPs.'
+Helping NTFP producers increase their earnings and have a greater stake in long-term resource sustainability through processing can help motivate local people to preserve forest resources, but does not guarantee sustainable practices will be followed. NTFP development is not a panacea for saving forests because deforestation has other larger economic, social, and political causes that it cannot address. Furthermore, many products previously obtained from the wild have been replaced by cultivated or synthetic substitutes.
+Consequently, NTFP programs need to be carefully designed, managed, and monitored. For this reason, ATI helps establish systems for tracking and regulating harvesting rates, avoiding resource-damaging harvesting practices, and monitoring other environmental impacts. ATI works with other NGOs and local groups in environmental monitoring and identifies mitigation measures as needed.
+Jatamansi Oil in Nepal
+Some 50,000 people collect NTFPs in the mountains of mid-Western Nepal, and trade in these products is estimated to be in the thousands of tons. The area has high biodiversity, but forest resources show signs of overuse by the growing population. In September 1993, the Biodiversity Conservation Network (BCN) funded an ATI feasibility study on the processing of various NTFPs in Western Nepal and jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora) was identified as one of the most promising. The essential oil extracted from jatamansi rhizomes is used in traditional medicines, cosmetics and flavoured tobacco in India. It is also increasingly popular as a fixative for perfumes and aromatherapy products in other countries.
+ATI subsequently helped local residents in the Humla area to form their own NGO, the Humla Conservation and Development Association (HCDA), and in December 1994 financed establishment of the Humla Oil Pvt. Ltd. to process jatamansi. The goal of this project is to increase the incomes of the gatherers and strengthen community-based conservation systems. Technical and managerial support are being supplied by the Biodiversity Unit of the Asia Network for Small-Scale Bioresources (ANSAB), a nine-nation network based in Kathmandu which ATI helped launch in 1991.
+Before the local processing plant began operating, gatherers harvested jatamansi from common-property lands and sold the rhizomes unprocessed or with minimal preprocessing (cleaning and sun-drying) to traders, who then exported it unprocessed. Previously, there were at least four levels of intermediaries between the gatherers and Indian processing companies, and while the Delhi price for dried jatamansi rhizome was US$2.26 per kilogram, gatherers in Humla received just US$0.36 per kilogram.
+The processing plant produces essential oil through steam distillation. About 150-180 kilograms of dried jatamansi rhizomes can be processed per batch, which yields 1.33-1.60 kilograms of oil. Annual production is expected to be 150 kilograms of jatamansi oil, which should expand to 250 kilograms. At full capacity, the facility will serve 225 gatherers, who each sell an average of 150 kilograms of dried jatamansi per year. The main market is Indian manufacturers, but European and North American cosmetics firms are potential purchasers. The processing plant sells mare (the residue after producing the essential oil) to domestic artisanal producers of incense. The company plans to diversify its operations by processing other NTFPs in the future.
+"While you in the West are interested in conserving natural resources, our daily lives depend on it," said Tsewang Lama, Director of the HCDA, which is gradually taking over ownership and management of the processing plant. I HCDA is encouraging sustainable resource use by training gatherers to cut only part of the rhizome. Jatamansi is already overharvested in parts of Nepal, but is still abundant in the remote project area. At present, Jatamansi is not cultivated on farmland and its requirements for cultivation are not known.
+To expand processing to benefit NTFP collectors in more locations, ATI leveraged additional funding from the Biodiversity Conservation Network, which has also designed a monitoring system to track the resource and environmental impacts. ANSAB established a company, Western Jaributi Services (WJS), to assist the various NTFP enterprises. WJS will receive a royalty on gross sales, which will be used for further expansion and to recover its costs of product identification, business plan, preparation, technical and managerial assistance, quality control, marketing and resource monitoring.
+Other NTFP Activities
+AT/lndia (a local affiliate of ATI) and Economic Development Associates (EDA), a consulting firm, are helping to establish a company that buys raw honey produced in natural forests for processing and marketing. The honey can be marketed as an organic product because it is made by an indigenous bee species from the nectar of wild plants, rather than by a commonly introduced species in fruit orchards where pesticides are used.
+The processing company promotes improved practices to maintain bee colonies (better hives, division of large colonies, pest and disease control, and supplementary feeding) and more efficient extraction of honey (through a centrifugal extractor that can be shared by ten families). As a result of project technical assistance, annual production of honey per hive is expected to increase from 1-3 kilograms to 5-8 kilograms. A part-time family enterprise could easily produce 75 kilograms per year.
+The first honey processing plant will initially be owned and operated by AT/lndia and later divested to local beekeeper committees who purchase shares of the company. Technical assistance costs will eventually be recovered through a royalty on gross sales.
+AT/lndia and EDA are also promoting production of tasar silk. Tasar silk is a stronger fabric than regular silk and commands a higher price in India. It is produced by a different type of silkworm (Antheraea proylei) that eats leaves of several oak species instead of mulberry. Harvesting the leaves from communal forests is a sustainable use that encourages maintenance of the tree cover.
+The main constraint is the availability of good quality tasar silkworm eggs. This constraint will be overcome by establishing decentralized "grainage units," which produce disease-free eggs. Each grainage unit will be owned by a local cooperative and can serve 600 growers. For each grainage unit, 150 home-based microenterprises will be established to reel cocoons, which will be purchased from the growers by the grainage enterprise, using a wet process. The reeled silk will be marketed domestically to weavers under a common brand name.
+ATI provided technical assistance to an Ecuadorian enterprise processing for wild mushrooms export. They are produced by a mycorrhizal fungus (Suillus luteus), which lives symbiotically on roots of an introduced species of pine (Pinus radiata). These mushrooms can generate more income than the trees, greatly increasing the returns to reforestation. About 200 local households currently collect this mushroom, which is produced 8-9 months a year in the area.
+ATI began its work in rattan in the Philippines with a subsector analysis of this industry. Small-scale producers are heavily involved in rattan harvesting, preprocessing and processing. Rattan is a high-valued raw material for the furniture and handicraft industries. The industry generated US$275 million in annual export sales for the Philippines in 1992, but exports fell 16% since 1989 due to declining raw material supplies.
+Improvements in rattan harvesting technology can reduce waste from large cane breakage by half and allow resprouting of multistemmed small cane species. Better drying technology and chemical treatment can improve the quality and selling price of the canes. More effective monitoring and enforcement of government requirements for enrichment planting of rattan in natural forest concessions are also needed, and improved nursery techniques can increase the survival and growth of rattan seedlings.
+ATI/Philippines is providing technical assistance to local NGOs working with rattan producers and processors. It convened a national conference to disseminate the findings of the subsector study and prepared a comprehensive program for expansion of the industry. The programme includes cost recovery for local NGOs assisting microenterprises and leveraging of enterprise finance from commercial banks and government development banks. ATI is also developing rattan activities in Indonesia.
+Conclusions
+NTFPs merit increased development assistance because they can benefit lowincome producers while providing an incentive to preserve natural forests. ATI's value chain approach examines a range of potential interventions in collection, preprocessing and marketing, processing, and resource regeneration. ATI then implements the most promising options with local partners.
+In ATI's experience, organizing producers to process and market NTFPs (especially for export) is often more of a challenge than technology dissemination. More research is needed on optimal harvesting rates and methods, but simple, improved technologies for processing NTFPs are often available.
+NTFP enterprises can be owned or managed by producer groups or linked to larger firms, and technical assistance can be structured to recover costs and prevent continuing dependency. These enterprises will only continue to benefit small-scale producers over the long term if they are commercially viable. Operating cost subsidies should be avoided because they only benefit a small proportion of potential beneficiaries.
+To ensure resource sustainability, an ongoing system should be instituted to monitor the resource base and promote regeneration. More collaborations between the private sector and development assistance and conservation organizations can be beneficial.
+Notes
+1. Some other ATI post-UNCED programs are assisting coffee producers and processors (reducing pesticide use and converting processing waste into fertilizer) and improving dairy feeding systems (increasing productivity while reducing methane emissions associated with global warming).
+2. The BCN is a joint venture by World Wide Fund for Nature (known in the US as World Wildlife Fund), The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute, with funding from USAID.
+This paper is a condensed version of the author's Assisting Small-Scale Producers of Nontimber Forest Products Through a Subsector Approach. The author would like to acknowledge the helpful comments of Ann Koontz and Leyla Alyanak and the extensive suggestions of Susan Drake Swift.
+<section>ICLEI responds to UNCED</section>
+by Judy Walker
+The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) is the international environmental agency for local governments. It was established in 1990 at the World Congress of Local Governments for a Sustainable Future. The congress was held at the United Nations in New York in response to the needs of local authorities-cities, towns and counties-that are taking on increasing responsibility as managers of both the local and global environment. Presently, ICLEI has more than 190 members, including 174 local governments from 46 countries, and represents more than 174 million people. ICLEI and its membership are currently acting in response to several of the objectives established for the world community at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
+Local authorities and their communities share global concerns related to water, air, natural resources, biological and cultural diversity, and economics. And it is local authorities who are charged with maintaining the basic functioning of human settlements. In most countries of the world, local authorities are responsible in whole or in part for tax collection, solid waste management, water supply, sewerage services, road maintenance, land-use planning, development control, disaster mitigation, health services, regulation of markets, fire and police services, parks maintenance, inspection and licensing to maintain compliance with national standards, and education. In countries with strong local government systems, additional functions can also be found under local administrative control, such as housing provision, public transit management, environmental management and impact assessment, and energy supply. The role of local government in environmental protection is
+increasing on a worldwide basis. As national governments reduce their budgets and as environmental pressures increase, the demands on municipalities grow.
+ICLEI directly supports the management capacity of its member cities through training. research. technical assistance, and information resources and exchange. And through its project activities, ICLEI brings together municipalities that have specific expertise to develop methods and approaches for addressing regional or global environmental problems at the local level.
+ICLEI supports its members by:
+- serving as an international clearinghouse on sustainable development and environmental protection policies, programmes, and techniques being implemented at the local level;
+- initiating joint projects or campaigns among groups of local governments to research and develop new approaches to pressing environmental and development problems;
+- organizing training programmes and publishing reports and technical manuals on state-of-the-art environmental management practices;
+- serving as an advocate for local government before national and international governments, agencies and organizations to increase their understanding and support of local environmental protection and sustainable development activities; and
+- assisting local authorities to develop new products and service concepts to meet their needs by engaging partnerships with private sector firms.
+UN Conference on Environment and Development
+At UNCED, ICLEI, along with local authorities and other local authority associations, played an active role in raising the profile of local governments as managers of the local and global environment. Chapter 28 of Agenda 21, which resulted from these efforts, calls upon local authorities around the world to undertake a consultative process with their communities to establish their own local Agenda 21 s by 1996. This Local Agenda 21 mandate, introduced and championed by ICLEI in the Earth Summit's preparatory process, was taken up by more than 1200 local authorities around the world. Two of ICLEI'S major ongoing programs were undertaken in direct response to the challenges raised at UNCED-specifically in response to Agenda 21 and the Framework Convention on Climate Change.
+Local Agenda 21
+During the Earth Summit, lCLEl's Local Agenda 21 proposal was endorsed. The initiative was created to assist municipalities in their implementation of Agenda 21 by establishing ongoing, local sustainable development planning processes. This initiative is organized into two separate projects.
+Local Agenda 21 Model Communities Program is a research and development collaboration to develop tools and models for sustainable development planning that can be used by local authorities around the world. ICLEI is working intensively over a three-year period with a group of 14 municipalities from all regions of the world. The program provides technical support for local planning efforts and facilitates the evaluation of different approaches, methods and tools by the participating municipal staff.
+Local Agenda 21 Model Communities include Buga (Colombia), Cape Town (South Africa), Durban (South Africa), Hamilton (New Zealand), Hamilton-Wentworth (Canada), Jinja (Uganda), Johannesburg (South Africa), Johnstone Shire (Australia), Lancashire County (United Kingdom), Manus Province (Papua New Guinea), Mwanza (Tanzania), Pimpri Chinchwad (India), Quito (Ecuador) and Santos (Brazil).
+In the early stages of the project, ICLEI developed and presented a general approach to local sustainable development planning called Strategic Services Planning (SSP). The SSP approach was then presented to prospective participants through a series of regional workshops. During the workshops, participants reviewed and revised the planning elements in order to adapt the SSP to their own unique needs. They exchanged planning ideas and experiences and began to prepare work plans for their Local Agenda 21 efforts. Regional workshops were held in Buga (Colombia) in August 1994, Hat Yai (Thailand) in September 1994, and Johannesburg in April 1995.
+In addition to the development of locally suitable planning frameworks for the participating model communities, the program will complete a set of general guidelines for local sustainable development planning and a series of papers on specific planning methods and tools.
+Local Agenda 21 Communities Network is a larger network of local governments, as well as associations of local governments, that are implementing Local Agenda 21 processes consistent with certain basic criteria for sustainable development planning. ICLEI is working with this expanding network to help participants exchange experiences and address specific planning issues with technical support on a case-by-case basis. At a series of seminars in Latin America, Asia and Africa, participants from 28 countries were introduced to case studies on local and national Agenda 21 campaigns.
+As part of this network, the ICLEI European Secretariat has joined with the major European networks of local authorities, including the Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR), Eurocities, and the United Towns Organization, to establish the European Sustainable Cities and Towns Campaign. More than 600 delegates, representing more than 200 local authorities from 34 European countries, participated in the European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns in May 1994. As a result, 300 representatives adopted the Aalborg Charter, in which 80 European communities committed themselves to establish Local Agenda 21 processes and long-term local environmental action plans. As part of its support for the participants in the campaign, ICLEI published the European Local Agenda 21 Guide in March 1995.
+The Japan Office of ICLI's Asia Pacific Secretariat is playing a key role in the promotion of Local Agenda 21 in Japan. In early 1995, ICLEI representatives actively participated in a national government panel mandated to develop a national policy on local agendas among Japanese municipalities. ICLEI has also supported or provided input to the establishment of national campaigns in Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
+ICLEI publishes the Local Agenda 21 Network News twice a year to keep all participants updated on local activities taking place within this community. ICLEI members also have the opportunity to interact through a conference on the Association of Progressive Communications (APC) networks.
+Cities For Climate Protection Campaign
+In January 1993, ICLEI joined with UNEP to host the first Municipal Leaders' Summit on Climate Change and the Urban Environment, which was held at the United Nations in New York. At this event, and with the support of participating municipalities and some European cities, ICLEI launched its worldwide Cities for Climate Change Campaign to help implement the Framework Convention on Climate Change established at UNCED.
+The campaign's original target was to engage 100 municipalities in it by 1995. By July 1995, 113 municipalities had joined the campaign, with the majority located in Europe and North America. These two continents account for about 600 megatons (MT) of CO[2] emissions annually-or 10% of the world's total emissions.
+Membership in the campaign begins once a local council has adopted a resolution based on ICLI's Municipal Leaders' Declaration on Climate Change. Members pledge to develop:
+- a local action plan that spells out a greenhouse gas reduction target and policies to achieve the target;
+- measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with their own operations, such as municipally-owned buildings and/or vehicle fleets; and
+- a public education and awareness initiative.
+In addition to the above commitments, one-third of the participating cities have adopted the Toronto Target, which is a pledge to reduce local CO2 emissions by 20% or more by the year 2005 or 2010. This group is investing more than US$100 million to achieve its goals.
+North America
+Canada has a very active campaign, with 33 municipalities committed. To encourage even stronger support, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, ICLI's campaign partner, recently established the 20% Club for those municipalities that commit themselves to cut back emissions by 20% of 1990 levels. The eight largest cities in Canada are currently members. ICLEI has also been working with the city of Ottawa to develop a software tool to help Canadian cities to quantify their greenhouse gas emissions and identify the measures they need to apply to meet their emission reduction targets.
+The United States campaign was introduced in November 1994 at the annual conference of the National League of Cities. Eight months later, the local councils of 15 cities had agreed to the campaign commitments.
+Europe
+The ICLEI European Secretariat has been very successful in recruiting members for the campaign in Europe-by July 1995, 61 municipalities had joined it. The secretariat, in conjunction with the ICLEI International Training Centre, has been active in providing workshops and seminars for participants.
+The city of Heidelberg, in collaboration with ICLEI and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), sponsored a conference in September 1994 on How to Combat Global Warming at the Local Level. The meeting served as a platform for the presentation of results of the OECD's Urban Energy Management Programme. A handbook of good local energy practices will be published as a result.
+In March 1995, ICLEI held a one-day training workshop in Berlin for European campaign members on Introduction to Local Action Plans. The meeting focused on methodologies, strategies and financing options. It also provided European campaign members with an opportunity to exchange experiences and discuss obstacles that they have encountered.
+After the workshop, the members stayed on for the Second Municipal Leaders' Summit on Climate Change, also organized by ICLI's European Secretariat. ICLEI scheduled the second summit to coincide with the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). This allowed municipal leaders the opportunity to present a communique to the COP.
+The communique recommended that the COP create a local authority subsidiary body to support local authority efforts to help FCCC signatories comply with the treaty. The communique was supported by 150 local authorities and municipal organizations from more than 50 countries, which represented more than 250 million people worldwide.
+Asia Pacific
+The Japan Office of the ICLEI Asia Pacific Secretariat has been building support for local government action on climate change in Asia. With help from the Office of the Senate of the Philippines, ICLEI convened a meeting in Manila in February 1995 to explore the establishment of the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign in the Asia Pacific region.
+In October 1995, the Asia Pacific Campaign was launched during the Third Local Government Leaders' Summit on Climate Change, which was sponsored by ICLEI and hosted by Saitama Prefecture (Japan). More than 230 local government leaders from 52 countries participated in the summit.
+Cities for Climate Protection on the Internet
+In June 1995, ICLEI launched the new Cities for Climate Protection Campaign site on the World Wide Web. The site contains information on climate change, examples of what municipalities are doing to combat global warming, and excerpts from ICLI's policy and practice manuals. The site is designed to provide an international electronic forum for municipal leaders and the general public and up-to-date information on climate change.
+Advocacy
+In addition to its project activity, ICLEI has continued to play a role at the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), which resulted from UNCED. ICLEI was appointed by the Group of Four major associations of local governments to serve as their technical representative at the CSD. ICLEI prepared an extensive white paper for the Group of Four which was submitted to the Second Session of the CSD in 1994. The paper focuses on the human settlements chapter of Agenda 21. In addition to presenting this paper, ICLEI successfully achieved national government sponsorship of a mandate for the CSD to prepare a special report on local governments and the implementation of Agenda 21.
+Based on the achievements of the second session, the CSD secretariat entered into a contract with ICLEI to prepare the first special report of a Major Group to the CSD at its third session in 1995. ICLEI, working with the secretariat, prepared a series of case studies on Local Agenda 21 activities (distributed to all national delegations), organized a special panel of local government leaders at the CSD meeting, and held an exhibit about Local Agenda 21. As a result, the CSD held a special Local Authorities Day at its third session, which highlighted the direct action of local governments in response to global environmental concerns.
+Results
+ICLEI and its members of local authorities from large and small communities around the globe are rising to the challenges identified in Rio and achieving concrete results. The challenge before the council now is to emphasize commitments to measurable targets and better evaluate performance toward those targets. We must be able to both identify our progress and isolate our most persistent challenges.
+In doing so, we should expect that, in combination, the independent actions of local governments and their communities that are responding to the objectives identified at UNCED will produce a ripple effect of responsible social and environmental behaviour that will ultimately encompass the globe.
+ICLEI's Offices
+- World Secretariat: Toronto (Canada)
+- European Secretariat: Freiburg (Germany)
+- International Training Centre: Freiburg
+- Asia Pacific Japan Office: Tokyo
+- Office of the Africa Regional Coordinator: Harare (Zimbabwe)
+- Office of the Latin America Regional Coordinator: Quito (Ecuador)
+- Cities for Climate Protection US Office: Berkeley (United States)
+Notes
+1. The address of the site is http://www.iclei.org/co2
+2. These associations are the International Union of Local Authorities, the United Towns Organization, the World Association of Major Metropolises, and the Summit Meeting of the World's Major Cities.
+<section>Less is more: Synthetic chemical hazards and the right to know</section>
+by Barbara Rutherford
+As the UNCED agenda developed and the "environmentally safe and sound management of toxic chemicals" became a chapter in its own right, several very important global initiatives on synthetic chemical risk reduction were spawned. As a result of the Earth Summit and its preparations, there has been concrete movement towards the elusive goal of "sustainable industrial development." However, we have so much further to go, particularly if we are to achieve the ambitious goals contained in Agenda 21.
+Top on the list of crucial events since 1992 are the establishment of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the development by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in conjunction with UNEP, FAO, ILO, WHO and UN,IDO of guidance for governments on pollution prevention and control through the tool internationally called "Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers." In these two initiatives we find adherence to the true spirit of partnership of Agenda 21.
+The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has been involved in these initiatives since their inception, and in the case of the IFCS, involvement predates UNCED itself WWF commends the work undertaken to create these two initiatives and considers their establishment and implementation among the best examples of concrete action after UNCED. Moreover, the participatory nature of these intergovernmental fore, and the key role played by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in them, marks the beginning of a new era in international policy making.
+What is lacking, however, are resources for implementation at the national level. Also, the continued reluctance to move beyond traditional risk assessment and harmonization and classification of chemicals prevents many actors from using more innovative approaches that involve the most affected stakeholders and communities. Now more than ever we can appreciate the value of pollution prevention based upon the precautionary principle. If the horrific chemical disasters of the 1970s and 1980s were not enough to incite action to reduce risk, a scientific book called Our Stolen Future,' suggests that we are threatening our fertility, intelligence and survival, as well as the fertility and survival of wildlife, by our indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals. We must reduce our use of toxics in production and products now.
+The "New" Synthetic Chemical Threat: Endocrine Disruptors
+Wildlife-and humans-are exposed daily to synthetic chemical compounds, which disrupt development of the reproductive, immune, nervous and endocrine systems by mimicking hormones, blocking their action, or interfering with the endocrine system in other ways. Hormones play a key role in human development, and notably in sexual differentiation.
+The main message for those working in the field of toxic threats to biodiversity is this: it is no longer sufficient to approach population and species revitalization passively by providing appropriate habitats and expecting threatened populations to recover. Contamination of habitat may not be visible and may not cause immediate death. Instead, contaminants may cause population-threatening changes in the way an organism functions. For example, endocrine disruption may endanger populations whose immune systems are malfunctioning and who cannot recover from infections. Or, their ability to obtain sufficient food or avoid predators could be affected. There is also evidence that endocrine disrupters cause the loss of parenting instinct in some bird species because of neurotoxicological effects. Abnormal sexual development of anatomy or behaviour because of endocrine disruption means populations may not be able to reproduce in sufficient numbers.
+Long-lived species are particularly at risk, even though they may not show overt signs of reproductive impairment. Populations of many long-lived species are declining, some to the verge of extinction, without being noticed. Human beings may be affected by compounds of this nature too.
+This is not surprising, given that we are at the top of the food chain. Evidence of lowered sperm counts and significant increases in testicular and breast cancer, as well as cases of undescended testes, is heightening this concern.
+One of the great difficulties in identifying how chemicals affect wildlife and humans is recognizing that the pattern of effects varies among species and among compounds. Three general conclusions can be drawn about the substances called "endocrine disruptors." First and most important, even one, very low dose of an endocrine disruptor at a crucial stage in the development of an embryo is sufficient to cause irreversible damage. Second, the gap between exposure and effect may be as long as a generation or two, since the damage caused more likely will turn up in the offspring of the exposed organisms. This is because the embryo is the most sensitive life stage for the hazards posed by these chemicals. Third, endocrine disruptor chemicals, like other synthetic chemicals, can have cumulative effects.
+Policy Development and Implementation
+Designing policy responses is difficult given the wide range of potential and serious effects, implicated substances, and long lag between cause and effect. Policy implementation, as reflected in Chapter 19 of Agenda 21, needs to cover many different actors in civil society, as well as in government. Although there are many appropriate responses, including further research and more stringent regulations, the fundamental response must be to reduce synthetic chemical use. As recognized in Chapter 19, the classic example of risk reduction is to cut back use through substitution of harmless alternatives and alternative methodologies.
+As a necessary first step, it is imperative that we gather more relevant data to inform policy decisions on harmful synthetic chemicals released into the environment and allow each affected group and member in society to participate in environmentally safe and sound chemicals management. Contaminants are carried as particulates or gases in the air, surface waters, groundwaters and ocean currents across or between continents, and by animals that travel long distances from the site of contamination. Therefore the contaminant can enter the food chain in areas remote from their site of release. Accordingly, data on synthetic chemical use and production collected must be comparable internationally, and policy solutions must also be international.
+Chapter 19 of Agenda 21 calls for the development of guidance for governments on collecting such information by using chemical inventories. Taking up this challenge, the OECD hosted five workshops with the UN International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) on pollutant release and transfers (PRTRs). PRTRs are a system of tracking chemical use, transfer and release, which record chemical-specific and standardized data on emissions of toxic substances to air, water and land (including off-site disposal) from polluting industrial facilities-private, municipal, or state-and chemicals contained in products.
+Experiences with publicly-accessible PRTRs have shown them to be powerful tools leading to reductions in the use and release of toxics and the adoption of less-polluting materials and technologies, or so called cleaner production. Many businesses (and governments) do not know which chemicals they use, and what amounts they release into the environment, at different stages in their life cycle (from extraction or manufacture to use and disposal). Public inventories in an increasing number of countries are beginning to stimulate reduction of pollution at source by providing information to anyone who needs it: the company president, a community leader, an investor, a purchasing agent or vendor, a scientist or a government official.. The data provided by these multimedia inventories helps to broaden the groups of people involved in choosing the materials we use, and to what extent businesses are moving toward processes and products that avoid puking toxic chemicals into the
+environment in the first place.
+WWF assisted in the design of the OECD PRTR workshops series and participated actively in each of the workshops. These international workshops, held in 1994 and 1995, offered NGOs an unusual opportunity to spur adoption of the right to know about the use and release of toxic chemicals around the world and participate as equal partners in the design of international policy. The OECD has published the final PRTR guidance document and has held regional implementation workshops in the Czech Republic and Australia. In addition, the UN Institute for Training and Research is working with the Czech Republic, Mexico and Egypt to develop proposals for national PRTRs.
+The Precautionary Principle
+However, apart from improving information, the actual and potential impacts of some synthetic chemicals, including the "endocrine disruptors," are so serious that action is justifiable to eliminate and reduce their use and production. Based upon the "precautionary principle" set out in the Rio Declaration, Principle 15, we must act now to halt further contamination of the environment, ecosystems, wildlife and humans by endocrine disruptors and other toxic chemicals.
+In 1987, the North Sea ministers agreed to reduce at source "polluting emission of substances that are persistent, toxic and liable to bioaccumulatc...especially when there is reason to assume that certain damage or harmful effects on the living resources of the sea are likely to be caused by such substances, even when there is no scientific evidence to prove a causal link between emission and effects." In 1990 this approach was extended beyond the sea to the environment at large at the Bergen conference. There ministers declared that, "Environmental measures must anticipate, prevent, and attack the causes of environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation."
+Growing International Consensus
+Regional seas agreements have been in the forefront of international commitment to reducing toxics. For example, at the second North Sea Conference, held in London in 1987, signatory countries agreed, among other things, to reduce North Sea inputs of substances that are persistent, toxic and liable to bioaccumulate. This was recognized as a small but important first step. At the third ministerial conference in The Hague in March 1990, ministers agreed to "phase out those pesticides which are the most persistent, toxic and liable to bioaccumulate." At the Fourth International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea in 1995, Annex 11 to the Ministerial Declaration contained a definition of hazardous substances, which include substances that have adverse effects on the function of the endocrine system.
+International Action on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
+Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 on protection of the oceans specifically calls for states to eliminate and reduce emissions or discharge of organohalogens and other synthetic organic compounds that could accumulate to "dangerous levels" in the marine environment. I his call to action has led 109 countries to adopt a Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment, which includes a commitment to develop a global, legally binding instrument to reduce and/or eliminate emissions, discharges, and the manufacture, use and illegal traffic of selected persistent organic pollutants. There is also a parallel regional process under the auspices of the ECE 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to negotiate a protocol on the elimination and restriction of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The IFCS has also established an ad hoc working group to oversee the work on POPs, which recommended that the UNEP Governing Council convene an
+intergovernmental negotiating committee to phase out and eliminate POPs. The governing council has followed this recommendation, and negotiations are to take place in early 1998 and conclude by the year 2000.
+Another key objective identified in Chapter 19 is the full participation and implementation of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure on chemicals in international trade. The Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety has also overseen and provided advice to the implementation process, which now includes negotiation for a legally binding instrument.
+Prevention and Reduction At Source
+The need to phase out the use and production of certain toxic chemicals is urgent and well-founded given growing international consensus. Yet progress remains slow on the implementation of these international commitments.
+There are several international fore and institutions that support the use of clean production to eliminate problems from pollution. Increasingly, this concept is framed to include clean agricultural production, which ultimately means no synthetic inputs. As a long-term sustainability goal this is laudable, but in the short and medium term WWF advocates national commitment to pesticide reduction programmes, which will reduce the use of, and reliance on, synthetic chemical pesticides.
+Registration and Re-registration at the National Level
+In addressing the risks posed by chemicals in the environment, in the past scientists and policy makers focused on a few hundred chemicals and proceeded on a chemical-by-chemical basis. They were guided in large part by concerns over acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, environmental persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate. As a practical matter, a chemical-by-chemical approach is inadequate to effectively or efficiently determine the safety of the roughly 100,000 chemicals already in use and the 200-300 new products entering the market each year. Moreover, this initial focus on acute toxicity, careinogenicity, environmental persistence and bioaccumulation has missed the endocrine disruption problem.
+All chemicals licensed for environmental release should be tested for a minimum of two generations for a wide variety of effects, including reproductive, immunological, endocrinological and neurological endpoints.
+Chemicals should be assumed guilty of endocrine disruption until proven innocent.
+WWF is advocating for the IFCS to take a lead role in designing appropriate policy solutions to the problems posed by endocrine disruption, which it has in part agreed to assume. As the international coordination body responsible for the environmentally safe and sound management of toxic chemicals, it should be providing leadership and guidance for important emerging issues.
+Conclusions
+The creation of the IFCS has led to better coordination among the international agencies that develop and implement policy on the use and impacts of toxics as part of their mandate. In addition, it has created a platform where governments, international agencies and NGOs-as partners-can address the workplan set out in Chapter 19, share successes and failures, and promote innovative policy responses, such as the PRTR toxics tracking tool, coordinate research on endocrine disruption, and systematic programmes to reduce pesticides. Since the IFCS now functions as a coordination mechanism, it has guided the process to recommend international action to reduce and eliminate certain persistent organic pollutants, including international legal action.
+The IFCS should also be taking the lead on emerging issues, such as endocrine disruption, to collect the best scientific knowledge and make recommendations on how to act prudently to avoid irreversible harm.
+International aid agencies should begin to fund the implementation of these innovative policy tools, and coordination of the other work on toxics done under Chapters 14, 18 and 20 should become a priority so that available resources are used as efficiently as possible. Finally, the special role of NGOs in tracking and promoting innovative pollution prevention initiatives should be financially and otherwise supported.
+Notes
+1. Our Stolen Future is co-authored by WWF-US Senior Programme Scientist Dr. Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski and Dr. John Peterson Myers.
+<section>Greening the consumer</section>
+by Kevin Cook
+As the largest-ever gathering of government leaders and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) focused world attention on environmental problems as never before.
+UNCED's vision of sustainable development, elaborated in Agenda 21, is centred on three fundamental challenges to be tackled on a global scale:
+- current patterns of consumption and production must be changed in a sustainable direction;
+- population growth must be reduced by measures that also lessen poverty; and
+- we must achieve a fair global distribution of available resources.
+Although population growth has overshadowed human consumption as a priority of previous environmental conferences and negotiations, UNCED correctly regarded both issues as two sides of the same coin. It stressed that human consumption puts the most pressure on our environment, with population acting as its multiplier. Whereas, on a national level, the environmental impact of population tends to be more apparent than that of consumption, the reverse is true on a global scale.
+As stated in Agenda 21, "The major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and production, particularly in industrialized countries." Agenda 21 also stresses that, "Measures to be undertaken at the international level for the protection and enhancement of the environment must take fully into account the current imbalances in global patterns of consumption and production."
+UNCED concluded that it will not be possible to combine a high and growing world population with the universal adoption of environmentally destructive consumption patterns. Developing countries clearly have the burden of responsibility to reduce global population growth. But developed countries, where consumption rates are exceedingly high, "should take the lead in achieving sustainable consumption," says Agenda 21.
+The Crisis of Consumption
+Since 1950, the peoples of the world have consumed as many goods and services as all previous generations combined. Today, the richest one-fifth of the world population-living primarily in Northern industrialized countries-account for most of the world's consumption, while the other four fifths still struggle to satisfy their basic needs.
+This so-called "North-South" consumption gap is large and unsustainable. Northern countries have absorbed close to 80% of the world's resources and currently generate more than 75% of the world's municipal and industrial wastes, while contributing to about 80% of human-made global CO2 emissions since 1950.
+Although in the past some wealthy Berthed countries have demonstrated a reluctance to change their unsustainable consumption patterns-or even to acknowledge that they are a problem-UNCED achieved a broad global consensus that all governments, as well as NGOs, must cooperate in this critical process of change. Encouraging advancements are being made, but they are still far too few and fall well short of the magnitude of efforts needed.
+Sustainable consumption requires a "critical mass" of people willing to ask themselves, "How much is enough?" It means finding ways to maintain and improve consumers' quality of life, while at the same time consuming less of the earth's resources and generating far less waste and pollution in the process. It essentially embodies the definition of sustainable development by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED): "Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
+How this monumental global task can eventually be accomplished, and how it will affect the living standards of the world's affluent consumers, is still unknown. For the international NGO community-and particularly the world consumer movement-it requires a wide range of participatory
+actions at various levels, in both industrialized and developing countries, to roll back consumption rates and to help achieve new and sustainable development paths.
+Challenges and Dilemmas
+Few NGOs have been more strongly affected and challenged by UNCED than consumer organizations. UNCED's forceful call for global sustainable consumption has, in a sense, brought hundreds of consumer organizations around the world to an uncertain crossroads in their work. In the North, a growing number of large consumer groups are learning to "think globally while acting locally." They know that they cannot only test and report on luxury goods like cars, washing machines and cameras, but they must also be prepared to inform, educate, motivate and organize people to adopt more sustainable consumption patterns and lifestyles-even if it earns them the contempt and lost support of many consumers.
+In the South, a diversity of smaller grassroots organizations has added a number of critical environmental concerns to agendas that have traditionally focused on people's basic needs for essential goods and services, such as food, clothing, shelter, health care, education and sanitation.
+Although consumer organizations are concerned about the environment, they are not environmental groups. Nevertheless, they must be prepared to confront the conflicting demands of environmentalism and consumerism when necessary. And as consumer organizations increase their involvement in environmental issues, many are forming closer alliances with environmental and development groups who, in a similar manner, are stepping up their involvement in consumer issues.
+Consumer organizations understand that the transition to an environmentally sustainable global society can only succeed with the willing participation of individual consumers. This requires nothing less than a dramatic shift in the social and cultural traditions and values that drive unsustainable consumption.
+A key step in working towards sustainable consumption lies in seeking innovative definitions of consumers' needs-a direct challenge to today's producer-driven "consumer culture," which stimulates wasteful consumption by promoting an imbalance between people's wants and needs.
+But sustainable consumption cannot be understood or dealt with in isolation. Rather, it is part of a continuum linking a complex sequence of events: from the extraction of raw materials' pre-processing, manufacture and life cycles of products, to factors influencing their purchase, use and disposal. This continuum is in turn linked to a multitude of impacts on the environment at all stages.
+For consumer organizations, it is often difficult to reach a balanced or definitive conclusion about the impact of certain products on different physical environments. One example is the detailed research on disposable versus washable diapers, which was carried out recently by consumer organizations in the Netherlands and the United States. Although the Dutch group concluded washable diapers are clearly preferable in the context of the Netherlands (with its severe constraints on landfill sites), the US organization found it impossible to recommend one type of diaper over the other.
+Consumer organizations face other problems related to the most obvious measure for reducing environmental damage and wasteful consumption-making some goods more expensive (for example, conserving energy by letting fuel prices rise). To support higher prices for some products, especially basic goods that are needed by the poor, presents an obvious dilemma for consumer organizations. A great many of them have built their reputations on advising people about "best product buys" (involving, at least indirectly, the promotion of consumption). Consumer organizations could suffer an identity crisis if they suddenly started telling consumers that certain products should cost more-and that many others are not even needed and probably should not be purchased.
+Actions on the Environment
+Despite such predicaments, the world consumer movement still has an undeniable responsibility to promote sustainable consumption choices: "empowering" consumers to buy, use and dispose of products (or better yet to reduce, reuse and recycle them) in ways that cause as little environmental damage as possible. Contrary to popular thinking, these choices are not restricted to consumers in rich countries. The widening gap between rich and poor-a determining factor in consumption rates-does not adhere to North-South boundaries but is present to varying degrees in all countries.
+For example, the emerging middle class in India today outnumbers the total population of the largest countries within the European Union. The consumption patterns of this growing middle class-and those of relatively affluent consumers in many other developing nations-are modeled after those of Northern consumers, thanks largely to the globalization of trade and markets, increased foreign investments and pervasive advertising by multinational corporations. Yet the continuation of this trend on an everincreasing scale could one day lead to global ecological collapse.
+Widespread poverty among consumers in the South poses another severe and imminent threat to the global environment, as millions of people there are literally "consuming their ecosystem" simply to survive. Economic development is essential if Southern consumers are to attain sustainable consumption levels and higher standards of living. At the same time, it is imperative that countries of the South not repeat the environmentally devastating errors of industrialized countries in the North.
+The 'right to a healthy and sustainable environment"-to live and work in an environment that is non-threatening to the well-being of present and future generations-is included in a charter of eight "consumer rights," which are advocated and defended by consumer organizations around the world. But all consumers also have five key responsibilities that form a counterbalance to their rights and are therefore equally emphasized by the consumer movement. They include environmental awareness-the responsibility to realize the environmental costs and consequences of our consumption patterns and lifestyles; and social concern-the responsibility to consider the impact of our consumption patterns and lifestyles on other citizens, especially the poor, disadvantaged and powerless.
+These and responsibilities were underscored by a global conference on sustainable consumption, held in The Hague, Netherlands in May 1993. The conference was jointly sponsored by the Dutch consumer organization Consumentenbond and Consumers International, which is a federation of more than '0() consumer organizations in over 80 countries. Consumer leaders from 4() countries examined key issues and challenges of sustainable consumption, which were also elaborated in a major policy document, Beyond the Year 2000: The Transition to Sustainable Consumption, for the world consumer movement.
+The crucial importance of sustainable consumption was reaffirmed by the 14th World Congress of Consumers International, held in Montpellier, France in September 1994. Representatives of some 250 consumer organizations in 75 countries identified sustainable consumption as one of the two most important challenges now facing their movement. One of the congress's 30 resolutions, addressing Consumers and the Environment, called on consumer groups worldwide to promote sustainable consumption and support each other in environmental testing programmes, surveys and assessments of products and services.
+At national and local levels, consumer organizations have undertaken a wide range of environmental actions that draw on their well-honed skills in independent research, advocacy, testing and publishing. A majority of these actions involve:
+- educating consumers about sustainable consumption, with a view to changing their attitudes and behaviour;
+- providing consumers with timely environmental information about popular products and services (and examining the "cradle to grave" life-cycles of the most important ones);
+- including environmental criteria in comparative product tests and surveys;
+- monitoring and exposing misleading "green claims" by product manufacturers and advertisers, and helping governments draw up codes of practice, laws and regulations that outlaw them;
+- researching "eco-labelling" schemes (now introduced in over 30 countries, including several in the South) to help consumers identify "green" products;
+- urging the highest standards of environmental performance for products, whether domestically consumed or exported;
+- negotiating with governments, manufacturers and other concerned parties to ensure that consumer products and services are environmentally sound;
+- conducting boycotts and educational campaigns in response to specific environmental problems linked to industries, businesses, government policies and consumers;
+- advocating the environmental interests of consumers at relevant national, regional and international fore;
+- advocating appropriate economic measures (for example, tax incentives, implementation of the "polluter pays" principle, and deposit refund schemes for bottles) that support the environmental interests of consumers; and
+- networking and cooperating with other NGOs on environmental and consumer issues of shared concern and interest.
+Advocating Environmental Concerns
+Consumers International, through its consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and as the only global federation of consumer organizations, has advocated environmental and consumer concerns before various UN organizations. At UNCED, Consumers International drew attention to issues of biotechnology, agriculture, pesticides and sustainable consumption. Since then the organization has participated actively in major international meetings on production and consumption-particularly those of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development.
+In July 1995, Consumers international lobbied intensely and successfully for a new ECOSOC resolution that calls for expansion of the UN's Guidelines for Consumer Protection into new areas-starting with sustainable consumption. Although not legally binding, the guidelines still form the single most important document for consumer protection around the world. In its resolution, ECOSOC noted '`the impact the guidelines have had...in promoting just, equitable and sustainable economic and social development through their implementation by governments."
+The new guidelines will probably cover areas such as environmental product testing and labelling, education programmes for sustainable consumption and international standards for environmental claims. Consumers International and cooperating NGOs expect to assist the UN in setting up some mechanisms for elaborating these new guidelines.
+These and other developments reflect an increased willingness-even enthusiasm-expressed by growing numbers of people to become environmentally responsible consumers. And thanks in large part to UNCED, the promotion of sustainable consumption is now firmly at the top of the consumer movement's agenda for the 1990s and beyond.
+<section>The ego-volunteer concept: An alternative approach to sustainable development</section>
+by Jan Karel Sorgedrager
+The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio recognized that environmental concerns are linked in a very fundamental sense to development, and survival of present and future generations depends on the promotion of sustainable, environmentally sound development. While conventions, policies and regulations have contributed to large advances toward a global and national commitment to safeguarding the environment, sustainability can only be ensured if the commitment is internalized by communities linked to a sustainable support network. For the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) this recognition provided an opportunity to give substance to the mandate, given to it during a 1991 UNV meeting in Kathmandu, to promote a cadre of environmental volunteers. Discussions between UNV and a number of NGOs resulted in a new grassroots programme called Eco-volunteers.
+The programme was implemented in March of 1993 and operates in nine countries. The Environment Liaison Centrc International (ELLCI), a global network of more then 900 NGOs in 107 countries, coordinated projects in Canada, Costa Rica, India, Philippines, Poland, Uganda, Uruguay, Zimbabwe and South Africa, which is still receiving active support. In most of the countries activities are continuing without financial support. In each programme country an ELCI member organization was selected on the basis of their commitment to the Eico-volunteer concept and its proven capacity to support the programme in a positive way. In close collaboration with these member organizations, a national United Nations Volunteer was then selected to identify, manage, and support the Eco-volunteers that would be involved in the project. Depending on the socio-cultural situation in the different countries, the programme works with either individual Eco-volunteers or with community based organizations
+(CBOs).
+The Eco-volunteer concept is based on the self-help principle. Whereas typical projects try to start a process of self-help in communities, the Ecovolunteer programme identifies, supports, analyzes and promotes existing initiatives developed by local men or women-Eco-volunteers-to solve the environmental problems facing their communities. The key strategy is to minimize external intervention at the local level while providing local communities with access to information and the resources they need, as well as the capacity to obtain these to support the work in which they are already engaged. In principle the resources include:
+- modest financial support for the on-going activities of an individual Eco-volunteer or a community organization;
+- provision of information about other organizations or communities working on similar issues or facing similar problems, which allows Eco-volunteers to communicate and share experiences and ideas to strengthen their own local initiatives;
+- facilitating the inclusion of these local organizations in international activities and networks related to their work;
+- developing mechanisms to ensure that local level experience in particular issues informs the development of national and global policy and programme design on these issues; and
+- collective and participatory evaluation of the Ecovolunteer concept as a methodology for addressing the challenges of sustainable development.
+Non-Dependent NGO-CBO Relations
+An important feature of this approach is the way in which it aims to develop appropriate relationships between NGOs or projects and the local communities. Many projects fail as a consequence of an uneven relation between the NGO or project and the community. This is due to the shortterm expectations of donors, which pressure NGOs to deliver concrete results as fast as possible. This prevents many NGOs and projects from establishing a sound horizontal relationship with their target groups and results in different
+expectations and conflicting priorities. It also hinders the sharing of vital information, coordination, and in the end, the achievement of self-help within the community.
+Poor relationships can also be traced back to social and cultural differences that often exist between the parties involved. The professional or volunteer aid worker who enters the community from the outside is perceived as a stranger with superior knowledge. He or she needs to invest a considerable amount of time before the community accepts him or her as a companion.
+Another effect of unequal relationships is that communities begin to view NGOs as easy access to free resources, and NGOs often have done little to change this perception. With time this has only increased the dependence of the community on the development agent, which prevents the community from gaining control over the development process-instead of being actors, they turn into spectators.
+The Eco-volunteer approach avoids the above problems by discouraging dependency-building in several ways. Financial input is minimal, and the most significant resource provided by the project is information and linkage to organizations and resources other than the NGO providing the service. This implies that once the formal project has ended, the local community organization has become part of a much broader network of people and resources. This new networking capacity requires no on-going financial input: it should be capable of generating its own resources and be truly sustainable.
+One of the major advantages of working with Eco-volunteers is that these men and women are rooted in and accepted by the community; they are the chosen leaders and thus legitimate representatives of their communities. Another advantage of local volunteers over the "traditional volunteer" is that the Eco-volunteer uses local knowledge, skills and wisdom that are in accordance with local customs and beliefs, and therefore easily accepted by the community.
+Luis Mora Cordero from Costa Rica is a good example of an Ecovolunteer. As a community leader and farmer, he developed an indigenous watershed restoration system on his own farm. The success of his experiment was soon noticed by neighbouring farmers, who asked him for help. Don Luis began advising and guiding some 17 neighbouring communities in a large-scale effort to develop and preserve their water resources and regenerate native trees and plants. Today this successful experiment is being flaunted as a model process, not just in Costa Rica, but in adjoining countries as well.
+Looking at several years of Eco-volunteer programmes in different countries reveals that the programme has undergone some considerable changes. In the original concept, on-going community activities were identified, in order to be analyzed and replicated in other countries. This concept proved limited: although most societies know some form of voluntarism, the concept of voluntarism is very heterogeneous. The social, cultural and economic background of a society determine to a large extent the interpretation of this concept and the subsequent implementation strategy for the programme. So in spite of the fact that the programme has adapted itself to the local socio-cultural and economic situation in each country, all have a number of issues in common that are considered essential to the further development of the programme. The most important of these common issues is communication and information sharing.
+Communication and Information Exchange
+One of the main means of support the programme offers the Eco-volunteers is to link them to the thematic networks in which ELCI is involved. Therefore, a major objective of the programme is to support Eco-volunteers working on these thematic issues at the local level, so that ELCI can use these experiences to make a strong input into policy making. At present many of the local community activities are relevant to one or more of ELCI's thematic areas. The programme is developing communication mechanisms for the effective exchange of information to and from the communities. In this context the member organizations and national coordinators are the brokers of information and other resources.
+For the Eco-volunteer programme, communication and exchange of information takes place at three different levels. One of the main challenges is to develop effective mechanisms to address people's information needs in a way that they can understand, while translating their experiences into a form suitable for use at other levels. Hence it is important to establish which types of information are relevant to the different levels, and how to best exchange the information.
+The first communication level is the local one, where the different groups can share experiences and discuss their activities. Effective tools for facilitating communication at this level are community exchange visits, workshops, and local and national meetings. A good example can be taken from the programme in Uganda. Of the ten Eco-volunteer communities involved in the programme, three are involved in fish-farming. One of the groups reported very disappointing results from its fish pond, while the others reported good to excellent results. The coordinator of the Ugandan programme decided to organize an exchange visit between the different groups and have them discuss their experiences. After only a short while, the combined group had identified the reasons behind the disappointing results. They discovered that the Tilapia provided by the government extension worker belonged to the wrong species. Also, the pond was operational all year round, but it had no permanent water
+source, which contributed to the failure of the initiative. Based on the exchange visit, the group decided to acquire new stock and operate the pond on a seasonal basis only. Since then results have improved dramatically.
+The second level of communication and information exchange is at the national level. Here the responsibility for managing communication lies mainly with the national United Nations Volunteer and the member organization. They are responsible for assessing the information needs of the communities, finding the information, and offering it in the appropriate format and at the appropriate times to the communities. For their part, the volunteer and member organizations are responsible for informing national policy and decision makers about the Eco-volunteer programme and advising on the impact of the programme in national policy development for sustainable resource use and environment. It is therefore a prerequisite for the member organization to have access to the various information resources in the country. This requires good knowledge of national development issues and good contacts with the various organizations involved.
+In Uruguay, India, Poland and the Philippines, on several occasions Ecovolunteers have successfully organized campaigns against activities that were either unsustainable or harmful to public health. In the Philippines a logging ban was put in place, while in Uruguay the planned construction of a hightension power line over a densely populated and poor area of Montevideo was averted. An Eco-volunteer from India managed to mobilize the community and establish a dialogue with forest officials who were denying people access to the forests with which they had been living in harmony for centuries. A successful campaign against illegal mining resulted in saving a national park from being destroyed. In Poland the promotion of sustainable transport systems led to the opening of the first bicycle path in the town of Krakow. This successful project led to the development of a national campaign on sustainable transport systems.
+The third level of communication is the international one, in which the ELCI secretariat plays a critical role in coordinating and channelling the different types of information coming from, and going to, the countries involved.
+Future Development and implications
+The Eco-volunteer programme is proving to be a significant learning process for all parties involved. There is considerable information available on the type of activities and the physical achievements of the various grassroots projects. However there is not enough qualitative information on experiences to draw conclusions and determine the possible implications these could have on policy development. It is important to realize that, besides the fact that the Eco-volunteer concept differs from country to country, each group or person has its own objectives, expectations and activities.
+The results of a participatory evaluation of the programme were available by May 1996. It shows how the programme has strengthened local leadership as well as local organizations. The results also indicate the possible impact the programme can have on the design of future community-based programmes concerning sustainable use of natural resources and the environment.
+<section>The unsaid in UNCED</section>
+by Nigel Cross and Kitty Warnock
+When a development project goes wrong, and leaves people and communities worse off (which is often), there is always someone who can point to the absurdity of the enterprise in the first place. Why did the irrigation engineers not realize that water extraction from the lake would lead to salinization and desertification? How could the aid agency have been so dumb as to send food to an area of surplus production; alternatively, how could they have been so naive as to purchase food locally, enriching an already fat merchant class? Corruption aside, someone thought they were making the right decision, based on the best available information at the time.
+"The best available information" is a euphemism for a pragmatic, technocratic bottom-line that justifies implementation of a project in the absence of more convincing data. Did Shell act on the best available information when it decided to dump the Brent Spar oil platform at sea? They claimed so, but campaigners thought otherwise. In the end, even the campaigners got it wrong and were forced to apologize. The right information is hard to come by and can be interpreted differently by different interest groups.
+Information production is no longer enough. Information needs to be debated and set in a socio-cultural context; it must be the result of a participatory process, as opposed to a window-dressing exercise in "consultation."
+The UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) made a stab at linking information with participation. The Rio declaration roundly stated that, "Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development," and went on to highlight the role of information. "States," it said, "shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available." Public awareness is consistently cited throughout Agenda 21 as a necessary condition for the realization of UNCED goals-sustainable production and consumption, improving the status of women, promoting health, and reducing the impact of natural disasters.
+So far so good. The UNCED emphasis on governments' responsibility to inform citizens goes some way towards acknowledging that freedom of information is a prerequisite for public debate. But it is a partial, didactic, topdown approach that does not distinguish between public awareness and public understanding and involvement. Awareness without understanding, and a focus on problems without an informed debate on appropriate solutions, can lead to pressure for simplistic policies that can often do more harm than good.
+Agenda 21 remains vague about the mechanisms for involving stakeholders in decision making. Perhaps because of the legion of special interest groups and non-government organizations that lobbied UNCED, there is the usual exhortation to strengthen the role of NGOs: "independence," says Chapter 27, "is a major attribute of NGOs and is the precondition of real participation." This assumes that NGO independence leads to freedom of action, creativity in researching and seeking solutions, and a willingness to gather a plurality of views. It certainly implies that the state is not always right; civil society is more likely to be right-on.
+But the umbilical connection between a vibrant civil society and an independent mass media is not addressed in Agenda 21. In Europe or North America, governments are accustomed to the power of the Fourth Estate. Electoral victory or defeat is attributed to media bias. Public and judicial enquiries, consultation processes and lobbyists all assume the media will play a crucial role in informing and influencing public opinion. But for all the Western rhetoric about "good governance," the critical link between media pluralism and "good governance" or "good development" has been consistently understated.
+It is, of course, sensible to approach the media with care. In developing countries there is often a legacy of government-controlled media, and the word "joumalist" may smell of the secret state, or of government press releases. Journalistic standards dictated by a ministry of information or security do not meet the needs of civil society. But this scene is changing in some developing countries, for example in francophone West Africa, where there is a burgeoning independent press. These developments and the influences that bring them about need to be encouraged as an important element of the development dynamic.
+Since UNCED there has been some donor and agency recognition that information should not only be top-down and didactic. Democratic decision making requires something more: locally generated information, and affirmative action in favour of Southern perspectives receiving greater representation in the North. Information activities are beginning to be seen as good in themselves and not just as an add-on to a technical or material development programme.
+Development agencies are, at one level, convinced of the fundamental contribution of information to development, but they hesitate before investing resources in information activities. They're not sure what will work, what kind of information is needed, nor how it should be supported. And- in these days of close cost-monitoring and squeezed budgets-there is legitimate concern that measurable targets and indicators of success are elusive. Part of the problem is that the information/communications field is rapidly changing. The quantity of information available is huge, but the lack of interpretative resources in developing countries means the South faces both information overload and information shortfall. In theory, the means to handle information-satellites, electronic media, digital technology, the Internet-are increasingly available and potentially democratic. But in practice there is a new information elitism, which further disenfranchises the majority of the world's
+population.
+So how do the majority of the world's people, barely literate and with only intermittent access to local language radio? influence development or respond to the UNCED agenda? With vigour. All over the world people arc using community-based organizations, the ballot box and the media to express their views. But until such views count in the corridors of governments and funfers, sustainable development is a long way off.
+Pastoralists Raise their Voices
+One way people influence official decision making in democratic societies is by developing their own policy solutions to their problems and campaigning for their adoption by government. Information is at the heart of this process of political empowemment. Community organizations take the initiative and control the process of gathering, reflecting on and presenting information, and generating public debate.
+Pastoral groups in East Africa, after years of oppression, are attempting this approach. Loss of land to agriculture and a changing economic context have undermined the viability of their economic and cultural systems, while development projects have failed to produce benefits and positive change. The decline is exacerbated by the hostility and scorn nomadic pastoralists have been subjected to by governments and settled populations. In 1992, NGOs representing and working with pastoralists in Kenya came together to exchange experiences and ideas for improving the situation. As well as initiating research and practical projects, they were detemmined to try to change the negative attitude of the general public, which is born largely of ignorance and prejudice, and to seek better designed and targeted policies from government.
+At the same time, in neighbouring Tanzania, a group of journalists decided that the public needed better information in order to build an understanding that would reduce the frequent clashes between pastoralists and (state-backed) agriculturalists. They decided to travel with nomadic pastoralists and present their side of the story to the public-a rare initiative for hard-pressed, citybased, underfunded developing country journalists. This grew into a regionwide media campaign, which was the catalyst for recognition by the Kenya Pastoralists' Forum of the role that professionally presented infommation could play in achieving their goals.
+The forum invited an independent Nairobi-based development media organization-the Interlink Rural Information Service-to work with them to increase public and government recognition of pastoralists' perspectives. The first result of this collaboration has been a series of media features published in Kenya's independent national papers on the reasons for pastoralists' low participation in the education system. This is probably the first time the public has had the chance to read about pastoralists' life in such a direct, detailed and unprejudiced way.
+Parallel with the campaign to break down the prejudices of the largely urban, educated newspaper reading public, whose views inform government decisions, the pastoralists' forum will present a series of policy papers directly to government and development decision makers. Each of these papers is initiated, debated and approved by the members of the forum and written with the help of the professional writers. For the first time, politicians will hear what pastoralists themselves think can be done to improve their situation. It is too early to say what impact this will have; this is very much in the UNCED spirit of facilitating real participation.
+Making Women's Rights Real
+Participation is not just about minorities gaining access to decision makers; it can also be about empowering majorities. Women's reproductive rights were recognized at UNCED and taken further at the International Conference on Population and Development and the Fourth World Conference on Women. But how can these rights be realized when they are so fundamentally bound up and constrained by the social, cultural, psychological, educational, economic and political systems in every society?
+When reproductive decision making is so fundamentally bound up with and constrained by these systems, debate needs to be opened at all levels in order to turn rights into realities. Informed and in-depth media reporting has the potential to feed normally unheard perspectives directly into national and international debate.
+Panos' Reproductive Health Programme aims to generate more widespread and inclusive public debate on issues of reproductive health and choice, and the related issues of gender equity and women's empowerment. The programme's first activity was a series of commissions for journalists in developing countries to research and write about under-reported reproductive health issues in their countries and show how these are shaped by women's position in society. The journalists' reports were published in their national newspapers and in the book Private Decisions. Public Debate: Women, Reproduction and Population. The reports were aimed at decision makers, NGOs and the media.
+Panos also helped some of the journalists and others attend the ICPD and cover it for their media. Such access is costly and sadly rare, but it is essential to stimulate debate at national and community levels.
+To support even wider discussion of the issues, Panos is also working with the indigenous language press. One workshop has already been held in Bangalore to provide journalists from Asia with contacts and understanding of issues in order to cover complex and sensitive subjects in depth, avoid the sort of sensationalist and dogmatic reporting that often characterizes reproductive issues, and stimulate real reflection and debate.
+The media can also be a vehicle for communities to monitor their governments and hold them accountable: one Egyptian journalist in the Panos programme has used the opportunity to draw public attention to the Egyptian government's failure in her opinion to carry through its commitment to end female genital mutilation.
+In conclusion, here is information working as it should for sustainable development-a free press in a democratic political system speaking for, with and to the people. This is, after all, the spirit, if not the text, of UNCED.
+<section>Sustainable development and world citizenship</section>
+by Lawrence Arturo
+As a worldwide non-governmental organization, the Bahá'i International Community has long had an interest in sustainable development and environmental protection. In the 1920s, Richard St. Barbe Baker, a Bahá'i, founded The Men of the Trees, which was one of the first international environmental organizations. During the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s he hosted the ground-breaking World [Forestry Charter Gatherings, which were dedicated to bringing worldwide attention to the condition of the environment.
+In the early 1980s, Bahá'i around the world were encouraged by their international governing council, the Universal House of Justice, to begin to apply systematically the principles of their faith to the challenges of social and economic development. As a result, in the decade prior to UNCED Bahá'i, communities worldwide launched more than 1000 development projects. They were mostly small-scale and included medical camps in Pakistan and Alaska, primary health care clinics in Kenya and India, agricultural schools in Tanzania and Brazil, and community development radio stations in the Americas and Africa.
+The Earth Summit process and the spirit released by the parallel NGO Forum in Rio de Janeiro heightened awareness among the world's five million Bahá'i and stimulated many to launch efforts to implement aspects of Agenda 21 in their individual and community lives.
+Among the principles and concepts promulgated by the Rio Declaration on Environments and Development and Agenda 21-and that have resonated within Bahá'i, communities-are the call for "new levels of cooperation among states, key sectors of societies and peoples" (Preamble, Rio Declaration); the assertion that women's full participation is essential to achieve sustainable development and that peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible (Principles 20 and 25,
+Rio Declaration); and that "education...is critical for achieving environmental and ethical awareness, values and attitudes, skills and behaviours consistent with sustainable development" (Agenda 21, Chapter 36.3).
+Local, National and International Initiatives
+There has been a wide range of responses by Bahá'i to many of the principles and recommendations agreed to at Rio. In Bolivia, Dr. William Baker, Head of the Dorothy Baker Environmental Studies Center, attended the Earth Summit and the global forum. The contacts he made and the information he gained from these meetings inspired him to bring back many new ideas, which have been incorporated into the organization's programme. The organization, a Bahá'i-sponsored environmental research institute in the eastern Andean city of Cochabamba, is devoted to exploring how appropriate technologies and education for sustainable development can be applied to improve the lives of the Aymara and Quechua peoples, who eke out a living on the harsh Bolivian altiplano.
+The organization has adapted the design for a solar-heated greenhouse to grow vegetables and fruits inexpensively at high altitudes and works to promote reforestation and soil conservation techniques suitable for the altiplano. These practical efforts are combined with a programme of environmental study classes for adults and pre-school classes for children. The accent of the classes is on showing a community how to help itself. They underscore the inherent dignity and worth of all human beings and emphasize the essential unity and equality of all peoples-teachings that help tap into the underlying aspirations all humans share and empower them to become increasingly responsible for their own development.
+The use of solar-heated greenhouses has led to the construction of more than 120 low-cost family-sized greenhouses in about 30 communities. The effort to promote soil conservation and reforestation focuses on building small soil infiltration dams to control erosion on the region's barren mountainsides. Drawing on a base of "graduates," the organization has helped to organize four altiplano communities-Pasto Grande, Kullpaaña,
+Yawritotora, and Japoe'asa-in Tapacari province to participate in the project. During 1994 and early 1995, some 300 volunteers from these communities built approximately 2000 small check-dams on nearby hillsides.
+The simple rock and fill dams, which take three or four people a few hours to build, help slow the rainfall run-off, so that water filters into the ground and leaves precious soil in catch basins behind the dam. Organizers hope that if enough such dams are built, the ecological system on the altiplano hillsides can be restored.
+The Bahá'i, have undertaken a number of other initiatives linked in one way or another to the Earth Summit. Less than nine months after UNCED, the Bahá'i, community of Brazil, in conjunction with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), launched a conservation education programme, which trained schoolteachers in and around the capital, Brasilia, and produced curriculum materials and a video on environmental issues. The second phase of this project is underway and is replicating these activities in several Brazilian states.
+In India, the Bahá'i, Vocational Institute for Rural Women in Indore received the prestigious Global 500 Award from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). After the Earth Summit, it expanded its efforts in environmental education, such as hosting workshops and environmental awareness programmes in the surrounding rural communities.
+In five Latin American countries and the United States, Bahá'i, community radio stations carry programmes and public service announcements on environment and development, which focus on topics such as sustainable agricultural practices and care for the earth.
+In 1994 the Bahá'i, International Community, in collaboration with other organizations, hosted a World Forestry Charter Gathering at St. James Palace in the United Kingdom. The gathering was noteworthy for its focus on the Forest Principles adopted at the Earth Summit, and for highlighting the need to view forests as the common heritage of humanity in order to conserve and sustainably manage them into the distant future.
+Within the Bahá'i, community itself, schools, summer schools, youth conferences and other meetings taking place around the world have devoted sessions and sometimes entire programmes to issues of environment and development. Bahá'i, communities are involved increasingly with governments and organizations of civil society on the local, national and international levels. The communities participate in conferences, roundtables, commissions and coalitions, many in connection with major UN consultations that focus, to some degree, on sustainable development.
+A Global Campaign
+While these mostly grassroots efforts are taking place, the Bahá'i, International Community's Office of the Environment launched an initiative aimed at promoting a new sense of responsibility toward the environment by people across the planet. This initiative began as a concept paper entitled World Citizenship: A Global Ethic for Sustainable Development. The paper stresses the need to promote a global ethic in order to make sustainable development an aspiration and commitment in peoples' daily lives. It was presented at the first session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development in June 1993. It has since formed the basis of a worldwide campaign carried out in collaboration with a number of the Bahá'i, International Community's 175 national affiliates-and many of the individuals and local communities that comprise them.
+The aim and focus of this campaign can perhaps best be described by quoting from the first paragraphs of the statement:
+"The greatest challenge facing the world community as it mobilizes to implement Agenda 21 is to release the enormous financial, technical, human and moral resources required for sustainable development. These resources will be freed up only as the peoples of the world develop a profound sense of responsibility for the fate of the planet and for the wellbeing of the entire human family.
+This sense of responsibility can only emerge from the acceptance of the oneness of humanity and will only be sustained by a unifying vision of a peaceful, prosperous world society. Without such a global ethic, people will be unable to become active, constructive participants in the worldwide process of sustainable development.
+While Agenda 21 provides an indispensable framework of scientific knowledge and technical know-how for the implementation of sustainable development, it does not inspire personal commitment to a global ethic. This is not to say that ethics and values were ignored during the UNCED process. The call for unifying values was heard throughout, from heads of state to UN officials to representatives of non-governmental organizations and individual citizens. In particular, the concepts of 'our common humanity,' 'world citizenship' and 'unity in diversity' were invoked to serve as the ethical undergirding for Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration.
+The world community has, in this way, already come to a basic accord on the need for a global ethic to vitalize Agenda 21. We suggest that the term 'world citizenship' be adopted to encompass the constellation of principles, values, attitudes and behaviours that the peoples of the world must embrace if sustainable development is to be realized.
+World citizenship begins with an acceptance of the oneness of the human family and the interconnectedness of the nations of 'the earth, our home.' While it encourages a sane and legitimate patriotism, it also insists upon a wider loyalty, a love of humanity as a whole. It does not, however, imply abandonment of legitimate loyalties, the suppression of cultural diversity, the abolition of national autonomy, nor the imposition of uniformity. Its hallmark is 'unity in diversity.' World citizenship encompasses the principles of social and economic justice, both within and between nations; non-adversarial decision making at all levels of society; equality of the sexes; racial, ethnic, national and religious harmony; and the willingness to sacrifice for the common good. Other facets of world citizen-ship-all of which promote human honour and dignity, understanding, amity, cooperation, trustworthiness, compassion and a desire to serve-can be deduced from those already mentioned. A
+few of these principles have been articulated in Agenda 21-most, however, are noticeably lacking. Moreover, no overall conceptual framework is provided under which they can be harmonized and promulgated.
+Fostering world citizenship is a practical strategy for promoting sustainable development. So long as disunity, antagonism and provincialism characterize the social, political and economic relations within and among nations, a global, sustainable pattern of development can not be established. Over a century ago Bahá'u'lláh warned, 'The well-being of mankind, its peace and security, are unattainable unless and until its unity is firmly established.' Only upon a foundation of genuine unity, harmony and understanding among the diverse peoples and nations of the world, can a sustainable global society be erected."
+The Office of the Environment has distributed more than 100,000 copies of World Citizenship: A Global Ethic for Sustainable Development, has offered it at various UN conferences and events and encouraged broad distribution of the copies. The document exists in at least a dozen languages and has been put on several electronic bulletin boards and networks.
+Bahá'i, communities in several countries have held seminars, workshops and discussion groups on the ideas contained in the statement and several have undertaken concrete actions. For example, a number of Bahá'i communities initiated efforts to encourage local authorities and organizations of civil society to implement Agenda 21. Bahá'i, communities throughout Germany and the United Kingdom began approaching local authorities (the subject of Chapter 28 of Agenda 21) to discuss promoting the concept of world citizenship as a moral and ethical basis for development. Similarly, Bahá'i, communities in Australia, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland have launched campaigns in schools focusing on world citizenship and sustainable development. In Brazil the Bahá'i, community has initiated an annual World Citizenship award.
+We believe that the energetic and positive response to World Citizenship is due, in large part, to its positive vision for the future and its practical approach to the application of universal principles. The first part of the statement stresses the transcendental nature of the concept of world citizenship as a new ethic for sustainable development; the second part outlines a global campaign to promote the concept through education programmes and public awareness campaigns, as called for in Chapter 36 of Agenda 21. The outline includes, for example, recommendations that the concept of world citizenship be taught in every school, that it be incorporated into educational materials on sustainable development produced by UN agencies, that campaigns to raise public awareness of the challenges of world citizenship be launched making use of the full range of media and the arts, and that world citizenship be promoted-internationally, nationally and locally-through the holding of
+contests and the presentation of awards.
+Conclusion
+For Bahá'is, development implies a dynamic coherence between the spiritual and material requirements of life on earth. The Bahá'i, approach to development is organic and seeks to harmonize the seemingly paradoxical concepts of globalism and decentralization. Overall direction and guiding principles are established on the international-and often national-levels, helping to ensure a sense of global process and mission in all development activities. At the same time, actual programmes and activities arise largely from individual or community initiative, are driven by community decision making processes and are based on the principle of universal participation. They are, therefore, likely to address the needs, conditions and aspirations of the local or national society.
+In this light, the response of the Bahá'i, International Community to the Earth Summit process can be seen as one in which the community has become progressively more engaged in practical actions for sustainable development, based on the conditions and needs of the communities themselves and guided by the principles of the Bahá'i, faith.
+<section>Campaigning for local natural resource management in Africa</section>
+by Dominic Walubengo
+Introduction
+The preparatory process leading to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) brought into sharp focus feet that the fight over natural resources has shifted from a physical, visible and armed confrontation to an invisible one, whose main weapon is information African delegations to all the UNCED preparatory committee meetings (PrepComs) had one common complaint: the lack of adequate information. African NGOs had a similar complaint: they lacked adequate information to enable them to lobby effectively.
+The fact that the fight over natural resources has shifted means that NGOs campaigning for the sustainable use of natural resources have had to shift their strategies as well. The NGOs formerly spoke of local control of natural resources. However at the time they did not have the mandate to speak on behalf of local communities. So the NGOs went back to their communities and started awareness campaigns on topics discussed at the PrepComs. The topics varied from country to country, and from region to region. For example, NGOs from Central Africa concentrated on biological diversity and forestry issues; those from the Sahel concentrated on climate change and desertification; and NGOs from East and Southern Africa worked on climate change, biological diversity and desertification. Therefore, right from the preparatory stages, UNCED began changing NGO perspectives in Africa, and it is fair to say that NGOs in Africa have not been the same since.
+The preparatory process to UNCED and the conference itself provided NGOs in Africa with an agenda: to a large extent it revolved around the question of who controls the natural resources that are so vital for the survival of the people of Africa. The NGOs realized that development efforts in Africa over recent decades have been frustrated by the complicated and multifaceted nature of change, a number of inherent contradictions among the various issues, and differences in perspectives among actors. The NGOs also realized that the heart of the problem appears to be insufficient local control over natural resource management and lack of influence over policy, administration and legislation pertaining to natural resource management. The question of who controls natural resources always resurfaces whether the discussion topic is emancipation, democratization, poverty alleviation, sustainable development, gender or women and development.
+The Concept of a Natural Resource
+Natural resources have been the source of conflict for thousands of years: States have gone to war to expand their borders and acquire more land, forests, oil, water and grazing rights. We need to answer several questions:
+What is a natural resource? Where are natural resources found? Why are there conflicts over natural resources? A natural resource can be defined as something that occurs naturally in the world and is not caused, or made by people. Examples of natural resources are water, fish, wildlife, forests, coal and oil. Conflict takes place over natural resources because they are the essence of life-without them, life is not possible. This is the reason the preUNCED process focused so much on the control of natural resources.
+In the exploitation of natural resources was at the centre of colonialism and is now at the centre of international trade. The globalization of trade has also globalized the debate on the control, management and exploitation of natural resources. Unfortunately, this debate tends to remain at the international level and seldomly comes down to the local level, where resources are actually found. Some NGOs have made an effort to bring this debate down to the grassroots-these include ENDA Tiers-Monde, the Environment Liaison Centre International (ELCI), and EcoNews Africa (ERA), all of whom have been at the forefront of bringing the debate on desertification to local communities.
+The Role of NGOs
+In Africa, NGOs work at two levels. At the community level, they are small informal organizations, which are often invisible to outsiders and rarely receive external support. These community based organizations (CBOs) remain outside formal structures. Some examples of CBOs are women's groups, youth groups, village development committees, water users' associations, forest users' groups, farmers' groups, pastoralists' groups and self-help groups. Generally speaking, the activities of CBOs are limited to the local level and have little if any influence in national political processes.
+The second level of NGO intervention is at a higher level: national or international. These NGOs, which provide services to communities directly or through CBOs and other NGOs, include networks and umbrella organizations. They offer a variety of services, some very specialized; they may be purely charity or service organizations, while others seek for a more political role.
+After UNCED, NGOs grew rapidly in Africa. This was partly in response to widespread and persistent poverty, and the failure of governments to provide their citizens with basic services and social security. However, it was also because of UNCIED, many governments, which recognized the importance of NGOs, recognized the fact that NGOs are flexible and attempt to reach the poorer sections of society. Thus there are now many NGOs working in relief and the provision of medical services, water and even education. In some areas NGOs have assumed roles that are almost equal to that of governments by providing people with medical services, shelter and food. These include Somalia; North-Eastern Kenya; Eastern Zaire; Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan.
+What then is the role of NGOs in natural resource management? NGOs are people's organizations and they were established for a purpose: they are pressure groups helping to make governments listen to the people's point of view. Not all NGOs challenge government policies; they often provide sound arguments based on well-researched information. For example, an NGO might argue against draining a swamp, by citing the negative environmental implications, including driving away rare animals and bird species, killing fish, reducing available water to a community, and changing people's lifestyles.
+Another example is when NGOs try to make people and governments aware of the environmental and human impacts of constructing dams. When a dam is constructed, promoters talk about the benefits that will be obtained from the production of cheap electricity and the availability of water for irrigation. Often, they do not inform people of an increase in the number of mosquitoes, and therefore malaria; that bilharzia may become commonplace; and worse, that whole villages will be submerged, which results in forced migration.
+The NGO community in Africa faces a severe challenge in the management of natural resources. This challenge was made formal after UNCED. Many African governments now insist on the participation of NGOs in all development projects, with the result that NGOs are invited to contribute to among other things national environment action plans and national forestry master plans. Now the challenge to the NGOs is that they must perform; which means they must have adequate capacity and resources.
+Capacity building in the NGO sector has not been easy-this is because until only a few years ago, one-party governments in Africa frowned on any organization or association which had any semblance of authority or influence. At that time governments believed that only they could solve the problems facing their people. This centralization of power reduced people's enthusiasm for self-help groups, which often develop into NGOs. Indeed, during UNCED PrepComs, several African governments wanted to prevent NGOs from participating in the debate as observers. Needless to say, they lost that debate.
+Thanks to UNCED, there is now a move by some African governments to share management of some natural resources with local people. For example, the Tanzanian government has allowed collaborative management of the Mgori Forest in Singida Rural district. In Kenya, the Kenya Wildlife Service has started a community development section, which allows people living close to national parks to earn some income from tourism. In Zimbabwe, the Camp Fire programme actually allows people to manage the wildlife and earn revenue from tourists and hunters. Collaborative management of natural resources has been spearheaded by NGOs and individuals who believe in Agenda 21.
+During the preparatory stages of UNCIED, many NGOs from Africa had contact with NGOs from other parts of the world. This interaction allowed African NGOs to exchange information and ideas with other NGOs. African NGOs also heard their own governments promising, in front of the whole world, to work with NGOs and other community groups. These promises have made it easier for NGOs to operate and work with governments. In addition, many African countries have signed several conventions resulting from UNCED, which contain sections advocating NGO participation in development projects. The conventions include those on biological diversity, climate change and desertification.
+Lessons Learned
+NGOs working in natural resource management during the post-UNCED era, have learned the following lessons:
+1. NGOs should come up with a vision on local natural resource management in Africa. Training needs for local CBOs and NGOs should be identified as well as areas that need advocacy.
+2. African NGOs should strengthen existing natural resources networks to enable them to carry out networking and learn from each other and their communities. These networks could serve as a forum for meetings of NGOs and CBOs involved in natural resource management and they could facilitate training, organization of exchange visits and production of newsletters.
+3. NGOs are needed to work on cross-boundary issues, such as the environmeatal problems facing Lake Victoria, and the influx of refugees in East and Central Africa.
+4. African NGOs should come up with a framework for participation of local people in the management of natural resources. In this framework, stakeholders in natural resources should be identified and advocacy should be emphasized.
+5. NGOs and CBOs should face the question of their own sustainability and work out ways to ensure it.
+6. The relationship between NGOs and governments should be more clearly defined, in order to avoid wasted resources and energy.
+7. In Africa men still dominate and benefit more than women from development projects, including those expressly meant to benefit women. Poor people are often further marginalized by development projects.
+8. Most government departments don't have money and therefore pass on their social responsibilities, such as education, health, medical services, to civil society, which is ill equipped to deal with these responsibilities.
+9. Land tenure and property rights need to be looked at with a new perspective. Current laws are a major constraint to development projects in the area of natural resources, and new land bills being tabled in the African parliaments are designed to privatize land, but not solve the conflicts that arise out of land ownership and access. There is a serious conflict in the perspectives of agrarian and pastoralist communities.
+10. People would like to earn money from the projects in which they are involved, whether the projects are tree planting, biogas or water catchment.
+11. Communal projects only work when all participants have a stake in the project and share benefits equitably. Local people will not look after resources that they do not own, or have a stake in, and that do not benefit them directly.
+To be sure, UNCED changed African NGOs for the better and highlighted their usefulness to their people. Promises made by African governments at UNCED have made it easier for NGOs to operate. And, contacts made at UNCED between African NGOs and those from other parts of the world have continued, and in some cases have resulted in active exchange of information and experiences. However, it is clear that UNCED made formal the fact that the NGO community in Africa faces a severe challenge in the management of natural resources. Thus NGOs must perform. They must maintain their role as pressure groups and help to make governments listen to the people's point of view. Nevertheless, they must obtain the mandate of local communities before speaking on their behalf; remain flexible and continue reaching the poorer sections of society; and ensure that poor people are not further marginalized by development projects.
+<section>Country experiences</section>
+<section>Implementing agenda 21: The Caribbean NGO experience</section>
+by Hazel Brown
+The five-year anniversary of the UN Conference on Environment and Development is an appropriate opportunity to review the sustainable development needs of the Caribbean in the post-UNCED period and the role and experience of Caribbean NGOs.
+This review is being done in the context of the International Network of Small Island Developing States NGOs and Indigenous Peoples (INSNI). It is significant that the review of Agenda 21 includes the Programme of Action of the 1994 Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which was itself one of the outcomes of UNCED.
+We will identify some of the constraints to the implementation of the SlDSProgramme of Action (POA), review some of the positive steps taken toward implementation, and identify a new and strategic approach for future action that involves participatory partnerships between regional intergovernmental agencies and Caribbean NGOs.
+Conventional Development Approaches in the Caribbean
+For decades the conventional approaches to development in the Caribbean have been characterized by features such as: producing a narrow range of goods mainly for export; importing most of the technology, equipment and energy used for production; a planning process that excludes the views and expertise of organized labour, farmers, women and several other major groups; an economic management system that measures growth in terms of indicators such as GNP and the value of exports; a dependence upon market forces to distribute wealth and opportunity; and the application of criteria for progress and success that fail to calculate the impact of development policies and programmes on people and natural resources of the region. The result of this approach has been some growth in exports and foreign exchange earnings, but rising national debt, gradual replacement of food self-sufficiency by food imports and food aid, the return of preventable diseases, and the increased burden of
+poverty, particularly on the region's women and children.
+The Search for an Alternative Development Model
+It was under these circumstances that the search for alternative development strategies and the implementation of the SIDS-POA was to be developed. This alternative model of development is grounded in the following principles:
+- equity-between men and women, generations, racial and ethnic groups, rural and urban populations, abled and specially challenged persons, rich and poor, and countries of the industrialized North and those of the dependent South;
+- participation-in decision-making at all levels, as well as in the implementation of policies and programmes;
+- holism-ensuring that social, cultural, economic, ecological and political considerations are taken into account;
+- sustainability-of all aspects of development; and
+- self-reliance.
+Over the past two decades Caribbean NGOs have developed strong consensus on their approach and activities based on these principles. This consensus is built upon our work in the region and elsewhere, and these principles are the road signs that we use as we proceed on the path toward
+sustainable human development.
+One major constraint to achieving sustainable development has been the emphasis placed on the linkages between economies of scale and competitiveness. Our contention is that SIDS, historically disadvantaged, can hardly be expected to be competitive within the framework of the export-led, free market-driven strategies promoted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, as well as the rules of the World Trade Organization. The experience has shown that in responding to this strategy to compete in the "free" market place, SIDS have suffered further depletion of their limited resources, such as rainforests, marine and coastal resources.
+In May 1995, approximately one year after the historic SIDS conference, the Economic Council for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) convened a meeting of experts, including regional NGOs, on the implementation of the SIDS-POA. The meeting took note of the fact that little progress had been made in the region on the adoption of sustainable development approaches, or the integration at national level of the SIDS-POA. It was also noted that greater coordination was needed in strategy and policy formulation; the absence of a coordinating mechanism was a particularly critical factor affecting the slow pace of implementation of the SIDS-POA. Therefore it was agreed, on the basis of an NGO proposal, that the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the ECLAC/CDCC secretariats should be requested jointly to provide a Regional Coordinating Mechanism (RCM). CARICOM and ECLAC/CDCC secretariats recently signed a cooperation agreement between their institutions and were involved in the
+implementation of aspects of the SIDS-POA at national and regional levels.
+The challenge to these regional organizations was to create a mechanism for coordination that would facilitate consultation among regional partners, including NGOs, as well as assist with implementation of the SIDS-POA.
+One of the most important aspects of the Regional Coordinating Mechanism was to be the formal establishment of a Regional Consultative Group, which would provide direction and guidance to the Joint Coordinating Unit (JCU). It was proposed that such a group would be made up of governmental representatives of CARlCOM and ECLAC/CDCC, other regional and international agencies, NGOs and the private sector.
+This approach of collaboration and consultation was carefully nurtured during the major UN conferences and the preparatory meetings, particularly at the regional level where NGOs took the initiative and helped to formulate and build consensus around regional issues. These relationships developed as NGOs made their expertise available to regional governments, while at the same time developing skills in advocacy, negotiations and with the language of the conferences. NGOs encouraged Caribbean caucuses, involving government representatives, regional agencies and NGOs, to promote the region's cause. More and more governments felt comfortable having NGOs on their official delegations.
+In terms of available resources that would enable the RCM to function, CARICOM submitted a proposal to the European Development Fund for institutional support. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also indicated that various scenarios were being considered to allow their offices to share technical resources with ECLAC. In addition, UNDP submitted a proposal to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) requesting a block B grant for institutional support and capacity building. The grant provides funding support for preparations of project proposals to implement Agenda 21.
+A work programme was also drafted for the JCU, which draws on the technical support and expertise of all the regional actors including NGOs. Included in the work programme is the objective to "heighten public awareness of the SIDS-POA and foster greater public acceptance and sensitivity to special problems of small island developing states."
+Another key issue in the implementation of the SIDS-POA is capacity building, for which there is a critical need, including training and information management. These could be enhanced by the use of information and communication technology to create a critical mass for the implementation of the SIDS-POA. This capacity building needs to be applied to all segments of society that are involved in the implementation of SIDS-POA. An integrated sustainable development strategy should draw on all economic, social and environmental knowledge and skills.
+The capacity building process in the Caribbean has two dimensions: organizational and development of human resources. There is a need to restructure institutional mechanisms for effective implementation of the SIDSPOA, and the human dimension must be central to achieve social equity.
+In light of the above, a strategy for implementing Agenda 21, particularly Chapter 36 on promoting education, public awareness and training, and the SIDS-POA is highlighted.
+The Caribbean Region of INSNI presented the INSNI Caribbean Regional Public Awareness Project to the Caribbean Ministerial Meeting on the implementation of the SlDS-POA in Barbados in March 1997. The objectives of the project are:
+- increase public awareness of the Caribbean national and regional programmes of action and other POAs that affect work to increase sustainable economic, social and environmental development;
+- increase public ownership of the solutions being generated in each member country as part of a regional and international effort for sustainable development; and
+- generate additional action and voluntary complementary activity by members of civil NGOs and indigenous peoples' organizations (lPOs).
+To accomplish this goal, the Caribbean Regional Coordinator has already held informal discussions with the CARICOM Secretary-General and the Director of ECLAC; both have responded enthusiastically to the idea.
+A Unique Approach
+What is unique about this approach? INSNI, as a regional NGO will offer its services as a professional contractor (for a fee) to carry out an activity that has been identified in the work programme of the Joint Coordinating Unit of the Regional Coordinating Mechanism. This participatory partnership will change the existing relationship between these two major actors. INSNI will bring to the relationship many voluntary and in-kind resources, including the work of the INSNI Clearing House and the capacity building resources of the Southern Diaspora Research and Development Center, which is an outcome of INSNI work.
+Arrangements have also been made to utilize outreach and public relations materials generated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), since INSNI has national NGO networks and/or convertor organizations for sustainable development in each country of the region, which are committed to assist and participate in this work. The success of the INSNI Caribbean Regional Public Awareness Project is based on the support that the project continues to provide to its national affiliates, particularly in the area of capacity building.
+The proposal for this project was finalized at a meeting of the Caribbean Region of INSNI held just before the Caribbean Ministerial Meeting in March 1997.
+Because of its regional and international structure, INSNI is an influential vehicle for maintaining linkages with other regional networks and providing current and timely information that is relevant to the region. Its participatory, democratic and inclusive structure ensures that other Caribbean countries, particularly non-independent ones, can become involved fully in the SIDS process. Given the range of technical issues that form part of its work, INSNI can also provide valuable assistance and input to the sustainable economic and environmental conservation programmes in the region.
+<section>Religion and conservation in Ghana</section>
+by Mike Anane
+Until recently our conception of knowledge was bound by the philosophy and methods of Western science-few people recognized that there are myriad sciences embedded in other cultures and civilizations. Unfortunately, attempts to find solutions to some problems afflicting the modern world have ignored religious and other cultural practices of indigenous people.
+For example, environmental degradation has become a topical issue, and everyone has realized that the earth is gradually losing its capacity to sustain life. Evidence abounds of the steady deterioration of the earth, including atmospheric changes, air and water pollution, loss of species, use of pesticides, deforestation, declining soil fertility and the consequences of burgeoning population.
+Scientific, political, geographical and economic-based attempts have been made to contain the alarming environmental crisis. However, the issue of culture, particularly traditional religious practices, generally has been ignored as having a role to play in conservation.
+In Ghana, the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), which provides a coherent framework for interventions to turn environment and development efforts into more environmentally sustainable programmes and practices, regrettably does not highlight the potential of religion in this endeavour. UNCED's Agenda 21 also tucks away religion under the broad theme of traditional knowledge, culture and indigenous people, with the argument that traditional knowledge is related to the entire culture of a people, including its identity, spiritual and religious beliefs. This tendency unfortunately overlooks the immense potential of religion as a key to natural resource management and sustainable development because these terms do not take into account Western or orthodox religions. I have no doubt that they may also have a deep spiritual relationship with the earth and deep respect for it.
+It is a pity that the world missed a golden opportunity at UNCED to include religious groups as part of the nine officially-agreed Major Groups. This would have helped bring together experts on both Western and traditional religion, who could have provided their perspectives and experiences to help find ways to support each other in their quest for solutions to local and global environmental problems.
+However, it is gratifying that in Ghana today, some NGOs and scholars are recognizing the importance of various traditional religious beliefs or culturebased knowledge systems in addressing alaming problems of environment and development. Indeed consensus seems to be emerging that a new type of relationship or contract is needed among indigenous people, national governments and international development agencies. The old '`top-down" or paternalistic forms of development can no longer be enough in the face of environmental catastrophe. In this bid, some Ghanaian NGOs have already launched conservation projects with traditional religion playing indispensable roles.
+NGOs and Religion
+Friends of the Earth (FoE) Ghana recognized how traditional or customary social institutions are promoting biodiversity, conservation and sustainable development, and it launched the first project to conserve some sacred groves in the country as part of its biodiversity programme. These fetish or sacred groves are patches of forest ranging from 0.5 to 1500 hectares; they may consist of only a few trees, stones or rivers, which serve a variety of purposes, such as burial grounds for royal families or habitats of traditional gods or fetishes.
+FoE, together with the local community, is working to conserve the Guako grove on the outskirts of Accra, the capital of Ghana. In its rescue bid, FoE has embarked on education campaigns to make people aware of the need to conserve the grove. It also established a nursery for restocking the grove with more trees, and planting is in progress.
+In another area, a group of forest department workers in the Ashanti region decided to start an AGO to help communities protect sacred groves.
+Today, the Ghana Association for the Conservation of Nature (Ghacon), not only has foresters as members but chiefs, community leaders, hunters, farmers, university lecturers and women's groups in some of the remote parts of the country.
+Ghacon says most of the untouched forest cover of the Ashanti region is made up of sacred groves, with a few forest reserves protected by the government. However, vast stretches of surrounding forests have been torn down by farming activities and logging. Therefore, Ghacon conducted a nationwide survey of forest cover designated as sacred groves and decided to join hands with communities to protect them.
+Ghacon advises the communities about the construction of firebelts to protect the groves from rampant bush fires from nearby farms during the dry season. Organizations such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the GTZ, a German technical assistance programme, have contributed significant funds to support Ghacon's activities to protect the groves.
+Many of these indigenous areas, which were established centuries ago, are protected by customary laws and are considered to be abodes of the gods. In most cases, royalty from a particular village has been buried in the areas, which are protected out of respect for the dead.
+In other cases, rivers and streams are treated as sacred: their catchment area and surrounding forests are protected in the belief that the river god lives in the forest. Logging, cultivation, or entry on certain days by women during their menstrual cycle is forbidden.
+In certain parts of Ghana, forests are also venerated because they house a variety of wild animals that are considered sacred or totems. One example is the belief in a common ancestry with the leopard, which is the symbol of the Akan people. The forest in which these animals are found is sacred; killing this species is therefore not allowed. The benefits for conservation are clear.
+Sacred Groves and Conservation
+Sacred groves contribute greatly toward conservation of biodiversity. Originally, the groves were based on religious and cultural beliefs, but they have since made significant contributions to the protection of wildlife and other biological resources. For example, a monkey sanctuary, located within the moist forest deciduous zone, is richer than any other Ghanaian forest in terms of diverse types and rare species of monkeys, such as the Black and White Colobus and Mona monkeys. These species are considered sacred by the people of local villages. Here, the unharmed "children of the gods" have come daily for hundreds of years into the villages to eat and play. The sanctuary is also rich in trees, with about 125 known species, including the rare Pericopsis Elata, which is listed in Appendix 11 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
+The Malshegu sacred grove in northern Ghana is another of the few remaining examples of non-riverine, closed canopy forest in the savanna. According to oral history, the Malshegu ancestors settled here in the early 18th century but did not find peace. They finally succeeded in warding off the marauding gangs of Arab slave raiders who were tormenting them and attributed this success to the spiritual support of a boulder under a baobab tree. The land surrounding the baobab tree was demarcated and labelled by the priest as fetish land in order to give the oracle a peaceful and shady home from where it could constantly oversee the village and the inhabitants. All forms of land use like farming and grazing were forbidden in the grove. The Lalshegu grove, which measures 0.8 hectares, is an isolated pocket of forest and stands in sharp contrast to its highly degraded surroundings. It now serves as a refuge for numerous indigenous animal species and seeds. Protection of the grove,
+which is a lush open canopy forest in a degraded open savannah, is the responsibility of the community. People firmly believe that the Kpalevorgu deity ensures fertility, protection, good rainfall and a bumper agriculture harvest.
+Over 80% of sacred groves in Ghana serve as watersheds for catchment areas where they protect sources of drinking water. So far about 1.5% of Ghana's land is covered by some 2000 fetish groves, and most taboos and beliefs surrounding many of these groves are conservationist in nature and approach.
+For example, the Asuo Akosua stream in the Ashanti region is believed to be inhabited by a beautiful woman goddess; the people worship the deity and carefully protect the water source of the stream. Farming activities are not allowed in this area, nor is clothes washing or other types of pollution.
+These sacred groves are protected, conserved and maintained through a combination of taboos, prohibitions, beliefs and restrictions. Special members of the community organize periodic rituals, ancestral worship sessions and other customary rites. In almost all cases, burning, fuelwood gathering and tree felling are forbidden. These traditional religious beliefs and practices not only protect the sacred groves but also promote conservation of vegetation, which in turn promotes biodiversity and an ecological balance. The luxuriant green abundance of trees of different species and thick undergrowth in some parts of Ghana are living examples of what religion can do for conservation.
+Lessons From the Past
+Environmental conservation is not a recent phenomenon in indigenous African communities. Past generations knew about environmental degradation and the need for preservation. This knowledge found expression in traditional religious practices, because the African believes that everything belonging to the ecosystem and the environment has a strong spiritual meaning for humans. indeed the African's attitude to nature is deeply rooted in the belief that all things were created by the supreme being for a harmonious continuity and there must be a relationship of mutual obligations between all created things.
+For example, natural phenomena were seen as possessing spiritual power, and the natural force that supplies food seen as superior and accorded respect and veneration. Certain trees could not be felled because they were considered Nyame Dua (God's trees) and therefore sacred and endowed with healing powers. Indiscriminate tree felling today was unheard of in the days when these traditional religious practices ensured the preservation of forests.
+The Akans in Ghana saw land as a goddess, Asaose Yaa. On Thursdays and Fridays, one could not farm the land; this regulated human impact on the land, and thus secured its fertility. Land in these traditional societies belongs to clans and not to the individuals. Because the clan consists of both the living, the dead and even the unborn, it enhances the idea of sharing and caring for nature.
+Generally, rivers and seas were also seen as abodes of the gods. As divinities, human activities that marred their beauty were considered taboo; therefore, pollution, industrial and human waste could not be discharged into these water bodies, or the culprits would be punished by the Abosomfo, or gods.
+Sadly, despite the awareness of the indispensable role of religion in conservation and environmental protection, the good intentions of some NGOs and researchers to help revive these religious practices and conserve the groves and other sacred practices have been viewed with suspicion by certain indigenous communities. The communities might see the attempts as depriving them of their age-old traditional practices and replacing them with Western concepts. To many local people, the current Western buzzwords of "community empowerment" smack of outside interference, and they have justifiably resisted any attempts at empowerment.
+Many conferences on sustainable development, including UNCED, have also persistently failed and even refused to acknowledge the role of religion in conservation and environmental protection, thus alienating indigenous people from the fight to save the environment. For many policy makers it's business as usual, and they tenaciously maintain the "top-down" approach to projects.
+The Western Impact
+Before the advent of colonization and Christianity and [slam, the African lived in harmony with nature. With the arrival of the white man, land that was collectively owned and managed by Africans was balkanized for individual ownership, with new and exotic crops introduced to feed the colonialist. Chemicals were poured into soils and rivers, virgin forests that had been preserved for their sacredness were raped by the colonial masters, and the trees that were felled were exported abroad.
+Until recently, traditional religious practices were seen by our colonial masters as a hindrance to development. Missionaries who trooped to Africa alongside the colonial masters discouraged traditional practices, such as the worshipping of rivers, mountains and trees, which they described as idolatry and heathen.
+Nevertheless, colonialism also had its good sides. The preservationist style of management of Africa's wildlife has its origins in the colonial period. Despite their economic interest in Africa, many Europeans viewed the continent as a "Garden of Eden," which provided them with the opportunity to experience a "wild and natural environment," which no longer existed in Europe. This resulted in a desire to maintain and preserve the wild and natural in Africa.
+Accordingly, the first international conservation treaty, the Convention for the Preservation of Animals, was signed in London in 1900 and became the basis for colonial wildlife legislation in anglophone Africa. Subsequently, land was demarcated for national parks and game reserves, to protect large animal species and their habitat. This concern over the future of wildlife in Africa facilitated the creation of conservation organizations, such as the Wildlife Leadership Foundation and the World Wide Fund for Nature, which have continued to support African environmental organizations.
+Once independence was attained, new African governments continued to maintain and expand the protected area systems; some legislation introduced during colonization still exists. indeed continuing government support for the preservationist attitude in many African countries today is a colonial legacy. A case in point is the Aburi Botanical Gardens near Accra. Established in 1875 by the British colonial government as a sanatorium for convalescent colonial officers, it became the first leading botanical museum in 1890 and still enjoys immense support from past and present Ghanaian governments.
+Here again the paradox of colonialism is clear. In most cases, colonial decisions were taken without consideration of traditional land use systems and without the consent of local communities whose livelihoods were at stake. instead these communities were seen as a threat to wildlife and forests. So the colonial authorities prevented any human interference, and the local communities were deprived of access to pastures, farming land, fisheries and wildlife, which were resources they depended upon for their livelihood. Even hunting rights were denied to the indigenous people.
+Not only was land first nationalized in colonial times, but the colonialists, in their desperation to protect wildlife in Africa, overlooked its traditional role in African culture, which is oriented toward contributing to survival and governed by totems, taboos and customs.
+A critical look reveals that some of these places are managed by a council of elders who decide how the surrounding forest might be used, which trees to cut and why, and so on. Sadly, as the elders die off, the ancient traditions regarding the sacred groves are also dying. The younger generation do not seem to care much for customs and traditions and prefer to join the ruralurban exodus in search of white-collar jobs.
+Conclusion
+Christianity, science, poverty, Western education-none has succeeded in debunking the African belief in traditional religion. Most Western-educated Africans and Westerners flock to shrines in Africa whenever they are confronted with serious financial and social problems.
+Clearly, traditional practices reveal that African societies were aware in the past of the need to protect their environment, which is shrouded in religious beliefs, partly because religion permeates virtually all aspects of African life. This awareness led to an environmental ethic, which implied using the spiritual world to protect the environment. Perhaps modern conservationists, policy makers and researchers, particularly in the West, should go back and learn from traditional religion and culture, which managed to live alongside the rivers and forests and use them sustainably. Myth is indeed more potent than history; indigenous people, who have lived harmoniously with nature, need to be encouraged to take charge of their own destinies. Ultimately, real progress lies in enabling the weak and the marginalized to become the producers of their bounty and welfare, not the beneficiaries of aid and recipients of charity.
+Undoubtedly, religion is indispensable to modem-day conservation and environmental protection efforts. The Western world, which has long left its traditions behind and adopted lifestyles that have fumed its environment into one big sewer, should go back and revive its ancient religious traditions that compare favourably with those in Africa. This indeed is the true path to environmentally-sound and sustainable development.
+<section>Citizens and the biodiversity convention: the indian experience</section>
+by Ashish Kothari
+The Convention on Biological Diversity, signed at the Earth Summit in 1992, marks a significant milestone in the history of global environmental relations. The convention is the first treaty to deal with the entire range of life forms found on earth, including wild plants and animals, crops and livestock, and micro-organisms. The convention, which entered into force as an international law in December 1993, has been ratified (as of 1996) by over 1 60 countries.
+There are three major thrusts to the convention: conservation of biodiversity, sustainable utilization of biological resources, and equitable sharing of benefits arising from such utilization. These are matters that require not only an ecological understanding, but an enquiry into the basic moral and social tenets governing human society. It is these tenets that direct the way in which we use the natural world around us, the rate at which we use it, and the distribution of benefits we derive from it.
+The convention has far-reaching implications for the conservation and development policies of each country. If any nation commits itself to following the convention's provisions, it will first have to understand these implications. How sensitive are the country's development policies to biodiversity concerns? Do current conservation attempts adequately cover the entire range of life forms? Can modern agriculture integrate diversity concerns, or will it need a drastic change? Who can effectively conserve biodiversity: governments or local traditional communities, or a combination of the two? How relevant are modern science and technology compared to traditional systems? How can conservation, sustainability and equity be achieved in the use of biological resources? What do recent trends in intellectual property rights imply for biodiversity? These are just a sample of the difficult issues that will have to be grappled with and resolved.
+The Indian Context
+India was the first country to sign the convention and the 48th to ratify it in February 1994. The Indian government was clearly of the opinion, not unjustified, that the country had a lot to gain from the convention. In no small measure was this view influenced by the handful of NGOs and individual environmentalists who had recognized its potential, pointing to the following: its provisions on in situ and ex situ conservation can provide a renewed thrust to wildlife protection and a new direction to agriculture; its clauses assuring national sovereignty and mandatory agreements on sharing of biological resources and related technologies can help to stem the wholesale theft of genetic resources from the tropical nations, and redress some of the imbalances between industrial and Third World nations; and its provisions regarding traditional communities can help these communities regain their rights, and some respect and returns for their contributions to conservation and
+sustainable use.
+However, the NGOs repeatedly pointed out that the potential of the convention would remain on paper unless there was greater public debate on the various issues it raised, which would lead to creative and constructive interpretations of the convention's provisions and urgently needed follow-up action. Even the basic a task of taking an inventory of the biodiversity of the country needs to be completed, especially of lower plants, animals and microorganisms. Assessments must be made of the status of species, populations, and various human activities on biodiversity. But research is just one of the urgent tasks needed. We also need a drastic reorientation of our development policies and programmes in all sectors, from agriculture to industry to trade, in order to save not only biodiversity, but the entire natural environment on which we depend.
+Even our conventional conservation strategies, in particular that of protecting wildlife with the aid of a top-down centralized bureaucracy, need to be reviewed in light of what the convention tells us of the role of local traditional communities. Clearly, a much more participatory and decentralized approach is needed.
+Both NGOs and the government also realized that at the intemational level, India needs a whole series of actions. These range from conservation cooperation with neighbouring countries, to regulating foreign access to the country's biodiversity and ensuring appropriate returns for granting such access. It requires action on technology transfer and the safe handling and trade in organisms modified with biotechnology. The issue of intellectual property rights also needs to be dealt with, especially in the context of recent trends under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT).
+Action on Conservation and Sustainable Development
+Although the Earth Summit was seen by many (including myself as a massive show with disappointing results at the government level, it nevertheless had the effect of generating considerable worldwide debate and interest in issues of environment and development and galvanizing a much larger NGO and public effort than before. In the case of the biodiversity convention, until then a peripheral subject discussed between a few government officials and even fewer NGOs in India, it became the focal point of growing interest and debate. Its major effect was felt by many NGOs and individuals already working on the biological, social, economic and political aspects of biodiversity; they received a boost and a renewed direction.
+The provisions of the convention on conservation and sustainable use have attracted limited but critical interest among NGOs. There is a greater recognition that the massive task of taking inventory and studying the country's biodiversity cannot be left to government agencies alone. Ecologists from the Indian institute of Science in Bangalore are now involving college students and teachers as "parataxonomists" in local inventories of the rich Western Ghats ecosystems. In the western Indian state of Gujarat, academics of the Indian institute of Management are helping to organize "biodiversity competitions," in which children are asked to identify local diversity, including crops. A much larger NGO effort to inventory the bird diversity of various regions and assess their status is also beginning.
+Perhaps two of the most significant contributions of the convention in the field of in situ conservation are the attention it gives to the entire range of life forms and to the role of local communities. India's wildlife efforts in the last few decades, impressive though they have been, have concentrated very heavily on big mammals and birds. The new emphasis on diversity has been used by NGOs and independent scientists to focus on the neglected "lower" life forms, including micro-organisms, which have been the least studied of all. These life forms are the most prone to being taken out of the country for their possible pharmaceutical and other values; therefore we need to identify and study them ourselves.
+Secondly, the conventional top-down model of wildlife conservation so far practiced in India is increasingly being questioned as social action groups, working with local communities across the country, demand recognition of the rights of these communities to a share in the benefits and management of protected areas. Again, the convention's emphasis on the importance of indigenous and local communities, for example Article 8j, is used to bolster this argument. In many national parks and sanctuaries, there is a renewed attempt to encourage local community participation.
+The NGO critique of conventional commercial agriculture, in India's case typified by the Green Revolution model of intensive cropping with chemical additives and intensive irrigation, has also received a new thrust by the convention. Resolution 3, which was adopted by all countries at the time of the signing of the convention, deals with agricultural biodiversity. It is being used by NGOs to seek a change in policy. The biodiversity approach calls for a serious rethinking of the Green Revolution strategy, which may have helped us to achieve short-term food security at the expense of a long-term ecological collapse brought about by genetic erosion. An increasingly widespread network of farmers and community-based groups are trying organic farming and renewing indigenous seed and livestock diversity. For example, the Beej Bachao Andolan (Save the Seeds Movement) in the Himalayan foothills is reviving biodiverse cropping patters, with one single farmer experimenting with over
+100 local varieties of rice and an equal number of varieties of kidney beans. Navdanya, which is a network of farmers, formal scientists and activists, is trying the same in the Westem Ghats and other areas. Governments have to respond; for example, in the case of livestock the official machinery has admitted that there has been serious erosion of diversity and has started to move on conserving what is left and reviving what is lost.
+Finally, on the issue of sustainable use of biological resources, the convention has given another tool to NGOs who have long questioned the currently unsustainable and inequitable path of development that India has chosen. Agriculture is one sector, but questions are also being posed to industry, mining, trade, energy and other sectors that use biological resources without much thought about the consequences. Provisions are cited to bolster arguments for a complete overhaul of developmental policy. These provisions are contained in Article 6 on General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use, Article 7 on identification and Monitoring, Article 10 on Sustainable Use, and Article 14 on impact Assessment and Minimizing Adverse Impacts. One specific target is the country's Environmental Impact Assessment procedures, under which development projects are scrutinized for their potential ecological effects and then given clearance or rejected; NGOs are asking for the
+incorporation of biodiversity concerns into these procedures.
+Action on Access and Benefit-Sharing
+The convention's provisions on access and sharing of benefits were quickly grasped by some Indian NGOs during the negotiating stage. Pointing to the large-scale transfer of genetic resources outside the country, they started putting pressure on the government to stem the transfer. Based on their own research and on information received from foreign NGOs, they were able to cite specific examples of resource flow that had helped Northem countries greatly, but with no appreciable returns coming back. The environmental action group Kalpavriksh, for instance, cited evidence provided by the Canadabased Rural Advancement Foundation Intemational (RAFI) on the patenting of micro-organisms taken from India by American pharmaceutical companies, and the group put pressure on the governments to take action.
+At about the same time in 1993 and 1994, considerable controversy erupted on the potential impacts of GATT and the runaway trend of patenting life forms and biotechnological products in industrialized countries. This controversy attracted attention among all sections of the Indian public, especially the media. Some NGOs were able to link it with the convention's provisions on access and intellectual property rights (lPRs). They pointed out that unless India took quick action, it would be unable to benefit from these provisions. Articles 15(4) and 15(5), which specify that transfer of genetic material can take place only under mutual agreement and prior informed consent, and Article 16(5), which discourages the application of lPRs that violate the provisions of the convention, were repeatedly cited as potential rallying points.
+This argument has already had partial effect. The Indian government intends to promulgate a notification regulating the cross-border transfer of Indian genetic material. The notification, drafted by a group of governmental and non-governmental experts set up by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1995, unfortunately has not been promulgated, since the government is unclear on how to implement it. Indeed it is unclear how it will be administered, given the serious lack of readiness among Indian customs and scientific bodies to monitor the large-scale transfers of genetic material, which are already taking place. Nor are the terms and conditions clear under which transfers will be allowed; an exercise to determine the kinds of material transfer agreements or other contracts that will be acceptable is urgently needed. However, none of these is a strong enough reason not to urgently issue the notification, as only then will implementational difficulties be sorted
+out. Some NGOs are analyzing the agreements reached in several other countries to assess their applicability to India.
+There have also been attempts by NGOs to provide alternatives to the privatized IPR system being promoted by GATT. Having succumbed to pressure from the GATT system and from the increasing number of multinational seed companies entering the country, the Indian Agriculture Ministry is pushing a Plant Varieties Protection Act. However, though it is essentially similar to the international Convention on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), public pressure has led it to introduce significantly stronger provisions for farmers' rights and curbs on the monopolistic rights of breeders than were available under UPOV. In addition, NGOs like the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Natural Resource Policy, and the Gene Campaign have proposed legislative and other measures for ensuring community intellectual rights, recognizing that much of the information on biodiversity (especially agricultural diversity) is shared by communities and not held in private. Some
+of these suggestions have received a sympathetic response from government but will have to be worked on before entering official policy.
+One of the sections of the convention that has attracted great interest is Article 8J, which commits countries to respect traditional knowledge and practices, seek permission from local communities before using this knowledge, and ensure equitable returns for such use. Even before Rio, NGOs and mass movements pointed out that traditional communities have tremendous experience and knowledge regarding biodiversity, the use of which has benefited larger society, but for which they have received little in return. They now recognize that the convention provides the opportunity to redress this. Apart from arguing for legislative measures to ensure this, NGOs are now systematizing the documentation of traditional knowledge.
+One practical step is the proposal for preparing Community Biodiversity Registers (CBR), in which communities, with NGO assistance, document the wide-ranging traditional uses of biodiversity. Such a register could be used not only as proof of existence of this knowledge to counter attempts by outsiders to monopolize it, but could also be exchanged among communities and be used as a base for capacity enhancement. The proposal, initiated by the Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, is now being taken up by groups in various parts of India. A draft of the register format was discussed in early 1995 and was field-tested and put into practice in mid-1995. By early 1997, work on CBRs was in progress in about 40 communities. Though both official and independent formal scientific bodies are involved, care is being taken so that communities have full control over the process, including determining who should have access to the register.
+Various suggestions are being examined to ensure returns to local communities in the wider use of their knowledge and resources. These range from fees and royalties, to development inputs and exemption from the operation of IPRs. Interestingly, some NGOs are also urging the government to ensure that information collected in an All-India Project on Ethnobiology, conducted in the 1980s. is not used for commercial gains without prior consent of the communities of origin, and without appropriate arrangements for returning part of the benefits.
+Government Follow Up
+Not least due to the considerable NGO and local community pressure put on the government to follow the convention, the latter has taken a number of interesting initiatives. These include:
+- Drafting comprehensive legislation on biodiversity to follow the provision of the convention. However, the draft has remained at the stage of a detailed statement of principles, since opinion is divided on whether a single law can deal with all aspects that the convention deals with. At the request of the MOEF, a report on the legal follow up has been prepared by the Centre for Environment Law, WWF-India, which recommends dealing with individual aspects of the CBD in separate laws. No follow up has been done by the MoEF on this report.
+- Formulating a detailed National Action Plan on Biodiversity dealing with the aspects mentioned above and also involving a diversity of governmental and non-governmental experts. Currently, the plan is at the stage of an extended outline. Details were being incorporated by 1995, but the MoEF inexplicably has not moved further since then. However, one state government (Karnataka) has drafted a detailed plan of its own, with special provisions for empowering and benefitting local communities; the draft was prepared by ecologists at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore.
+- Hosting a meeting of Asian countries to discuss regional cooperation on matters related to biodiversity in 1994. Though a number of important follow-up actions were decided on, no actual follow-up has taken place.
+- Preparing a detailed status report on biodiversity in India, which covers both agricultural and wild biodiversity. Sponsored by the MoEF, the report was prepared by the autonomous Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA). Yet again, the MoEF has not moved ahead on its publication since 1995; IIPA is now planning to publish it on its own.
+- Initiating a dialogue with industry and scientific agencies on enhancing indigenous capacity to sustainably utilize genetic resources.
+- Initiating a process of building on traditional knowledge, especially to create more taxonomic capacity, and in particular with relation to medicinal plants.
+- Informing state and local governments of the broad implication of the convention.
+The Way Forward
+One major lacunae in follow-up to the convention is the relative lack of involvement of local communities and social activists working with them. There is an urgent need to inform grassroots workers of the potential of the convention (as was done in the specific case of IPRs as relevant to GATT). This is especially critical if the convention's major implications are to be seriously followed up, including reviewing development policies from the point of view of biodiversity, giving local communities much greater stake in and benefits from biodiversity conservation, and reviewing the relationship of other international obligations, such as those under GATT, with Indian obligations under the convention. With sustained public pressure, India's follow-up to the convention will hopefully move toward these actions.
+In this context, one of the most important roles that NGOs are playing is to popularize the convention among the general public. Some groups are now translating it into regional languages (Tamil, Malayalam, Hindi) and are spreading awareness in various forms. The voluntary group Kalpavriksh
+has repeatedly brought it into the mainstream media and published the country's first detailed analysis on the implications of the convention. In the last three years, almost every major meeting on wildlife and biodiversity has devoted space to a discussion on the convention. The popular media is carrying many more articles on subjects related to biodiversity than before; some, like Frontline and the annual Hindu Survey of Environment, have consistently carried analytical pieces on the convention. Such exposure is critical if this international agreement is to have the results it deserves.
+<section>The local partners approach to urban waste management in Morocco</section>
+by Magdi Ibrahim and Samuel Watchueng
+Debates about the commitments of governments at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio underlined the urgency of issues such as drinking water availability in the South and concrete actions in favor of vulnerable sectors. However, despite good intentions, governments and international donors continue to invest in expensive water supply and waste water management systems. These limit the availability of resources and basic services to the most marginalized populations, especially in poor urban areas.
+Morocco's population is approximately 27 million people; about 52% live in urban areas. Although the percentage of households in shantytowns dropped from 12.8% in 1982 to 6.8% in 1992, 900,000 to one million urban dwellers in the country live in a precarious situation, and the number of clandestine dwellers is rising. This means many Moroccans are ecologically, socially and economically fragile.
+The NGO ENDA-Maghreb (Environnement et Developpement au Maghreh), present in Morocco since 1989, has launched a programme on Improving Living Conditions of Marginalized Inner-City Groups. The programme aims to diagnose and carry out participative research, as well as put into action sustainable improvements to living and especially conditions of hygiene, by working in concertation with the communities concerned and in partnership with local authorities.
+Community Management of Urban Waste Programme
+ENDA-Maghreb, in order to support local initiatives, has established a community network to manage urban waste with several associations and local authorities. The network's activities include identifying, developing, setting up, seeking funds for and carrying out projects that collect, treat and recycle solid and liquid urban waste. Actions include assisting local and community-based associations in identifying problems at the neighbourhood level, and providing support that uses local knowledge and appropriate technology in the project conception and launching phases. The combination of appropriate technologies, already tested in other Southern urban contexts, and the norms required by relevant technical departments, especially municipal ones, make up the innovative aspect of the network's approach.
+In this way, the programme addresses the issue of services as well as employment, since it is widely acknowledged that passive subsidies from public institutions do not lead to a real process of change at the local level.
+Tools of the Network
+Partner associations benefit from the technological and methodological support of ENDA-Maghreb through its Technological and Solidarity Support programme (ATS). The programme consists of action-oriented research conducted by an ENDA technical team, which permits young researchers from the North and South to work together from the identification and conception phases right up to implementation of the project.
+ENDA-Maghreb waste management programme covers different neighbourhoods in the following Moroccan urban areas: Figuig, Sale, Rabat, Tiflet, Khemisset, Beni Mellal and Taza. All the projects have several actors involved from project conception; they include beneficiary populations, local associations and cooperatives, agricultural associations, and other popular economic actors, such as waste recuperation networks.
+The communication section of ENDA-Maghreb develops environmental education tools which support public awareness in neighbourhoods and encourage popular participation in the projects.
+An evaluation, formation and action approach which uses training programmes and indicators, allows surveying and evaluation of projects during the implementation phase. The approach allows, through South-South exchange programmes, the possibility of exchange visits of technicians and project organizers of similar initiatives already launched in the Maghreb and the Middle East, such as in Egypt and Tunisia. It also provides knowledge for concerned actors and municipal technicians in the Maghreb about successful experiences in Sub-Saharan countries such as Senegal, Benin and Mali. This helps reinforce a spirit of decentralized cooperation and aids in promoting exchanges of South-South experiences with the necessary adaptation for each local context.
+In order to promote South-South technological exchanges and national and sub-regional actions on environmental themes, ENDA-Maghreb is the focal point of PRECEUP (Programme d'Economie Environnementale. Urbaine et Populaire) for the Maghreb and the Middle East. Thus, the network is part of sub-regional and international actions.
+Role of the Local Authorities
+For all planned activities, the municipality or local authority responsible for providing basic services has demonstrated an interest in the approach proposed by the network. The authorities are particularly interested in improving and lowering the cost of collecting and unloading household wastes. In each project, the municipality or local authority supply land, workers and technicians.
+It is important to note that with decentralization programmes, strengthened local powers are faced with more and more complex problems. In certain cases, municipalities have contacted the network in order to launch projects that adopt appropriate technologies at the local level.
+Objectives
+The main objective of each project is to improve the environment of neigh bourhoods and health and living standards of their residents. Specific objectives are to:
+- establish rehabilitation of liquid wastes and recycling of water for agricultural use;
+- establish appropriate household waste collection services;
+- eliminate in a sustainable way unauthorized dumping of household wastes;
+- treat and recycle waste water;
+- recuperate recyclable materials (paper, cartons, plastic and glass) and recycle these through existing networks.
+- inform the public about environmental issues, especially problems linked to waste management;
+- promote and facilitate pre-sorting of wastes in the household; and
+- create jobs and income-generating activities.
+The activities aim to achieve the following:
+- appropriate systems of water collection;
+- natural draining systems on each site when possible;
+- canal systems to transport purified water to its location for agricultural use;
+- door-to-door collections for residents who live too far away to voluntar ily participate in neighbourhood schemes;
+- retrieval and animal-pulled transport to a pre-sorting unit and composting area;
+- raise citizens' awareness of environmental issues and the management of household wastes;
+- establish mechanisms for voluntary support and assistance by some neighbourhood residents; and
+- sale of nonorganic materials (paper, cartons, plastic and metal) and compost from recycling networks.
+Institutional Mechanisms
+Agreements of understanding have been signed between local associations and local authorities, and a signed convention of the partners is expected between the association, the relevant municipality and ENDA-Maghreb for the implementation phase of the projects. These agreements of understanding specify the role of each partner during the implementation phase of the projects.
+Staffing, and technical needs have been calculated for each project, which has an average span of one to two years. Skills needed include the following: conception, coordination, animation and follow up, evaluation, supervision of local work, sorting, composting and security. The budget for each facet is shared between the local association, the beneficiary population and the municipality. ENDA-Maghreb aims to seek funding for all costs not covered with its donor partners.
+Challenges
+There are both institutional and financial challenges to the projects. Obstacles have been encountered when seeking financial partners for the projects, which slows down and complicates implementation. There are also institutional challenges such as creating a real partnership with local authorities. Institutional and administrative blockages are also common, despite the fact that agreements of understanding have been reached with local authorities.
+Local Needs and Training
+Local associations, which often have fragile structures and little experience in larger projects, also lack sufficient technical capacity to manage urban waste projects and need extra training and follow up. Reinforcement of local capabilities is a challenging task and usually addressed by organizing training workshops on Community Management of Wastes in the framework of the network. Training programmes in public education are also indispensable to implementing the projects.
+Participatory Context
+The participation of all concerned actors in solving problems together helps ensure the viability and sustainability of actions. Beneficiary populations, teachers, economic actors such as recuperators and transporters, local authorities and researchers all contribute to the goal and implementation of solutions to manage household wastes.
+Perspectives and Recommendations
+In keeping within the spirit of the network, the programme continues to identify potential operations, research new project sites and identify local partners, such as municipalities, associations and researchers.
+Partnerships must continually be worked upon in order to promote urban networking among municipal and associated actors that results in an appropriate approach to urban waste management. Local authorities, who are increasingly searching for low-cost, appropriate solutions to urban environmental problems, are aware of the importance of working with civil society partners, especially NGOs, community groups and informal waste recuperation networks.
+In this way the delegation of certain municipal prerogatives of waste collection and management can help diminish the burden to authorities and create local employment at the community level. Capacity building programmes will help improve local systems by improving productivity and working conditions, and providing economic benefits. These programmes will also improve the relationship and communication between local economic actors and the authorities.
+Finally, specific programmes should be implemented that are aimed at enlarging collective services to manage wastes in neighbourhoods and shanty towns. The programmes, which account for specific socio-urban contexts, should focus on rehabilitating and better integrating the concerned neighbourhoods into the urban area in which they are located.
+<section>Pakistan: Implementing agenda 21 locally</section>
+by Tanveer Arif
+Though the sustenance and prosperity of humankind is tied to the sustainable use of fundamental living resources-genes, species, habitats and diversified ecosystems-these are at stake due to high population growth rates, industrialization, urbanization and enhanced economic activities. It has been widely recognized that the factors responsible for the degradation of environments include biological impoverishment, deforestation, unwise consumption patterns by affluent nations, indebtedness of poor nations, skewed land ownership patterns, institutional inertia, cultural preferences, unsustainable migration and settlement patterns, inequitable distribution of wealth, hunger, poverty and pollution.
+Such negative trends cannot be reversed unless individuals and societies start behaving rationally and change our hunger to consume the world's biotic wealth. Agenda 21 focuses on the new policies and management paradigms needed to integrate globally the conservation of ecosystems with other development goals.
+Human beings must be the central point of any development agenda: attainment of this ambitious agenda depends on the eradication of poverty and economic disparities within societies. We cannot talk about sustainable development in a world where there is a great imbalance between population and consumption. The North, with 25% of the world's population, consumes 75% of its resources, while the South, with 75% of its population, consumes 25% of the world's resources.
+Agenda 21 envisages a programme of action for sustainable development based on 27 principles, to be implemented by governments with the collaboration and participation of grassroots communities, donors, NGOs and peoples' organizations. Implementation requires a strong worldwide movement of enlightened peoples' organizations and the creation of a society enriched by full education, employment and empowerment (people having control over their lives and destinies).
+SCOPE and the Implementation of Agenda 21
+In Pakistan the government has taken the necessary action to implement Agenda 21. Ministries, councils and agencies to work on environmental issues have been created. A National Conservation Strategy (NCS) has also been developed by the government, which identifies 14 core priority areas to fight environmental degradation and pollution.
+The Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment (SCOPE) is one of the NGOs that actively participated in the UNCED process and is committed to working for the implementation of Agenda 21. Established in 1988, SCOPE adopted "Think Globally, Act Locally" as its motto. It gave priority to developing linkages with local NGOs, research institutes, universities and government departments. It not only promoted environmental awareness and motivated the grassroots, but it also worked to protect public environmental rights through public interest litigation and advocacy work.
+SCOPE can classify its activities in accordance with chapters 12, 14, 15 and 18 of Agenda 21, which look at:
+- managing fragile ecosystems;
+- promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development;
+- conservation of biological diversity; and
+- protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources.
+SCOPE Before UNCED
+Some of SCOPE's achievements before the Earth Summit are briefly given below to depict how a small group of volunteers can achieve major results with meagre resources but strong commitment.
+Water Purification Programme
+Because 50% of the population of Pakistan does not have access to safe drinking water, SCOPE launched a clean water programme by developing a community-based drinking water treatment system. SCOPE installed four water purification units in urban and rural communities to provide clean drinking water to residents. These plants are located at Malir Saleh Mohd Village, Rehri Myani and Chanessar Goth. SCOPE has also established a field water testing laboratory to help citizens test drinking water quality.
+Saving Kirthar National Park
+SCOPE learned that the locus Highway project was designed in a way that the main highway would be built by cutting through Kirthar National Park, the largest national park in the country. SCOPE filed a writ petition in Sindh High Court on 20 June 1991, which challenged the permit issued by the government to construct the highway through the national park. It was the first legal petition on environment in the country's judicial history. Consequently, the merit of the case compelled the government to abandon the highway section through Kirthar.
+Legal Fight to Save Houbara Bustard
+For a long time the government allowed Arab dignitaries to hunt the protected and endangered Houbara Bustard with trained falcons. SCOPE challenged this illegal practice by filing a legal petition in Sindh High Court on 8 January 1992, which was admitted by the court. A favourable verdict was handed down by the court on 16 August 1992, in what the national and international media saw as a landmark in the history of the conservation movement in Pakistan.
+Saving Haleji Lake Sanctuary
+Similarly, SCOPE came to the rescue of the wildlife and ecology of Haleji Lake Sanctuary, 50 miles northeast of Karachi, to stop illegal commercial fishing in the lake. SCOPE filed lawsuits against corrupt officials and illegal contractors in court, and again, a decision in favour of SCOPE was handed down.
+Action to Save Manchar Lake
+Knowing that Asia's largest freshwater lake was facing degradation due to the influx of saline water from irrigation drainage canals, SCOPE undertook a Rapid Environmental impact Assessment of Manchar Lake, Dadu District, which called the government's attention to this matter through public complaints and press reports.
+SCOPE After UNCED
+While SCOPE was extensively active before the Earth Summit, it is clear UNCED galvanized many environmental groups worldwide and renewed and increased their commitments to environmental work.
+Combating Desertification
+Immediately after the UNCED, SCOPE decided to play a key role in safeguarding the country's environmental interests. Since the National Conservation Strategy was launched, the official environmental action programme identified land degradation and desertification as the most important priority area of action. Responding to this, SCOPE refocused its work on combating desertification. It keenly followed the negotiating process of the international Convention on Combating Desertification and designed its future strategy to implement the convention, which is a product of Agenda 21.
+Crusade Against Sand Mining in the Malir Valley
+Saving Malir Valley from the ill effects of illegal sand mining was a challenge and test of SCOPE's firm commitment to combat desertification by demonstrating a practical approach to implementing local Agenda 21. SCOPE joined a large group of community-based organizations (CBOs) and farmers who were aware of the severe desertification caused by illegal sand and gravel mining from the beds of the River Malir. SCOPE undertook scientific research, surveys, and organized a series of public hearings and press briefings to attract the attention of government, media and NGOs.
+These efforts bore fruit and the sand mining was halted. The government also announced a small dam project to reverse the process of desertification in the valley. SCOPE is also implementing water-thrifty micro-irrigation schemes and projects to help communities fight desertification in the valley. SCOPE's recently launched Water Harvesting Programme is proving to be a successful model in the valley.
+Fighting Against Waterlogging and Salinity
+SCOPE has been organizing farming communities in the interior of Sindh Province to launch an action plan to save croplands from the twin menace of waterlogging and salinity, both of which are causing severe desertification and productivity loss in the country. SCOPE has implemented a model eucalyptus plantation at a village near Hyderabad, in an effort to biologically rehabilitate waterlogged lands. The project was implemented with the help of a local CBO.
+Aware of the consequences of waterlogging and salinization of soils in Sindh, SCOPE took the initiative and assembled grassroot institutions, NGOs, government departments and international experts to diagnose the constraints, prescribe solutions, and formulate an action plan to combat soil degradation.
+NGOs Meet on Waterlogging and Follow Up
+As a first step towards community participation in combating desertification, SCOPE organized an "All Sindh NGO Conference on Waterlogging and Salinity Check" in Hyderabad on 28-29 March 1994. A large number of representatives of NGOs from the 15 districts of Sindh took part in the conference, along with government officials and experts.
+Organizing the Hyderabad conference was not only a response to a great environmental catastrophe, which was caused by waterlogging and salinity in Sindh, but was an effort to involve grassroots groups in issues pertaining to natural resource management. It was also designed to promote dialogue between government, aid agencies and NGOs on these vital issues.
+Sindh NGO Commission to Fight Waterlogging and Salinity
+As a follow up to this conference, a Sindh NGO Commission on Waterlogging and Salinity was formed. NGOs from all districts of Sindh are represented on the commission. In October 1994, the commission held its first meeting and elections in Hyderabad. SCOPE was elected Central Focal Point of the commission, with the assistance of four NGOs from four divisions of Sindh. The commission also adopted terms of reference that set its strategy for the future.
+Arid Zone
+SCOPE has been implementing a Support Programme for Arid Zone Development to rehabilitate rural agribusiness in an effort to eliminate extreme poverty in the vast arid areas around Karachi. This is taking place with the active participation of the people of 12 villages and entails the development of water resources, conservation of available water resource-stock, reforestation of arid zones for controlled cattle grazing, and plantation of high-income yielding bushes and trees. The programme is being implemented with the help of local NGOs, which have been provided guidance and training by SCOPE.
+SCOPE is also the Regional Focal Point for the Reseau International d'ONG sur la Désertification (RIOD) in Asia. RIOD is the International NGOs Network on Desertification. In this capacity, SCOPE recently organized an Asian NGO conference on implementation of the convention to combat desertification in Islamabad on 27-30 January 1996. The conference was attended by 100 NGO representatives and farmers.
+UNCEU: The Learning Experience
+UNCED has been a continuing source of energy for our work that gave us a new lease of life under the most unfavourable and hostile circumstances. Agenda 21 strengthened our belief that the solution of most complicated problems related to environment and sustainable development is concealed in this document, which was negotiated by governments and civil society in the true sense of responsibility.
+<section>Russian ngos: Searching for a sustainable future</section>
+by Olga Ponizova
+Four years have passed since the Earth Summit in Rio, which capped the gigantic preparatory efforts for policy coordination among different national governmental bodies, business structures, non-govemmental organizations, research centers, financial organizations and international institutions.
+There was no experience before UNCED in facilitating such a significant process for integrating international and national NGOs into intergovemmental negotiations. The time has come to evaluate the initial results of these efforts.
+Disseminating UNCED Ideas
+The process of disseminating information in Russia about decisions made at the Earth Summit was weak and ineffective. The country was involved in a political struggle between the president and Parliament, radical economic reforms caused severe social distortions, and the idea of sustainable development looked very abstract to a disintegrating society. Neither governmental institutions nor mass media paid much attention to publicizing the ideas that came out of UNCED. All the infommation about decisions at Rio were contained in just a few interviews that Russian participants gave to newspapers. Only one overview of this remarkable event was prepared by representatives of academic circles, at a Russian research centre in Siberia. Although some parts of the paper prepared by Mr V. Koptyug of Novosibirsk, present a subjective, communist interpretation of the content of the Earth Summit, nevertheless the effort should be recognized. A set of regular conferences and discussions on
+sustainable development issues were also held. Mr. Koptyug was later awarded a place on the High Level Commission on Sustainable Development, which was set up by the UN Secretary-General.
+Under such conditions of "information hunger," several foreign organizations played an important role in supplying Russians with UNCED materials. Among them is the now defunct Centre for Our Common Future, which supported a Russian translation and publication of a layperson's version of Agenda 21. Written in simple language with clear illustrations, this small brochure has become a manual for organizations who share the ideals of Rio. Unfortunately, full packs of Rio documents are still not accessible, even to specialists.
+NGOs arranged several meetings dedicated to Rio results and follow-up. One activity is the annual forum For Peace, Environment and Development, which since 1992 is organized by the Independent Peace Service. A significant contribution to the dissemination of UNCED decisions also has been made by youth organizations. Sustainability has become a regular topic at the International Youth Forum "Interweek," which takes place annually in Novosibirsk. A set of special publications and youth workshops was provided by the NGO Rainbow/Youth for Environment and Sustainable Development. In 1992 this organization created a network of youth organizations in the Newly Independent States (HIS), which is based on sharing the principles of sustainable development and is fueled by UNCED and Global Forum events. In fact, it became the first Russian non-govemmental organization to include the guideline for sustainable development in its charter. This caused trouble with the NGOs' registration;
+the Ministry of Justice resisted for about a month because Rainbow had such "a strange meaning of aims."
+UNCED raised gender issues and helped facilitate the birth of women's organizations. In November 1993 in Moscow, the congress on Women for Environment took place: during the congress the Environmental Women's Assembly was formed, with achieving sustainable development as one of its main priorities. Another new development in the Russian environmental movement, initiated-by the Earth Summit and its follow-up, are the environmental centres in the business sector. The Committee on Environment has been formed under the aegis of the Russian Chamber of Commerce. It aims to integrate ideas of sustainable development into business policy elaboration. It also formulates recommendations for the government on the development of "green entrepreneurship. "
+NGO Participation in Elaborating National Sustainable Policy
+UNCED confirmed the need to search for new models of development and proclaimed sustainability as a guideline. Participants at the Earth Summit pushed aside the experience of a consumer society and the so-called socialist road to development-both exhaust natural resources and degrade the environment-and approved Agenda 21 as a global manual to help humankind overcome ecological crisis and move toward a sustainable future.
+For Central and Eastem European countries (CEE) in transition, which are challenging new development options, sustainability has become the most urgent goal, and the CEE governments are stimulating discussion on the specifics of sustainable development.
+In 1994 in Russia, the Ministry of Environment announced a competition for the elaboration of a concept for Russia's transition to sustainable development. About 50 NGOs, groups of independent researchers and individual experts participated in the competition. Ideas varied from very radical suggestions, which ignored the market economy, to proposals combining a market-based economy with an active state regulatory role. Russian NGOs used this opportunity to disseminate their views on the urgent political and social reforms needed in Russia, which they considered relevant to the principles proclaimed in Agenda 21. A member of the NGO EcoAccord, the winner of the competition, was included in the official task force set up by the government to prepare a report for the Russian President on the country's transition to sustainable development. The final draft of the report was adopted by a governmental commission, which was made up mostly of representatives from nature exploiting
+ministries, such as oil and energy, water or forestry. However, some principle positions concerning the role of NGOs, decentralization of environmental policy, and strengthening international cooperation have been kept.
+The initial conception was discussed at the First Russian Congress on Nature Protection, held in June 1995, and at the NGOs' preparatory conference. These two events helped air sustainability issues publicly and yielded a number of changes and improvements, which were submitted by participants to the task force.
+On 1 April 1996 the Russian President approved the concept of Russia's transition to sustainable development in Decree N 440 and recommended to the Russian government that it use the key statements and concepts of the document when preparing legal and normative acts and programmes. The President ordered that this work continue through the preparation of a strategy for sustainable development, to be reviewed by the govemment in 1996. At that time we believed a working group was needed to carry out the strategy for sustainable development with equal representation from governmental and non-governmental sectors.
+NGOs also took actions and actively participated in discussions on some key issues of sustainable development in Russia. One of the most important issues formulated in the UNCED resolutions were concerned with protecting wildlife and biodiversity. Russia, which has huge, practically untouched territories, lacks legislation regulating the creation of new reserve areas. The government apparatus also lacks willingness to cooperate with neighbouring countries, such as Finland and especially China, to create joint reserves and national parks.
+A final but most impressive result of NGO activities in this area was a well-organized protest campaign against the construction of a high-speed railroad across natural reserves from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In the end, based on the results of an independent environmental study, Russia's Ministry of Nature Protection backtracked and gave up this "project of the 21st century."
+Another major problem for Russia, which is stressed in practically all the Rio documents and participants' reports, is the need develop public participation in the elaboration of environmental and sustainable development policy. Disclosure of information should be the first important step in this direction, and one can only imagine how difficult is to make this move in a country with such totalitarian traditions.
+Still, there is a war of laws. Some, like the Basic Law, the Russian constitution, and the law on environmental protection guarantee the right of Russian citizens to know the truth about environmental quality. Others, such as the law on state secrets, virtually denies this right. However, the period after Rio has been marked by active NGO campaigns against military and civil threats to the environment. Russian NGOs called for disclosure of information on the nuclear tests that take place regularly on Novaya Zemlya island. Although official representatives from the Ministry of Defense deny dumping military chemical substances in the Barents, White, Kara and Baltic seas? NGOs have demanded that the government conduct special investigations on these issues.
+A number of positive changes in people's awareness of these issues have taken place through a combination of propaganda campaigns and direct actions in regions affected by military toxics or nuclear tests. This interest has increased attention paid by the media to environmental problems in general. In addition, despite the low level of investment in the economy, the inflation rate has stabilized during the last year and unemployment rates are not very high. These positive changes are rekindling interest in environmental problems; interest was already high at the end of the 1980s, before radical economic reforms were launched.
+Becoming a Part of the Global Commons
+As sustainability becomes a focal point for development into the 21 st century, and nations and their governments unite in their willingness to move towards a sustainable future, it is urgent for Russia to find her place in this process. Russian NGOs are paving the way toward global partnerships by strengthening international cooperation in environmental protection.
+In the 1990s NGOs participated in several large-scale projects dealing with biodiversity protection. Some were jointly implemented with international organizations, such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Others were initiated by Russian NGOs and have been supported recently by international financial institutions. For example, the Wild Nature Center in Moscow publishes information materials concerning biodiversity issues, and it is involved in the development of a Global Environmental Facility project on biodiversity protection in Russia. Regional members of the Social Ecological Union, one of the largest Russian environmental NGOs, are coordinating their activities to save the Amur tiger in Far Eastern Russia with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which is assisting the Russian government to implement an ambitious project on the sustainable management of forest resources in the region.
+From our viewpoint, less attention is focused on cooperation on climate change. First, this can be explained by the technical approach historically used in the fommer USSR to deal with these issues, which might discourage many humanitarian-oriented NGOs from becoming involved in the issue. Second, donor support for this particular issue appears to be low. Also, it is very difficult to stimulate use of alternative energy sources to solve a climate change problem where there is a huge financial deficit and a regular practice of non-payment for energy consumption in the Russian economy. Some Russian NGOs, such as ECO-Defense, took part in the Berlin Summit on Climate Change and related events and work toward public awareness on energy issues. However, in general activity in this field is rather low.
+It is hard to explain the low participation of Russian NGOs in the NGO Network of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, as well as the weak attempts to attract Russian and the newly independent states NGOs to play an active role in it. Lack of information about the activities, tasks, and aims of the CSD is one problem. To solve this problem, the Russian Association for the United Nations and ECO-Accord started a GLOBAL-lnfo project to facilitate access by Russian organizations to international information on sustainable development. Unfortunately, Russian NGOs haven't expressed much interest in the activities of the CSD. They often concentrate only on local or national problems and ignore the fact that action at all levels is needed to achieve sustainable development.
+There is also tremendous potential in the development of East-South cooperation. Countries in transition and developing countries have a lot in common, such as underdeveloped national economies, unstable national currencies and weak democratic institutions. Non-govemmental organizations might initiate a process of strengthening cooperation with the South in favour of sustainable future.
+Brainstorming Effect
+It is now clear that the Earth Summit had a major influence on Russian society. It raised considerable public awareness on sustainable development problems, stimulated discussion and debate, contributed to breaking old stereotypes on intensive exploitation of natural resources as the only way to economic wealth and political power, and it raised the intellectual capacity of society. Russian NGOs played their own important role in promoting these changes. Since Rio, sustainable development has become an integral part of overall national policy in Russia. To a large extent, Russian NGOs contributed in elaborating the basic text for Russia's transition to sustainable development, and they initiated a number of concrete projects based on sustainability principles. Still, a lot of work remains to be done in order to involve different sectors of Russian society in the sustainable development process.
+<section>Scotland after UNCED</section>
+by Jacqueline Roddick
+Scotland is a small country: five million people, with their own political identity, legal and educational systems, regional civil service and two historic languages. United since 1707 with England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 60 million people represented in a single parliament, Scotland has not forgotten its own national political identity. Small countries provide an easier target for the penetration of new ideas; there are fewer people to be told, and they know one another. Political weakness gives them a greater incentive to listen. So there may be some lessons in the post-UNCED Scottish experience for the international community.
+Lesson 1: Seeds Sprout Where the Ground is Fertile. If Not Always Politically Convenient
+Scotland already had a Major Groups body when UNCED was convened, so bringing another together on environmental issues was not an impossible feat. The Constitutional Convention, which is campaigning for a regional parliament, unites local authorities, trade unions, churches, some business organizations (particularly those representing small business), and the Labour, Liberal Democrat and Green Parties (though not the Conservatives or the Scottish Nationalists). The Labour Party holds a clear majority of parliamentary seats in urban Scotland, and this pattern is reflected in the convention's support among local authorities. Rural Scotland votes Conservative, Liberal Democrat, Labour and Nationalist.
+The convention is chaired by a churchman, Canon Kenyon Wright, who is also Director of the Kairos Centre for a Sustainable Society. In 1991, viewing the Rio negotiations as a vital moral issue, Canon Wright took advantage of his contacts in the convention to approach local authorities and suggest the creation of the Scottish Environmental Forum. Trade unions and church groups gave him their support, as did the crucial local authority sector, whose members were in the process of adopting environmental charters.
+So did non-government organizations including the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) of Scotland, Friends of the Earth (FOE) Scotland, and Oxfam Scotland. A few months later individual academics working within the forum created the Scottish Academic Network on Global Environmental Change (SANGEC).
+Under Canon Wright's leadership, the forum was more interested in campaigning to change consumer patterns in Scotland than in following the Rio negotiations. A series of "Pledges for the Planet" were organized. Separated from London by a day's train journey, Scottish organizations had virtually no involvement in pre-UNCED participative processes within the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, individuals did go to Rio and returned to play a part in local environmental politics. SANGEC had two members involved in Earth Summit PrepComs and held press conferences and put together periodic briefings on the negotiations.
+Lesson 2: Cooperation with Local Authorities Provides the Foundations
+After Rio, the forum acquired a new constitution and a long list of supporters, as local authorities in particular took on board the importance of their role in implementing Agenda 21.' A rapprochement with the regional government, the Scottish Office, resulted in recognition of the forum and funds to match those provided by local authorities. The forum was keen to make progress on a "Scottish sustainability strategy" in line with the recommendation in Chapter 8 that every country should draw up its own national sustainability plan. Canon Wright used his talents as a facilitator of consensus to bring together representative economic institutions such as the Scottish Council for Development and industry (representing local authorities and industry).
+But negotiations over many months produced little more than a decision to back the idea of a broad participative process rather than a model economic plan produced by a paid consultant, which some NGOs preferred. Small business representatives disappeared. Local authority participants, the backbone of the forum, were now represented by professional environmental managers and were becoming restless. It was not clear how a consensus body could create an entirely new map of a "sustainable Scotland," nor what motivation different Major Groups would have to choose "facilitators" or make the effort to contribute once a facilitator had been chosen.
+Meanwhile, NGOs and academics alike were discussing national reports. Scottish Wildlife and Countryside Link, WWF-Scotland and others, earlier had taken the initiative of commissioning a 1991 State of the Scottish Environment Report covering agriculture, forests and fishing. It was just over 80 pages and jointly financed by the Scottish Office at a cost of UK£5000. Kevin Dunion moved from being Oxfam's Campaign Organizer to Director of Friends of the Earth Scotland. With his support and that of SANGEC, there was a brief flurry of interest in the possibilities of creating an independent NGO report on Scotland, though the project died because of lack of funds. In response to early post-UNCED enthusiasm on indicators,' SANGEC held a seminar in Edinburgh to review the State of the Scottish Environment Report with one of its authors, Dr. Tom Dargie. Dr. Dargie's account of his experience was starkly convincing on the pitfalls inherent in a comprehensive "scientific" 80page
+national report, and he suggested using the alternative 700-page Canadian model.
+Lesson 3: Fears, Frictions and Confusion are Normal
+In 1993, two episodes triggered local authority uneasiness. In June a SANGEC/Scottish Environmental Forum representative chaired the NGO working group on national reports at the Commission on Sustainable Development and gave its report to the appropriate working group in the name of the forum. In September, Canon Kenyon Wright together with Cathy McCormick, a Glasgow community activist, appeared at the UK national conference on Partnerships for Change, which was sponsored by the Conservative government.
+Logically, neither episode should have been particularly alarming. The SANGEC speech at the UN was cautious about any rigid reporting framework, reflecting an acquaintance with Southern hostility to "conditionality" as well as the strictures of Dr. Dargie, while Canon Wright went to Manchester accompanied by a well-known working class environmental activist. Nonetheless, there was a sense of alarm, particularly among members from Labour authorities. On one hand, they felt the forum was making no progress; on the other, they feared it was becoming a radical green crusade with dangerous ties to the Conservatives. In words, it was taking forum members into national and international political arenas with implications they did not understand.
+One outcome was a change in the forum's leadership: Canon Wright was removed as chair and replaced by Kevin Dunion. FOE-Scotland had a track record of working with local authorities on their environmental charters, and plausible contacts with Labour. Canon Wright was elected vice-chair.
+Lesson 4: If in Doubt. Find a Catalyst
+Another outcome was a shift in SANGEO policy toward the forum. SANGEC members had been involved in the creation of the Commission on Sustainable Development and were aware of the political importance of national reports. They were also aware of the importance of independent NGO reports as a complement to what governments said. If there was doubt about the forum's willingness to take up this role, then other UNCED-accredited NGOs would have to step into the breach. Giving local authorities some experience of the commission, and the political parameters within which it worked, became priorities.
+In April 1994, SANGEC members working with local authorities joined with Strathclyde Regional Council's representative in the forum to organize a conference on indicators for the Conference of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA). This was an exercise in educating local authority officers who were not experts in environmental issues. The organizers were cautious in handling their audience: local academics working on environmental issues were allowed to participate with strict instructions that they say nothing, for fear that an expert brief would alienate those in local authorities, where support for putting UNCED into practice would rest. The following day, SANGEC held an "expert" conference on the issue of indicators involving the COSLA conference organizers, Dr. Dargie of State of the Scottish Environment Report fame, a representative of Canada's State of the Environment Unit, and members of the English New Economics Foundation, which is working with WWF-UK on indicators
+for the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). After the conference soundings were taken among SANGISC members, and a report of the conference and the different positions taken within it was hastily written up for the 1994 CSD in May.` With scientific opinion in Scotland divided on the credibility of fixed set indicators, and SANGEC members with experience of the Rio negotiations worried about Southern reaction to new forms of "conditionality," this document leaned heavily on the conclusions of the local authority working group. "In the last analysis," it said, "those working at the local level must have the final say."
+Lesson 5a: Learning by Doing- One Toe in the Water..
+Three weeks after the April conferences, three SANGEC representatives arrived at the 1994 commission: SANGEC's coordinator, Jane Brooke, Cathy McCormick (representing local community activists who had long pressed the council to remodel its housing stock to solve the problem of fuel poverty and ill-health triggered by dampness), and the housing policy research officer from Glasgow District Council (Scotland's largest local authority). Cathy is well known in Scotland, not only from television but also as a campaigner with Scottish Education and Action for Development, which has a track record in bringing together representatives of poor communities in Southern countries and in Scotland on issues where there are common interests. At the last minute, the Scottish Environmental Forum adopted her as its own representative at the 1994 CSD as an "observer." The effort had begun to taring Scottish major groups into the CSD by bringing "their own people" to the commission to learn
+what it was about.
+The experience was a success. Through Cathy, FOE-Scotland became more enthusiastic about the UN and the commission. Glasgow District Council began to be aware that work done in its housing department was contributing to environmental sustainability and gave the effort tentative political backing. Further contacts were made through the UN, including a contact with the International Conference on Local Environmental initiatives. City Housing is now working with the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Greater Glasgow Health Board to explore the social, economic and health impacts of its energy strategy and examine the implications of adopting a sustainable development strategy as an enhancement to sound professional practice.
+Lesson 5b:...Needs to be Followed by Others as Soon as Possible
+Over the summer, SANGEC intensified efforts to build on this first contact, in conjunction with Reforesting Scotland, which was also accredited to the commission. Scotland's absent woodland-the Old Caledonian Forest, demolished over a thousand years ago leaving bare and barren hills-is locally a high profile environmental issue. The goal was to produce a Scottish NGO report on Chapter 11 of Agenda 21 on deforestation and the Forest Principles. The chosen vehicle was a conference bringing together speakers from the regional government (the Scottish Office), local community activists with a track record on campaigning for land reform and the right to take over stateowned plantation forests, local NGOs with practical experience of sustainable forestry, and others with relevant national or international experience. The time scale was short, since it had to comply with commission reporting requirements: three summer months to organize the conference, and a further month to put
+together the final report. Initially, Reforesting Scotland and other NGOs were enthusiastic.
+Over the summer months, anxiety set in. Conference attendance was unpredictable. No one knew what a report would look like, or what expert evidence it would need, since the corps of scientific expertise on forestry in Scotland is large. No one knew how to handle reporting to the commission on UK government performance: relationships with government departments-sometimes tense, sometimes friendly-could be jeopardized if the report was too "confrontational." But a bland report would anger NGOs, who felt strongly that the UK government was much more progressive on issues of participation overseas than in Scottish rural communities. The exercise was almost abandoned. SANGEC insisted: whatever Northern government departments might feel about NGOs reporting on their activities, members believed that independent NGO from the North were essential to the survival of the Commission on Sustainable Development beyond its 1997 review.
+In the end, the conference went forward, with financial help from the UK Economic and Social Research Council, and political help from community activists. The Scottish Office sent a representative, and Forestry Commission experts attended.
+The conference, which included a rich exchange of Scottish experiences and viewpoints, also took in a summary of Welsh experience in the field of sustainable forestry that set benchmarks for the involvement of small farmers and local communities. The contact was made possible by financial help from WWF-Scotland.6 Putting together a ten-page report able to cover the essential issues of biodiversity, standards of sustainable forest management and participation took longer than expected, as SANGEC, with help from the Centre for Human Ecology in Edinburgh and Reforesting Scotland, circulated different successive drafts. The report was a month late going to its FAO Focal Point-though a month earlier than the final version of the UK government's own report-and still had gaps. But it worked. The report was neither "confrontational" nor uncritical. Its expert credentials were reasonable, thanks to hard work by local NGOs involved with woodland regeneration and retired experts on
+biodiversity in boreal forests. Furthermore, it looked like an appropriate NGO report on Scotland's lost forests, which recognized the human tragedy involved in their loss and the human responsibility for environmental degradation. Many people had been touched at some point by the reporting process, and the report gave voice to something that was a touchstone of national political identity for the Scottish environmental movement. Suddenly, making Scottish reports to the Commission on Sustainable Development began to look feasible.
+Lesson 6: Coordination Must Allow for Intra-Stakeholder Competition
+Meanwhile the struggle of the forum's steering group to find a distinct role for itself in a post-UNCED context continued. A successful conference on Sustainability in the Workplace was organized in April 1994 and drew in industry representatives, as well as local authorities, churches and NGOs. This provided a snapshot of the issues that all groups felt were most critical to progress on the environmental agenda, but it provided no "hard" strategy or conclusions. Forum working groups were set up on specific issues, including work with local communities, work on models of a "sustainable Scotland," and preparation of an adequate newsletter and briefing service. A vital extra resource was found in the shape of six months' salary for a coordinator, located initially at Friends of the Earth Scotland.
+SANGEC members and others involved in local authority work were keen to have the forum take initiatives in the field of work with local communities and take the lead in preparations for local authority-led "local Agenda 21s." But efforts to develop a second conference on the role of local communities were hampered throughout 1994 by the competing interests of different participants. Canon Wright, together with the churches and the Scottish Environmental Education Council, set about transforming his original moral crusade into a programme for community work, both moral and educative, called Vision 21. The Community Service Volunteers, also represented on the forum's steering group, had received Scottish Office funding for a newsletter covering local community involvement. Parallel work was also being carried out by Scottish Education and Action for Development, which by 1994 was in the middle of organizing conferences and tours around the theme of alliances designed for
+Shifting the Balance.
+Furthermore, local community councils, statutory bodies with varying degrees of real local participation across the country, were given responsibilities in this field by the Scottish Office.. By mid-1994 the Association of Community Councils began to turn to Friends of the Earth Scotland for advice in an area where they had little previous experience. The future relationship between this body and activist groups was unclear. Tensions were already emerging in rural areas between groups, such as the Highlands and Islands Forum with twelve years of encouraging and teaching community empowerment, and other participative bodies inspired by the new interest of local authorities. A possible conflict was visible between activist forums and those more closely linked with different tiers of government.
+By the end of 1994, a corporate view of what the forum was for finally began to develop. There would be many local NGO and local authority initiatives under Agenda 21. The forum's responsibility was not to organize them but to help activists develop them within a framework where they reinforced one another. inevitably there would be conflicts; the forum would be the body with overall authority for mediating frictions and facilitating compromises. It would act in the rural area as "a forum of forums," and perhaps ultimately in urban areas as well.
+Lesson 7.- The Best Recipe for Harmonizing the Results is Agenda 21
+Following the Scottish NGO Report on Forests, reporting to the commission began to seem the best interim vehicle for establishing this role. Local authorities were interested; reporting would allow them to take credit for the progress that was being made on the environmental front. Smaller NGOs, as well as FOE-Scotland and WWF-Scotland, recognized its legitimacy. Among community groups, the Highlands and islands Forum had already participated in the Scottish NGO Report on Forests.
+The chapter structure of Agenda 21 was now seen as an opportunity. There was no need to develop a whole-scale strategy for a sustainable Scotland at once. Rather, within each year's calendar of chapters, a focus could be found to which Scotland had something to contribute, and the forum could take the opportunity to develop a coordinated Scottish non-government view of the state of play, the opportunities and the obstacles. Progress toward a national sustainability strategy could be made in parts and build on what was already there. On the key chapter, the forum could perhaps bring together a small group around a table to draw up a list of issues that should be covered by the report, and follow it up with a broader seminar to discuss the report and elect a committee to write it. Where individual organizations had something more to contribute in another thematic area, the forum could help facilitate their participation.
+In January 1995, work began on Chapter 9 of Agenda 21 covering ozone depletion, transboundary air pollution, and CO2 emissions, with the convening of a group of 12 "wise heads" to draw up a list of issues. It was also agreed that the forum's major focus for 1996 would be to hold a conference on the role of local communities in implementing Agenda 21 in Scotland in preparation for the 1997 review of the commission's work.
+Conclusion
+It has taken national governments time to get the elements of their administrations together to carry out their UNCED commitments, and most NGOs see progress to date as far too slow. But local authorities and nongovernment organizations have also been slow to carry out their responsibilities under UNCED. All the problems of coordination between departments, characteristic of the national level, recur in regional centres like the Scottish Office, and all over again in local authorities. Nor is coordination necessarily any easier among individual NGOs competing for funds than it is among employees and ministers from different government departments.
+In the end, the success of UNCED depends on local success in getting three processes going in quick succession: the education of non-environment departments, as well as local NGOs and members of other major groups, about the details of the UNCED agreements; their involvement in implementing the agreements within their sphere of competence; and the creation of mechanisms for resolving conflicts among them. Reports from Major Groups on how these processes are going, and what overall progress has been made on implementation, may or may not solve the needs of the CSD Secretariat for accurate and standardized information. But they can provide a vehicle for putting the processes themselves in motion, and thus:
+- teach those without special knowledge of environmental issues what needs to be implemented by forcing them to get their "act together" to meet an international deadline;
+- reward with recognition and publicity work that is being done by brave souls in advance of their sector; and
+- bring sectors and individuals with different views together to sort out a common view.
+The process is a necessary step towards creating the product. That, at least, is the lesson we have learned in Scotland in the last few years.
+Notes
+1. UK local authorities estimate that 70% of Agenda 21 requires local government action.
+2. The Secretary of State for Scotland has departmental responsibility for the Scottish Office. Individual members of Parliament for the ruling UK party are assigned sub-departments within the Scottish Office.
+3. 'The Road from Rio: Institutions and Indicators' in SANGEC Briefings! September 1992 and 'Institutions and Indicators Update' SANGEC Briefngs, March 1993.
+4. For example, Labour MEP for Strathclyde West, Ken Collins, who chairs the European Parliament's Environment Committee, is a member of the FOE-Scotland Board.
+5. See "Reporting on Sustainability" in SANGEC Bulletin, Spring 1994.
+6. See "People, Forests and Biodiversity" in SANGEC Bulletin, Winter 1994. The approach to WWF-Scotland reflected the importance of its role in chairing the Forests Working Group of Scottish Wildlife and Countryside Link.
+7. As envisaged by Chapter 28 of Agenda 21.
+<section>Agenda 21 for Slovenia</section>
+by Vida Ogorelec Wagner
+"Slovenia, the Green Piece of Europe," is the slogan that is a part of the new campaign for tourist promotion in Slovenia. It reflects the fact that this small country is one of the greatest examples of ecological and landscape diversity in Central Europe. It also reflects the Slovenian people's pride in the nature they have inherited and of their emotional attachment to it. However, behind this slogan are two pressing questions. How really green and sustainable is the existing development trend of Slovenia? And how can we preserve or even improve the natural environment for future generations without having to sacrifice economic development or quality of life? The project "Agenda 21 for Slovenia" is an attempt to stimulate public discussion on these two issues.
+Transition: An Opportunity for Sustainable Development
+Since 1990, Slovenia has been in a process of transition as it shifts from a socialist to a market economy, builds an independent state, and begins approaching the European Union. While the current changes in social and economic systems present a unique opportunity for the implementation of sustainable development, there is a growing danger that this opportunity may be missed. In order to address this, non-governmental organizations decided to initiate a public discussion on how to reach the goals set by the world leaders in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Agenda 21 for Slovenia, a project of Slovenian nongovernmental organizations, materialized in response to what they perceived to be signals from the Slovenian government that it did not recognize the importance of environmental issues and the commitments made in Rio. The NGO believe there is no political will to implement the the 1993 Environmental Protection Act, and there is no national programme of environmental protection, in
+fact, budget spending for environment has been in decline since 1991. At the same time, the Green Party received 9% of the votes in the 1990 election. This reflects a somewhat Utopian concept of sustainable development on the part of some government officials and relative ignorance of it by others. As a result there is no systematic work in this direction at the government level-no council, strategy or research. The country is rushing into a free-market economy, rather than approaching the model of sustainability.
+Agenda 21 for Slovenia
+The project, coordinated by Umanotera, the Slovenian Foundation for Sustainable Development, began in early 1995 by conducting a brief survey among Slovenian NGOs to determine how familiar they are with key international documents on sustainable development, such as Our Common Future and Agenda 21, and whether they would like to participate in drafting an NGO framework strategy. Even though NGO members were not well-read on the topic, they expressed an overwhelming enthusiasm for the project.
+The first national-level workshop, organized two months later, welcomed 24 members from 19 Slovenian NGOs and a number of observers from governmental institutions. Basic documents were presented, including Our Common Future, Agenda 21 and Beyond the Limits, as well as information on Sustainable Europe (a Friends of the Earth campaign), the Environment for Europe process, and national environmental policy. Workshop participants identified key environmental problems and barriers to sustainability in Slovenia, and participants were asked to distinguish between the root causes of problems and their manifestations or symptoms.
+Three types of social activity were repeatedly identified: cultural, institutional and economic, which together represent a comprehensive social system. The main cause of problems identified was the lack of a holistic approach from politics and science to everyday life. As a result, "solutions" to specific problems emerged as new problems elsewhere or for the future.
+In order to harmonize the necessary social changes with principles of sustainable development, reform must be approached on all three levels simultaneously, with full awareness of the laws applying to interrelations within the system.
+A condensed version of this national workshop was prepared and held by local NGOs in Ljubljana (the capital), Maribor (the second largest town), Trbovlje (an old mining town) and in Novo Mesto (a mixed manufacturing town on the Krka River). These workshops served to compare specific local situations with the national framework.
+A second national workshop, where we produced an action plan for NGOs as an internal document, dealt with the search for solutions. After the workshop, a small group of dedicated individuals worked together on the framework strategy for sustainable development entitled Agenda 21 for Slovenia-A Contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations. The document was based on discussions held in the workshops and included an indepth analysis of the present state of development in various sectors of Slovenia.
+The structure of the action plan followed the three aspects of sustainability. The cultural aspect contained chapters entitled Holistic Approach Lifestyles and Education. Chapters on institutional aspects were entitled Non-Govemmental Organizations, Legal State and Economic Instruments. Chapters on economic aspects were entitled Industry, Energy, Towns and Settlements, Transport, Tourism and Recreation, Agriculture, and Nature Conservation. All topics were interrelated and often considered the same problem from different perspectives because we were dealing with a common social system. The selection did not aspire to cover every issue or to provide answers to every question. Instead we focused on those areas and aspects most significant for sustainable development in today's Slovenia.
+Participating EGO members were consulted on the draft before it was finally edited and sent to print. The public's response was positive: Pavel Gantar, Minister of Environment, announced that the document would be useful to the ministry in drafting the National Environmental Protection Programme. Zare Pregelj, Chairman of the Parliamentary Council on Environment and Infrastructure, expressed the desire for Parliament to study the proposed strategy and possibly to commission a more in-depth study on transition towards sustainable development.
+The project's goal was not only to produce the document; rather, it is an ongoing process to stimulate discussion, first among NGOs, and then among the wider public, particularly decision makers. The chapters on Sustainable Development in Slovenia and on Steps Towards Sustainability explain the actions required at the national level in specific fields and at the local level.
+Clearly, the initiative for this will not come from national or local government. In our opinion the government prefers to do "business as usual" and does not respond to the clear commitments of Agenda 21, which says, "Sustainable development is primarily the responsibility of governments, and this will require national strategies, plans and policies."
+Civil society, on the other hand, recognizes that we share a global responsibility for a "fundamental change to replace unsustainable patterns of production and consumption." Most NGO activities focus on specific areas. For example there is a well-structured plan of action in place for organic farming in Slovenia, with hopes to establish at least one demonstration farm within three years, develop national standards for organic food, and set up a network. In the field of transport much effort was made to prevent Parliament from adopting the National Programme for Highway Construction, which called for building 400 kilometres of new highways by the year 2004. But resistance failed and the highway programme was adopted, despite the fact that 43 NGOs signed a petition against it.
+NGOs in Maribor are having more success with their programme to make the city bicycle-friendly; they have modeled the programme on a project in the nearby Austrian city of Graz. NGO involvement in nature conservation is also showing positive results. For example, at Skocjanski zatok on the Adriatic coast, a wetland is being fumed into a protected area. There are also numerous NGOs working in the field of environmental education, but nationwide coordination is lacking.
+Much of the national activity is being coordinated by Umanotera. In January 1996 it began publishing a quarterly newsletter and has prepared several projects for promotion, policy development and implementation of the transition to sustainable development. The two priority areas of focus are a Local Agenda 21 initiative (where Umanotera is working in partnership with the Ministry of Environment, EcoCounselling Europe and the Regional Environmental Centre), and promotion of economic instruments for sustainability through the project entitled Green Budget Reform Prospects in Central and Eastern Europe (in partnership with the Wuppertal Institute of Germany). The first set of activities is designed to strengthen environmental protection at the local level in Slovenia by means of educational seminars, training courses, counselling, publications and information sharing. The Green Budget Reform is a regional attempt to take advantage of the transition in fiscal and economic
+frameworks in order to apply a gradual shift in taxes from labour to environment, while reducing subsidies that result in environmental damage.
+One of the recommendations from the Agenda 21 for Slovenia workshops was that successful pilot projects incorporating principles of sustainable development in practice offer the best opportunity for building positive motivation and overcoming resistance to change. As a result, a three-year project was designed to "adopt" a farm, assist it in its transition to organic farming and eco-tourism and have it serve as a demonstration farm to offer valuable knowledge and experience in the process of transition.
+According to Agenda 21 for Slovenia, "We are well aware that the road to sustainability will be a long and profound process, necessitating many changes." So we are not discouraged by occasional failures. On the contrary, these provide invaluable learning experiences. The document also summarizes the spirit of the Agenda 21 project:
+"Slovenia's geographic position and the legacy of its past have resulted in combining high economic development and quality of life with a well-preserved natural environment, extremely rich in its diversity of landscape biology. This should not lead us into complacency, however. On the contrary, our challenge is to seize those advantages that have resulted from a delay in Western-style development. From the perspective of sustainable development, many of our 'disadvantages' actually reveal themselves as advantages. Respecting the natural and cultural properties of our land, we can reach a considerably higher degree of development and quality of life. A combination of traditional approaches and modem technology will assist us in living within the limits of environmental space for Slovenia and the planet Earth....With this document, we hope to present an optimistic concept of a human society as a self regulating system, capable of balancing itself with nature while not having
+to sacrifice economic development or quality of life. Outdated social and economic structures will be the only necessary 'sacrifices' in this process."
+<section>Saving the plants that save lives in the South Pacific</section>
+by Kerrie Strathy
+As part of the National Environment Awareness (NEA) Campaign' that was carried out by the South Pacific Action Committee for Human Ecology and Environment (SPACHEE), based in Suva (Fiji), women were involved in an experiential workshop in July 1992 to explore their relationship with forest ecosystems. This article outlines the initial Women and Forests Workshop, which encouraged women to recognize the importance of biological diversity in forest ecosystems and to protect forests for the future. It highlights the traditional medicine documentation and promotion programme that emerged from it. The Women and Forests Workshop and follow-up activities were made possible with assistance from Asenaca Ravuvu, Environmental Education Officer of the Fiji Department of Forestry, who was keen to be involved in this programme because women involved in a three-day workshop in 1991 on forestry issues indicated an interest in learning more.
+The Pacific Islands Developing Countries report to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) made the point that the nations of the South Pacific region are custodians of a large portion of the earth's surface. Their combined Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) occupy 30 million square miles of the Pacific Ocean-an area three times larger than China or the United States of America and ten times the size of India. Land makes up only 1.8% of that total; the islands' population is estimated at 5.8 million.
+South Pacific Islanders depend on the biological resources of their small islands and surrounding ocean to meet their needs. This economic and cultural dependence gives them a close and special relationship with their environment. The main activities on the islands continue to be fishing and agriculture. For some islands, these are the only source of export income. Island ecosystems, however, are extremely fragile and must be handled with care if they are to continue to meet the needs of current and future generations.
+For many generations the islanders have used forest resources sustainably and could go on doing so if the living value of these forests is recognized. Increasing pressure to accumulate cash is now threatening the survival of rainforestsin Fiji and other Pacific countries. Solomon Islands, for example, estimates that if current rates of logging continue all useful timber species will be gone within the next seven years. High population densities and growth are also putting increased pressure on resources such as trees, and on the environment in general.
+Since many of the islands making up the South Pacific region are isolated from one other, they have a high degree of ecosystem and species diversity. Many of the plants found on these small land masses are endemic and found nowhere else in the world. These plants are essential to the health and wellbeing of islanders who use them for food, fuel and medicines.
+The Need for Environment Education
+A sustainable future for fragile island ecosystems and for the earth itself depends upon a healthy environment, economy and lifestyles. But the future well-being of Pacific Islanders also depends on an awareness and commitment to improve all three-every day and not just on 22 April, which is Earth Day. Our survival and that of future generations is being seriously threatened by our actions.
+Effective environmental management ultimately depends upon the widespread adoption of an environment ethic or code of conduct reflecting environment awareness and the need for sustainable development and biological diversity. Sustainable development requires far more than action on the part of United Nations agencies and governments. Cooperation among them is crucial, but sustainable development is not possible without public participation in decision making and the information necessary to make sound decisions.
+We have the ability to make rational decisions about our future. We must learn to live within the limits of our natural resources and find better ways of using, protecting and sustaining them. The people and economies of the Pacific Islands depend on developing and managing natural resources wisely. When we do not live on our income-our renewable resources-we are destroying our capital. Development options that impoverish the environment have no vision.
+Forest depletion is just one of the ways humans are testing the earth's capacity and destroying their capital. With the earth's forests disappearing in excess of an acre a second, a sense of urgency is merely common sense. Solutions are based on environmental awareness-people who are aware of trees' protective functions will not uproot them.
+Since many of the plants found in the South Pacific are used primarily by women, the report of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), based in Western Samoa, highlighted the need "to facilitate the access to environmental information for all groups, in particular women and youth, in order to enhance the management of resources and the environment." Chapter 8 of Agenda 21 also recognized the need to involve all concerned in decision making and land use management. The need to involve women in managing fragile ecosystems was also highlighted in Chapter 12. Chapter 15 emphasized the particular role of women in the conservation of biological diversity.
+In response to concerns voiced by local women's organizations and the above considerations brought back by the SPACHEE representative to UNCED, a pilot Women and Forests Workshop was organized. Women living in the interior of the larger Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, depend on forests to meet their basic needs for food, fuel, medicines, craft materials and much more. Agenda 21, the SPREP report and the workshop organizers recognized that if forests are used wisely, women will continue to be able to meet the subsistence and cultural needs of their families and contribute economically to the families.
+Women and Forests Workshop
+Organizers of the 1992 Women and Forests Workshop quickly abandoned the idea of holding the week-long workshop entirely in Suva, Fiji's capital. So instead of spending a week hearing about forest ecosystems and the need to conserve biological diversity, participants had an opportunity to experience first-hand why this is important.
+After a brief introduction to forest ecosystems in Suva, participants spent five days with Nadovu villagers who live in and depend on Fiji's productive rainforest. Holding part of the workshop in Nadovu had very positive benefits for the women of Nadovu, for the community, and for workshop participants. They came to understand the true meaning of rainforest since it rained every day except the last one!
+Participants began the workshop by naming their favourite tree and explaining the reasons for their choice. Many named the coconut tree because all its parts-leaves, husk, fruit, wood-are useful. They also identified fruit and nut trees, trees to supply craft materials, trees used for traditional medicine and a variety of other useful trees, such as hibiscus. This initial exercise clearly demonstrated the importance of biological diversity to women, their families and their communities.
+Dr. Randy Thaman, Professor of Biogeography at the University of the South Pacific (USP), encouraged participants to view living trees and forests as capital. Forests, he argued, were traditionally perceived in this way, but with the introduction of the monetary economy, many people came to view logging and other cash-earning activities as the only value of trees and forests. Dr. Thaman concluded by telling participants that, "We must live on the interest, not the capital, provided by our natural resources [such as forests] if we are to provide a good future for our children." For the remainder of the workshop, participants looked for ways to encourage others to value living forests.
+Another goal of the workshop was to look at various ways to communicate messages about environmental protection and forest conservation. Participants learned how songs, posters and videos can convey important information about environment concerns. Songs, such as "Take Care of Our Island" and "Mati Sobu. ua mai" (High Tide, Low Tide) were so popular that participants wanted to perform them at the public opening held on the first evening.' They later wrote their own songs and poetry and suggested printing t-shirts and/or traditional sulus with clear messages as a means of stimulating environment awareness throughout Fiji and the South Pacific.
+The manager of a small logging operation in the next village heard the workshop participants were in the area and invited them to see the sawmill, which was an exciting and stimulating opportunity for the participants. They were immediately struck by the waste and destruction of some logging operations. Leftover bits of trees were pushed down hillsides, and sawdust was left lying in big heaps that were washed towards the river-along with the soil that was being eroded as a result of the loss of forest cover. Earlier, several participants had noticed the red muddy river flowing through Nadovu after the torrential rains the day before. Participants also noticed that the sawmill itself was leaking oil, which was running towards the river.
+The visit to the sawmill had a major impact on participants, and many undertook a number of follow-up activities since the pilot workshop. They developed on-going community awareness programmes related to forest conservation and protection. A Rainforest News Alert education kit was prepared and a video, Protect the Earth and She Will Provide for You, was produced.
+After she graduated from the University of the South Pacific, SPACHEE's representative to UNCED began working with the Fiji Forestry Department to develop more education kits and programmes. Another participant carried out research into pulp logging operations in Fiji. Some developed the Lali Theatre Company as a result of the enthusiastic response to the popular theatre video they saw, and to villagers' reactions to their performance. Other participants have been involved in planting traditional kau salusalu plants, fruit and medicinal trees.
+Traditional Medicine Workshop
+The second phase of the Women and Forests Programme was the Regional Traditional Medicine Practitioners' (TMP) Workshop held in August 1993. Since many of the participants in the pilot workshop had a particular interest in traditional medicine, they played an active role in planning and implementing the TMP workshop. These women were keen to encourage regional information-sharing about traditional medicines and threats posed to them by loss of biodiversity due to rainforest destruction.
+The TMP workshop was held in Fiji, with participants from seven Pacific Island nations who explored the practice of traditional medicine in the Pacific. They represented governments and non-government organizations in Tahiti, Cook Islands, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji. They included traditional medicine practitioners, Western or so-called modern medical practitioners, educators, conservationists and supporters.
+This workshop was jointly organized by SPACHEE, the Fiji Forestry Department and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). It generated so much interest that the USP and the South Pacific Forestry Development Programme (SPFDP) offered to assist. There was also assistance from the Fiji-German Forestry Project, and the International Women's Development Agency (IWDA).
+The workshop was initially conceived to have only two Fiji participants to make sure countries were represented in a balanced way. Organizers, however, felt that it would be useful to have a larger Fijian group to assist with the Fiji follow-up workshops included in the 1993 Women and Environment Education Project. Much of the work was done in small groups, with the Fijians often working together to ensure they would accomplish something concrete by the end of the workshop; they did manage a rough draft of a traditional medicine handbook for use by village health workers and women in rural communities.
+The basic aim of the workshop was to encourage the documentation and promotion of indigenous knowledge about medicinal plants. Fiji participants brought samples of the plants they use for traditional medicines, and regional participants brought photographs of theirs. In fact, the workshop began the day before the official opening as participants identified a medicinal use for virtually every plant they encountered on the short walk from the dormitories to the dining hall. There was much excitement when participants learned that other islanders were using the same plant species, or that plants they were not currently using had medicinal uses in other countries.
+PASIFICA DECLARATION ON TRADITlONAL MEDICINE
+We, the women traditional medicine healers, conservationists and supporters, who have come together for the first time at the SPACHEE/YWCA/Fiji Forestry Department Regional Traditional Medicine Practitioners' Workshop, held in Fiji, from 23-27 August 1993, do hereby declare that we are committed to Save the Plants that Save Lives.
+We are concerned about the health and well-being of the people of the Pacific and their island environments. We recognize that the loss of traditional medicine knowledge and plants is a serious issue which needs to be urgently addressed as outlined in the Chiang Mai Declaration of 26 March 1988.
+In response to our concern we have formed a Regional Women Traditional Medicine Healers' Associanon to:
+- encourage the conservation of traditional medicine knowledge
+- encourage the documentation and dissemination of traditional medicine knowledge
+- encourage the protection of traditional medicine plants
+- encourage Pacific Is/and governments to recognize the important role that traditional medicine can play in national health services.
+We draw attention of the governments of the Pacific Islands, regional organizations (including Pacific regional offices of international agencies), non-government organizations and the people of the Pacific to:
+- the unacceptable loss of medicinal plants due to habitat destruction
+- the need to encourage research on the availability. safety and efficacy of traditional medicine plants
+- the need for Pacific Is/and governments to recognize the important role that traditional medicine can play in national health services
+- the significant economic value of medicinal plants used today
+- the need to ensure that indigenous knowledge and practice of traditional medicine are respected and protected
+- the need to ensure that researchers respect traditional land ownership and rights, and compensate indigenous people for their use.
+We, the participants of the Regional Traditional Medicine Practitioners' Workshop, call on all people of the Pacific and the world to Save the Plants that Save Lives.
+Participants noted that while traditional medicine is important to the health and well-being of Pacific Islanders, some plant species are becoming hard to find. Another issue was proper identification of medicinal plant species and the conditions they were used to treat. A one-day field visit was organized to the Nakavu Natural Forest Management Project (part of the FijiGerman Forestry Project) to involve participants in an inventory of traditional medicine plants.
+Dr. Ken Chen, World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Adviser for Traditional Medicine in Manila, spoke about WHO's interest in the area of traditional medicine and stressed its important role in achieving WHO's goal of Health for All by the Year 2000. Dr. Wolf Forstreuter, of the Fiji Forest Inventory Project, talked about how minor forest products, such as traditional medicines, are included in their forest inventory in recognition of the fact that a forest can provide much more than timber.
+SPACHEE's chairperson, Dr. William Aalbersberg, talked about the need to document traditional medicine practices and some USP research initiatives to ensure the efficacy and safety of medicinal plants. He also addressed the issues of indigenous knowledge, how researchers should recognize this knowledge, and the rights of landowners to compensation for their knowledge and the use of their plant species.
+The rest of the programme, like the earlier one, involved participants as resource persons and facilitators in discussion groups. Cook Islanders talked about the traditional medicine demonstration garden started by their Conservation Department. Participants from Tahiti talked about the Traditional Healers' Association, which they launched in the early 1980s.
+Participants developed plans to encourage the promotion of traditional medicine practice and the conservation of traditional medicine plant species. These plans include the establishment of traditional medicine associations at national level and demonstration gardens, such as the one established at USP as part of the official closing ceremony.
+Participants were keen to initiate follow-up activities at home. Less than a month after the workshop ended, the two participants from eastern
+Fiji started the Lomiviti Traditional Healers' Association and secured a piece of land in Levuka for a traditional medicine demonstration garden and nursery. Another demonstration garden may be incorporated into the Mount Evans Range ecotourism development. Work is also progressing on a traditional medicine video. These are just a few examples of the many exciting follow-up activities already underway.
+The workshop aimed to determine the need for a network of traditional medicine associations in the South Pacific, but it went one step further and established a Regional Traditional Medicine Association. Workshop participants appointed a provisional executive committee to develop a constitution for the association, encourage national follow-up plans, and plan the next workshop to assess progress on documentation and promotions. Participants also developed the Pasifica Declaration on Traditional Medicine.
+A presentation was made about the workshop to a South Pacific heads of forestry meeting in 1993. It generated a great deal of interest and discussion. The theme of the meeting was What Value Forests and Trees?, and papers focused on non-timber uses. As a result of the presentation, the final statement from the meeting included reference to the medicinal value of forests and the need to conserve medicinal plants. Heads of forestry also identified the need for research on the usefulness and income generating potential of medicinal plants, which could encourage communities to retain and use their forest resources sustainably.
+The interest shown by participants at the heads of forestry meeting led the New Zealand ODA representative to offer to assist the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) South Pacific Forestry Development Programme (SPFDP) to work with SPACHEE and the Fiji Forestry Department on a follow-up workshop. The SPFDP and the German aid agency Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) also provided assistance for regional participants to attend, while support from the Canada Fund made it possible for the Fiji participants to join their Pacific sisters. Due to the interest shown by heads of forestry representatives from countries not involved in the first phase of our work, Kiribati, Tuvalu and Marshall Islands were included in the second Regional Traditional Medicine Workshop, held in April 1995.
+At the conclusion of this workshop, it was announced that the Fiji healers and conservationists had worked together to register the Women's Association for Natural Medicinal Therapy (WAINIMATE), as a charitable trust. These healers shared their experience with those at the second Regional Traditional Medicine Workshop, and are anxious to continue working with their Pacific sisters to ensure the conservation of traditional medicine plants, and the integration of traditional medicines into national health delivery systems.
+With assistance from the Canada Fund, Fijian healers are working on a Fijian traditional medicine handbook, which was drafted at the August 1993 workshop. This handbook or cookbook of traditional medicines is designed to be easily understood and used by the layperson, particularly village women. The healers have also assisted in verifying documentation being compiled for the World Health Organization's publication on traditional medicine in the South Pacific by chemistry professors based at the USP.
+Conclusion
+The Pacific, like the rest of the earth, is facing a life threatening assault on its environment, as discussed at UNCED. For many Pacific Islanders, it is already late, but not too late, to take action. While the world situation can be described as desperate, it is not hopeless. There is still time for people to move forward together to build a future that is just and sustainable. To prevent further degradation of fragile island ecosystems, it may be useful to consider the consequences of our actions on the next seven generations, as some societies do.
+The continuing work on traditional medicine documentation and promotion is one example of how a group of women is moving forward to ensure the protection of forest ecosystems and biological diversity. Fiji participants have held several workshops to continue documenting and promoting traditional medicine. These women believe that if people know the medicines found in their forests, they can more readily be convinced to protect them for future generations.
+Notes
+1. The NEA campaign was part of the National Environment Management Project to develop a National Environment Strategy for Fiji. It was designed to stimulate awareness and action to prevent environmental degradation in Fiji. Public awareness was stimulated through community workshops, radio spots, and the production and distribution of posters and leaflets.
+2. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), 1992.
+3. Participants were encouraged to write their own songs in local languages and translate those taught by the singer/songwriter who led this session.
+3. The Lali Theatre Company held its first public performance on World Environment Day (5 June 1993) at the launch of SPACHEE's Low-Income Urban Community Participatory Primary Environment Care Project. The performance drama focused on forest loss and was well received.
+4. At the official closing of the workshop, participants and invited guests assisted with the establishment of a Traditional Medicine Demonstration Garden at USP's main campus in Suva. They included Jim Samisoni (Director of the Fiji School of Medicine), Dr. Lefebre (WHO), Tang Hon Tat and Klaus Enevoldsen (SPFDP), Ruth Lechte (World YWCA), Matron of the Colonial War Memorial Hospital, and representatives from UNDP, the South Pacific Commission's Community Education and Training Centre, the Papua New Guinea Embassy and the British Embassy.
+<section>Zambian women and economic empowerment</section>
+by Katongo Chisupa
+In 1994 retired teacher Martha Mwale saw a friend developing her business very successfully. The 51-year-old former teacher decided to chat with her friend and find out how she had boosted her business. The friend explained that she had obtained a loan of ZK300,000 from the Women Finance Trust of Zambia (WFTZ). She said she also had taken a basic course in business management arranged at a local institution.
+Ms. Mwale later formed a group of her own with nine women marketers. They applied for financial assistance from WFTZ and received a loan of ZK 1 million. Each member qualified for ZK200,000, reimbursable over six months. Initially a 35% interest rate was charged on the loans, although this has risen to 56%, as in most commercial banks.
+"You have to struggle as you know things are not always easy," explains Ms. Mwale, who looks after five of her nine children. "I feel 1 am making more money because 1 am able to look after my family well."
+Ms. Mwale does not share her husband's income from repairing furniture and other items. "Before 1 got the loan, sometimes I would think of closing the shop," she says. Ms. Mwale represents many women who find it difficult to borrow money through normal commercial banks.
+Over the past decade a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been set up to deal specifically with issues affecting women. WFTZ, in existence since 1994, is one of these groups and is committed to the economic empowerment of women. Its main objective is to empower women entrepreneurs who do not have access to economic resources through credit and savings, while providing information, training, advocacy, lobbying and networking services.
+"It is very difficult to get an overdraft from any bank....It is difficult, but the WFTZ does not demand too many things," Ms. Mwale says. Women who borrow money have to be 18 years of age, a resident in Zambia, have some business sense, and become members of the WFTZ by paying ZK3000.
+When an application is successful, 10% of the loan is deposited in the bank as a guarantee, and a certain amount of the money borrowed is paid at that rate over a period of time. Business confidence of the women applicants is bolstered by the WFTZ through assurances that the bank will help give them advice about the business world.
+The Kabwata market is situated in one of the Lusaka suburbs. It now has five groups of ten women each who are eligible to borrow from the WFTZ. Ms. Mwale paid back her first loan within the stipulated time frame of six months and was immediately eligible for the second one. The WFTZ wasted no time in processing her next loan of ZK350,000. "Today, my table is not well stocked but most of the time it is," explains Ms. Mwale with a tinge of pride in her smile.
+She feels strongly that if a person is self-employed, they have no choice but to work hard, because if they relax they won't get enough bread and butter. Ms. Mwale, whose goods include a variety of vegetables, says one needs to "get the best to get the best....If you get good quality supplies, business will move very fast."
+Joyce Mulenga is thankful to the WFTZ for what it has done for her family. She agrees that the WFTZ has opened the gates to every woman in Lusaka interested in launching a small business. "They are not harsh," she says. "They are good people." Ms. Mulenga joined the bank two days after Ms. Mwale. She runs a restaurant, which specializes in making tea. Under the auspices of the bank, she has taken a short course in business planning management. She was initially given ZK200,000 with nine other marketers receiving similar loans, on condition that each woman should pay back ZK20,000 every two weeks.
+She repaid her loan on time. Unfortunately, some in her group failed to do so due to poor business management and double dealing. Currently Ms. Mulenga has a ZK350,000 loan, which she is repaying at ZK75,000 per month over six months. "It's not much," she says. "I could manage to pay back even if I borrowed ZK 1 million."
+"On a good business day, I make up to ZK100,000. Before, it was very difficult to do business." Ms. Mulenga started from a very poor background. She worked for an older prosperous man selling eggs in various markets from 1982-1990. During that period she learnt the rudiments of business. After the man died, she decided to start her own business with meagre resources. In 1992 she managed to build a shop in Kabwata market and has two dedicated workers.
+Today, she is able to look after her seven children. The family lives in Chawama, one of the townships on the outskirts of Lusaka. "Things have changed for the better. These days I have a lot relatives coming to seek help from me," says the 40-year old divorcee proudly.
+In the sprawling Matero township on the western side of Lusaka, a small group of women runs a block making project. Thirty-six year old Betty Mwanza is the chairperson of the Vwira (Suffering) Women's Club. She leads an extremely determined group of 11 women. With the help of the Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA), the women received training in the block making trade from 1994 to 1995. Upon completion of the course, the group approached WFTZ for funding. The response was positive, and they received ZK1.1 million, which they paid back within six months.
+The women are based at a local reformed church, where they make and sell their low-priced blocks to companies, institutions and individuals. The women make an average of 50 blocks per day; 50% of the profit realized is shared every month, while the other 50% is deposited into a bank account or reinvested.
+The women, who are mostly widows or divorcees, make roughly ZK40,000 for every 1000 blocks they sell. So far, their biggest order of blocks has come from a local businessman who asked for 3000 blocks to build his house on the western side of the city, in Lilanda township. "The demand for blocks is very high," says Ms. Mwanza. "We are very happy with the WFTZ for the help they are rendering to the women in Lusaka."
+By the end of March 1996, the trust had approved 334 loan application worth ZK98 million. The major beneficiaries of the money have been marketers at Lusaka-based markets. In general, WFTZ has been satisfied with the loan recovery rate. Except for a few isolated cases, most members have honoured their obligations. "This is a revolving fund which must be paid back so that other marketers may benefit from it," says credit controller Doris Nalumbwe. "Our members seem to appreciate this fact and hence the favorable rate. To ensure that the loans are utilized for the purpose intended, the trust carries out spot checks on the loanee's business." Fortnightly meetings are held with the loanees to review their respective ventures.
+The marketers are also taught the importance business planning, costing and pricing, entrepreneurship, stock control, marketing, banking and safe record-keeping. Members are encouraged to participate in these training programmes to sharpen their business skills and improve their access to credit offered by commercial banks. Training is also offered to suit the members' needs for specific product lines."
+WFTZ's objective to economically empower the women of Zambia- fits in well with that of Agenda 21, which is dedicated in part to strengthening the role of Major Groups, in this case NGOs. Section 27 of Agenda 21 on Partnership with NGOs says they play a vital role in shaping and implementing participatory democracy. It also says that NGOs' independence from government and other sectors of society is one of their major attributes. NGOs can play an important role in helping society to agree on how to move away from unsustainable development patterns.
+The gender inequality that exists in Zambia hopefully can be eliminated by initiatives like WFTZ, which provide business opportunities for women. In Zambia men slowly are changing their attitudes toward their female counterparts, both at home and in the workplace, and accepting to work together as equals. Beneficiaries of the WFTZ loans have become breadwinners in their respective homes. The Zambian government has created what it proudly calls an "enabling environment" to eliminate constitutional, legal, administrative, cultural, behavioural, social and economic obstacles to women's full participation in sustainable development and public life, as stated in Agenda 21. The WFTZ is one such "enabling environment."
+When WFTZ started its operations, the highest loan it could give out was ZK200,000 per person, but over time this has increased to about ZK1 million per individual applicant. However, women are encouraged to apply as a group. Most members are involved in selling charcoal and foodstuffs, although there are some members, such as the Vwiragroup, who have diversified into brick making. The WFTZ holds its yearly general meetings to present audited accounts to the members, discuss financial performance, appraise progress and elect members of the board. During this period, members provide input to determine the future of the trust.
+The WFTZ is aiming to become a self-sustained organization, reach out to a majority of micro- and small-scale women entrepreneurs throughout the country, and be a credible financial institution in the country.
+At the 1975 United Nations World Conference on Women, held in Mexico City, a resolution was passed to establish an institution that would provide financial services to women. Four years later in 1979, Women World Banking (WWB), a global and independent non-profit financial institution, was set up to advocate for full economic participation of women. The WWB has affiliates in more than 40 countries, of which WFTZ is one, and it is governed by an 11member board of directors elected at the annual general meeting. Board members are professional women lawyers, bankers, accountants, managers and business women who serve voluntarily and are not salaried.
+The WFTZ lead comes from institutions, such as the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, which started slowly and worked with a few poor women in rural Bangladesh by giving them loans.
+WFTZ General Manager Moonde Yeta stresses that the organization doesn't want to make the mistake of going all over the country at the same time. It prefers instead to take a cautious approach: for the next two years, the bank hopes to continue working in the vicinity of Lusaka. "I know this hurts women in rural areas and those outside Lusaka and we feel for them strongly," explains Ms. Yeta. But we also feel that it is better for us to build a sustainable organization that is going to be there beyond the 21 st century and that is our ultimate goal for this organization to be the bank for women."
+Notes
+1. In 1996, 1000 Zambian Kwacha were worth approximately one US dollar.
+The United Nations Non-Governamental Liaison Service (NGLS) is an interagency unit of the UN system that facilitates dialogue and fosters cooperation between the UN system and the NGO community worldwide on global development issues. NGLS has offrices in Geneva and New York.
+The work of NGLS is currently supported by:
+o United Nations Development Programme (UNDP Lead Agency)
+o United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD-Administering Agency)
+o Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
+o International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
+o Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
+o United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, UNCHS (Habitat)
+o United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
+o United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development (UN/DPCSD)
+o United Nations Department of Public Information (UN/DPI)
+o United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
+o United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+o United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP)
+o United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
+o World Bank
+o World Food Programme (WFP)
+In 1996, NGLS also received financial support for its activities from the Governments of Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and the United Nations Centre for Human Rights, International Labour Office (ILO), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and from a number of NGOs.
+For further information on NGLS's activities, please contact:
+o UN-NGLS, Palais des Nations, CH- 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, Telephone +41-22/798 5850, fax +41-22/788 7366, e-mail <ngis@unctad.org>
+o UN-NGLS, Room 6015, 866 UN Plaza, New York NY 10017, USA, Telephone +1 -212/963 3125, fax +1 -212/963 8712, e-mail <ngis@igc.apc.org>
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+AMARANTHUS
+PLANT PRODUCTION
+GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
+NUTRITIVE VALUE
+SEEDS
+MERCHANTS
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+<title>Amaranth:  Modern prospects for an ancient crop  (1984)</title>
+<section>Amaranth: Modern prospects for an ancient crop (1984)</section>
+Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) Office of International Affairs
+National Research Council, 1984
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+PANEL ON AMARANTH
+DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman
+MELVIN G. BLASE, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri, Columbia
+T. AUSTIN CAMPBELL, Economic Botany Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
+Beltsville, Maryland
+LAURIE B. FEINE, Rodale Research Center, Kutztown, Pennsylvania
+HECTOR E. FLORES-MERINO, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
+LINDA C. GILBERT, Product Development, Rodale Test Kitchen, Emmaus, Pennsylvania
+RICHARD R.HARWOOD, Rodale Research Center, Kutztown, Pennsylvania
+SUBODH JAIN, Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis
+CHARLES S. KAUFFMAN, Rodale Research Center, Kutztown, Pennsylvania
+CYRUS M. MCKELL, Native Plants Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah
+GARY NABHAN, Native Seeds/SEARCH, Tucson, Arizona
+HUGH POPENOE, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville
+ALFREDO SANCHEZ-MARROQUIN, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas (Proyecto NAS/INIA), Mexico D.F.
+ROBIN M. SAUNDERS, Western Regional Research Center, Cereals Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, California
+JOSEPH SENFT, Amaranth Consultant, Emmaus, Pennsylvania
+JAMES L.VETTER, American Institute of Baking, Manhattan, Kansas
+DAVID E.WALSH, General Nutrition Corporation, Fargo, North Dakota
+SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS
+G.J.H. GRUBBEN, Research Station for Arable Farming and Field Production of Vegetables, Lelystad, Holland
+T.N.KHOSHOO, Secretary, Department of Environment, Government of India, New Delhi,
+India
+JUDITH M.LYMAN, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, New York
+JONATHAN SAWER, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
+ARRIS A.SIGLE, Amaranth Farmer, Luray, Kansas
+THEODORE SUDIA, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
+NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for
+International Development, Amaranth Study, Director National Research Council Staff F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor
+MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate
+CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary
+<section>Preface</section>
+Amaranth, a little-known crop of the Americas, is grown either as a grain crop or as a leafy vegetable. Despite its obscurity, it offers important promise for feeding the world's hungry. In the National Academy of Sciences' 1975 study Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Value, amaranth was selected from among 36 of the world's most promising crops. Since then, extensive research has been done on the plant, and this book provides a more detailed examination of its characteristics and prospects.
+The panel that produced this report met in September 1981 at the Rodale Research Center of Rodale Press in Emmaus, Pennsylvania. There, panel members examined a field of grain amaranth ready for harvest as well as test plots of several hundred amaranth varieties. They also sampled many amaranth products from the Rodale Test Kitchen. The panel members are indebted to Robert Rodale and his staff for their assistance and hospitality.
+This report, resulting from the panel's deliberations, is intended for agencies engaged in development assistance and food relief, officials and institutions concerned with agriculture in developing countries, and scientific communities with relevant interests.
+This study is one of a series that explores promising plant resources that heretofore have been unknown, neglected, or overlooked. Other titles include:
+· Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Value (1975)
+· Making Aquatic Weeds Useful: Some Perspectives for Developing Countries (1976)
+· Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future (1979)
+· The Winged Bean: A High-Protein Crop for the Tropics (second edition, 1981)
+This series of reports is issued under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology
+Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development
+(BOSTID), National Research Council. ACTI was established in 1971 especially to assess scientific and technological advances that might prove particularly applicable to problems of developing countries.
+Funds for this study were provided by the William H. Donner Foundation, which also made possible the free distribution of the report. Staff support was provided by the Office of the
+Science Advisor, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development.
+<section>1 Introduction</section>
+In pre-Columbian times grain amaranth was one of the basic foods of the New World-nearly as important as corn and beans. Thousands of hectares of Aztec, Inca, and other farmland were planted to the tall, leafy, reddish plants. Some 20,000 tons of amaranth grain were sent from 17 provinces to Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in annual tribute to the Aztec emperor Montezuma.
+Amaranth was interwoven with legend and ritual. On various days of the religious calendar,
+Aztec women ground the seed, mixed it with honey or with human blood, and shaped it into forms of snakes, birds, mountains, deer, and gods that were eaten either during ceremonies at the great temples or in little family gatherings.
+Apparently, this use of amaranth in pagan rituals and human sacrifice shocked the Spanish conquistadors, and with the collapse of Indian cultures following the conquest, amaranth fell into disuse. In the Americas it survived only in small pockets of cultivation in scattered mountain areas of Mexico and the Andes. Corn and beans became two of the leading crops that feed the world, while grain amaranth faded into obscurity and today is largely forgotten.
+The Spanish conquest had ended amaranth's use as a staple of the New World and slowed the spread into world agriculture of a highly nutritious food. That amaranth was so important to the Aztec and other New World diets makes it a promising unconventional crop to investigate. Most of the world now receives the bulk of its calories and protein from a mere 20 species-notably cereals such as wheat, rice, maize, millets, and sorghum; root crops such as potato, sweet potato, and cassava; legumes such as beans, peanuts (groundnuts), and soybeans; and sugarcane, sugar beet, and bananas. These plants are the main bulwark between mankind and starvation. It is a dangerously small larder from which to feed a planet.
+To diversify the food base, we should not overlook lesser-known indigenous crops, such as amaranth. Some of them promise to become global resources. A century ago, the soybean, sunflower, and peanut were considered unworthy of concentrated research. Today, they are among the world's most important crops. Amaranth, too, could rise to universal prominence.
+Grain Amaranths
+Three species of the genus Amaranthus produce large seedheads loaded with edible seeds.
+Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus cruentus are native to Mexico and Guatemala; Amaranthus caudatus is native to Peru and other Andean countries. All three are still cultivated on a small scale in isolated mountain valleys of Mexico, Central America, and South America, where generations of farmers have continued to cultivate the crops of their forebears.
+Amaranths are broad-leafed plants, one of the few nongrasses that produce significant amounts of edible "cereal" grain.
+They grow vigorously; resist drought, heat, and pests; and adapt readily to new environments, including some that are inhospitable to conventional cereal crops.
+Amaranth is a beautiful crop with brilliantly colored leaves, stems, and flowers of purple, orange, red, and gold.
+The seedheads, some as long as 50 cm, resemble those of sorghum. The seeds, although barely bigger than a mustard seed (0.9-1.7 mm in diameter), occur in massive numbers-sometimes more than 50,000 to a plant-and are cream colored, golden, or pink.
+With a protein content of about 16 percent, amaranth seed compares well with the conventional varieties of wheat (12-14 percent), rice (7-10 percent), maize (9-10 percent), and other widely consumed cereals. Amaranths began attracting increased research attention in 1972 when Australian plant physiologist John Downton found that the seed also contains protein of unusual quality. It is high in the amino acid Iysine. Cereals are considered "unbalanced" in terms of amino acid composition because generally they lack sufficient amounts of Iysine for optimum health. Amaranth protein, however, has nearly twice the
+Iysine content of wheat protein, three times that of maize, and in fact as much as is found in milk-the standard of nutritional excellence. It is, therefore, a nutritional complement to conventional cereals. (Amaranth protein itself is low in leucine, but this amino acid is found in excess in conventional plant protein sources.)
+Amaranth seed can be used in breakfast cereals or as an ingredient in confections. It also can be parched or cooked into gruel or milled to produce a sweet, light-colored flour suitable for biscuits, breads, cakes, and other baked goods. Amaranth grain, however, contains little functional gluten, so that it must be blended with wheat flour to make yeast-leavened baked goods "rise."
+When heated, the tiny amaranth grains pop and taste like a nuttyflavored popcorn. The popped seeds are light and crisp and are eaten
+In northern India amaranth grain is popped and mixed with honey to make a popular confection called laddoos. (M. Pal) as a snack, as a cold cereal with milk and honey, as "breading" on meats or vegetables, or, held together with honey, as a sweet.
+Although grain amaranth is a crop of the Americas, some time ago (probably since Columbus) Amaranthus hypochondriacus underwent a remarkable migration to Asia. There, during the last century, it became increasingly popular among hill tribes in India, Pakistan,
+Nepal, Tibet, and China. Travellers have reported seeing red and yellow patches of amaranths on the hillsides "tinging with flame the bare mountain slopes." In the Himalayas this amaranth species now is an important crop in a few local areas, and a flat bread made from its seeds is a common food. In fact, it is in this upland Asian region that this American crop now finds its most intensive cultivation. It often occupies more than half of the nonirrigated cropland of the higher elevations in the hills of Northwest India, for example.
+Amaranth is gaining popularity also in the northwestern plains of India as well as in the hills of southern India under the common names rajgira ("king seed"), ramdana ("seed sent by God"), and keerai. Indians pop the grain and make it into confections (called laddoos) with honey or syrup, just the way the Aztec and Maya did centuries ago. And among Hindus, popped amaranth grain soaked in milk is now used on certain festival days when eating traditional cereals is forbidden.
+Vegetable Amaranths
+Seed is not the only nutritious product from the versatile amaranth. The leaves also are rich in protein as well as in vitamins and minerals. They have a mild flavor, and in much of the world young leaves and stems of amaranth are boiled as greens.
+Although virtually unlisted in agricultural statistics, vegetable amaranths may actually be the most popularly grown vegetable crop in the tropics.
+In the hot, humid regions of Africa, Southeast Asia (especially Malaysia and Indonesia), southern China, southern India, and the Caribbean, amaranth species such as Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthus dubius, and Amaranthus cruentus are grown as soup vegetables or for boiled salad greens (potherbs). In North American deserts, where summers are too hot for lettuce or cabbage production, Amaranthus palmer) has long been a major wild green among Indians. In Greece, boiled Amaranthus blitum leaves have been a favorite salad (called vleeta) since the days of Homer.
+But, as a recent U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin pointed out, few species of vegetables are so looked down upon.
+The demeaning phrase "not worth an amaranth" exists in several languages. Amaranths are sometimes thought fit only for pigs (hence the common name "pigweed" for one despised American species) and worthy of picking only when one is driven by poverty.
+The same bulletin reports that:
+Among the vegetables of the tropics, few are as easy to grow as the amaranths. Starting from tiny seed, these species can produce delectable spinachlike greens in 5weeks or less, can continue to produce a crop of edible leaves weekly for up to 6 months, and will then yield thousands of seeds to guarantee their survival. In favorable locations they can reseed themselves automatically and thus continue to produce a useful crop almost without attention. They can also invade plantings of other crops and become serious weeds, competing with slower growing weaker species for light and nourishment. In the tropics, amaranths can produce year round. For little effort, they afford a nutritious dish with abundant provitamin A, a vitamin particularly necessary in the tropics for eye health. Amaranths also produce protein efficiently.
+Amaranth Development
+Despite the growing evidence in amaranth's favor, much research needs to be done before the crop can be commercially produced. Agronomists are starting almost from scratch in adapting it to modern needs. Nevertheless, the researchers (see Appendix B) are learning the crop's responses to climate, soil conditions, pests, and diseases. Also, they are breeding short-statured plants of uniform height with sturdy, wind-resistant stalks and high-yielding seedheads that hold their seeds until they are harvested.
+Leading amaranth's development is the Rodale Research Center near Emmaus, Pennsylvania, where more than a thousand different accessions collected from all parts of the world are being bred, grown' and evaluated. Further collaboration has been initiated with scientists in Africa, Asia, and Latin America; as a result, plant lines have been selected to overcome tendencies toward lodging, seed shattering, indeterminate growth, succulence at harvest time, and daylength dependence. This research effort has produced strains with improved baking, milling, popping, and taste qualities, as well as machinery adapted to planting, cultivating, harvesting, and threshing the crop. Lines of uniform color and height that bear their seedheads above the leaves, thus making them suitable for mechanical harvest, are now available. The crop can be said to be on the threshhold of limited commercial production in the United States, where twenty or so farmers are growing the crop. Several companies
+are testing the grain in their products, and an amaranth-based breakfast cereal is available.
+Evidence indicates that amaranths adapt to many environments and tolerate adversity because they use an especially efficient type of photosynthesis to convert the raw materials of soil, sunlight, and water into plant tissues. Known technically as the C4 carbon-fixation pathway, this process is used by a few other well-known fast-growing crops- sorghum, corn, and sugarcane, for example. The C4 pathway is particularly efficient at high temperature, in bright sunlight, and under dry conditions. Plants that use it tend to require less water than the more common C3 carbon-fixation pathway plants. For this reason, grain amaranth may be a promising crop for hot and dry regions.
+Research has mainly emphasized grain amaranths so far, but in 1967 FAO started vegetable amaranth investigations. The following year it began field experiments in home garden projects in Nigeria and Benin. Later it commissioned germplasm collections. As a result, the vegetable branch of the amaranth family is beginning to attract recognition, and FAO has published a report on these species.
+YIELD
+As yet, amaranth agronomists have paid little attention to improving seed yield. The plants are already quite productive, and researchers are concentrating on characteristics-such as ease of harvest and taste and food-processing qualities-that are more fundamental at this early stage. In Pennsylvania, test plots of productive strains of grain amaranths routinely yield 1,800 kg of seed per hectare. In California and elsewhere, small trial plots have yielded up to nearly twice that amount, and at four locations in the Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh hills of India, lines selected from the local land races have yielded 3,000 kg of grain per hectare. Therefore, researchers suspect that grain amaranths will eventually match the yields of most other cereals.
+As with any new crop, there are many production uncertainties. Problems reported at the various research locations include the lygus bug (an insect that sucks nutrients out of the immature seeds), fast-growing weeds that in some environments overwhelm the slow- starting amaranth seedling, and strains of amaranth that produce seedheads so heavy that they flop over during a summer thunderstorm. These, however, are not insurmountable difficulties.
+FUTURE PROSPECTS
+Together, the grain- and vegetable-type amaranths could provide many nutritious foods for the world. The small seed size is a limitation in planting as well as in harvesting, threshing, and cleaning the grain. But modern experience in the northern Indian plains shows that they have a good chance of adapting successfully and of being quickly accepted by villagers in
+Third World areas where they are adapted.
+In the farming of the future, amaranths could find several valuable niches. They might complement other cereals such as sorghum, millets, or barley, thus helping countries that import large amounts of wheat by providing a locally grown extender. In addition, they would provide a local source of feed grain for the burgeoning poultry industries of developing nations. And, in particular, grain amaranth is a promising new crop for dry lands (areas with
+600-800 mm of rainfall per year)' for tropical highlands up to extreme elevations (3,500 m and above), and as a quick-maturing, dry-season crop for monsoon areas.
+It would be a mistake, however, to expect amaranth to be on dinner plates next year; it took a century for the American public and the farmers to accept the soybean, and it took two centuries for Europeans to accept the potato. Compared with such now-established crops, amaranth has been the object of little modern research or testing. Nevertheless, with today's communications and technology, it should not take that long for amaranth to find its niche.
+Within a few years, it seems likely that this ancient grain of the Americas will return to grace the modern age. Eventually, it may prove to be as rich a legacy of the American Indian as maize and beans.
+<section>2 The Plants</section>
+Members of the genus Amaranthus (family Amaranthaceae) are widely distributed throughout the world's tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. The genus contains about 60 species.Willis, J.C. 1973. A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns.
+Cambridge University Press.
+Growth habits vary from prostrate to erect and branched to unbranched; leaf and stem colors range from red to green, with a multitude of intermediates; and seed colors range from black to white.
+DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY
+Historically, people have cultivated amaranths in environments ranging from the true tropics to semiarid lands and from sea level to some of the highest farms in the world. Ecotypes have evolved that tolerate alkaline sandy soils with pH as high as 8.5, as well as the acidic clays of hillside slash-and-burn fields of the tropics.
+Although traditionally cultivated within 30° latitude of the equator, amaranth can be grown in higher latitudes using strains that will initiate flowering in spite of the longer daylength
+(photoperiod) than that of the tropics. Most grain amaranth cultivation has been concentrated in highland valleys, such as those in the Sierra Madre, Andes, and Himalayas. Generally, traditional farmers in those areas have exchanged seed only with neighbors, so that adjacent semiarid, highland, and subtropical lowland gene pools have remained largely distinct.
+PHYSIOLOGY
+Amaranths, as already noted, are among the group of plants that carry on photosynthesis by the specialized C4 pathway. They are one of the few C4 crop species that are not grasses.
+The C4 pathway is a modification of the normal photosynthetic process that makes efficient use of the carbon dioxide available in the air by concentrating it in the chloroplasts of specialized cells surrounding the leaf vascular bundles. The photorespiratory loss of carbon dioxide, the basic unit for carbohydrate production, is suppressed in C4 plants.
+Consequently, plants that use the C4 pathway can convert a higher ratio of atmospheric carbon to plant sugars per unit of water lost than those possessing the classical C3 (Calvin cycle) pathway.
+Even when their stomata are partially closed, plants having the C4 pathway are able to maintain relatively high rates of carbon dioxide fixation. Since stomata close when the plant is under environmental stress (such as drought or salinity), C4 plants, such as amaranth, perform better than C3 plants under adverse conditions. Also, the reduced stomata! opening reduces the water lost by transpiration.
+Through osmotic adjustment, the plants can tolerate some lack of water without wilting or dying. This is also an adaptation for surviving periods of drought.
+The potential ability to photosynthesize at high rates under high temperature is another physiological advantage of C4 photosynthesis. Research on Amaranthus caudatus cv "edulis" has shown peak photosynthetic activity to occur at 40°C.
+DAYLENGTH
+Many of the amaranths are sensitive to length of day. For example, strains of Amaranthus hypochondriacus from the south of Mexico will not set flower in the summer in Pennsylvania.
+They do, however, mature in the greenhouse during the short-day conditions of winter. The reverse happens with Amararathus cruentus from Nigeria. It remains vegetative for a long period in its equatorial home. However, it goes to seed very early when introduced into the long-day conditions in Pennsylvania and can be used to breed for early-maturing traits.
+Amaranthus caudatus, on the other hand, is known to be a short-day species. It usually flowers and sets seed only when daylength is less than 8 hours. However, some
+Amaranthus caudatus, such as the ornamental "love-lies-bleeding," will set seed at longer day-length conditions.
+ALTITUDE
+Elevation is not a severe limitation. Amaranths grow satisfactorily from sea level to above 3,200 m, but only Amaranthus caudatus is known to thrive at altitudes above 2,500 m.
+TEMPERATURE
+Grain amaranth grows best when the daily high temperature is at least 21°C. Various accessions have showed optimal germination temperatures varying between 16°C and 35°C. The speed of emergence is increased at the upper end of this range.
+Although Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus cruentus tolerate high temperatures, they are not frost hardy. Growth ceases altogether at about 8°C and the plants are injured by temperatures below 4°C. Amaranthaus caudatus, however, is native to areas high in the Peruvian Andes and is more resistant to chilling than the other species.
+SOIL
+Field observations indicate that amaranth grows well on soils containing widely varying levels of soil nutrients. Initial studies in Pennsylvania show that young grain amaranth plants grow taller with fertilizer, but the grain yield has thus far shown little improvement. Vegetable amaranth, on the other hand, requires high soil fertility, particularly potassium and nitrogen.
+Grain amaranth requires well-drained sites and appears to prefer neutral or basic soils (pH values above 6). However, this has not been studied carefully, and, with the wealth of amaranth germplasm that exists, it is likely that types that tolerate acid conditions can be found, especially as vegetable amaranth is often cultivated in tropical lowlands where acid soils are common.
+Although the genus is not known for high salt tolerance, an apparent ability to withstand mild salinity and alkalinity is apparent in some species of amaranth. Moreover, Amaranthus tricolor has demonstrated tolerance for soil with high aluminum levels.
+RAINFALL
+For seeds to germinate and establish roots, amaranths require wellmoistened soil, but once seedlings are established, grain amaranths do well with limited water; in fact, they grow best under dry, warm conditions. Vegetable amaranths, on the other hand, require moisture throughout the growing season. Grain amaranths have been grown in dry-land agriculture in areas receiving as little as 200 mm of annual precipitation, and, at the other extreme, vegetable amaranths are routinely grown in areas receiving 3,000 mm of annual rainfall. Indeed, in West Africa, vegetable amaranth production continues even during the torrential rainy season.
+WEEDY AMARANTHS
+Of all the 60 or so amaranth species, only a handful are now used as crops. A few of the others are serious weeds. The main weedy types are A. viridis, A. spinosis, A. retroflexus, and A. hybridus. These are dark-seeded plants with widespread distribution. A. retroflexus ("pigweed") is one of the world's worst weeds.
+These weeds are distinctly different from the grain amaranths highlighted in this report. They tend to be indeterminate and to produce seeds at many different parts of the plant and scatter them during a long part of the season. On the other hand, the cultivated grain types tend to mature over a rather short period and have a dominant seedhead with fewer side branches.
+Like other Amaranth species, the hardy weeds prefer hot, bright sunlight. Their seed is readily spread by birds and water. They frequently occur as pests in pastures, crops, or along roadsides, usually in unshaded areas in competition with other weeds and grasses. In urban areas they are commonly seen in abandoned lots or poking up through cracks in the pavement.
+The seeds of weedy amaranths have remarkably long viability; some have germinated after 40 years. (Much less is known about the viability of the seed of cultivated amaranths, except that seeds stored at room temperature in desiccators may keep well for several years. In high humidity the seeds quickly lose viability, and they also lose their popping quality with age or desiccation.) Of the weedy species, only some types of A. hybridus are worth serious attention as vegetable crops or as breeding parents for grain amaranth improvement.
+The species and varieties cultivated for grain do not carry the same potential for weediness. They lack the strong taproot that is seen in A. retroflexus, for example, and are generally much less aggressive in their habits.
+<section>3 Production</section>
+PLANTING
+Amaranths are usually seeded directly into the field. On rare occasion, vegetable amaranths are transplanted to the field as seedlings when they reach the stage of bearing four true leaves. Seeding density depends on the method of harvest anticipated. Preliminary density trials indicate that' for many Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus cruentus cultivars, 320,000 plants per hectare is an acceptable density for yield as well as for stand management. Vegetable amaranths are often grown with densities up to 100 plants per m2.
+Seedbeds should be of good filth, well drained, and fairly level to help prevent rain from washing away the tiny seeds or seedlings. Seeds must be planted no more than I cm deep, and the seedbeds must have fine soil without large clods. Rain falling on this type of seedbed can cause the soil to form a crust that inhibits germination.
+CULTIVATION
+Once the stand is established, maintenance is relatively easy. The broad leaves and erect habit quickly create a closed canopy, making understory weeds only a minor problem under most conditions.
+Grain amaranths can be mechanically weeded until the canopy closes. Most types of grain amaranth mature in 4-5 months. They mature more quickly in monsoonal areas. However, in some highland regions maturing may take as long as 10 months.
+HARVESTING
+A few varieties selected in Pennsylvania are now sufficiently uniform to be machine harvested, but most are not. The main difficulty in mechanical harvesting is that the central flower head matures and dries out while the numerous inflorescences on lower side branches are still moist. High-density planting modifies plant structure to a point where a single seedhead is formed, and this makes mechanical harvest more efficient. Selection and breeding of new varieties that are adapted to mechanical harvest is now in progress. To avoid the problem of nonuniform maturity the grain amaranth now produced in Latin
+America and South Asia is hand harvested. It is then dried in the sun and threshed and winnowed by hand. The small seed size makes cleaning awkward. However, winnowing is not too difficult, since the seed is heavier than the chaff.
+PESTS
+Insect problems are not well documented. In Pennsylvania the lygus bug (Lygus lineolaris) has severely damaged grain amaranth yields by piercing the developing seed and sucking out the juices. Amaranthus cruentus (white-seeded types) seem more susceptible to damage than Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Leaf-miners have also been found on both grain and vegetable amaranth. In Lucknow, India, serious damage to both grain and vegetable types has often been caused by spider mites. In India the stem weevil (Lixus truncatulus) is a major pest of amaranth; its grubs damage foliage and roots and cause the plants to wilt. Leaf rotters (Hymenia recurvalis) also cause considerable damage during rainy seasons.
+Seedbeds should be guarded against ants and termites, which often carry away all the seeds.
+DISEASES
+More study is needed of diseases on both vegetable- and grain-type amaranths. The soil fungus Alternaria alternantherae causes much leaf damage and drastically reduces plant vigor. However, only Amaranthus caudatus has so far proved susceptible to this disease in Pennsylvania. A similar blight disease of leaves and flowers, caused by Alternaria amaranthi (Peck.), has been reported on Amaranthus hypochondriacus in India. White rust, caused by Albiyo bliti, in which white pustules on the underside of the leaves reduce the market appeal of vegetable amaranth, is also common in South India.
+There is evidence that a foliar disease (or perhaps air pollution) affects Amaranthus cruentus in the United States. Leaf and stem diseases caused by mycoplasms have been identified in Peru, and great differences in susceptibility between lines have been noted.
+<section>4 Grain Amaranths</section>
+As already mentioned, amaranth is one of the few nongrasses with potential for becoming a cereal-like grain crop. The main species for this are Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus.
+AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS
+This species is a crop in the Andean highlands of Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia. It has pendulous, blazing-red inflorescences and is commonly sold in Europe and North America as an ornamental under names such as "love-lies-bleeding" or "red-hot cattail," a name shared with unrelated plants. Other forms of the species give much better grain yields. One good variety that has club-shaped inflorescences is Amaranthus caudatus cv edulis (sometimes classified as Amaranthus edulis or Amaranthus mantegazzianus).
+Amaranthus caudatus originated in the same region in the Andean highlands as the common potato. The Spanish conquerors called it Inca wheat, but it is much more ancient than the Incas. Some of its pale seeds, placed in tombs as food for the dead, are more than 2,000 years old.
+The plant is still widely grown in the Andean region, mostly by the Indians who maintain traditional customs. It is usually planted in small patches close to houses, not in large fields as a staple crop. The grain is toasted and popped, ground into flour, or boiled for gruel. It is considered especially good for children and invalids.
+The crop contains a great deal of genetic diversity in South America, and, although only a small sampling has been introduced to other continents, much genetic diversity has been observed in the germplasm collections from northern India.
+AMARANTHUS CRUENTUS
+This Mexican and Guatemalan species is useful both as a grain or a leafy vegetable (see next chapter). The grain types have white seeds; the vegetable types (as well as those used to extract red dye) usually are dark seeded. It is probably the most adaptable of all amaranth species, and it flowers, for example, under a wider range of daylengths than the others. Amaranthus cruentus is an ancient food, and in the famous Tehuacan caves in central
+Mexico, archaeologists have dug up remains-both the pale grain and the bundles of plants brought in for threshing-at a dozen levels, dating back 5,500 years. The species is still grown in the region, and popped amaranth seedcakes are sold on the streets of the towns.
+Amaranthus cruentus has also survived as a grain crop in a few Indian villages of southern Mexico and Guatemala and as a crop used to extract a red dye for coloring corn-based foods in the Indian pueblos of the arid southwestern United States, where it probably became established in prehistoric times.
+AMARANTHUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS
+The most robust, highest yielding of the grain types, Amaranthus hypochondriacus was probably domesticated in central Mexico, farther north and at a later time than Amaranthus cruentus. It first appeared in the Tehuacan caves about 1,500 years ago as a pale-seeded, fully domesticated type. It, too, reached the United States in prehistoric time but later became extinct there. Its maximum cultivation today is in India, particularly in the Sutlej Valley in the state of Himachal Pradesh and in the Garhwal and Kumaon regions of Uttar Pradesh.
+Some types of Amaranthus hypochondriacus are bushy; others are tall and unbranched. The species is particularly useful for tropical areas, high altitudes, and dry conditions. It has excellent seed quality and shows the greatest potential for use as a food ingredient. It pops and mills well and has a pleasing taste and smell.
+Evidently, the Spanish took seeds back to Europe at an early date (possibly inadvertently), and, as shown by sixteenth- and seventeenth century herbals, the plant soon spread through European gardens as an ornamental. Around 1700 it was grown as a minor grain crop in Central Europe and Russia and eaten as mush and groats. By the early nineteenth century it had been taken to Africa and Asia, where it is now planted as a grain crop in such widely scattered regions as the mountains of Ethiopia, the hills of South India, the Nepal Himalaya, and the plains of Mongolia.
+PHYSICAL COMPOSITION
+Amaranth seeds are very small; 1,000-3,000 seeds per gram are common. Although selections have been made over the years for pale seeds (the wild species all have black seeds), large inflorescences, and more seeds per plant, there has apparently been little selection for larger seed size.
+Amaranth germ and bran constitute 26 percent of the seed; the flour 74 percent-about the same as in a grain of wheat. When the whole grain is milled, its protein, vitamins, fat, and minerals are concentrated significantly in the bran/germ fraction. Amaranth germ, for example, can contain as much as 30 percent protein. It also contains about 20 percent oil. This shows promise as an edible oil, but no attempts at extracting it have yet been made. The bran is high in fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals.
+The starch that makes up the bulk of amaranth flour has extremely small granules (average diameter I micron*), a unique dodecahedral structure, and high water-absorption capacity. It is likely to prove useful for applications in the food, plastics, cosmetics, and other industries.
+CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
+Average chemical composition of amaranth grain is shown in Table 1, amino acid content in Table 2. Amaranth has a protein content as high as 16 percent, which is somewhat higher than that found among commercial varieties of common cereals. However, the 'white" flour that is milled out of it has only 7 percent protein, not a substantially different quantity from the protein content of wheat flour used in making white bread.
+The charts on page 7 show the composition of amaranth in comparison with the more common grains. The protein in amaranth seeds is unusual because its balance of amino acids is closer to the optimum balance required in the human diet than that of most plant proteins. As noted already, the lysine content is especially high compared with that found among the most common cereals. Thus, amaranth's importance is that its essential amino acids complement those of corn, rice, and wheat. For example, corn protein is low in both tryptophan and lysine, whereas amaranth has high levels of both.
+TABLE I Proximate Composition of Amaranthus Seeds(a)
+Crude
+Nc
+Protein(b)
+Fat
+Fiber
+Ash
+Species
+A. cruentus(c,d)
+A. cruentus x hypochondri- acus(d)
+A. edulisd (A. caudatus)
+A. hypochondriacus(e,f)
+a Dry basis (original moisture contents, 6-11%)
+b N x 5.85
+c Average of two A. cruentus samples
+d Becker et al., 1981
+e Cheeke and Bronson, 1980
+f Average of four A. hypochondriacus samples
+Source: Saunders and Becker, 1983
+Amaranth protein, itself, is low in the amino acid leucine, which is not a serious limitation because leucine is found in excess in most common grains.
+The nutritional value of amaranth protein is very good. Protein efficiency ratios (PER) have ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 (corrected to casein 2.5) for cooked grain, and its total digestibility is about 90 percent. Amaranth protein, at a biological value of 75, comes closer than any other grain protein to the perfect balance of essential amino acids, which theoretically would score 100 on the nutritionists' scale of protein quality based on amino acid composition. By contrast, corn scores about 44, wheat 60, soybean 68, and cow's milk 72. When amaranth flour is mixed with corn flour, the combination almost reaches the perfect 100 score, because the amino acids that are deficient in one are abundant in the other.
+The fatty acids of amaranth oil comprise about 70 percent oleic and linoleic acids, about 20 percent stearic acid, and about 1 percent linolenic acid. The oil also contains uncommonly high levels of squalene.
+Antinutritive factors, such as saponins, trypsin inhibitors, and tannins, occur in amaranth grain but at similar levels to those found in legumes and in some other grains
+(notably sorghum). Much more information is needed on these components, but as of now they are not thought to present any nutritional hazard.
+PROCESSING
+As with other grains, foods containing amaranth can be prepared by using simple low-energy techniques. Cleaned, unprocessed whole grain can be made into porridge by simply boiling it briefly in water. If toasted or parched lightly, the whole grain becomes a pleasant tasting food that can be eaten without further preparation. The whole grain can also be sprouted for use as a nutritious vegetable. Moreover, tasty foods can be prepared by popping or puffing the whole grain into small white kernels that taste like popcorn. This preparation is common in Mexico and Central America, where popped amaranth is often used in confections and condiments.
+TABLE 2 Protein Amino Acid Composition (g/16 g of N) of Amaranthus Species
+Species
+Amino Acid
+A. caudatus
+A. hvpochondrracus(a).
+A. cruentus(b)
+Lysine
+Histidine
+Threonine
+Cysteine
+Methionine
+Met + Cys
+Valine
+Isoleucine
+Leucine
+Tyrosine
+Phenylalanine
+Serine
+Glycine
+Arginine
+Alanine
+Aspartic acid
+Glutamic acid
+Proline
+Tryptophan
+Nitrogen recovered
+Chemical score(c)
+a Carlsson, 1980
+b Besetschart et al., 1981
+c The chemical score of whole wheat protein is 73, and of soybean protein, 74 (FAO, 1970)
+Source: Saunders and Becker, 1983
+Grinding or milling amaranth produces a whole-grain meal or white flour. An abrasive mill like that used for milling sorghum or rice seems best, although a roller mill, as used for wheat, can be adapted to handle amaranth. As with other grains, milled products have a much shorter storage life than the whole grain.
+USE IN FOODS
+Amaranth meal or flour is especially suitable for unleavened (flat) breads where it can be used as the sole or predominant cereal ingredient. The flour is used in Latin America and in the Himalayas to produce a variety of flat breads (for example, tortillas and chapaties).
+For making yeast-raised breads or other leavened foods, amaranth meal or flour must be blended with wheat meal or wheat flour because it lacks functional gluten. In such blends, it is likely that the high lysine content of amaranth improves the protein quality of foods that normally would be made from flours of other grains such as corn, rice, or wheat. This is particularly beneficial for infants, children, and pregnant and lactating women.
+Amaranth can be used in many other foods, including:
+· Soups (grain and flour)
+· Pilaf (grain)
+· Pancakes (flour, whole grain, and popped grain)
+· Breakfast cereals (whole, popped, or sprouted-grain flour)
+· Porridge (popped grains in milk)
+· Breads, rolls, muffins, and many other forms of baked foods (flour, popped grain, toasted
+grain, whole grain)
+· Crepes (flour, popped grain)
+· Dumplings, tostadas, tortillas, fritos, and corn pones (flour, whole or popped grain)
+· Cookies and crackers (flour, whole or popped grain)
+· Snack bars (popped grain, toasted grain, or sprouted grain)
+· Toppings (popped grain)
+· Breadings (popped grain, flour)
+· Beverages (flour, popped grain)
+· Fillers (whole or popped grain, flour, or starch)
+· Confections (popped grains).
+FEED
+Unprocessed amaranth grain probably can be used as an animal feed, particularly for poultry. So far, however, it has not been produced in sufficient quantities to be tested extensively in livestock feeding trials.
+<section>5 Vegetable Amaranths</section>
+Most Amaranthus species have edible leaves, and several species are already widely used as potherbs (boiled greens). Over the years, growers have selected types with leaves and stems of high palatability. Their mild spinach-like flavor, high yields, ability to grow in hot weather, and high nutritive value have made them popular vegetable crops, perhaps the most widely eaten vegetables in the humid tropics. In some African societies, for example, protein from amaranth leaves provides as much as 25 percent of the daily protein intake during the harvest season.
+In many tropical regions of India, China, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific islands, amaranths, such as Amaranthus tricolor and Amaranthus dubius, are grown. They have been cultivated for more than 2,000 years, and many different cultivars, some with brightly colored leaves, have been developed. In humid tropical Africa, Amaranthus cruentus is extensively grown as a leaf vegetable. In much of the Caribbean, Amaranthus dubius and other amaranths are considered among the best of leafy greens.
+In temperate regions of Eurasia, amaranths have long been domesticated as leafy vegetables, as were their relatives, spinach and chard. Amaranthus lividus, a low-growing, succulent, purplish-red herb, was cultivated in the gardens of ancient Greece and Rome and in medieval Europe. In North American deserts, Indians subsisted on Amaranthus palmer) and Amaranthus hybridus until corn and beans could be harvested. They were the only summer leafy vegetables with a dependable yield in the hot and arid conditions.
+Despite the fact that vegetable amaranths are cultivated or gathered in so many regions, few references include more than generalities about their culture. This may indicate both their ease of cultivation and the fact that, because of wide adaptability, the optimal conditions for maximum yields are not known. Often the seeds are not sown at all and natural seed fall provides the following year's crop.
+Since the plants grow rapidly, the time between planting and harvest of the tender foliage and stems is short-generally only 3-6 weeks. In Tamil Nadu (South India) plants are pulled 3 weeks after sowing and used as "tender greens." Certain varieties remain succulent longer and can be harvested after up to 5 weeks of growth. Varieties suitable for periodical cutting (clipping) are also available. The first cutting is done at 20 days after sowing, and thereafter weekly cuttings are possible for up to 10 cuttings. At a later age, and particularly after the flowers develop, the foliage and stems become fibrous, brittle, pithy, and unpalatable.
+AMARANTHUS CRUENTUS
+This species has been described earlier as a grain type. A very deepred, dark-seeded form of the species, sometimes known as blood amaranth, is often sold as an ornamental in commercial seed packets. During the nineteenth century, this deep-red form was adopted for use as cooked greens by gardeners throughout the tropics. It became a more important crop in tropical Africa than anywhere else. Like corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts, and other American Indian crops, Amaranthus cruentus was evidently introduced to Africa by Europeans. But then it passed quickly from tribe to tribe, probably as a weed in millet and sorghum seed. It outran European exploration of the interior, so that Livingstone and others found it already in cultivation when they arrived. Today it is being planted and gathered year-round in the humid regions of much of Africa. In parts of West Africa, for instance, the tender young seedlings are pulled up by the roots and sold in town markets by the thousands of
+tons every year.
+AMARANTHUS DUBIUS
+This weedy species is used as a green vegetable in West Africa and the Caribbean and is found in Java and other parts of Indonesia as a home garden crop. One of the best varieties of this species, known as the cultivar "claroen," is particularly popular in Benin and Suriname. Its seeds are extremely small (4,500 seeds per g). It has distinctive dark-green, broad, ridged leaves. It is fast growing, high yielding, and has considerable morphological variation, resulting partly from its repeated hybridization with Amaranthus spinosus. The "greens" of this species are considered very palatable. This is the only tetraploid (2n = 64) species in the genus known so far.
+AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS
+This weedy species is one of the most common leafy vegetables. It is an herb that grows up to 1.5 m tall. Originating in tropical America, it is now spread throughout tropical areas. In Indonesia it is often planted in kitchen gardens. It also grows wild on moist ground, in waste places, or along roadsides, and thrives in altitudes up to 1,300 m.
+In the markets, bundles of leafy shoots as well as uprooted young plants are offered for sale.
+The tender leaves and young seedlings are used widely in soups and stews. Lamb, beef, chicken, or pork is often added.
+The common name of the plant in Mexico is quintonil. Elsewhere it is known as phak khom (Thailand), bayam (Malaysia, Indonesia), urai (Philippines), and slender amaranth.
+The size and color vary greatly. Red-stemmed varieties are usually planted as ornamentals; green varieties are commonly used as vegetables.
+Amaranthus hybridus has potential to impart early maturity to grain types through crossbreeding.
+AMARANTHUS LIVIDUS
+This widely distributed species (also known as A. blitum) is well adapted to temperate climates and has a number of weedy forms that come with either red or green leaves. It promises to allow the development of highly palatable crossbred vegetable amaranths. In
+Madhya Pradesh, India, the edible forms, known as norpa, are especially liked for their tender stems. This is the species widely eaten in Greece under the name vleeta. It is also grown in Taiwan, where it is known as horsetooth amaranth.
+AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR
+Varieties of this species are native to a large area from India to the islands of the Pacific and as far north as China. It is probably the best-developed of the vegetable amaranth species.
+The plants are succulent, low growing, and compact, with growth habits much like spinach.
+They can be produced as a hot-season leafy vegetable in arid regions when few other leafy greens are available. In India a number of domesticated forms are available, especially in
+Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. Some ornamentals with very beautiful foliage also belong to this species.
+NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
+The nutritional quality of amaranth greens is similar to that of other leafy vegetables.
+However, because their dry-matter content is often high, an equivalent amount of fresh amaranth often provides from 2 to 3 times the amount of nutrients found in other vegetables (see Table 3). In mineral content, notably iron and calcium, amaranth greens rank particularly well when measured against other potherbs.
+Leaf-protein levels (dry-weight basis) have been reported as 27 percent for Amaranthus blitum, 28 percent for Amaranthus hybridus, 30 percent for Amaranthus caudatus, and 33 percent for Amaranthus tricolor.* The amino acid composition of Amaranthus hybridus leaf protein shows a chemical score of 71, which is comparable to that of spinach.
+High levels of the nutritionally critical amino acids lysine and methionine have been found in the leaves of 13 amaranth species.+ Vegetable amaranths are also an important source of vitamins, especially vitamin A, the lack of which results in a most serious nutritional deficiency in the tropics and leads to blindness in thousands of children each year.
+TABLE 3 Nutrient Content(a) of Selected Raw Vegetable Leaves(b)
+Malabar spinach
+Component
+Amaranth
+Spinach
+(Basella)
+Chard
+Dry matter, g
+Food energy, cat
+Protein, g
+Fat, g
+Carbohydrates
+Total, g
+Fiber, g
+Ash, g
+Calcium, mg
+Phosphorus, mg
+Iron, mg
+Sodium, mg
+Potassium, mg
+Vitamin A, IU
+Thiamin, mg
+Riboflavin, mg
+Niacin, mg
+Vitamin C, mg
+(a) Per 100 g of edible portion
+(b) From Watt and Merrill, 1963
+Source: Saunders and Becker, 1983
+YlELD
+Generally, yields are in the range of 4 to 14 tons per ha green weight. However, vegetable amaranth yields have been reported as high as 40 tons per ha.
+Fertilization, especially with nitrogen, is one of the major factors influencing yield, although few, if any, fertility trials have been done and there is little data for different growing regimens or locales.
+Regrowth can provide four or more harvests a year. In Benin, it has been suggested that the plants be cut when they reach a height of 20 cm and that the harvest interval should be 3 weeks.
+DISEASES AND PESTS
+Insect and disease problems can seriously affect vegetable amaranths. The plants do not grow well during long periods of cloudy, wet weather and are not tolerant of shade. During a monsoon rainy season, for example, damping-off from Pythium and Rhizoctonia is most serious. Another disease, Choanephora cucurbitarum, causes wet rot in leaves and young stalks.
+To reduce such fungal diseases, seedbeds (especially those established during humid weather) must be well drained and located in sunny sites. Manuring can eliminate some of the problems. Various fungicides have also been used successfully.
+Insect damage can be a more serious problem for vegetable amaranths than for grain amaranths. The major pests are larvae of moths and butterflies, as well as leaf hoppers, leaf miners, grasshoppers, and leaf-feeding beetles.
+Slugs and snails also often severely damage young plantings.
+LIMITATIONS
+Green leafy vegetables are known to contain a wide variety of antinutritional factors.
+Amaranth is no exception. Oxalic acid, betacyanins, alkaloids such as betaine, cyanogenic compounds, saponins, sesquiterpenes, and polyphenols all have been reported present in various species.
+Like many other fast-growing plants, amaranth requires and absorbs large amounts of nitrate. Under certain conditions, nitrate accumulates to levels that constitute several percent of plant dry matter. The levels, however, are about the same as those in spinach, beet greens, chard, and other conventional potherbs. Boiling the leaves removes most of the nitrate.
+Green leafy vegetables, including amaranth, also frequently contain large quantities of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is an end product of metabolic processes and accumulates as the plant gets older. When eaten by humans, it binds some minerals, notably calcium, and makes these unavailable for absorption from the digestive tract, so that a person consuming sufficiently large amounts of them develops a mineral deficiency.
+The oxalic acid levels in amaranth samples can be uncomfortably high (1-2 percent), particularly when the plant is grown under dry conditions. The levels are affected by soil fertility and increase with fertilization. It is because of oxalic acid that amaranths (and many other leafy greens) are boiled before eating. (Boiling makes amaranths nontoxic, because the oxalic acid dissolves in the water.)
+FORAGE
+The fact that boiled amaranth leaves have been an important component of the human diet in many African and southern Asian countries for centuries suggests that it might also be a useful forage crop for animals, particularly ruminants.
+Extensive studies to confirm this have not been conducted, and there are a number of reports in the veterinary literature that implicate species of wild amaranth in the poisoning of livestock. However, these incidents were under dry conditions where weedy amaranths are known to accumulate high levels of nitrate and oxalates and where they survive better than other plants, so the animals could not balance their diet. These observations raise some concern over the possible usefulness of amaranth as a forage crop; research to resolve the issue is well warranted.
+LEAF-PROTEIN ISOLATES
+A future promise of vegetable amaranths is the development of leafprotein concentrates. Compared with most other species, amaranth leaf protein is highly extractable. In one trial, amaranth had the highest level of extractable protein among 24 plant species studied.
+During the extraction of leaf protein, most other nutrients are extracted as well: for example, provitamin A (beta-carotene), polyunsaturated lipids (linoleic acid), and iron. Heating or treating the extract with acid precipitates the nutrients as leaf-protein concentrate. In the process, most of the harmful compounds are eliminated, as they remain in the soluble phase. The green cheeselike coagulum is washed with water slightly acidified with dilute acetic acid (vinegar) to further reduce the amounts of possible antinutritive factors. The resulting leaf-nutrient concentrate is especially useful for young children and other persons with particularly high protein, vitamin A, and iron needs. The fibrous pulp left after extracting the amaranth greens is a suitable feed for animals.
+The protein quality of the amaranth leaf-nutrient concentrate (determined by amino acid composition, digestibility, and nutritional effectiveness) is excellent. It is, however, species dependent, probably because of the presence of secondary substances in some species.
+<section>6 Research Needs</section>
+As noted, amaranth research has been gaining momentum in recent years. While no fundamental obstacles to the crop's future development are apparent, many technical details remain to be explored. Agencies funding agricultural research for developing countries should consider supporting amaranth research and testing. Some recommendations and research needs are listed here.
+COLLECTION AND SCREENING OF GERMPLASM
+Amaranth offers more genetic diversity in its present undeveloped state than do many conventional crops. The broad geographic spread of the genus has resulted in the evolution of many land races in widely separated areas. Several features of their highly variable breeding system and overall reproductive biology provide ample choice of breeding methods.
+This huge gene pool will be very important to the future development of the crop. The genetic characteristics of the types to be found there should be useful in amaranth-breeding programs worldwide, and it is best to have as many available as possible at this early stage in amaranth development. Further systematic collections of amaranth germplasm should be made in Latin America, the Caribbean, India, Nepal, China, and the Pacific.
+These collections should be coordinated with the International Board on Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), which is starting germplasm collections in Southeast Asia and has recently completed one in Peru.
+ADAPTABILITY TRIALS
+Although a large number of accessions and progeny from breeding selections have already been screened in Pennsylvania, there has been no organized program to determine the relative adaptability of the better varieties elsewhere. Therefore, it is recommended that a cooperative research network be established in which perhaps 12 promising amaranth varieties are grown in 12 or more locations in different climates.
+The varieties selected for adaptability trials should include a range of species and morphological types that have agronomic potential. This would be an excellent way to obtain indications of the geographical areas where given types will grow best. It would be the first step towards developing "zones" for amaranth adaptability, similar to those used for soybeans.
+Larger trials, involving perhaps 100-500 varieties, should also be undertaken by geneticists and screening nurseries. Demonstration trials under farm conditions are also recommended.
+ETHNOBOTANY OF THE CROP
+Studies of the way people grow and use grain amaranths in Central and South America and the Himalayas, as well as those methods employed to grow and use vegetable amaranths elsewhere, could prove informative. Data could be gathered about the most favorable environments within which the various species can be grown. And much useful information could be collected by documenting the rainfall, temperature, daylength, and soil conditions of these areas. This would permit better targeting to new areas. It would also demonstrate:
+· Lesser-known uses;
+· Soil requirements;
+· Crop ecology (for example, insect damage); and
+· Social aspects of amaranth cultivation and use.
+Although such studies will benefit those wanting to grow amaranth for the first time, it will also assist people who traditionally cultivate the crop.
+WEEDY AMARANTHS
+Seeds of the shattering, weedy amaranth species (for example, Amaranthus hybridus,
+Amaranthus palmer), Amaranthus retroflexus, and Amaranthus spinosus) should not be distributed for cultivation. Nevertheless, these weeds can be useful to the amaranth breeder.
+Amaranthus hybridus is the wild progenitor species of present-day cultivated Amaranthus hypochondriacus and easily exchanges genes with it. For introducing such desirable traits as faster maturation, disease resistance, and wider adaptability in the cultivated forms, the material of Amaranthus hybridus could be invaluable. And Amaranthus spinosus (a diploid), though sometimes a troublesome weed, can be utilized in raising hybrids (F1 triploids) with Amaranthus dubius (a tetraploid) on a commerical scale for forage. This is made possible by the peculiar distribution of male and female flowers in Amaranthus spinosus. The hybrids are fast growing, sterile, and have very soft spines. Feeding trials and nutritional studies are, however, a prerequisite before using such hybrids for forage.
+AMARANTH TAXONOMY
+A taxonomic "key" to amaranths compiled by Laurie Feine is available.
+However, because amaranth taxonomy is so confused, a monograph on the family is needed.
+SOME SPECIFIC RESEARCH NEEDS GRAIN AMARANTH GROWING PRACTICES
+Amaranth cultivation and harvesting practices require several types of research. Many of the following items are site-specific.
+· Selection of types best adapted to local conditions.
+· Use of amaranth in mixed-cropping systems and rotation.
+· Adaptation-it is important to learn the most extreme rainfall, evaporation, and soil
+characteristics under which amaranth can be grown and produce a reasonable yield.
+· Soil requirements-fertility, tolerance for salinity, need for organic matter, and maximum and
+minimum moisture.
+· Effects of growth conditions on chemical composition and nutritive value.
+· Determination of best planting dates, plant density, and weed and pest management.
+· Development or adaptation of machinery: planting implements, thresher, winnower, and
+grain cleaner.
+· Control of diseases (for example, pythium and rhizoctonia fungi) and pests (such as Iygus
+bug).
+· Storage of seeds (for example, the development of techniques to prevent "caking up,"
+which makes planting more difficult).
+DEVELOPING GRAIN AMARANTH VARIETIES
+Breeding goals for grain amaranth include selection for:
+· Desirable growth characteristics such as reduced plant size, reduced sensitivity to
+photoperiod, synchronous flowering, early maturity, reduced lodging, uniform drydown,
+reduced shattering, increased seed size, and high yield;
+· Environmental adaptations such as drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance,
+herbicide tolerance, and efficient fertilizer utilization; and
+· Food quality such as white seeds, palatability, and high levels of protein and essential amino
+acids.
+GRAIN AMARANTH PROCESSING
+Research is needed on the physiology of postharvest handling, especially on the effect of moisture on grain quality and storage. Also needed are studies on:
+· Grain cleaning (especially for medium-scale pilot plants);
+· Removal of sand and weed seeds from the grain;
+· Adaptation of existing machinery to handle amaranth; and
+· Drying and storage of harvested grain (unthreshed grain is hygroscopic).
+Research is also needed on:
+· Processing the whole grain, such as by extrusion cooking, milling whole and popped seed, and toasting, rolling, sprouting, and popping. Any changes in nutritional value or chemical compounds from such processing need to be assessed.
+· Commercial development requirements, such as dry and wet milling, and derivatives (for instance, methylated and carboxy derivatives of amaranth starch).
+· Siorage and shelf life of products.
+· Value of the grain and crop residues for ensilage and for direct feeding to livestock.
+GRAIN AMARANTH FOOD USES
+Important research needs in the use of amaranth grain include:
+· Basic characteristics of seed starch, protein, bran, germ, and oil;
+· Uses in products, including breakfast foods and weaning mixtures, as well as recipe
+development;
+· Nutritional testing in humans;
+· Amaranth's value as a wheat extender or a supplement for added nutritional value in traditional foods such as chapaties, tortillas, weaning foods, chicha, and arepas;
+· Use in infant foods;
+· Nutritional availability of minerals, vitamins, protein, and starch;
+· Amaranth's functional characteristics (viscosity, density, freezethaw stability, heat stability, emulsifying properties) when used in foods, and how grain types differ from one another; and
+· Antinutritional constituents.
+VEGETABLE AMARANTHS
+Vegetable amaranths have been more thoroughly investigated than the grain amaranths.
+Selections have been made by Asian growers for many years. Named varieties suitable for widespread culture are available from seed companies in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the
+United States (see Appendix C). Nevertheless, the crop could be improved by studies of:
+· Pest and disease resistance;
+· Nutrient uptake and nutrient content at different stages of harvest or crop growth;
+· Leaf yield;
+· Food quality, including tenderness and storage methods to prolong the life of the harvested produce;
+· Use of amaranth leaves as a remedy for vitamin A deficiency;
+· Antinutrition factors and heavy-metal accumulation in response to type and quantity of fertilizers used and type of soil;
+· Production of leaf nutrient concentrate;
+· Regrowth after harvest;
+· Comparison of yield from clipping versus successive planting;
+· Seed production and farmer-selection techniques;
+· Leaf:stem ratio;
+· Late emergence of inflorescences;
+· Planting and cultural practices for efficient use of land, water, and fertilizer; and
+· Crop rotation to avoid soil-borne diseases.
+The benefits and possible toxic problems of vegetable amaranth as a forage also need study.
+NEW USES
+It is possible that amaranth products other than those described in this report could have important potential. Examples are:
+· Natural dyes;
+· Pharmaceuticals (for example, laxatives); and
+· Squalene (a high-priced material found in amaranth seed but normally obtained from shark livers and used in cosmetics).
+ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
+It is important to study the weediness of the most promising Amaranthus species and the likelihood of their becoming pests.
+It is also possible that amaranth pollen and grain may cause undue allergic reactions in some people, and this needs to be assessed.
+<section>Appendixes</section>
+<section>Selected Readings</section>
+An excellent bibliography of amaranth literature has been collected and compiled by the
+Rodale Research Center. (Senft, J. P., C. S. Kauffman, and N. N. Bailey. 1981. The Genus
+Amaranthus: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania,
+USA. 217 pp.) A most useful publication for libraries and for those interested in amaranth research, it contains more than 2,600 entries and references organized according to the following subjects: general; genetics/taxonomy; weeds; horticulture/agronomy; plant physiology; plant pathology/entomology; anthropology; and nutritional/ food utilization.
+An amaranth newsletter is being published to help readers keep current with the latest research developments. It includes abstracts of amaranth publications. For further information contact: Editor-in-Chief, Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, P.O. Box 1188,
+Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A. Allen, P. 1961. Die Amaranthaceen Mitteleuropas. Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Reprint from G. Hegi, Illustriert Flora von Mitteleuropa III 2:461-535, Munich, Germany.
+Aguilar, J., and G. Alatorre. 1978. Monografia de la planta de la alegria. Memoria 1978.
+Grupo de Estudios Ambientales 1(1):156-203.
+Becker, R., E. L. Wheeler, K. Lorenz, A. E. Stafford, O. K. Grosjean, A. A. Betschart, and R.
+M. Saunders. 1981. A compositional study of amaranth grain. Journal of Food Science
+Bosworth, S. C., C. S. Hoveland, G. A. Buchanan, and W. B. Anthony. 1980. Forage quality of selected warm season weed species. Agronomy Journal 72(6):1050-1054.
+Brenan, J. P. M. 1981. The genus Amararnthus in Southern Africa. Journal of South African Botany, Pretoria 47(3):451-492.
+Campbell, T. A., and J. A. Abbott. 1982. Field evaluation of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). HortScience 17(3):407-409.
+Carlsson, R. 1982. Leaf protein concentrates from plant sources in temperate regions. Pp. 52-80 in Leaf Protein Concentrates, L. Telek and H. D. Graham, eds. AVI Technical Books,
+Inc., Westport, Connecticut, USA.
+Cheeke, P. R., R. Carlsson, and G. O. Kohler. 1981. Nutritive value of leaf protein concentrates prepared from Amaranthus species. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61(1): 199-204.
+Cole, J. N. 1979. Amaranth from the Past for the Future. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus Pennsylvania, USA. 311 pp., including bibliography of 120 publications.
+Coons, M. P. 1982. Relationships of Amararnthus caudatus. Economic Botany 36(2): 129
+146. Daloz C. R. 1980. Horticultural aspects of the vegetable amaranthus. M.S. thesis, Cornell
+University, Ithaca, New York, USA. 150 pp.
+Der Marderosian, A. D., J. Beutler, W. Pfender, J. Chambers, R. Yoder, E. Weinsteiger, and
+J. P. Senft. 1980. Nitrate and oxalate content of vegetable amaranth. Rodale Research
+Report 80-4. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. 15 pp.
+Downton, W. J. S. 1973. Amaranthus edulis: a high Iysine grain amaranth. World Crops25(1):20.
+Edwards, A. D. 1981. Amaranth Grain Production Guide. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus,
+Pennsylvania, USA. 20 pp.
+El-Sharkawy, M. A., R. S. Loomis, and W. A. Williams. 1968. Photosynthetic and respiratory exchanges of carbon dioxide by leaves of the grain amaranths. Journal of Applied Ecology
+Feine, L. B., R. R. Harwood, C. S. Kauffman, and J. P. Senft. 1979. Amaranth: gentle giant of the past and future. Pp. 41-63 in New Agricultural Crops, C. A. Ritchie, ed. AAAS
+Selected Symposium 38. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Foy, C. D. and T. A. Campbell. 1981. Differential tolerances of Amaranthus strains to high levels of AL and MN in acid soils. Agronomy Abstracts, 176.
+Fuller, H. J. 1949. Photoperiodic responses of Chenopodium quinoa willd. and Amaranthus caudatus L. American Journal of Botany 36:175-180.
+Gilbert, L., and C. S. Kauffman. 1981. Cooking characteristics and sensory qualities of amaranth grain varieties. Rodale Research Report 81-36. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus,
+Pennsylvania, USA. 29 pp.
+Grubben, G. J. H. 1976. The cultivation of amaranth as a tropical leaf vegetable, with special reference to South Dahomey. Communication No. 67. Department of Agricultural Research'
+Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 207 pp., including 197 references.
+Grubben, G. J. H. 1980. Cultivation methods and growth analysis of vegetable amaranth with special reference to South Benin. Proceedings of the Second Amaranth Conference. Rodale
+Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania. USA.
+Grubben, G. J. H., and D. H. van Sloten. 1981. Genetic Resources of Amaranths: A Global
+Plan of Action. ACP:IBPGR/80/2. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Food and
+Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 57 pp.
+Hanelt, P. 1968. Bemerkungen zur Systematik und Anbaugeschichte einiger Amaranthus-D
+Arten. [Contributions to cultivated plants flora. Part 1. Comments on the systematics and the history of cultivation of some Amaranthus-D species.] Die Kulturpflanze 16: 127-149.
+Harris, D. J., P. R. Cheeke, and N. M. Patton. 1980. A note on the feeding value of
+Amaranthus (pigweed) and Chenopodium (lamb's quarters) to rabbits. Journal of Applied
+Rabbit Research 3(3):11-13.
+Haas, P. W. 1983. Amaranth density report. Rodale Research Report NC-83-8. Rodale
+Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. (A 3-year summary of testing to determine optimum plant populations at Rodale Research Center.)
+Hauptli, H., and S. K. Jain. 1980. Genetic polymorphisms and yield components in a population of amaranth. Journal of Heredity 71(4):290-292.
+Heiser, C. B., Jr. 1964. Sangorache, an amaranth used ceremonially in Ecuador. American Anthropologist 66:136-140.
+Hunziker, A. T. 1952. Los Pseudocereales de la agriculture indigene de America. Acme Agency, Cordoba and Buenos Aires, Argentina. 104 pp.
+Irving, D. W., A. A. Betschart, and R. M. Saunders. 1981. Morphological studies on
+Amaranthus cruentus. Journal of Food Science 46:1170-1174.
+Jain, S. K., and H. Hauptli. 1980. Grain amaranth: a new crop for California. Agronomy
+Progress Report No. 107, April 14. Cooperative Extension Service, University of California,
+Berkeley, California, USA. 3 pp.
+Jain, S. K., L. Wu, and K. R. Vaidya. 1980. Levels of morphological and allozyme variation in
+Iudian amaranths, a striking contrast. Journal of Heredity 71(4):283-285.
+Joshi, B. D. 1981a. Exploration for amaranth in northwest India. Pp. 41-51 in Plant Genetic
+Resources Newsletter. AGP:PGR/48. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+Joshi, B. D. 1981b. Catalogue on amaranth germplasm. Regional Station National Bureau of
+Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Phagli, Simla 171012, India 42 pp.
+Joshi, B. D., K. L. Mehra, and S. D. Sharma. 1983. Cultivation of grain amaranth in the northwestern hills (India, Amaranthus spp., germplasm, varieties, yields). Indian Farming
+Kauffman, C. S. 1982. Improved grain amaranth varieties and their yields. Rodale Research
+Report NC-81-1. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. (A 3-year summary of yield testing at Rodale Research Center.) 45 pp.
+Kauffman, C. S., N. N. Bailey, and B. T. Volak. 1983. Amaranth grain production guide.
+Rodale Research Report NC-83-6. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA.
+Kauffman, C. S., N. N. Bailey, B. T.Volak, L. E. Weber, and N. R. yolk, 1984. Amaranth
+Grain Production Guide. Rodale Research Report NC-84-6. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus,
+Pennsylvania, USA
+Kauffman, C. S., and P. W. Haas. 1982. Grain amaranth: an overview of research and production methods. Rodale Research Report NC-83-5. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus
+Pennsylvania, USA. 13 pp.
+Kauffman, C. S., and C. Reider. 1983. Rodale amaranth germ plasm collection. Rodale
+Research Report NC-83-2. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. 81 pp.
+Khoshoo, T. N., and M. Pal. 1972. Cytogenetic patterns in Amaranthus. Chromosomes
+Today 3:259-267.
+Koch, B., M. Kota, and I. M. Horvath. 1965. Fodder crops as leaf protein. Agrobotanika 7:19-
+Leon, J. 1964. Plantas alimenticias Andinos. Pp. 71-85 in Boletin Technico No. 6. Instituto
+Intermericano de Ciencias Agricolas Zona Andina, Lima, Peru.
+Lexander, K., R. Carlsson, V. Schalen,A. Simonsson, and T. Lundborg. 1970. Quantities and qualities of leaf protein concentrates from wild species and crop species grown under controlled conditions. Annals of Applied Biology 66(2):193-216.
+MacNeish, R. S. 1971. Speculation about how and why food production and village life developed in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. Archaeology 24(4):307-315.
+Marten, G. C., and R. N. Andersen. 1975. Forage nutritive value and palatability of 12 common annual weeds. Crop Science 15(6):821-827.
+Martin, F. W., and L. Telek. 1979. Vegetables for the hot, humid tropics. Part 6. Amaranthus and Celosia. United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans Louisiana, USA. 21 pp., including 15 references.
+Mugerwa, J. S., and R. Bwabye. 1974. Yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of
+Amaranthus hybridus subspecies incurvatus. Tropical Grasslands 8(1):49-53.
+Mugerwa, J. S., and W. Stafford. 1976. Effect of feeding oxalate-rich Amaranthus on ovine serum, calcium and oxalate levels. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 42(1):71-
+75. National Academy of Sciences. 1975. Underexploited Tropical Plants with Promising
+Economic Value. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA. 189 pp.
+Odwongo, W. O., and J. S. Mugerwa. 1980. Performance of calves on diets containing
+Amaranthus leaf meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 5(3): 193-204.
+Oliveira de Paiva, W. 1978. Amarantaceas: nova opçao de espinafres tropicais pare a
+Amazonia. Acta Amazonica 8:357-363.
+Olufolaji, A. O., and T. O. Tayo. 1980. Growth development and mineral contents of three cultivars of amaranth Amaranthus cruentus. HortScience 13(2):181-190.
+Omueti, O. 1980. Effects of age on celosia cultivars. Experimental Agriculture 16:279286.
+Pal, M., and T. N. Khoshoo. 1974. Grain amaranths. Pp. 129-137 in Evolutionary Studies in
+World Crops: Diversity and Change in the Indian Subcontinent, Sir J. Hutchinson, ed.
+Cambridge University Press, London, England.
+Pal, M., and T. N. Khoshoo. 1973a. Evolution and improvement of cultivated amaranths. 6.
+Cytogenetic relationships in grain types. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 43:242251.
+Pal, M., and T. N. Khoshoo. 1973b. Evolution and improvement of cultivated amaranths. 7.
+Cytogenic relationships in vegetable amaranth. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 43:343-
+350. Rajagopal, A., C. R. Muthukrishnan, M. K. Mohideen, and S. Syed. 1977. Co 2 Amaranthus.
+An early vigorous variety. South Indian Horticulture 25(3):102-105.
+Rodale Press, Inc. 1977. Proceedings of the First Amaranth Seminar, held at Kutztown,
+Pennsylvania, USA, July 29, 1977. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. 130 pp. (Ten papers; review of research in the United States, 1975-1977, mainly on cereal amaranths.)
+Rodale Press, Inc. 1980. Proceedings of the Second Amaranth Conference, held at
+Kutztown, Pennsylvania, USA, September 13-14, 1979. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus,
+Pennsylvania, USA. 184 pp. (Papers on nutrition, cultivation, assembly, and handling of germplasm.)
+Sanchez-Marroquin, A. 1983. Two forgotten crops of agroindustrial importance: amaranth and quinoa. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 33:11-32.
+Sanchez-Marroquin, A. 1980. Potencialidad agro-industrial del amaranto. Centro de Estudios
+Economicos y Sociales del Tercer, Mundo, Mexico.
+Sauer, J. D. 1967. The grain amaranths and their relatives: a revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 54(2):103-137.
+Sauer, J. D. 1950. The grain amaranths: a survey of their history and classification. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37:561-619.
+Saunders, R. M., and R. Becker. In press. Amaranthus. Vol. 6, Chapter 6 in Advances In Cereal Science and Technology, Y. Pomeranz, ed. American Association of Cereal
+Chemistry, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
+Senft, J. P. 1980. Protein quality of amaranth grain. Rodale Research Report 80-3. Rodale
+Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. 14 pp.
+Senft, J. P., C. S. Kauffman, and N. N. Bailey. 1981. The Genus Amaranthus: A
+Comprehensive Bibliography. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA. 217 pp
+Singh, H., and A. Rakib. 1971. Chemical evaluation of certain poultry feed stuff. Indian
+Journal of Animal Research 5(1):39-42.
+Singh H., and T. A. Thomas. 1978. Grain Amaranths, Buckwheat and Chenopods. Indian
+Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India. 70 pp.
+Toll, J., and D. H. van Sloten. 1982. Directory of Germplasm Collections. 4. Vegetables
+AGP:IBPGR/82/1. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Food and Agricultural
+Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 187 pp.
+Wilson, G. F., and H. P. Curfs. 1976. Cost of production and estimated income from celosia
+(Celosia argentea L.) under two production systems. Vegetables for the Hot Humid Tropics
+Newsletter (Mayaguez) 1:35-37.
+<section>Research Contacts</section>
+Argentina
+A. T. Hunziker, Museo Botanico, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba
+Brazil
+L. Jokl and A. Duarte Correa, Faculdade de Farmacia-UFMG, Av. Olegario Maciel 2360, 30000 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (grain fractionation, composition)
+W. O. dePaiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Caixa Postal 478, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69.000 (variety testing amaranth, celosia)
+Colombia
+M. 1. Sehvaness, Calle 125 No. 37-47, Bogota
+Federal Republic of Germany
+F. Mustafa, Roggen Str. 16, 7000 Stuttgart 70 (cultural practices)
+German Democratic Republic
+P. Hanelt, Zentralinstitut fur Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, 4325 Gatersleben
+Ghana
+J. C. Norman, Head, Department of Horticulture, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Science and Technology, University P.O., Kumasi (cultivation)
+Greece
+A. Gagianas, Department of Agronomy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki
+Guatemala
+R. Bressani, Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama (INCAP), Apartado Postal 1188, Carretera Roosevelt Zona 11, Guatemala City
+India
+R. K. Arora, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, IARI Campus, New Delhi 110012 (exploration)
+B. Choudhury, Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012 (variety testing)
+R. P. Devadas, Director, Sri Avinashilingam Home Science College for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu (iron and carotene availability to children)
+B. D. Joshi, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Regional Station, Phagli, Simla 171012 (Indian grain amaranths)
+M. Kader Mohideen, Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Perumbarai 624212, Madurai District, Tamil Nadu (breeding, cultivation)
+T. N. Khoshoo, Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road New Delhi 110011 (cytogenetics, hybridization)
+P. P. Kurien, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Cheluvamba Mansion, V. V. Mohalla, Mysore 570013
+C. R. Mathukrishnan [Dean (Horticulture) retired], 13/187 D. B. Road, R. S. Punam, Coimbatore 641002, Tamil Nadu (cultivation, breeding)
+G. Oblisami, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu (bacterial inoculants)
+M. Pal, Cytogenics Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001 (cytogenetics, evolution, breeding)
+A. Rajagopal, Professor of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu (cultivation)
+C. Ramachandran, Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara 680654, Trichur, Kerala (horticulture, humid tropic vegetables)
+S. Saroja, Sri Avinashilingam Home Science College for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu (iron and carotene availability to children)
+K. G. Shanmugavelu, Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu (breeding)
+N. Sivakami, Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012 (variety testing)
+M. Vijayakumar, Horticultural Officer, Pomological Station, Coonoor, Nilgiris District, Tami, Nadu (varietal testing, growth studies)
+M. Vishakantalah, Division of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024 (Plutella caterpillars)
+Indonesia
+Z. Abidin, Balai Penelitian Tanamin Pangan Lembang, Lembang, Jawa Barat (cultivation) S. Harjadi, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan oto Iskandardinata, Bogor (nutrition, cultivation)
+Italy
+D. H. van Sloten, Genetic Resources Officer (Horticulture) Crop Genetic Resources Centre/lBPGR Secretariat, Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome (genetic resources)
+Kenya
+V. K. Gupta, Department of Crop Science, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi
+S. K. Imbamba, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi (protein analysis)
+J. O. Kokwaro, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi (taxonomy and ecology)
+Mexico
+A. Sanchez-Marroquin, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas, Miami 40, Mexico, D.F. 03810 (industrial uses of amaranth grain)
+A. Trinidad-Santos, Centro de Edafologia, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Edo. de Mexico (agronomic research)
+Nepal
+H. K. Saiju, Royal Botanical Gardens, Godawary, Lalit pur Dist. (cereal amaranth germplasm)
+Netherlands
+G. J. H. Grubben, Research Station for Arable Farming and Field Production of Vegetables, Edelhertweg 1, Postbus 43O, 8200 AK Lelystad
+New Zealand
+R. A. Crowder, Lincoln College, Canterbury
+D. W. Devine, Product Development Manager, N.Z. Flourmills, Ltd., P.O. Box 30461, Lower Hutt
+Nigeria
+O. Bassir, Biochemistry Department, University of Ibadan, P.O. Box 4021, University Post Office, Oyo Road, Ibadan (protein)
+L. Denton, National Horticultural Research Institute, Idi-lshin, P.M.B. 5432, Ibadan (germplasm collection, breeding)
+A. A. O. Edema, Breeder/Geneticist, National Horticultural Research Institute, P.M.B. 5432, Ibadan (amaranth and celosia cultivation)
+M. Fafunso Department Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (food technology, composition, vitamin C, amaranth, celosia)
+International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, P.M.B. 532O, Ibadan (agronomy)
+J. O. S. Kogbe, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, P.M.B. 5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan
+O. L. Oke, Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Ife, Ile-lfe (nutritional value)
+B. N. Okigbo, Deputy Director General, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan (farming systems)
+A. O. Olufolaji, National Horticultural Research Institute, P.M.B. 5432, Ibadan (cultivation, mineral content)
+O. Omueti, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, P.M.B. 5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan (celosia cultivation)
+I. C. Onwueme, School of Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri (temperature stress, amaranth and celosia)
+O. Osi Banjo, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (vitamin C)
+Prem Nath, National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Idi-lshin, P.M.B. 5432, Ibadan (germplasm)
+T. O. Tayo, Department of Agricultural Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan (cultivation, mineral content)
+G. F. Wilson, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan (cultivation)
+Peru
+S. E. Antunez de Mayolo R., Apartado (P.O.B.) 18-5469, Lima 18
+R. Ferreyra, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Casilla 11434, Lima 14
+L.S. Kalinowski, Department of Agriculture, Universidad Nacional de Cuzco, Avenida Infancia 440, Cuzco
+Sierra Leone
+Sama S. Monde, Biological Sciences Department, Njala University College, P.M.B., Freetown (grain)
+Sweden
+R. Carlsson, Department of Plant Physiology, Box 7007, S-220 07, Lund (whole plant, leaf, leaf nutrient/protein concentrate, grain: composition, nutritive value)
+Taiwan
+Han Huang, Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 107 (temperature)
+L. Ho, AVRDC Seed Laboratory, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan (germplasm collection)
+Lin Chao-Hsiung, Department of Vegetable Crops, Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Station, Fengshan, Kaohsiung (cultivation, variety testing)
+Tanzania
+N.A. Mnzava, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro
+Thailand
+Chuckree Senthong, Chairman, Department of Agronomy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai
+Soonthorn Duriyaprapan, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), 196 Phahonyothin Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok 9
+T. Tonguthaisri, Mae Jo Institute of Agricultural Technology, Chiang Mai (vegetable amaranths collection)
+United Kingdom
+G. J. L. Griffin, Ecological Materials Research Institute, Brunel University, Shoreditch Campus, Egham, Surrey TW20 OJZ
+B. Pickersgill, Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Science Laboratories, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AS
+C. C. Townsend, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey
+L. St. Lawrence, Kins Plants Ltd., Woodcote Grove Ashley Road, Epsom, Surrey KT18 SBW
+United States
+G. C. W. Ames, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Georgia College of Agriculture, 301 Conner Hall, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Vegetable amaranth in Zaire)
+W. Applegate, Post Rock Natural Grain, Box 24A, Luray, Kansas 67649 (farm research and production of grain amaranth)
+N. N. Bailey, Rodale Research Center, R.D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530
+A. R. Baldwin (Retired, Vice President and Executive Director of Research, Cargill, Inc.), 4854 Thomas Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55410
+R. Becker, USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory, Cereals Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Berkeley, California 94710 (nutrition, composition)
+J. A. Beutler, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 (feeding trials, nitrate and oxalate)
+A. Betschart, Nutrients Research Unit, USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory 800 Buchanan St., Berkeley, California 94710
+T. A. Campbell, Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (plant introduction and vegetable amaranth research)
+M. P. Coons, 6715 SW 88th Street, No. 712, Miami, Florida 33156 (taxonomy)
+P. R. Cheeke, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (feeding trials, grain and leaves)
+C. R. Daloz, R.D. 1, Box 819, Hancock, New Hampshire 03449
+A. H. DerMarderosian, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 (feeding trials)
+D. K. Early, Central Oregon Community College, N.W. College Way, Bend, Oregon 97701
+A. D. Edwards, Agronomy Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
+J. Ehleringer, Department of Biology, 201 Biology Building, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
+L. B. Feine, Rodale Research Center, R. D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 (germplasm, taxonomy)
+H. Flores, Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 (physiology, tissue culture)
+A. W. Galston, Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven. Connecticut 06520 (physiology, tissue culture)
+L. Gilbert, Test Kitchen, Rodale Press, 33 E. Minor Street, Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049 (amaranth foods)
+R. R. Harwood, Rodale Research Center, R.D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 (cultivation practices, breeding)
+P. W. Haas, Rodale Research Center, R.D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 (cultivation practices, gremplasm)
+H. Hauptli, Agronomy and Range Science Department, University of California, Davis California 95616 (genetics, germplasm exploration Central and South America)
+M. Irwin, 2823 Oakridge Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53704 (production of grain amaranth)
+S. K. Jain, Agronomy and Range Science Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (genetics, evolution)
+M. Jones, Rt. I, Lodgepole, Nebraska 69419 (production of grain amaranth)
+C. S. Kauffman, Rodale Research Center, R.D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 (breeding cereal amaranths, germplasm)
+M. Langley, P.O. Box 9085, Austin, Texas 78766
+R. D. Locy, NPI, Inc., 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
+J. Martineau, Plant Resources Institute, 360 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
+J. B. McElroy, Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (breeding taxonomy)
+C. M. McKell, Vice President, Research, NPI, Inc., 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City Utah 84108
+C. McNeil, RR 1, Box 30, Paradise, Kansas 67658 (production of grain amaranth)
+W. P. Miller, Director, Amerind Agrotech Laboratory, P.O. Box 97, Sacaton, Arizona 85247
+H. M. Munger,410 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (breeding)
+G. Nabhan, President, Native Seeds-Search, 3950 West New York Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85745 (germplasm, ethnobotany)
+T. Ney, Rodale Food Center, Rodale Press, 33 E. Minor Street, Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049 (amaranth foods)
+Pai Chi Chang, Rt. 30, Williamstown, New York 13493
+K. Patchen, RR 2, Box 396A, Mundelain, Illinois 60060 (production of grain amaranth)
+M. L. Price, ECHO, R.R. 2, Box 852, North Fort Myers, Florida 33903
+R. Ramback, Applegate Produce, 3030 Upper Applegate, Jacksonville, Oregon 97530 (production of grain amaranth)
+J. F. Ramirez, New York State Agriculture Experiment Station, P.O. Box 462, Food Research Center, Geneva, New York 14456
+C. Reider, Rodale Research Center, R. D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 (germplasm, yield studies)
+J. R. K. Robson, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, South Carolina 29403
+R. Rodale, Rodale Press, 33 E. Minor Street, Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049
+R. M. Ruberte, Mayaguez Institute of Tropical Agriculture, USDA, Box 70, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708 (botany, composition)
+D. J. Sammons, Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland' College Park, Maryland 20742
+R. M. Saunders, Cereal Products Research, USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory, 800 Buchanan St., Berkeley, California 94710
+J. Senft, 378 Fairview St., Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049 (nitrate and oxalate studies, protein quality)
+M. Shannon, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 4500 Glenwood Drive, Riverside, California 92501
+A. A. Sigle, R.R. 1, Box 2, Luray, Kansas 67649 (farm research and production of grain amaranth)
+L. Telek, Mayaguez Institute of Tropical Agriculture, USDA, Box 70, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708 (botany, composition)
+K. R. Vaidya, Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (genetics)
+D. Wall, Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
+L. Walters. 1640 Harris Lane, Naperville, Illinois 60565 (production of grain amaranth)
+L. Wu. Environmental Horticulture Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (genetics)
+Zambia
+Zambia Seed Co, Ltd., P.O. Box 35441, Buyantanshi Road, Lusaka (cultivation, germplasm)
+<section>Germplasm Collections and Commercial Seed Suppliers</section>
+The following list of amaranth seed sources is based on Grubben and van Sloten, 1981, and Toll and van Sloten, 1982. See Selected Readings.
+Benin
+Centre de Formation Horticole et Nutritionnelle, B.P. 13, Ouando, Port-Novo (commercial seed; both amaranth and celosia cultivars)
+Bolivia
+Estacion Experimental de Patacamaya, Instituto Boliviano de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (IBTA), Patacamaya (N. Lizarraga, Amaranthus caudatus, 430 landraces from the Andean region)
+France
+Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe (working collection of local cultivars)
+German Democratic Republic
+Zentralinstitut fur Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Corrensstrasse 3, 4325 Gatersleben (H. Bohme, Chr. Lehmann, 100 samples of 17 wild, weedy, and cultivated species)
+Ghana
+Department of Horticulture, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (working collection)
+Hong Kong
+Wong Yukhop Seed Co., 20 Pei Ho Street, Shumshuipo, Kowloon (two commercial cultivars)
+India
+Pocha's Seeds, P.O. Box 55, Poona 411001, Maharashtra (3 commercial cultivars)
+Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute QARI), New Delhi 110012 (working collection)
+National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, IARI Campus, New Delhi 110012 (K. L. Mehra; Amaranthus species, 824 mostly landraces from India)
+Division of Vegetable Crops, Institute of Horticultural Research, 225 Upper Palace Orchards, Bangalore (working collection)
+Kerala Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, P.O. Vellanikkara 680651, Trichur Kerala (working collection)
+Faculty of Horticulture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003 (C. P. Muthukrishnan, 450 landraces mainly from India)
+National Botanical Gardens, Lucknow, 226001, UP (working collection)
+National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Regional Station, Phagli, Simla 171012 (B. D. Joshi; more than 1,000 samples of landraces from India and 27 introductions)
+Suttons Seeds, P.O. Box 9010, Calcutta-16 (4 commercial cultivars)
+Indonesia
+National Biological Institute, P.O. Box 110, Bogor (S. Sastrapradja; 75 landraces from Indonesia)
+Japan
+T. Sakata, CPO Box Yokohama 11, Yokohama 220-91 (I commercial cultivar)
+Netherlands
+Department of Tropical Crops, Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32, Wageningen (working collection)
+Nigeria
+International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, P.M.B. 5320, Ibadan (working collection)
+Plant Science Department, University of Ife, Ile-Ife (working collection)
+National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Idi-Ishin, P.M.B. 5432 Ibadan (T. Badra A. A. O. Edema, L. Denton, 240 population samples of landraces and breeders' lines from Nigeria)
+Peru
+Estacion Experimental de Camacani, Universidad Nacional Tecnica del Altiplano, Puno (L. Lescano, L. Perez, 440 landraces from the Andean region)
+Centro de Investigacion de Cultivos Andinos, Universidad Nacional del Cuzco, Avenida de la Infancia 440, Huanchac, Cuzco (L. Sumar Kalinowski; 100 accessions cereals)
+Taiwan
+Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 741 (L. Ho; 92 samples of wild forms, landraces, and commercial cultivars from Africa, Asia, and the United States)
+Hsing Nong Seed Co., 188 Sec. 4 Chung Hsin Road, P.O. Box San Chung No. 2, San Chung, Taipei (several commercial cultivars)
+Known-You Seed Co., 26 Chung Cheng 2nd Road, Ka Ohsiung, Taiwan (popular cultivars for Taiwan)
+Taipei District Agricultural Improvement Station, Chin Chun, Taipei (working collection)
+Taiwan Seed Service, Shin-Shien, Taichung (several commercial cultivars)
+Thailand
+Chia Tai Seeds and Agricultural Company, Ltd., 295-303 Songsawad Road, Bangkok (2 commercial cultivars)
+Fang Horticultural Experiment Station, Department of Agriculture, Fang, Chiang Mai (T. Thonguthaisri; 115 landraces from Thailand)
+United Kingdom
+Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, Sussex RH17 6TN (S. Linington; samples of wild origin)
+United States
+Burpee Seed Company, Warminster, Pennsylvania (I commercial cultivar; tampala)
+G. Seed Co., P.O. Box 702, Tonasket, Washington 98855
+Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (gene bank, plant introduction for long-term storage)
+Grace's Gardens, 22 Autumn Lane, Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840
+Gurney Seed and Nursery Co., Yankton, South Dakota 57079
+Johnny's Selected Seeds, Albion, Maine 04910
+Mellinger's Inc., 2310 W. So. Range Road, North Lima, Ohio 44452
+National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (L. N. Bass; duplicates of Rodale collection)
+Park Seed Company, P.O. Box 31, Greenwood, South Carolina 29647, (I commercial cultivar; Tampala)
+Plants of the Southwest, 1570 Pachero St., Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
+Redwood City Seed Co., P.O. Box 361, Redwood City, California 94064
+Rodale Research Center, R.D. 1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 (C. S. Kauffman; more than 600 accessions cereals, vegetable, and wild species)
+Thompson and Morgan, P.O. Box 100, Farmingdale, New York 07727 (I commercial cultivar; Hinn Choy)
+Tsang and Ma International, P.O. Box 294, Belmont, California 94002 (I commercial cultivar)
+Zambia
+Crop Science Department, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 2379, Lusaka (collection of 100 local cultivars plus landraces from India, Nigeria, and the United States)
+<section>Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</section>
+MELVIN G. BLASE, Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of Missouri, Columbia, received his Ph.D. from Iowa State University in 1960 and served on the faculties of that institution and the Air Force Institute of Technology before joining the University of Missouri. While he has undertaken research in international agricultural development in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, his domestic research centers on new crops for U.S. agriculture and alternative energy sources. Dr. Blase has written one book, edited two others, and written numerous articles.
+T. AUSTIN CAMPBEEL is a Research Agronomist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and is currently specializing in new-crop breeding. He received his B.S. in conservation and resource development from the University of Maryland in 1967 and spent six years with the alfalfa project of the USDA as a technician and research assistant. He received an M.S. in plant breeding from the University of Maryland in 1972 and joined the Weed Science Laboratory as a support scientist in 1973. Two years later he assumed his present position conducting research on numerous potential new-crop species, including kenaf, Crambe, Lesquerella, Limnanthes, Asclepias syriaca, Rhus glabra, Cuphea, and Stokes aster, as well as amaranth. He received his Ph.D. in plant breeding from the University of Maryland in 1980.
+LAURIE B. FEINE, an amaranth taxonomy and germplasm consultant, earned her B.A. from the University of Colorado in environmental, population, and organismic biology in 1976. She worked for the Rodale Research Center, specializing in amaranth germplasm and taxonomy, and began plant-breeding and selection work for improved grain varieties. She continued her work on amaranth taxonomy at Harvard Herbaria and has also collected amaranth germplasm in Mexico and Peru for the Rodale Research Center and IBPGR.
+HECTOR E. FEORES-MERINO, Research Assistant at the Department of Biology, Yale University, received a B.S. in biology in 1974 from
+The National Academy of Sciences the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima, Peru. After teaching for two years, he did research at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center in Mayaguez and earned an M.S. in horticulture from the College of Agriculture at Mayaguez in 1978. He was a research assistant at Rutgers University, Department of Horticulture, and is currently completing his doctoral studies at Yale. His research has involved propagation of ornamental and crop plants through tissue and cell culture and development of inoculants for nitrogenfixing bacteria. He is currently studying the physiology and biochemistry of polyamines in higher plants and metabolic responses of plant cells to various types of environmental stress.
+LINDA C.GILBERT, Coordinating Supervisor of Product Development in the Test Kitchen at
+Rodale Press, Inc., received a B.Ag.Sci. degree from the University of Arizona in 1978. Since that time, she has worked in the Rodale Test Kitchens developing healthful recipes for magazines and books. Her research has centered primarily around uses for, and varietal selections of, vegetable protein food sources, including grain and vegetable amaranths, vegetable soybeans, sprouting soybeans, okra seed, and cold-tolerant leafy green vegetables.
+GERALD J.H. GRUBBEN is head of the Department of Crop Research at the Research
+Station for Arable Farming and Field Production of Vegetables in Lelystad, Netherlands. He served as a FAO expert in horticultural projects in Ivory Coast and Benin from 1965 to 1973.
+In 1975 he received his Ph.D. (agriculture) on a thesis "The Cultivation of Amaranth as a
+Tropical Leaf Vegetable." From 1975 to 1981 he was attached to the Department of
+Agricultural Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. He conducted a survey on genetic resources of vegetables for the International Board of Genetic Resources. He was involved in consultancy missions on vegetable growing, crop research, germplasm, and seed production to tropical countries.
+RICHARD R. HARWOOD, Director of the Rodale Research Center in Kutztown,
+Pennsylvania, received a B.S. from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in horticulture and plant breeding from Michigan State University in 1967. He worked as a staff member of the
+Rockefeller Foundation in India and Thailand from 1967 to 1971 and then as head of the
+Cropping Systems Program at the International Rice Research Institute until 1976. Dr.
+Harwood has had numerous Third World agricultural development consulting assignments.
+He participated as a cropping system specialist in the 1976 vegetable cropping systems delegation of the Committee on Scholarly Exchange with the People's Republic of China.
+His current work is focused on organic farming systems and new crop development for a sustainable agriculture.
+SUBODH JAIN, Professor of Agronomy at the University of California, Davis, received a B.S. from Delhi University in 1954 and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis, in 1960.
+He has worked extensively on the population biology of inbreeding crop species from which he has recently developed interests in the evaluation and conservation of genetic resources and in the domestication of new crops. He has traveled widely for both germplasm collections and teaching/consulting assignments and has had Guggenheim and Fulbright awards for work in Australia and India, respectively.
+CHARLES S. KAUFFMAN, Coordinator of New Crops Research at the Rodale Research
+Center in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, received his B.S. in horticulture from the Pennsylvania State University in 1971 and an M.S. in horticulture and plant breeding from North Carolina State University in 1974. He worked in an agricultural development project for unconventional crops in the southeastern United States for Thomas J. Lipton, Inc. Since 1978, the majority of his time has been spent doing research and writing on grain amaranth, especially as related to germplasm cataloging, varietal development, and the improvement of cultural techniques.
+T. N. KHOSHOO is Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Environment. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. (botany) from Panjab University, Lahore, and his Ph.D. (cytogenetics of conifers) from Chandigarh. He has served as Director of the National Botanical Research Institute and Deputy Director of the National Botanic Gardens in Lucknow. He worked on the experimental evolution and improvement of nonagricultural economic plants, particularly ornamental and subsidiary food plants (amaranths). He also worked out the genetic-evolutionary race histories and evolved several new cultivars that have sold in nursery trade. He is now concerned with the policy, planning, and management of the environment in India, including wildlife.
+JUDITH M. LYMAN, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, received her Ph.D. in plant breeding in 1980, her M.S. in floriculture and horticulture in 1976, and her B.A. in botany at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. After two years of field work at the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia, as Visiting Research Associate and Assistant to the Director of Research, she is currently
+Visiting Research Fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation, where she is involved in international agricultural program activities and project germplasm resources from biological and economic perspectives.
+CYRUS M. MCKELL is Vice-President, Research, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah.
+He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Utah in biological science and botany. In 1956 he earned a Ph.D. in plant ecology, with minors in soils and rangeland management from
+Oregon State University. From 1956 to 1961 he served as a range plant physiologist with the USDA Agricultural Research Service at Davis, California. In 1961 he became Vice-Chairman and later Chairman of the Agronomy Department, University of California, Riverside, and conducted research on arid land management problems. Subsequently, he joined the Range Science Department at Utah State University as department head, and later as Director of the Institute for Land Reclamation, a post he held until 1980. He has held numerous consultancies on arid land management worldwide and was a Fulbright scholar to Spain in 1968.
+GARY PAUL NABHAN is the President of Native Seeds/SEARCH in Tucson, Arizona. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Arizona in 1983 and is a principal investigator conducting research on native agricultural ecosystems through the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. While receiving his M.S. in plant sciences at the same university, he assembled important germplasm collections of tepary beans, sunflowers, devil's claw, and other desert-adapted crops. He has also collected amaranths from the Sierra Madre and the Valley Mexico, as well as from U.S. Indian reservations. He has published more than twenty articles and one book (The Desert Smells Like Rain) on desert foods, ethnobotany, and seed conservation. Dr. Nabhan is on the founding board of directors of the Society of Ethnobiology and its journal and is honorary Vice-President of the Seed
+Saver's Exchange.
+DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
+Research, the World Bank, received B.S. and M.S. degrees in agriculture and agronomy from the University of Nebraska in 1953 and 1957, respectively, and a Ph.D. in tropical soil science from the University of Hawaii in 1961. He has worked extensively in tropical crop and pasture research and has had broad international experience in tropical agriculture. He has been a consultant for many international groups, including working for the Ford Foundation on the Aswan Project in Egypt, for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, United States Agency for
+International Development (USAID), and the South Pacific Commission. From 1973 to 1976 he was Chief of the Soil and Water Management Division, Office of Agriculture, Technical Assistance Bureau, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. In 1976 he was awarded AID's Superior Honor Award for his activities in International Development. He has served on several National Academy of Sciences' study panels.
+HUGH POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geog raphy and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of
+California, Davis, in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. Dr. Popenoe's early work in shifting cultivation is one of the few contributions to knowledge of this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He has served as Director of the Florida Sea Grant College, is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, and was Chairman of the Board for several years. He is a Visiting Lecturer on Tropical
+Health at the Harvard School of Public Health and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the American Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He has served as
+Chairman of the Joint Research Committee of the Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (Title XII). He was Chairman of the Advisory Committee for
+Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development of the National Academy of Sciences.
+ALFREDO SANCHEZ-MORROQUIN is a Research Scientist with the CIAMEC division of INIA (National Institute of Agriculture Research) in Chapingo, Mexico, and technical adviser of four agroindustries of Mexico and South America. After completing his B.Sc. in chemistry and microbiology at the National Polytechnic Institute, School of Biological Sciences, and his M.S. from Northwestern University, he joined the Polytechnic Institute as Professor of Criptogamic Botany and later as Chairman of the Department of Microbiology. In 1951 he received a D.Sc. degree from the National University of Mexico when he was working at the Faculty of Chemistry as Professor of Chemical Microbiology and later as Chairman of the
+Biology Department. He also worked with the School of Agronomy and the Post-Graduate College of the Secretary of Agriculture and was invited to be a visiting professor and scientific investigator in several South American universities and technological institutes. His research has focused on biotechnology: single-cell protein, fermentations, plant products, and food processing. He has published more than 100 papers, five books, and several journal articles and booklets. In 1979 he was appointed Emeritus Professor by the National Polytechnic Institute. In the same year he was awarded three national prizes in science and technology.
+JONATHAN D. SAWER is Professor Or Geography at the University of California, Los
+Angeles. He received a B.A. in 1939 from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D. in botany at Washington University, St. Louis, and the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1950. From then until 1967, when he joined UCLA, he was on the botany faculty of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His dissertation was on the grain amaranths, and he has continued to be interested in them and their wild relatives, trying to identify specimens sent in for taxonomic determination. His current research is primarily on ecology and geography of tropical seashore vegetation.
+ROBIN M.SAUNDERS is Research Leader of the Cereals Research Unit, Western Regional
+Research Center, USDA, Albany, California. He has a B.S. and Ph.D. in chemistry from Birmingham (1960) and Newcastle (1963) universities, England, respectively. In 1966, after two years of postdoctoral work in biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and one year in medical research in Pennsylvania, he joined USDA. In his current position, he directs a large research group engaged in various aspects of cereal-grain utilization, including development of crops tolerant to drought, temperature, and saline stress.
+JOSEPH P.SENFT, formerly coordinator of nutritional programs at the Rodale Research Center, received a B.S. degree in biology from Juniata College in 1959 and M.S. and Ph.D degrees in biology from the State University of New York, Buffalo, in 1961 and 1965, respectively. His research has been on the evaluation of nutritional quality of both grain and vegetable amaranth. His research in agriculture has focused on soil-plant nutritional relationships.
+ARRIS A.SIGLE is a farmer in north central Kansas. He received his B.S. degree in agricultural engineering from Kansas State University in 1973. He has been working with grain amaranth test plots and research since 1978. In 1981 he harvested and successfully marketed 14 acres of amaranth. He also grows wheat and milo and is in charge of a 200- head flock of ewes. He is especially interested in repairing, modifying, and designing new equipment to make his work with these projects more efficient.
+THEODORE W.SUDIA is Senior Scientist, National Park Service. He received his B.S. from Kent State University in 1950 and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 1951 and
+1954, respectively. He taught at Winona State College, Winona, Minnesota, and at the University of Minnesota where he was in the Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology.
+From 1967 to 1969 he was the Associate Director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. In 1969 Dr. Sudia joined the National Park Service as Research Biologist. He has served as Chief, Ecological Services Division; Chief Scientist and Associate Director for Science and Technology of the Park Service; and Deputy Science Advisor of the National
+Park Service.
+His research interests have ranged from plant ecology to environmental physiology. He is a Fellow of the AAAS.
+NAMES L. VENTER is Vice-President, Technical, of the American Institute of Baking, a nonprofit research and educational organization. Dr. Vetter received an A.B. degree with a major in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis in 1954 and his M.S. and Ph.D. in food technology from the University of Illinois in 1955 and 1958, respectively. Before joining the American Institute of Baking in 1977, he had a 10-year industrial research career working for companies in or related to the baking industry. These companies include Monsanto Company, Standard Brands, and Keebler Company. Dr. Vetter's current responsibilities involve administration of research activities related to the nutrition and science and technology of baking.
+DAVID ERVIN WALSH is the Director and Vice-President of Research of the General Nutrition Corporation. He received his B.A. from St. Cloud State University in 1961 and an M.A. and Ph.D. from North Dakota State University, where he was an Associate Professor of Cereal Chemistry and Technology until 1974, when he joined the staff of General Nutrition Corporation in Fargo, North Dakota. His work includes computerization of food processing, research on lipids of barley, proteins of wheat, and on the industrial utilization of wheat. His present research includes: directing the corporation research program in food and cosmetic development, nutrition research on food supplements and health, and coordination of grants and aid programs for academic research directed toward food supplements and nutrition.
+NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries.
+<section>Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</section>
+HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (Chairman through 1983) ELMER L,GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Chairman
+Members
+WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania (through 1983)
+CARL N.HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona
+RAYMOND C.LOEHR, Director, Environmental Studies Program, Cornell University, Ithaca,
+New York
+CYRUS M.MCKELL, NPI, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah
+DONALD L.PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research,
+Washington, D.C.
+EUGENE B.SHULTZ,JR., Professor of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
+THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of the Interior, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. (through 1983)
+<section>Board on Science and Technology for International Development</section>
+RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, Chairman
+Members
+SAMUEL P. ASPER, President, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Washington, D.C.
+DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
+Massachusetts
+LAWRENCE L. BOGER, President, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
+ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
+Wisconsin
+CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at
+Berkeley, Berkeley, California
+NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Edina, Minnesota
+ROLAND J.FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, ex officio
+ELMER L.GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia,
+Charlottsville, Virginia
+JOHN H. GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C.
+ADELAIDE CROMWELL GULLIVER, Brookline, Massachusetts N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, ex officio
+WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University,
+Stillwater, Oklahoma
+WILLIAM A. W.KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
+GEORGE I.LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
+JANICE E. PERLMAN, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
+FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, ex officio
+WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, ex officio
+FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, ex officio
+BARBARA WEBSTER, Associate Dean, Office of Research, University of California, Davis, California
+GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, ex officio
+ALBERT WESTWOOD, Corporate Director, Research and Development, Martin-Marietta Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland
+JOHN G. HURLEY, Director
+MICHAEL G.C.MCDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies
+MICHAEL P.GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants
+The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research
+Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970.
+The National Research Council
+The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in
+1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of
+Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of
+Sciences.
+The Office of International Affairs
+The Office of International Affairs is responsible for many of the international activities of the
+Academy and the Research Council. Its primary objectives are to enhance U.S. scientific cooperation with other countries; to mobilize the U.S. scientific community for technical assistance to developing nations; and to coordinate international projects throughout the institution.
+The Board on Science and Technology for International Development
+The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of unconventional technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b10vee.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b10vee.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2dde2207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b10vee.key
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES
+EROSION CONTROL PLANTS
+CONTOUR CULTIVATION
+HEDGES
+WATER EROSION
+RECLAMATION
+EROSION CONTROL
+CROP MANAGEMENT
+CASE STUDIES
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b10vee.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b10vee.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8f3dd0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b10vee.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1872 @@
+<title>Vetiver Grass A thin green line against erosion</title>
+National Research Council
+National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 1993
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+Board on Science and Technology for International Development
+National Research Council
+National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 1993
+NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.
+This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
+The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
+The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Stuart Bondurant is acting president of the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
+The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.
+This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Support for this project was provided by the Division of Environment of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (The World Bank), the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Office of the Science Advisor of the Agency for International Development Grant No. DPE-5545-AOO-8068-00.
+Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 92-050175
+ISBN 0-309-04269-0
+<section>Panel on vetiver</section>
+NORMAN E. BORLAUG, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de
+Maiz y Trigo Mexico City, Mexico, Chairman
+RATTAN LAL, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
+DAVID PIMENTEL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
+HUGH POPENOE, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Vetiver Study Director and Scientific Editor
+MARK R. DAFFORN, Staff Associate
+<section>Staff</section>
+F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor
+ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary
+BRENT SIMPSON, MUCIA Intern
+MICHAEL McD. Dow, Acting Director, BOSTID
+<section>Contributors</section>
+I. P. ABROL, Department of Soils, Agronomy, and Agroforestry, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
+EDITHE ALEXANDER, Stanthur and Company, Ltd., Castries, St. Lucia
+CHARLES H. ANTHOLT, Agriculture Division, Asia Technical Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+ERIK ARRHENIUS, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+JACQUES BARRAU, Laboratoire d'Ethnobotanique-Biogeographie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
+CLIFFORD BELLANDE, CARE-Haiti, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
+MICHAEL BENGE, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA
+PAT BOYD, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Glenn Dale, Maryland, USA
+TOM BREDERO, The World Bank, Antananarivo, Madagascar
+ROBERT CHAMBERS, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
+GEOFFREY P. CHAPMAN, Wye College, University of London, Wye,
+Near Ashford, Kent, UK
+GABRIEL CHARLES, Ministry of Agriculture, Castries, St. Lucia
+CAROL COX, Ecology Action, Willits, California, USA
+SEIWYN DARDIANE, Director of Forests, Trinidad and Tobago
+KITTIE DERSTINE, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
+MEL DUVALL, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
+H. A. ELWELL, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe
+V. GIBBERD, E. M. I. Soil and Water Conservation Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Embu, Kenya
+M. GRASSI, Instituto de Botanica, Fundacion Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
+JOHN C. GREENFIELD (The World Bank, retired), Kerikeri, New Zealand
+RICHARD G. GRIMSHAW, Agriculture Division, Asia Technical Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+BRUCE HANSEN, Herbarium, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
+R. M. JARROLD, MASDAR (UK) Ltd., Finchampstead, Berkshire, UK
+EMANUEL L. JOHNSON, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
+MAURICE JONES, Vetiver Grass Stabilization cc, Management Agricultural Services, Howick, South Africa
+R. S. JUNOR, Soil Conservation Service, New South Wales, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia
+W. DORAL KEMPER, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
+T. N. KHOSHOO, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, India
+MATHIEU KUIPERS, CORDECO-MACA, Cochabamba, Bolivia
+GERALD R. LEATHER, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, USA
+GILBERT LOVELL, Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Griffin, Georgia, USA
+WILLIAM S. LUCK, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
+WILLIAM B. MAGRATH, Environmental Policy Research Division, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+MICHAEL MCGAHUEY, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA
+MIKE MATERNE, Soil Conservation Service, U.S Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
+RAMIRO MATOS MENDIETA, Colegio Real, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
+D. E. K. MILLER, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
+STANDLEY MULLINGS, Stanthur and Company, Ltd., Castries, St. Lucia
+ALAN NORDMEYER, Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Research Institute, Ministry of Forestry, Christchurch, New Zealand
+CALEB O. OTHIENO, Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, Kericho, Kenya
+KENNETH PIDDINGTON, Office of Environment, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+C. SITAPATHI RAO, Agriculture and Rural Development Area, Administrative Staff, College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad, India
+JOHN (MARC) SAFLEY, JR., Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA
+CINDY SCHEXNAYDER, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
+W. CURTIS SHARP, National Plant Materials Laboratory, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA
+HOLLY SHIMIZU, U.S. Botanic Gardens, Washington, D.C., USA
+JAMES SMYLE, Agriculture Division, Asia Technical Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+S. SUBRAMANIAN, Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Naidu Agricultural University, Thanjavur, India
+ANTHONY TANTUM, Vetiver Grass Stabilization cc, Management Agricultural Services, Howick, South Africa
+PAUL P. S. TENG, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
+PAT THURBON, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
+PAUL TRUONG, Soil Conservation Research, Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
+ARNOLD TSCHANZ, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA
+LY TUNG, Farm and Resource Management Institute, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Pasay City, Philippines
+GORO UEHARA, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
+J. J. P. VAN WYK, Research Institute for Reclamation Ecology, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa
+RAY WEIL, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
+PETER WELLE, CARE Haiti, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
+P. K. YOON, Plant Science Division, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
+<section>Preface</section>
+For developing nations, soil erosion is among the most chronic environmental and economic burdens. Many of these nations are in the tropics, where in just a few hours torrential downpours can wash away tons of topsoil from each hectare. Many others are in the drier zones, where swirling winds and flash floods (sometimes from rains so distant they are unseen) can be equally devastating.
+By these processes, huge amounts of valuable soil are being lost every day. Worse, the soil accumulates in rivers, reservoirs, harbors, estuaries, and other waterways where it is unwelcome, terribly destructive, and impossibly costly to remove. Erosion is thus a double disaster: a vital resource disappears from where it is desperately needed only to be dumped where it is equally unwanted.
+Despite much rhetoric and effort, little has been accomplished in overcoming erosion, at least when viewed from a worldwide perspective. One major reason is that there are few if any solutions that are cheap, appealing, long lived, and suitable for easy adoption over the vast expanses of the Third World that need protecting. Now, however, there may be one.
+In the eyes of at least some viewers, a little-known tropical grass, vetiver, might at last offer one practical and inexpensive solution for controlling erosion simply, cheaply, and on a huge scale in both the tropical and semiarid regions. Planted in lines along the contours of sloping lands, vetiver quickly forms narrow but very dense hedges. Its stiff foliage then blocks the passage of soil and debris. It also slows any runoff and gives the rainfall a better chance of soaking into the soil instead of rushing off the slope. Although there has not been much experience with this process to date, the deeply rooted, persistent grass has restrained erodible soils in this way for decades in Fiji, India, and some Caribbean nations.
+At least in this limited practice, vetiver appears truly remarkable. The grass itself seems not to spread or become a pest. Terraces rise as the soil accumulates behind the hedges, converting erodible slopes into stabilized terraces where farming and forestry can be conducted, safe from the evils of erosion. Farmers and foresters benefit not only by keeping their soil, but by having flatter land and more moisture for their plants. Countries benefit by having cleaner rivers, unspoiled estuaries, and more water and less silt in their reservoirs.
+At present, however, no one knows for sure whether these experiences represent a practical possibility for solving the world's worst erosion problems. The purpose of this report is to make a judgment on this point: to assess vetiver's promise and limitations and to identify any research that may be necessary before this grass can be deployed rationally, widely, and without undue environmental risk. In other words, our particular purpose is to evaluate the ecological advantages and potential risks in employing a grass that may eventually benefit watersheds, forests, and farms throughout the world's warmer zones.
+This book, it should be understood, is neither a monograph on vetiver nor a field guide for its use. It is, instead, a scientific audit of the safety and effectiveness of the plant as used for erosion control. Basically, the book reviews existing research and experiences with the grass. It has been compiled from literature, from personal contacts, from site visits, and from information mailed in by specialists in an array of disciplines: environment, agronomy, forestry, soil science, engineering, and others. Many contributors had little or no knowledge of vetiver itself; they served as "devil's advocates." We hope that this exhaustive process has produced an independent, unbiased evaluation that will help scores of countries and organizations judge whether or not to use this plant in their own programs.
+The report has been produced particularly for nonspecialist readers such as government ministers, research directors, university students, private voluntary organizations, and entrepreneurs. It is intended primarily as an economic development document. We hope it will be of particular interest to agencies engaged in development assistance and food relief; officials and institutions concerned with environment, agriculture, and forestry in tropical countries; and scientific establishments with relevant interests.
+This study is a project of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), a division of the National Research Council, and is prepared under the auspices of BOSTID's program on technology innovation. Established in 1970, this program evaluates unconventional scientific and technological advances with particular promise for solving problems of developing countries (see page 158). The report continues a series describing promising plant resources that heretofore have been neglected or overlooked. Other titles relating to vegetative improvements for tropical soils and environment include:
+· Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future (1979)
+· Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop in Developing Countries (second edition, 1984)
+· Mangium and Other Fast-Growing Acacias for the Humid Tropics (1983)
+· Calliandra: A Versatile Small Tree for the Humid Tropics (1983)
+· Casuarinas: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees for Adverse Sites (1983)
+· Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production, Volumes I and 11 (1980 and 1983, respectively)
+· Sowing Forests from the Air (1981)
+· Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (1992).
+Funds for carrying out this vetiver study were made available by the following organizations:
+· The Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for International Development;
+· The Environment and the Agriculture and Rural Development departments of the World Bank; and
+· The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+Additional funds for printing the report were contributed by the International Tropical Timber Organization as well as by the following departments of the World Bank: Agriculture and Rural Development, Environment, External Affairs, and Asia Technical. The following World Bank country divisions also contributed: South Asia, East Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
+How to cite this report: National Research Council. 1993. Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+<section>Foreword</section>
+Soil erosion is a quiet crisis, an insidious, largely man-made disaster that is unfolding gradually. In many places it is barely recognized; the soil moves away in such small increments from day to day that its loss is hardly noticed. Often the very practices that cause the greatest losses in the long term lead to bumper crops in the short term, thereby creating an illusion of progress.
+Yet erosion is inexorably undermining the economic security of most countries. The changes it brings are chronic and irreversible: lost land; reduced productivity on farms and in forests; floods; silted harbors, reservoirs, canals, and irrigation works; washed-out roads and bridges; and destroyed wetlands and coral reefs, where myriad valuable organisms would normally breed and prosper.
+And erosion is literally costing the earth. The soil it carries off now totals 20 billion tons a year worldwide. That represents the equivalent loss of between 5 million and 7 million hectares of arable land. Some of this loss is alleviated by converting forests into farms, so that erosion indirectly also leads to deforestation.
+The problems are worst in the warmer parts of the world. There, swelling populations, poor land management, vulnerable soils, and hostile climates add up to a lethal combination that fosters erosion, bringing with it environmental degradation, falling crop yields, rising deforestation, erratic water supplies, and an ever-expanding prospect of dry and dusty rangelandstoo lacking in soil for crops or even livestock.
+Soil erosion is getting worse. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, it has increased 20-fold in the last three decades as more and more people are forced to move out of the good bottomlands and onto the fragile hillsides. More than one-third of Africa, for example, is threatened with desertification. The world's forests are disappearing 30 times faster than they are being planted. Hillsides stripped of their protective covering of vegetation are rapidly eroding, depositing huge amounts of silt into downstream reservoirs and river valleys. Floods are becoming more frequent-and more severe.
+A few facts demonstrate the crisis:
+· Morocco has to install the equivalent of a new, 150-million cubic meter reservoir every year just to keep pace with the sediment that is filling up its existing dams.
+· Zimbabwe, it is estimated, would have to spread US$1.5 billion worth of fertilizers merely to compensate for the natural nutrients now being swept away by wind and rain every year.
+· China loses more than 2 billion tons of soil a year, just from the Loess Plateau. Most is deposited in the Yellow River. And it takes 3.5 billion cubic meters of water to flush every 100 million tons of soil to the sea-water that could be used for productive purposes.
+· U. S. farmers must add 20 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer for every centimeter of soil lost per hectare, just to maintain productivity. Indeed, each year the United States loses $18 billion in fertilizer nutrients to soil erosion.
+To avert the global environmental disaster being brought on by soil erosion, it is imperative to take action quickly and on a vast scale. Unfortunately, previous efforts to tackle the problem worldwide- especially in the Third World-were rarely successful over any extensive area. For one thing, some of the conventional techniques employed today are enormously expensive. For another, they rarely generate widespread farmer support-indeed, the farmers often object so vehemently that they have to be threatened with fines or prison to assure compliance. And, wherever the farmers are unmotivated, even the most effective systems soon decline and fall into decay and disuse.
+It was with this grim scenario in mind that the staff of the NRC became intrigued by the ideas of two World Bank agriculturists, John Greenfield and Richard Grimshaw. These two had an entrancing vision: a little-known tropical grass called vetiver, they proposed, could provide the answer to soil erosion in the world's warmer regions-and it could do so in a way that would appeal to millions of farmers, landowners, politicians, and administrators. In their eyes, local people would at last be motivated to protect their land and therefore create the solution rather than the problem.
+Greenfield and Grimshaw's concept, as well as the reasons behind it, are described in the next chapter. Subsequent chapters highlight the findings of the NRC panel, whose task was to assess the underlying truth of the vetiver idea and to project its promise into the future.
+Noel D. Vietmeyer Study Director
+<section>Introduction</section>
+In 1956 John Greenfield was handed a problem: to grow sugarcane on the hills of Fiji. With all the flat land fully used, his company had resolved to expand production up the slopes.
+The trouble was that the hillsides on that Pacific island nation were too dry for sugarcane-one of the thirstiest of crops-and the soils were too erodible. Putting cane fields on the slopes could be disastrous to the company, the cultivators, and the country.
+Everyone but Greenfield's boss knew that there was no chance of farming those lands without bringing on devastating losses of soil. Even Greenfield thought so, but he is a persistent, no-nonsense sort, and he set about testing all kinds of methods in the hope that one of them just possibly might work.
+One of the methods involved bulldozing broad dirt barriers (bunds or berms) along the contours. That was the standard process for controlling erosion in the commercial croplands of most parts of the world. Another method involved a coarse grass called vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), the use of which was virtually unknown.
+Greenfield located the vetiver plants growing beside a nearby highway. He had his work crews dig them up, break off slips, and jab the slips side by side into the soil to form lines across the hillsides. It seemed pretty hopeless to expect lines of grass just one plant wide to stop the movement of soil, but he had heard that something similar had been successful in the Caribbean before World War II.
+The vetiver slips quickly took root and grew together to form continuous bands along the contour. To everyone's surprise the runoff that normally poured off during tropical storms was slowed down, spread out, and even held back behind the "botanical dams." It took hours to seep through one of the dense walls of stiff stalks (eventually about a meter wide), only to be checked again by the next one down the slope. In consequence, most of the moisture had no chance to rush into the streams below; instead, it soaked into the slopes where it had fallen. More importantly, though, the soil was prevented from leaving the site; it settled out of the stalled runoff end lodged behind the grass walls.
+The full significance of this eluded him until the area was hit by one of the highest intensity storms in Fiji history: 500 mm of rain fell in just 3 hours. Water poured over the top of the vetiver hedges "like a tidal wave," but the plants remained in place, undamaged, and unbreached. Of greater consequence, however, was the fact that the water did not start cutting gullies because the bands of vegetation both robbed it of its force and kept it spread evenly across the slopes as it had fallen.
+Greenfield's bulldozed earthworks, on the other hand, did not fare so well. Water built up behind them until the weakest spot could hold no longer. Then, the whole dammed-up body of runoff cascaded through the breach, gashing jagged gullies into the erodible slopes below.
+After that experience there was little question about which system to pursue. Indeed, the vetiver hedges succeeded so well at both stopping erosion and increasing soil moisture that sugarcane production quickly expanded out of the flats and up the slopes. Some was produced on grades as steep as 100 percent (45°) and without obvious soil loss. Greenfield's boss was right-it could be done!
+Greenfield eventually went on to other projects in various countries and spent a long career advising agricultural programs throughout the tropics. In 1985, the World Bank sent him to India as part of an effort to improve productivity in the rundown, rainfed farming areas of four states. In this region, making up much of central India, thousands of small subsistence farms were being ravaged by erosion. Their soils were scarred, thinned, and so quick to dry out that if the rains were interrupted-even briefly-the crops quickly died. When he saw the situation, Greenfield thought of vetiver; if it could benefit a remote Pacific island, perhaps it could benefit India as well.
+He described the vetiver concept and related his former experiences to Richard Grimshaw, his new boss in India. It was an opportune time: the project was not working well; the subsistence farms were still eroding and their yields were still low and woefully unreliable. Grimshaw had Greenfield return to Fiji to make a video showing what had happened to his hillside hedges.
+To Greenfield's satisfaction, his old grass strips on the northern shore of Fiji's main island were still standing, still protecting the slopes, and still producing excellent sugarcane crops despite three decades of almost complete neglect. Moreover, no one was concerned about erosion-the fact that it had even existed there had been forgotten.
+However, the slopes no longer looked as they had when he started. They had been transformed into terraces. Tons of silt had built up behind each line of grass. The area now was composed of strips of flat land behind grassy banks up to 2 m tall.
+Back in India, Greenfield's videotape was a big hit, and Grimshaw agreed to give vetiver a try. The plant is native to India (where it is normally called "khus" or "khus khus"), and samples were readily obtained from Karnataka State. A huge nursery-covering 8 hectares- was established near Bhopal, and Greenfield and his colleagues went out to persuade farmers to plant hedges across their sandy, red, eroding land. (The videotape helped immensely, especially because the farmers on Fiji had vividly narrated their experiences in Hindi.)
+After 4 years-3 of them involving some of the severest droughts on record-the results were so promising that vetiver seemed like a major breakthrough.
+In Maharashtra State, lines of the grass trapped 25 cm of silt in 2 months. On the notorious black soils of Karnataka, silt started forming behind a 3-month-old hedge, and the soil loss dropped from 11 tons per hectare to 3 tons per hectare. On the experimental farm at Sehore University, the average silt buildup behind vetiver lines during the rainy season was 10 cm. Some hedges accumulated as much as 30 cm of soil in a year.
+What is more, vetiver held back more than just soil. The moisture that normally gushed off the land in flash floods was also trapped-or at least slowed down. There was no way to measure the exact amount; however, plenty of anecdotal information attested to vetiver's remarkable ability to hold runoff on the slopes. On one droughty Indian catchment, for instance, farmers found they could grow mango trees for the first time. In several villages, the water level in the wells rose dramatically after vetiver hedges were put in. In Gundalpet, for example, farmers had water at 8 m depth; wells in nearby villages were dry down to 20 m. On lands in Andhra Pradesh that had been abandoned 12 years earlier as being too dry for farming, farmers put in vetiver and successfully grew millet and castor once again. In several places, farmers with vetiver lines got a harvest where their neighbors got only crop failures. None of this, it should be noted, was due to vetiver alone. It was the
+combination of the grass and the contour farming, which it induced and stabilized, that jointly made the difference.
+One of the most unexpected successes was on black cotton soils. These "vertisols" cover 10 million hectares of central India and could be a major source of food, but their physical properties are such that they can be used for only a fraction of the year. During the rainy season, when farming should be most productive, they are too sticky even to walk on. Barriers such as berms or bunds to worsen the waterlogging. Vetiver, however, allowed excess water to pass through and didn't upset the drainage. Greenfield noted that, after rain, farmers could walk right up to a vetiver hedge, but couldn't get closer to a berm than 40 m. He was so impressed that he predicted vetiver grass would be the answer for bringing India's vertisols into year-round production, resulting in immense benefit to the nation.
+Although initially the project staff almost had to force their planting materials onto the farmers, soon the farmers were clamoring for it. Several states-including Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Gujarat-also initiated their own vetiver projects. The main constraint to the wider adoption of the method quickly became a lack of nurseries to keep up with the demand for planting materials.
+Ironically, after about 4 years of effort, agriculturists in Karnataka stumbled over the fact that many farmers in a particular part of their own state had been using vetiver hedges all along. In fact, throughout the four southern states, people had employed steps of this grass for at least 100, and maybe even 20O, years. However, they used them primarily to denote the edges of farms. Investigation showed that where the boundaries crossed slopes the hedges held back soil on the upper side. Recognizing the significance of this, a few of the more astute farmers had intentionally planted vetiver across the middle of their slopes. But this was the exception; by and large, the grass's environmental benefits lay unappreciated.
+As all these results became apparent, Greenfield, Grimshaw, and most of the other observers became extremely excited. If this little-known grass could benefit some of the worst areas of central India, surely it could benefit other parts of the world. Indeed, here was something that might underpin millions of farms and forests, not to mention watersheds, rivers, reservoirs, harbors, highways, bridges, canals, and other facilities affected by erosion. Perhaps the whole face of the tropics might be changed for the better by the narrow strips of this grass. Perhaps at last there was a way to keep soil on the hills where it was needed and out of the waterways where it was not. More importantly, perhaps it offered a sustainable method of moisture conservation, a means of "drought-proofing" previously vulnerable rainfed areas.
+St. Vincent's Vetiver
+The following is adapted from John Greenfield's report of a trip to inspect the use of vetiver on the Caribbean nation of St Vincent in 1989. He arrived at a time when a large-scale erosion control scheme using bulldozers and expensive terracing, to be financed with foreign capital, was being proposed to the people there.
+Vetiver grass was introduced to St. Vincent as the major soil conservation measure more than 50 years ago. It was used primarily in the sugar industry to stabilize fields of sugarcane, but found its way all over the island as a stabilizer of road cuttings, driveways, pathways, and tracks along hillsides. Whoever introduced the system did an excellent job, as virtually all the small farmers put their vetiver-grass plantings on the contour. This, together with the resulting contour farming, has saved St. Vincent from the ravages of soil erosion.
+Throughout St. Vincent, I stopped to talk to farmers, and the general consensus was, "surely you haven't come ail this way to tell us about khus-khus (as it is called locally); we have known how good it is for over 50 years!"
+I drove up the leeward coast of St. Vincent with the government official responsible for soil conservation, Mr. Conrad Simon of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Agriculture. We visited one of the old sugar plantations (now abandoned) where vetiver-grass barriers had formed stable terraces 4 m high. After 50 years, the grass was still active, and there was no sign of erosion. In other areas, vetiver barriers planted on more than 100 percent slopes were providing full protection against erosion and had been doing so for years. The only area where I noticed erosion starting was where people had pulled out the vetiver on the "riser" of a terrace and planted food crops. Major rills had developed down the face, depositing deltas of silt on the terrace below.
+When I pointed this out to Mr. Simon, and later discussed it with his colleagues and supervisor, Mr. Lennox Diasley in Kingstown, they all agreed that vetiver grass had given them perfect protection for the past 50 years. So why should they replace it? The main reason seems to be that nobody has ever told them that their system of soil conservation is possibly the best in the world today.
+The vetiver system of soil conservation has served St. Vincent well and is a silent partner in the island's farming production. The people have lived with the grass all their lives; indeed, it has become so commonplace that they do not see it. In other words, they have passed those vegetative barriers every day without appreciating the natural terraces that have formed from soil that would have been lost had it been allowed to wash to the sea. But this "silent sentinel" doing its job 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year, has been protecting St. Vincent for the past 50 years. On top of that, it has cost the country nothing.
+In the late 1980s, Richard Grimshaw set out to see if vetiver might block the loss of soil and moisture in other parts of Asia.
+In China in 1988, for example, he managed to get it incorporated into a very large World Bank program (the Red Soils Project) in Jiangxi and Fujian provinces. The Chinese agriculturists were so captivated with the vetiver hedges' promise that they immediately bought up every vetiver plant they could find and planted lines across 300 hectares of steep slopes. Initially, they used the grass mainly to protect the faces of existing terraces, but they also incorporated small trials to protect tea plantings on steep, smooth, unterraced slopes.
+Even on these acidic, infertile lands south of the Yangtze, vetiver grew well. As in Fiji and India, it was able to dramatically slow up soil loss and reduce runoff. This especially impressed the Chinese, who have created vast areas of terracing whose maintenance is very expensive (and getting more so every year). Vetiver hedges promised to slash these costs. Soon, China had set up a vetiver-information network, a collection of vetiver nurseries, and a series of trials in nine provinces.
+China was not the only Far Eastern nation to get involved. In the Philippines in 1988, Grimshaw noticed an eroding catchment on the island of Cebu. Nosing around on a hillside nearby, he spied some vetiver and showed the farmer how to dig it up, break off slips, and plant them in lines across the slope. In central Luzon he persuaded the irrigation authorities to test it on farms in the Pantabangan reservoir area. Within 3 months the catchment was starting to stabilize. Since then, it has withstood heavy rainfall (the area receives at least 2,000 mm in a 4-month rainy season) and has turned into terraces that no longer melt away with every rain. Agriculture had become sustainable there for the first time.
+In 1990, thanks largely to Grimshaw's enthusiasm, vetiver programs were initiated in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. And soon information started filtering in from places beyond Asia.
+Vetiver, it turned out, has been and still is widely used in the Caribbean to keep roadsides and farm fields from washing out. Normally, it is not planted in any organized operation; it is just a commonplace method of erosion protection going back at least 50 years and known to almost everyone. In 1988 Greenfield visited the Caribbean nation of St. Vincent, only to find that the people were about to cut out all the vetiver hedges. There was no erosion problem on the island, they said, so there was no need for these strips of rough grass across their slopes!
+Beyond all these surprising experiences, the plant itself turned out to be remarkable. The more Greenfield, Grimshaw, and their colleagues learned about it, the amazed they were. Some of the features that came to light were indeed hard to believe.
+One clump of vetiver remained submerged beneath muddy floodwaters for 45 days and still emerged alive and apparently unscathed. Others withstood fire. In Fiji, for instance, the practice of burning cane trash after the harvest each year does no lasting damage to the rows of vetiver weaving through the fields. In fact, creeping ground fires usually stop dead when they meet a dense wall of the grass in its green state.
+Vetiver is immune to many other Third World hazards as well. The crown of the plant occurs slightly below the soil surface so that grazing goats or even trampling cattle do no lasting damage. Moreover, the mature foliage is so tough and coarse that even with all the cattle roaming the Indian countryside, the plant is never destroyed. This is important for an erosion control crop that, if it is to work effectively, must stay in place for years, even in the presence of hordes of hungry animals. On the other hand, if the vetiver plants were cut back during the growing season, the masses of new green shoots that quickly arose could be fed to livestock.
+Vetiver also grew roots amazingly fast. In a special glass-fronted box that Greenfield built in New Delhi, the roots reached as deep as I m just 2 months after planting, even though it was winter. In 3 months they were more than 2 m deep.
+Of added significance was the fact that the roots grew almost straight down. There were few lateral surface roots. This seemed to explain the widespread observation that sugarcane and other crops would grow right up to a vetiver hedge, seemingly without interference and loss of yield.
+Above ground the plants also grew rapidly. In certain sites they reached 2 m tall in just a few weeks. On the other hand, they spread only slightly. Indeed, the bases expand so little that in certain parts of India vetiver hedges are legally accepted as property lines. In Nigeria, too, the surveyor general has in the past permitted vetiver as a legal boundary marker.
+All this may seem strange, but there is more. Vetiver grows so densely that, at least according to various informants, it can block the spread of weeds, including some of the world's worst creeping grasses: couch, star, kikuyu, and Bermuda. In Zimbabwe, for example, tobacco farmers reportedly plant vetiver around their fields to keep kikuyu grass from creeping in. In Mauritius, sugarcane growers rely on vetiver to prevent Bermuda grass from penetrating their fields from adjacent roadsides.
+Some claim that vetiver also blocks the spread of animals. Many in India, for example, say that snakes will not go through a stand of vetiver because, they believe, the sharp-edged leaves cut the snakes' bodies. This probably mistaken belief leads people to walk confidently where there is a vetiver hedge. In China, a farmer planted vetiver grass around his pond: within six months it had formed an almost impenetrable hedge that not only corralled his ducks but also provided fodder and mulch.
+Not the least of these observations was that vetiver can grow in an amazing range of soils. In fact, the plant seemed to thrive so well in adversity that it was hard to find a place where it would not survive. Even in quartz gravel, with little fertility, Greenfield was able to make it grow, after a fashion. And, most impressive to a plant scientist, in Sri Lanka some vetiver grows in bauxite, a material that is toxic to almost every other species of plant. (The farmers there actually used crowbars to plant the vetiver into solid bauxite.)
+It can grow in an amazing range of climates as well. Both Fiji and central India lie in the monsoonal tropics, but soon it became clear that vetiver could grow in many other climes. In India, for example, it is found in the rainforests of Kerala, the deserts of Rajasthan, and the frost zones of the Himalaya foothills. (It is even found near Kathmandu in Nepal.) It occurs on some coasts, growing in the direct path of salt spray. All in all, it seemed that vetiver grass could thrive under very wet (more than 3,000 mm) and very dry (less than 300 mm) conditions, and perhaps everything in between.
+Vetiver also proved well adapted to temperature. It thrives in Rajasthan, where temperatures reach as high as + 46°C, and it survives in Fujian, China, where winter temperatures have reached -9°C. It is certainly surprising that a tropical grass can withstand such cold, but one enthusiast even planted it on a ski slope in Italy, and there, north of Rome, it has (perhaps miraculously) made it through several winters.
+With all these discoveries about a species almost unknown to the world, it is not surprising that Greenfield and Grimshaw were enthusiastic. Eventually, through word of mouth and the World Bank's Vetiver Newsletter and its handbook, Vetiver: a Hedge Against Erosion, others also were caught up in the fervor. Indeed, the excitement surrounding vetiver grew so much and the implications of using it seemed so astounding that many outsiders queried the sincerity (not to say sanity) of those who were discussing it with such zeal.
+It was the skepticism surrounding the extravagant claims about the plant that led to this report. The World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service asked the National Research Council to evaluate the claims, the practical reality, and the implications behind the vision of John Greenfield and Richard Grimshaw.
+The rest of this report highlights our findings and conclusions.
+<section>Background and conclusions</section>
+<section>Part 1 Worldwide Experiences</section>
+The experiences described in the previous chapter seem to promise a new and perhaps invaluable technique for controlling erosion in the tropics. However, it should not be thought that John Greenfield and Richard Grimshaw were the first to promote vetiver. On the contrary, this plant is one of the better known crops of the tropics. It is only for erosion control that their efforts stand out.
+Despite this, however, in most places use of the grass to halt soil loss is virtually unknown. Nonetheless, the plant's ability to control erosion is not new. Before World War II, some tropical countries deliberately planted vetiver hedges as contour barriers. This was particularly true in the sugarcane fields of the British Caribbean. However, this technique was essentially forgotten during the disruptions of the war and of the independence that soon followed in many nations. With both the war and the collapse of colonialism, many agricultural advisors left the tropics, taking the knowledge of this technique with them. By the 1960s, only a few people in the former colonies remembered that vetiver could stop erosion.
+But vetiver is so persistent that even where it has been abandoned, it has continued to survive for decades or even centuries. For this reason, therefore, the plant can be found throughout the tropics as well as in a few other (sometimes completely unexpected) areas.
+Below, we highlight the findings from a correspondence campaign aimed both at locating the grass and at roughly assessing the worldwide experiences with it.
+TABLE 1 Countries Where Vetiver is Currently Known To Exist
+Africa
+Asia
+Caribbean
+Algeria
+Bangladesh
+Antigua
+Angola
+Burma
+Barbados
+Burundi
+China
+Cuba
+Comoro
+India
+Dominican Republic
+Central African Republic
+Indonesia
+Haiti
+Ethiopia
+Japan
+Jamaica
+Gabon
+Malaysia
+Martinique
+Ghana
+Nepal
+Puerto Rico
+Kenya
+Pakistan
+St. Lucia
+Madagascar
+Philippines
+St. Vincent
+Malawi
+Singapore
+Trinidad
+Mauritius
+Sri Lanka
+Virgin Islands
+Nigeria
+Thailand
+Rwanda
+Pacific
+Reunion
+Americas
+Seychelles
+American Samoa
+Somalia
+Argentina
+Cook Islands
+South Africa
+Brazil
+Fiji
+Tanzania
+Colombia
+New Caledonia
+Tunisia
+Costa Rica
+New Guinea
+Uganda
+French
+Tonga
+Zaire
+Guiana
+Western Samoa
+Zambia
+Guatemala
+Zimbabwe
+Guyana
+Others
+Paraguay
+France
+USA
+USSR
+ASIA
+Vetiver is an Asian plant, probably native to a lowland, swampy area north of New Delhi in India. It has therefore been known to Asians longer than to anyone else.
+India
+In India, vetiver, or khus as it is more commonly known, has been used since ancient times and is recorded as a medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic era. However, it has been appreciated mainly for its fragrant roots. People weave these roots into mats, baskets, fans, sachets, and ornaments. They also weave them into window coverings that freshen the air of thousands of village homes with a sweet and penetrating scent. Oil from the roots is also used in perfumes. Not only is it pleasantly fragrant, it takes so long to evaporate from the skin that perfumers include it in their soaps and scents to give them "persistence."
+The living grass has also long been known as a useful soil binder. However, it was mostly planted around rice paddies, along rivers, and beside canals and ponds to strengthen the banks and keep the land from collapsing into the water.
+To line it out across the hill slopes is, for most places, a new and innovative concept. However, since 1987 a number of trials in research stations and farmers' fields have been carried out under the aegis of several of India's state governments, largely with funding from the World Bank. The data is preliminary and is usually not statistically significant, but it is instructive nonetheless.
+Some examples follow
+Karnataka The state of Karnataka has taken up vetiver for watershed conservation with considerable enthusiasm. Traditionally, the state's farmers have used the grass as boundary plantings, and, although some have placed hedges across the middle of their land-an indication that they understand its value for erosion control-its use to conserve soil and moisture is essentially new.
+Among the results of this exploratory research are some from Kabbanala. Even in their first year, the partially formed hedges held back 30 percent more rainfall runoff than graded banks, 47 percent more than conventional contour cultivation, and 24 percent more than hedgerows of leucaena. In addition, they held back 43 percent more soil than graded banks, 74 percent more than contour cultivation, and 54 percent more than leucaena hedges. Moreover, apparently because of the improved soil-moisture levels, the vetiver hedgerows boosted crop yields 6 percent more than those on graded banks, 26 percent more than those on contour cultivation, and 10 percent more than those behind leucaena hedgerows.
+Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh On the black cotton soils in these two states, vetiver has also grown well. It holds back soil and some moisture but (unlike bunds) does not create pools of standing water on these heavy, ill-draining clays. This is important because these soils are so difficult to work with that at present they are only partially used: in the wet season they get too waterlogged; in the dry season they crack open. Bringing the black cotton soils into fuller use could boost India's food production because there are millions of hectares of them.
+Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu there has been no formal governmental support thus far, but the Regional Research Station at Aruppukkotai began testing vetiver in 1987. Another grass and two shrubs were later added to the trial. Both grasses grew into hedges far more quickly than the shrubs, and both also proved better at trapping moisture. Vetiver was the best of all. It retained between 3 and 9 percent more moisture than the other plants. Soil behind it contained 26 percent more moisture than that on the control slope, which lacked protective hedges.
+All in all, vetiver is starting to be accepted for erosion control. The state's department of agriculture has taken up large-scale multiplication of vetiver. Extension agents are being trained. And contour hedges are being established in selected watersheds. Ultimately, the state plans to protect much of its dryland areas with vetiver.
+Andhra Pradesh. The government of Andhra Pradesh has planted vetiver in several watershed-management projects. The results, however, are not completely satisfactory. Because of the state's semiarid climate, the plants take at least three years to grow together into fully functional hedges. Farmers, therefore, are as yet unconvinced of vetiver's value. Indeed, some, concluding that the plant will never do them any good, have plowed it up. Nonetheless, more than three out of four are waiting to see.
+Nepal
+With its steep slopes and rushing rivers, Nepal is one of the most erosion-prone nations. Vetiver has traditionally been used in the lowland area known as the Terai, but only to stabilize the banks of waterways. Today, it can be found verging many irrigation canals, especially in locations where people tend to walk. The roots are commonly harvested and made into hairbrushes, among other things. Also, basket weavers prefer vetiver stem; they say it holds paint and keeps its color better.
+Given the results in neighboring India, much interest in vetiver has recently surfaced in Nepal. Both private organizations and government agencies have established nurseries and are growing the grass. They hope, primarily, to use it to protect the front lip of terraces (of which there are vast numbers), but they see it also as a possible way to stabilize roadsides and to protect (even "renovate") landslide areas. One group is trying to save a small dirt airfield by planting vetiver along the banks of a hungry river that is slowly eating it away.
+All efforts so far have been in the Terai and nearby areas. Although it occurs commonly in the vale of Kathmandu, vetiver probably cannot withstand the frigid winters of the uplands, where perhaps the most devastating erosion is occurring.
+Sri Lanka
+Vetiver traditionally has been used to stabilize some slopes and terraces in tea plantations around Kandy. However, its true potential for Sri Lanka lay unappreciated until 1989 when Keerthi Rajapakse, a retired Assistant Conservator of Forests, helped establish nurseries to supply vetiver planting material to farmers. Rajapakse was elated to find that tobacco cultivators accepted this vegetative contour method with alacrity: soil washing out of hillside tobacco fields is considered to be one of Sri Lanka's major environmental problems.
+The plant's ruggedness is almost legendary in Sri Lanka. It is here that people have used crowbars to plant it into bauxite soils. Also, farmers say that couch grass (a creeping weed almost impossible to keep out of crops) cannot penetrate a vetiver hedge.
+Indonesia
+Although Java is the leading producer of vetiver oil, almost nowhere in Indonesia has the grass been used in erosion control. Ironically, in some places people are convinced that it actually causes erosion. This is because harvesters often rip out the roots (for the oil they contain), leaving behind trenches that foster the severest of soil losses. This has been such a problem that vetiver cultivation has been prohibited in parts of Java. It is, however, a problem of irresponsible harvesting, and is irrelevant to hedges left in place as erosion barriers.
+Vetiver is now being established in some of the other islands (in Kalimantan, for example) with some success.
+Philippines
+Vetiver can be seen throughout the Philippines. It is reported that a few areas have traditionally cultivated it to control erosion-especially around ponds to keep silt from washing in. Nevertheless, the plant is hardly known to Filipinos at large.
+Today, however, that is changing. A major project to restabilize the roads destroyed by the 1990 earthquake in Northern Luzon is relying on vetiver. A number of farmers in both Northern Luzon and Central and Eastern Visayas have put in contour vetiver hedges to stop soil losses. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) at Los Banos is studying the grass as a way to reduce erosion in upland rice fields and to reinforce the bunds around the paddies in the lowlands. Visayas State College of Agriculture has found that vetiver grows well even on poor and very acid upland soils where little else can survive
+China
+Although its efforts are just beginning, China is among the nations most active in studying vetiver. Massive projects have been started in a dozen soil-conservation areas. In part this is because of the promise of the early results, but it is also because soil and moisture conservation are among China's national priorities. The country annually loses as much as 400 tons of soil per hectare in certain areas. As a result, the Yellow River is supposedly the most silt laden in the world, and the dry-season levels in the Yangtze are dropping year by year as the ever thinner layer of soil on the hills absorbs less and less moisture. Thus, it is little wonder that there is an almost desperate grasping at what might possibly be a low-cost solution that can be installed on a large scale with local labor and resources.
+Vetiver was introduced to China in the 1950s as a source of aromatic oil; when the oil prices dropped, the plant was abandoned. The impetus to test it for erosion control began only in 1988, when it was planted for stabilizing terraces of citrus and tea in Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. Farmers noted that the young citrus and tea plants seemed to grow better (perhaps because of wind protection or increased moisture) and the terraces no longer washed out.
+In some areas, vetiver products are already widely popular. In at least one location, prunings from the contour hedges are sold to dairy farmers as a feedstuff and are replacing rice straw as bedding for animals. (The farmers like vetiver straw for bedding not only because it is cheap and rot-resistant, but because it frees up valuable rice straw for sale or for plowing back into the paddy.) Elsewhere, the leaves are employed for mulch.
+Although China's Ministry of Water Resources has set up vetiver trials and demonstrations on some severely gullied lands, it is currently more interested in protecting terraces. Nowhere is this interest stronger than in the red-soils area, where engineered terraces have a long record of failing during the intense downpours that occur every few years.
+Overall, the results in China have been so promising that during the next few years vetiver will be planted extensively in five provinces. Moreover, Chinese researchers have started their own vetiver-information network, and the government has sponsored a number of vetiver conferences to speed up the exchange of information and results.
+Already it has been learned that vetiver can be used south of the Yangtze. However, stands have been established as far north as 36°N in Shangdong Province, where winter temperatures drop to -8°C. So far, there have been few "scientific" trials, but in one carefully documented case vetiver hedges decreased the amount of water running off the slopes by half.
+AFRICA
+Although the plant is not well known in Africa, it actually can be found growing in scattered locations from Cairo to Cape Town. Also, there is at least one native species that is an African counterpart to this Asian plant. A few African countries have already embarked on exploratory trials with one or both of these species.
+Several examples follow.
+Kenya
+Erosion has long been serious in Kenya, especially in the highlands where the rainfall is heavy and the soils erodible. Vetiver occurs in several locations there, although it is mostly used as an ornamental. It was probably introduced to produce vetiver oil, but it is thought that some was also brought in by a German coffee grower seeking to protect his eroding land. Recently, a government soil specialist found vetiver established on terraces in coffee country in the Machakos District as well as on a dam wall on a farm near Thika. He reports that the plants "are still effectively protecting the soil after at least a decade of neglect."
+Vetiver, in principle, could be extremely valuable in the highlands- in plantations of tea, coffee, and pyrethrum, as well as in family gardens and along the sides of roads and tracks. Trials began in 1990 and, despite the short time, the grass is already showing promise
+Tanzania
+Although now all but unknown in Tanzania, tea planters used vetiver as an erosion-control barrier before World War II. Indeed, an old monograph on tea-growing there makes the following comment: "Grasses are usually detrimental in a high degree to the growth of tea, with apparently one exception, as far as trials and experience goes.
+Pantabangan Watershed Catchment, Northern Luzon, the Philippines. This two-year old hedge was planted for the purpose of erosion control. Even in the heavy shade under these trees, the vetiver plants are growing well. The hedges not only reduce soil loss, they also help retain runoff moisture. As a result, the trees grow better and in new tree plantings the number of seedlings that survive can rise dramatically. (R. Grimshaw)
+This exception is khus-khus grass [vetiver]. With its close stiff blades it is successfully used . . . in contour hedges. Its tussock habit favors its usefulness as its root system appears to be reasonably restricted in range. It needs to be kept under control by cutting."
+Vetiver established on Mount Kilimanjaro, near Arusha, in the final decade of the last century still remains.
+Mali
+The vetiver highlighted in this report (Vetiveria zizanioides) is probably found throughout West Africa, but far more common at present is an African counterpart, V. nigritana. Whether it, too, will prove useful in erosion control is uncertain, but it has many interesting qualities nonetheless.
+For example, V. nigritana occurs across the floodplains of the internal Niger Delta, a vast region (about 20,000 km2) that is inundated for half the year. Here, it occurs mainly on higher ground, and after the flood retreats it becomes lush and green and the herds are then given access to it according to traditional grazing rights. Vetiver (and a mixture of other species) thus provides crucial grazing to the people of the area. Animals take only the young sprouts, but after these are gone, the farmers burn the area to induce a flush of new growth.
+For all its importance here, vetiver is not a fine feedstuff. Annual yields vary from 2 to 10 tons of dry matter, depending on the previous flood levels. The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) found that the whole plant had a digestibility coefficient of 35-40 percent when cut about 2 months after the flood retreated or after being burned-considerably less than the 60-percent level for the other native grass species in the area.
+Despite these indifferent figures, however, this African vetiver occurs extensively, and it resists the harsh cycle of floods and fires better than almost any other species there.
+Burkina Faso
+In neighboring Burkina Faso, Vetiveria nigritana is also important. Indeed, certain tribes rely on the plant throughout their lives. For example, the Bozo (who dwell along the vetiver-covered shores of lakes as well as the Niger River) weave their huts out of vetiver grass or palm fronds.
+Nigeria
+Vetiver is commonly seen growing wild in Nigeria and probably this is mostly the African species, Vetiveria nigritana. Until recently, it was not used for erosion control but now that is changing. Scientists in Anambra are taking the lead.
+A state in the southeast, Anambra is probably the area hardest hit by erosion. It has extensive "badlands," so-called because of steep slopes and gullies that engulf the land and everything on it. Erosion is so severe that in just the last 10 years some 220 towns have lost property worth nearly 6 billion naira($755 million) to 530 greedy gullies. More than 150 people have died from the resulting floods, slips, and cave-ins.
+Alarmed, the state government in the early 1980s assembled a team of soil scientists and engineers from its ministries and universities and told them to find out how to halt the further spread of this menace. Initially, many concrete embankments were built, but to little avail. Then some of the scientists came up with the idea of planting strips of grass. Twenty-seven different species were tested; vetiver proved the fastest growing and the most effective. (Initially, V. nigritana was used, although V. zizanioides is now used as well.)
+The researchers were excited by these results; however, the local people-even those most afflicted by erosion-remained unconvinced. The plants looked too weak for such a bigjob. The scientists' frustration rose and rose until, in March 199O, Britain's Prince of Wales came to town. With his intense interest in conservation, Prince Charles gladly agreed to plant some vetiver personally. He thereby launched what is officially called "The British Council/Anambra State Project on Erosion Control," but is more commonly known as "Project Vetiver."
+Thanks to the heir to the British throne, vetiver planting took off in earnest. "Prince Charles brought prestige to bear on the whole thing," noted Anthony Chigbo, secretary and project engineer of Project Vetiver. "We knew that the long strong roots would go deep and hold the soil in place, but we couldn't convince the average person. They believed that things are good only when they are costly!"
+Within a year, field workers were reporting favorable results. Indeed, the Nigerian scientists and their British helpers now jointly predict that vetiver will significantly benefit the environment of Anambra.
+Ethiopia
+Indian scientists reputedly introduced vetiver to some Ethiopian coffee plantations in the early 1970s. Today the grass is used particularly in Jimma and Kaffa provinces, where small informal nurseries of it are often seen along the roadsides. The Ministry of Coffee and Tea has promoted its use there for at least 10 years.
+Ethiopians mainly use vetiver to protect the edges of contour drains, but the plant is becoming increasingly popular as an ornamental around houses. In addition, local farmers have found that the foliage makes excellent mulch, and they say that (compared to napier grass, for example) it is easier to manage because it does not seed or take root when they spread it on their gardens or fields. Pine needles, which were traditionally laid on the floor during coffee ceremonies, are now commonly replaced by vetiver leaves. Vetiver straw is also gaining popularity as a thatch and as a stuffing for mattresses because it resists rot and lasts longer than other straws.
+One advantage, widely believed in Ethiopia, is that Bermuda grass and couch grass cannot invade fields through a vetiver hedge. Indeed, the local Amharic name for vetiver means "stops couch grass."
+Zimbabwe
+Although vetiver is only now getting its first serious trials as an erosion control in Zimbabwe, Mauritian settlers in the Chiredzi area (hot, subtropical lowveld, 600-900 m altitude) have reportedly used it for years to reinforce the banks of irrigation canals. They also took it to the Chipinga area in the Eastern Highlands (warm, subtropical hill country, 900-1,200 m altitude), where a number of coffee planters use it to protect their terraces. Vetiver has also been planted across wet drainage flats (vleis), where it blocks the runoff, thereby keeping the soils moist for months into the dry season.
+It has also been reported that tobacco farmers have found that hedges of vetiver around their fields keep out creeping grass weeds, such as kikuyu and couch.
+Other African Nations
+South Africa Vetiver is cultivated to a limited extent in South Africa and is used as a hedge plant, particularly in Natal where it is used mainly by Mauritian sugarcane growers and is commonly referred to as "Mauritius grass." A company formed for the purpose of putting in vetiver hedges has recently established trials throughout the country (see next chapter).
+Madagascar Erosion is such a tremendous problem in Madagascar that farmers have rapidly come to recognize vetiver's usefulness. The grass is being planted, largely under a World Bank initiative. (The Bank's local representative is widely known as "Monsieur Vetivere.") Farmers have found that vetiver fits well with their traditional technique of torching their fields each year. Whereas most other erosion-control plants are destroyed, the vetiver is all but unaffected. Another reputed advantage is that vetiver does not harbor rats. More details are given in the next chapter.
+Botswana In Botswana, vetiver (V. nigritana) is known to occur in the Okavango swamp area, but as of 1991 no erosion-control projects have been reported with either V. nigritana or the Indian species (V. zizanioides).
+Malawi Vetiver is said to have been used in Malawi for 50 years to stabilize sugarcane
+Mauritius Sugarcane growers on Mauritius rely on vetiver and take it for granted. "Any sugarcane grower in Mauritius will tell you that vetiver is used both for erosion control as well as some sort of barrier to prevent noxious weeds such as Bermuda grass from penetrating fields from roads," writes Jean-Claude Autrey, head of the Plant Pathology Division of the Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute. "The abundant root system of vetiver is ideal for this purpose."
+Zaire The current situation is unreported, but in the 1950s vetiver was commonly found as an ornamental plant and as a border against erosion. Vetiver hedges were sometimes used to fix terraces in place on plantations of cinchona, for example
+Central African Republic A solitary note in the Kew Herbarium Collection reports that vetiver is used for stuffing mattresses in the Central African Republic.
+Rwanda For more than 30 years vetiver has been used in Rwanda's coffee plantations, apparently for protecting terraces
+Gabon According to one report, the grass was planted along ditches and roadsides to conserve the soil and delimit field boundaries
+Ghana Vetiver is a common hedge plant in Ghana. It is used particularly along the edges of roads, gardens, and cultivated fields. It is said to prevent a weed called "dub grass" (Desmostachya bipinnata) from invading. The leaves, in their young state, are used as cattle fodder.
+Tunisia Apparently, Europeans introduced the grass into Tunisia, and it has been planted alongside pathways to conserve the soil.
+CARIBBEAN
+The Caribbean is one of the regions where vetiver is best known. Originally, "khus-khus grass" (as it is mostly called) was brought in from India. Today, it is commonly cultivated to avoid soil wash and the invasion of weeds. It is also an ornamental. The dried roots are sometimes used as an insect repellent, to protect clothes from moths, for example.
+St. Lucia
+Vetiver has been used for erosion control on St. Lucia for at least 40 years (see next chapter). It is still widely valued, particularly on the wetter (southwest) side of the island. The foliage is harvested for mats and handicrafts. In earlier times, thatch was the main vetiver product. These days, however, the only places still employing it are said to be tourist facilities for visiting Americans.
+Vetiver is often planted around buildings during construction. For example, the Hess Oil Company recently protected slopes around the schools it built near its refinery by using lines of vetiver.
+Trinidad
+Seemingly, it was the University of the West Indies that originally recognized vetiver's usefulness for soil conservation. As a result, the plant can now be seen all over Trinidad. Mainly it is planted alongside roads. Indeed, it is vetiver that stabilizes the embankments of many of Trinidad's roads.
+At the university research station at St. Michaels, for example, vetiver's potential for stabilizing roadsides under the worst possible conditions can be seen. The road has been bulldozed into the side of the hill, and the resulting debris-subsoil, rock, and shale-is so bad it can hardly be called soil, yet the plants are growing actively and there is no sign of erosion.
+Higher up the hills on this research station are found vetiver barriers established in old, eroding, "slash-and-burn" areas on slopes well over 100 percent (45°). Here vetiver must compete with jungle regrowth, heavy grass, and vines, but it has held its own and is doing an excellent job of holding these hillsides together.
+These days, Trinidad's forest service is showing renewed interest in vetiver. In Maracas Valley, for example, it has planted fruit trees behind vetiver contour barriers. On extremely steep slopes, as well as on terraces, one can see deep deposits of organic matter trapped behind the grass hedges. Mango trees are obviously benefiting (probably from the extra fertility as well as the deeper percolation of moisture); those away from the barriers are poor by comparison.
+Haiti
+Because Haiti is the world's second biggest supplier of vetiver oil, the plant is very well known there. Unfortunately, however, in this country of impoverished soils, it has not been widely employed for erosion control. Its extreme robustness can easily be seen because it commonly occurs on the worst possible sites. Even when people are trying to produce vetiver roots commercially, they usually employ the least valuable ground, much of it so worn out that nothing else can survive.
+However, only southern Haiti grows vetiver for oil. In the northern part of the country, people leave it in place and use it for soil conservation. "Vetiver works," notes one admiring Haitian. "The minute you remove it the banks fall down."
+A good example of vetiver's abilities can be seen on the road from Port-au-Prince to Cap Haitien. Where it cuts through the hills, the embankments on both sides are lined with vetiver. The terrace effects have successfully stabilized these banks, an amazing feat considering their steepness and erodibility
+Haitians like several of vetiver's features: it can withstand animals (which eat leucaena, for example), is easy to propagate, is drought hardy, and stays in place with minimum maintenance. Moreover, they point out that people can walk over vetiver without damaging it; doing that to leucaena generates a gap.
+One widespread opinion that vetiver impoverishes soils has been debunked. Barrenness does occur in some vetiver areas, but hardly because of the plant. The hillsides had first been damaged to the point where farming was no longer possible, then turned over to goats, and only after the goats could find nothing else to eat did the farmers put in vetiver. For such sites vetiver was merely the last straw.
+So far, not much vetiver has been used to stop farm erosion.
+Barbados
+Vetiver is so common on Barbados that it is part of the landscape, and is much appreciated. A recent tourist brochure, for example, gushes over the plant:
+Huge clumps of this bushy grass form continuous borders along most of the country roads in Barbados, providing a soil-erosion barrier around fields of its cousin, the sugarcane. This, however, is perhaps a lesser virtue to most people, the most gracious being the gorgeous smell of this rare fragrance of the tropics. The oil extracted from the roots is used to make a truly Caribbean scent-Khus Khus by Benjamins of Jamaica-available at all fine perfume counters.
+The dried roots are also used to make unique souvenirs. These include: clothes hangers covered in khus-khus roots and bound in ribbons. (They give your cupboard a glorious, long-lasting scent, are thick and soft for hanging clothes on, and look very special.)
+The leaves of the grass were used extensively to make thatch roofs in early days, but now only as a decorative, "typically tropical" feature. Examples can be seen at Southern Palms Hotel and Ginger Bay. In crafts, khus-khus grass is woven to make Dominican-style rugs at the IDC Handicraft Division. These can be bought by the square for wall-to-wall covering. Ireka, a Rastafarian girl from Mount Hillaby, uses khus-khus grass with balsam to make a whole range of distinct baskets which she sells at her shop at Pelican Village. Roslyn of Barbados uses the grass to make wall hangings and lampshades which are sold at Fine Crafts in the Chattel House Village, and at Articrafts in Norman Centre, Broad Street.
+SOUTH AMERICA
+Vetiver can probably be found throughout tropical South America, but this is the part of the tropics where it is probably least known. Few South Americans are aware of its presence.
+Argentina
+The plant is cultivated in the provinces of Chaco and Misiones and it is grown even as far south as Buenos Aires. Its roots are extracted and the essential oil used in perfumes. In Misiones it is employed in thatching ranchos.
+Bolivia
+Although there has been no research on erosion hedges, the plant is known in Bolivia. Indeed, a project to explore this use has recently been initiated jointly by the Ministry of Agriculture and Campesinos and the Corporation for the Development of Cochabamba. Vetiver plants are now growing well in a nursery in Cochabamba, even though the altitude is 2,600 m. A "vetiver coordination center" is being established by the Organization for Environmental Conservation (AMBA)
+Brazil
+Brazil produces vetiver oil for its own internal markets and has probably been growing the grass for several centuries. Nothing specific on its use in erosion control has yet been reported, but a scientific paper reviewing vetiver in Brazil reported:
+It is a plant of great utility. Its numerous and tangled roots bind the surface where there is danger of breaking the earth apart; its tufts of erect, perennial leaves serve as a fence, protecting crops against wind and dust storms. Later its collected leaves, which have practically no odor, can be used to make hats and its straw canes serve to cover cabanas and barns. Its roots, which have a strong odor, can be transformed into baskets or coarse mats that in certain regions are suspended in doors and windows and frequently wetted with water, perfuming the air and lowering the ambient temperature.
+CENTRAL AMERICA
+Vetiver can be found scattered throughout Central America, but few people recognize it or are aware of the job it does. Nonetheless, rows of vetiver are often seen where roadsides have been cut into hills.
+Costa Rica
+Even before the initiatives in India began to arouse worldwide interest, plantings were increasing in an area of small farms and mixed agriculture southwest of San Jose. As a border to prevent erosion, the farmers say vetiver is better than lemongrass, which they had previously used. Vetiver, they assert, tolerates more adversity, is more resistant to stem borers, lasts longer, requires less care, and (because it grows erect) interferes less with field practices.
+The grass is commonly used as a hedge plant in the Meseta Central. It is also planted along the top of embankments to prevent rocks and dirt falling onto the road. An Indian group prepares the roots and sells them along with other local products, such as hats and baskets that they fashion out of local plants.
+Guatemala
+Guatemala once exported vetiver oil to the world. Although the trade stopped years ago, the plant still survives throughout the country. In a few places, it is even used as an erosion barrier. Engineers, for instance, have used it to protect road cuttings from washing out, and coffee planters have long relied on it for soil conservation. This has been mainly on plantations in the western coastal zones, especially in the Department of San Marcos.
+Some people (notably Indians in the hills) use Vetiver leaves for thatch, for mulch to "break the rain" on seedbeds, and for bedding for pigs.
+Recently, interest in vetiver has been renewed. The government and a private voluntary organization have formed a committee to coordinate vetiver promotion and research. Promising accessions have been located and were planted in six locations in October 1990. Only half of the plantings were watered, but, even though the dry season was just beginning, nearly all the plants survived.
+NORTH AMERICA
+Vetiver, of course, is a tropical species and would not be expected to grow in the temperate zones. Nonetheless, there are certain parts of North America where it survives and even thrives.
+United States
+Vetiver has been in Louisiana for at least 150 years. The roots were once routinely relied on to keep moths out of closets during the summers (for which purpose, it is said, the roots remained effective for two years). There was also a small industry producing vetiver oil.
+However, this plant, once so well known to Southerners, has been essentially forgotten since at least last century. Nonetheless, field observations suggest that in all that time the neglected plants have not spread, but have remained where planted. Today, vetiver can be found along the banks of many bayous and on old plantations. Even where homesteads were razed or abandoned during the Civil War, vetiver still grows.
+The plant is known in other parts of the deep South as well. Although present in Florida for probably a century or more, it has never been collected as an escape from cultivation. There was once a small vetiver-oil industry in Texas, centered mainly in the area near Riviera. The plant was also grown along the Gulf Coast as well as in southern California before World War II.
+Recently in Louisiana, exploratory trials using the plant as an erosion barrier have shown remarkable promise (see next chapter).
+OCEANIA
+As related earlier, it was experiences in Fiji that stimulated the current rebirth of interest in vetiver. However, the grass is known to occur in many parts of the Pacific basin.
+Australia
+Several native species of Vetiveria grow in Australia (see Appendix B). All are found in the northern half of the continent. Recently, vetiver.
+Fiji
+The plant was apparently introduced to Fiji in 1907 and tested as a commercial crop before being let loose. Today, it is common in most parts of the islands and is sometimes used to bind rice bunds. Some people drink a tea made by boiling vetiver root in water. In some areas it has spread to populate roadsides and wasteplaces. It is not, however, considered a threat.
+Its use in erosion control in the 1950s (as described in the introduction) has been largely forgotten. However, because of newly mandated requirements of the Environmental Protection Authority, a construction company recently used it to restrain erosion and runoff from a building site.
+Other Pacific Locations
+American Samoa In Aunu'u, the plant has been used around taro fields to choke out weeds.
+New Zealand Some samples have been introduced to New Zealand, but so recently that no results have yet been recorded.
+New Caledonia In New Caledonia, vetiver has been used extensively to prevent erosion on slopes, particularly along roads. It proved notably effective.
+Cook Islands Plants have been on the island of Atiu for at least 30 years, and probably much longer. They show no sign of any natural spreading, and in some former locations they can no longer be found. One particular plant, in a domestic garden, is known to be 28 years old but is still less than 1 m across.
+EUROPE
+Vetiver, of course, is a tropical plant and should not be expected to occur in Europe. There are, however, several exceptions: one is France.
+Vetiver was introduced to the south of France as a potential source of ingredients for the perfume industry of Grasse, on the Cote d'Azur. It still exists there and survives the Mediterranean winter.
+Recently, it has been tested as a barrier against soil loss, both there and on the slopes of the Massif Central.
+<section>2 Case Studies</section>
+In some countries, vetiver was developed or tested as an erosion control completely independent of the World Bank efforts in Asia. These experiences add new insights into the merits and wider applicability of those described in the introduction. Moreover, they are in other parts of the world and in quite different types of sites. Thus, they form a complementary set of case histories that tend both to enhance and qualify those described earlier. Six examples are discussed below
+UNITED STATES
+In 1989 Fort Polk faced a problem. This army base in Louisiana ("home of the Fighting Fifth Infantry, Motorized") is located at the headwaters of three scenic streams, which were filling with silt as tanks on training maneuvers ripped up the land.
+The desecration of these pristine waters not only raised the ire of local communities, it threatened to bring down the heavy hand of civilian authority. Accordingly, army engineers laid check dams across the streams. That, however, did not solve the problem: after the numerous summer thunderstorms, turbid waters sluiced right over the top and muddied the streams as much as before.
+Then Mike Materne, the local U.S. Soil Conservation Service agent, was brought in. By coincidence, he had just heard about vetiver. With little hope that it would do much good, he obtained some plants. (Possibly, they were remnants of some grown on Louisiana plantations before the Civil War and were still surviving, despite a century of neglect.)
+His pessimism was all the more justified because the sites to be protected seemed hostile to any vegetation: the soil was down to almost bedrock ("C horizon"), the little that remained was very acidic (pH 4.0-4.2), and it contained virtually no fertility. But Materne decided to give vetiver a try-it would be more of a survival test than an erosion-control experiment, he thought.
+Accordingly, Materne grew vetiver slips in large pots in a greenhouse, and in the spring of 1990 planted them side by side on the bare and barren slopes immediately above each check dam. He wanted to establish the hedges quickly, and so he dropped a tablet of slow-release fertilizer beside each plant. His hope was that any hedges that formed might filter the turbid waters and thereby stop dirt from ever defiling the dams.
+Because of the siting of the dams, some of the vetivers had to be planted into waterlogged soil (owing to a recent downpour, they were standing in water when Materne left the site). Others had to be planted into pure sand, described by Materne as "drier than popcorn." To make matters worse, a gully-washer barrelled through before the plants had a chance to establish deep roots. The speeding water knocked out some and scoured out the soil around others.
+Despite all these hazards, however, most of the plants in each of the four sites, from the wettest to the driest, survived. Moreover, a few of them withstood yet another adversity when a freak fire swept through one of the plantings. It scorched and even killed surrounding pine trees, but the vetivers all survived.
+In fact they did more than survive-they thrived. In 8 weeks some were almost 2 m tall. In 10 weeks they had grown together into hedges. And on one site, more than 20 cm of sediment had built up behind the thin green line of grass. Some plants held back such a load that after a storm they were temporarily bent over, almost hidden beneath a "sandbar."
+By that time the hedges were so effectively filtering the runoff that the old flow of mud and silt down the streams was largely cut off. The check dams were receiving mostly clear water and were functioning as designed: temporarily holding back surplus runoff for later release into the streams.
+When first hearing of Materne's proposal to plant vetiver, the local county agent vehemently disapproved, arguing that introducing an exotic plant to the watersheds might create an uncontrollable weed problem. But he was mollified-even overjoyed-when native grasses, wildflowers, shrubs, trees, and vines came crowding in behind the hedges and grew to revegetate the site. He even declared that nothing like it had been seen in the area before.
+By that time it was clear that vetiver was acting as much more than an erosion trap; it was a "nurse plant" that was protecting other species and thereby giving these devastated watersheds a chance to heal themselves. Whether because of better soil moisture or the captured silt, the combination of hedges and revegetated slopes solved what had seemed an intractable erosion problem little more than a year before.
+ST. LUCIA
+Tall, lush, and rising abruptly from the sea, St. Lucia is a prominent island of the Windward chain in the West Indies. Vetiver has been there for perhaps a century and has been reducing soil loss on the volcanic slopes for at least half a century.
+Today, vetiver is seen almost everywhere. As one St. Lucian explains, "Around here, people take on to it. The first thing they do when opening a new farm plot is to plant khus [vetiver] along the tracks leading to the plot."
+Much of the vetiver seen today results from government interest in the past. From the late 1920s to the 1940s, for example, the government encouraged people to plant the grass. There was no formal policy, but the colonial agent would commonly push for it when he met with large landowners to play a little poker and discuss the latest farming techniques. Farmers on the periphery of the big estates imitated the large landowners, and thus the technique spread. To help the process along, several vetiver-demonstration plots were established at Mon Repos.
+Today, the grass is sometimes found planted along the contours of hill slopes, where it functions much as the World Bank describes in India and Fiji. But more often, it is planted along the lower side of the swales (locally known as "drains" or "trained gullies"), which are ditches designed to carry excess water safely off the slopes. There, it reinforces the dirt walls to stop rushing runoff from bursting through. Householders also use it to prevent mud and water from invading their backyards.
+Although vetiver is well behaved and much sturdier than other grasses, hedges that are not maintained are said to "deteriorate." As one St. Lucian notes: "The unruly portions must be trimmed and the discipline maintained."
+For instance, if the edges aren't cut back, the hedge may become ragged, perhaps because a few plants are unusually rambunctious or because the soil is of uneven quality. Some hedges may break up into clumps. Also, in some old and neglected plants, the centers die out. A timely topping helps keep them "tight."
+The plant is easy to trim or top. Surplus vegetation is normally cut off with a shovel or machete. However, vetiver's roots loosen the soil so well that cutting back a hedge on the downslope side can expose highly erodible dirt to the elements.
+Nowhere on St. Lucia are the plants considered weeds, and seldom do they spread beyond the hedges. Seedlings are never seen, although newly planted slips sometimes wash out and establish themselves down the slope, where they may look like errant seedlings. By and large the hedges seem to have little effect on neighboring crops, but plants immediately next to an old vetiver hedge sometimes exhibit a reduction in growth.
+Another minor problem is that a small shrub-locally called "tibaume" (Croton astroites)-can overcrowd older hedges. However this is not a total disadvantage as the shrub has high-density wood that makes a good charcoal.
+One hazard to which the hedges are immune is St. Lucia's fearsome feral goats. These animals are so destructive that people say "all goats' mouths are poisonous." The problem is especially bad at the end of the dry season, when grasses have been grazed out and the goats have started on the trees. The animals, however, graze around vetiver, and the erosion control is unaffected.
+In recent decades it is not goats but people who have destroyed many of St. Lucia's vetiver hedges. "Now everyone wants to be very modern and build a wall," says one disgusted observer. "The trouble is, it's more expensive and less effective."
+Another resident notes that: "Years ago-when khus was everywhere and the slopes were forested-rivers ran year-round, but now in places they aren't running at all in the dry season because the soil is gone. People are building up on the slopes, and there is more and more water charging down in the rainy season. Everything gets mucky, but everyone wants a house!"
+More vetiver, it seems, might be the solution-as it was in the past.
+INDIA
+In 1956, the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) in Lucknow initiated what seemed a pointless endeavor: a major effort to reclaim a patch of user soils. These soils, which cover nearly 7 million hectares of India, are so alkaline and salty that they have long been classified as unfit for agriculture.
+However, the director of the NBG, K.N. Kaul, decided to tackle the impossible. He began his project around the village of Banthra (just outside Lucknow, on the Kanpur road), where many hectares of user soil had been lying unused for years.
+To those who saw the area, the prospect of producing anything useful appeared bleak. The soil was bare, hard, and highly eroded. Hard pans had surfaced in places, and a thick crust of sodium clay stretched as far as the eye could see. The alkalinity was extreme (as high as pH 11) and just 1 m below the surface was an impermeable layer of calcium carbonate that blocked plant roots and produced widespread waterlogging in the monsoon season. The only vegetation to be seen was sparse clumps of grasses and isolated specimens of the weed Calotropis procera with its salt-filled bladders and toxic leaves.
+Administrators from the state government felt that this experiment, like all the previous ones on user soils, was bound to fail. They gladly made the site available without charge. After all, what had they to lose? The people of Banthra were living in utter poverty, and many had resorted to crime to survive. Even the Banthra people themselves were less than enthusiastic, convinced that cultivating such hard and barren land would demand tractors, bulldozers, subsoilers, rollers, and other heavy machinery. They could foresee only big costs and small rewards.
+However, they soon found that things were to be different. Professor Kaul planned to employ not machinery, but organic amendments and natural methods. His goal was to create a self-sustaining agriculture based on alkali-tolerant herbs, shrubs, and trees. It seemed a good idea, but at first nothing would grow at Banthra. Even the most resilient food crops died of stress and exposure. This project certainly seemed to be the failure everyone had predicted.
+But then everything changed, and it was vetiver that made the difference. This rugged grass possessed an exceptional ability to withstand the heat, the drought, the salt, the alkalinity, and the waterlogging. Without even amendments or fertilizers, it could establish itself when planted directly into the user concretion.
+And vetiver did much more. As was later discovered in Louisiana, it proved to be a "first aid" plant that started the process of healing the site. Vetiver stretching in rows across the land gave other plants a chance to survive, too. It blocked the drying winds and reduced the erosion they caused. Indeed, the better microclimate and environment between the rows helped the NBG researchers establish a workable farming system. In the process, the soil began slowly to improve. This was especially so after the researchers dug drainage systems and created ponds for collecting runoff and recharging groundwaters.
+The land at Banthra is almost flat, and Professor Kaul initially thought of vetiver not as an erosion-control barrier but as a potential commercial crop. The villagers could sell the roots for essential oil, he thought. Nonetheless, the outcome exemplifies the plant's ability to survive adversity and to foster the growth of relatively less tolerant species.
+That is certainly what happened at Banthra. Today it is a lovely parkland: green, shady, and beautiful. Legumes of various types now flourish, and 18 species of plants (belonging to 15 families) that had not been recorded there at the time Professor Kaul began his work are now common. The land has been transformed. It now supports a healthy mix of woodland, grassland, and cropland. As the leader of the project at the time stated with relief, "The final proof came with the accumulation of humus and eventually with the appearance of earthworms. Although this took 12-15 years, it was a good reward for the efforts we had started in the mid-'50s with 'first-aid' species like vetiver. This was indeed a day of rejoicing for us all."
+MALAYSIA
+In Malaysia, where the rain can fall in sheets and the slopes are steep and loose, soil losses can be among the severest in the world. Vetiver hedges would seem to be a godsend, but (at least in recent times) they were unappreciated until P.K. Yoon read about the World Bank's results in India and immediately set out to see for himself if vetiver worked.
+Yoon is a scientist with the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, and he embarked on this venture in 1989 with less than great enthusiasm: "When I first saw a clump of rather undistinguished-looking grass, it looked so ordinary and so frighteningly similar to the horrible 'lalang' [Imperata cylindrica, a feared tropical weed] that I was thoroughly put off. However, also having seen massive erosion problems, especially on steep hills, I was prepared to have a look-see at anything that might work."
+Luckily, Yoon managed to locate a vetiver clump near the city of Taiping. He carefully broke up the clump into 57 separate plants (tillers) and planted them out in individual polybags.
+Vetiver proved easy to multiply. Much watering and a little slow-release fertilizer greatly boosted the growth and the production of tillers, and topping the clumps back to 40 cm encouraged tillering even more.
+At first, Yoon threw away the tops that had been cut off; however, he eventually noticed that as long as the plants were at least 3 months old, the discards included many culms. These jointed stems had buds at each joint, and Yoon found that laying the stems on damp sand and keeping them under mist caused the buds to sprout and produce new plantlets. Slitting the leaf sheath increased the success rate to the point that, after just 8 weeks, three out of every four nodes took root and began to grow. With as many as 17 nodes to a culm, this has proven a quick and efficient way to propagate vetiver without ever digging any up.
+By these methods Yoon was able to convert the 57 starting plants into an amazing 16,000 tillers in just the first 7 months. Within 18 months he had distributed 200,000 plants for testing at various sites throughout Malaysia.
+As a demonstration, it was very successful. "Every visitor we've had to date has been impressed enough to want to use vetiver on their own land," notes Yoon.
+Next he set up a larger demonstration. A hillside was divided into four portions; two were planted with vetiver, the other two with cow grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and New Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) as is normally practiced in Malaysia. At the side and bottom, corrugated-metal walls were built to deflect runoff into drums, where it could be measured and its silt content analyzed. All this was rendered useless, however, when such heavy rains fell for 2 days in October 1990 that the runoff collapsed the metal walls and washed away the drums. The vetiver-planted portions remained pretty much intact; the rows of vetiver did their job, but with no control slope for comparison the precise figures Yoon had hoped for could not be obtained.
+Yoon's other work concentrated on testing vetiver's ability to protect highway embankments, steep banks in housing estates, and hillsides in large new plantations. In such sites, saving a few dollars in propagation and planting costs is trivial, and Yoon grows out the plants in polybags to ensure that they rapidly produce uniform hedges when placed out on the site.
+Concerned that the grass might host diseases that could affect Malaysia's crops, Yoon has surveyed the various plantings for pests. However, despite the large number of sites, there were only two serious fungal attacks-both of them in crowded nurseries. Moreover, the problem was easily solved: topping the plants removed the diseased parts, and the subsequent growth was normal.
+An orchardist who had received some of Yoon's plants discovered an interesting application. To provide the abundant water essential to his new orchard, he excavated a series of ponds and planted the grass on the embankments. The plants grew extremely well, and they stabilized even the filled-earth sections so quickly that within 5 months the embankments were able to hold back waters 3 m deep. During the rainy weather many of the plants survived more than a month under water.
+The key innovation, however, occurred when the orchardist added fish to the ponds. "He found that Chinese grass carp love to eat vetiver leaves," notes Yoon, "and he now cuts off the top of the grass and routinely feeds it to the fish. He is so pleased with this that he is digging more ponds. Also, neighboring smallholders are introducing vetiver and fish-rearing to their farms."
+Young tops were readily consumed by sheep as well. Moreover, repeated cutting not only feeds the animals, it keeps the hedgerows dense and neat and in the finest condition for controlling erosion.
+Yoon has also tried vetiver tops as a mulch. Farmers and gardeners in Malaysia commonly use lalang for this purpose. Preliminary observations showed that vetiver lasted much longer and did not cause any weed problem. Analysis showed that the vetiver mulch had considerable amounts of available nutrients (including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium). Yoon concluded, therefore, that vetiver will be used for much more than just erosion control; it will also be a ready supply of quality mulch for suppressing weeds, conserving soil moisture, and boosting crop yields.
+All these hands-on experiences have converted the former skeptic into a vetiver enthusiast: "Our work was done over a period of less than 2 years, but the results clearly show vetiver's vast potentials. They are just too tempting for anyone not to look further into it!"
+SOUTH AFRICA
+Vetiver has been part of Tony Tantum's life since 1966, when he first discovered Mauritian sugarcane farmers using it to stabilize drains in Malawi. To him, the hedges on that sugar estate in the Lower Shire Valley seemed very effective. At the time he learned that vetiver also had other uses: the culms were used as brooms, and small bundles of the roots, tied with a ribbon, were used for scenting cupboards.
+In the 1980s, he moved to South Africa and found that the South African sugar industry had been using vetiver for a long time-perhaps for more than 100 years. "Hedges of the grass were put in to keep equipment from falling off the slopes," explains Tantum. "However, this was not practiced by everyone; it was pretty much limited to the French Mauritians growing sugar in Natal. They don't get along with the other sugar growers, so the technique did not spread."
+Today, however, this method of erosion control is escalating. Indeed, Tantum has built a broad national base of institutional awareness of vetiver. His main resources have been Cedara College, Elsonberg College, the Institute of Commercial Forestry Research, the Environmental Authority, Natural Resources, and administrators in Transkei, QwaQwa, Bophuthatswana, and KwaNdebele. He has, moreover, generated a similar network of institutional interest in Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.
+Tantum reports that he meets with skepticism and resistance from mechanical engineers (which is not surprising since engineered systems have dominated South Africa's erosion control for 30 years) but that most people are persuaded pretty quickly.
+One convert is a North Coast farmer who was on his ninth ratoon (annual cutting) of sugarcane and preparing to replant the field when Tantum persuaded him to put in vetiver hedges. The grass would act as an "erosion safety net" when the cane was plowed out the following year, he said. But the unexpected occurred: the ninth ratoon turned out to be the farmer's highest yielding field. Perhaps the dense grass hedges were improving soil moisture to the point where an unprecedented tenth ratoon would be profitable; perhaps not. But the farmer faced a dilemma: keep the cane or replace it?
+As a result of such experiences, the South African Sugar Experimental Farm is conducting a 5-hectare study of soil loss and water retention in sugarcane using vetiver.
+Tantum's company, which puts in vetiver hedges under contract, has helped establish vetiver trials all over the Republic. Several are on horrendous sites. In the Western Cape, for example, the grass has been established on pure sand and on badly eroded kaolin clay. Elsewhere in the Cape, on dumps of slime residue from cement manufacture, it is doing well despite the worst drought in many years.
+The trial on the pure sand was particularly impressive. It was on the coast near Camps Bay, on the road to Llandudno. Eroding road banks have long been a problem in the area. When Tantum's crew arrived, the debris of many previous attempts-poles, wire, and plastic netting, for example-was evident. It was clear that this would be an extreme test for vetiver. The soil was barren orange grit and the steep slope faced the sea, exposed to salt spray and sea winds. The grass was planted in April 1990, and more than 90 percent of the plants survived. Within about 2 months, they started to stabilize the site.
+Tantum has also established trials for several government agencies. The Department of Railways, for instance, approached him when a steep (1:1) embankment near Shongweni collapsed after a downpour of 100 mm. The embankment had supposedly been stabilized with a covering of kikuyu grass. The railways department asked Tantum if vetiver could do better. Tantum planted rows of vetiver straight into the collapsed, eroded, and unprepared surface. The soil was very poor, but no fertilizer was used. Within one month the rifling had stopped. Within 2 months residual kikuyu grass had begun to cover and stabilize the soil between the vetiver lines. However, neighboring areas (lacking vetiver) remained bare. For them, soil had to be imported and the area resodded with kikuyu grass.
+In 1990, Niels Carstens of the Roads Department (Cape Provincial Administration) asked Tantum if vetiver could solve the serious erosion at the Stellenbosch flyover (Exit 22 of Highway N2 to Cape Town). The embankment here was very steep; the so-called "soil," pure white sand. Vetiver was planted in April 1990, closely spaced and without fertilizer. Virtually all the plants survived, and natural terrace formation was already visible before the end of the year.
+In another trial in the Stellenbosch area (on the R44 road to Paarl), a steep road bank with very poor white clay subsoil was planted. Nothing grew there until April 1990, when vetiver was put in. Within 7 months the grass was tillering well, and the bottom hedge had built up between 70 and 100 mm of soil.
+An interesting project, developed by the Institute of Commercial Forestry Research, has used vetiver hedges to stop soil loss in firebreaks, which were a major source of erosion. Thanks to the institute's work, the South African forestry industry has now accepted vetiver for this use. Also, the insurers of the industry have accepted that vetiver hedges on firebreaks are not a fire hazard. In June of each year, the hedges are treated with a contact herbicide and burned a week later. Within 2 weeks they become green belts across the firebreaks, blocking the former erosion.
+Chris Nicolson, of the Institute of Commercial Forestry Research, is now developing an evergreen ground cover to fill the space between the hedges. This is a major development for the industry and perhaps not only in South Africa because firebreaks are a source of erosion in forests worldwide.
+MADAGASCAR
+It is no news to anyone that Madagascar has a problem with soil erosion as bad as can be found anywhere in the world. On the cultivated uplands (slopes up to 100 percent or more), minor surface rifling rapidly evolves into fierce gullying gouges out vast areas and turns the rivers to soup. Often, this gullying starts along the elaborate networks of drainage ditches the farmers dig around their fields. These ditches are intended to carry away the runoff, but they often wash out. Even when intact, they take away valuable moisture so that the mountain soils tend to quickly dry out when the rains cease.
+Currently, however, the only other efforts to halt this disaster on Madagascar consist mainly of scattered reforestation projects. Their impact is often minimal because, in the absence of adequate ground cover, few of the seedlings survive and those that do grow slowly. Moreover, many end up destroyed by bushfires that recur each year.
+All this was known to Thomas Bredero, the World Bank's senior agriculturist in Antananarivo. Thus, in 1988, after seeing how well vetiver performed in World Bank projects in India, he began searching Madagascar for the grass. Fortunately, French colonists had previously introduced it to produce vetiver oil. Bredero found remains of their plantations, although they were scattered and few. His main problem was how to finance and establish nurseries and demonstrations throughout the country. His first effort failed because the grower demanded gold for every vetiver plant he produced. A second was more successful, despite a seemingly never-ending drought that beganjust after planting. This time, a commercial farmer produced about 10 hectares of nursery, and about 90 primary schools in the Lac Alaotra area planted nurseries of 1 hectare each. As a result, farmer groups were soon being provided with vetiver slips. By late 1991, on-farm demonstrations could be found in 11 of
+Madagascar's 22 extension districts. It was at this point that
+Bredero came to be known as "Monsieur Vetivere."
+However, it was clear from the outset that getting farmers to accept vetiver was not going to be easy. "There were the usual arguments- that it has no 'economic' purposes (such as improving soil fertility and cattle fodder)," said Bredero, "and that other 'economically more useful' species are available."
+But much of the opposition subsided when Bredero planted a vetiver hedge in the presidential garden. It solved an incipient erosion problem on the palace grounds and greatly pleased the president.
+Madagascar's extension service now recommends vetiver for on-farm soil and water conservation in combination with other measures such as contour cultivation, dead furrows' continuous vegetative cover, and crop rotations. On slopes under 5 percent, where burning is not practiced, a grass called "kisosi" (a species of Panicum, see Appendix B) is also recommended.
+In these combinations, vetiver is employed as a first line of protection, not only against erosion but also against ground fires. It complements agriculture, horticulture, and reforestation. With well-established vetiver lines, for example, many other kinds of land uses that lead to soil conservation are being developed: annual crops, perennial crops (notably fruits and fodders), and reforestation, for example.
+Although at first skeptical, the forestry research department. It changed its position when tests on its own sites showed that vetiver by itself slows runoff as well as a dense forest cover could.
+In a number of Madagascar's rural areas, farmers have discovered for themselves vetiver's effectiveness for stabilizing dams, rice-field bunds, and irrigation works, as well as for protecting roads that can flood and wash out.
+Bredero's next major challenge is to prove vetiver's usefulness in preventing the devastating gullies and ravines (known as lavaka in the Malgache language) from chewing up more land. They are so big and there are so many of them that the sandstone formations north of the capital and around Lac Alaotra constitute an alarming sight.
+Bredero is now tackling the problem from two sides. First, vetiver is planted on contour lines around the upper edges as well as down the sides of the ravines to slow down and disperse runoff coming from the top of the mountains. Second, wooden poles are driven into the sand at the bottom of the ravines. The soil retained by these wooden palisades is planted with vetiver, bamboo, and fast-growing and fire resistant trees and shrubs. The result is a dense vegetative cover. About 10 of these pilot-sized watershed-protection projects are now established, and early experiences seem encouraging.
+The final verdict on vetiver is not yet in, but this grass just might be the answer to Madagascar's raging erosion-one of the worst local environmental problems on the planet.
+<section>3 Conclusions</section>
+For any scientist to assess the merits of vetiver hedges at this stage is worrisome. Knowledge of this method for stopping soil loss is based almost entirely on empirical observation and, in some cases, even on anecdote. Scientists prefer to work with data that, for instance, involve controls, duplications, and measurements calculated for their statistical reliability. With vetiver, few such figures or factual comparisons are available.
+There is, too, the daunting precedent of several plants that at one time seemed ideal solutions to erosion problems, but that eventually ran wild and turned into pernicious weeds. The early enthusiasm for those species rings hollow, now that its results can be seen.
+Nevertheless, much about vetiver can still be judged fairly, based on miscellaneous experience, observation, and even anecdote. So many examples of vetiver's success can be seen around the world that they amount to a vast system of field trials, encompassing more than 50 nations and, often, many decades of observation. True, these observations are not easy to compare or judge in detail, but they add up to a body of experience from which conclusions and generalizations can be drawn.
+Further, it is important also to place this in context. In global terms, erosion is continually increasing. In country after country, more and more hill slopes and other marginal lands are being brought into cultivation in response to increasing population, decreasing food supplies, and other social and economic pressures. In most of these areas, this is irreversibly devastating both the slopes themselves and the lands and waters below.
+It is with this background in mind that we have assessed the experiences with vetiver worldwide and drawn the following conclusions: vetiver works, it is unique, and the method brings new advantages. Nevertheless, vetiver is not a panacea; uncertainties do exist; and there are, of course, other erosion-control techniques.
+Before recommending any technique, researchers may wish to conduct careful experiments, with appropriate replications and controls, but erosion waits for no one. Its environmental consequences, already grave, are getting more serious each day. Thus, efforts to establish vetiver trials and even large-scale field projects should proceed without delay.
+VETIVER WORKS
+The accumulated experiences, as described in previous chapters, add up to a compelling case that vetiver is one practical, and probably powerful, solution to soil erosion for many locations throughout the warmer parts of the world.
+To the casual observer, it may seem implausible that a hedge of grass only one plant wide could block the movement of soil under torrential tropical rainfall. However, vetiver is not like a lawn or pasture species; it is a big, coarse, very tough bunch grass and it grows to about I m wide at the base with a clustered mass of dense stems. Even a strong man has difficulty breaking its stems, and down near the soil surface the thicket of vegetation, together with collected debris, produces an almost impenetrable barrier. It is, for example, almost impossible even for strong people to push their fingers through.
+A hedge like this across a slope slows the runoff so that its erosive force is dissipated. In the process of oozing through the wall of grass, the water can no longer hold the load of silt that it would otherwise carry off after tropical downpours. Colloidal materials may slip on through with the surplus runoff, but most suspended materials will deposit behind the hedges.
+Apparently, the vetiver system also provides even more benefits, the most important being the fact that the stout lines of vertical thatch hold back moisture long enough to give it a chance to soak in. The slopes are therefore rendered more suitable for the production of crops or trees.
+Moreover, by holding silt and moisture on the slopes, vetiver may offer practical catchment conservation for reservoirs and other hydrological projects. In many places this will undoubtedly prove impractical, but it could nonetheless be invaluable to certain projects involving canals, rivers, reservoirs, flood-control facilities, and other waterways to even out the flow of runoff throughout the year. Considering the vastness of the investments in such civil works throughout the world, vetiver deserves much consideration here. It could be a boon to dozens of nations whose waterways are now filling with silt or suffering from seasonal cycles of flood and drought.
+VETIVER IS UNIQUE
+Although other grasses and trees have been used as vegetative barriers for soil conservation, vetiver seems to combine several characteristics that make it special:
+· It reduces erosion when in a hedge just one plant wide. (Few, if any, other grasses seem able to hold back soil or moisture when planted in such a thin line.)
+· Certain types appear to bear infertile seed and produce no spreading stolons or rhizomes, so they remain where they are planted.
+· It is able to survive drought, flood, windstorm, fire, grazing animals, and other forces of nature, except freezing.
+· It has a deep-penetrating root system.
+· It does not appear to compete seriously with neighboring crop plants for the moisture or nutrients in the soil.
+· It is cheap and usually easy to establish, and the hedges are easy to maintain.
+· It is not difficult to remove if no longer wanted.
+· It is (at least so far) largely free of insects and diseases and does not appear to be a host for any serious pests or pathogens that attack crops.
+· It can survive on many soil types, almost regardless of fertility, acidity, alkalinity, or salinity. (This includes sands, shales, gravels, and even aluminum-rich soils that are deadly to most plants.)
+· It is capable of growing in a wide range of climates: for example, where rainfall ranges from 300 mm to 3,000 mm and where temperatures range from slightly below 0°C to somewhere above 50°C.
+VETIVER BRINGS NEW ADVANTAGES
+If erosion is to be controlled across the globe, it is vital that it be done in ways that appeal directly, and obviously, to the farmers' immediate self-interests. Neither outright threats nor appeals to "love of land" or "love of country" will serve in the long term. Ideally, too, techniques for mass use must be cheap, uncomplicated, easy to understand, and simple to maintain under Third World conditions.
+Vetiver can be all of these things.
+Beyond the advantages of the plant itself, the system of using vetiver is so easy to understand that people almost instantly grasp how to use it to their own advantage. Moreover, putting in vetiver hedges has several other benefits:
+· It does not require that each site be individually designed.
+· It does not require foreign exchange or expensive equipment.
+· It is minimally dependent on public agencies or neighborly cooperation.
+· It does not need laborious maintenance.
+· It does not require careful layouts or high-quality control.
+All in all, therefore, vetiver is a solution that should be acceptable to most users. It seems promising as a way for local people to involve themselves naturally in erosion-control activities-something that national planners have long dreamed of.
+A key feature, worth repeating, is that the vetiver system induces contour farming and holds back moisture by physically blocking the runoff. Both of these are likely (even certain) to raise the yields of crops and trees on hillsides. Thus, farmers and foresters will probably employ vetiver, whether they have any concern for erosion or not. Self-interest should drive them.
+VETIVER IS NOT A PANACEA
+Vetiver is not a panacea; it cannot solve all the problems. Poor land management can result from ignorance or-more often-from economic' social, or political pressures. For example, rents may be too high, fertilizers unavailable, or crop prices too low-all of which can force farmers to overexploit their land in their attempts to grow more.
+Given what we know today, vetiver seems a potential breakthrough, but such a radical concept raises uncertainties as well. Some difficulties however, can already be foreseen.
+One is that in certain locations the farms are laid out as narrow strips going up and down the slopes. In practical terms, such farms can be plowed only vertically. Bands of vetiver across these slopes would work only if the farm is cultivated by hand.
+Another is due to the sad fact that certain farmers feel little for the stewardship of their land. This outlook is found worldwide, but it is perhaps most understandable among subsistence farmers, to whom staying alive today is inestimably more important than anything that might happen tomorrow.
+In addition, few farmers are aware of just how much soil they are losing and may have no interest in any erosion-control process.
+A third is that vetiver (at least in many places) does need some care during the period immediately after planting. Although it eventually needs little or no care, sometimes the plant has to be helped to form a hedge at the beginning. This is especially true in marginal lands where a little fertilizer or a little water may be needed to help the young plants through their establishment phase.
+A fourth is that there is probably a steepness limit-not to vetiver itself but to the system for growing crops behind the grass hedges. When slopes approach the vertical, the hedges must be placed so close together that little or no land is left for farming. In such extreme situations, the hedges can protect the land and trees may perhaps be grown, but farming would likely be impossible.
+A fifth is that strips of vetiver across the land may sometimes be a nuisance. (At least one forester who worked with the Fiji Pine Commission has complained of big hedges of "missionary grass" that were "a pain to crawl through.") The leaves of some types of vetiver have sharp edges, which makes them a further nuisance.
+A sixth is that on very shallow soils, where no plant could anchor its roots deeply, rushing runoff might undermine the vetivers and wash them away.
+Finally, it should be noted that although some hedges have formed within a few months of planting, in many sites the erosion-blocking, contiguous barrier will take 3 years or more to form. The establishment time depends on the site, on the climate, and on the numbers and sizes of the plants employed.
+Vetiver may fail to form functional hedges on sites with only moderate temperatures and sunlight. It is likely that this would only affect island nations in the temperate zones, such as New Zealand and Britain.
+Why Conservation Schemes Fail
+There is a school of thought that says that technology for controlling erosion is not the missing ingredient at all. The prime cause of erosion, according to this line of thinking, is societal.
+"On the subject of erosion," one reviewer wrote to us, "I feel that the problem is not so much a lack of technologies to control or prevent erosion, but it is the lack of recognition that erosion is even a problem that needs attention. Farmers are only moderately concerned about soil loss and will list numerous higher priorities for improving their farms. Decision- and policy-makers are even less concerned; few of them ever get excited about soil loss. Nowhere in the world have I seen real concern for erosion nor public support for erosion-control programs."
+Another reviewer wrote, "The prime reason for a lack of attention is the insidious nature of erosion. One rainstorm can remove a millimeter of soil from one hectare. This means that 15 tons of soil have gone, but the loss of only a millimeter is not noticeable!"
+Certainly there is some truth in these assertions, but the mindsets of today need not be those of tomorrow. Changes can be made. Piers Blaikie, for instance, claims that governments can create the right policy environment for attacking the causes of soil erosion by stimulating such actions as:
+· Research (notably on specific techniques);
+· Legislation (for example, banning very damaging practices);
+· Supporting extension and facilitating credit (and tying both to the positive encouragement of soil-conserving crops);
+· Rural development (for instance, strengthening local institutions);
+· Improving administrative structures (so that bureaucratic decisions are based less on fiat and more on experience);
+· Land tenure reform (so that farmers have a vested interest in erosion control);
+· Adjusting prices for farm products and inputs (especially eliminating those that subsidize unsound practices); and
+· Education, training, monitoring, and evaluation (of both farmers and administrators).
+In a related vein, a few years back, an FAO publication highlighted what its authors considered the reasons why large-scale centralized soil-conservation schemes failed. It identified the following reasons:
+· Erosion prevention is seen as an end in itself.
+· There are very high labor requirements.
+· The effects on agricultural production are usually ignored.
+· Farmers, seeing few short-term benefits, lack motivation.
+· Farmers and herders are regarded as part of the problem to be solved.
+· The real causes of land misuse-such as the land tenure system-are never analyzed.
+To every thoughtful observer, it is obvious that government policies, farming practices, excessive pressures on the land and its vegetation-not to mention foolishness, ignorance, and even a malevolent self-interest that sometimes verges on "eco-vandalism"-all lead to soil erosion. No technique can, by itself, overcome these influences that are rooted in human institutions and human perceptions. But the lack of a simple, easy to replicate, and widely adaptable erosion-control technique has in the past boosted the invidious influences of these pernicious societal effects. Vetiver, therefore, might help. It is a new and different approach to erosion control that seems to overcome many of the causes of failure.
+Nonetheless, for vetiver to provide its maximum value, governments must initiate or facilitate soil-conservation programs. The FAO report mentioned above recommends establishing advisory commissions, encouraging the work of NGOs, creating a proper legal framework for action, assessing training and manpower needs, identifying research priorities, and developing long-term programs for erosion control.
+VETIVER IS COMPATIBLE
+Vetiver isn't the only erosion-control technique, of course. Others include the following:
+· Engineered systems, such as terraces, rock walls, and earthen berms and bunds;
+· Plants that spread over the land;
+· Broad (as opposed to narrow) strips of grass;
+· Tied ridges;
+· Contour cultivation, mulches, crop rotations, strip-cropping, and no-till farming; and
+· Forestry, agroforestry, and living fences.
+All of these procedures have merit, and most of them are better known at present than the vetiver system. Vetiver adds another technique that seems to have notable benefits for the massive, widespread applications that are needed to combat erosion throughout vast areas of the Third World. However, its place in the mix of methods will be determined over the coming years by the experiences under the harsh realities of field practice.
+Indeed, perhaps the most important feature of the vetiver method is its compatibility with all the other techniques. Vetiver is already being planted in several countries to reinforce and improve the stability of terraces, berms, and bunds. It has outstanding promise as a "safety line" to anchor broad strips of other grasses, such as napier grass. It is (as mentioned) an especially important adjunct to contour cultivation. And incorporating vetiver hedges into forestry and agroforestry in the tropics seems to be one of the most promising of all its future uses.
+<section>Technical issues</section>
+<section>4 Questions and Answers</section>
+This chapter presents 22 of the concerns most commonly raised about vetiver, together with what seem to be the best available answers. These pages reflect the general state of knowledge in the early l990s. They result from reviews and comments collected from a dozen experienced vetiver specialists and a dozen vetiver skeptics.
+Will Vetiver Stop the Loss of Soil?
+The accumulation of experiences worldwide is convincing: vetiver hedges can indeed block the passage of soil. They may not stop a hillside from slumping, but they can keep topsoil on site and, over time, retard most surface erosion. In many cases they can also help fill up gullies.
+With the experiences of India, Fiji, China, Malaysia, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, South Africa, Malawi, the United States, Haiti, and other nations, it can be said with confidence that hedges of this deeply rooted perennial are indeed capable of catching eroded soil and helping to build up terraces that stabilize the site. Moreover, they seem capable of doing so under many conditions except where freezing occurs. The actual amount of erosion controlled on any given site cannot now be predicted with confidence, but, at least in some cases, the reductions can be dramatic.
+It should be understood that, in a strict sense, vetiver doesn't stop erosion. The soil between the hedges is still free to move. However, the hedges block its further progress and prevent it from leaving the site.
+Although it has the power to hold back soil, there are undoubtedly sites where vetiver will fail: climates may be too dry or too cold, slopes may be too steep or too boulder-strewn, or soils too toxic or too shallow, for example.
+Is It Safe?
+Vetiver is already so well known in so many countries that any serious threat from its use for erosion control would by now be obvious and widely reported. However, there are fertile types in India that could become hazardous if they are distributed.
+A major reason for confidence in vetiver's safety is that the plant will seldom have to be introduced anywhere. It is already found throughout the tropics and has been there for at least a century. Apparently it has never spread in an uncontrolled manner or become a major nuisance. Possibly, such difficulties may be found as people investigate this plant more thoroughly, but, by and large, vetiver has not become a problem.
+It is important, however, that only the right kind of vetiver be used. The types of South Indian origin apparently produce nonviable seeds and must be maintained by vegetative methods. Luckily, this is the fragrant-root type that has been spread throughout the tropics. In areas where it has been planted for decades, or in some cases for more than a century, it has seldom (if ever) spread from seed. In a few areas vetiver is reported as an escape, but even there it neither spreads rapidly nor is considered a nuisance.
+On the other hand, types of vetiver grown from seeds introduced from northern India into the United States in 1989 have formed seeds and have germinated in areas adjacent to small plots in Georgia. This fertile type should not be introduced to new areas. It has long been used to protect canal banks in irrigated agriculture in northern India and the neighboring Terai of Nepal without becoming a pest or spreading uncontrollably from seed. Nonetheless, at this time, because of its potential hazard, only vegetative materials should ever be planted. Vetiver must never be propagated from seed.
+Does Vetiver Reduce Runoff Water?
+Yes, although by how much will depend on local conditions and is not now known.
+A key claim for the vetiver system is that contour hedges of this grass can slow down and hold back moisture that would otherwise rush off and be lost to the slopes. This claim appears to be valid. For example, in Karnataka, India, farmers who plant vetiver can dig behind their hedges and find moist soil when their neighbor's land is parched. Similar observations have been made elsewhere. In many areas, this ability to hold moisture on the slopes, and thus increase infiltration, will likely boost crop yields and appeal to farmers, foresters, and civil authorities.
+On the other hand, vetiver is not a barrier in the sense of being like a wall. Its hedges are more like tight filters laid across the land: they slow down runoff and retard its progress, but do not physically dam it up. Shallow runoff seeps through the lower part of the hedge; deeper runoff pours through (or even over) the upper parts. In this way, runoff is neither ponded nor concentrated but stays spread across the slope as it fell. The vetiver method contrasts with rock walls, dirt barriers, and other mechanical methods that hold, concentrate, or divert water off site.
+Vetiver supporters see this ability to keep the water spread out across the slopes as a major advantage. They are probably right, at least for most locations. Much of today's most dramatic erosion is caused when runoff concentrates and scours out the land in "gully washers."
+Will Farmers Adopt Vetiver?
+In most places, yes-but not everywhere.
+This simple, cheap, and easily understood way to control soil losses should be highly acceptable to farmers, foresters, and other potential users throughout the warm parts of the world.
+For one thing, vetiver is not demanding. Its hedges are seldom more than 1 m wide and therefore take up little land. It generally requires relatively few plants to establish the hedges. It can be installed by farmers using their own labor and materials. It requires little or no maintenance once established, and the hedges can last for years.
+For another, there are incentives for farmers to use vetiver. In most cases, the hedges will guide the bullock, the tractor, or the hoe along the contour. The resulting contour farming alone will likely conserve soil and improve moisture, and thereby give better yields, healthier plants, quicker growth, and more resistance to droughts and other hazards.
+The appeal to self-interest could be powerful, obvious, and rapid; however, it is likely that certain farmers will resist the vetiver technique. Some will have farms so small that they cannot afford even the tiny strips occupied by vetiver hedges. Some will have narrow farms running up and down the slope (a common way of subdividing land among family members in some locations) so that hedges across the slopes would make plowing and other operations impractical or inconvenient. And some will care little for the land or its future (they may, for example, be tenant farmers, resentful of the landowner).
+Will Farmers Dig Up Their Hedges?
+Not often.
+One criticism leveled against vetiver relates to the fact that its roots are worth money. Farmers, the critics charge, will dig up their hedges whenever cash becomes more important to them than erosion, which is to say almost always.
+Reportedly, farmers have already dug up vetiver erosion hedges at least once in both Indonesia and Haiti. However, although such experiences will inevitably occur again, they will undoubtedly be few, far between, and seldom repeated. There are three major reasons for this:
+· Difficult harvesting. Vetiver roots are threadlike strands that form lacy networks throughout a large volume of soil. To obtain the roots in quantity, therefore, vast amounts of dirt must be dug. Except in loose, light soils, the workload is enormous, especially considering the small amount of root obtained. Even in volcanic ash and sandy bottomlands, the task of digging vetiver roots is so difficult that it is often hard to find people willing to do it.
+Also, separating the soil from the intricate roots involves extreme drudgery. Commercial production is usually done only near waterways where the soil can be washed off.
+· Lack of markets. The total world demand for vetiver oil is only about 250 metric tons per year (see sidebar, page 78). Moreover, there is little or no "elasticity" in the market, and the prospects for anyone to sell larger supplies are poor. Indeed, demand has been declining in recent years, and existing producers are more than capable of meeting any likely rebound. Currently, organized production is found in only three countries: Haiti, Indonesia (actually, only Java), and the tiny Indian Ocean island of Reunion. It is unlikely that they can be undercut because production costs in Indonesia and Haiti are probably as low as could be achieved anywhere. Further, the world's vetiver-oil buyers have contracts and relations with the traditional producing nations; they are therefore unlikely to turn to a new supplier without extraordinary financial or oil-quality inducements.
+· Lack of facilities. To extract the oil from the roots is not easy or cheap-it demands a steam-distillation facility. Such a relatively expensive factory is unlikely to be an attractive investment in areas that don't already have one.
+Does Vetiver Affect Adjacent Plants?
+The answer is not clear. Depending on the crop and the level of stress at the site, some edge effects will undoubtedly be noted. However, neither vetiver nor its roots are inherently spreading, and in most cases, the effects should be minimal.
+In theory, vetiver should compete with immediately adjacent plants for the use of water and nutrients, but in practice it doesn't seem to. Some yield reduction has been observed in the rows nearest the hedges in certain crops at certain sites (maize in India, for example). However, whether this results in an overall decrease in yield is as yet unclear- gains from the improved moisture levels across the whole field may well offset the losses at the upper and lower edges.
+Certainly in some cases (cotton fields laced by vetiver hedges in South India, for example), no obvious edge effects are seen; the plants beside the hedges are as tall and productive as those elsewhere across the field. Perhaps this is because topsoil and organic debris washing off the fields accumulate behind the hedges and overcome any competition from the grass.
+Is Vetiver Prone to Pests and Diseases?
+No, but certain diseases and one potentially serious pest are known. In future these or other organisms might restrict the plant's usefulness to certain locations or climatic zones. Also, they might increase the need for the care and maintenance of the hedges.
+Although vetiver plants are usually remarkably free of disease, several fungi have been identified in a few locations. For example, two smuts and a leaf blight (Curvularia trifolii) have been identified on vetiver plants in Bangalore, India. In Malaysia, three fungal diseases (tentatively identified as species of Nigrospora, Curvularia, and Helminthosporium) have been observed, but they do not appear to be virulent.
+As for pests, a potentially nasty stem borer has been found in China. A severe but localized infestation of Eupladia grubs has been found in Africa. And termites are known to attack the dead stems, a particular problem in dry areas. None of these insects, however, seems to be a devastating threat to the plant's worldwide use.
+Is Its Soil Adaptability as Broad as Claimed?
+Vetiver's edaphic limits are unknown, and there are undoubtedly sites in which it will not grow. Nonetheless, the plant seems to tolerate a remarkable array of soil types.
+There are well-documented examples where vetiver is growing in very adverse soils. For example:
+· Coastal sand dunes in South Africa.
+· Extremely acid soils (with pH as low as 4.0) in Louisiana.
+· Highly alkaline soils (pH up to 11) at Lucknow, India.
+· Black cotton clays (which heave and split and eject most plants) in Central India.
+· Barren soils with little fertility or organic matter in South China and other places.
+· Waterlogged soils in the black cotton clays, and even swamps, of India.
+· Parched land. In the arid state of Rajasthan, India, vetiver is common.
+· Saline soils in Australia.
+Although vetiver can survive on many hostile sites, it should not be expected to grow there with its full vigor. On many poor soils the plant will probably be difficult to establish, its growth will be retarded, and its ability to form a hedge to catch erosion will be long delayed. Some fertilization will often be required on such sites to create and maintain fully functioning hedges.
+What Range of Climates Can the Plant Withstand?
+Details are unknown, but vetiver's climatic limits seem to be remarkably broad. The plant, however, cannot reliably withstand freezing conditions.
+Heat seems to be no barrier. Vetiver is reported to grow vigorously under some of the most torrid conditions faced by farmers anywhere.
+On the other hand, vetiver is definitely limited by cold. It can take a mild freeze, but even this may be misleading. An erosion-control barrier must be able to function for years to be reliable; should a hedge die with even infrequent cold snaps, all the soil accumulated behind it would be left vulnerable.
+From experiences in New Zealand and southern England, it appears that vetiver will succeed only where the sun is hot and bright. Maritime temperate locations may prove too cool and cloudy for the hedges to form up quickly.
+Aren't There Other Species that Can Do the Same Job?
+So far, no other plant with all of vetiver's major qualities has been found. However, some have certain of its qualities.
+It would be most desirable to have additional species to use in narrow vegetative barriers. They could extend the geographic range of hedgerow erosion control, give farmers more options, and provide substitutes for vetiver should it ever get struck down by epidemic disease.
+Effectiveness of other species is also a management question. Napier grass might be as efficient as vetiver if kept as a much wider hedge, but it would require significantly more care, expense, and labor-as well as replanting every few years.
+Isn't It a Threat to Have Erosion Control Based on a Monoculture?
+Yes. At present, however, there seems to be no alternative for use in narrow hedgerow barriers against erosion.
+The job vetiver can do is so important that it would be absurd not to take advantage of it just because some unknown disease may possibly break out in future. Research should be maintained on alternatives (see Appendix B), but vetiver is currently the only practical species for low-maintenance, single-plant hedgerow erosion barriers.
+Although the vetiver found almost everywhere in the tropics is the same species, it has been scattered in myriad locations for a long time, and it is possible that the germplasm is not as genetically uniform as might appear.
+Will the Plant Foster Diseases or Pests that Might Attack Crops?
+Perhaps, but there is no evidence for it at present.
+Vetiver belongs to the same subtribe of the grass family as maize, sorghum, lemongrass, and citronella. It is therefore not unexpected that it will be susceptible to some of the same maladies. A more serious fear, however, is that bands of this perennial across the fields might act as sources of infections that damage the crops.
+To date, no one has reported that vetiver hedges can act this way. They of course take up only a small area and are unlikely to produce massive populations of pests even in the worst of cases. Thus, although they may provide cozy places for pests to overwinter, the probability of serious problems seems slight. It is likely, also, that management practices (such as periodically burning and topping the hedges) will further minimize any threats.
+Is Vetiver Sterile?
+Certain types appear to be sterile in that they do not spread under normal circumstances. However, whether they produce truly sterile seed or whether they germinate only under special and unusual conditions is not clear.
+It is legitimate to fear that any grass belonging to vetiver's subtribe could become a weed. Others have become so: shattercane and Johnson grass are just two examples. But the South India form of vetiver is not considered a weed in the dozens of places where it has been planted around the world. Also, the weedy members of the subtribe tend to be annuals. The perennials, such as vetiver, show a marked tendency toward low seed-set and an absence of female flowers. This makes them less aggressive.
+It is important, however, that any vetiver planted be of the South India type. This is the type now spread widely through the tropics. As previously noted, a second type growing wild in North India is flowering and fertile and produces seedlings under conditions of high humidity and high soil moisture.
+Although in one or two cases even the "sterile" vetiver has been declared a weed, it was a mild nuisance rather than a spreading terror. In hundreds of locations, the plant is considered benign at worst and highly beneficial at best. Indian farmers, for example, do not see it as a weed, even where it has been on their farms for centuries.
+Generally, vetiver grows only where people plant it.
+How Long Will a Hedge Last?
+Vetiver is a perennial and, at least in some locations, hedges formed from it seem capable of surviving for decades.
+This grass is remarkably persistent. On the island of St. Vincent in the Caribbean, vetiver barriers have been used for 50 years and some are still active even without maintenance. On an experiment station in northern Zambia, vetiver is reportedly still in the same lines that were planted 60 years ago. Some boundary strips in vetiver's native region of India are purported to be at least 200 years old.
+Do Vetiver Hedges Require Maintenance?
+There are mixed reports on this, but probably a rough trimming every year or two will be needed to keep most hedges in the best operating condition.
+Although vetiver stays in place without requiring attention, it tends to break up into clumps if not trimmed. This usually takes a long time, however. Fiji's sugarcane fields offer an example where hedges given little or no maintenance produced excellent results for more than 30 years.
+On the other hand, it is reported in St. Lucia that the hedges get rough and ragged unless they are periodically trimmed. One hedge in St. Lucia showed some gullying where gaps had formed, but it had been abandoned for probably more than 30 years. In addition, the flat surface of the terrace showed signs of sheet erosion (rocks on top of the soil) because water had drained too fast through the thinned hedge.
+Trimming the hedges is usually not difficult. Generally, farmers merely run a plow along the edge to cut off any spreading tillers and cut back the tops with a machete. The effort can provide at least small amounts of forage, mulch, animal bedding, or thatch.
+Is It Expensive?
+The vetiver method is inherently low cost.
+Compared to terracing, bunding, or land leveling, vetiver is very inexpensive. In the red soils area of China, for example, the mechanical techniques cost, on average, $900 per hectare; vetiver, by contrast, costs less than $200. A similar ratio has been measured in India, where the cost for bunds was $60 per hectare and for vetiver less than $20 per hectare.
+These figures were for initiating a vetiver program. They include costs for nurseries, the production of planting materials, the planting process itself, and perhaps some early maintenance (watering, fertilizing) to give a hedge a head start. As the critical mass of hedge builds up, the farmers obtain planting material from their own plots at no cost.
+Once established, the hedge requires little or no expense. Constructed soil-conservation measures, on the other hand, require constant, and sometimes extremely costly, maintenance.
+When the whole system is taken into account, vetiver in many places may more than pay for itself in improved crop yields. Yield increases of 25-60 percent have been recorded for contour cultivation of cotton, sorghum, and other crops in India.
+Is It Easy to Establish?
+In most places in the tropics it should be easy to establish vetiver hedges. In some, however, careful tending and perhaps years of delay will be required before the hedges are fully serviceable.
+Vetiver is easily planted by hand, but machines (tobacco- or vegetable- or tree-seedling planters, perhaps) could also be used. The main work is to break up sprigs and to set them in the soil.
+Any shortage of planting materials will, in most cases, be temporary. Over the years, a little patch of nursery can produce planting materials that can cover vast areas. Under irrigation and fertilization, a single hectare of nursery can, within a few months, provide enough slips to plant about 150 km of hedgerows, which, depending on slope, could protect up to 450 hectares.
+Although vetiver establishes amazingly well where conditions are at least moderately favorable, delays and disappointing results can occur where conditions are difficult. For example, it requires good management to get vetiver established in very dry areas. Here, several years may pass before the plants have grown together to form tight hedges.
+Must the Hedges Be Unbroken?
+No.
+Whereas a gap in an earth bund is catastrophic because the impounded body of water pours through, a vetiver hedge is not a solid barrier and it need not be perfect to work. Because the hedge filters water and doesn't dam it or divert it, it is tolerant of an odd gap. Nonetheless, a continuous hedge is desirable, and there are some reports of "gappy" hedges exacerbating erosion by channelling the water.
+It is tolerant of other imperfections as well. For example, the hedge need not be exactly on the contour nor have perfectly even growth. Any low points will tend to gather more soil and trash and therefore will respond with more sediment accumulation, eventually forming a level terrace. Bunds and berms, on the other hand, must be on the exact contour because they function by damming or diverting the runoff water.
+Wouldn't a Plant with More Uses be Better?
+Maybe, in some situations.
+Some have said that to be acceptable to farmers, any erosion-blocking plant should be more palatable to animals. That way, they say, people will put in the hedges to feed their livestock. Without some such incentive, they claim, farmers won't respond.
+We are not convinced of this argument. Indeed, if a grass barrier is too palatable to livestock, it may lose its effectiveness. Animals are found almost everywhere in Third World countries, and wildlife or livestock will reduce an edible erosion barrier to ground level, especially in the dry season when feeds are in short supply. The advantage of vetiver, however, is that once it is established, livestock do not affect its usefulness.
+Actually, though, vetiver yields several products that can be sold without damaging its effectiveness; for example, its stems and leaves can be used for making ropes, hats, brushes, thatch, mats, and fuel. They also make excellent mulch and animal bedding. In some places, vetiver is an important medicinal plant and, although the whole plants are shunned by animals, young vetiver leaves are palatable to livestock and can be used as feed.
+Does Vetiver Cause Erosion?
+No.
+It may seem ironic, but it is nonetheless true that vetiver cultivation is barred from certain parts of Indonesia solely because it "causes soil erosion." This had led several people to denounce all efforts to promote the wider use of vetiver. After all, they point out, more vetiver is grown for oil in Indonesia than anywhere else except Haiti; surely Indonesians must know the plant and its performance.
+Closer inspection, however, shows that the culprit is not vetiver itself but the specific way farmers grow and harvest it there. It is so difficult to dig up the roots that the plants are grown in special sites where the soil is extremely light. Only there can the farmers obtain the roots with a reasonable effort. When the time comes, they rip the plants out, leaving behind trenches of loose dirt that could hardly be more erodible if designed for the purpose. Some farmers even place their rows up and down (rather than across) the slopes. This allows the rain to scour the land in an even more disastrous manner.
+When vetiver hedges are established on the contour and left in place, there is no evidence that they cause erosion.
+Is It Difficult to Get Rid of?
+No.
+Vetiver is easily killed by slicing off the crown with a shovel or other implement. It is also easily eradicated by systemic herbicides. It is so easy to remove that in some places it is used in crop rotations as a fallow crop.
+Why Hasn't Vetiver Been Widely Used Before?
+We don't know why.
+Over the past 50 years, the main approach to worldwide erosion control has been oriented toward engineered systems, such as terraces, bunds, or contour drains. The use of vegetative systems is generally not attractive to conservation specialists trained in engineering techniques.
+Another major approach worldwide is the use of cultural systems such as crop rotations, contour planting, ridge planting, and mulches. Erosion-control hedge technology has been lying dormant.
+<section>5 The Plant</section>
+Vetiver belongs to the same part of the grass family as maize, sorghum, sugarcane, and lemongrass. Its botanic name, Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn) Nash, has had a checkered history-at least 11 other names in 4 different genera have been employed in the past. The generic name comes from "vetiver," a Tamil word meaning "root that is dug up." The specific name zizanioides (sometimes misspelled zizanoides) was given first by the great Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus in 1771. It means "by the riverside," and reflects the fact that the plant is commonly found along waterways in India.
+NATURAL HABITAT
+For a plant that grows so well on hillsides, vetiver's natural habitat may seem strange. It grows wild in low, damp sites such as swamps and bogs.
+The exact location of its origin is not precisely known. Most botanists conclude that it is native to northern India; some say that it is native around Bombay. However, for all practical purposes, the wild plant inhabits the tropical and subtropical plains throughout northern India, Bangladesh, and Burma.
+THE TWO TYPES
+It is important to realize that vetiver comes in two types-a crucial point because only one of them is suitable for use around the world. If the wrong one is planted, it may spread and produce problems for farmers.
+The two are:
+· A wild type from North India. This is the original undomesticated species. It flowers regularly, sets fertile seed, and is known as a "colonizer." Its rooting tends to be shallow, especially in the damp ground it seems to prefer. If loosed on the world, it might become a weed.
+· A "domesticated" type from South India. This is the vetiver that has existed under cultivation for centuries and is widely distributed throughout the tropics. It is probably a man-made selection from the wild type. It is nonflowering, nonseeding (or at least nonspreading), and must be replicated by vegetative propagation. It is the only safe type to use for erosion control.
+It is not easy to differentiate between the two types-especially when their flowers cannot be seen. Over the years, Indian scientists have tried to find distinguishing features. These have included differences in:
+· Stems. The South Indian type is said to have a thicker stem.
+· Roots. The South India type is said to have roots with less branching.
+· Leaves. The South India type apparently possesses wider leaves (1.1 cm vs 0.7 cm, on average)
+· Oil content. The South India type has a higher oil content and a higher yield of roots.
+· Physical properties. Oil from the wild roots of North India is said to be highly levorotatory (rotates the plane of polarized light to the left), whereas that from the cultivated roots from South India is dextrorotatory (rotates polarized light to the right).
+· Scent. The oils from the two types differ in aroma and volatile ingredients.
+Whether these differences are truly diagnostic for the two genotypes is as yet unclear. However, at least one group of researchers consider that the two vetivers represent distinct races or even distinct species. Perhaps a test based on a DNA profile will soon settle the issue.
+PHYSIOLOGY
+Like its relatives maize, sorghum, and sugarcane, vetiver is among the group of plants that use a specialized photosynthesis. Plants employing this so-called C4 pathway use carbon dioxide more efficiently than those with the normal (C3 or Calvin cycle) photosynthesis. For one thing, most C4 plants convert carbon dioxide to sugars using less water, which helps them thrive under dry conditions. For another, they continue growing and "fixing" carbon dioxide at high rates even with their stomata partially closed. Since stomata close when a plant is stressed (by drought or salinity, for instance), C4 plants tend to perform better than most plants under adversity.
+The vetiver plant is insensitive to photoperiod and grows and flowers year-round where temperatures permit. It is best suited to open sunlight and will not establish easily under shady conditions. However, once established, plants can survive in deep shade for decades. They tolerate the near darkness under rubber trees and tropical forests, for example.
+ARCHITECTURE
+In its general aspect a vetiver plant looks like a big, coarse clump grass-not very different from pampas grass, citronella grass, or lemongrass. It can, however, grow to be very tall. Under favorable conditions the erect stems (culms) can reach heights of 3 m.
+For purposes of erosion control, vetiver has a number of singular architectural and anatomical features:
+· Habit. The plant has an erect habit and keeps its leaves up off the ground. This seems to be important in allowing the hedge to close up tight, and it also allows crops to be grown next to the plant.
+· Resistance to toppling. Unlike many grasses, vetiver is "bottom heavy." It shows no tendency to fall over (lodge), despite its very tall culms.
+· Strength. The woody and interfolded structures of the stems and leaf bases are extremely strong.
+· Year-round performance. Although vetiver goes dormant during winter months or dry seasons, its stems and leaves stay stiff end firmly attached to the crown. This means that the plant continues stopping soil, even in the off-seasons or (at least for some months) after death.
+· Self-rising ability. As silt builds up behind a vetiver plant, the crown rises to match the new level of the soil surface. The hedge is thus a living barrier that cannot be smothered by a slow rise of sediment. Like dune grasses at the beach, it puts out new roots as dirt builds up around its stems.
+· "Underground networking." Vetiver is a sod-forming grass. Its clumps grow out, and when they intersect with neighboring ones they intertwine and form a sod. It is this that makes the hedges so tight and compact that they can block the movement of soil.
+· Clump integrity. For all practical purposes, vetiver has no running rhizomes or stolons (Actually, it does have small rhizomes, which, because they are folded back on themselves, don't run outwards in the normal manner). This, too, helps keep the hedge dense and tight. The clumps do not readily die out in the center. Unlike most other clump grasses, even old vetiver plants seldom have empty middles (This is especially the case if they have been periodically topped).
+Crown
+The crown of the plant is generally a few centimeters below the surface of the ground. It is a "dome" of dead material, debris, and growing tissue, much of it a tangled knot of rhizomes. These rhizomes are very short-1 cm or less-and are often turned back on themselves. It is apparently for this reason that vetiver stays in clumps and does not spread across the land.
+To separate the slips for planting, the often massive crown is cut apart. It is sometimes so huge that it has to be pulled out of the ground with a tractor and cut up with axes. In nurseries, however, young slips are easily separated.
+Leaves and Stems
+It is, of course, the leaves and stems that are crucial in this living-hedge form of erosion control. Vetiver leaves are somewhat like those of sugarcane, but narrower. Although the blades are soft at the top, the lower portions are firm and hard.
+On some vetiver types the leaves have edges sharp enough to cut a person. Actually, this is due to tiny barbs. There is a lot of variability, however: some plants are fiercely barbed, some not. The ones used for oil and erosion control tend to be smooth edged. Topping the plants is an easy way (at least temporarily) to remove the bother of the barbs.
+The leaves apparently have fewer stomata than one would expect, which perhaps helps account for the plant withstanding drought so well.
+It is the stems that provide the "backbone" of the erosion-control barrier. Strong, hard, and lignified (as in bamboo), they act like a wooden palisade across the hill slope. The strongest are those that bear the inflorescence. These stiff and canelike culms have prominent nodes that can form roots, which is one of the ways the plant uses to rise when it gets buried. (It also moves up by growing from rhizomes on the crown.)
+Throughout their length, the culms are usually sheathed with a leaflike husk. This possibly shields them from stresses-salinity, desiccation, herbicides, or pestilence, for example.
+Flowers
+The flower (inflorescence) and seedhead are very large: up to 1.5 m long. Both are brown or purple in color. The flower's male and female parts are separated. As in maize, florets in the upper section are male and produce pollen; in vetiver, however, those below are hermaphrodite (both male and female).
+Roots
+Perhaps most basic to this plant's erosion-fighting ability is its huge spongy mass of roots. These are not only numerous, strong, and fibrous, they tap into soil moisture far below the reach of most crops. They have been measured at depths below 3 m and can keep the plant alive long after most surrounding vegetation has succumbed to drought.
+The massive, deep "ground anchor" also means that even heavy downpours cannot undermine the plant or wash it out. Moreover, because the roots angle steeply downwards, farmers can plow and grow their crops close to the line of grass, so that little cropland is lost when the hedges are in place.
+The roots can grow extremely fast. Slips planted in Malaysia produced roots 60 cm deep in just 3 weeks .
+FERTILITY
+One of vetiver's great benefits, of course, is that once it is planted it stays in place. It is therefore not pestiferous and seldom spreads into neighboring land.
+Actually, though, seeds are often seen on the plant. Why they fail to produce lots of seedlings is not known. Perhaps they are sterile. Perhaps they are fertile but the conditions for germination are seldom present. Or perhaps people just haven't looked hard enough.
+Under certain conditions some seeds are indeed fertile. These conditions seem to be most commonly found in tropical swamps. There, in the heat and damp, little vetivers spring up vigorously all around the mother plant.
+ECOLOGY
+Vetiver is an "ecological-climax" species. It outlasts its neighbors and seems to survive for decades while (at least under normal conditions) showing little or no aggressiveness or colonizing ability.
+VETIVER OIL
+The oil emits a sweet and pleasant odor. It is used particularly in heavy oriental fragrances. Although primarily employed as a scent, it is so slow to evaporate from the skin that it is also used as a fixative that keeps more volatile oils from evaporating too fast. Because it does not decompose in alkaline medium, vetiver oil is especially good for scenting soaps. In at least one country it also serves as a flavoring, primarily to embellish canned asparagus or sherbets.
+Vetiver Oil
+The oil in vetiver roots has a pleasant aroma. The perfumery industry describes it as "heavy," "woody," or "earthy" in character. It is obtained by steam distilling the roots and is used in fine fragrances and in soaps, lotions, deodorants, and other cosmetics. Occasionally its scent dominates a perfume, but more often it provides the foundation on which other scents are superimposed.
+Haiti, Indonesia (actually only Java), and Reunion (a French island colony in the Indian Ocean) produce most of the world's vetiver oil. China, Brazil, and occasionally other nations produce smaller quantities. Reunion produces the best oil, but Haiti and Indonesia produce the most. Haitian oil is distinctly better than Indonesian and not far behind the Reunion oil (known in the trade as "Bourbon vetiver") in quality.
+Although reliable statistics are unavailable, world production of vetiver oil is currently about 250 tons a year. Annual consumption is estimated to be:
+United States
+100 tons
+France
+50 tons
+Switzerland
+30 tons
+United Kingdom
+20-25 tons
+Japan
+10 tons
+Germany
+6 tons
+Netherlands
+5 tons
+Other
+30-40 tons
+It seems unlikely that demand will increase beyond these figures, even to match population growth. In recent decades, the international perfumery industry has generally decreased its use in new products. This decision was taken primarily because Haiti manipulates the price of its oil, Indonesia's oil is indifferent and variable in quality, and Bourbon oil is expensive. A completely synthetic vetiver oil cannot be manufactured at a realistic price, but alternative materials such as cedarwood oil can be substituted. For these reasons, world vetiver-oil consumption is likely to remain roughly at current levels.
+Also, some countries have given up producing vetiver oil. For example, Guatemala, which was once an exporter, no longer produces any (even for local use), and Angola (until the early 1970s a regular supplier to the international market) has given up as well.
+Adapted from S.R.J. Robbins, 1982 Some Ingredients in Vetiver Oil
+American Vetiver Oil
+The United States is not known as a vetiver-oil producer, but as this book was about to be printed we learned that Texas farmers Gueric and Victor Boucard are perhaps the most advanced vetiver growers of all. Since 1972, the Boucards and their late father have been designing implements to plant, harvest, and process vetiver for its oil. These days the Boucards grow the crop on as much as 40 hectares (depending on market prices). All the necessary steps- from large-scale nursery operations to digging to roots-are mechanized. (A modified rock-picker has proved ideal for tearing up the roots.)
+To us, the surprising thing is that the grass survives in this far-from-tropical location (nearly 30°N latitude and above 500 m). However, Gueric Boucard indicates that this is no problem: "I just cut them off near the ground each fall," he says, "and they have survived temperatures down to -7°C winter after winter, and one cold snap below -12°C for several hours."
+As already noted, the dried roots are used in India to prepare the traditional "khus-khus" screens. When moistened, these both cool and scent the air passing through, and they are believed to protect people against insect pests as well.
+The oil occurs primarily in the roots, but traces of it in the foliage may nonetheless account for the plant's inherent resistance to pests and diseases. The oil is known to repel insects, for example. People in India and elsewhere have long placed vetiver root among their clothes to keep insects away. There seems to be validity in this. In experiments, vetiver root has protected clothes from moths, heads from lice, and bedding from bedbugs. The oil repels flies and cockroaches as well and may make a useful ingredient in insect repellents.
+ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS
+As noted previously, the plant's environmental limits are unknown. They are, however, surprisingly broad.
+As far as moisture is concerned, an established vetiver plant can grow in sites where annual rainfall is perhaps as little as 200 mm. At the other extreme, it also shows tremendous growth where annual rainfall is 3,000 mm. And in Sri Lanka it grows where rainfall is as much as 5,000 mm.
+As far as temperature is concerned, this tropical species can take any amount of heat but cannot be counted on to survive subfreezing conditions. For example, plants in Georgia (USA) survived when soil temperatures reached -10°C without apparent damage but died when soil temperatures reached -15°C.
+DISEASES
+Vetiver is remarkably free of disease. However, Fusarium (the most widespread cause of rotting in fruits and vegetables) reportedly attacks it, notably during rains.
+Perhaps of greater import is the leaf blight caused by Curvularia trifolii. This disease of clover and other crops may attack vetiver also during the rainy season. Malaysian researchers recommend that growers top the plants (at a height of 20-30 cm) to remove any infected foliage. Copper-based fungicides such as Bordeaux mixture also control this blight.
+In Malaysia, a detailed investigation of vetiver has located yet more fungal species . These had little effect on the plant itself, but they might eventually prove troublesome in crops grown near vetiver hedges. They include the following species:
+· Curvularia lunata leaf spot in oil palm)
+· C. maculans (causes leaf spot in oil palm)
+· Helminthosporium halodes (causes leaf spot in oil palm)
+· H. incurvatum (causes leaf spot in coconut)
+· H. maydis (causes leaf blight in maize)
+· H. rostratum (causes leaf disease in oil palm)
+· H. sacchari (causes eye spot in sugarcane)
+· H. stenospilum (causes brown stripe in sugarcane)
+· H. turcicum (causes leaf blight in maize).
+PESTS
+Termites sometimes attack vetiver, but seemingly only in arid regions. Except where the termite mound covers the whole plant, only dead stems in the center of stressed plants are affected. Normally no treatments are required.
+In at least one location in India, grubs of a beetle (Phyllophaga serrata) have been found infesting vetiver roots.
+Perhaps the most serious pest threat comes from stem borers (Chilo spp.). These were found in vetiver hedges in Jianxi Province, China, in 1989. In Asia and Africa, some of these moth larvae are severe cereal pests (for example, the rice borer of Southeast Asia and the sorghum borer of Africa).
+Until this potential problem is better understood, vetiver plantings should be carefully monitored in areas where stem borers are a problem. This is both to protect the hedges and to prevent them from providing safe havens for these crop pests. A severe pruning seems to keep the larva from "overwintering" in the vetiver stems and a timely fire might also be beneficial.
+Root-Knot Nematodes
+Vetiver has outstanding resistance to root-knot nematodes. In trials in Brazil it proved "immune" to Meloidogyne incognita race 1 and Meloidogyne javanica.
+PROPAGATION
+Currently, vetiver is propagated mainly by root division or slips. These are usually ripped off the main clump and jabbed into the ground like seedlings. Although the growth may be tardy initially, the plants develop quickly once roots are established. Growth of 5 cm per day for more than 60 days has been measured in Malaysia. Even where such rapid growth is not possible, the plants often reach 2 m in height after just a few months.
+It is easy to build up large numbers of vetiver slips. The plant responds to fertilizer and irrigation with massive tillering, and each tiller can be broken off and planted. It is important to put the nurseries on light soil so the plants can be pulled up easily.
+Planting slips is not the only way to propagate vetiver. Other vegetative methods follow:
+· Tissue culture. Micropropagation of vetiver began in the late 1980s.
+· Ratooning. Like its relative sugarcane, the plant can be cut to the ground and left to resprout.
+· Lateral budding. Researchers in South Africa are having success growing vetiver "eyes" (intercalary buds on surface of crown) in seedling dishes.
+· Culms. As noted in chapter 2, young stems easily form new roots. This can be an effective means for propagating the plant. Laying the culms on moist sand and keeping them under mist results in the rapid formation of shoots at each node. This is an effective way to propagate new plants from hedge trimmings.
+· Cuttings. One Chinese farmer has successfully grown vetiver from stem cuttings. The cuttings, each with two nodes, are planted at a 60° angle and then treated with a rooting hormone-in this case, IAA (indole acetic acid). He achieved 70 percent survival. An interesting point was that the original stems were cut in December, buried in the ground over the winter, and the cuttings were made in early spring and planted in April.
+Hedge Formation
+Normally, hedges are established by jabbing slips into holes or furrows. They can be planted with bullock, trowel, or dibbling stick. In principle, at least, the techniques and machines developed for planting tree or vegetable seedlings could also be employed.
+To establish the hedge quickly, large clumps can be planted close together (10 cm). On the other hand, when planting material is scarce, slips can be spaced as far apart as 20 cm. In this case, the hedge will take longer to close.
+Prolonged moisture is highly beneficial for the quick establishment of the hedge. For best results, fresh and well-rooted slips, preferably containing a young stem, should be planted early in the wet season (after the point when there is a good chance the rains will continue). In drier areas it is helpful to plant them in shallow ditches that collect runoff water. For the most rapid establishment of vetiver lines, weeding should be done regularly until the young plants take over. Clipping the young plants back stimulates early tillering and makes the hedge close up faster.
+Management
+Usually, little management is needed once the hedge is established. However, cutting the tops of the plants produces more tillering and therefore a denser hedge.
+CONTROLLING VETIVER
+Vetiver is a survivor. It is difficult to kill by fire, grazing, drought, or other natural force. However, if necessary, it can be eliminated by slicing off the crown. Because the crown is close to the surface, it can be cut off fairly easily with a shovel or tractor blade. Also, although the plant is resistant to most herbicides, it succumbs to those based on glyphosate.
+<section>6 Next Steps</section>
+In light of the massive environmental destruction now caused by erosion, any system that retards soil loss would seem to be a candidate for instant and widespread use. Indeed, if the power of the vetiver system is as great as now appears, in a few decades the world could see thousands of kilometers of vetiver hedges in a hundred different countries, in climates from lush to harsh, and in sites from verdant to sparse.
+But the experiences so far are limited, and many uncertainties remain. It is time, therefore, for a wide-ranging exploration of this new, and seemingly revolutionary, technique.
+In this chapter we identify some of the important, as well as some of the interesting and challenging, actions that could be taken to help vetiver progress in an orderly, responsible, and yet rapid manner.
+CONTINUATION OF WORLD BANK EFFORTS
+As discussed earlier, it has been World Bank agriculturists who have reintroduced the vetiver method of erosion control. Their enthusiasm and energy have stimulated people all over the world and it will be of inestimable value to the testing and adoption of vetiver if these activities continue.
+The World Bank staff also created the Vetiver Network-a service that collects and disseminates vetiver information and maintains an address list of more than 2,000 vetiver specialists and aficionados. With interest in this grass rising rapidly, continued support for this activity is essential. Such a service prevents duplication of effort and ensures that interested people receive constant updates of information on experiences with vetiver in other parts of the world.
+The fostering of a new technology like this is not, however, a normal World Bank operation, and it would be prudent for other organizations to initiate a complementary operation to take over should the abandonment of this project occur.
+PRACTICAL STUDIES
+It is clear that vetiver could become a vital component of land use throughout the warmer parts of the world. It might be a low-cost way to protect billions of dollars of investment already made in agriculture and forestry, not to mention roads, dams, and other public works throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It also could become a backstop built into future projects as a way to help protect the environment from many soil disturbances.
+At present, however, that is all speculation. It is critical for countries to establish vetiver trials quickly, which would serve to show local decision makers what this grass has to offer their programs and projects.
+To expedite, motivate, and assure success in such a massive number of trials, we suggest consideration of what could be called a "vetiver SWAT team." This might involve a small number of vetiver specialists, brought in on short-term assignment to show local authorities how and where to put in small vetiver demonstration trials.
+These trials might be incorporated into specific projects dealing with topics such as those discussed below.
+Agriculture
+In farming areas, trials could be particularly effective. With vetiver hedges reducing rainfall runoff, farmers should encounter more moisture in their soils so that crops produce higher yields and tolerate drought better. Given a successful demonstration, the word is likely to spread rapidly from farmer to farmer. Thus, not only the environmental stability of an area but also its productivity may increase.
+Forestry
+Foresters are likely to be impressed as well. By holding soil and moisture on site and by providing windbreaks, vetiver strips would be particularly valuable in the early stages of tree growth. At present, a huge proportion of tree-planting projects are failing because of dismal rates of establishment and survival. Vetiver might also act as a barrier against ground fires and creeping grasses, both of which often devastate young tree plantings.
+Public Works
+At least initially, engineers are likely to be apathetic (if not apoplectic) toward the idea of using a grass for erosion control. The past 50 years or so have seen the rise in popularity of erosion controls based on bulldozers, land surveys, and engineered systems such as terraces, berms, bunds, and contour drains. By contrast, a strip of grass seems puny and insignificant.
+However, demonstrations are likely to persuade everyone that vetiver hedges can protect and enhance the performance, as well as extend the useful lifetimes, of many structures made of steel, concrete, or asphalt. For instance, vetiver could help protect footpaths, railroads, and road cuts from washouts and slips. In addition, it has potential benefits for wastewater treatment and flood-control facilities. Further, because it can withstand lengthy submergence (more than 2 months has been reported), it can be planted along the edges of dikes, irrigation canals, bridges, and dams to prevent scouring.
+Siltation
+Most observers have despaired of the possibility of radically reducing the vast amounts of silt washing every day into ditches, canals, reservoirs, rivers, harbors, estuaries, and other waterways worldwide. This would be a massive, perhaps impossible, task for any erosion-control technique. Vetiver, though, just might work. Rows of this grass across critical watersheds should reduce silt buildup downstream. Indeed, although huge plantings would be required, government authorities might find the expense and effort far outweighed by the financial benefits of extending the useful life of multimillion-dollar water projects, not to mention the protection of wetlands, coral reefs, and other vital economic environments.
+The advantage of the vetiver system is the fact that it is applicable on a wide scale with little equipment, planning, or logistics. Further, it is likely to appeal to those actually occupying the land. This is vital: farmers and foresters may well protect their land with little or no urging-not for soil conservation per se, but for the increased yields fostered by the moisture held back by the vetiver hedges, not to mention the by-products of vetiver-fire control, forage, mulch, thatch, and so on.
+Flood Control
+Wherever in the tropics localized flash flooding is a problem, vetiver could be part of the solution-especially when the flooding is caused by denuded watersheds that can no longer soak up and hold back the rainfall and runoff.
+Desertification
+Although rain falls infrequently in arid lands, it often adds up to considerable amounts. Moreover, desert rains are often intense deluges and the water rushes away uselessly down wadis and washes. Paradoxically, the water the desert needs so desperately is lost by flooding.
+Vetiver barriers across those wadis and washes would likely capture the floodwater to recharge the thirsty aquifers beneath. Walls of vetiver would also hold back silt in which crops might grow vigorously.
+In addition, vetiver hedges might prove excellent as windbreaks in decertifying areas. Already, palm fronds are used for wind protection in the Sahel, for example (see Appendix A). These palm-frond fences look somewhat like rows of dead vetiver, but it is likely that the living, growing, real thing would be far better-especially given vetiver's ability to withstand undermining and to "rise up" as sand or soil collects around it.
+Sustainable Agriculture
+There is currently a great interest in keeping agriculture productive and self-sustaining. Although vetiver has seldom been considered in the many parleys, papers, projects, and predictions, keeping the soil on the site is the most fundamental part of the process. Vetiver, therefore, could be a key to success in many of the different sustainable agriculture systems under development for Third World conditions.
+This and other vegetative systems of erosion control should provide long-term stability and, if combined with good crop-rotation practices, such as the use of green manures and organic mulches, could lead to stable sustainable farming that might even render slash-and-burn cultivation obsolete in many places.
+Trials are urgently needed throughout the tropics.
+Economic Development
+Despite general opinion, vetiver hedges can provide a number of products that are especially useful to farmers in the tropics. These products can be harvested without sacrificing erosion control. They will provide farmers with extra income, and this should enhance everyone's interest in establishing vetiver hedges on their lands.
+These products include:
+· Forage;
+· Mulch;
+· Thatch;
+· Mattress stuffing;
+· Animal bedding; and
+· Mats, baskets, and screens.
+Setting up markets for local vetiver products may be one of the best incentives for inducing the mass planting of vetiver hedges throughout any neighborhood.
+BASIC RESEARCH
+Although vetiver has been grown in scores of countries for decades or even centuries, not a lot is known about the plant itself. Studies should be undertaken of topics such as plant morphology, physiology, ecology, and cold tolerance.
+Morphology
+Despite the general impression that vetiver is a single clone, it contains much variation. In one project in India, for example, six different botanical collections grown side by side were strikingly different in color, rigidity, flowering, and other features. Each type could easily be distinguished, for example, by the length and strength of the culms and by the barbs on the leaf margins .
+Everyone interested in vetiver should now search through the germplasm for "super vetiver" cultivars for erosion control. Attributes to look for include the following:
+· Method of forming clumps;
+· Persistence of clump integrity;
+· Structural strength;
+· Root form; and
+· Level of sterility.
+Physiology
+Much valuable research could also be accomplished by studying details of the plant's physiology. Researchers experienced in the study of maize, sorghum, or sugarcane could provide useful insight here. More information is required on the following subjects:
+· Seeding variability within and among genotypes.
+· Flowering. Some cultivars have flowering heads; most have none.
+· Pollination.
+· Structural unity. Why don't the stems rot and fall off?
+· Nitrogen fixation. Does vetiver by any chance benefit from associated nitrogen-fixing bacteria as does Bahia grass and some other tropical grasses? Most C4 grasses have associated nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum that live in the rhizosphere.
+· Allelopathy. Does vetiver adversely affect neighboring plants?
+· Silica content of leaves. Is a high silica content what repels insects?
+· Mycorrhizae. Are vetiver roots colonized by the beneficial fungi called "mycorrhizae"? Can mycorrhiza inoculations benefit the plant's growth?
+· Water relations. What gives the plant its ability to withstand waterlogging and even submergence on the one hand and severe drought on the other?
+· Mineral nutrition.
+Ecology
+To understand more completely the potential for problems as this plant goes global, we need to understand its gynecology (the structure, development, and distribution of vetiver communities in relation to their environments). For example:
+· What is the plant's best ecological niche?
+· What other plants grow with it under normal conditions?
+· Which animals, microorganisms, and insects associate with it?
+· What are its soil interactions?
+· What are its shade and water tolerances? Growth chamber studies could be useful here.
+· Is the oil in vetiver roots fungicidal? Bactericidal?
+Cold Tolerance
+Vetiver's gravest limitation is that it is currently restricted to the warmer parts of the world. Wherever cold occurs, even infrequently, the plant cannot be relied on to hold back soil down the years. Breaking through this cold barrier would open the possibilities of using vetiver with confidence in the frost-prone parts of the planet. This might best be done by an organized search for winter hardiness among the various genotypes.
+OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
+In most cases vetiver can merely be planted and left alone. Nonetheless, a detailed knowledge of the conditions for its optimum performance would be extremely beneficial. Research on this might include subjects such as:
+· The best spacing between the hedges down the slopes;
+· The best spacing between the plants within the hedges;
+· The nutrients that, at the time of planting, ensure optimal survival and growth; and
+· Relations between pruning and regrowth.
+Other features of hedge establishment and maintenance worthy of investigation include:
+· Mass planting techniques. The machines used to plant tobacco, beach grasses, trees, and vegetables should be tested.
+· Herbicide sensitivity tests.
+· Assessment of weediness.
+· Potential as host for pests and diseases.
+Effects on nearby crops also deserve detailed investigation. These include checking for the following:
+· Nitrogen deficiency in the soil next to the hedge;
+· Competition for other nutrients;
+· Root interactions with neighboring plants; and
+· Moisture deficiencies in the soil beside the hedges.
+The integration of vetiver into various farming systems also deserves study. For example, how might vetiver hedges be fitted into alley cropping, slash-and-burn, terrace farming, horticulture, rice paddies, large-scale mechanized agriculture, and other types of farming?
+RESTORING DEGRADED SITES
+Degraded lands are so prevalent and so vast in the tropics and subtropics that to restore even a fraction of them may seem impossible. In this regard, vetiver unaided can do little, but it offers a starting point, or at least a ray of hope. To finally have a way to preserve whatever meager soil remains is a first step. From this, techniques for integrating various crops, trees, or wild plants that will help to rebuild the capacity of the land can then be envisaged.
+Something of this sort has been pioneered in northern New Zealand where earlier this century huge barren coastal dunes were slowly rolling over valuable farmland. Nothing would grow in the sand- nothing, that is, until marram grass, Ammophila arenaria, was tried. This salt-tolerant European species put down deep roots, collected wind-borne sand, and stabilized the giant sandy juggernaut in just a few years. That was a feat, but the true payoff occurred after foresters planted a shrubby legume (Lupinus arboreus) amongst the grass. The sand then began to build up fertility (notably nitrogen) and organic matter. Within another year or two, the site was fertile enough for pine seedlings to thrive among the shrubs. The eventual result: the giant dunes were tamed; for decades the forest there has provided much of the timber used in Auckland, the country's largest city.
+Marram grass is not like vetiver, but it acted as a rugged pioneer that enabled the restoration of this highly degraded site. Vetiver, with its even broader adaptability and greater potential, seems likely to do the same for many barren lands in the tropics and subtropics. This possibility should be evaluated.
+SPECULATIONS
+An idea as revolutionary as this one opens several possibilities for innovations, a few of which are discussed below.
+Strip Farming
+These days everybody thinks of farms in terms of hectares or acres. But John Greenfield suggests that in extremely arid or thin-soiled areas "a one-dimensional farm" might be run along the back of a vetiver hedge. It would be only one row wide, but might run for many kilometers. The crops would grow in the narrow band of soil trapped behind the hedge and would also be watered by the concentrated runoff. This is an unconventional notion, of course, but it just might be a way to get productive farming into areas so arid that people now consider the production of any food or tree crops impossible.
+Warding Off Weeds
+As mentioned earlier, vetiver is reputed to be a barrier to grassy stoloniferous weeds. This should be investigated. If it proves true, vetiver hedges would likely be planted in many places not to stop erosion but to stop the invasions of Bahia, St. Augustine, couch, kikuyu, or other pestilential grasses that constantly creep into farmers' crops on silent stolons.
+Blocking Crabs and Rats
+Creeping grasses are not the only pests that might be held at bay. Vetiver's dense network of oil-filled roots may block burrowing creatures of various kinds. Examples of such subterranean pests are the crabs that attack paddy bunds; and moles, mole rats, and other burrowing animals.
+This, too, is an unorthodox idea, but not an idiotic one Trials at Kericho in Kenya have already shown that mole rats cannot abide a vetiver root in their burrows. They cast it out or tunnel around it and block it off, apparently to keep the smell from their living quarters (Information from C.O. Othieno).
+Repelling Insects
+As earlier noted, insects avoid vetiver oil and vetiver roots. This might have some modern utility. Would solid bands of vetiver block termites, fire ants, or other insidious underground insects? Might the oil or the smoke from burning roots be used against household pests and vectors of disease?
+Foiling Fires
+Vetiver burns in a lively fashion when the tops of the plant are dry. But in many places its roots, tapping into reserves of deep moisture, keep the plants lush and green long into the dry season. Bands of these succulent plants across hill slopes are said to make good firebreaks. This may not be a wholly reliable method of fire prevention, but many fires in rural Third World areas creep along the ground through the dry grasses. It seems possible, therefore, that stout, unbroken lines of vetiver might be a godsend to foresters and farmers who, only too often, see years of effort and millions of investment dollars go up in smoke in a single afternoon.
+Eliminating Striga
+One small plant is a big constraint to cereal production in Africa and India. Usually called striga or witchweed, it is a parasite that spends its first few weeks of life living off the juices of other species. Its roots bore into neighboring roots and suck out the fluids. The vegetative victims are left dried out and drained of life.
+Unfortunately, striga thrives in maize, sorghum, millet, cowpeas, and other valuable crops. Millions of hectares of farmland are constantly threatened; hundreds of thousands are infested each year. And today, nothing can be done. When striga breaks out, farmers abandon their land. Some of the most productive sites now lie idle-victims of this abominable sapsucker.
+Vetiver is a member of the same subtribe of grasses as sorghum and maize, and it may prove to be a sacrificial barrier to the spread of striga. Alternately, the oils in its roots may suppress this powerful parasite that does its dirty work underground. Sucking in a dose of vetiver oil may be enough to do it in.
+Catching Birds
+In Zimbabwe, wildlife researchers have found that blocks of napier grass, strategically placed, can attract nightly flocks of weaverbirds. These grain-devouring pests (usually called quelea) like to roost together in the tall grass after a day in the fields. The simple concept of providing a man-made haven for the night offers a means for capturing them in quantity. On moonless nights they can be approached and either caught for food or otherwise destroyed.
+Despite the promise inherent in this approach to one of the world's worst pest problems, there are at present several operational difficulties. One may well be overcome using vetiver, which would likely be an ideal grass for creating the trap roosts. Compared with napier grass, vetiver would be permanent, nonspreading, and safe from wandering wildlife or loose livestock. Given further innovation, perhaps blocks of vetiver will eventually be used as "lenses" to focus flocks of pestiferous small birds wherever they are a farm problem (More information on the pioneering work in Zimbabwe can be found in the companion report on Africa's promising native cereals, Lost Crops of Africa Volume 1: Grains. For information on BOSTID publications, see page 162. Napier grass is mentioned in Appendix B).
+OTHER SPECIES
+Vetiver represents a whole new approach to erosion control. The hedge concept is a point of departure for future elaborations. We have included a section on the idea of searching for more species to use where (or if) vetiver fails. For details see Appendix B.
+<section>Appendixes</section>
+<section>A Great Challenges, Great Opportunities</section>
+This appendix highlights some environmental horrors and points to the role vetiver might play in alleviating them. The examples are presented to stimulate exploratory trials in those parts of the world where such devastating problems exist. Whether vetiver will work in sites like these is far from certain. In some, the plant will meet its greatest difficulties in just surviving. In a few, it may survive but fail to be effective. Nonetheless, it is a testimony to the potential inherent in vetiver that a single species could even be considered for such an array of challenging situations. Also, it is a testimony to the potential inherent in their green lines of grass that solutions to so many seemingly intractable problems can even be envisioned. Where vetiver fails, alternative species that make dense hedges should be sought.
+<section>B Other Potential Vetivers</section>
+To rely on a single species for hedges to control erosion throughout an area as large as the tropics is so unwise that a search for alternatives should be started quickly. This appendix identifies plants that might be employed either along with vetiver or as "safety-nets" in the event that vetiver develops problems in widespread practice. It should be understood that none of these species, as far as we know, has all of vetiver's properties. It should be understood also that additional species (those we haven't thought of) might be as good or even better.
+With 10,000 different species of grasses worldwide, it seems logical to assume that vetiver is not the only one with the exact combination of properties required for erosion-control hedgerows. In the main, the grasses mentioned below are tall, vigorous perennials, adapted to many soils and site conditions.
+It is important to realize that the most readily available strains of these grasses may be the least valuable in erosion control. They are likely, for example, to have been selected for features such as palatability to animals, high seed yield, or soft stems. The types best for erosion control, on the other hand, may be the rough, tough, "unproductive" and highly unpalatable types that were previously rejected at first glance.
+Also, it is worth remembering that related grass species can often be hybridized. This can produce seedless hybrids that previously may have been considered worthless. But in erosion-halting hedges, such a reproductive flaw would be an asset.
+VETIVER'S CLOSE RELATIVES
+Perhaps the most promising alternatives to vetiver will be found among its own wild relatives. As has been noted already, vetiver has a dozen or so close relatives (see sidebar, page 116). These species belong to the same genus, but so far none has been explored for its erosion-controlling capabilities. Nothing suggests that any of them can match (let alone surpass) vetiver itself, but they deserve research attention nonetheless.
+All these vetiver relatives are wild plants. Presumably, they are all fertile and spread by seed. However, none is known to be a weed or nuisance of any moment.
+These plants are widely scattered. Four are native to Queensland, Australia, and some of those can also be found in the neighboring areas of New South Wales and Northern Territory, as well as in New Guinea. One is native to India-not to the northern plains and swamps like vetiver itself, but to the southwestern region in Karnataka. One is native to the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean. And two are native to the African continent.
+The fact that these grasses mostly occur in riverine basins and other wet areas would seem to argue against their usefulness on hill slopes. However, vetiver itself also comes from a soggy background. By and large, they are robust plants with stout root stock and erect stems. Such features might make them good for erosion control, but the roots on at least one are said to grow horizontally, which would pose problems in hedges running across farms or forests.
+VETIVER'S DISTANT RELATIVES
+Lemongrass
+Apart from vetiver itself, lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has probably been used in hedges against erosion more than any other grass species. It is planted on bunds for soil conservation as well as on hillsides and road cuts in Central America and elsewhere in the tropics.
+It has a number of vetiver's vital features. For example, its large and strong stems can hold back soil, even when it is planted in a single line. It has wide adaptability and the capacity to survive where terrain is difficult and conditions terrible. It tillers strongly, forming large tussocks. Because it seldom flowers, it does not spread by seedlings.
+All of these are features favorable for erosion-control hedges, of course. But in practice, lemongrass does not seem to work as well as vetiver. In Costa Rica, for instance, farmers who use both are slowly abandoning lemongrass. They say that compared with vetiver, it requires more labor. They have to replant their lemongrass hedges every four years or so, and separating the planting materials from the clumps is difficult. The hedges also are less dense, less resistant to stem borers, and more unruly. Whereas vetiver rows are regular, compact, and erect, lemongrass rows are irregular, patchy, and often extremely unkempt, with leaves hanging in all directions.
+Like vetiver, lemongrass is widely distributed throughout the tropics. Its oil is one of the most important perfumery ingredients, widely used for scenting soaps, detergents, and other consumer products. People throughout Southeast and South Asia flavor popular drinks, soups, curries, and other foods with its leaves.
+It seems possible that amongst the germplasm of this well-known grass, forms will be discovered that are well suited for use as hedges against erosion.
+Citronella
+Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) is another vetiver relative that has some of the vital properties for a barrier hedge. It, too, is a robust perennial. It, too, is cultivated for its essential oil and has thus been widely distributed throughout the tropics. And it, too, is sterile.
+For all that, however, citronella grass has not been used for erosion control-as far as we know. Now it should be tried. The type that is cultivated, the so-called "Java type," may not be the best for the purpose. A "Sri Lanka type" that had been rejected because its oil is inferior is possibly more suitable. It is exceptionally robust and resilient.
+Other members of the lemongrass and citronella genus might also work in erosion control. Indeed, about 60 Cymbopogon species are found in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia. In general, they are coarse perennials, with aromatic leaves. None has been seriously assessed for erosion-hedge purposes, but in Senegal, C. schoenanthus is used more widely than vetiver for erosion control.
+Vetiver's Close Relatives
+Perhaps the most promising alternatives to vetiver will be found among its own wild relatives, discussed below.
+Vetiveria elongate
+This Australian grass is found around (and even within) freshwater lagoons, damp depressions, and rivers in the Northern Territory and Queensland. It also occurs in New Guinea.
+Vetiveria filipes
+Another Australian species, this plant is found in Queensland and New South Wales. It is characteristic of the vegetation often growing on riverbanks, sandbanks, riverine plains, high ground near creeks, Melaleuca swamps, dry creek beds, and depressions in open forests. It is said to be eaten freely by cattle.
+This species is of special botanical interest because its morphology is intermediate between vetiver and lemongrass (see page 114). One accession was found to have a chromosome number (2n=40) twice that normally found in the genus.
+Vetiveria intermedia
+Yet another Queensland species, this one also likes the sandy banks of channels, growing either in the open or in partial shade.
+Vetiveria pauciflora
+This, the fourth Australian species, is found in the Northern Territory and Queensland. It, too, occurs on sandbanks and riverbanks.
+Vetiveria rigida
+This Australian species has only recently been described.
+Vetiveria lawsoni
+Like vetiver itself, this species is from India. However, it is native to the southwestern region. It is, for example, common in the district around Dharwar in Karnataka State. The root stock is stout; the stem is erect, simple, and slender; and the internodes are very long. Such features might make the plant good for erosion control, but the root is said to grow horizontally, which would compete with nearby crops or trees.
+Vetiveria arguta
+This little-known species apparently occurs only in Mauritius and the neighboring island of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean.
+Vetiveria fulvibarbis
+A West African member of the genus, this grass is found from Senegal to Cameroon, including Ghana, Togo, Mali, and Nigeria. It occurs mainly on flood plains and is a robust perennial that grows up to 2 m tall. Almost nothing has been reported about the plant, but it can be quite common. For instance, in Ghana it can be found on the plains between Accra and the Volta River.
+Its roots and stems are (apparently) scented. People in Mali use the roots to perfume drinking water and the stems to weave mat-like wall panels called "seccos." Both roots and stems can be bought in the markets of Bamako, for example.
+Vetiveria nigritana
+This grass is the main African species. It is found in most sub-Saharan areas from Senegal to Mozambique. It is a tufted perennial, as tall as 2.5 m. It flourishes on wet soils and grows in water or at least in wet, usually swampy, ground. It occurs, for example, on alluvial floodplains in Ghana, extending along seasonal streams and channels in areas of marsh grass and tree savanna. It also remains as a relict in the low, wet spots left unused in heavily farmed areas. It is said to tolerate slightly saline soils.
+Although native to tropical Africa, this species apparently also occurs in scattered locations in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
+Gamba Grass
+Yet a fourth distant relative of vetiver, gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus), is planted on bunds as an anti-erosion measure in parts of Africa. Farmers in Niger also use grassy hedges of this species for windbreaks.
+An erect tufted perennial up to 2 m high, gamba grass is native to tropical Africa and has been introduced into other tropical areas, such as Brazil, India, and Queensland, Australia. It is adapted to many types of soil, can tolerate a long dry season, and has produced good results in northern regions of Nigeria and Ghana. It persists well under grazing but becomes unpalatable after it flowers.
+Those are virtues for a vetiverlike hedge, but gamba grass has severe limitations. It is "clumpy," and gaps tend to form between the plants. Also, the individual clumps tend to die in the center. In addition, the plant spreads from seed and has shallow, horizontal roots.
+There are about 100 other members of the genus Andropogon, and some of those may prove better than gamba grass as erosion-hedge plants. They tend to be big and brawny. Some are severe weeds, but sterile forms might be found or created by hybridization.
+Sugarcane Relatives
+In parts of India grasses are commonly used for erosion control- not in the single-line hedge like vetiver but in blocks or bands on bunds and berms. Among the various species employed is Saccharum moonja. This weedy sugarcane relative is extensively used along the bunds and in gullies to check wind and water erosion in northern India. It is unpalatable to animals and is very hardy. This and other Saccharum species might be useful as eventual back-ups for vetiver.
+Maize Relatives
+The 12 known Tripsacum species all have stout stalks that might make them useful in hedges. Two are already showing promise.
+Guatemala grass (T. laxum) is used to form bench terraces in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. It is said to check erosion on steep slopes very effectively.
+In the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture is testing game grass (T. dactyloides) as a vegetative contour strip for field agriculture. This native, cold-tolerant species is already widely planted as a forage, and many different genotypes have been collected. These are now under evaluation for use in erosion hedges. Plants with upright habit and other desirable characteristics (notably, disease resistance) are being examined. An especially interesting possibility is the use of game grass as a perennial grain. Even the unimproved cultivars have yielded about 25 percent as much as wheat, without the annual costs of replanting or the erosion caused by tilling bare ground.
+Sorghum and Its Relatives
+Certain little-known types of sorghum have such strong stems that they are used as building materials and as living stakes to support climbing crops. They are so strong that West African farmers employ them to hold up even the massive weight of yam plants. Also, these sorghums are very resistant to rot-even when dead. For months after setting seed, they continue holding up heavy yam plants, despite the heat and humidity beneath the tentlike curtain of yam foliage.
+The sorghums used this way today are annuals, but perennial sorghums are known, and to combine the strong stalks and perennial habit seems well within the realm of possibility.
+TROPICAL GRASSES UNRELATED TO VETIVER
+Napier Grass
+As noted in earlier chapters, skeptics commonly criticize vetiver on the grounds that it is not "useful" enough for farmers to want to plant it. Usually, these skeptics claim that farmers will only plant a species that could feed animals. Often, they propose napier grass as a better alternative.
+Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is native to tropical Africa but is now available throughout the tropics. It is a tall, clumped perennial that in some places is planted on bunds as a windbreak and to conserve the soil. Although the dry stems or canes are used for fencing and for house walls and ceilings, it is primarily grown for fodder.
+Despite the fact that it is useful for erosion control, napier grass (also known as elephant grass) cannot be used in a single line like vetiver.
+Its stalks are too weak and the gaps between them too wide for it to stem the onrush of soil and water after tropical deluges. Moreover, its shallow, spreading roots compete with any nearby crops.
+It is likely, however, that certain genotypes (possibly those rejected by the forage developers because of coarseness, woodiness, and lack of palatability) might prove to be good erosion-hedge species. Also, there is a sterile dwarf form that might prove applicable.
+Napier grass has been crossed with a wild relative (P. typhoides) to give a sterile triploid. This is said to be produce more fodder than its parents, but it might be even more useful as a hedge for erosion control.
+Other Pennisetum Grasses
+Even if napier grass never works out, perhaps some of the other 80 species in the genus Pennisetum might have the right combination of properties. These tend to be particularly well suited for the tropics and are already in use as food, fodder, and papermaking crops. A few have been used for erosion control (for example, moya grass, P. hohenackeri, which is used for controlling erosion in parts of India).
+Rhodes Grass
+Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) is sometimes proposed as a vetiver substitute. This native of southern Africa is widely cultivated for fodder. It comes in many forms, some of which withstand fires well. However, it spreads by stolons and by seed and can become a weed. It may be useful as a sod-forming species to cover and "clamp down" eroding sites, but as an erosion hedge it is unlikely to match vetiver.
+Tropical Panic Grasses
+In Kenya, a panic grass (Panicum sp.) called "kisosi" is successfully used as an erosion hedge on gentle slopes. The stalks are laid out flat in shallow ditches dug on the contour lines and covered with soil. The internodes (spaced 10 cm apart along the stalks) produce roots and shoots. Farmers regularly cut back the shoots for fodder, and this stimulates tittering and produces a living hedge sufficiently strong to hold back an accumulation of soil about 25 cm high. In this sense, the plant operates like vetiver. However, it is killed by fire and can be used only where burning is never practiced.
+Calamagrostis Species
+Calamagrostis argentea is being compared to vetiver in field tests near Grenoble, France. A related species, C. festuca, was used as an erosion-control grass by the Incas. They planted bands of it above their terraces, not only to protect soil but to spread out the runoff so it would trickle evenly down the often massive terrace systems.
+TEMPERATE-ZONE SPECIES
+Erosion is not confined to the tropics, of course. But, as we have noted earlier, vetiver is. In terms of the worldwide erosion problem, therefore, one of the greatest discoveries would be a temperate-zone counterpart to vetiver. Several possibilities are discussed below.
+Switch Grass
+The U.S. Department of Agriculture is paying special attention to switch grass, Panicum virgatum. This native, warm-season grass is already widely planted in the eastern half of the United States as a fodder and revegetation plant, and many selected genotypes have been characterized in detail. Of particular interest is a variety called "Shelter," so-called because it was selected to enhance wildlife habitat during winter. Somewhat like vetiver in form, Shelter has stiff, erect culms that remain upright under the weight of snow and ice.
+Wheatgrasses
+A "vetiver for the cool zones" might be found among the wheatgrasses (Agropyron and Elymus spp.). One possibility is stream-bank wheatgrass (A. riparium). This tall turf-type grass is relatively low-growing, but in Montana and other parts of the United States single or double rows of it are planted across fields to reduce soil erosion. These hedges capture the blowing snow and greatly increase crop yields. Farmers employ it mainly in semiarid areas where they want the winter snow to accumulate to build up enough soil moisture for the subsequent spring and summer crops. Another species used in the same way is A. elongatum, a clump-type grass that can grow to over a meter high. It also retains its stems throughout the cold Montana winters.
+Strips of these and of some of the other 15 wheatgrasses have also been established across expanses of rangeland to conserve snowfall and soil as well as to provide cover and food for wildlife. They work well, but if not spaced properly, they may funnel the wind, worsen the erosion, and cause the crops to ripen unevenly across the fields.
+Pampas Grass
+Pampas grass (Cortaderia argentea) is a temperate-zone species from the southern cone of South America. It looks for all the world like vetiver. It may also function in the same way. However, it is fertile, tends to spread, and has become a serious weed in some areas.
+Several related species, commonly called "toe toe," are native to New Zealand. Attractive ornamentals, they are often used to beautify homes both in New Zealand and in parts of the Northern Hemisphere (the San Francisco Bay area, for instance). However, these plants are fertile and seem likely to spread slowly in fields. Perhaps sterile hybrids could be found within, or created between, these various species.
+Feather Grasses
+The genus Stipa comprises 300 species, some of which might make useful hedge species. Native to either temperate or tropical areas, they tend to be long-lived perennials whose clumps can survive two decades or more. They tolerate burning and grazing and often grow in dry areas. Their stems are so woody and strong that they have been used for making paper, ropes, sails, and mats. They are not considered weedy or aggressive, although they can spread by seed. Generally, they are considered to be free of pests and diseases.
+Some examples follow:
+· Esparto grass (S. tenacissima). Mediterranean. Used locally and exported to make fine paper; also used to make cordage, sails, and mats.
+· Ichu grass (S. ichu). South America to Mexico. A good fodder grass in arid areas.
+· Black oat grass (S. avenacea). North America.
+· Needle-and-thread grass (S. comata). North American prairies. An important pasture species, it is also used for revegetating mine spoils in arid parts of Wyoming.
+· Porcupine grass (S. vaseyi). Western United States and Mexico. Stems of this species are so strong they are used to make brushes.
+Jiji-Sao
+This grass (Achnatherum splendens) is native to Siberia and Central Asia, notably Inner Mongolia. It is a long-lived perennial reaching 2 m in height and surviving in a clump for up to 20 years. Although its native habitat is wet saline marshlands, it thrives in well-drained upland soils. However, it always seems to be confined to neutral or alkaline (pH 7-9.5) sites.
+So far, this species has been used primarily as a fodder; however, it has been used in erosion control. Its flowering stems are so stiff and strong that brooms are made from them. Like vetiver, it has a long, tough, and fibrous rooting system, more vertical than lateral. Amazingly resilient, it is resistant to fire, drought, extreme cold (for instance, below -30°C), and even livestock. In addition to all that, it does not seem to spread (except by seed in marshlands) and is not invasive.
+Of all the species for creating vetiver-like hedges in the cooler parts of the world, this seems the most promising at present.
+Miscanthus
+Currently, Miscanthus sinensis is being tested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a temperate-zone counterpart to vetiver. This tall species, native to Japan and other parts of the Far East, is an attractive and increasingly popular ornamental. It looks much like vetiver and forms similar types of clumps, although they are neither as dense nor as strong. It appears to be sterile; however, the clumps spread slowly outwards, and this species is considered a pesky weed in parts of Japan.
+Bamboos
+It seems likely that among the 1,250 species of the woody grasses known as bamboos, good hedge species can be found or bred for both temperate and tropical regions. One species (Bambusa oldhamii) is already used in New Zealand. A local nurseryman, Dick Endt, points out that it performs impressively both in wind protection and erosion control. He writes: "One year in Kerikeri, I saw river-flooded land covered in silt and uprooted trees, yet the bamboo held. Not only that, but silt built up behind it, and did not kill it."
+Giant Reed (Spanish Cane)
+The "reed" of the Bible, Arundo donax, has been used for 5,000 years to make the vibrating tongues that give clarinets, organs, and other pipe instruments their voice. Its stems are so strong and fibrous that they are also used for walking sticks and fishing rods as well as for making rayon and paper. The plant has been used in erosion control in the United States and Guatemala. It would appear to have wider applicability as well. It is a perennial with stout stems mostly 2-6 m tall, growing from thick knotty rhizomes. It often occurs in dense colonies but makes poor forage and is only sparingly grazed or browsed, especially when anything else is available. Apparently, it produces some fertile seed.
+Throughout much of Texas, this species is used in plantings along highways, culverts, stream banks, and ditches. It is considered extremely valuable for retarding erosion, and it also provides cover for wild birds and small animals.
+Despite its qualities, great care must be taken when testing this species on new sites. Recently in California, it has become a severe weed that is almost impossible to control.
+Ribbon Grass
+Phalaris arundinacea is used to shelter sheep in Australia. It is a clump grass that is reported to form hedges. A native of temperate Europe and Asia, it is unpalatable to livestock. Sheep, for example, will not graze it out.
+SHRUBS AND TREES
+As noted at the beginning of this chapter, the concept of using trees as hedges against erosion has been treated in an excellent book. However, here we present a few little-known favorites of our own.
+Sea Buckthorn
+Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a small tree or shrub of sandy coasts and shingle banks in mountains from Europe to northern China. It is very adaptable, fast growing, and can take abuse. It is readily propagated both vegetatively (from cuttings) and from seed. Although not a legume, it is a nitrogen-fixer, and there are several reports that it is good for "restoring fertility" to degraded lands.
+In southeastern Russia it has successfully stabilized gullies and ravines, for example. In Inner Mongolia it is used on soils containing carbonates, in loess, and in sand. In the Danube Delta it has also been used to stabilize dunes and to reclaim open-cast mining sites where the soils are heavy clays lacking organic matter. It is also excellent as a hedge to corral or control livestock.
+Russians have been studying this plant for at least 50 years and have selected and developed more that 1,000 accessions-they have even hybridized it. In large measure, this has been for uses beyond erosion control. Almost everywhere, its berries are made into jellies; in France they are stewed into a sauce for meat and fish; whereas in Central Asia they are eaten with cheese and milk. The fruits are high in carotenes and vitamins, especially vitamin C. Annual production from good cultivars can run up to about 30 tons of fruit per hectare.
+The prunings from the shrubs are a much appreciated fuel. They occur in abundance and have a high calorific value.
+Alders
+New Zealand foresters are using European alder (Aldus viridis) and some South American alders (A. jorullensis and A. acuminata) as hedges against erosion. These hardy, resilient, soil-improving trees have shown good growth on some dreadful sites-down to bare subsoil in several cases and on bare rock in others. This has been observed especially in the Craigieburn Range on the South Island, where the alders form healthy hedges that stabilize mountain screes (cascades of stones and rocky debris). These trees, too, fix nitrogen. Others among the 35 Alnus species are likely to be equally good for appropriate sites.
+Leucaena
+A companion volume already describes the value of this fast-growing nitrogen-fixing tree. Its use in hedgerows is increasingly common in tropical areas. Indeed, many people hearing about vetiver often claim that leucaena is better. However, we think that each species has its own place, and that on many sites they will perform exceptionally well together-the vetiver in the front blocking soil loss down-slope and the leucaena behind benefiting from the accumulated moisture and soil.
+A Promising Alternative
+J.J.P. van Wyk thinks he has a plant for erosion control that is even better than vetiver. It is an African grass called weeping lovegrass. This is not a big, rough-and-tough species like vetiver. It does not form thick, dense hedges that stand like sentinels across the slopes, blocking the passage of soil. Instead, weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) covers slopes with a perennial carpet of vegetation that acts en masse to protect the ground from rain and wind.
+Weeping lovegrass is quite well known as a forage (in the dry Southwest of the United States, for instance), but van Wyk has searched through every nook and cranny of South Africa (the plant's native habitat) seeking out special genotypes with qualities for erosion control. The types he has found are truly remarkable- as amazing in their way as vetiver. They are, he says, "plants that don't know what good topsoil is. . tin fact, they don't know the difference between topsoil and no soil!"
+Van Wyk has identified about 20 types that are proving excellent for reclamation. The South African government has adopted them for protecting roads, spoil dumps, and other eroding sites. The departments of Health, Water Affairs, Minerals. and Energy, and Agriculture all have initiated trials or field projects. The mining industry also got involved, and these love grasses are now stabilizing gold-mine spoil-material from a mile or more underground that is basically more sterile than the Sahara.
+These are mat-forming grasses. They reduce runoff, increase infiltration, cool the land, and reduce temperature fluctuations. Some are cold tolerant and can withstand temperatures down to -10°F without getting frostbitten. Most are dwarf, erect, high seed-yielding types. Van Wyk has found types for use in the entire range of environments from 200 mm to 2,000 mm annual rainfall, from sea level to 3,000 m elevation, and from temperate to tropical areas, including both winter and summer rainfall patterns.
+To keep up with the demand, van Wyk has established seven research farms and seven seed-producing farms. Weeping lovegrass stays in place and does its job for years, he says, but it is slow to establish. Van Wyk therefore uses tef (Eragrotis tef), an annual that is a close relative, to quickly generate grass cover. Tef acts as a mother crop for weeping lovegrass.
+In some locations leucaena seems to have matched vetiver's soil-stopping abilities, but the shrubs had to be constantly cut back and maintained in the form of a thick, dense, contiguous hedge. In one trial in India where both were left almost untouched, soil losses through thick leucaena hedges were 15-16 tons per hectare, whereas the loss through (young) vetiver hedges was only 6 tons per hectare.
+Asparagus
+A decade ago, Thean Soo Tee began cultivating asparagus in the Mt. Kinabalu area of Sabah in his native Malaysia. He planted this Eurasian "shrub" some 1,200 m above sea level in hedges along the contours. The asparagus grew well and quickly on this irrigated land, maturing nine months after sowing. The plant's enormous root system held back the soil and saved the sloping fields from erosion.
+Tee initiated this pioneering work years before the World Bank resuscitated the then moribund vetiver idea. His concern was to protect vegetable farms from erosion. With cabbage, peas, carrots, and other crops, the earth must be turned over after each harvest, exposing it to wind and water. Sabah's vegetable areas were turning into stone-strewn wastelands.
+Tee recognized that because asparagus fetches a high price in the marketplace its cultivation would boost the income of local farmers. For his originality and endeavor, he earned a Rolex Award for Enterprise in 1984.
+Siberian Pea Shrub (Caragana)
+This rugged, dense, leguminous shrub (Caragana arborenscens) is used in low shelterbelts and for erosion control in some of the coldest, driest, and most desolate areas of the American Great Plains. A nitrogen-fixing species from Siberia, it grows almost anywhere, but is best adapted to sandy soils. It can be successfully grown where annual precipitation is no more than 350 mm and where winter temperatures plunge to -40°C.
+<section>C Selected Readings</section>
+NEWSLETTER
+Since 1989, the Asia Technical Department Agriculture Division of the World Bank has published the Vetiver Newsletter. This newsletter provides a forum for information exchange among the members of their Vetiver Information Network. Copies are available from the Asia Technical Department, Agriculture Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA.
+HANDBOOK
+In 1990, the World Bank published its third edition of a handbook intended primarily for fieldworkers and farmers in developing countries. This 88-page booklet, Vetiver Grass: The Hedge Against Erosion, is available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese from the Asia Technical Department, Agriculture Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA. Other organizations have translated the book into Chinese, Tagalog,
+Cebuano, Ilongo, Lao, Thai, Gujarati, Kannada, French, and Pidgin (Papua New Guinea).
+REVIEWS
+Greenfield, J.C. 1989. Novel grass provides hedge against erosion. VITA News July:14-15
+Greenfield, J.C. 1989. Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria spp.): The Ideal Plant for Vegetative Soil and Moisture Conservation. Asia Technical Department, Agriculture Division, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
+Grimshaw, R.B. 1989. New approaches to soil conservation. Rainfed Agriculture in Asia and the Pacific 1(1):67-75.
+Magrath, W.B. 1990. Economic analysis of off-farm soil conservation structures. Pages in 71-96 in Watershed Development in Asia. Technical paper no. 27, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
+Smyle, J.W. and W.B. Magrath. 1990. Vetiver grass-a hedge against erosion. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, October 2, 1990, San Antonio, Texas.
+TECHNICAL REFERENCES
+Andersen, N.H. 1970. Biogenetic implications of the antipodal sesquiterpenes of vetiver oil. Phytochemistry 9:145-151.
+Bhatwadekar, S.V., P.R. Pednekar, and K.K. Chakravarti. 1982. A survey of sesquiterpenoids of vetiver oil. Pages 412-426 in C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, eds., Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu-Tawi, India.
+Celarier, R.P. 1959. Cytotaxonomy of the Andropogoneae IV. Subtribe Sorgheae. Cytologia 24:285-303.
+Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). 1976. Vetiveria. Pages 451-457 in The Wealth of India (volume 10). Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
+Gottlieb, O.R. and A. Iachan. 1951. O vetiver do Brasil. Anais Associacao Brasileiro de Quimica 10:403-415.
+Kammathy, R.V. 1968. Anatomy of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 10(3&4):283-285.
+Kirtany, J.K. and S.K. Paknikan. 1971. North Indian vetiver oils: comments on chemical composition and botanical origin. Science and Culture 37(August):395-396.
+Marinho de Moura, R., E.M. de Oliveira Regis, and A. Marinho de Moura. 1990. Reacoes de dez especies de plantas, algumas produtoras de oleos essenciais, em relacao ao parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita raca 1 e M. javanica, em populacao mista. Nematologia Brasileira 14:39-44
+Nair, E.V.G., N.P. Channamma, and R.P. Kumari. 1982. Review of the work done on vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.) at the Lemongrass Research Station, Odakkali. Pages 427-430 in C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, eds., Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Jammu-Tawi, India.
+Parham, J.W. 1955. The Grasses of Fiji. Fiji Government Press, Suva.
+Ramanujam, S. and S. Kumar. 1963a. Correlation studies in two populations of Vetiveria. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 23(1)(March):82-89
+Ramanujam, S. and S. Kumar. 1963b. Multiple criteria selection in vetiver. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 23(July):176-184.
+Ramanujam, S. and S. Kumar. 1963c. Irregular meiosis associated with pollen sterility in Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash. Cytologia 28:242-247.
+Raponda-Walker, A. and R. Sillans. 1961. Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon. Editions Paul Lechevalier, Paris.
+Robbins, S.R.J. 1982. Selected Markets for the Essential Oils of Patchouli and Vetiver. G167, Tropical Products Institute, London.
+Sethi, K.L. and R. Gupta. 1980. Breeding for high essential oil content in khas (Vetiveria zizanioides) roots. Indian Perfumer 24(2):72-78.
+Sobti, S.N. and B.L. Rao. 1977. Cultivation and scope of improvement in vetiver. Pages 319-323 in C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, eds., Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Jammu-Tawi, India.
+Subramanya, S. and K.N.R. Sastry. 1989. Indigenous Knowledge about the Use of "Vetiveria zizanioides" for Conserving Soil and Moisture. Unpublished paper, State Watershed Development (SWDC), Podium Block, Visveswaraiah Centre, Bangalore 560 001, India.
+Subramanya, S. and K.N.R. Sastry. 1990. Indian peasants have long used vetiver grass. ILEIA Newsletter March:26.
+Trochain, J. 1940. Contribution a ['etude de la vegetation du Senegal. Memoires de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noir.
+Yoon, P.K. 1991. "A Look-See at Vetiver Grass in Malaysia: First Progress Report." Unpublished report available from author, see Research Contacts.
+<section>D Research Contacts</section>
+In this appendix we list people who are familiar with vetiver and, in some cases, have planting materials available. We hope this will help readers to obtain specific advice and to locate the plant within their own country. It seems likely that nonseedy vetiver can be found in practically every tropical nation, although some inquiring and exploring may be necessary to find it.
+It is important that people wishing to try vetiver locate planting materials in their own regions (rather than importing seed). As has been said earlier, seed will likely lead to seedy plants, and that in turn could produce badly behaved vetivers that do not stay where they are put. One of vetiver's outstanding qualities would therefore be subverted.
+Further, importing living vetiver plants is a very real threat to sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and other crops. Vegetative grass material can carry any of at least 100 pests and plagues. To avoid introducing new pathogens to agricultural crops, all vetiver cuttings or rhizomes must be brought in through your national plant quarantine system.
+The World Bank publishes a list of people who receive the Vetiver Newsletter. This is a good source of up-to-date addresses of vetiver contacts. In addition, individuals have organized local "vetiver networks" in China at the Mountain Erosion Division, Institute of Mountain Disaster and Environment, Chengdu, Sichuan (Zhang Xinbao, Vetiver Network Coordinator) as well as in Thailand at the Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Phaholyothin Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900 (Weerachai Nanakorn, Vetiver Network Coordinator). The members of these networks share ideas, experiences, planting materials, and enthusiasm on a continuing basis. It is an approach that lends itself ideally to this grass-roots form of erosion control and could very well benefit many more nations.
+The following contacts are taken largely from the Vetiver Newletter recipient list of mid-1992. Most of the people listed here have agreed to help readers of this report who contact them.
+Argentina
+Enrique L. Marmillon, Estancias del Coniara S.A., Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto (germplasm; tissue culture)
+Jorge Carlos Permicone, Benito Permicone S.A., Avenida Roque S. Pena 15074, 2740 Arrecifes, Buenos Aires
+Felipe R. Rivelli, Programa de Geologia Ambiental, Escuela de Geologia (Universidad) Las Tipas 697, 4400 Salta, Salta
+Daniel A. Torregiani, Calle 28, No. 579, Department 30F, Mercedes 6600, Buenos Aires
+Australia
+H. Trevor Clifford, Department of Botany, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067
+Deryk G. Cooksley, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 20, South Johnstone, Queensland (germplasm)
+John William Copland, Australian Council on Industrial and Agricultural Research (ACIAR)/AIDAB, Locked Bag No. 40, Jakarta, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, A.C.T. (trials)
+Ian Garrard, Peter Houghton, and R.S. Junor, New South Wales Soil Conservation Service, PO Box 198, Chatswood, New South Wales 2067
+Peter George Harrison, Berrimah Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, PO Box 79, Berrimah 0828, Darwin, Northern Territory (germplasm and trials)
+David Mather, Division of Extension and Regional Operations, Department of Agriculture, PO Box 19, Kununurra, Western Australia 6743 (germplasm)
+Tony O'Brien, Sharnae Research Center, PO Box 171, Kempsey, New South Wales 2440 (germ plasm)
+Kenneth C. Reynolds, Soil Conservation Service, Department of Conservation and Land Management, PO Box 283, Scone, New South Wales 2337 (germplasm and trials)
+Brian Roberts, School of Applied Science, Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education, PO Darling Heights, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350
+B.K. Simon, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068 (other vetivers)
+Pat Thurbon, Dairy Husbandry and Animal Breeding Branch, Department of Primary Industries, 80 Ann Street, PO Box 46, Brisbane, Queensland 4001
+Paul Truong, Soil Conservation Research Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland 4068 (physiology; salt and mineral tolerances; germplasm and trials)
+Leslie Watson, Taxonomy Laboratory, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, PO Box 475, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 (grass database)
+Donald Yule, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 6014, Brisbane, Queensland 4702 (germplasm)
+Bangladesh
+Nazmul Alam, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farm Gate, Dhaka 1215
+Edward Brand, CARE-Bangladesh, House No. 63, Road 7/A, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka
+Zafrullah Chowdhury, Gono Shasthaya Kendra, PO Nayarhat, via Dhamrai, Dhaka 1350
+Bruce Curry, Winrock International, PO Box 6083, Gulshan, Dhaka
+Qazi Faruque Ahmad, Proshika-Manabik Unnayan Kendra, 5/2, Iqbal Road, Mohammadpur, Block A, Dhaka 1207
+Jeffrey Pareria, Caritas Bangladesh, 2 Outer Circular Road, Dhaka 1217
+Barbados
+Calvin Howell, Caribbean Conservation Association, Savannah Lodge, The Garrison, St. Michael
+Belgium
+Marie-Anne Van Der Biest, Flemisch Aid and Development Organization (FADO), Gebr. Van Eyckstraat 27, 9000 Ghent
+Mano Demeure, Socfinco, Place du Champ De Mars 2, 1050 Brussels
+Pierre Galland, OXFAM-Belgique, Rue de Conseil 39, 1050 Brussels
+Belize
+Thomas Post, Christian Reformed World Relief Committee, PO Box 109, Corozal Town (germplasm)
+Benin
+Alabi Isaac Adje, Department of Agronomy, Oil Palm Research Station, PO Box 01, Pobe, Oueme
+Benin Research Station, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), BP 062523, Cotonou
+Ramanahadray Fils, Amenagement Bassins Versants Lutte Contre Les Feux Brousse BP 74, Natitingou (germplasm)
+Deng Shangshi, Department of Rural Water Conservation and Soil Conservation, Cotonou
+Bhutan
+Dhanapati Dhungyel, Essential Oils Program, Department of Agriculture, Mongar, Eastern Bhutan (Indian germplasm and trials)
+K. Upadhyay, Forest Management and Conservation Project, c/o FAO/UNDP, PO Box 162, Thimpu
+Bolivia
+Alfredo Ballerstaedt G., Subproyecto Chimore-Yapacani, Avenida Camacho, La Paz
+Jorge Luis S. Ferrufino, Programa Agroquimico, Corporacion de Desarrollo de Cochabamba (CORDECO), Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Casilla 992, Cochabamba
+Paulino Huanapaco Cahuaya, Centro de Capacitacion Campesina, Avenida Busch 1590, La Paz
+Hernan Z. Hurtado, Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos y Agropecuarios (MACA), La Paz
+Mathieu A.J. Kuipers, S.E.A., Casilla 7265, La Paz (germplasm and trials)
+Botswana
+Bruce J. Hargreaves, National Herbarium, National Museum, PB 00114, Gaborone
+Brazil
+Elvira Maria de Oliveria Regis, Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Ruia Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/p Recife 52-079
+J.M. Spain, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), CPAC Planaltina, Brazilia
+Michael Thung, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), c/o CNPAF/ EMBRAPA, CP 179, Goiania, Goias 74000 (germplasm and trials)
+Brother Urbano, PATAC, CP 282, Campina Grande, Paraiba (germplasm and trials)
+Burkina Faso
+Mahamadou Kone, Oxfam, BP 489, Ouagadougou (germplasm)
+Matthieu Oeudraogo, Oxfam, BP 489, Ouagadougou
+Issoufou Oubda, Project Avv-Fara Poura, 01 BP 524, Ouagadougou 01 (germplasm and trials)
+Burma (Myanmar)
+U Tin Hla, Forest Department, Hsaywa Setyon Street, West Gyogone, Insein, Yangon Myo Kywe, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture, Yezin University, Pyinmana
+Burundi
+Bernard L. Deline, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU), BP 1540, Bujumbura, (germplasm and trials)
+Nkurunziza Francois, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU), BP 795, Bujumbura
+Cameroon
+Enoch N. Tanyi, IRA/ICRAF Agroforestry Project, BP 4230, Yaounde (germplasm)
+Canada
+Malcolm Black, Conservation Service-Canada, Motherwell Building, 19001 Victoria Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan S4P OR5
+John Caraberis, PO Box 370, Pugwash, Nova Scotia, BOK lLO
+Timothy J. Johnson, Institute for Study and Application of Integrated Development (ISAID), 132 Allan Street, Suite 5, Oakville, Ontario L6J 3N5
+Colin and Susan McLoughlin, Aquilex Development Inc., 1135 Connaught Drive, Vancouver, British Colombia V6H 2G9 (germplasm and trials; cold tolerance)
+Cape Verde
+Frances Harris, HDRA/INIA Project, Instituto Nacional De Investigao Agraria (INIA), CP 84, Praia (germplasm and trials)
+Chile
+D. Gabriel Banfi D., Fundo El Gardal, Puchuncavi, Casilla 8130-2, Vina del Mar, Chile (germplasm and trials)
+Carlos A. Irarrazabal, Don Carlos 3171-B, Los Condes, Santiago (germplasm)
+Guillermo A. N. Rueda, Programa Nacional Manejo De Cuencas, Avenida Bulnes 259, Departamento 506, Santiago (germplasm)
+Alejandro M. Yutronic, Empresa Construcion. Fernando Mimica Sambuk, La Lengua 01440, Punta Arenas
+China
+Ding Guanming, 4 Qiaoting Shangjiaojing, Fuzhou, Fujian (germplasm and trials)
+Ding Zemin, Department of Rural Water Conservation and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, PO Box 2905, Beijing
+Jiang Ping, General Forestry Station, Guizhou Forestry Department, No. 48 Yanan Zhou Lu, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou (germplasm and trials)
+Trevor King, Australian Council on Industrial and Agricultural Research (ACIAR), c/o Australian Embassy, Fourth Floor, Office Building, East Lakes Complex, 35 Dongzhimenwai Dajie, Beijing
+Chun-Yen Kuy, Department of Plant Physiology, Testing Station, Wu Hwa County, South China Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Guangdong Province (germplasm and trials)
+Liao Baowen, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong (germplasm and trials)
+Qin Fengzhu, Ministry of Forestry, Hepingli, Beijing
+Qiu Jiye, Agriculture Bureau of Zhejiang Province, 63 Hua Jia Chi, Hangzhou, Zhejiang (germplasm)
+Wang Xiuhao, Jiangxi Agricultural Development Corporation, No. 75, Hongdu Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi (germplasm and trials)
+Xue-ming Wang, Jiangxi Province Bureau of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries, Beijing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi (germplasm and trials)
+Wang Yaozhong, Water and Soil Conservation, Sichuan Provincial Department of Water Conservation, 7 Bingshang Street, Chengdu, Sichuan
+Wang Zi Song, Agricultural Foreign Capital Office, Huang Hua Shan, Tanchen, Jianyang, Fujian (germplasm and trials)
+Xiang Yuzhang, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, PO Box 2905, Beijing (germplasm and trials)
+Xu Daiping, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong (germplasm and trials)
+Feng-yu Zhang, Jiangxi Provincial People's Government, Beijing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi (germplasm and trials)
+Zhang Daquan, Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation, 151, Western Road One, Xian, Shaanxi (germplasm and trials)
+Zhang Guang-ming, China Red Soils Development Project Joint Office, 7 Building Bei Li-Baijia Zhuang, Beijing (germplasm and trials)
+Zhang Xinbao, Mountain Erosion Division, Institute of Mountain Disaster and Environment, Chengdu, Sichuan (China Vetiver Network Coordinator)
+Zheng Dezhang, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong (germplasm and trials)
+Zheng Songfa, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong (germplasm and trials)
+Colombia
+Douglas Laing, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), AA67-13, Valle, Cali (germplasm and trials)
+Werner Moosbrugger, Checua Project, German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTZ/ CAR, AA 100409, Bogota 10 (germplasm and trials)
+Karl Mueller-Saemann, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali, Valle (germplasm and trials)
+Comoros Islands
+Lafrechoux Didier, Training and Extension Unit, VANNA Project, CARE Anjouan, BP 303, Mutsamudu
+Francesco Piccolo, Project Nord-Est Anjouan, BP 346, Mutsamudu
+Costa Rica
+Pedro J. Argel and L. Harlan Davis, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA)/Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado 55-2200, Coronado, San Jose (germplasm and trials)
+C. Buford Briscoe, La Suiza, 7151 Turrialba (germplasm and trials)
+Gerardo Budowski, University for Peace, Apartado 199-1250, Escazu
+Jorge Leon, Apartado 480, San Pedro, Monte de Oca, San Jose
+Rafael A. Ocampo, Centro Agronomica Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Casilla 99, Turrialba 7170
+Cote d'Ivoire
+Jeannine Bugain, Comite internacionale des fesses Africaines pour le developpement, 01 BP 5147, Abidjan 01
+Peter Matron, West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), 01 BP 2551, Bouake
+Paul Perrault, Winrock International, 08 BP 1603, Abidjan 08
+Eugene Terry, West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), 01 BP 2551, Bouake
+Cyprus
+Luigi Guarino International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI, formerly IBPGR), c/o Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 2016, Nicosia
+Denmark
+Thure Dupont, Svanemollevej 54, 2100 Copenhagen (germplasm)
+Ole Hans Christian Olsen, Danagro Adviser A/S, Granskoven 8, 2600 Glostrup (germplasm and trials)
+Dominica
+Michael Didier, Dominica Banana Marketing Corporation, PO Box 24, Charles Avenue, Goodwill
+Dominican Republic
+Jorge L. Armenta-Soto, Caribbean Rice Improvement Network (CRIN), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), c/o Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA) Apartado 711, Santo Domingo
+Joachim Boehnert, Proyecto SEA/DED de Conservacion de Suelos Sistemas Agroforestales, Apartado 34, Mao, Valverde
+Eduardo Latorre, Fundacion Dominicana de Desarrollo, Apartado 857, Santo Domingo
+Lionel Robineau, ENDA-Caribe, Apartado 21000, Huacal, Santo Domingo
+Ecuador
+Ciro G. Cazar Noboa, Centro de Estudios y Accion Social (CEAS), Apartado 242, Riobamba, Chimborazo (germplasm)
+Michael Hermann, Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Moreno Bellido 127 y Amazonas, Casilla 17-16-129-CEQ, Quito
+Miguel A. Jaramillo, La Pradera, KMT 32 Via A La Costa, Guayaquil
+Carlos C. Nieto, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Estacion Experimental Santa Catalina, CP 340, Quito (germplasm)
+Osvaldo Paladines, Fundacion Para El Desarrollo Agropecuario Fundagro, Casilla 1716-219, Quito
+Egypt
+Abdhul El-Aziz Saad, Department of Soil Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo
+El Salvador
+Cecilio Antonio Cortez, Final Avenida FCO Menedez, 54R #1-2, Ahuachapan
+Rodolfo Antonio Olivares M., PRODAGRO, Calle Gabriela Mistral Pje. Colon, No. 13 San Salvador
+England
+Geoffrey P. Chapman, Wye College, University of London, Wye, Near Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH
+Seamus Cleary, Catholic Fund for Overseas Development (CAFOD), 2 Garden Close, Stockwell Road, London SW9 9TY
+P.J.C. Harris, Henry Doubleday Research Association, National Centre for Organic Gardening, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG
+R.M. Jarrold, MASDAR (UK) Ltd., 141 Nine Mile Ride, Finchampstead, Wokingham, Berkshire RG11 4HY (tissue culture germplasm)
+R.P.C. Morgan, Silsoe College, Silsoe, Bedford MK4 5DT
+Steve A. Renvoize, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB(taxonomy)
+Gill Shepard, Social Forestry Network, Overseas Development Institute, Regent's College, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS
+Brian Sims, Latin American Section, Silsoe Research Institute, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4HS
+Ethiopia
+Bebeka Project, Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise, PO Box 6, Gimira, Keffa (germplasm and trials)
+Debela Dinka, Arsi Regional Agricultural Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 388, Asella, Arsi (germplasm and trials)
+Graham Garrod, Shewa PADEP VI Project, PO Box 267, Addis Ababa
+Goma One Coffee Farm, Limu Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise, PO Box 87, Ilubabor, Limu/Agaro (germplasm and trials)
+Goma Two Coffee Farm, Limu Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise, PO Box 238, Ilubabor, Limu/Agaro (germplasm and trials)
+Gumer Coffee Farm, Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise, PO Box 47, Kossa/ Genet (germplasm)
+Kossa Coffee Farm, Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise, Kossa/Genet (germplasm)
+Suntu Coffee Farm, Coffee Plantation Development Enterprise, PO Box 18, Kossa/Genet (germplasm)
+P. Ramanagowda, Institute of Agricultural Research, Sinoma Research Centre, PO Box 208, Bale, Robe
+John Walsh, International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA), PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa
+Meseret Wondimu, Office of Adaptive Research, PCDPID, Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development, Addis Ababa
+Fiji
+Jale Baba, c/o-Fiji Pine Commission, PO Box 521, Lautoka (germplasm and trials)
+Peter Drysdale, 25 Phlugerr, Lautoka (germplasm and trials)
+Jai Gawander and Leon Sugrim, Fiji Sugar Corporation Limited, PO Box 3560, Lautoka (germplasm and trials)
+Wieland Kunzel, Fiji-German Forestry Project, Box 14041, Suva (germplasm)
+Buresova Nemani, c/o M.P.I., PO Box 358, Suva (germplasm and trials)
+Finland
+Seppo Hamalainen, Silvestria, Lapinlahdenkatu 14 B. 00180 Helsinki
+Heikki Rissanen, FINNIDA, Mannerheimintie 15 C, 00260 Helsinki
+France
+Jacques Barrau, Laboratoire d'Ethnobotanique-Biogeographie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57, rue Cuvier, Paris 75231
+Francoise Dinger, Centre national du machinisme agricole du genie rural des eaux et des forets (CEMAGREF), Grenoble Regional Centre Dom. Universitaire, 2 rue de la Papeterie BP 76, Cedex St. Martin-d'Heres 38402 (germplasm)
+Philippe Girard, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT), 45 bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent sur Marne
+Francois V. Rognon, Departement du Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), 42-Rue Schaeffer 75116, Paris
+Bertrand Schneider, The Club of Rome, 17 rue Camille Pelletan, 92290 Chatenay Malabry
+Gambia
+John Fye and Kabir S. Sonko, Soil and Water Conservation Unit, Department of Agricultural Services, Yundum Agricultural Station, Yundum
+Germany
+Wolfram Fischer, Division 404, German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Dag-Hammarskjold-Weg 1-2, 6236 Eschborn
+Bernward Geier, IFOAM General Secretariat, c/o Okozentrum Imsback, 6695 Tholey-Theley
+GITEC Consult GMBH, Bongardstrasse 3, PO Box 320446, 4000 Dusseldorf 30 Ernst Klimm, Klimm & Partner, Forststrasse 7, 5020 Frechen 4 Klaus Schmitt, Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and Environmental Conservation (SPAEC), Langgasse 24/H, 6200 Wiesbaden-l
+Ghana
+Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings, 31st December Women's Movement, PO Box 065 Osu, Accra
+S. Yaovi Dotse, Department of Crop Services, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 14,Tamale (germplasm)
+A.K. Nantwi, Oil Palm Research Institute, PO Box 74, Kusi-Kade
+D.Y. Owusu, Ghana Rural Reconstruction Movement-Yensi Centre, PO Box 14,
+Mampong, Akwapim
+Guatemala
+Mark A. Wilson, Asociacion Share, 5a. Avenida 8-07, Edificio Real Reforma 13B, zone 10, Guatemala City (germplasm and trials)
+Haiti
+Clifford Bellande, CARE-Haiti, BP 773, Port-au-Prince
+IICA/CRIN, c/o Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA), lere Impasse Lavaud, No. 14, Port-au-Prince
+Victor A. Wynne, Haiti Seed Store, Wynne Farm, BP 15146, Petionville (germplasm)
+Honduras
+Jaime E. Rios, Gnomos Farm, AP 46, Sigvatepeque
+Carlos Valderrama, Winrock International, AP 1764, San Pedro Sula Cortes
+Hong Kong
+Ronald D. Hill, Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong (germplasm and trials)
+India
+I.P. Abrol, Department of Soils, Agronomy, and Agroforestry, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, Krishi Bhawan,110001 New Delhi (germplasm and trials)
+Agricultural Research Station, Banswara, Rajasthan
+Agricultural Research Station, Fathepur, Rajasthan
+Agricultural Research Station, Jalore, Rajasthan
+Agricultural Research Station, Kota, Rajasthan
+Agricultural Research Station, Navagaon, Alwar, Rajasthan
+Agricultural Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Bhatinda, Punjab
+Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan
+Jim Alexander and Oktay Yenal, World Bank Resident Mission, PO Box 416, 110011 New Delhi (germplasm and trials)
+P.W. Amin, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishinagar, Akola, 444104 Maharashtra
+S. Ananda, Department of Technology Transfer, Karnataka Welfare Society, PO Box 28, Chikballapu, 562101 Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+M. Aravindakshan, Kerala Agricultural University, District Trichur, Vellanikkara, 680654 Kerala
+A.K. Aron, Kandi Watershed and Area Development, Covernment of Punjab, SCO No. 2449-50, Sector 22-C, Chandigarh, 160022 Punjab
+Govind Marotrao Bharad, Department of Agronomy and Watershed Development, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth (PKV) Agricultural University, Krishinagar, Akola, 444104 Maharashtra (germplasm and trials)
+D.D. Bharamagoudra, Yelavatti, Taluk Shirabatti, District Dharwad, 582117 Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+Ashok Bhatia, Gujarat State Land Development Corporation Ltd., 78, Pankaj Society, Vasana, Ahmedabad, 380007 Gujarat
+Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 Uttar Pradesh (vetiver ecology)
+Patrick Carey, CARE-India, B-28 Greater Kailash-I, 110048 New Delhi
+S.S. Chakraborty, Ramakrishna Mission Lokasiksha Parishad, PO Narendrapur, District 240 Parganas (South), 743508 West Bengal
+Robert Chambers, Administrative Staff College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad, 500049 Andhra Pradesh
+S.S. Chitwadgi, Bharat Forestry Consultancy, 156/A Indrapuri, Bhopal, 462021, Madhya Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+P.N. Chowdary, Watershed Development Team, Department of Agriculture, 2-2-1130/ 19-5, Sivan Road, New Nallakunta, Hyderabad, 500044 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+A.L. Cogle, Soil Division, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru PO, 502324 Andhra Pradesh
+Sham Pa Daitota, Sadashaya Prakashana, Panaje, 574259 Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+R.P. Dange and H.S. Lohan, Kandi Project, I.W.D.P. Hills, Office of Forestry Department of Agriculture, S.C.O. No. 95-97 Sector 17-D, Chandigarh, Haryana (germplasm and trials)
+S.N. Das, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003 Orissa
+S.N. Desai, Mahatama Phule Agricultural University, District Ahmednaagar, 413722 Gujarat
+P.A. Deshmukh, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, 431401 Maharashtra
+P.C. Doloi, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013 Assam
+Johannes M.M. Engels, Regional Office for South and Southeast Asia, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI, formerly IBPGR), c/o Pusa Campus, 110012 New Delhi
+A.L. Fonseca, Delhi Jesuit Society, St. Xavier's, 4 Raj Nivas Marg, New Delhi 110054 (germplasm and trials)
+Konaje Gopalakrishna, Department of Agriculture, 1666 9th Main Road, Wal III Stage, Bangalore, 560008 Karnataka, (germplasm and trials)
+Bharama, Devendra, and Dyamana Gouda, Dharitri Farm, Yelavatti, Chirahatti, Dharwad, 582117 Karnataka (germplasm and organic trials)
+Rajendra Gupta, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (M&AP), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Pusa Campus, 110012 New Delhi (germplasm and breeding)
+T.K. Gupta, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, PO Box Kalyani, Mohanpur District Nadia, 741252 West Bengal
+Shinde Subhash Hanumantrao, Department of Agronomy, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV) University, Rahuri, 413722 Maharashtra
+B.R. Hegde, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560065 Karnataka
+Narayan Ganapa Hegde, Agroforestry Division, BAIF Development Research Foundation, 'Kamdhenu', Senapati Bapat Road, Pune, Maharashtra (germplasm and trials)
+R.K. Hegde, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+M.A. Hussain, Andhra Seeds Corporation, PO Box 135, Hyderabad, 500001 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+Bhaskar Bandu Jadhar, Department of Agroforestry, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra (germplasm and trials)
+Mohammed Abdul Jaleel, Office of Soil Conservation, Department of Agriculture, Mahbubnagar, 509001 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+P.N. Jha, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa-Samastipur, 848125 Bihar
+V.K. Kachroo, Directorate of Agriculture, Srinagar, Kashmir
+P. Kandaswamy, Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore, 641003 Tamil Nadu (germplasm)
+S.P.S. Karwasara, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, 123001 Haryana
+A.A. Khan, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, 834006 Bihar
+M.R. Khajuria, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Department of Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Rajouri, 185131 Jammu and Kashmir (germplasm and trials)
+T.N. Khoshoo, Tata Energy Research Institute, 7 Jor Bagh, 110003 New Delhi
+K. Krishnamurthy, University of Agricultural Sciences, BP No.2477, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560065 Karnataka (germplasm)
+Janaky Krishnan, Department of Botany, Sarah Tucker College, Palayamkottai, V.O.C. District, Tamil Nadu
+A.M. Krishnappa, Operational Research Project, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560065 Karnataka, (germplasm)
+Jha. Mihir Kumar, Pradip Smriti Sansthan, L-40 Road No. 20, Srikrishna Nagar, Patna, 800001 Bihar (germplasm and trials)
+M.G. Lande, Watershed Development and Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Krishi Bhawan Road No. 247-B, New Delhi (germplasm and trials)
+Lemongrass Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Odakkali, Ernakulan District, Kerala (germplasm collection and oil research)
+David L. Madden, U.S. Embassy, Chankyapuri, 110021 New Delhi
+S.V. Majgaonkar, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, District Ratnagiri, Dapoli, 415712 Maharashtra
+M.M.A. Mashady, Office of Forestry, Masheshwaram Project, Vidyanagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+S.C. Modgal, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Nainital, 263145 Uttar Pradesh
+P.G. Moghe, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishinagar, Akola, 444104 Maharashtra
+David Mosse, OX/FAM-South India (Trust), 3, Chelvaroya Mudaliar Road, PB 541, Frazer Town, 560005 Bangalore
+H. Nagaraj, At Post Bedasgaon, Taluk Mundagod, 581346 Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+Tara Nagesh, MAMEOS, Soumya-Soudha, Tirthahally Tq. Shimogadt, Devangi Post, 577415 Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+G.C. Naik, Water Works Road, District Puri, Orissa (germplasm and trials)
+K.S. Nanpuri, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab
+Paladi Laxmi Narayana, Maheshwaram Watershed Development Project, Department of Agriculture, PO Box Tukkuguda Viamankhal, Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+National Agricultural Research Programme, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab
+National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh
+D.P. Nema, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004 Madhya Pradesh
+I.C. Patel, Gujarat Agricultural University, Shahibagh, Ahmedabad, 380004 Gujarat
+R.S. Patil, 'Dharitri,' Shiva, behind Prasad Lodge, Gadag, Karnataka (germplasm and trials)
+V.G. Patil, Rainfed Watershed Project, Manoli Watershed, Government of Maharashtra, Opp. Bank of Baharashtra, Jattar Peth, Akola, 444005 Maharashtra (germplasm and trials)
+V.H. Patil, Agriculture University Regional Agricultural Research Station, PO Karjat, Raigad, 410201 Karjat
+Winin Pereira, 79 Carter Road, Bandra, Bombay, 400050 Maharashtra (germplasm and trials)
+Bala Prasad, H. No. 24-84/56 Indiranagar Colony Lothmunta, Tirumalgiri-Secundarabad, 500015 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+A.G. Raddi, Forestry Project Coordination Cell, New PMT Building, Swargate, Pune, 411042 Maharashtra
+A.K. Rai, Indira Vikas Samity, Indira Path, Hindo 834002 Bihar (germplasm and trials)
+G.S. Rajendra, Rajya Raitha Sangha, Tirthahalli Jaluk Branch, Shimoga Dt., Komandur, 577422 Tamil Nadu
+Rajendra Agricultural University, NE Alluvial Plain Zone Regional Research Station, Agwanpur, Bihar
+Rajendra Agricultural University, NW Alluvial Plain Zone Regional Research Station, Madhopur, West Champarun, Bihar
+Rajendra Agricultural University, South Bihar Alluvial Plain Zone Regional Research Station, Sabour, Bihar
+A. Padma Raju, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Department of Soil Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Karimnagar, Jagtial, 505327 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+R.S. Rana, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, Near NSC Beej Bhawan, 110012 New Delhi
+Adusumilli Narayana Rao, Andhra Pradesh State Council of Science and Technology, 38 Nagarjuna Hills, Punjagutia, Hyderabad, 500482 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+C.S. Rao and N.S. Rao, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, 1-1/103 Jammigadda, Jagtial, 505327 An&ra Pradesh
+M. Singa Rao, Soil Physical Conditions Improvement Project, Agricultural Research Institute, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+Amulya K.N. Reddy, Department of Chemistry, India Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 Karnataka
+Narasa N. Reddy, Canara Bank, Agricultural Consulting Service, 51, Thaper House, 1st Cross, J.C. Road, Bangalore, 560027 Karnataka (germplasm and teals)
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Gassaigaon, Assam
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Krisbi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Morena, Madhya Pradesh
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam (Guntur), Andhra Pradesh
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, North Lakhimpur, 737001 Assam
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Andhra Pradesh
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Shillongani, PB 33, Navgaon, 782001 Assam
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vridhachalam, Tamil Nadu
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh
+Regional Agricultural Research Station, Upper Brahamputra Valley Zone, Titabar, Assam
+Regional Research Station, Basuli (Gorakhpur), Uttar Pradesh
+Regional Research Station, Bymore Plateau and Satpura Hill Zone, Iwa, Madhya Pradesh
+Regional Research Station, Eastern Ghat High Land Zone, Semiliguda, Orissa
+Regional Research Station, Eastern Zone, Haryana Agricultural University, Karnal, Haryana
+Regional Research Station, Nadurai Road, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu
+Regional Research Station, Hukumchand Basia's Building-Nard No. 13, Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh
+Regional Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Mahisapat, Orissa
+Regional Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
+Regional Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Post Ranital, Orissa
+Regional Research Station, Punhabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Punjab Agricultural University, Gurdasiur, Punjab
+Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Kandi, District Gurdaspur, Punjab
+Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu
+Anna Runeborg, Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), c/o Swedish Embassy, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, 110021 New Delhi (germplasm and trials)
+G.S. Sachdev, Ministry of Agriculture, Vindhyachal Bhavan, Bhopal, 462003 Madhya Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+J.S. Samra, Research Centre, Central Soil and Water Conseration Research and Training Institute, Block 3-A, Sector 27-A, Madhya Marg, Chandigarh, Union Territory
+R.N. Saran, R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Sehore, 466001 Madhya Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+K.N. Ranganatha Sastry, State Watershed Development Commission, Podium Block, 3rd Floor, Visvesvarya Centre, Government of Karnataka, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Bangalore, 560001 Karnataka (indigenous knowledege)
+S.N. Saxena, Agricultural Experiment Station Durgapura, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Jaipur, 822562 Rajasthan
+David N. Sen, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Jodhpur, 342001 Rajasthan (saline agriculture; oils)
+Sohan Lac Seth, Watershed Development Council, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Rajendra Prasad Road, New Delhi
+Parmesh Shah, Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, Choice Premises, Swastik Cross Road, Navrangpura, Ahrnedabad, 380009 Gujarat
+R.C. Sharma, Department of Agriculture, Land Development Corporation Limited, Hangallya Complex Nr. Vasna, Ahmedabad, Gujrat (germplasm and trials)
+A. Shastri, Watershed Development Project, 2-3-1130119-5 Vidyonagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+Gurmel Singh, Central Soil and Water Conservation, Research and Training Institute, 218 Kanlagarl Road, Dehra Dun, 248195 Uttar Pradesh
+H.C. Singh, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, 45-B, Gandhinagar-Jammu, Shalimar Bag, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
+R.K. Singh, Narendra Development University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar, Kamarganj, Faizabad, 224001 Uttar Pradesh
+Ranjit Singh, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Palampur, 176062 Himachal Pradesh
+Samar Singh, National Wastelands Development Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Paryavaran Bhavan, B Block-C.G.O. Complex, 110003 New Delhi
+M.V.K. Sivamohan, Administrative Staff College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad, 500049 Andhra Pradesh
+George Smith, Land and Water Engineering, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Pantancheru PO, 504324 Andhra Pradesh
+K.L. Srivastava, Farming Systems Research Program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru PO, 502324 Andhra Pradesh
+S. Subramanian, Regional Research Station, Aruppukkottai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641033 Tamil Nadu
+S. Subramanian, Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur, 613501 Tamil Nadu
+S. Subramanya, Watershed Development Programme, III Floor Podium Block, Visvesvarya Centre, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Bangalore, 560001 Karnataka
+S.C. Trivedi, Himalayan Watershed Project, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Pauri, Uttar Pradesh
+D.K. Uppal, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, 173230 Himachal Pradesh
+V.P.S. Verma, 151 Vasant Vihar-Indiranagar Forest Colony, Dehra Dun, 248006 Uttar Pradesh (germplasm and trials)
+Indonesia
+Amin Aziz, Pusat Pangembangan Agribisnis (PPA), Jalan Tebet Raya 57, Jakarta 12820 Chris Eijeumans, Vetiver Extension Programme, PPW/LTA-77 Development Project, Tromol Pos No. 3, Takengon 24514, Aceh Tengah (germplasm and trials)
+Bambang Ismawan, Yayasan Bina Swadaya, PO Box 1456, Jakarta 10610
+Pusat Pengembangan Kopi, Department of Agroresearch, c/o Section/Soils, The Coffee Development Centre of Aceh Tengah, Lta 77, Jr. Usman, Oekso/Tanah/Acru, Takengon 24582, Aceh Tengah (germplasm and trials)
+Kedar N. Mutreja, ECI-Medan Urban Development Project, Jalan Babura Lama No. 8, Medan, North Sumatra (germplasm and trials)
+Anton Soedjarwo, Yayasan Dian Desa, Jalan Kaliurang km 7, Jurugsari IV, Yogyakarta
+Carol Stoney, Ford Foundation, PO Box 2030, Jakarta
+Bambung Sukartiko, Office of Soil Conservation, Forestry Building, Manggala Wanabakti, Jalan Jend Gatot Subroto, Senayan, Jakarta Pusat
+Dwiatmo Siswomartono, Directorate of Soil Conservation, Ministry of Forestry, Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270
+Sidarto Wardoyo, Research Institute for Estate Crops, Taman Kencana 1, Bogor
+Ireland
+Gregory Dillon, 30 Collins Park, Abbeyfeale, County Limerick
+Israel
+Gerard N. Amzallag, Department of Botany and Applied Plant Physiology, Hebrew University, Guivat Ram 91904, Jerusalem 94551
+Jiftah Ben-Asher, Centre for Desert Agrobiology, Ben Gurion University of Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva
+Ezra Henkin, Ministry of Agriculture, Soil Conservation and Drainage Division, Hakirya, Tel Aviv 61070
+Italy
+Volker Branscheid, Investment Center, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome (germplasm)
+R. Brinkman, Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome
+Geoffry Hawtin, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome
+Gerhard Meier, Caritas Internationalis, Palazzo San Calisto, 120, Vatican City
+Jamaica
+Algernon V. Chin, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA), PO Box 349, Kingston 6
+Joseph R.R. Suah, Hillside Agriculture Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Hope Gardens, Kingston 6
+Japan
+Yuji Fujisawa, International Research Division, Research Council Secretariat, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-2-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100
+Shiro Yoshida, Research and Development Division, Institute of International Cooperation, Japan International Cooperation Agency, International Cooperation Center, 105 Ichigaya Honmura-Cho, Shin Juku-Ku, Tokyo 162
+Kenya
+Rambaldi Giacomo, Lodagri Nairobi Branch, PO Box 67878, Nairobi (germplasm and trials)
+Vernon Gibberd, E.M.I. Soil and Water Conservation Project, Ministry of Agriculture Provincial Agricultural Headquarters, Eastern Province, PO Box 1199, Embu (germplasm and trials)
+Enoch K. Kandie, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 30028, Nairobi
+Simon Muchiru, African NGOs Environment Network (ANEN), PO Box 53844, Nairobi
+C. Ndiritu, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 14733 Nairobi
+Caleb O. Othieno, Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, PO Box 820 Kericho (germplasm and trials)
+Hilda Munyua, Meka Rao, and Pedro Sanchez, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), PO Box 30677, Nairobi (germplasm and trials)
+Jeffrey R. Simpson, Australia-Funded Dryland Project, PO Box 41567, Nairobi
+Kuwait
+Ibrahim M. Hadi, Environment Protection Council, PO Box 24395, Safat
+Laos
+Jean Paul Boulanger, Micro Projects-Luang Prabang, PO Box 3705, Vientiane
+Chanthaviphone Inthavong, Department of Forestry, PO Box 1034, Vientiane
+Walter Roder, LAO-IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) Project, PO Box 600, Luang Prabang
+John M. Schiller, Lao-lRRJ Project, PO Box 4195, Vientiane (germplasm)
+Lebanon
+International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Dalia Building, 2nd Floor, Rue Bashir El-Kassar, Beirut
+Lesotho
+Klaus Feldner, German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), PO Box 988, Maseru 100
+Richard Holden, Soil and Water Conservation and Agroforestry Programme, PO Box 24, Maseru 100
+Madagascar
+Tom Bredero, c/o World Bank, BP 4140, Antananarivo (germplasm and trials)
+Malawi
+Malcolm J. Blackie, Agricultural Sciences, Rockefellar Foundation, PO Box 30721, Lilongwe 3 (germplasm and trials)
+Stephen J. Carr, Christian Services Committee of Malawi, Private Bag 5, Zomba (germplasm and trials)
+Francis W. M'Buka, World Bank Resident Mission, PO Box 30557, Capital City, Lilongwe (germplasm and trials)
+Malaysia
+K.F. Kon, CIBA-GEIGY Agricultural Experiment Station, Locked Bag, Rembau, Negri Sembican 71309 (germplasm and trials)
+Azeez Abdul Ravoop, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100 (germplasm and trials)
+Zulkifli Haji Shamsuddin, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400
+Cheng Hai Teoh and Khairudin bin Hashim, Golden Hope Plantations Berhad, Prang Besar Research Station, Kajang, Selangor 43009 (germplasm and trials)
+Cheriachangel Mathews, North Labis Estate, Labis, Johore 85300 (germplasm and trials)
+Koh Tai Tong, Estate Department, Asia Oil Palm Sdn Bhd, Suite 120 Johor Tower, 15, Jln Geraja, Johor Bahru 80100 (germplasm and trials)
+Ng Thai Tsiung, Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, PO Box 977 Semongok, Kuching, Sarawak 93720 (germplasm and trials)
+P.K. Yoon, Plant Science Division, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Experiment Station, Sungei Buloh, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47000 (germplasm and trials)
+Mali
+West Africa Sorghum Improvement Program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), BP 320, Bamako
+Mauritius
+Jean-Claude Autrey, Plant Pathology Division, Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Reduit (germplasm)
+A. Kisto, National Federated Young Farmer's Club, Royal Road, Phoenix
+T.L. Lamport, Essaims et Essences, Ltd., PO Box 47, Curepipe
+Azad M. Osman, School of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit
+Mexico
+Salvador Gonzalez R., Collegon Trujillo #18, Atotomilco el alto, CP 47750, Jalisco
+Arturo M. Moran, FIRCO, Zaragoza No. 58, Yurecuaro, Michoacan
+Antonio Turrent Ferdinandez, Collegio del Valle, Insurgentes Sur 694-1000, Mexico 03100 D.F. (germplasm)
+Johnathan Woolley, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT), PO Box 6-641, Mexico 06600 D.F.
+Morocco
+International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), BP 6299, Rabat Institute, Rabat
+Nepal
+Thomas Arens, World Neighbors, PO Box 916, Kathmandu (germplasm and trials)
+Suresh Raj Chalise and Tej Partap, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu
+R.N. Deo, Bhairawa Lumbini Groundwater Project, Amchalpur, Bhairawa, Lumbini Zone (germplasm and trials)
+Benedikt Dolf, Helvetas, PO Box 113, Ekanta Kuna, Jawalakhel
+Thakur Giri, Redd Barna-Nepal, PO Box 11, Tansen, Palpa (germplasm and trials)
+Shesh Kanta Kafle, Farm Forestry Project, Institute of Forestry, PO Box 43, Kaski District, Gandaki Zone
+Ram Mishra, Nigel Roberts, and Shambur Kumar Shrestha, World Bank Resident Mission, Kantipath, Kathmandu (germplasm and trials)
+Gerold Muller, Bagmati Watershed Project-IDC, Ekanta Kuna, Jawalakhel, PO Box 730, Kathmandu (germplasm and trials)
+Badri Nath Kayastha, No-Frills Development Consultants (NFDC), Manbhawan, Lalitpur, PO Box 3445, Kathmandu
+S.B. Panday, Central Animal Nutrition Division, Khumaltar, Nepal (chemical analysis)
+Krishna Sharma, Bhairawa Lumbini Groundwater Project, Amchalpur, Taulihawa, Lumbini Zone (germplasm and trials)
+Shambhu Kumar Shrestha, Department of Agriculture, Harihar Bhavan, Pulchowk, Kathmandu (germplasm and trials)
+Franz Thun, German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), PO Box 1457, Kathmandu
+Saryug Pd. Yadav, Community Welfare and Development Society (CWDS), PO Box 5463, Kathmandu (germplasm and trials)
+Netherlands
+H.K. Jain, International Service for National Agricultural Research, PO Box 93375, The Hague 2509 AJ
+Wim Spaan, Department of Land and Water Use, Wageningen Agriculture University, Nieuwe Kanaal II, Wageningen 6709 PA
+Jan Diek van Mansvelt, Department of Ecological Agriculture, Haarweg 333, Wageningen 6709 RZ
+L.J. van Veen, Internationaal Agrarisch Centrum, Lawickse Allee 11, PO Box 88, Wageningen 6700 AB (economics of vetiver oil)
+Netherlands Antilles
+Edward J.M.H. Berben, Department of Agriculture, Eilandgebied Bonaire, PO Box 43 Kralendijk, Bonaire
+New Zealand
+Grant B. Douglas, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Private Bag, Palmerston, North
+John C. Greenfield, 21 Reinga Road, Kerikeri, Northland (germplasm)
+Donald E.K. Miller, Miller Environmental Consultants, 77 Shelley Street, Gisborne Zealand (germplasm and trials)
+Niger
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) BP 12404, Niamey (hedge technology)
+Nigeria
+I. Okezie Akboundu, Division of Weed Science, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan
+Kwesi Atta-Krah, Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa (AFNETA), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan
+Charles C. Ibe, Gully Erosion Afforestation Project, Experimental Research Station, PMB 7011, Umuahia, Abia State (germplasm and trials)
+CIAT/IITA Cassava Program, c/o International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan
+T.E. Ekpenyong, Department of Animal Science, Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa (AFNETA), University of Ibadan, Ibadan
+Sister Elizabeth Fallon, Daughters of Charity St. Vincent De Paul, Reg. House, PO Box 123 Nchia, Eleme, Rivers State
+Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit, PMB 2277, Kanuna, Kaduna State (germplasm)
+Jacob Ibrahim, Sokoto Agricultural Development Project, PMB 2245, Sokoto, Northwestern State
+Osuagwu E. Iyke, Agro-Service Center, PO Box Umunama, Ezinihitte Mbaise, Imo
+B. Kang, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan (germplasm and trials)
+Lawal M. Marafa, Department of Forestry and Agricultural Land Resources, Department of Forestry, Wuse, Zone 1, PMB 135, Abuja, East Central State (germplasm and trials)
+Bernard Nwadialo, Department of Social Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State (germplasm and trials)
+Soneye Alabi S. Okanlawon, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos (germplasm and trials)
+Heanyl Okonkwo, Box 48 Oraifite, Nnewi LGA Anambra State
+Ladance B. Sunday, Ladson Farm, PO Box 954, Osogbo, Osun State (germplasm and trials)
+Elisha D. Yakubu, Land Development Office, Kaduna Agricultural Development Project, PMB 1000, Garaje-Agban, Kagoro, Kaduna State (germplasm and trials)
+Pakistan
+Akhlaq Ali Khan, Hi-Tech Equipment (Private) Ltd., 3/49-AI-Yusuf Cham., Shahrah Liaquat, Karachi
+Jim Campbell, Barani-Agricultural Research and Development, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Lab Wing, PO Box 1785, Islamabad
+International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Arid Zone Research Institute, Brewery Road, Box 362, Quetta
+Panama
+Ricardo Gavidia, Grounds Branch, Panama Canal Commission, Balboa
+Papua New Guinea
+Joe Yalgol Degemba, Simbu Agricultural Extension Support Project, PO Box 568, Kundiawa, Simbu Province
+Friends of the Earth, PO Box 4028, Boroko
+Anton Kaile, South Simbu Rural Development Project (SSRDP), PO Box 192, Kundiawa, Simbu Province
+Ricky Kumung and Vaughan Redfern, Land Utilization Section, Department of Agriculture and Livestock, PO Box 1863, Boroko (germplasm and trials)
+Mark Rosato Mandala, Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific, PO Box 297, Madang
+Peter Metcalfe, c/o PNG Estates Ltd., PO Box 1131, Rabaul
+John B. Mills, The Anisa Foundation, PO Box 26, Rabaul
+Peru
+Andean Bean Research Project, CIAT/IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas, AP 14-0185, Lima 14
+Ernesto Diaz Falconi, Centro de Desarrollo Rural de Chincha, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiron Luis Massaro Gatnau 197, Chincha, Ica
+INIAA/VITA/CIAT Pasture Research Program-Humid Tropics, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agraria y Agroindustrial, AP 558 Pucallpa
+Robert Rhoades, International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 5969, Lima
+Luis Miguel Saravia, Servicio de Apoyo de IRED-AL, Leon de la Fuente 110, Lima 17
+Philippines
+Ebert T. Bautista, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
+Alex G. Coloma, Watershed Management and Erosion Control Project, NIA Campsite, Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija
+Rogelio B. Dael, Upland Agriculture Site Management Unit, Central Visayas Regional Project Office, Bayawan, Negros Oriental (germplasm and trials)
+John Dalton, ACIPHIL, 116 Legaspi Street, P&L Building 2nd Floor, Makati, Metro Manila
+Alma Monica A. de la Paz, Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc., Annex Building Room 2, Jacinto Campus, Ateneo de Davao University, Davao City (germplasm and trials)
+Alois Goldberger, Abra Diocesan Rural Development, Bangued 2800, Abra (germplasm and trials)
+Constancio D. de Guzman, Department of Horticulture, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna
+Jose Galvez, NIA Watershed Act., National Irrigation Administration, ICC Building, Quezon City
+Dennis P. Garrity, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), PO Box 933, Manila 1099 (hedgerow technologies; germplasm and trials)
+Alois Goldberger, Abra Diocesan Rural Development, Regional House Libbog, Bangued, Abra (germplasm and trials)
+Alexander R. Madrigal, Department of Science and Technology-Region 4, Farcon Building, Rizal Avenue, San Pablo City, Laguna (germplasm and trials)
+Leonard Q. Montemayor, Federation of Free Farmers, 41 Highland Drive, Blue Ridge, 1109 Quezon City
+Enriqueta Perino, Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resource (DEHR), College, Laguna
+Robert John Sims, Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology (MOSCAT), Claveria, Misamis Oriental 9004 (germplasm and trials)
+Jose Tabago, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija (germplasm and trials)
+Paul P.S. Teng, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), PO Box 933, Manila 1099 (pathology)
+Ly Tung, Farm and Resource Management Institute (FARMI), Visayas State College of Agriculture (VisCA), Baybay, Leyte 6521-A (germplasm and trials)
+John L. Waggaman, Barrio San Pedro, Bauan, Batangas 4201, (germplasm and trials)
+Terence Woodhead, Department of Soil Physics, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna
+Portugal
+Graham Quinn, Sitio Atlas 179, Garajau, 9125 Canico, Madeira
+Rwanda
+Institut de recherche et de education et developpement (IRED), BP 257, Cyangugu
+Francois Ndolimana, Division of Fertilizers, Ministry of Agriculture, BP 1648, Kigali
+Vincent Nyamulinda, c/o OPYRWA, PO Box 79, Rubengeri (germplasm and trials)
+Saudi Arabia
+John Bowlin, World Bank Field Office, PO Box 5900, Riyadh 11432
+Scotland
+Landwise Scotland, Brig O Lead, Forbes, Alford AB3 8PD
+Keith A. Smith, The Edinburgh School of Agriculture, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG
+Senegal
+Thierno Kane, Federation de associations du Fouta le developpement, BP 3865, Dakar
+Amadou Seck, Rodale International, BP 237, Thies
+Sierra Leone
+Kiets Hall, FAO Agroforestry Project, c/o United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), PO Box 1011, Freetown
+Vijay Wijegoonaratna, ILO Rural Project, c/o UNDP, PO Box 1011, Freetown
+Singapore
+Patrick Y. Durand, Southeast Asia Representative Office, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT), #14-275 Selegie Com., 257 Selegie Road
+Solomon Islands
+Bill Cogger, Principal, National Agricultural Training Institute, Auki, Malaita
+Morgan Wairiu, Dodo Creek Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, PO Box G 13, Honiara
+South Africa
+C.W. Browne, Development Aid, PO Box 384, Pretoria 0001
+Daya Chetty, House of Delegates, Private Bag X0580, Umzinto 4200
+S. Christie, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Private Bag X520,Sabie 1260
+John Erskine, University of Natal, PO Box 375, Pietermaritzburg 3200
+Chris Nicolson, PO Box 11015, Dorspruit 3206
+C. Ntsane, QwaQwa Government, Private Bag X816, Witsishoek 9870
+Noel Oettle, University of Natal, PO Box 375, Pietermaritzburg 3200
+A.J. Pembroke, Botanic Gardens, 70 St. Thomas Road, Durban 4001
+Zoomie Robert, PO Box 405, Umhlali 4390
+Abbas Shaker, Private Bag X5002, Umtata, Transkei
+Rudi Snyman, Agricor, Private Bag X2137, Mmabatho 8686, Bophuthatswana
+Mr. Swanepoel, Ministry of Water and Forestry, Private Bag X9052, Cape Town 8000
+Anthony Tantum, Vetiver Grass Stabilization ce, PO Box 167, Howick 3290 (germplasm and trials)
+P. van Eldik, Board of Control, Potchefstroom University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom
+J.J.P. Van Wyk, Research Institute for Reclamation Ecology, Potchefstroom University Potchefstroom 2520 (germplasm; Eragrostis)
+W.P.J. Wessels, Department of Soil Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600
+South Korea
+Wong Kwon Yong, Department of Agronomy, Seoul National University, Suwon 440-744
+Sri Lanka
+M.B. Adikaram, Nation Builders Association, 48 Hill Street, Kandy
+Godfrey Gunatilaka, Marga Institute, 61 Isipatana Mawatha, Colombo 5
+Roberto Lenton, International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), Digana Village, Digana via Kandy
+Lee Moncaster, CARE-Sri Lanka, Vilasitha Nivasa 2nd Floor, 375 Havelock Road, Colombo 6
+K. Rajapakse, 147/8 Dharmsoka Mawatha, Lewella, Kandy
+L.M. Samarasindhe, NGO Council of Sri Lanka, 380 Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7
+St. Lucia
+Harry Atchinson, c/o St. Lucia Banana Association, Castries
+Gabriel Charles, Tropical Forest Action Programme, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 1537, Castries
+Barton Clarke, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), Windban Research Station, PO Box 971, Castries
+Standley Mullings, Stanthur and Company, Limited, Columbus Square, Castries
+St. Vincent
+Lennox Diasley, Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Agriculture, Kingstown
+Leonard Jack, Caribbean Development Foundation, PO Box 920, Kingstown
+Conrad Simon, Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Agriculture, Kingstown
+Sudan
+Ceasar Kenyi Draku, Extension Department, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 194, Kassala, Eastern Sudan (germplasm and trials)
+Omer Elgoni, Range and Pasture Administration, PO Box 2513, Khartoum
+K.D. Shepherd, Jebal Marra Rural Development Project, PO Box 9010 (K.T.I.), Khartoum
+Abdalla Sulliman Elawad, Islamic African Relief Agency, PO Box 3372, Khartoum
+Sweden
+Karina Francis, Agriculture Division, Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), Birger Jarlsgatan 61, Stockholm S-105 25
+Switzerland
+Christopher Gibbs, Aga Khan Foundation, PO Box 435, Geneva 1211
+Robert Quinlan, International Office, Catholic Relief Services, 11 rue Cornavin, Geneva 1201
+Cyril Ritchie, Esperanza Duran, International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), 13 rue Gautier, Geneva 1201
+Andreas Zoschke, CIBA-GEIGY Agricultural Division-Plant Protection, Basle 4002
+Syria
+Nasrat Fadda, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo
+Taiwan
+C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, 14 Wenchow Street, 5th Floor, Taipei
+Tanzania
+Ted Angen, Selian Agricultural Research Center, Box 6160, Arusha (germplasm and trials)
+Janet Cundall, Cashew Improvement Project, PO Box 608, Mtwara
+Paul Richardt Jensen, Hima-Danida-iringa Soil and Water Conservation Project, PO Box 1187, Iringa (germplasm and trials)
+L. Nshubemuki, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, PO Box 45, Maftinga
+Thailand
+Christoph Backhaus, Thai-German Highland Development Programme, PO Box 67, Chiang Mai 50000
+Biomass Users Network, Regional Office for Asia, PO Box 275, Bangkok
+Arthorn Boonsaner, Watershed Division, Royal Forestry Department, Phaholyothin Road, Bangkok 10900
+Narong Chomchalow, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 (germplasm)
+Tom Drahman, CARE-Thailand, 246/4 Soi, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400
+Bhakdi Lusanandana, Agricultural Land Reform Office, Thanon Katchadamnoen Nok, Bangkok 10200
+Malee Nanakorn, Department of Botany, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900
+Apichai Thirathon, Office of Land Development Region 9, Rim Mae Nam Road, Nakornsawan Tok, A. Muang 60000, Nakornsawan (germplasm and trials)
+Togo
+Boukari Ayessaki, RAFIA, BP 43, Dapaong (germplasm and trials)
+Tchemi Wouro, Ministre du Developpement Rural, Lome
+Trinidad and Tobago
+T. Fergerson, Department of Crop Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Joseph I. Lindsay, Department of Soil Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine
+Selwyn Dardiane, Director of Forests, Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain
+Turkey
+Faik Ahmet Ayaz, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon
+Nazmi Demir, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs, Ankara
+J. Sahin, TUBITAK-DEBCAG, Istanbul Cad. No. 88, Ankara
+Uganda
+Ruth Mubiru, Uganda Women Tree Planting Movement, PO Box 10351, Kampala
+J. Mugwera, Faculty of Agriculture, Makerere University, PO Box 7082, Kampala
+United States
+E.E. Alberts, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research, ARS, USDA, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (quantitative measure of runoff and erosion)
+Aledra Allen, Agriculture Division (ASTAG), Asia-Technical Department, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 (Vetiver Network)
+Horace Austin, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 3737 Government Street, Alexandria, Louisiana 71302
+Deepak Bhatnagar, Food and Feed Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), PO Box 19687, Room 2129, New Orleans, Louisana 70179
+B.B. Billingsley, Coffeeville Plant Material Center, SCS, USDA, Route 3, Box 215A, Coffeeville, Mississippi 38922
+Al ginger, Biomass Users Network, PO Box 33308, Washington, D.C. 20033
+Eugene Le Blanc, 1427 Huey 75, Sunshine, Louisiana 70780 (Sunshine germplasm)
+Mark Le Blanc, Department of Horticulture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (germplasm and trials)
+Geric Boucard, Texarome Inc., Leakey, Texas 78873 (mechanized propagation, planting, and harvesting; agronomy; oil distillation; germplasm)
+John Boutwell, Research and Laboratory Services Division, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, PO Box 25007, Denver, Colorado 80225-0007 (germplasm)
+Pat Boyd, National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Laboratory, Plant Science Institute, ARS, USDA 11601 Old Pond Drive, Glenn Dale, Maryland 20769-9157
+James L. Brewbaker, Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, PO Box 680, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
+Lale Aka Burk, Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063 (vetiver oil chemistry)
+Lewis Campbell, Rural Engineering, West African Agriculture Division, World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 (vetiver in Caribbean)
+Thomas M. Catterson Forestry/Natural Resources, Associates in Rural Development Inc. (ARD), RD #i, Box 44, Clinton, New York 13323, USA (Haiti)
+Carol Cox, Ecology Action, 5798 Ridgewood Road, Willits, California 95490 (germplasm)
+Seth M. Dabney, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, ARS, USDA, PO Box 1157, Oxford, Mississippi 38655 (germplasm and trials)
+Gerrit Davidse, Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 631660299 (taxonomy; vetiver in Central and North America)
+Andre Delgado, Office of International Cooperation and Development (OICD), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Room 220, McGregor Building, Washington, D.C. 202504300
+Kittie S. Derstine, Golden Meadows Plant Materials Center, SCS, USDA, PO Box 2202, Galliano, Louisiana 70354 (germplasm and growth studies)
+James DeVries, Heifer Project International, PO Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203
+Mel Duvall, Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030 (agrostology)
+James Eagan, 26411 Robin Street, Esparto, California 95627 (germplasm)
+Thomas Eisner, Division of Biological Sciences, Seeley G. Mudd Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (chemistry of vetiver oil)
+E.D.M. Fletcher and John Muntz, SIFAT, Lineville, Alabama 36266 (germplasm and trials)
+Connie Fitz, Box 505, Woodstock, Vermont 05091 (vetiver history)
+Donald Fryrear, Big Spring Experiment Station, ARS, USDA, Box 909, Big Spring, Texas 79721 (wind erosion)
+Levi Glover, SCS, USDA, Ft. Valley State College, PO Box 4061, Ft. Valley, Georgia 31030
+Richard G. Grimshaw, Agriculture Division (ASTAG), Asia-Technical Department, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 (Vetiver Network Coordinator)
+Roger Hanson, Tropsoils Program, University of North Carolina, Box 7619, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
+Richard R. Harwood, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1325 (agricultural systems; germplasm)
+Patrick Emeka Igbokwe, Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, PO Box 625, Lorman, Mississippi 39096 (germplasm and trials)
+John Jeavons, Ecology Action, 5798 Ridgewood Road, Willits, California 95490
+Loyd Johnson, Route 3, Box 486, Somerville, Alabama 35670
+Robert J. Joy, SCS, USDA, Box 236, Hoolehua, Molokai, Hawaii 96729 (germplasm and trials)
+W. Doral Kemper, Soil and Water Conservation Program, Plant and Natural Resource Sciences, ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (vegetative hedges)
+Larry Kramer, Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research, ARS, USDA, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (grass hedges in temperate agriculture)
+Stephen Kresovich, Plant Genetic Resource Unit, ARS, USDA, New York State Agricultural Research Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456-0462 (DNA analysis of genetic variation; clonal identification)
+J.H. Krishna, Water Research Center, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands
+David L. Leonard, LUPE Project-Honduras, Department 236, PO Box O25320, Miami Florida 33136 (germplasm and trials)
+Gilbert Lovell, Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, ARS, USDA, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797 (germplasm
+William B. Magrath, Environmental Policy Research Division The World Bank-S-3065 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20433 (economics;
+Dan Mason, Wetland Research Project, PO Box 225, Wadsworth, Illinois 60083 (vetiver wetlands ecology)
+Mike Materne, SCS, USDA, PO Box 16030 University Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (germplasm and trials)
+John Mayernak, New Mexico State University, HCR 30 Box 61, Tucumcari, New Mexico 88401 (germplasm and trials)
+Charles B. McCants, 201 Merwin Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
+Colin McClung, Winrock International, 1611 N. Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209
+Richard N. Middleton, Kabermatten Associates Inc., 2327 Pondside Terrace, Silver Spring, Maryland 20906 (urban flood mitigation and erosion control)
+Keith McGregor, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, ARS, USDA, PO Box 1157, Oxford, Mississippi 38655 (quantitative measure of runoff and erosion)
+Don Meyer, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, ARS, USDA, PO Box 1157, Oxford, Mississippi 38655 (hedge hydrolics)
+Seiichi Miyamoto, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1380 A&M Road, El Paso, Texas 79927 (physiology; salt and mineral tolerances; germplasm)
+R. Muniappan, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96913 (germplasm and trials)
+Mary Musgrave, Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology, Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (stress physiology and water-logging)
+Charles Owsley, Americus Plant Materials Center, SCS, USDA, Route 6, Box 417, Americus, Georgia 31709
+James H. Perkins, South Texas Plant Material Center, SCS, USDA, Texas A&I University, Kingsville, Texas 78363 (germplasm and trials)
+J.S. Peterson, National Plant Materials Center, SCS, USDA, Building 509, BARC East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (germplasm; botany)
+Kathleen Plavcan, Pfizer Corporation, 630 Flushing Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11206 (chemisty)
+Hugh Popenoe, International Program in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (germplasm and trials)
+Martin L. Price, Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization (ECHO), 17430 Durrance Road, North Fort Myers, Florida 33917 (technical advice and locating germplasm)
+Errol G. Rhoden, 308 Milbank Hall, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088 (germplasm and trials)
+Jerry C. Ritchie, Hydrology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Building 265 Room 205, BARC East, Beltsville Agricultural Research Station, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
+Herbert Ross, SCS, USDA, Alabama A&M University, PO Box 183, Normal, Alababama 35762
+John M. Safley, Ecological Sciences, SCS, USDA, PO Box 2890, Washington, D.C. 20013
+J. Eric Scherer, National Plant Materials Center, SCS, USDA, Building 509, BARC East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (germplasm)
+David Schumann, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398
+W. Curtis Sharp, National Plant Materials Laboratory, SCS, USDA, PO Box 2890, Washington, D.C. 20013
+Holly Shimizu, U.S. Botanic Gardens, First and Canal Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20024 (germplasm)
+John Silvius, Cederville College, Cederville, Ohio 45314
+Jackie L. Smith, Directorate of Engineering and Housing, ATTN: AFZX-DE-E, U.S. Army, Fort Polk, Louisiana 71459-7100
+James Smyle, Agriculture Division (ASTAG), Asia-Technical Department, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 (Vetiver Network)
+Edward D. Surrency, SCS, USDA, 355 E. Hancock Avenue, Box 13, Athens, Georgia 30601
+Prabmakar Tamboli, East Asia Pacific Agricultural Operations (EA3AG), World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 (germplasm and trials)
+Grant Thomas, Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506 (vegetative barriers)
+Suresh C. Tiwari, Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi 39096
+B. Dean Treadwell, Sove Te Haiti, PO Box 407103, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33340 (germplasm and trials)
+Arnold Tschanz, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Federal Building Room 625, 6505 Bellcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782
+Goro Uehara, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, 1910 East-West Road, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
+Remko Vonk, Agriculture and Natural Resources, CARE, 660 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016
+Howard Waterworth, National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 11601 Old Pond Drive, Glenn Dale, Maryland 20769
+James A. Wolfe, SCS, USDA, Federal Building Suite 1321, 100 West Capitol Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39269 (germplasm and trials)
+Vietnam
+Dang Thanh Binh, Office Manager of Rural Development, Department of Agricultural Development, State Bank of Vietnam, Hanoi
+William John Leith, Plantation and Soil Conservation Project, Vietnam-Sweden Forestry Cooperation Programme, c/o Interforest, Bai Bang, PO Box 1226, Nana P.O., Bangkok 10112, Thailand (germplasm)
+Bui Quang Toan, NIAPP Office, 6 Nguyen cony Tru, Hanoi
+Western Samoa
+Tupuala Tavita, Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries, PO Box 3017, Apia
+Yemen
+Mohammed Surmi, PO Box 3816, Sana
+Zambia
+Glenn Allison, District Development Support Program, PO Box 450148, Mpika (germplasm and trials)
+George Richard Gray, Masstock (Zambia) Ltd., PO Box 34756, Lusaka (germplasm and trials)
+Msanfu Research Station, Msanfu (germplasm)
+Zimbabwe
+David Pell Goodwin, Department of Surveying, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare (germplasm and trials)
+Jano L. Labat, Sugar Cane Farm, Chiware Holdings Put Ltd., PO Box 14, Chiredzi (germplasm and trials)
+A.R. Maclaurin, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare
+Matopos Research Station, Department of Research and Special Services, PB K 5137, Bulawayo (germplasm)
+Anthony O'Brien, Henderson Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, PB 2004, Mazowe (germplasm)
+David Scott, Chipinga Farm, Chipinga (germplasm and trials)
+H. Vogel, Conservation Tillage Sustainable Crop Production Service-German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), PO Box 415, Borrowdale, Harare
+John Wilson, Fambidzanai Training Centre, PO Box 8515, Causeway, Harare (germplasm and trials)
+<section>E Biographical Sketches</section>
+NORMAN BORLAUG (Chairman) is a consultant in the Office of the Director General, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) in Mexico City and a professor at Texas A&M University. A specialist in wheat breeding, agronomy, plant pathology, and other areas, he is one of the best-known spokesmen and ambassadors for tropical agriculture. He is particularly renowned for creating the high-yielding wheat varieties that have transformed the grain supplies of India, Pakistan, and other nations. A native of Cresco, Iowa, he is now a citizen of both the United States and Mexico and is the recipient of more than 30 honorary degrees. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.
+RATTAN LAL has been a member of the department of agronomy at Ohio State University since 1987. In 1968 he received his Ph.D. in agronomy (soil physics) from Ohio State University. From 1969 to 1987, he worked as a soil physicist and coordinator of upland production systems with the International institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. His research interests include soil erosion and its control, soil structure and management, soil compaction and drainage, ecological impact of tropical deforestation, viable alternatives to shifting cultivation, and sustainable management of soil and water resources.
+DAVID PIMENTEL is professor of insect ecology and agricultural sciences at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. He received his Ph.D. in entomology from Cornell in 1951 and was chief of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) tropical research laboratory in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and project leader of the USPHS technology development laboratory in Savannah, Georgia, before joining the department of entomology and limnology at Cornell. His particular interests are ecosystems management and pollution control, energy and land resources in the food system, and pest control. He has served as both chairman and member of numerous panels and committees of the National Research Council, including some on biology and renewable resources, agriculture and the environment, and innovative mosquito control. He served as chairman of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development from 1975-1980 and of the Environmental Studies Board of the National Research Council from
+HUGH POPENOE is professor of soils, agronomy, botany, and geography, and director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his Ph.D. in soils science from the University of Florida in 1960. Since then his principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. His current interests include improving indigenous agricultural systems of small landholders, particularly with the integration of livestock and crops. Currently, he is on the international advisory committee of the National Science Foundation and serves as U.S. board member for the International Foundation of Science.
+NOEL D. VIETMEYER, study director and technical writer for this study, is a senior program officer of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science and technology that are important for the future of developing countries.
+<section>The BOSTID Innovation Program</section>
+Since its inception in 197O, BOSTID has had a small project to evaluate innovations that could help the Third World. Formerly known as the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI), this small program has been identifying unconventional developments in science and technology that might help solve specific developing country problems. In a sense, it acts as an "innovation scout"- providing information on options that should be tested or incorporated into activities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
+So far, the BOSTID innovation program has published about 40 reports, covering, among other things, underexploited crops, trees, and animal resources, as well as energy production and use. Each book is produced by a committee of scientists and technologists (including both skeptics and proponents), with scores (often hundreds) of researchers contributing their knowledge and recommendations through correspondence and meetings.
+These reports are aimed at providing reliable and balanced information, much of it not readily available elsewhere and some of it never before recorded. In its two decades of existence, this program has distributed approximately 350,000 copies of its reports. Among other things, it has introduced to the world grossly neglected plant species such as jojoba, guayale, leucaena, mangium, amaranth, and the winged bean.
+BOSTID's innovation books, although often quite detailed, are designed to be easy to read and understand. They are produced in an attractive, eye-catching format, their text and language carefully crafted to reach a readership that is uninitiated in the given field. In addition, most are illustrated in a way that helps readers deduce their message from the pictures and captions, and most have brief, carefully selected bibliographies, as well as lists of research contacts that lead readers to further information.
+By and large, these books aim to catalyze actions within the Third World, but they usually are useful in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other industrialized nations as well.
+To date, the BOSTID innovation project on underexploited Third World resources (Noel Vietmeyer, director and scientific editor) has produced the following reports.
+Ferrocement: Applications in Developing Countries (1973). 104 pp.
+Mosquito Control: Perspectives for Developing Countries (1973). 76 pp.
+Some Prospects for Aquatic Weed Management in Guyana (1974). 52 pp.
+Roofing in Developing Countries: Research for New Technologies (1974). 84 pp.
+An International Centre for Manatee Research (1974). 38 pp.
+More Water for Arid Lands (1974). 165 pp.
+Products from Jojoba (1975). 38 pp.
+Underexploited Tropical Plants (1975). 199 pp.
+The Winged Bean (1975). 51 pp.
+Natural Products for Sri Lanka's Future (1975). 53 pp.
+Making Aquatic Weeds Useful (1976). 183 pp.
+Guayule: An Alternative Source of Natural Rubber (1976). 92 pp.
+Aquatic Weed Management: Some Prospects for the Sudan (1976).57 pp.
+Ferrocement: A Versatile Construction Material (1976). 106 pp.
+More Water for Arid Lands (French edition, 1977). 164 pp.
+Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics (1977).123 pp.
+Natural Products for Trinidad and the Caribbean (1979). 50 pp.
+Tropical Legumes (1979). 342 pp.
+Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production (volume 1, 1980). 249 pp.
+Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981). 126 pp.
+Sowing Forests from the Air (1981). 71 pp.
+Producer Gas: Another Fuel for Motor Transport (1983). 109 pp.
+Producer Gas Bibliography (1983). 50 pp.
+The Winged Bean: A High-Protein Crop for the Humid Tropics (1981). 58 pp.
+Mangium and Other Fast-Growing Acacias (1983). 72 pp.
+Calliandra: A Versatile Tree for the Humid Tropics (1983). 60 pp.
+Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983). 42 pp.
+Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983). 69 pp.
+Little-Known Asian Animals With Promising Economic Future (1983). 145 pp.
+Casuarinas: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees for Adverse Sites (1983). 128 pp.
+Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop (1983). 90 pp.
+Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop (Second edition, 1984). 110 pp.
+Jojoba: A New Crop for Arid Lands (1985). 112 pp.
+Quality-Protein Maize (1988). 112 pp.
+Triticale: A Promising Addition to the World's Cereal Grains (1989). 113 pp.
+Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation (1989). 427 pp.
+Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1991). 468 pp.
+Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (1992). 151 pp.
+Vetiver: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion (1992).
+Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 1-Grains (1992).
+Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 2-Cultivated Fruits (1992).
+Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 3-Wild Fruits (1992).
+Lost Crops of Africa: Volume Vegetables (In preparation)
+Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 5-Legumes (In preparation)
+Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 6-Roots and Tubers (In preparation)
+Foods of the Future: Tropical Fruits (In preparation)
+Foods of the Future: Tropical Fruits to Help the World (In preparation)
+<section>Board on Science and Technology for International Development</section>
+ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, External Affairs, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman
+Members
+PATRICIA BARNEs-McCONNELL, Director, Bean/Cowpea CRSP, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
+JORDAN J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.
+BARRY BLOOM, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
+JANE BORTNICK Assistant Chief, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
+GEORGE T. CURLlN, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
+DIRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Science Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
+RALPH HARDY, President, Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc., Ithaca, New York
+FREDERICK HORNE, Dean, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
+ELLEN MESSER, Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
+CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, MCI Pharma, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
+JAMES QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
+VERNON RUTTAN, Regents Professor, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
+ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
+ERNEST SMERDON, College of Engineering and Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
+GERALD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C., ex officio
+JAMES WYNGAARDEN, Chairman, Office of International Affairs, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b14age.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b14age.key
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+AGROFORESTRY
+DESERTIFICATION
+LAND USE
+SPECIES
+WEST AFRICA
+SAHEL
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b14age.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b14age.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<title>Agroforestry in the West African Sahel (1984)</title>
+RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS
+Edited in 1984
+NOTE FROM THE LIBRARY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CD-ROM 1.1 EDITORS: THIS BOOK HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN 1984. IT IS INCLUDED ON THE CD-ROM FOR ITS HISTORICAL VALUE AND EXAMPLES OF WHICH MANY STILL APPLY TODAY. OF COURSE SOME SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OR POLICY PROPOSALS COULD BE -PARTLY- OUTDATED TODAY DUE TO THE RAPID SCIENTIFIC EVOLUTIONS. WE REFER TO MORE RECENT STUDIES FOR DETAILS RELATING TO MORE RECENT FINDINGS.
+Advisory Committee on the Sahel Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council United States of America
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+Exploitation of natural riches necessary to humanity's material welfare must not damage our ecosystem as its equilibrium is vital to mankind. The African man knows this well for he has signed a pact with Earth and Nature for many a millennium.
+His Excellency Mr. Abdou Diouf
+President of the Republic of Senegal
+Statement on conservation
+IUCN Bulletin 1982
+ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE SAHEL
+LEONARD BERRY, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, Chairman
+EDWARD AYENSU, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, Vice Chairman
+MOUNKEILA Assistant Director, Forest Service, Ministry of Rural Development, Niger
+FRANCIS LeBEAU, Agricultural Consultant, Crystal Springs, Mississippi, USA
+FRED WEBER International Resources Development and Conservation Services, Boise, Idaho, USA
+STUDY STAFF, BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
+FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
+CAROL CORILLON, Writer/Research Associate
+JEFFREY GRITZNER, Professional Associate
+CONTRIBUTORS
+JOHN RAINTREE, Senior Research Scientist, International Council for Research in 4 Agroforestry Nairobi, Kenya
+JAMES THOMSON, Natural Resources Management Consultant, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
+HANS-JURGEN VON MAYDELL, Institute for World Forestry, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
+<section>Preface</section>
+The Advisory Committee on the Sahel was created in 1978 by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, at the request of the U. S. Agency for International Development. The committee's work has focused on environmental rehabilitation and development in the Sahel.
+In an effort to formulate a long-term environmental strategy for the Sahel, the committee conducted two studies under its current 18-month grant: one on environmental rehabilitation in the West African Sahel (see National Research Council 1983) and one on agroforestry in the West African Sahel. This report provides an overview of agroforestry in the Sahel today, the basic problems that are encountered in the current practice of agroforestry, and the opportunities that are available to donors such as the Agency for International Development, to promote agroforestry in the region.
+"Agroforestry" or, more properly, agro-silvo-pastoralism, is a new term for the old practice of growing woody plants with agricultural crops and/or livestock on the same land. Unlike people in many areas of Africa, rural Sahelians have long practiced agroforestry. Agricultural crops such as millet, sorghum, maize, cowpeas, and groundnuts are often grown by Sahelian farmers under a park of Acacia albida (apple-ring acacia, or gag), precisely because the farmers realize that they will reap better harvests when they plant their crops in close proximity to A. albida stands. Indeed, the answer to the Hausa riddle, "Where does the growing season go during the dry season, and the dry season go during the growing season?"--"Into the Acacia albida"--reflects the intimate relationship between this tree and the agricultural systems of the region. Other species, such as Acacia senegal, are similarly valued.
+There is ample evidence that traditional agroforestry is a very efficient system. However, although studies on the symbiotic relationship existing among trees and crops and animals have been undertaken over the last several decades (for example, research at the Agricultural Research Center at Bambey, Senegal, on the benefits of Acacia albida was carried out as early as the late 1930s), why this system of intercropping is so beneficial and works so well is not fully understood.
+Although more research on agroforestry is needed, certain generalizations can be made. Vegetative cover and biological diversity are not only essential to the maintenance of a stable environment, they are also important to the maintenance of stable agricultural systems. While monocultural cropping can be extremely productive, it requires complex management, heavy input of fertilizer to replace the continual drain of nutrients, and careful attention to outbreaks of disease or predation which can destroy an entire crop. Mixtures of species, however, can produce a variety of products, can better assure food sufficiency, and are much more resistant to disease and moisture stress than are simpler systems. Moreover, the complex root structure of the diverse species that constitute agroforestry systems assists in retrieving nutrients from deep in the soil, holds moisture, and reduces erosion.
+While agroforestry is a way of life to the Sahelian agriculturalist, from the Groundnut Basin in Senegal to the Waday region of Chad, development experts are still divided on what works best, what direction future efforts should take, ant what basic problems and potential solutions exist. The differences in opinion appear to be due to the diversity that exists across the Sahel, not only in the physical environment but also in traditional use patterns and--a point often overlooked--government policies, efforts, laws, and regulations, and their enforcement. It is therefore not surprising that various specialists have arrived at different and sometimes conflicting conclusions, depending on their particular field of expertise and where they have gained their experience. The report reflects these differences and attempts to give a balanced overview of an emerging field of study.
+In order to gain a broad understanding of what agroforestry is and how it can be used in the Sahel, we felt it was important to look at the theory and principles on which it is based and its practical application. The following people contributed to this effort.
+HANS-JURGEN von Maydell of the Institute for World Forestry was asked to describe the potential for agroforestry in the West African Sahel and to recommend tree and shrub species appropriate for agroforestry systems in the region. James Thomson, a natural resources management consultant, contributed background information on social and institutional factors to be considered in designing and implementing agroforestry projects. John Raintree of the International Council for Research in Agroforestry provided a systematic approach to project identification, which appears as Appendix B. In preparing this report, the committee has drawn heavily on the material provided by these experts.
+A draft of this report served as a resource document for a regional agroforestry workshop held in Niger in May-June 1983. The comments and observations of several participants in the workshop are reflected here, The contributions of J. D. Keita of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and Marilyn Hoskins of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, were particularly helpful.
+This study has also benefited from the knowledge and experience of others familiar with the Sahel. Committee members Fred Weber and Francis LeBeau enriched the content of our meetings and the final report with the practical insights of some 40 years of experience with environmental and agricultural issues in the Sahel. Robert Fishwick of the World Bank, consulting geographer Peter Freeman, George Taylor II of the Agency for International Development, Jeff Romm of the University of California at Berkeley, and Peter Ffolliott of the University of Arizona provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the report. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the contributions of the many Sahelians and representatives of regional organizations and international assistance agencies whom we consulted in the course of this study.
+In evaluating and synthesizing these diverse opinions and experiences, we relied greatly on the knowledge and analytical skills of our staff members, Jeffrey Gritzner and Carol Corillon, who contributed to both the substance and quality of this report. We were also assisted in many ways by others. Michael G. C. McDonald Dow attended our meetings and made important intellectual contributions bashed on his years of experience in the Sahel. Alverda Naylor willingly and capably performed the many clerical tasks necessary for the completion of the study. We are indebted to Sherry Snyder for her perseverance and diligent efforts in editing the report. Cheryl Bailey typed various drafts, and Irene Martinez prepared the final version for publication.
+Leonard Berry
+Chairman
+Advisory Committee on the Sahel
+<section>Overview</section>
+Traditional systems of agroforestry in the Sahel represent highly sophisticated approaches to food production in regions characterized by extremely variable precipitation, high temperature, often nutrient-poor soils, a variety of crop diseases, and crop predators such as granivorous birds, rodents, and locusts, which can dramatically reduce harvests.
+Traditional Sahelian agroforestry systems are structurally arrayed in such a manner that leaf area indices are relatively high, resulting in correspondingly high photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production. Many of the traditionally important grain crops in the region, such as sorghum and millet, are C4-pathway crops, which are capable of converting very high light intensities into growth more efficiently than is possible in exotic C3 crops such as wheat and rice.
+These systems of agroforestry are also efficient in locally modifying temperatures and in intercepting rainfall, facilitating infiltration, and maintaining satisfactory soil moisture levels. This, among other benefits, reduces moisture stress in plants and regulates soil temperature fluctuations and soil-water relationships, thereby assuring the survival of critical soil organisms such as nitrogen fixing rhizobial bacteria. Perennials contribute to the enrichment of the agricultural systems through nutrient cycling and help control wind and water erosion. The use of Acacia albida in traditional Sahelian systems is illustrative of the important contributions made by woody perennials to agricultural production in the region.
+In the past, Sahelian agricultural systems had greater crop diversity. This diversity resulted in higher levels of assured food availability, because the differing requirements of the various crops and the selectivity of most crop diseases and predators prevented the magnitude of losses that can occur in the less complex mono cropped systems. The range of products, in addition to food, included fodder, fuel, gum, resin, tannin, and medicinal products. Because the annual and perennial crops included in agroforestry systems characteristically are harvested at different times, labor inputs are distributed over longer periods.
+In many areas of the Sahel, shifts to mono cropping and open-field cultivation have resulted in lower potential productivity, reduced ground water recharge, disruptions of soil ecology and nutrient cycling, and increased soil erosion. Because these shifts in cultivation practices have been accompanied by widespread environmental degradation in the region and the loss of native plants and animals that have traditionally served as alternative sources of food in the event of crop failure, rural Sahelian populations have become progressively less self-reliant and more vulnerable to natural hazards, such as drought, and to economic adversity.
+This report provides an overview of traditional Sahelian production systems and explores approaches by which modern science and technology can complement the knowledge and experience of rural Sahelian populations in developing more dependable, resilient, and socially acceptable agricultural systems.
+<section>Chapter 1: Desertification in the Sahel</section>
+"Sahel" has become a synonym for environmental degradation and the desperate struggle for survival in a region losing its carrying capacity through a series of severe drought years and the destructive impact of human activity on natural resources, a process commonly termed desertification. In this case, desertification, or desert encroachment, does not refer to the southward extension of the Sahara Desert but to the formation and expansion of desert like patches around cities, villages, wells, and other centers of concentrated activity.* In this report, the term "Sahel" is broadly applied to the semiarid Sudano-Sahelian zone. Areas receiving between 400 and 750 mm of precipitation are emphasized.
+CLIMATE
+While water deficiency can be addressed by instituting a variety of more environmentally sound water use and conservation practices, it remains, nevertheless, the key limiting factor for life in the Sahel.
+Rainfall distribution patterns are highly irregular in time and space. The rainy season generally lasts from July to October, with an average of 24 rainfalls, 10-12 of which occur in August. Rainfall intensities range from 5 mm to over 50 mm per event. While 5 mm of rainfall are considered effective for wild and cultivated plants, 20 mm or more are required to produce the surface runoff essential for filling,temporary and permanent water holes and replenishing ground water reserves. Figures 1 and 2 show mean annual precipitation and associated vegetation types in the Sahel.
+The climate is further characterized by high diurnal temperature fluctuations and low relative humidity. During the "cool" dry season, from November to February, daytime temperatures often peak above 38°C and fall to 12°C during the nighttime, with relative humidity averaging 15-25 percent during the day and 40-50 percent at night. During the "hot" dry season, from March to mid-July, temperatures commonly exceed 43°C during the day and drop as low as 17°C at night. During the rainy season, from July to October, temperatures range from 35°C during the day to 22°C at night, with relative humidity from 95 to 60 percent. Thus considerable moisture is lost through evaporation. In addition, the harmattan--a dry northeasterly wind--occurs frequently from November through February, causing considerable desiccation and wind erosion.
+IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY
+In addition to the effects of climate on the Sahel's fragile environment, man and livestock also play major roles in desertification. Even where an ecological balance exists among man, animals, and the surrounding natural vegetation--as existed throughout the Sahel a few generations ago--extensive deterioration will generally occur when population pressures exceed a critical level. As a result of a growth rate of 2.6 percent, the population has almost doubled in the last 20 years. By the end of this century, the present population will have doubled again.
+With increases in human populations have come increases in herds of cattle and small ruminants and changes in the traditional land use patterns of various ethnic groups. Herders, who once were predominantly nomadic, tend to settle around permanent sources of water in villages and even in towns. They remain with their herds in the northern part of the Sahel throughout the year, whereas formerly they migrated southward to more favorable pastures during the dry season. A network of deep wells, powered by diesel engines, has tapped fossil ground water resources to make water available throughout the year in many areas where it was not previously assured. The net result has been a rapid increase of herds of cattle and small ruminants (Figure 3). As many as 20,000 head of livestock are often concentrated within a few kilometers around wells. The locally available vegetation on which they depend has already been over exploited, degraded, impoverished, and, in fact, has largely
+disappeared, leaving desert like "islands" around the wells.
+The destruction of the herbaceous or grass layer, as a result of overgrazing and trampling by herds, marks the beginning of desertification. Plants die and their roots no longer hold the thin topsoil, which is washed or blown away. Fine clay particles spread over bare patches during the short rainy season, causing surface hardening and sealing. Seeds cannot penetrate these hardened surfaces.
+FIGURE 3 Cattle herds have increased rapidly in the Sahel, and in many areas their numbers now exceed the carrying capacity of the pasturelands. IFC/WORLD Bank Photo by K. M. Ibrahim)
+Frequently these patches are covered by stagnant water for extended periods during the rainy season. Because of the destruction of the topsoil cover and loss of organic matter, rains are no longer absorbed where they fall but drain toward lower lying areas, causing the slow but certain death of trees and shrubs due to lack of water or, where it accumulates, to waterlogging. In some areas, the process of degradation continues until the ability of the soils to retain water is almost completely lost.
+Even where there is little wind, terrain is flat, and soils are too sandy to cause runoff, continuous farming of the same fields will eventually deplete the soils to such an extent that the land will have to be abandoned or revegetated unless specific steps are taken to maintain or increase soil fertility. While the revegetation of barren flats is extremely costly, fencing off endangered areas for 3-5 years during the initial phases of degradation can lead to an astonishing recovery of the vegetative cover.
+Advanced farming technology can also accelerate degradation. For example, the removal of stumps, indiscriminate and more complete land clearing, and the use of machinery for deep plowing or frequent pillage expose ever larger areas of land to wind and water erosion. The introduction of cash crops such as cotton requires more thorough land clearing and places higher nutrient demands on the soil. Mechanized transport (even bicycles or donkey carts) permits local farmers to reach more land and makes possible the transport of firewood or charcoal over longer distances. Livestock improvement activities require more grazing resources, and irrigated agriculture requires more water.
+A final cause of degradation is migration. People of the Sahel and Sudan are mobile by tradition. During the last few decades, however, there has been a steady movement from rural lands toward central settlements, causing rapidly increasing pressure on natural resources in the vicinity. Firewood has been drastically over exploited within a range of about 100 km around many capital cities, resulting in a severe energy crisis. Moreover, many young people are leaving the Sahel to try to make a living in urban centers along the Nest African coast. This exodus is severely draining the area of capable manpower and is reflected in a reduction in the numbers of agricultural workers in the Sahel.
+RESOURCE CONSERVATION MEASURES
+The concept of carrying capacity is useful in looking at development or conservation issues since the limits of the available natural resource base cannot be ignored. It is encouraging that a margin still exists between actual and potential production capacities and that locally appropriate resource management options can be pursued through changes in land allocation and land use. When examining resource conservation measures, the following objectives should be considered:
+· Providing people with adequate supplies of basic goods and services
+· Conserving those resources that still exist
+· Increasing the region's long-term sustained carrying capacity.
+Long and often disappointing experience has conclusively shown that any conservation activity, to be applicable, must be understood and accepted by the local population. Without the willingness of villagers to cooperate and eventually integrate whatever technique is introduced into local farm and land use practices, any idea, regardless of how valuable it might be, simply will not take hold. Because it is the rural, local people who ultimately decide the feasibility of any new idea, the following criteria must be taken into account.
+First, the intervention must be technically sound and must focus on such factors as the limited amounts and irregularity of rain and the periodic occurrence of drought years. Rainfall, though infrequent and irregular, is often a direct result of violent, local convectional storms of short duration and high intensity. Under such circumstances even small watersheds or catchment areas yield sharp, high peak flows. Spillway capacity of improvement efforts has to be large, as these short, high-volume flows carry unusually large amounts of sediment, which can quickly destroy inadequately designed water control structures. Terraces intended to control water erosion must accommodate such flows, or they will rapidly wash out. Rainfall quantities and distribution patterns, compared with those of temperate zones, are extremely erratic. Mean annual precipitation is little more than a general indicator. Rainy seasons that are above or below average are frequent (Katz and Glantz 1977).
+Second, investments in agricultural development activities must be appropriate to local skills, techniques, and tools. Projects relying on heavy equipment, expensive commodities, and outside technical assistance require such a large capital outlay that there is little chance the project can be replicated or continued by the local people once outside help has ceased.
+Third, proposed activities will almost certainly require some changes in and adaptation to the existing local socioeconomic framework. Increased production and higher returns are not the only criteria used in calculating whether a new idea or technique is worthwhile to all concerned. In fact, local farmers may be more interested in protection against "downside risks" than in a chance to gain higher returns.
+Fourth, to be successful from an institutional point of view, the interventions considered should be compatible with the existing political thought in the region of concern.
+Finally, cultural values, including those dealing with traditional patterns of tenure and use of land and natural vegetation, are deep-rooted and reflect generations of experience. Modifying animal herding practices in ways that appear minor to outside project designers may well be the focal point of resistance on which an entire scheme may founder. Cultural attitudes and inflexibility may prove insurmountable in many other ways: restrictive definitions of the role of women, reluctance to abandon seasonal migration, traditional views of land tenure, or open grazing rights can pose serious obstacles to an otherwise well-designed conservation project.
+Conservation measures, within these practical limits, are outlined below; agroforestry and related efforts are underlined. (For specific agroforestry techniques, see Chapter 4.)
+1. Increased soil fertility
+a. Introduction of Acacia albida or other leguminous treesinto farm fields
+b. Cover crops, farm management (rotation)
+c. Manure, compost, residue
+d. Tree crops, combined with agricultural crops (Taungya)
+2. Revegetation
+a. Access and use control b. Seed bed treatment, direct seeding, planting c. Fire management
+3. Erosion control
+a. Wind
+(1) Shelterbelts/live fencing
+(2) Sand stabilization, dune fixation
+b. Water
+(1) Contour planting/farming to control sheet erosion
+(2) Vegetation strips
+(3) Infiltration ditches, berms, terraces
+(4) Bank and slope protection to reduce channel erosion
+(5) Small check structures, gully plugs
+(6) Small dams to slow surface runoff.
+4. Conservation of surface water
+a. Micro-catchments
+b. Water spreading, water harvesting
+c. Reservoirs, ponds
+LAND USE PLANNING
+Land use planning involving the integration of agriculture, animal husbandry, and useful trees and shrubs can take several courses. Production can be undertaken concurrently and continuously on the same tract of land; systems of alternating or rotating land use can be employed; or production activities can be geographically separated so that use pressures are distributed over a larger area. All of these variations are elements of traditional Sahelian land use strategies (see Chapter 2). Specific future strategies and emphases will naturally vary depending on local needs and preferences. Nevertheless, the key is to balance overall land use so that total economic returns and social benefits are maximized in the short and long runs.
+While land use planning is a useful tool, traditional cultural values often govern the way land is used, owned, or transferred by individuals, families, tribes, ethnic groups, or entire nations. In many areas of arid and semiarid Africa, retaining current land use patterns, in the face of increasing demographic pressures and notions of progress, is leading to resource destruction. The "first come, first served" approach to the exploitation of common goods such as rangeland or indigenous trees interferes with conservation efforts, requiring the introduction of access control and use regulations. If land and soil resources are to produce, on a sustained-yield basis, more than they do now, basic readjustments of present use patterns and beliefs must be made.
+Changes in land use based purely on resource management logic are unacceptable to most societies, where the first priority has been and still is the survival of the clan or tribe. Seasoned by generations of experience with recurring, devastating droughts, local farmers and herders feel they cannot afford to abandon their current strategies, particularly when they believe no other options are available. Farmers and pastoralists do not destroy their environment out of indifference or carelessness: currently, they have no other options for existing or for surviving periods of drought.
+However, more productive land use patterns could be adopted if governments and regional agencies shared the risks. Considering the above constraints, the best that one can expect is that a more "rational," balanced approach to land use can be established gradually, beginning with low-risk, small-scale demonstration projects, which might serve as examples of how things could work. Such demonstrations might include:
+. Small watersheds with well-planned conservation measures; controlled, multipurpose use of fuel wood and forage; surface water development
+. Agroforestry projects that use land in a balanced manner to serve several local needs (stable farm soils, fuel, fodder)
+. Small, well-identified grazing areas with the necessary vegetation and water reserves restored to help small, well-managed herds survive the next drought.
+Unfortunately, only a few incomplete (and expensive) demonstrations have actually been carried out in the field so far.
+Numerous large-scale land use schemes have been tried, with very mixed results. Group ranching, with or without herder cooperatives, in East Africa is one example. Results, judging by the slow adoption rate by the local herders, are inconclusive.
+Large-scale irrigation projects are being constructed in the mayor river basins at current (1982) initial costs of over $10,000 per hectare. Although "poor" herders and farmers are being resettled, the rupture of family ties, abandonment of traditions, and exposure to different life-styles have increased divorce, suicides (practically unheard of before), and mental illness. Social tension, political unrest, and the incidence of diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis have increased (Bodley 1975).
+These experiences suggest that, in spite of knowing what logical and systematic land use measures could stem and possibly reverse resource degradation, there is currently no acceptable answer as to how--at the same time--to meet basic social and cultural needs, which are often closely tied to traditional land use patterns,
+Carefully planned, sensitive schemes throughout Africa have attempted to bring about the necessary changes with a minimum of social tension and disruption. While insufficient progress has been made thus far to say that real changes are on the way, encouraging examples do exist.
+. In Senegal and in Chad, pastoralists have cooperated in government-sponsored efforts and private initiatives to revegetate open rangeland. Traditional herders have planted trees in open spaces of the grass steppe, strictly on a voluntary basis and without compensation.
+. In the Ngong hills of Kenya, local farmers now construct infiltration ditches and gully plugs and plant trees on their farmland to provide additional erosion protection. This initiative was based in part on a recently compiled "District Environmental Profile."
+· In Niger, in the vicinity of a project where, with the help of the American private voluntary organization CARE, over 250 km of shelter belts have been planted in the last 6 years, villagers are putting pressure on the local administrators to help them carry out a similar project around their own fields.
+Similar projects have been undertaken in other parts of arid and semiarid Africa. Subtle change is possible; some approaches do work. These limited success stories show, however, that new land use techniques must recognize, consider, and work within the basic social, economic, and cultural frameworks of the people involved. Agroforestry would appear to be almost uniquely capable of integrating these diverse environmental, social, and economic variables into coherent, stable systems of production.
+<section>Chapter 2: Traditional Land Use Systems</section>
+ENERGY FLOW AND PRODUCTIVITY IN TRADITIONAL SAHELIAN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
+In determining the potential productivity and sustainability of an agricultural system, it is often useful to analyze the energy flows that connect the farmer with his crops and livestock. Energy flow, as used in this report, refers to the transformations and sequential dependencies of solar energy as it passes through the food chain.
+Solar energy is the ultimate source of all life on earth. The basic source of energy for man is the chemical energy derived from food. The ultimate source of this food is vegetation. In energy analysis, this vegetation is termed "primary production." It is based on the capacity of plants to transform solar energy into chemical matter through photosynthesis. Man exploits solar energy by eating plants or the animals that eat plants. This relationship is often expressed 'in terms of the following unidirectional energy flow: primary production (vegetation) > herbivore (livestock) >carnivore (man), with subsequent recycling through decomposers such as bacteria and fungi (Bayliss-Smith 1982).
+The amount of solar energy available for primary production is a function of geographical position. This energy is conventionally measured in joules (J). One joule equals 0.239 calories. A larger unit, megajoules (MJ), is often used to describe inputs of solar energy. One MJ equals 239 kilocalories, Approximately 10.5 MJ/day are required in human diets to maintain basic metabolic processes and regenerate tissue. In the Sahel, the annual input of solar radiation is on the order of 0.63 MJ/cm2--much higher than inputs in humid tropical or temperate regions.
+Only a relatively small proportion of incoming solar energy, 1 J/cm2/hr, is converted into chemical energy as a result of photosynthesis by plants. Because photosynthesis is inefficient in its use of solar energy, it is necessary for farmers to increase vegetative cover and to arrange it in such a way that its foliage can achieve optimal productivity. The amount of foliage is often measured through the leaf area index--the total leaf area (in cm2) per unit of soil surface (in cm2). Experiments with many crops have shown that a considerable amount of solar radiation is wasted by falling in the gapsbetween leaves and between plants (Bayliss-Smith 1982). Too much plant cover can also be harmful because many leaves will be shaded and will therefore function inefficiently.
+Although variation in leaf area index, availability of water and nutrients, and other factors will account for most differences in crop performance, the efficiency of photosynthesis is also influenced by the proportion of visible light that can be converted into carbohydrate by different plants. These differing capabilities relate to the so-called C3 and C4 pathways for carbon dioxide use; the former generally associated with temperate species, the latter often associated with plants in tropical and arid regions. The C4 species, such as millet and sorghum, are able to convert very high light intensities into chemical energy more efficiently than C3 species.
+Temperature, moisture stress, and nutrient availability also impose constraints on plant growth. Moisture stress is of particular importance in the Sahel. Approximately 100 mm of rainfall per month is necessary to sustain crop growth. Hence, the hydrological growing season in the region between the 400- and 750-mm isohyets would generally be from 2-4 months. Nutrient deficiency is both an important constraint and the only one that is not, in practical terms, beyond the farmer's ability to control. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are particularly important nutrients.
+In a traditional Sahelian agroforestry system, trees, shrubs, and annual crops are often integrated in such a manner that leaf area indices are relatively high, permitting correspondingly high levels of productivity during the short growing season. The prominence of C4-pathway staples, such as millet, sorghum, and maize, further contributes to the productivity of traditional agricultural systems. The deep-rooted trees and shrubs in the systems provide a wide range of products of importance to local populations, forage for livestock, and microclimates that support greater crop diversity. They also recycle critical nutrients, including the important nitrogen contributions of leguminous species such as Acacia albida. Research in Senegal has revealed that yields of millet and groundnuts grown under A. albida trees on infertile soils increase from 500 +/-200 kg/ha to 900 +/- kg/ha. In addition to increased crop yields, there are 50-100 percent increases in soil organic matter,
+improved soil structure, increased water-holding capacity, and a marked increase in soil microbiological activity beneath the trees (Felker 1978). In addition to nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria, there are larger populations of other important soil organisms, such as the mycorrhizal fungi that are so important in facilitating phosphorus uptake in plants. The increased stability and productivity of these systems reduces the need for extended fallows.
+The perennial components of traditional Sahelian agroforestry systems are also effective in intercepting rainfall, promoting ground water recharge, and preventing erosion. According to some climatologists, there is also a possibility that increased perennial ground cover increases or maintains higher levels of rainfall (National Research Council 1983).
+Departures from traditional systems of agroforestry in the Sahel have often included the clearance of trees and shrubs from agricultural lands. Land is cleared for a variety of reasons: the perceived need to reduce competition with crops for water, to eliminate roosts for granivorous birds such as Quelea quelea (black-faced diochs), and to permit the use of mechanized farm equipment. Unfortunately, the clearance of woody perennials also results in lower potential productivity: the leaf area index and ground water recharge are often reduced, soil temperatures and soil-water relationships become less stable, soil ecology is disrupted, nutrient cycling breaks down, and erosion increases.
+In many instances, complex mosaics of traditional C4 food crops and legumes have been replaced by mono cropped systems of comparatively less efficient C3 cash crops such as rice and cotton. One result is that a much narrower range of food and other plant products is available for local use, with a corresponding reduction in the self-reliance of rural populations. In the absence of leguminous field trees, these crops require heavy applications of costly commercial fertilizer. Fertilizer requirements are further increased as the mineral nutrients contained in the crops (approximately 5-10 percent of the dry weight of the plants) are lost to the system with the export of the crops. It has been estimated that in some areas the shift to open-field cultivation has reduced the human carrying capacity of the land from 25-40 individuals/km2 to 10-20 individuals/km2 (Felker 1978).
+TRADITIONAL STRATEGIES OF LAND USE
+Two strategies of land use have been employed so far and will, to some extent, continue to be essential in the Sahel. The first is based on nomadic pastoralism and is characterized by:
+· Extensive use of vast areas for grazing
+· Mobility of people and livestock, as a flexible reaction to even small environmental and climatic changes
+· Year-long engagement in land use; seasonality is met by rhythmic migration, adapted development of herds
+· Multiple exploitation of plant cover but no cultivation of plants
+· Little regular market sale of production
+· Animals (cattle, camels, donkeys, goats, and sheep, as well as wildlife) are at the center of all traditional life.
+The second strategy is based largely on sedentary rain fed agriculture, characterized by:
+· Intensive use of small favorable sites
+· Relative immobility of residents; if applicable, shifting or rotation of fields within easy reach of the family compound
+· Short season of concentrated agricultural efforts, dependent on rains (July-October), seasonal "unemployment" frequently taken up by nonagricultural jobs in towns and cities
+· Cultivation of a few plant species for specific products; supplementary multiple use of natural vegetation
+· Only minimal livestock (e.g., small ruminants such as goats) kept for products used in the household (milk, meat, hides)
+· Field crops beyond subsistence demand are regularly sold or exchanged for various goods.
+Additional strategies of regional importance, but more localized application, would include the highly productive recessional (decrue) agriculture practiced along the margins of seasonally fluctuating lakes and rivers.
+Sedentary agriculture is expanding northward, and there is increasing overlap and competition as well as a mixture of the original two basic types of land use. The mayor problems and conflicts arise in the transition zone between pastoralism and rain fed agriculture.
+Natural stands of trees and shrubs have always played a supportive role for both pastoralism and agriculture. With important exceptions such as oasis agricultural systems, however, they have seldom been regenerated or newly planted by local people. In most areas of the Sahel, continuous selective exploitation and land use practices that are incompatible with tree growth have changed the original climax, eliminated many species of trees and shrubs, and resulted in degraded stands on the one hand and in local concentrations of certain species on the other. For example, such highly esteemed trees as Prosopis africana, Lannea spp., and Ximenia americana survived only in the southern savanna lands; apart from relic stands, they have disappeared from the Sahel proper. Other species, such as Adansonia digitata (baobab), Butyrospermum paradoxum (shea-butter), Parkia clappertoniana (West African locust, or nere), and Calotropis procera, concentrate in disturbed areas around human
+settlements. Bush fires have also played and still play a decisive role in species selection, resulting in a "fire-climax" in which only a few resistant species survive.
+Tree culture as a preliminary stage of real "forestry" never had a place in traditional land use systems. Therefore, in discussing the following three agroforestry systems, the multiple and sometimes intensive use of naturally growing trees and shrubs largely represents the forestry contribution. These three systems are variants of the two land use strategies involving trees: first, mainly with livestock (silvo-pastoral systems); second, with agriculture (agro-silvicultural systems); third, with both in combination (agro-silvo-pastoral systems).
+SILVO-PASTORAL SYSTEMS
+Silvo-pastoral land use is predominant in all areas of the Sahel not used for agriculture. There are two main types of silvo-pastoral systems. The first predominates in the northern part of the Sahel where there is little rainfall and where nomadic or transhumant pastoralism is the main land use. Trees and shrubs, which form a more-or-less open canopy over the grasslands, according to site conditions, supply a substantial part of the livestock's fodder needs.
+H. N. Le Houerou (1980) has suggested that, under prevailing conditions, up to one-third of all forage could be supplied by trees and shrubs. Leaves and fruits account for about 5 percent of average livestock fodder needs during the rainy season and up to 45 percent toward the end of the dry season. Their importance, however, is not only to be measured in kilograms of available dry matter but, even more importantly, in terms of fodder quality (for example, content of digestible protein, minerals, and vitamins). Research in northern Senegal has shown that an average tropical livestock unit (corresponding to one 250-kg bovine) consumes about 1,200 kg of grass and herbs and more than 500 kg of woody forage between November and July (dry season). As the net annual increase of grass and herbs in this region is between 300 and 1,300 (average 700) kg per hectare (ha), and that of accessible and digestible forage from woody plants is about 120 kg/ha, empirical research has shown
+that during the entire year, about 5 ha of average bush land are needed to feed one tropical livestock unit. There is considerable variation, however, subject to soil and rainfall conditions. Only 1 ha will be needed on highly productive sites--for example, in seasonally flooded depressions; over large parts of the drier northern Sahel, however, at least 10-20 ha or more will be required.
+Trees and shrubs of the Sahel have thus played a significant role in livestock management. Governments in the past often responded to apparent demand by establishing vast silvo-pastoral reserves, now under the supervision of the national forest and range management services. In addition to forage, trees and shrubs furnish important supplies of edible fruits and leaves to the many people who do not grow agricultural crops. They also provide wood and many other products, including medicinals from the "ever-present pharmacy.
+Natural grasslands with a relatively high proportion of trees and shrubs continue to form the basis of a more-or-less sustainable silvo-pastoral land use system over millions of hectares and for millions of people. Growing populations and steadily increasing numbers of livestock, however, have led to critical and destructive developments during the past few decades. Without improvement and controlled management, the carrying capacity of northern Senegal appears to be just below 1 person and 25 livestock units per square kilometer (100 ha). This would result in the annual removal and consumption of over 125 kg of woody forage and around 5-7 kg of wood and minor forest products per hectare, compared with the annual increment of 120 kg of accessible and digestible woody phytomass and 123 kg of wood and bark as measured at Fete-Ole, Senegal. In other words, pressure on woody forage has reached its critical level in most areas, whereas wood consumption for household use becomes
+destructive in concentrations of more than 25 people per square kilometer. These figures, although provisional and of rather local validity, not only indicate the definite limits to further growth but also explain the existing threat of desertification in some parts of the Sahel.
+A second type of traditional silvo-pastoral system is found mainly in the southern Sahel (largely in areas with more than 500 mm annual rainfall) and in the transition zone between pastoralism and rain fed agriculture. Here, on the same plot of land, crops of millet, cow peas, and groundnuts are grown during the rainy season. After harvest the fields are opened to livestock to feed on agricultural residues and weeds; during the rainy season the livestock are maintained on the surrounding grasslands. This form of rotation is well established and adapted to the ecosystem and to local needs, and is practiced by sedentary or semi sedentary farmers, often by agreement with migrating herders (Gallais 1975). The system comprises a phase of green fallow over several years, where trees cut at stump level recover. These fallows usually offer much richer grass and herb vegetation than surrounding bush lands. Woody plants play a subsidiary role in this system; trees are lopped, and
+leaves and pods are collected as additional fodder. Leaves of bushes and trees sprout 6-8 weeks prior to the arrival of rain, supplying a valuable protein source at the time of greatest forage scarcity.
+AGRO-SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS
+Agro-silvicultural systems combine tree and shrub utilization with rain fed or, occasionally, irrigated plant production. Most include a livestock component as well. Perhaps the best-known examples are the oases of the desert and sub desert zones. These systems are described in detail in the early literature of the northern Sahel.
+Travelers' chronicles dating from the Middle Ages to the late nineteenth century describe agro-silvicultural systems in the northern Sahel that contained a far greater diversity of crops than is found in the region today. There was frequent mention of northern grains, such as wheat and barley, as well as Mediterranean vine and tree crops such as grapes, olives, and figs. Many of these crops were associated with Berber and Arab settlers from the north and were apparently supported by summer rains, the more frequent winter rains received in the past, and by supplemental irrigation (Robert 1976).
+Other major grain crops included sorghum, millet, and maize. Garden crops grown in the oases included broad beans, lubia, peas, carrots, okra, turnips, swedes and cabbage, cucumbers, various kinds of melons, pumpkins and squash, purslane, eggplant, tomatoes, radishes, beets, onions, garlic, and chili peppers. Sugar cane was also widely grown. Important exports from the oases included mallow, sesame, saffron, cumin, coriander, "Sudan" chilies, raisins, cotton, indigo, esparto grass, and henna. Noteworthy among the trees and shrubs associated with these systems were date palms, lemon trees, Seville orange trees, mulberry trees, pomegranates, and almond, peach, and apricot trees. Wild species exploited for food included colocynth, Zizyphus spp., Hyphaene thebaica (doum palm), truffles, Nitraria tridentata, and wild grains such as the seed of Aristida pungens (Nachtigal 1879, Levtzion and Hopkins 1981).
+Representative of the agro-silvicultural systems of the southern Sahel would be that of the Yatenga region of Upper Volta. In the Yatenga systems, the areas nearest the settlements are under almost permanent cultivation. Fertility is maintained by nutrient cycling through trees--particularly Parkia clappertoniana, Tamarindus indica (tamarind), and Butyrospermum paradoxum; short, 2-year fallows; and by dressing the fields with ash and manure collected in the pasturelands beyond the zone of cultivation.
+The crop rotations employed in the region largely reflect soil qualities. For example, the following rotation would typically be associated with hydromorphic soils:
+Year 1
+Maize associated with cotton
+Years 2-6
+Sorghum and cow peas
+Years 7-9
+Groundnuts
+Year 10
+Grazed fallow
+On better agricultural soils, the fallow period is frequently eliminated:
+Years 1-6
+Maize
+Year 7
+Sorghum and cow peas
+In this rotation, cotton is associated with cereals every 2 years. On lands that are degraded or difficult to cultivate, millet and sorghum are cultivated for a period of 5 years, followed by grazed fallow or the cultivation of groundnuts (Food and Agriculture Organization 1981).
+Today, a number of agro-silvicultural systems appear to be practiced in the Sahel. Gardens are found within settlements where water is available, usually with a tree component that provides shade and shelter and, often, edible fruits or leaves. The same holds true for intensively managed, irrigated, and fertilized gardens near urban centers. Both subsistence home gardens and cash-generating market gardens are highly productive. Fruit and pod-bearing trees, shade trees, and hedges or living fences are the "forestry" components, sometimes supplemented by decorative woody plants. Mangoes, citrus trees, guavas, Zizyphus mauritiana (Indian jujube), cashews, palms, Ficus spp., and wild custard-apples are prominent kinds of fruit trees. Shade is often provided by Azadirachta indica or similar species, while fencing is provided by thorny species of Acacia and Prosopis, and by Commiphora africana, Euphorbia balsamifera, flowery shrubs such as Caesalpinia pulcherrima
+(paradise-flower), and other species.
+Close to the settlements is a ring of suburban gardens, often irrigated, in which cassava, yams, maize, millet, sorghum, rice, groundnuts, and various vegetables are grown, for subsistence as well as sale, depending on the ecozone.
+Outside the villages in areas of adequate rainfall are bush farms, often more than 1 ha in size, where the region's main agricultural crops such as millet, sorghum, maize, and groundnuts are grown. These farms may be and sometimes are so far away that people have to build shelters to stay there for many days without returning home. Woody plants are often cut from the fields to avoid competition with crops or to deny nesting to birds, and for use as fencing material. Where possible, however, Acacia albida or food trees (for example, Butyrospermum paradoxum, Parkia clappertoniana, Tamarindus indica, Borassus aethiopum (ronier), and Hyphaene thebaica) are left and often carefully maintained and protected. With some regional variations, a very old and sophisticated tradition of food-tree culture flourishes, which has resulted in an almost perfect combination of single-tree management and intensively managed farmlands and therefore merits detailed study.
+AGRO-SILVO-PASTORAL SYSTEMS
+These systems combine all three elements of crops, trees, and livestock in both space and time. Two systems are mentioned here. The first is a rotation system that is common in the Republic of Sudan but is also known in Chad and Niger. It is based on about 20 ha of family-owned land subdivided into 4 sections to be rotated every 5 years. For example:
+Years 1-5
+Plantation of Acacia senegal trees; in between agricultural land use (for
+example, where millet is cultivated).
+Years 6-10
+First harvest of gum arabic from the trees;cutting grass from fallow land.
+Years 11-15
+Period of full yields of gum arable; controlled grazing possible between
+trees.
+Years 16-20
+Final harvests of gum arable; clear felling of the acacia trees (used for
+firewood, charcoal,posts); grazing.
+The rotation continues with replanting and agricultural use in the twenty-first year. Depending on site quality and rainfall, these 20 ha can maintain a family of 5-10 people.
+The second system is found in many parts of the Sahel where rainfall and ground water level permit the growth of Acacia albida, the remarkable multipurpose tree of semiarid Africa. Outstanding examples are to be seen in Senegal (near Bambey) in parts of Upper Volta, and in southern Niger (Dallol-Maouri). Acacia albida is, in fact, often regarded as a sacred tree. Proverbs refer to it: "The tree is your better friend: it never demands but always gives. The sultans of Zinder, in former times, used to cut off the hands of people who illegally felled an Acacia albida.
+This leguminous, nitrogen-fixing tree has a deep tap root system that enables it to tap lower sources of water and nutrients inaccessible to agricultural plants. It is leafless during the agricultural season and therefore does not compete with crops for light. It produces leaves and provides ample shade during the hot dry season--a phenomenon known as reverse foliation. The leaf litter of the trees contributes nitrogen, other nutrients, and much-needed organic matter to the fields. In addition to soil improvement, which results in up to 100 percent higher yields than those outside the range of Acacia albida crowns, this tree produces large quantities of qualitatively valuable forage by shedding its apple-ring-like pods during the dry season. The wood is used for local construction and as fuel. The thorny branches serve as fencing material, and many parts of the tree provide medicine for people and livestock. About 20 adult trees per hectare will guarantee an almost perfectly
+balanced system of agroforestry with high yields in millet production in the rainy season (Figure 4) and more than 1,500 (sometimes as much as 2,500) kg of pods for feeding cattle and small ruminants; that is, sufficient for the supply of one tropical livestock unit per hectare in the fodder deficient dry season. Therefore, Acacia albida has been given high priority in agroforestry projects in suitable parts of the Sahel.
+<section>Chapter 3: Uses and Potential of Agroforestry</section>
+As indicated earlier, the term "agroforestry" covers a variety of land use systems in which woody perennials are directly associated with agricultural crops and/or livestock in order to realize higher productivity, more dependable economic returns, and a broader range of social benefits on a sustained basis. Agroforestry can contribute to rural development in the Sahel by:
+· Increasing the variety and stability of food supplies
+· Providing a sustained supply of fuel wood
+· Producing wood and a variety of other raw materials from shrubs and trees for construction, for farmer's subsistence, and to provide a constant supply of locally important "bush products"
+· Protecting the productive potential of a given site and improving its environment and carrying capacity
+· Safeguarding sustainability through appropriate intensification of land use, and improving social and economic conditions in rural areas by reducing risks and creating jobs and income
+· Developing land use systems that make optimal use of modern technologies and traditional local experience and that are compatible with the cultural and social values of the people concerned.
+In large but sparsely populated regions there is usually either no need or no possibility for intensive land cultivation. This has been, and in some areas still is, the case in the rural Sahel. In these areas, people have developed outstanding skills in exploiting available self-regenerating natural resources. They know the characteristics and products of most plants. In the Sahel, there are hundreds of species of trees and shrubs that are used in a variety of ways: for food, fodder, firewood, building poles, fiber for cordage, tannins, dyes, stains and inks, gums, resins and waxes, poisons and antidotes, and drugs for medicinal and veterinary purposes (see Chapter 2). In traditional subsistence strategies, woody plants were used effectively in combination with grasses and herbs and were kept in balance with the needs of wildlife and livestock, according to water availability and other local conditions.
+With population growth, competition between farmers and herders has increased. Urban migration has created markets for food produced by proportionally fewer people. In areas where arable land becomes scarce, people turn to new land and more intensive practices. They try to accomplish this in two ways. One is through specialization, by crop monoculture, to achieve maximum yield of one product. Daily needs are met by exchanging or selling the surplus in order to obtain other goods and services. Alternatively, production can be diversified to satisfy most of the needs of a household or community. The bulk of production is locally consumed, and only small quantities are exchanged for goods not obtainable by other means. Although agroforestry is not necessarily confined to subsistence economies, it is clearly easier to meet the requirements of rural populations through a system of land use that integrates agriculture, pastoralism, and forestry than through monoculture. This is
+particularly true if natural sites and economic conditions such as infrastructure, access to markets, and purchasing power are marginal.
+ECONOMIC BENEFITS
+Crop yields in Sahelian countries are among the lowest in the world. Costs of agricultural infrastructure, fertilizer, and pesticides are among the highest and therefore are beyond the reach of most farmers. The attraction of agroforestry is in the greater potential stability of the system in responding to drought and heat stress, in its nutrient cycling and improved moisture balance, and in the greater variety of products it yields. In any given location, the type and extent of a suitable mixture of trees and crops will depend on environmental factors, such as soil type and rainfall, and on the purpose for which the crops are grown.
+The following sections describe the potential benefits resulting from growing a combination of trees, shrubs, and agricultural crops.
+Food
+Agroforestry can increase the dependability of food supplies' thereby reducing risk in rural economies. As will be shown later, it also contributes to making the best use of scarce water resources. Under Sahelian conditions of extremely variable rainfall, risk is reduced by growing more vegetation per unit area compared with other systems, using mixtures of species, multistory structure, extending the growth period, and protecting and improving the soil. Trees and shrubs play an important role. Fruits and leaves of many species are edible and form part of the staple food of Sahelian people. They also are important sources of fodder for livestock, especially during the dryseason, and therefore indirectly contribute to food production through animal products. Similarly, agroforestry systems often provide habitat for wildlife and thereby increase the availability of bush meat. The many foods available from agroforestry systems can provide a more varied and potentially more
+nutritious diet.
+Energy
+Some families in the Sahel, particularly in urban centers, spend one-third of their income to buy firewood or charcoal. In others, one working day per week of one or two of the family members, often women and children, is spent collecting firewood from the open bush land, often located considerable distances from their homes. Field research in many parts of the Sahel indicates that, on the average, at least 1 kg of firewood is needed for the daily supply of one person. The actual amount of firewood or charcoal required is dependent, in part, on the inherent density of the wood, as heavier woods yield more energy on a per unit volume basis than lighter woods. Continued uncontrolled firewood collection results in severe destruction of vegetation.
+The most severely affected areas are those in the zone between the Sahel proper and the savanna, where increased farming and herding have led to the greatest overuse of the vegetation. In the northern Sahel, the lower population density limits the degree of severity of deforestation; in the southern savanna region, rainfall is adequate to support a relatively plentiful supply of biomass fuel. Exceptions are the result of urban demand, which may extend for hundreds of kilometers as in the case of the charcoal supply for Nouakchott provided by the disappearing Acacia nilotica (gonakier) forests along the northern bank of the Senegal River.
+Firewood plantations appear to have economic and ecological limitations in the true Sahel. Alternative energy supplies are not available or are too expensive. More than 90 percent of all household energy requirements are met by wood. Single tree or shrub cultivation, as applied in agroforestry and adapted to the environment, can make more firewood available to rural households.
+Agroforestry satisfies other energy needs as well. Modern Western agriculture requires constant supplies of energy such as liquid fuel for mechanized farming, transportation, and production of mineral fertilizers. In Sahelian agroforestry, however, the need for mechanization is reduced, and the need for fertilizer can be met instead by animal manure, by mulching and composting of organic waste, and by nutrient cycling through deep-rooted woody perennials.
+Renewable Raw Materials
+Trees and shrubs are important sources of raw materials in the Sahel, since few others are available. Wood, in addition to firewood, ranks first; it is used in almost every aspect of daily life. Of these many uses, traditional building, fencing, and production of agricultural and household implements and furniture are most important.
+Utility wood (predominantly poles, small logs, branch-wood for roofing, or thorny brush wood for fencing) is obtained through selective, single-tree utilization; thus destruction by clear felling rarely occurs. This highlights the possibility of producing wood on agroforestry land in single tree units that perform various productive and protective functions while they are growing.
+In addition to wood, many other products from trees and shrubs are used locally and are even exported. The best-known product is gum arabic from the Acacia senegal, a small leguminous tree that grows in sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Somalia (Figure 5). It is currently among the most commercially important natural gums in the world. In addition to a broad range of domestic uses, gum arabic is used in the manufacture of medicine, chewing gum, confectionery, soft drinks, and a variety of foods. It is also used for printing in the textile industry. Although more than 80 percent of all gum arabic on the world market is produced in the Sudan, many Sahelian countries, including Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, and Chad, export smaller quantities and are making concerted efforts to increase their production. Gum arabic can be produced extremely well in agroforestry systems because the Acacia senegal integrates well with other crops and provides fodder for livestock. It has
+been traditionally used in this way for centuries in the drier areas of the Sahel.
+Increasing the number, species, variety, and quality of trees and shrubs on lands formerly used only for rain fed agriculture or as pastures can improve the supply of many of these products. There is an outstanding demand for tree and shrub products both locally and for export because substitutes are not available, are too expensive, or because natural products are preferred.
+Environment
+When a natural ecosystem is replaced by one managed for subsistence or economic purposes, potentially competitive plants and animals are deliberately eliminated, while others disappear because of changed site conditions. As a rule in arid areas, having fewer species leads to greater risks to productivity because the simpler system is more vulnerable to drought, erosion, pests, and all the uncertainties of agriculture. Agroforestry, on the other hand, protects the environment by approximating the natural three-dimensional structure of a mixed tree/crop system and by maintaining or even increasing the number of plant species. Expensive failures of large-scale monoculture development schemes in the tropics, notably involving cotton and groundnuts in the Sahel, indicate that the kind of land use practiced successfully in temperate zones is not easily transferable. Agroforestry involves changes that benefit the farmer by substituting crops for natural vegetation, thereby reducing
+economic risks because the system can adapt to local conditions and generate a greater variety of products and resources.
+SOCIAL BENEFITS
+Agroforestry can help people to be more self-reliant by meeting daily needs through a more varied and often more productive economy, and by reducing the need to import food, fuel, fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides, fodder, building materials, and other products. It also enables rural Sahelian populations to relate economic production directly to their own cultural traditions and management capabilities rather than to alien perspectives and approaches to management, which are often insensitive to local needs, capabilities, and conditions. By increasing the self-reliance of rural populations and maintaining cultural continuity, agroforestry can help stabilize rural communities and reduce the destructive social anomie so often associated with rapid socioeconomic change. By simultaneously permitting increased production while relieving pressure on environmental systems, agroforestry also enables rural populations to maintain or restore the traditions of environmental
+stewardship so basic to the long-term well-being of the Sahel region.
+FLEXIBILITY
+Soils and vegetation in the Sahel vary, even over short distances. The great variety of sites has, in the past, too often been disregarded in development projects. It is nearly impossible for people unfamiliar with the region to detect site differences during the long, dry season. As indicated in the example of agriculture in the Yatenga region of Upper Volta (Chapter 2), however, site quality has always been carefully respected by local farmers and herders.
+Agroforestry combines plants and animals that are well adapted to varying site conditions. Existing vegetation may serve as an indicator in the selection of more productive species to meet local needs. Unfortunately, however, knowledge about effective plant associations in agroforestry generally is quite limited. Research in this area has been neglected compared with research on conventional cropping systems because of the emphasis placed on improving productivity of good agricultural land in order to feed larger numbers of people. The associations among plants in agroforestry systems are more complex, and the research is more difficult and time-consuming because of the relatively long life of the perennial species involved.
+The Sahel is not suited for true forest. Growing large, closed forests is probably not possible with the region's limited rainfall; however, selected trees and shrubs (or small groups of them) can be grown successfully on soils suitable for their specific nutrient and moisture requirements. The same holds true for agricultural crops.
+The sustained and multiple use of seasonally flooded depressions and areas with adequate ground water availability appears widely neglected. Although these seasonally flooded depressions are used for watering cattle during the Sahelian rainy season, they could be converted into small "agroforestry oases" with an upper story of multifunctional trees and a lower story of agricultural or horticultural crop plants. Several areas with satisfactory ground water recharge, such as the Bahr al-Ghazal depression of Chad, could support higher levels of agricultural production.
+Agroforestry is extremely flexible in its adaptability to ecological niches; and, because of its diversity, it does not impose heavy pressure on specific sites. Beyond the traditional knowledge of local farmers, herders, and other experts in land use, much remains to be improved through trials and experimentation. Each system of agroforestry, with interactions between plant associations and their individual components, is faced with the problem of competition among and within species. The goal of agroforestry is to reduce this competition by optimizing combinations of agriculture, pastoralism, and forestry over space and time.
+Correlations between optimal and minimal population densities and sizes of woody as well as annual plants need to be quantified. Some work has already been done on optimum tree spacing and mean annual rainfall, which will help to develop relevant land use techniques with variable numbers of individual trees. Minimum factors for plant growth show a certain intraspecific variation. This offers an opportunity to optimize plant associations.
+Agroforestry also offers techniques to make optimal use of land on a small scale. There are many interdependencies among plant and animal species to be considered. All animals and man depend on plant biomass production through photosynthesis. Many woody plants depend on rhizobial bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi; others are parasites, saprophytes, or climbers. The food preferences of various forms of livestock are generally complementary--some being primarily browsers, others being preferential grazers. The productive potential of adapting plant and animal species to particular sites in the Sahel has not yet been adequately exploited.
+ACCEPTABILITY
+Agroforestry has been defined as a sustainable land management practice that increases the overall yield of the land, implying management strategies compatible with the cultural practices of the local population. Agroforestry can be improved by new techniques such as irrigation, fertilization, and subsoil treatment, and particularly by selecting and breeding more productive economic species. Local species should be given preference because they are adapted to the sites and their uses are well known to the people; however, exotic species may have attractive production capabilities in the new environment.
+The belief that Sahelian people tend to be conservative, if not entirely against all innovation, is not true. There is, in fact, ample evidence of change. For example, when it is said that nomads continue to enlarge their herds irresponsibly, only for purposes of prestige, this is only a half truth from an external perspective. For the nomad, a large herd composed of animals of all ages will have a larger number of survivors after a period of drought, giving more security to the herd's owner. Similarly, a farmer who has many children and, during years of high rainfall, extends his fields into rangeland areas or around a water hole (thereby giving his cattle access to water), is trying to reduce the risks of harvest failures and lack of grain. It is also true, however, that these strategies often result in increased environmental degradation. Greater effort must be made to reconcile changing local needs and practices with sound environmental management.
+Another especially relevant aspect of land use in the Sahel is that in the present and at least for some future decades, prevailing conditions in the Sahel set definite limits to growth. Although very substantial increases may be possible in specific locations and in selected sectors, higher agricultural yields should be only one among a number of strategies to increase human ecological carrying capacity. Others would include:
+. Improving the quality of the products (for example, higher nutrient content and better digestibility of crop plants, higher yield or value of cash crops)
+. Saving scarce resources (for example, by introducing fuel-efficient stoves, less wasteful charcoal-making technologies, and water-saving trickle irrigation)
+. Substituting deficient items with those more readily available (for example, living fences and hedges for barbed wire or wooden fences; compost and mulch for imported fertilizers).
+These measures will involve making resources available to the local farmers and herders beyond usual agricultural or forestry projects. While this may appear to be a handicap that retards progress, it is, in reality, a multiple-strategy approach based on the way people see their problems and on the way they are accustomed to addressing necessary changes.
+<section>Chapter 4: Agroforestry Applications</section>
+When applied to the traditional African smallholder, the term "farm management" refers to a mixture of crop diversification, crop rotation, and introduction (where adequate water and appropriate soils are available) of small vegetable gardens, fruit orchards, and forage production for locally owned livestock.
+Since intense heat is a mayor constraint in Sahelian environmental management, shade trees are highly valued. Villagers frequently request trees that provide shade for the family compounds, for school buildings, or for the marketplace. Despite the need for good farmland to provide basic staple food crops, local farmers often are willing to set a few corners aside for trees. High on the list are fruit trees: mangoes, citrus, guavas, and papayas. Next come "food trees." Many local sauce and stew recipes call for substantial amounts of leaves from various local trees such as Adansonia digitata. Forage trees and shrubs are also highly desired.
+Quite often, farmers do not interplant more of these useful trees only because seedlings are not available. While the introduction of plastic pots in nurseries has made it possible to produce planting stock of this kind, most forest services plant rapid-growth exotic species used in larger scale reforestation schemes and only recently have begun to promote local species.
+As noted elsewhere in this report, trees can play several important roles if they are properly integrated into conservation-oriented farm practices. They produce shade, fruit, and other foods, but when integrated into soil-conservation activities such as the construction of berms and terraces, they can provide cover and protection against wind and can anchor water-control structures. They also improve the microclimate. Furthermore, leaves and other litter fall to the ground and resupply the soil with nutrients and organic matter. Well-selected trees and shrubs can contribute to soil conservation and improvement and the restoration of ecological balance and, at the same time, play an important role in providing food, fuel, fiber, pharmaceutical products, economic products such as gum and honey, and many other items that have disappeared because of advancing desertification.
+Tree Crops
+Many indigenous fruit and food trees play an important role in providing more balanced diets and/or additional farm income. In areas receiving more than 700 mm of rainfall, or along mares or depressions, two tree species are of particular interest: Butyrospermum paradoxum and Parkia clappertoniana. Both furnish important products that are used in even the most modest kitchen. Shea butter is produced from the former by a long and tedious process and provides fats and vegetable protein, which are inadequately supplied by standard cereal staples. The pods and seeds from P. clappertoniana are used as the base for such local sauces as soumbala which, like shea butter, provide proteins as well as vitamins and minerals otherwise missing from diets. A refreshing vitamin-rich drink is derived from the sticky pods of Tamarindus indica. The acid contained in these pods is mixed with local millet and sorghum gruel to make them more digestible. Moringa oleifera, very much appreciated for
+its edible leaves, is found in many local gardens. Ficus spp., Zizyphus spp., Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date), Borassus aethiopum, and other species similarly serve as important sources of food. These trees contribute so much to the basic diet and traditional well-being of Sahelian populations that they are considered valuable assets in farm fields as well as around compounds and villages, even if they compete to some extent with staple crops.
+Natural regeneration of Acacia albida and other valuable species is declining in many places. Intensive farming "including weeding and land clearance by animal traction or tractors) no longer allows a farmer to weed around young seedlings. Animals in ever-increasing numbers browse on the young shoots and destroy what is left. However, all of these species have been successfully established in nurseries from seeds and transplanted into fields, and seedling supply need not be a problem.
+The major issue in planting trees, then, is to find local people who are willing to take the extra steps necessary to plant and protect the seedlings during the first few years. After the harvest, animal owners allow their livestock to forage on the stalks and leaves of the previous season's crop. While it is not always possible to ask animal owners to keep their sheep, goats, cows, or donkeys away from newly planted trees, which may be scattered throughout the farm fields, it can and has been done in selected sites with considerable effort, supervision, and care.
+Shelterbelts
+Shelterbelts occupy a special place in agroforestry. Where wind and heat adversely affect farm yields, properly designed shelterbelts can increase production substantially. Net production increases of over 30 percent in protected fields have been reported in Niger (in the Bouza District windbreak project).
+What began as an effort simply to establish a living barrier against winds, quickly developed into a multipurpose operation.
+Properly managed, shelterbelts produce not only firewood, poles, and branches for fencing but also some fruit and forage. Further, as leaves fall from the trees, they are scattered across the fields, providing the soil with critical nutrients and substantial amounts of organic matter.
+In certain regions, it has been found that although people are reluctant to set aside larger blocks of farmland for tree plantations, they are less opposed to taking a strip of land out of farm production to establish shelterbelts. Cooperation can be easily arranged because farmers are convinced that they increase crop yields, even after the land they occupy (around 10 percent) is taken into account. The reasons for this receptivity should be carefully documented so that cooperation in such efforts can take place elsewhere.
+The current preferred approach to establishing a multipurpose shelterbelt is to have a mix of rapid-growth species for immediate protection; slower-growing trees that eventually grow quite tall, extending the wind-shielded area; and smaller trees or bushes that produce a variety of by-products (such as Acacia nilotica pods, which are in strong demand by local tanneries) and fill the air spaces closer to the ground.
+For further information regarding the establishment of shelterbelts in the Sahel, see the National Research Council's report, Environmental Change in the West African Sahel (1983).
+Contour Planting
+The planting of valuable, multiple-use tree species in association with terraces, berms, and ditches in soil conservation projects allows socially beneficial production to be combined with much needed soil conservation measures in Sahelian farming systems.
+Vegetation Strips
+Horizontal vegetation strips consisting of bands of different trees and shrubs established along contour lines to prevent soil loss by erosion is another concept worth mentioning. These strips can eventually be rotated every 10 years so that an adjacent band is established while the previous belt is cleared and its restored and rejuvenated soils farmed again.
+Trees and shrubs can also be used effectively to protect and stabilize slopes and banks along natural erosion channels or along runoff swales in farm areas.
+RAINFED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
+Among the numerous factors that limit crop production under rainfed conditions in the Sahel, two are of overriding importance: (1) the efficiency with which crops and range vegetation use available moisture, and (2) soil fertility and the availability of critical plant nutrients. These two factors are intimately interrelated.
+In many traditional systems, crop production, soil fertility, and soil structure (an important determinant in the capacity of the soil to hold and supply water) were maintained by extended fallow periods between shorter cropping cycles. During this fallow period, native plant species--predominantly deep-rooted, woody leguminous species--became reestablished and provided ground cover essentially equal to that provided by the natural vegetation before the land was cultivated.
+Under alternating cycles of 3-4 years of cultivation and 15-20 or more years of fallow, soil fertility and structure, including organic matter content, were maintained with virtually no deterioration over time. Soil fertility was maintained through the recycling of mineral nutrients by trees and shrubs with deep root systems extending beyond the leached surface horizons, and through biological nitrogen fixation by soil microorganisms such as Rhizobium spp. and various free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and blue-green algae. Soil structure was maintained by the combined action of the deep and extensive root systems of the trees and shrubs and by leaf fall. The enhancement of capacity to absorb water contributed to the maintenance of soil moisture at capacity levels, thus controlling runoff and thereby reducing erosion.
+As the intensity of land use has increased with population growth, the long fallow period has been reduced. In some cases, the fallow period has been so reduced that few trees and shrubs survive to become reestablished and make sufficient growth to be useful. The vegetation that develops during the short fallow period is dominated by shallow-rooted grass species that contribute little to regeneration of soil fertility and structure. The recycling of nutrient elements and nitrogen fixation essentially stops. The infiltration of water into the soil is reduced, thus increasing runoff and erosion. Reduced ground cover further facilitates wind erosion. Although there are few reliable data to confirm this, it appears that the productivity of Sahelian soils has declined under more intensive cultivation.
+Investigations by the Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres (IRAT) in Senegal and Upper Volta have demonstrated that the adverse impacts of the intensive use of Sahelian soils can be counteracted by the use of a variety of management practices. The use of heavy applications of manure or crop residues, applications of chemical fertilizer, and subsequent deep plowing were found to maintain and even increase productivity under conditions of continuous cropping with grain crops for periods of up to 20 years.
+Unfortunately, these results have found little application. They are usually beyond the capabilities of Sahelian farmers, who have little manure, use crop residues for animal feed and other uses rather than for soil improvement, have little physical or economic access to chemical fertilizers, and are usually unable to practice deep plowing because they lack equipment and because the labor requirements are difficult to meet as most workers are engaged in the harvest and other activities such as crop transport and storage. Moreover, maximum effectiveness is achieved only if all practices are combined. The use of chemical fertilizers alone, for example, does not provide as good a response as when used in combination with the other practices.
+The IRAT work, while demonstrating a technical methodology for maintaining productivity under continuous cropping, has not produced a practical solution or method for applying the technical solutions within the constraints under which most Sahelian farmers work. The challenge to researchers now is to develop practical methods for applying these technical solutions. It is within this context that agroforestry might best contribute to agricultural production in the Sahel.
+The following comments relate only to the use of agroforestry plant species in combination with crop production for maintaining or enhancing productivity.
+The principal objective of the farmer in the Sahel is the production of his basic food needs--grain and legume seeds. Any practice that interferes with achieving this objective is not likely to be accepted. Moreover, the precariousness of survival in the Sahel is such that the promise of better production, that is, better living in future years, is not sufficient incentive to ensure acceptance of a practice if doing so increases the risk of failure in satisfying current basic needs, or if it diverts meager resources, especially labor, from the task of producing basic food requirements. These conditions impose very definite limits on options for incorporating productivity maintenance or improvement schemes in the Sahelian rainfed agricultural production system. Hence, perhaps one of the principal advantages of agroforestry in the Sahel is that it is functionally and conceptually related to traditional agricultural systems in the region, and its implementation can therefore be
+supported by existing knowledge and techniques. In this context, agroforestry can be seen as an effort to strengthen and further diversify existing Sahelian systems.
+A wide range of options has been suggested for the incorporation of agroforestry elements in agricultural production, including:
+1. Various forms of intercropping and mulching
+a. Intercropping with food crops
+b. Intercropping with fodder species
+c. Intercropping with browse species
+d. Intercropping with multiple-use species (food, forage, fuel, construction materials, etc.)
+e. Strip cropping with any of the above-mentioned types of crops
+f. Use of mulch carried to cultivated fields from essentially non arable areas.
+2. Use of leguminous plant species in a managed fallow system alternating with crops (strip cropping is a special example of this).
+Studies to date have focused almost exclusively on the several intercropping options and variations of these. Although many species--mostly leguminous--have been mentioned in connection with intercropping, few have been studied to any degree, with the exception of the generally herbaceous food-producing species and a few woody species of genera such as Leucaena, Gliricidia, Prosopis, and Acacia. Very little has been done, or even suggested, to develop managed fallow systems that would simulate the traditional natural fallow system in terms of its capacity to restore soil fertility.
+The study and development of managed fallow systems seem to offer some promise, particularly if certain prerequisite conditions can be met: (l) the system and species used must have utility other than that of soil improvement (for example, food, feed, construction, fuel); (2) the system must not compete for labor during the peak period of labor demand by the food-producing systems; (3) it must be capable of producing useful soil regenerating effects in a relatively short period (2-4 years); (4) it must not require a substantial outlay of capital; and (5) the system must be manageable (that is, the species used must be easily established). Furthermore, the species used must be capable of rapid early growth to reduce weed competition; they must not become weeds themselves or harbor insects, disease, or bird pests; and they must be easily destroyed in order to return the land to cultivation.
+To date, the systematic evaluation of species, both native and exotic, for potential use either in the intercropping or the managed fallow systems has not been undertaken. A thorough understanding of the behavior of the different species under a few carefully selected conditions would greatly facilitate the conceptualization of potentially useful systems that could be tested in a wide range of environmental conditions. The time spent in such a systematic study of species would probably be more than compensated for by reducing the trial-and-error nature of the ad hoc studies carried out to date.
+FORESTRY AS A COMPLEMENT TO SAHELIAN AGROFORESTRY
+Much can be done in the forestry sector both to support agricultural production and to better assure environmental diversity. The Sahel, as mentioned earlier, is not forest land, and many discussions about forestry in the Sahel actually refer to the better-watered savanna zone. Forestry as a land use system in which trees dominate and in which artificial or natural regeneration, silvicultural treatment, and rational wood or multiple use are practiced will have to be studied in order to find a system appropriate for the Sahel. Given the generally harsh conditions, this will not be easy.
+"Traditional" forestry can, however, serve the following roles:
+1. Protective functions resulting in improved quantity or quality of production within the context of an integrated multiple land use system
+a. Improvement of the microclimate at the site b. Regulation of the water regime
+c. Preservation, restoration, and improvement of the soil
+d. Protection of land in use (cropland, pastures, settlements, water basins, roads)
+e. Preservation of plant and animal species, protection of wildlife.
+2. Productive functions as a supplement to animal husbandry and dryland farming; that is, production of:
+a. Wood as an energy source (firewood,charcoal)
+b. Wood as a building material
+c. Fruits, food, and leaves as food and fodder
+d. Additional forest products for commercial use and export, such as gum arable, tannin, and fibers.
+3. Protective and productive functions that lead to social benefits
+a. Improved supply of goods to satisfy daily need; creation of reserves for periods of drought or other emergencies
+b. Activation of resources for economic development
+c. Creation of Jobs, with special consideration of spatial and temporal concentrations.
+Although trees and shrubs have always played an important role in the lives of Sahelian people, the potential of these woody plants has not yet been fully developed. Hence, the forester's responsibilities in the Sahel ideally would be to maintain the existing woody vegetation, to establish and maintain new local and exotic trees, and to improve their productive and protective functions which help prevent desertification, solve household energy problems, and thereby contribute to the stabilization of human societies and environmental systems.
+WHAT CAN BE DONE?
+There are three different levels at which action can be taken: governments, communities, and individual households.
+Action by Governments
+Governments, represented by their forest services and sometimes supported by international assistance, are trying to protect and preserve valuable natural forest resources, carry out inventories, and improve woodland management. Forest plantations should be established on government land in the vicinity of population centers or markets, preferably with one or several fast-growing species, yielding firewood and utility timber. Afforestation costs are high (between US $500 and $1,000 per hectare) and yields are low (rarely over 2 m3/ha/yr)--a very expensive undertaking while funds are extremely scarce (Keita 1981). Regarding the magnitude of demand, afforestation can only solve very specific problems on a small, local scale. In addition, there is a very serious shortage of technically trained manpower. Although locally available manpower should be substituted for mechanization insofar as possible, this proves difficult in large-scale afforestation efforts in the Sahel because
+basic work like clearing operations and soil work (deep-digging, breaking up heavy or stony soil such as lateritic soils, and subsoiling) may require heavy equipment. Also, the bulk of establishment and maintenance work falls within the rainy season (from June to the end of September), and it is almost impossible to mobilize people for forest work when food production has priority and, in fact, requires the presence of every able-bodied member of the family in the fields. Thus, forestry is facing not only a shortage of funds but, more seriously, competition for manpower and, of course, competition for suitable land.
+In addition to preventing forest destruction--for example, by uncontrolled bush fires or illegal felling--the forest services at the outset should concentrate on the establishment or improvement of local nurseries to supply tree seedlings of high quality for village tree planting at the proper time. Forest services should also function as advisors to rural communities and individual tree planters to promote private activities instead of acting mainly as forest police or collecting taxes for what were formerly free uses of forest products.
+Forest services should, moreover, promote agroforestry by opening their plantations for private interplanting of agricultural crops. Even controlled grazing or cutting of grass for livestock would be of mutual benefit and would make people understand the usefulness of forestry operations. The current practice of fencing plantation perimeters, keeping people out, and penalizing those who enter creates hostility instead of willingness to cooperate. Agroforestry, however, could facilitate dialogue with rural people, may prove to be of high educational value, and may help to improve the forester's revenues and reputation at an early stage.
+Action by Communities
+Forestry at the community level is most easily introduced in societies that have a strong traditional structure and are accustomed to neighborhood cooperation and Joint efforts in land management. The leaders of these communities, or the speakers for local development councils, will help to identify the products that people need from the forest. They can arrange for suitable land to be demarcated for tree planting, and for the proper timing of forestry and farmwork.
+Village forestry has great promise in the Sahel. The most obvious application is for shade trees to be planted in the village in public squares such as the market, and in front of public buildings such as offices, mosques, and schools, and alongside roads. There quite often will be a demand for a community tree nursery (if not already available from the forest service) to supply shade and fruit or food trees. Step-by-step extension work can gain cooperation, leading ultimately to community-owned forest tree or shrub plantations that provide firewood, poles, fodder, and various other forest products and that also have protective functions by serving as windbreaks, providing erosion control, and contributing to sand-dune fixation.
+Action by Households
+Quite often it will prove more effective to cooperate with individual progressive farmers than with an entire community or with a farmers' cooperative. Occasionally, farmers who are willing to cooperate may be very selective, because they may have had bad experiences with government or international projects or because they know better than their advisors how to satisfy their specific needs, how to consider site differences, the utility of tree and shrub species, and the risks of planting. Farmers will plant and protect trees if they can expect the initial benefits from them within 1-4 years, if the full right to dispose of their trees rests untouched by official supervisors (and the forest law), and if growing trees is compatible in time and space with their traditional land use patterns.
+FERLO MODEL: A CASE STUDY
+An agroforestry land use model has been developed in the Ferlo Region in northern Senegal to meet people's demands and to combat desertification by increasing the carrying capacity of the region. The Ferlo is rangeland with annual rainfall between 150 and 350 mm in the northern zone and between 350 and 550 mm in the south. Soils are mainly loamy sands with local variations. Nomadic and transhumant herders (Fulbe, Tokolor, and Moors) in the north and sedentary farmers (Wolof) in the south make up the mayor part of the population.
+In 1975 a German-Senegalese forestry project was initiated to:
+. Develop an agro-silvo-pastoral land use system adapted to local needs where all measures preventing desertification and securing sustained yield should be combined. The local peasant population was to be involved in tree-planting projects as part of a self-help program.
+. Aid in restoring the seriously endangered vegetation around six deep-well sites.
+. Create guidelines for the permanent settlement of people in numbers proportional to the ecological carrying capacity of the environment.
+. Increase the production of gum arable, fodder, food, and wood.
+. Improve regional protection against bush fires.
+. Improve the efficiency of the Forest Service.
+. Create jobs and opportunities for cash income.
+. Prevent catastrophes and gain experience in effective regional development under Sahelian conditions.
+The strategy for achieving these objectives was relatively simple. As the region is heavily degraded, initial emphasis was placed on the identification of critical centers of degradation, such as well sites. Remedial measures were then undertaken radially from these centers with diminishing intensity. The strategy relates well to the environmental needs of the region, as well as to the socioeconomic requirements of the semi sedentary population (see Figure 6).
+A plot of suitable land was identified by local village authorities (ideal size is 100 ha, although smaller plots may be chosen). This area was allocated to individual families, about 5 ha per family. These families were given sole responsibility for management of the land and will also be the only beneficiaries. All clearing operations were carried out in the traditional manner with local tools during the dry season. Thereafter, as part of "technical" assistance, cross subsoiling was done with a tractor or Unimog, working to a depth of 40-70 cm. (Cross-subsoiling helps keep the moisture from rainfall available to plants for a much longer time than with other techniques.) In addition, the plot was temporarily fenced with barbed wire, where necessary. All of these operations required an investment of US $50 to $250 per hectare from project funds.
+Since 1975 the project has developed from a Forest Service enterprise to an integrated rural development program with active village participation. Recent development has focused on farm or community forest activities on private farmland. Though simple, the model is very flexible.
+The farmers now plant Acacia senegal or other useful tree seedlings using 10 x 10 meter spacing and at the same time plant traditional crops between the trees. They grow millet, groundnuts, and cow peas during the rainy season for 3 years; weeding is done simultaneously for crop plants and trees. According to available information, overall yields are impressively higher than those of traditional fields. Whether this is due to deep subsoiling, careful protection of the land against animals and bush fires, or the ameliorative effects (shade, wind control, nitrogen fixation) of the trees, or because of all three, remains to be investigated in detail. After 2 years of fallow the natural grass vegetation will recover and surpass biomass production of adjacent pastures. This process can be further improved by sowing selected fodder grasses. Grass eventually has to be cut to avoid competition with the young trees, but it can be sold at the well center, where thousands of head of
+livestock assemble daily during the dry season.
+When the trees are about 5 years old, sheep, and to some extent, cattle and even goats can be admitted to the plantation. It appears that l sheep/ha/yr can be fed without doing harm to the trees. The Acacia senegal trees yield gum arabic over a period of 15 years. Gum arabic is a traditional and profitable product of the region; its price is guaranteed by the government. Twenty years after establishment the trees will be felled for firewood and poles, and the cycle will be started again.
+(1) Center of development (deep well, village): water supply through deep well, administration buildings, residence area, marketplace, shops, workshops; small plots with trickle irrigation for home gardens and vegetable production.
+(2) Inner land use zone: (a) agroforestry plots of some 100 ha each to be managed by about 20 family units; (b) intensive range management of fenced grasslands, with high percentage of tree and shrub cover.
+(3) Outer land use zone: (c) forest plantations (e.g., with Acacia senegal and, if applicable, with intermediate rainfed agriculture or controlled grazing), production of gum arable, firewood, poles, etc.; (d) protected areas (eventually fenced or with firebreaks) for natural regeneration of local species. All other areas are left to traditional land use. (Source: H.-J. von Maydell)
+This system is flexible in that the trees and their products and the crops can be used, and because it meets a variety of basic local needs. It is, moreover, fully acceptable to the people and makes them less dependent on outside assistance. As proof of the project's popular acceptance, more than 20 villages with over 1,000 families had voluntarily joined the program within 2 years of its initiation, and all participants say they are much better off than before. The Senegalese government has used the same guidelines for a large-scale project in the adjoining region to the west, and the European Community Development Fund (FED) will sponsor a similar project to the east.
+This system involves increased responsibility on the part of program planners and managers and the scientists who must ensure that the system follows the overriding principle that every product, every function and organization of land use must be compatible with the sustained productivity of the human and natural ecosystems. Meeting this responsibility in turn demands that a considerable amount of interdisciplinary applied research be undertaken. In every project, each farm or village forms a system of many components with close interactions; therefore, isolated activities may severely disturb the whole project or, at a minimum, have desirable or undesirable effects on the other components. Consequently, applied research in support of agroforestry land use development is considered an integral part of and a precondition for success. Such research might include observations made by farmers and herders as well as desk and laboratory work in expatriate institutions and should
+always be correlated with practical fieldwork and local needs.
+EVALUATION
+It is generally accepted that evaluation is needed at each step of a development process. Determining what constitutes "evaluation," however, is often more complicated than one might suppose. The simplest criterion would be to ask "Does it pay?" Of course, basic rural development goes far beyond monetary considerations. A farmer who was asked what he thought about the changes that took place after he Joined the agroforestry program said: "I am satisfied in my heart." A governor, asked how he evaluated agroforestry in his region, replied: "People, under stress, used to be aggressive and destructive. They are now cooperative. This is the change we welcome." How should such statements be converted into monetary terms? How should conservation of endangered species, of natural resources, and reduction of risks in land use or achievements in making people aware of their responsibility for their country be valued?
+Other sectors are more easily quantified and qualified for evaluation purposes. Monitoring of sites, crops, social changes, and so forth, plays an important role in this context; so do trend analyses and interpretations. In principle, evaluation of project impact requires that an inventory be made at the time of project initiation to define a baseline for future comparison. Evaluation of the project should then quantify and qualify changes in the natural and social environments. The human aspect is particularly likely to be difficult to assess because of subjective responses to change. There will be positive records: firewood production increased tenfold; grass production increased threefold; 1,000 ha of moving sands were stabilized and converted to silvo-pastoral cropland. Agroforestry land use systems, in the long run, will be judged against two criteria: (1) the persistence and (2) the resilience of the agroforestry scheme under Sahelian conditions. Persistence refers to
+the ability of the system to remain as it is, despite environmental and human influences. High persistence means small variations and high resistance to destruction. Resilience refers to the probability of quantitative and qualitative changes, that is, response by adaptation. An ecosystem with high resilience, when disturbed, accommodates high-amplitude variation, but it returns to its former structure as soon as the disturbance subsides.
+Sahelian ecosystems are subject to high-amplitude change and are very flexible in terms of ecosystemic response to these changes. Both persistence and resilience are needed to survive in the Sahel. Agroforestry, properly applied, offers a wide range of techniques, species, and strategies to enable Sahelians to meet their basic needs.
+<section>Chapter 5: Sahelian Agroforestry: Institutional Considerations</section>
+What are the institutional problems involved in the design and implementation of agroforestry programs in the Sahel? In this chapter we focus on information and participation issues that must be addressed if agroforestry extension programs are to work effectively. To this end, a checklist is provided of potential constraints--technical, economic, financial, legal, and political--that may impede or, in some settings, totally block efforts to promote agroforestry. Program designers can begin tackling these issues early in the project design stage, thus markedly reducing difficulties later when agroforestry program personnel seek working rapport with farmers and herders, who will inevitably carry the bulk of the day-to-day burden of Sahelian environmental management. Forestry and agricultural agencies, which now are and likely will remain material- and personnel-poor (Club du Sahel 1981, 1982a), can at best only point the way toward better environmental management practices;
+they can never apply them on any significant scale.
+This chapter is divided into three sections: (1) an initial, brief statement of the problem and general outline of a solution; (2) a review of preliminary information useful to project planners who want to incorporate into agroforestry programs institutional elements that encourage sustained popular participation; and (3) design criteria for effective agroforestry extension systems.
+PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SOLUTION OUTLINES
+Problem
+The problem, in its simplest form, is how to establish working agroforestry programs in arid areas. A "working' agroforestry program will ensure environmental stabilization or improvement. It will also provide for an increased flow of benefits from the environment to its major users--people and livestock.
+People will generally benefit if stock numbers and health levels can be increased without damage to supporting environments. They will enjoy increased access to livestock products, improved food crop production efficiencies, and enhanced environmental capacity to supply fuel, construction wood, and other forest products indispensable to their well-being. Chapter 3 offers a more elaborate definition of the potential range of outputs from an effective agroforestry system.
+A working agroforestry program as defined here assumes extensive largely spontaneous popular participation in program-promoted activities Given current and probable future staffing levels, neither agricultural and livestock services nor their traditionally poorer colleagues in forestry departments can hope to muster enough manpower to work individually with rural dwellers to improve indigenous agroforestry techniques, let alone put those lessons into practice throughout the vast Sahelian area. Wither rural people in the Sahel will teach as well as do agroforestry or it will not be done.
+"Doing agroforestry" is a complex task. It requires capability and willingness to assess varied specific local conditions, field by field, and then fled and implement solutions by associating trees with food crops and pastures. The goal must be to lessen or overcome problems that rural dwellers face in trying to maintain a fragile renewable resource base while, at the same time, extracting from it the wherewithal to stay alive. An approach to the detailed diagnosis and design of agroforestry systems based on East African experience is described by Raintree in Appendix B.
+Participation by rural people in agroforestry projects or programs cannot be limited to simple execution of generalized strategies recommended by experts. Sahelian conditions are too complex to admit of formula solutions. Instead, pastoralists and farmers must be helped to build on what la, frequently, a substantial existing local capital of agroforestry experience and techniques. They will require assistance from local experts if they are to get the most out of their environments consonant with sustained-yield use. But experts, in turn, will require the willing and conscious participation of rural people in thinking through agroforestry problems (Thomson 1980a). Those who till the land and herd the animals must become full partners in any realistic effort to create a working agroforestry system under Sahelian conditions.
+To achieve the goal set out, experts and Sahelian foresters must find ways to work with and through rural people. They can no longer permit themselves the luxury of "purely technical operations, which by and large have been dismal failures in terms of both cost effectiveness and environmental management (Club du Sahel 1981, 1982a, 1982b). Implicit here is the need for an extension service capable of promoting agroforestry under Sahelian conditions.
+Approach to a Solution
+This definition of the problem sets two requirements for a solution. First, in order to interest rural people (who already lead a marginal existence) in resource management, programs must appear to them as worthwhile activities Second, solutions must be tailored to fit the contours, institutional as well as natural, of local settings.
+Solutions will involve people if the solutions promise net benefits and do not overtax local resource bases or organizational capabilities (Thomson 1980b). Institutional and natural characteristics of local settings are clearly not immutable. But if renewable resource management is to depend on increased external support for environmental management--for example, from donor contributions--or on changes in the working rules of local life in thousands of Sahelian communities, realism demands careful assessment of chances of success. Planners will be well advised to think through proposed changes to determine whether they can be effected and then sustained. If changes are feasible, in terms of costs to the target group of resource managers--rural Sahelians--and in terms of sustainability, both of new rules and levels of external funding, then management of renewable resources in specific locations may become a reality. If not, other approaches to stemming Sahelian environmental
+degradation must be sought.
+RELEVANT PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
+Agroforestry planners will require three general kinds of information: (1) baseline data on renewable natural resource availability, in the context of control and use rules; (2) knowledge of people's attitude toward desirability of managing particular renewable natural resources; and (3) clear and precise understanding of factors constraining management of these resources. State-of-the-art technical information on production levels associated with realistic alternative mixes of trees, agricultural crops, and livestock is necessary, in turn, to match with the on-site baseline data sets.
+Baseline Data
+Human activity is almost always patterned and takes place in special, channeled ways in particular settings. Planners need to build up detailed descriptions--word and number pictures--of what people are doing with resources and how they are doing it, so they can analyze trends in resource use with confidence and sophistication.
+A number of general topics must be covered concerning each resource if the global picture regarding trees, pastures, or soils--or interactions between these and other renewable resources--is to be meaningful and accurate. In general, the following areas must be covered (in some situations, supplemental information on other topics will be indispensable):
+1. Current availability of renewable natural resources by district within the country. Of particular importance in the context of agroforestry projects will be information on condition of the woodstock (all ligneous plants, from small bushes to trees). Pasture' soil, water, and human food supply conditions must also be investigated.
+2. Probable evolution of supply and demand situation for each resource in surplus, equilibrium, and deficit areas.
+3. Identity and nature of user communities exploiting each renewable resource.
+4. Benefits--both non consumptive (for example, trees for environmental stabilization, enclosure, and soil regeneration) and consumptive (for example, wood for fuel and construction materials)--that users derive from renewable resources.
+5. Existing management efforts designed to maintain or enhance resource availability, be they private, local, and indigenous, or external, government/donor-sponsored attempts.
+6. Terms and conditions of access to and exploitation of renewable resources both within and outside of management districts. These are often heavily influenced by:
+a. Formal rules--laws, administrative decrees, resource use codes, association statutes, or "customary laws," and the like, which bear on control and use of renewable natural resources.
+b. Effective rules--determined by decisions of enforcing officials and judicial authorities, concerning application of formal rules to real instances of trouble and disputes (Thomson 1977, and literature cited there by Commons, and Llewellyn and Hoebel).
+Note that the effective rules may be the same as formal rules; they may also diverge in small or large ways, depending on the extent to which enforcers and Judicial officials enjoy leeway to determine, in individual incidents, what the real law will be for that dispute. In the final analysis, effective rules control and guide conduct: individuals make calculations regarding resource use based mainly on what they think will happen if a dispute arises, and less on terms of formal, paper rules.
+Note further that "no rule" is still a rule; for example, a forestry code may precisely define, on paper, terms of lawful access to certain tree species, but the code provisions may never be enforced in some areas. In such circumstances, the rule of access is generally "first come, first served," which implies that nothing will constrain resource use short of full exhaustion of supplies. (In surplus supply situations, this may well be the most appropriate--"reasonable and efficient"resource use rule.)
+Information on these points should be collected whenever and wherever efforts at resource management are to be mounted. In Sahelian agroforestry programs, as noted, five types of renewable resources appear of prime importance:
+1. Woodstock
+2. Pastures
+3. Soils
+4. Water
+5. Human food supplies
+The assessment schema outlined above will be briefly illustrated using an analysis of woodstock conditions; it can be similarly applied to the other renewable resources.
+Woodstock Assessment: An Illustration
+Basic woodstock ecological sub-areas within the country must be identified as a preliminary step. These sub-areas might include places where bush cover still predominates, regions of interspersed fields and fallows, permanent agriculture under a tree canopy of species such as Acacia albida or Butyrospermum paradoxum, and areas of substantial deforestation.
+Quality and quantity of remaining wood supplies, as well as the kinds of pressures to which they are subjected (local and distant demand for firewood and building poles, cutting for fodder and fencing, and so forth), must then be precisely described. This information, combined with demand projections from current consumption levels and population growth rates, will permit assessment of probable future deficit areas. (Such projections, however, do not alone Justify siting projects in probable deficit areas.)
+User communities should be carefully canvassed about the benefits they derive from the woodstock. On-site uses may include soil regeneration and/or stabilization, erosion control and fencing, and consumptive uses of products such as fuel, building materials, food crops, medicines, and fencing. These data can be particularly helpful at the design stage if they reveal hitherto neglected bargaining counters to promote conservation and resource management.
+Within each ecological sub-area, data should be gathered on efforts to increase the woodstock in any of the following ways:
+1. Industrial plantations
+2. Community woodlots
+3. Individual or family woodlots, or scatter-site, in-field plantings
+4. Shelterbelts, live fencing, dune stabilization, gully control
+5. Managing natural regeneration (either for on-site or consumptive uses)
+In each instance, accurate, detailed information about sponsorship, initiation, management, and implementation of such efforts will reveal the range of existing agroforestry activities and possible pitfalls of different approaches.
+Finally, the working rules of resource use should be identified. IS there a forestry code? To what extent does it control access in a formal sense, and how is it applied in fact, by area? Where an existing code is irrelevant, because it is not enforced, what are the local rules governing tree tenure or property rights regarding trees? Through what means can they be enforced? Detailed information of this sort promotes real understanding, both of peoples' attitudes toward resource management and of the hurdles they may perceive in various management schemes.
+Popular Interest in Resource Management
+Popular willingness to invest time, energy, goods, and money in renewable resource management critically conditions feasibility of participatory resource management schemes. Villagers with little practical experience in working together toward common goals over long periods of time will likely have trouble managing a village woodlot held in common. Those accustomed to sustained collective action may reject a program focused on improving individual farmers' resource management capabilities. Planners and designers thus need to spend time finding out how people organize to do things in the area of resource management.
+A healthy dose of skepticism is in order when assessing villagers' initial answers to the question, "How would you like to manage resource X?" Village spokesmen may know that current government policy emphasizes a particular format or way of working, for example, "collective action," "individual initiative," "youth groups," "cooperatives," or "the Party." Chances are good that villagers will "want" to manage resources in the preferred manner, if only to avoid antagonizing government officials in the short run. If the opening question runs, "Do you villagers want to organize a collective woodlot?" any collective orientation villagers may express must be viewed even more skeptically, since they will assume the government's preferred format has been stated in the question itself. Even rephrasing the question to a simple, neutral inquiry about the villagers' interest in managing resources at all may not escape biased replies if spokesmen know there is a push on to promote
+reforestation, for example.
+To penetrate this frequently encountered protective smokescreen of politically conditioned responses and get to the realities of village organization, the investigator needs to find out how people carry out other activities. Is farming--usually the fundamental activity in Sahelian rural communities--largely an individually run activity? If there are cooperatives, how well do they function? If trees have been planted in the village, or terraces built on village fields, or if other forms of resource management have been attempted, how were those efforts undertaken? Were they done collectively or individually or by families who owned the property? What was the impetus for the action? Did individuals or some sort of collective group in the village decide, perhaps after consultation with outsiders, that they wanted to start something in the realm of resource management; or did woodlots or rock dams or windbreaks result from a government program imposed on villagers, or from
+inducement provided by a donor-financed or private voluntary organization project?
+Once the general nature of resource management activities is clear, designers will have an easier time assessing feasibility of different organizational approaches to resource management. They should be able to discount the facade of politically structured responses and, through careful examination of real activities, arrive at a general sense of what will and what will not work in a community.
+Investigators, however, should be wary of concluding, from collective or individual activities in areas other than resource management, that the same orientations will automatically carry over into the resource realm. Particularly if resource management has no prominent place in local traditional activities, it would be wise to adopt a frankly experimental orientation to the problem of organization and encourage villagers to try a variety of approaches, each individual or group doing more or less as he, she, or they see fit. It may also turn out that villagers are willing to manage resources, but only when the task is imposed upon them, and when state officials shoulder the burden of making sure each villager does his or her share. (For an enlightening discussion of this type of problem in the context of land reform efforts, see Popkin 1979:50-51, and literature cited there.) Where this is the case, resource management operations will be limited by the size of the civil
+service contingent that can be detached for such activities.
+Constraints on Participatory Resource Management
+Five general categories of constraints may impinge on resource management efforts: technical, economic, financial, legal, and political. (Thomson 1981:125-48, presents a more detailed formulation and illustrations of these constraints.) Each will be examined and briefly illustrated by examples from the area of woodstock management.
+Technical constraints may inhere both in the environment and in the particular species of trees or shrubs selected for use in reforestation activities. In the Sahel, seedlings must be able to survive in the face of harsh temperatures, irregular rainfall, and frequently poor soils (unless special arrangements can be made to irrigate young plants). Some species, particularly among the exotics, simply cannot survive under Sahelian conditions. They can be planted; but as hundreds of stunted or failed Azadirachta indica (neem) plantations attest, they will not necessarily prosper. In other cases, seeds or seedlings of appropriate species may not be available at the right time. Inadequate seed collection or production capacities may explain this and may be remedied with relative ease, but the constraint nonetheless often exists. Finally, genetically improved local species are not yet available. If the local species' hardiness can be coupled with improved growth rates and
+production of subsidiary forest products, popular interest in reforestation may well pick up noticeably.
+For many Sahelians, the idea of planting trees at present raises as many problems as it solves. In certain cultures and agricultural settings, farmers view trees with disfavor as unwelcome competition. Villagers may not yet grasp the full range of values that shelterbelts or live fencing can provide, although in many areas a very clear perception of the usefulness of certain trees has existed for a long time. The extent to which Acacia albida and Butyrospermum paradoxum have been promoted by rural people proves the point. Adansonia digitata, Parkia clappertoniana, and other species have also been widely cultured by Sahelians interested in their fruits and other by-products.
+Finally, popular ignorance of silviculture operates in many places as a factor constraining investment in renewing woodstocks. Many Sahelians have much to learn about seed preparation methods, nursery techniques, and methods and timing of planting. Some would also benefit greatly, as would experts, from clearer appreciation of the values of certain local species, best forms of association with crops and pasturelands, low-cost methods of promoting natural regeneration, and the like. Popular education in silviculture has become indispensable, as an important key to more intensive management of Sahelian woodstocks. The extent to which many Sahelian cultures relied, until recently, largely on passive investment in woodstock management, through systems of bush fallowing or shifting cultivation, makes this educational undertaking doubly pressing. The woodstock was allowed to take care of itself, under conditions where it was rarely overexploited; in most places, it regenerated
+admirably on the strength of almost entirely natural processes. Now, however, changing land/man ratios impose the necessity for intensified silviculture. Drastic reduction of bush areas, particularly when accompanied by severe, localized environmental degradation, has sapped the efficacy of many passive regeneration techniques. Rural dwellers in many places must now master new techniques if they are to survive in their present habitats.
+Economic constraints revolve around the question of profitability of proposed improvement schemes. If farmers and herders can demonstrate to their own satisfaction that investment in reforestation will pay off, they can be expected to show more interest in the matter. In much of the Sahel, active reforestation is, for all practical purposes, a new idea. It has arisen only with the sharply decreased availability of firewood supply--a recent phenomenon in many rural areas (and not as yet a universal one). But examples already exist of individuals making money through investment in wood production for market, and more are developing each year. This orientation will take time, but sharply increasing prices of forest products throughout the Sahel guarantee that activities that were irrelevant 10 years ago, when wood supplies remained adequate in most places, will rapidly take on increased importance. It is critical to capitalize on this rising current of popular interest, by
+putting practical technical and economic solutions at people's disposal.
+The development of markets for various kinds of wood, and price increases that annually outstrip inflation (Club du Sahel 1981, 1982a, 1982b; Winterbottom 1980), have convinced many Sahelians that they must provide for their own consumptive needs on a systematic basis. The impetus to learn tree-raising techniques sharpens as wood supplies dwindle and demand escalates with growing populations. To the extent that technical innovations or newly acquired silvicultural skills lower costs to rural people of investing in new increments of wood supply (family or community woodlots, natural regeneration in the fields, and so forth), multiplication of reforestation activities at the local level throughout the Sahel become possible and indeed probable.
+Financial constraints depend mainly on the cost of reforestation rocesses. Land, labor, and materials may all be scarce items in different Sahelian settings, particularly where intensifying population pressure has confirmed labor migration as a standard response to food shortages. Reforestation techniques that demand a substantial labor component may be beyond the capacity of local communities to provide when able-bodied young people have gone elsewhere in search of work. Complicating the problem are traditional labor bottlenecks during the rainy season, when many critical reforestation actions must succeed each other in timely fashion.
+Evolving popular mastery of silvicultural techniques, as well as improvement in techniques themselves, may eventually alleviate if not fully resolve these problems. Anything that shifts the burden of investment in reforestation from the rainy to the dry season seems positive in this regard. Promoting natural regeneration appears especially promising here.
+Inadequate credit arrangements may also hinder popular reforestation attempts. Manufactured fencing materials such as barbed wire, chicken wire, and posts may eventually Justify initial outlays in some circumstances, but most people will remain too poor to envisage such purchases. Subsidized loans and forest product price rises may sharply modify this situation in the medium term, but in the short and long runs, solutions will more likely be found through improvement in live-fencing techniques. This may involve both enhanced popular awareness of the possibilities of live fencing and a greater mastery, at the local level, of nursery techniques. Species that will meet several additional needs, such as human and animal food production, firewood, and building materials, and that will provide fencing and fencing materials in the form of a reliable local source of thorns, ought to facilitate enclosure. At that point, problems of stock control may become somewhat less pressing.
+Legal constraints will be embedded in the effective rules, whether these closely reflect formal rule provisions or some quite different local arrangement. Where property relations are ambiguous, either regarding land or tree tenure, investors will be cautious. In the particularly discouraging case of the improperly enforced state forestry code--these codes in the Sahel usually provide for management and control of woodstock use by foresters--trees may be treated as an unmanaged common property resource in which each individual is, in effect, free to take what he wants without fearing that sanctions will be imposed. Under such circumstances, investment in reforestation must strike most rural dwellers as nonsense; they correctly see little probability that they will reap any benefits from their work,
+The legal process concerning enforcement of tree-tenure relations is also critical. If "available" recourses, such as finding and informing the roving forester of a code infraction on one's land, are prohibitively expensive, they will not be invoked. If they are not invoked, rules will not be enforced, and common property woodstocks will not be managed.
+In each case, however, it is important to identify local working rules governing woodstock use and management, and to do so before attempting to propose projects or programs envisaging investment, in any form, in woodstock management. In areas where a formal forestry code is not applied, local working rules will determine, either actively or passively, how wood is exploited and to some extent whether investment in reforestation is reasonable' (in places where supply remains adequate, investment in new increments will find little favor with rural Sahelians, whom experience has convinced of the virtues of passive management, that is, regular fallowing and nothing more).
+Political constraints turn on villagers' or herders' incapacity to control local or outside exploiters of renewable resources and on the inability, widespread in Sahelian states, of local communities both to formulate and modify their own renewable resource management rules in light of changing conditions, and also to enforce them regularly, as a framework for management activities. These problems relate to larger political issues, such as inter-ethnic relations and rural development, which public officials, particularly in francophone areas, have tended to handle until very recently as problems amenable to control only through extension of government networks (for detailed illustrations of these points in the Nigerian context, see Thomson, in press). In very recent years costs of this strategy, and its considerable limitations, have become increasingly apparent to most observers familiar with the reality of government- and donor-financed rural development projects. The
+growing sense that decentralization must occur, in close association with efforts to enable local communities to deal with such issues as resource management, is certainly promising for future renewable resource management.
+In summarizing this section, it must be stressed that information about resource availability by local area, popular attitudes toward management of different resources, locally preferred strategies for managing resources, and social or institutional constraints on management activities is often hard to come by. It is, in other words, high-priced information. Some data will be so expensive as to preclude obtaining them in adequate amounts through donor-financed personnel.
+The secondary position is then to create an extension system that uses local peoples' knowledge in these areas to reduce the costs of gathering information. But such participation will not be without cost. It will inevitably complicate and slow planning processes and make implementation of management activities more cumbersome, at least initially. But basing planning and execution on solid, reliable information about local circumstances should make agroforestry programs much more effective over the long run.
+AGROFORESTRY EXTENSION
+The three types of preliminary information Just discussed--baseline data on renewable natural resource availability, ownership, and use rules; information about popular interest in managing particular resources; and constraints that may complicate management of these resources--will indicate areas where severe environmental degradation has occurred, and where popular management opportunities might be identified and developed. To realize and capitalize on these potential opportunities, a working system of communication with villagers must be established.
+Extension System Design Criteria
+The term "extension system" may imply to some a one-way, top-down flow of information from experts to farmers and herders. If so, the term is inadequate. In this chapter, "extension system" is defined as a reliable, two-way communication system. Information flowing in both directions will be critical to the process of pinpointing difficulties at all levels in resolving resource management problems: rural dwellers' intimate knowledge of their own microenvironments, as well as experts' knowledge of genetic engineering, plant compatibilities, soil conditions, and resource management techniques that have worked elsewhere, will prove indispensable to effective management efforts.
+Messages moving through the extension system must also reflect local people's knowledge of their social, economic, legal, political, and organizational circumstances. These factors have as much to do with environmental stabilization and upgrading as do nursery skills and the latest technical advances. Local people are the ones who can most efficiently calculate what will and what will not work for them in resource management. In exactly the same way, they can best put to the acid field test experimental-station hypotheses and results about appropriate plant associations, resource conservation schemes, planting techniques, and 60 forth. In both the technical and social realms, villagers and pastoralists, because they must grapple with specifics of complex local environments, go beyond the generalizations that often underlie experts management propositions toe test whether an idea or process will work here. If extension systems £unction properly, they will encourage farmers
+and herders and help them to tailor solutions in light of what they know about limiting factors in their environments. Through such participation, modifications in general formulas necessary to make them effective in a given environment can be introduced.
+Existing Extension Possibilities
+Content, form, and process will interact in a developing agroforestry extension system. Some information (content) can be transmitted through almost any set of extension institutions; but how valuable that information will appear to clientele, and what use they will make of it, will depend very much on the form of the extension system (its institutional design) and the communication process associated with it.
+Program designers can roughly determine fairly early what they want an agroforestry extension system to do. The task can be as simple and specific as "teach people how to plant and care for nursery-raised neem seedlings properly." It can be as complex as the following. First, find out what people are interested in doing, by region (or by district, village, or family). Depending on circumstances, they may want to plant nursery-raised seedlings of various types. They might prefer to learn how to raise seedlings of their own choice. They might want to start at the beginning, by learning how to collect, grade, prepare, and plant seeds. On the other hand, they might like to learn how to intensify production of natural regenerator, or to acquire new soil and water conservation techniques based on agroforestry principles. Once the basic interests of particular groups or individuals have been identified through a careful dialogue, the second step will be to find out, in detail, what
+they already know about these activities. Third, extension workers can proceed to teach them more of what they want and need to know, while simultaneously making them aware of other possibilities which they can examine for feasibility in light of their knowledge of local conditions. Finally, the extension system should provide materiel back-up for extension activities, whether it be in the form of hand tools, fencing materials, or facilities for regional or local experimental stations, agroforestry resource centers, and so forth. (For a discussion of what such centers might attempt, see National Research Council 1981:87-92. Note that materiel back-up should also be provided to extension workers, in part as encouragement and in part to permit them to do their Job better.)
+These kinds of mayor orientations or definitions of extension system goals will then permit designers to move to the next step of evaluating existing extension possibilities. In some settings it may be possible to graft agroforestry extension efforts onto existing communications systems that have been established, for instance, by forestry, agricultural, or livestock agencies, or by individual rural development projects. This would be particularly effective if existing extension workers could receive supplemental training, enabling them to appreciate the complexities of integrated agroforestry systems. To determine whether the use of existing extension systems is advisable in a given place, three questions must be asked concerning communication:
+1. What messages are being transmitted by existing systems and in what directions?
+2. Row well are they being passed?
+3. To what extent can additional messages to farmers and pastoralists be effectively moved through these networks?
+Answers to these questions, coupled with data acquired through preliminary investigations outlined above, will suggest whether new information exchange systems focused on promoting agroforestry ought to be created and, if so, where. This will be a very subtle process, particularly where some positive agroforestry programs are already under way. Planners will have to identify target areas on an experimental basis. Choices should reflect the need for resource management, popular demand for information about improved agroforestry methods, and political opportunities in light of other programs already functioning in given Jurisdictions.
+Agroforestry Extension Systems
+Whether a policy decision is made to work through existing systems or to develop a new set of institutions specifically designed to foster popular agroforestry, it will be important to devise a series of working hypotheses to be tested in experimental and implementation phases. These hypotheses should help program designers, project personnel, and outside evaluators to monitor activities and results and to clarify the value of original formulations. Where correction becomes necessary, modifications in hypotheses should be introduced but in a conscious manner. Projections must be made about how extension tasks can be accomplished, formulated as working hypotheses. It also is necessary to determine to what extent--and by what means of evaluation of results--these hypotheses will be confirmed or rejected.
+Several hypotheses are proposed here as possible models to be adopted or adapted by future forestry programs. They also provide a summation of points made in this chapter.
+1. Agroforestry extension systems must, to succeed, encourage local people both to implement positive resource management techniques and to experiment with them, using indigenous systems where applicable, and outside expertise or an amalgam of both where such knowledge is appropriate.
+2. Systems that provide the greatest increase in resource productivity for a given investment, or a given improvement in resource productivity for the least investment, will be most successful,
+a. Most farmers and pastoralists live fairly marginal existences in difficult environments; they can afford only limited investments.
+b. If actively promoting natural regenerator of vegetation proves the least expensive approach, it should be explored intensively and extensively.
+3. To get wide and in-depth coverage of target populations, extension networks will have to involve farmers and pastoralists as teachers of their fellows. This implies some sort of training program. A CILSS seminar, sponsored by the Agency for International Development, has produced specific recommendations for Sahelian countries and has outlined an agroforestry curriculum. An informal but sustained education program might well be best, if it could be united with some form of regular, ongoing activity.
+4. The vehicle that might carry extension messages and information flows from individual field experiments to higher levels and, inversely, might be a mini-nursery program designed to transfer knowledge about nursery techniques to (self-selected) villagers, and through their efforts, to make seedling stock easily available at the local level. If nurserymen were allowed to sell their produce as well as their advice on promoting natural regeneration and other forms of renewable resource management, they would have a constant incentive to perform well in order to attract and hold a clientele.
+5. Given the public good expected from effective agroforestry extension work--environmental stabilization or improvement--it would be appropriate to subsidize network members where this proved necessary to keep them operating and moving ahead. Such individuals should not, however, become fully paid state or project employees, since this would reduce their economic incentive to be responsive to their clientele.
+6. If extension networks associated with mini-nursery programs could be tied in directly with regional agroforestry "learning and experimental centers," local extension agents would have a point of contact with experts capable of answering their resource management questions either from their own knowledge, or by contacting others who could, or by devising experiments at the center or elsewhere to generate answers.
+7. Such a resource management extension system should be designed to produce a continuous flow of feedback to the agroforestry learning and experimental center about local resource management problems, successes, and failures, and to identify the best opportunities by area to develop resource management techniques in light of preliminary information and the outcomes of subsequent activities.
+<section>References</section>
+Bayliss-Smith, T. P. 1982. The Ecology of Agricultural Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
+Bodley, J. H. 1975. Victims of Progress. Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California, USA.
+Club du Sahel (Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1981. Analyse du secteur forestier et propositions: Le Niger. SAHEL D(81)132. Paris, Prance.
+1982a. Analyse du secteur forestier et propositions: La Haute Volta. SAHEL D(82)159. Paris, Prance.
+1982b. Etude du secteur forestier et propositions: Le Mali. SAHEL D(82)165. Paris, France.
+Felker, P. 1978. State of the Art: Acacia albida as a Complementary Permanent Intercrop with Annual Crops. Grant No. AlD/afr-C-1361, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
+Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1981. Agroforesterie africaine. Programme Forestier Pour le Developpement des Collectivites Locales. GCP/INT/347/SWE. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+Gallais, J. 1975. Pasteurs et paysans du Gourma: La condition sahelienne. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
+International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1982. Statement on conservation. IUCN Bulletin 13(7-8-9):58.
+Katz, R. W., and M. a. Glantz. 1977. Rainfall statistics, droughts, and desertification in the Sahel. Pp. 81-97 in M. a. Glantz, ea., Desertification: Environmental Degradation in and Around Arid Lands. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+Keita, J. D. 1981. Plantations in the Sahel. Unasylva 33(134):25-29.
+Le Houerou, H. N. 1980. The rangelands of the Sahel. Journal of Range Management 33(1):41-46.
+Levtzion, N., and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds. 1981. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
+Nachtigal, G. 1879 (translated and reissued in 1974). Tripoll and Fezzan, Tibesti or Tu. Vol. 1, Sahara and Sudan. Barnes and Noble, New York, New York, USA.
+National Research Council. 1981. Staff Report: Environmental Degradation in Mauritania. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+1983. Environmental Change in the Nest African Sahel. Advisory Committee on the Sahel. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Popkin, S. L. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA.
+Robert, S. 1976. Archeologie des sites urbains des Rodh et problemes de la desertification saharienne au Moyen Age. PP. 46-55 in La desertification au sud du Sahara. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines (Dakar, Senegal, and Abidjan, Ivory Coast).
+Thomson, J. T. 1977. Ecological deterioration: Local-level rule-making and enforcement problems in Niger. In Desertification: Environmental Degradation in and Around Arid Lands, M. R. Glantz, ed. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+1980a. The institutional framework for Sahelian reforestation: Microcatchments, experiments and local autonomy. Paper presented at the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, April 21, 1980, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
+1980b. Le processus juridique, les droits fonciers, et l'amenagement de l'environnement dans un canton hausaphone du Niger. Paper presented at the Commission on Agro-pastoralism, Journee d'Etudes sur les Problemes Fonciers en Afrique Noire, September 22-25, 1980, Paris, France.
+1981. Public choice analysis of institutional constraints on firewood production strategies in the West African Sahel. Pp. 119-152 in Public Choice and Rural Development, C. S. Russell and N. K. Nicholson, eds. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., USA.
+In press. Politics of Sahelian desertification: Centralization, non-participation, inaction. In Politics of Environment and Development, R. J. Leonard, ed. Holmes and Meier, New York, New York, USA.
+Weber, F. R. 1977. Reforestation in Arid Lands. VITA Publications, Manual Series Number 37E. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mount Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Winterbottom, R. T. 1980. Reforestration in the Sahel: Problems and strategies--An analysis of the problem of deforestation, and a review of the results of forestry projects in Upper Volta. Paper presented at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting, October 15-18, 1980, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
+<section>Bibliography</section>
+Charreau, C. 1974. Soils of tropical dry and dry-wet climatic areas of West Africa and their use and management. Agronomy Mimeo 74-26. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
+1975. Organic matter and biochemical properties of soil in the dry tropical zone of West Africa. Pp. 313-335 in Organic Materials as Fertilizers. FAO Soils Bulletin, No. 27. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+1977. Some controversial technical aspects of farming systems in semi-arid West Africa. Pp. 313-360 in Proceedings of an International Symposium on Rainfed Agriculture in Semi-arid Regions, G. B. Cannell, ed. University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
+1980. Le ro1e des arbres dans les systemes agraires des regions semi-arides tropicales d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Pp. 33-36 in Le Ro1e des Arbres au Sahel. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
+Delwaulle, J. C. Plantations forestieres en Afrique tropicale seche. Techniques et especes a utiliser. 1-8 Bois Forets des Tropiques. 1-(1978), 181, 15-28; 2-(1978), 182, 3-18; 3-(1979), 183, 3-17; 4-(1979), 184, 45-59; 5-(1979), 185, 3-23; 6-(1979), 186, 3-34; 7-(1979), 187, 3-30; 8-(1979), 188, 3-29.
+Felker, P., and R. Bandurski. 1979. Uses and potential uses of leguminous trees for minimal energy input agriculture. Economic Botany 33(2):172-184.
+Ferlin, G. R. 1981. Techniques de reboisement dans les zones subdesertiques d'Afrique. IDRC-169f. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
+Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1977. Savanna afforestatlon in Africa. FAO Forestry Paper No. 11. Lecture notes for the FAO/DANIDA training course on forest nursery and establishment techniques for African savannas, and papers from the symposium on savanna afforestation, with the support of Danish International Development Agency, Kaduna, Nigeria. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+Giffard, P. L. 1974. L'arbre dans le paysage senegalais. Sylviculture en zone tropicale seche. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Dakar Senegal.
+International Development Research Centre. 1980. Le Ro1e des Arbres au Sahel. Compte rendu du colloque tenu a Dakar (Senegal) du 5 au 10 novembre 1979. IDRC-158d. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
+von Maydell, H.-J. 1977. The contribution of forestry to regional development in the Sahel. Applied Science and Development 10:164-174.
+1979. Agroforestry to combat desertification: A case study of the Sahel. Pp. 11-24 in Agroforestry: Proceedings of the 50th Symposium on Tropical Agriculture. Bulletin 303. Department of Agricultural Research, Koninklijk Institut voor de Tropen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
+1981. Forestry in Senegal: Problems and prospects for development. Plant Research and Development, Vol. 14.
+Meckelein, W., ed. 1980. Desertification in extremely arid environments. Stuttgarter Geographische Studien, No. 95. Univ. Stuttg., Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany.
+National Academy of Sciences. 1980. A preliminary assessment of environmental degradation and agricultural productivity in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin. Advisory Committee on the Sahel. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Pelissier, P. 1977. Competition and the integration of agriculture and cattle raising in Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian Africa. Pp. 72-86 in Proceedings of an International Symposium on Rainfed Agriculture in Semi-arid Regions, G. U. Cannell, ed. University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
+Rapp, A., H. N. Le Houerou, and R. Lundholm, eds. 1976. Can desert encroachment be stopped? A study with emphasis on Africa. Ecological Bulletins, No. 24. Published by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme and Secretariat for International Ecology, Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
+United Nations. 1978. Round-up plan of action and resolutions. Conference on Desertification, 29 August-9 September 1977. United Nations, New York, New York, USA.
+United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 1975. The Sahel: Ecological approaches to land use. Programme of Man and the Biosphere, Technical Notes. UNESCO Press, Paris, France.
+Vester, F. 1976. Ballungagebiete in der Krise. Eine Anleitung zum Verstehen und Planen Menschlicher Lebenaraume mit Hilfe der Biokybernetik. Deutsche Verlags-Anst., Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany.
+Zech, W., and H.-J. von Maydell. 1981. Futterwert forstlicher Pflanzen im Sahel. Forschungsberichte des Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit, Band 7. Weltforum Verlag, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany.
+<section>Appendixes</section>
+<section>APPENDIX A: Selection and Use of Tree Species</section>
+CRITERIA FOR SPECIES SELECTION
+Many of the failures of forest plantations and tree-planting activities in agroforestry programs can be traced to the selection of inappropriate species. Use of the following criteria may improve the selection process.
+Adaptation to Site Conditions Climate, soils (especially structure and depth), water regime, and so forth, must be known. A site classification should be made, and results should be laid out in maps and supported by aerial photography. Based on this data, the site characteristics can be matched with the requirements of the trees considered.
+Easy and Safe Establishment, Low Inputs Seeds of selected quality should be obtained. Vegetative propagation may be possible. Preference should be given to species direct seeding. A special effort should be made to keep costs low for establishment and maintenance (for example, reducing cost of production, pesticides, fertilizer).
+Fast Growth, High Yields Multiple-use suitability may be essential, including the possibility of intercropping. Growth and yield often are not the only considerations.
+Compatibility with Other Land Use This is important under agroforestry management and also in mixed stands within the forest. The species selected should not negatively affect crops, grazing, farmland, or installations, and should not attract insects, fungi, birds, rats, or other pests harmful to agricultural crops.
+Plantations with exotic tree species should be limited to sites where the natural tree vegetation evidently fails to meet present or future demands. There are a number of reasons for this recommendation. First, the full use (or use potential) of local plants is not yet sufficiently known or statistically recorded. It may well be that their replacement by exotics will result in permanent, seasonal, or occasional deficiencies (for medicines, for example) which may impair or even threaten the chances for survival of man or his livestock.
+Second, the introduction of new species implies increasing ecological and management risks. Exotic species should be thoroughly evaluated in terms of performance and on-site consequences of their planting before they are extensively used in a new region. It is not easy to identify exotic tree species whose overall benefits can be compared to those of the local species. Third, the conversion to a plantation forest or even enrichment planting (and maintenance) is more expensive than natural forest management on a sustained-yield basis, making use of natural regeneration.
+There are, however, a number of exotic species that should be tested in the Sahel, primarily for use in afforestation projects on land now without forest cover, for specific benefits that cannot be obtained from local species and that can best be provided by planting outside the forest, in villages, along roadsides, and on particularly degraded or endangered sites, within the context of agroforestry.
+The multiple uses of local and introduced tree species are indicated in Table A-1, which begins on page 66.
+<section>Appendix B: Methodology for Diagnosis and Design of Agroforestry and Management Systems</section>
+John Raintree
+If agroforestry is to live up to current expectations concerning its capacity to solve problems, significant improvements will have to be made in the methodology for relating research and development efforts to the actual needs and potential of tropical land use systems. This paper highlights the principal features of the core logic of an evolving diagnostic and design methodology that is intended to serve as a reliable tool for arriving at effective and adoptable agroforestry solutions to local land use problems the world over.
+WHY DIAGNOSIS IS NECESSARY
+The ultimate practical aim is to improve agroforestry land management systems and technologies with specific capabilities to solve land management problems. Unfortunately, technologies implicitly designed for conditions that prevail at research stations, "high access" farms (Rolling 1980), and forest management units are often completely unsuitable when extended to the majority of land users in the same agroecological zone. The problem is not that the biophysical features of the zone have not been taken into account--on the contrary, they are usually well understood--but that discipline-focused researchers often fail to perceive that the existing land use system has its own internal organization and its own unique set of operational constraints and potentials.
+The problem with an ad hoc approach to designing or prescribing technologies is that the technologists are rarely equipped to address the full set of design criteria. Rather than designing technology on the basis of only a partial set of criteria and then treating the nonadoption of the resulting technology as an "extension problem," it will almost always be more useful to place the onus of responsibility squarely on those developing the technology, recognizing that in the first instance, there is a design problem and no substitute for good design. This objective requires coordinated contributions from an interdisciplinary team of professionals as well as from the intended users of the eventual technology product.
+A problem-oriented diagnostic approach to agroforestry design is the most direct and logical route to effective and adoptable agroforestry technologies and land management systems. A long, drawn-out survey process is neither necessary nor useful. The aim is to develop a practical, effective, and quickly accomplishable diagnosis and design method that can prove its usefulness by the results it obtains in a wide range of environments.
+THE LOGIC OF AGROFORESTRY DIAGNOSTIC AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
+The success of the methodology will be judged not by the number or the elegance of resulting agroforestry technologies but by the impact it has had on the landscape, that is, how effective it has been in transforming landscapes into more productive and sustainable land use systems. A successful methodology must somehow guide the user toward agroforestry technologies that embody three essential attributes: productivity, sustainability, and adoptability.
+The first two criteria are virtually axiomatic. Agroforestry is an approach that seeks to improve the productivity and sustainability of land use systems and has significant potential for achieving both objectives simultaneously. Productivity and sustainability are the most effective criteria by which to measure problems of existing land use systems and evaluate potential agroforestry alternatives. No matter how efficiently or elegantly a technology may solve a problem, however, it will have little impact unless it is adopted by a significant percentage of the intended users. In agroforestry diagnosis and design, there are many factors beyond technological irrelevance that may limit the adoptability of an otherwise promising technology.
+Most of the possible adoption constraints have to do with the level of available resources and management skills in a given system, or with the incompatibility of the potential technology with existing practices or certain cultural factors associated with the general technological tradition of the area. It may be difficult, or even impossible, to diagnose all of the potential constraints on adoption before undertaking farm trials of the proposed technologies, but the process can be guided initially by the common sense assumption that the ability to solve a problem begins with the ability to define it (Steppler 1981, Steppler and Raintree 1981).
+There are two practical implications for a strategy that focuses attention on the solution of perceived problems in existing land use systems. In the diagnostic phase, it becomes even more essential to involve the land users in the process inasmuch as only they can shed light on their perceived problems. Hence, it is important to emphasize analysis of perceived management problems and strategies at the household or unit management level.
+In the design phase, not all of the problems that constrain the productivity and, particularly, the sustainability of a household land management system are clearly perceived by the manager; and even when the problem is perceived, its solution may not rank high in the farmer's priorities, and technologies designed to solve the problem may fail to awaken any adoption interest. Although often viewed as an "extension" or "education" problem, again it may be more productive to regard it as a design problem.
+The multifunctional nature of many potential agroforestry technologies may enable the designer in such cases to find some attractive way to link the not necessarily wanted conservation function to some desirable production function of a well-chosen multipurpose technology.
+For example, in Kenya, farmers with little or no present interest in erosion control (a severe problem in dry hill areas) nevertheless appear very interested in hedgerow planting of fast-growing leguminous trees to satisfy household fuel wood needs. By planting dense hedgerows of coppicing fuel wood trees on the contour with row spacings selected for effective erosion control, both problems can be solved with a single, adoptable design. Other farmers in Kenya, on the other hand, have expressed a definite and immediate interest in hedgerows for erosion control, but there is no currently perceived problem with fuel wood supply. Where trend analysis indicates a potential fuel wood problem, these farmers, with potential fuel wood production systems already in place, could then begin to manage the hedgerows for fuel wood. These two examples of cleverly designed multipurpose agroforestry systems illustrate the kinds of design considerations that follow from a diagnostic approach.
+In making the analysis, it is helpful to distinguish between constraints and potentials of existing land use systems and those that pertain to the appropriateness of potential agroforestry technologies. These two levels of evaluation (dealing with constraints and potentials of different types) are part of a sequence of analyses outlined below:
+Diagnostic Phase
+1. Characterize the essential features of structure and function in the existing land use system and identify the output subsystems.
+2. Evaluate the performance of the subsystems (that is, identify problems).
+3. Determine what constraints limit the performance of the subsystems.
+4. Identify general potentials for performance-improving (constraint-removing) interventions of an agroforestry nature (candidate technologies).
+Design Phase
+5. Determine constraints that condition the appropriateness of candidate agroforestry technologies (components and practices).
+6. Identify remaining potentials for specific agroforestry technologies (existing or to be developed).
+The following section discusses details of the logic of agroforestry diagnosis and design and considers what is needed at each of the above steps.
+Identification of Output Subsystems
+In analyzing land use systems, initial attention must be directed to the evaluation of the resource base. Subsequent priority should be given to the definition of land management units (or their equivalents) as the primary decision-making units and reference systems. Defining land use subsystems in terms of their output seems most appropriate because it is (a) the least restrictive modeling possibility, (b) the most compatible with various techniques of input-output analysis, and (c) the most consistent with the way in which land users manage their land--that is, to produce desired outputs. A "major output subsystem," then, may be defined as the set of activities, resources, and other land use factors that are involved in the generation of an output intended to satisfy one of the basic production objectives of the household,
+In deciding specifically what output categories to consider as "basic," it is important, for a widely applicable methodology, to satisfy two general requirements: (1) general applicability, and (2) adequate representation of the idiosyncrasies of local land use systems. To satisfy both requirements and to facilitate ready linkage with categories of agroforestry technologies, it is fruitful to follow a "basic needs" approach. The output categories considered basic to the economic well-being of households everywhere are:
+1. Food
+2. Energy
+3. Shelter--all forms of shelter (housing for people, livestock, and personal belongings; shade, windbreaks, etc.) and enclosure (fences, kraals, boundary markers, etc.)
+4. Raw materials for home industry--all raw materials for household or village manufacture of everything from clothes and kitchen implements to medicinal preparations--that is, all locally manufactured consumer items, whether for home consumption or sale
+5. Cash income
+6. Community integration--all forms of "social" production and consumption (feasting, gift-giving, brideprice, taxes, education, etc.).
+This approach assumes that (1) the needs identified in the list are basic and universal; (2) local systems will display great variety with respect to the preferred forms in which these needs are satisfied (food and fuel preferences, shelter types, etc.), but that these will all be variations on the same universal themes; and (3) local and regional land use systems are organized to produce goods aimed at satisfying these basic needs (whatever else they might also do). The way in which they do this will, of course, vary from system to system. In commercial land use systems, cash crop production for purchase of the basic commodities will be the predominant household strategy. In more subsistence-oriented economies the household land use system will be organized to satisfy the basic needs more directly.
+The use of the term "basic needs" does not imply any restriction on the level of economic development. The needs that have been highlighted are basic in type, not necessarily in level of satisfaction.
+Problem Identification
+Once the basic needs subsystems have been identified, problems in the productivity and sustainability of the basic production subsystems can be identified by conducting intensive interviews with farmers. The following example from Kathama, Machakos District, Kenya, illustrates the application of the methodology to a semiarid zone, mixed farming system in the midlands of East Africa.
+Problems in Household Basic Needs Supply Subsystems
+1. Food. Seasonal staple food shortages are normal, and deficits must be made up by purchases; drought-related crop failure requiring famine relief occurs on the average of once every five years; low milk and meat production results from dry season feed shortage for livestock.
+2. Energy. Insufficient fuelwood produced from personally owned land requires purchase for household and cottage industry uses; large trees for brick kilos are not available.
+3. Shelter. Lack of construction-quality timber and poles requires purchase of expensive supplies; lack of large trees for brick making; lack of fencing and shade trees; problems with wind desiccation of crops.
+4. Raw materials. Must purchase expensive fuelwood supplies for butchery and brick making.
+5. Cash.Low net household income due in part to cash drain for staple foods, fuelwood, and construction wood; earning and savings potential of livestock enterprise limited by dry season feed gap.
+6. Community integration. Difficulty in meeting expectations for cash contributions to numerous "harambee" community self-help projects; difficulty in meeting educational expenses.
+Analysis of Land Use Constraints
+Once the problem subsystems and the general nature of the supply problem have been identified, analysis of the land use system traces out the causes of the supply problem. In the Kathama example, the causal factors are:
+Crop land
+1. Low fertility and declining yields
+2. Lack of manure
+3. Soil or wind erosion and water loss due to poor infiltration and heavy runoff of rainwater
+4. Waterlogging on low spots
+5. Labor bottleneck at ploughing and weeding time
+6. Pests
+Grazing land
+1. Small grazing area
+2. Insufficient dry season feed production
+3. Overgrazing and soil erosion
+4. Uneven distribution of water supplies
+In the first approach, the analyst has intensive discussions with the farmer to probe the cause of the problem and also observes the farm. Additional objective measures are also being developed to supplement interview and observation data with more quantitative measurements of land use problems. This approach provides (1) a spot diagnosis, and (2) sufficient information to establish a structural model of the problem's causes. With respect to the latter, a causal network diagraming technique (Figure B-1) is a useful tool in analyzing interrelationships among land use problems and identifying the critical constraints that limit the productivity and/or the sustainability of the system.
+Identification of Potential Agroforestry Interventions
+The resulting model or models of problem etiology, such as the partial model of cropping system constraints shown in Figure B-1, then serve as the basis for identifying points in the system where interventions could remove, reduce, or bypass specific constraints. The analyst simply studies the causal diagram(s) and, for each node in the causal network, asks "Is there anything trees can do to solve or mitigate this problem?" Ideally, this exercise should be an interdisciplinary brainstorming session about possible land use alternatives.
+Nonagroforestry alternatives should also be considered. In certain situations, for example, traditional approaches to land use other than agroforestry may be more appropriate than agroforestry systems. Where these are clearly superior to agroforestry alternatives, they should be recommended. Agroforestry is not the solution to every land use problem, and there is simply too much real agroforestry work to be done in the world to squander resources trying to force agroforestry technologies into land use systems where they have no clear and significant role to play.
+At a minimum, the diagnosis and design team identify agroforestry technologies that can solve land management problems by addressing specific end-use or service potentials in the system. Design indications are drawn from the Kathama example previously cited.
+Specific Problem-Solving Agroforestry Alternatives
+1. Alley cropping/mulch farming with leguminous and other suitable trees to control erosion, increase rainwater infiltration, reduce runoff, conserve soil moisture, improve soil fertility and structure, reduce the traction requirements for tillage (or the tillage requirement in general, by minimum tillage management), lessen the labor requirement for weeding, and possibly provide some measure of pest control through use of insect-repelling mulch species such as neem (see Figure B-2 for the logic of this intervention in the form of a causal network diagram).
+2. Elimination or reduction of the dry season feed gap by planting multipurpose fodder trees in grazing areas and as hedgerows in and around crop fields with concomitant erosion control and windbreak benefits and fuelwood and mulch coproduction possibilities; the improved feed situation should potentially allow dry season plowing and planting.
+3. Hedgerows and living fences of high-yielding fuelwood species and fruit-producing thorn bushes for better livestock control; appropriate plantings can also function as a safeguard against famine in bad years and as a source of supplementary livestock feed in average years.
+4. Multistory fruit tree plantings with undersown grass/legume pasture.
+5. Cut-and-carry fodder trees for increased pen feeding of livestock to improve dry season nutrition and increase the amount of collectible manure.
+Identification of Constraints on
+Potential Agroforestry Interventions
+The next step is to evaluate which of the agroforestry technologies identified in the previous step are promising in the context of a detailed analysis of site constraints. Gathering detailed data on site and land management characteristics can now be limited to those necessary to evaluate particular technological possibilities. This is done by eliminating those components rendered inappropriate by topography, soil, or other factors. For example, in the Kathama ease, the presence of large termite populations renders inappropriate any mulch species that provide a good habitat for these pests; and it encourages the use of mulch species that have the ability to repel or discourage termite infestation (for example, Azadirachta indica, Adhatoda vasica, Derris indica)
+Next, the process identifies those practices that are unlikely to be adopted by virtue of their incompatibility with the local farming system because of resource requirements, labor bottlenecks, management incompatibilities, or conflicting government laws and regulations or the manner in which they are enforced. For example, in Kathama the establishment technique initially used to plant out the first round of alley-cropping farm trials was found to be incompatible with the local practice of plow weeding, which tended to bury the young tree seedlings under a heavy layer of soil. As in this case, it may not always be possible to identify all of the potential constraints prior to actual farm trial of the candidate technology, but such identification should be the aim of pretrial screening.
+It may be possible to modify the local farming practice somewhat to accommodate the new technology (for example, a modified plow-weeding practice seems to be acceptable to the farmers in Kathama), or it may be necessary to look further for a suitable agroforestry alternative. A basic understanding of constraints on potential agroforestry interventions is of considerable importance in the planning process.
+Finally, following this elimination process, we arrive at a set of feasible agroforestry alternatives that may be compared with each other, with existing land management practices, and with nonagroforestry alternatives to determine which, if any, should be incorporated into site-specific, problem-solving agroforestry designs.
+Farm Trials and Field Station Follow-up
+The "rapid appraisal" diagnostic and design procedures outlined above are merely the beginning of the technology research and development (R&D) cycle. For project development they should be followed, depending on the state of readiness of the technology in question, by immediate farm trials of "best bet" agroforestry technologies and/or by on-station R&D to develop "notional" or "preliminary" technologies for later incorporation into on-farm trials. These activities entail their own methodological needs. The International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) intends to collect, develop, and disseminate information and methodologies for the full range of biophysical and socioeconomic research questions related to the development of agroforestry's potential as a solution to global land use problems (International Council for Research in Agroforestry 1982b).
+REFERENCES
+International Council for Research in Agroforestry. 1982a. Concepts and procedures for diagnosis of existing land management systems and design of agroforestry technology. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.
+1982b. The ICRAF Programm of Work 1982-84. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.
+Rolling, N. 1980. Alternative approaches in extension. In Progress in Rural Extension and Community Development, G. E. Jones and M. Rolls, eds. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,, Chicester, England.
+Steppler, R. A. 1981. A strategy for the International Council for Research in Agroforestry. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.
+Steppler, R. A., and J. Raintree. 1981. The ICRAP research strategy in relation tO plant science research in agroforestry. In Plant Research and Agroforestry, P. A. Buxley, ed, International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.
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+CLIMATIC CHANGE
+HISTORY
+PRECIPITATION
+DROUGHT
+WINDBREAK TREES
+ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
+SAHEL
+WEST AFRICA
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+<title>Environmental Change in the West African Sahel</title>
+RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS
+Edited in 1984
+NOTE FROM THE LIBRARY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CD-ROM 1.1 EDITORS: THIS BOOK HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN 1984. IT IS INCLUDED ON THE CD-ROM FOR ITS HISTORICAL VALUE AND EXAMPLES OF WHICH MANY STILL APPLY TODAY. OF COURSE SOME SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OR POLICY PROPOSALS COULD BE -PARTLY- OUTDATED TODAY DUE TO THE RAPID SCIENTIFIC EVOLUTIONS. WE REFER TO MORE RECENT STUDIES FOR DETAILS RELATING TO MORE RECENT FINDINGS.
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
+This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
+This report has been prepared by the Advisory Committee on the Sahel, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council.
+Funds for this study were provided by the Office of Sahel and West Africa Affairs, Bureau for Africa, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., Grant No. AFR-0929-G-SS-1104-00.
+Second printing, June 1984
+Third printing, August 1984
+Fourth printing, April 1986
+Funding for this printing was provided by a grant from the International Foundation.
+Copies available from:
+Board on Science and Technology for International Development
+National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue,
+N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 USA
+ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE SAHEL
+LEONARD BERRY, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, Chairman
+EDWARD AYENSU, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA,Vice Chairman
+MOUNKEILA GOUMANDAKOYE, Assistant Director, Forest Service, Ministry of Rural Development, Niger
+FRANCIS LeBEAU, Agricultural Consultant, Crystal Springs, Mississippi, USA
+FRED WEBER, International Resources Development and Conservation Services. Boise. Idaho. USA
+STUDY STAFF, BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
+CAROL CORILLON, Writer/Research Associate
+JEFFREY A. GRITZNER, Professional Associate
+CONTRIBUTORS
+EDMOND BERNUS, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), Paris, France
+KARL BUTZER, Departments of Geography and Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
+ROBERT FISHWICK, Western Africa Regional Office, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+SHARON NICHOLSON, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
+WOLF RODER, Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
+<section>Preface</section>
+In 1968 a major drought struck the West African Sahel. By the early 1970s, the tragic dimensions of the event had gained worldwide attention; some 25 million people faced hunger and disease as well as social and economic dislocation. Despite ambitious international relief efforts, death rates in the region rose substantially. Losses of the more poorly adapted forms of livestock, particularly cattle, were substantial, and the resource base of the region was severely degraded.
+How typical was that drought? What is the nature of Sahelian climatic regimes? How do Sahelian ecosystems function, and what caused the ecological imbalances throughout the region? To what extent is human activity, rather than climatic fluctuation, responsible for the widespread degradation of Sahelian ecosystems? How are essential ecological processes and genetic diversity in the Sahel most effectively restored?
+Sound development planning in the Sahel requires that these questions be thoughtfully examined. Sustainable development and environmental stability-the twin goals of the governments of the region and technical and economic assistance efforts-require that project decisions be based on scientifically sound analysis. It is also clear that development projects must be reconciled with environmental and social realities in order to build on the strengths of existing systems and achieve positive ecological and socioeconomic results.
+The Advisory Committee on the Sahel (ACOS) was organized by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development in 1978 at the request of the Agency for International Development (AID) to formulate a long-term strategy for environmental rehabilitation and development in the Sahel. This study was undertaken by ACOS at the request of AID's Office of Sahel and West African Affairs to provide a better understanding of environmental change in the West African Sahel and to serve as a resource for the identification of measures that would help restore critical ecological processes and thereby increase sustainable production in the areas of dryland farming, irrigated agriculture, forestry and fuelwood, and animal husbandry.
+To interpret environmental change, the committee called upon acknowledged experts in the environmental and social history of the Sahel region. They were asked to conduct independent studies or prepare papers on particular topics judged to be of critical importance by the committee. Their individual and collective contributions to this study are acknowledged below.
+Karl Butzer of the University of Chicago prepared a paper that appears as Chapter 1, Late Quaternary Environmental Change in the Sahel. Sharon Nicholson of Clark University contributed a study that served as the basis of both Chapter 2, Climate and Man in the Sahel During the Historical Period, and Appendix B, the Climatology of Sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 3, The Impact of Human Activity on Sahelian Ecosystems, was a collaborative effort by Edmond Bernus of ORSTOM and Jeffrey Gritzner of the BOSTID staff. The discussions in Chapter 4 reflect the experience of the committee members, and that of invited experts Robert Fishwick of the World Bank and Wolf Roder of the University of Cincinnati, who participated in the final meetings of the committee. Appendix A, Shelterbelt Establishment in the Drylands of West Africa, is based on a study jointly undertaken by Robert Fishwick and Fred Weber. All committee members have reviewed and support the report as a whole.
+The committee greatly appreciates the contributions made by other individuals to this report. Comments by George Taylor II and Dayton Maxwell of AID's Office of Sahel and West African Affairs were very helpful in relating the report to AID needs. Representatives of AID, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the Department of State, the World Bank, and other interested organizations attended the committee meetings and provided information and observations that proved very useful to the committee in preparing this report. Jean Maley of the French Office d' la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), Michael Watts of the University of California at Berkeley, F. Kenneth Hare of the University of Toronto, and William Clark of the Institute for Energy Analysis provided valuable criticisms and suggestions on various drafts of the report.
+In addition to the invaluable support of our staff, Carol Corillon and Jeffrey Gritzner, we were also assisted in many ways by others. Michael G. C. McDonald Dow attended our meetings and made important intellectual contributions based on his years of experience in the Sahel. Alverda Naylor willingly and capably performed the many clerical tasks necessary for the completion of the study. The report was edited by Sherry Snyder. Cheryl Hailey assisted with the design and artwork. Irene Martinez typed various drafts and prepared the final version for printing.
+Because of the critical importance of agro-silvo-pastoral systems to Sahelian economies, and the potential importance of better integrated production systems to rehabilitative strategies, the committee has prepared a companion report, Agroforestry in the West African Sahel. The report further explores many of the concerns and suggestions contained in Chapter 4.
+Leonard Berry
+Chairman
+Advisory Committee on the Sahel
+<section>Introduction</section>
+An inadequate understanding of Sahelian climatology, environmental history, and ecosystem function has consistently hindered the formulation and successful implementation of environmental and agricultural projects in the Sahel. Millions of dollars in donor assistance have been ineffectively spent, and Sahelian populations are increasingly vulnerable to economic adversity and natural hazards. In this study the Advisory Committee on the Sahel has attempted to clarify the environmental history of the region and provide needed baseline information for the formulation of projects to rehabilitate Sahelian ecosystems and promote sustainable agricultural and livestock production.
+A paleoenvironmental review and historical analysis were employed to assess the nature of environmental change in the Sahel: the long-term characteristics of the region were determined by examining the evidence provided by stream deposits, fossil sands, and lake beds and their related, abandoned shorelines. This evidence, which is presented in Chapter 1, reveals that little significant long-term climatic change has occurred in the Sahel during the last 2,500 years, although rapid short-term changes are characteristic of the region. The nature of Sahelian climatic regimes is touched on in Chapter 2 of the report and is treated in greater detail in Appendix B.
+Chapter 2 also discusses the interaction of climate and man in the Sahel by examining the rainfall characteristics to which human activities must be adapted. The chronicles of medieval geographers and historians, the journals of early European travelers, the archaeological record, and other sources reveal that rainfall in the Sahel is generally low, unevenly distributed, and highly variable. Drought is an inherent feature of the region. These records indicate that major droughts, persisting for 12-15 years, evidently occurred in the 1680s, the mid-1700s, in the 1820s and 1830s, the l910s, and since 1968. Generally arid conditions characterized the period from 1790 through 1850, and comparatively minor droughts apparently occurred in the 1640s, 1710s, 1810s, the beginning of the twentieth century, and the 1940s. Relatively wet periods occurred during the ninth through thirteenth centuries, the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, from 1870 to 1895, and during the 1950s. In
+all development planning in the Sahel, high levels of climatic variability and inevitable drought should be accepted as being "normal."
+In examining the impact of human activity on Sahelian ecosystems, it has become evident that man's role in transforming the region's environment has been significantly underestimated. As discussed in Chapter 3, ancient and medieval societies had a substantial impact through activities such as setting bush fires, producing charcoal for local needs, and in connection with trans-Saharan trade, iron smelting, and the establishment of settlements on easily destabilized sites. In modern times, many of these same activities, often on a larger scale, as well as activities associated with development and modernization, have caused further environmental degradation.
+A more complete knowledge of Sahelian environments and the historical impact of human activity on Sahelian ecosystems allows development planners greater appreciation of the nature, causes, and spatial extent of environmental degradation. This knowledge permits planners to better assess the biological potential of the Sahel and identify specific measures that would help restore essential ecological processes and contribute to the development of more stable and productive agro-silvo-pastoral systems. It also allows planners to distinguish between destructive and environmentally sound activities in the Sahel and to combine historical analysis with modern ecological knowledge to develop useful guidelines for project design. Chapter 4 identifies research programs and other measures that would enhance current knowledge of Sahelian ecosystems and promote environmentally sound development activities.
+Shelterbelts have proved effective in supporting higher crop yields and provide fuelwood, building material, and other products of importance to Sahelian populations. They also support wildlife populations, and thereby increase the availability of bush meat and help reestablish the role of wildlife in seed dispersal. Appendix A briefly discusses successful examples of shelterbelt establishment in the drylands of West Africa. Appendix B amplifies the material presented in Chapter 2, providing a more detailed and somewhat more technical description of sub-Saharan climatic regimes.
+<section>Environmental profile</section>
+Sahel (Sahil) is an Arabic term signifying coast or border. In this report the area referred to as the Sahel is a zone approximately 200-400 km wide, centered on latitude 15°N in sub-Saharan Africa. Although examples of environmental change from various regions of this extensive zone are used in this report, the focus of the study is the West African Sahel (Figure 1). Within West Africa, several Sahelian enclaves are found beyond the strict limits of the zone; for example, in the Adrar des Iforas, the Aïr, and in the southwestern Tibesti highlands. Within the Sahel, the interior delta of the Niger River and Lake Chad are atypical of the region as a whole.
+Since the initiation of international efforts to combat the effects of drought in the arid and semiarid zones of West Africa in the 1970s, the term "Sahel" has been more broadly applied to non- Sahelian regions of the member states of the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS). The states include Cape Verde, Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Upper Volta, Niger, and Chad. In these states, the Sahel proper covers approximately 2 million square kilometers, constituting 27 percent of Senegal, 39 percent of Mauritania, 40 percent of Mali, 7 percent of Upper Volta, 50 percent of Niger, and 32 percent of Chad.
+Recent research on the long-term climatic characteristics of the Sahel indicates that the region was repeatedly subject to change during the Late Quaternary. For example, wind-driven sand encroached far into the present Sudanian and Guinean zones to the south of the Sahel between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago (B.P.), while between 9000 and 5000 B.P. the rivers of the region had greater discharge and the lakes substantially greater volumes. The climate of the Sahel has been relatively constant during the last 2,500 years. It has been characterized by short- to medium-term oscillations toward drier or more humid conditions (Figure 2), with rapid, highly variable climatic change occurring within these more predictable fluctuations.
+Variation in precipitation from year to year is also a characteristic of the Sahel; successive years of severe drought are often followed by years with torrential rains. The Sahelian drought that began in 1968 falls within the norm of at least six earlier periods of low rainfall verified since 1400 A.D. In addition to secular, short-term droughts, some researchers believe that major droughts occur cyclically in the Sahel at intervals of approximately 30 years.
+Although precipitation varies with latitude and local conditions, it is generally restricted to a period of 3-5 months. Storms are frequently violent in nature, and the rain is often erratically distributed-both in terms of when and where it falls-with variability increasing from south to north within the Sahel. The rainy season is followed by an extended, unrelieved dry season.
+In some regions of the Sahel, precipitation variability is partially compensated for by groundwater reserves. The most important regional aquifer is the Intercalary Continental found in Niger and in northern Mali. Another important aquifer is the post-Eocene Terminal Continental. This formation is largely associated with the Adrar des Iforas in Mali, southwestern Niger, various areas north of the Niger River, and Senegal. The same aquifer apparently exists in southeastern Mauritania, but it is too deep for practical exploitation. Similarly, erratic rainfall in the western Chadian Sahel is compensated for by the northerly trending subsurface discharge of Lake Chad, a major body of water fed largely by the Chari and Logone rivers issuing from the Central African highlands. The Sahel is also traversed by two major rivers, the Senegal and the Niger, whose sources are in the highlands of Guinea.
+normal). (Source: Nicholson 1982)
+Most of the Sahel lies below 400 meters in elevation. Its surface is largely composed of worn, folded Precambrian rocks. These formations are characteristically aligned from northeast to southwest, with the alignment reflected in the limited relief of the region. The soils of the region range from ferruginous tropical soils in the south, to brown tropical dryland soils and weakly developed sandy soils on shifting and stabilized sands in the north.
+The modern Sahel has often been described as a transitional zone-a territory in which an enriched Sahara and an impoverished Sudan meet in a hybrid no-man's land lacking its own characteristics. This view has been challenged by Theodore Monod, Edmond Bernus, and others who have studied the region. They view the Sahel as an ecoclimatically autonomous region largely defined by its highly variable precipitation and its characteristic seasonal therophyte ("summer prairie") vegetative communities.
+There are no universally accepted delimiting criteria or terms for the various climatic and vegetation zones of West Africa. For the purposes of this report, the Sahel is defined as a zone roughly bracketed by the l00 and 500 mm isohyets. It is described as containing three phytogeographical divisions: the northerly Sahelo-Saharan zone (grass steppe), between the 100 and 200 mm isohyets; the Sahel proper (tree steppe), between the 200 and 400 mm isohyets; and the southerly Sudano-Sahelian borderlands (shrub savanna), extending to the 500 mm isohyet. The Sahel is bounded to the north by the Sahara Desert, and to the south by the Sudanian zone (wooded savanna). Finally, the Guinean zone (woodland) extends from the Sudanian zone to the Gulf of Guinea. Most zones contain coastal subregions (such as the Senegalese Coastal Sahel) and are commonly referred to in combination (for example, the Sudano-Guinean zone)-sometimes to describe a transitional area between zones, perhaps more
+often to group zones as a matter of convenience.
+The Sahelo-Saharan zone has relatively few trees; examples include Acacia ehrenbergiana, A. tortilis, and Balanites aegyptiaca. Sparse grass such as Panicum turgidum is found on dunes. The Sahel proper is more heavily vegetated. Characteristic species include Acacia ehrenbergiana, A. laeta, A. nilotica, A. senegal, A. tortilis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Maerua crassifolia, Salvadora persica, Zizyphus mauritiana. Annuals such as Aristida adscensionis, A. funiculata, Panicum laetum, and Schoenefeldia gracilis are found on silty soils; Aristida mutabilis, Cenchrus biflorus, and Tribulus terrestris are found on sandy soils. The vegetative cover increases in the Sudano-Sahelian zone, reaching 10-12 percent on sandy soils and over 60 percent on silty soils. Andropogon gayanus and Zornia glochidiata are representative grasses of the Sudano-Sahelian zone; representative trees include Acacia al , A. seyal, Adansonia digitata, and Combretum glutinosum.
+<section>Late Quaternary Environmental Change in the Sahel</section>
+One of the more catastrophic and well-documented recent famines occurred during the severe drought that struck the southern Saharan borderlands in 1968. Relatively little attention has been devoted to whether this drought was unique, with its impact increased as a consequence of recent changes of land use patterns and population growth, or whether it was but another example of severe and recurrent environmental stress in the area. A paleoenvironmental review, which places the drought in a historical context, can address this question.
+No other region of Africa has as conspicuous a record of environmental change as the semiarid and subarid zones along the southern margins of the Sahara, between the Senegal and Nile rivers. This record is best expressed in great expanses of active or immobilized sand dunes on the one hand, and dry lake beds on the other. Such evidence is not unique to the Sahel, but nowhere else in Africa is the surface record of ancient climates so extensive.
+Three basic categories of evidence can be examined: (1) stream deposits, exposed in well-studied river valleys and in the offshore sediment cones of the principal rivers (fluvial record); (2) fossil sands, in vegetated dunefields and as struck by cores beneath Lake Chad or in the deep sea (the dune record); and (3) lake beds and related, abandoned shorelines found in the major tectonic depressions, as well as in the swales between fixed or active dunes (the lake or lacustrine record). This primary record is complemented by a number of paleosols, by fossil pollen, and by lake microorganisms such as diatoms. The timing of the mayor events has been reasonably well determined by an unusually large number of dates based on radiocarbon measurements. The emphasis of the discussion is on the amplitude and wavelength of environmental change, not on paleoclimatic reconstruction or interpretation. Appendix B provides a detailed discussion of the Sahelian climatic regimes.
+The Fluvial Record
+In the Senegal River valley the datum for Late Quaternary events is provided by gravelly alluvium, 2 m above the modern floodplain, related to a relatively high world sea level before 31,000 B.P. (Michel 1973, Beaudet et al. 1976). The sea level later fell, and the river was able to remove much of this gravel infilling and cut down into its bedrock floor, suggesting periodically strong floods. Eventually, however, the lower valley was drowned by dunes advancing southwestward out of the Saharan fringe, building up sand forms with a relief of 30 m and extending out onto the edge of the continental shelf; the Senegal River was unable to reach the coast at this time. Later, a deep red soil, indicative of a complete vegetative mat and intensive biochemical weathering, developed on these dunes while the Senegal and other rivers once again cut through the dunefield to reach the sea. During the period between 5000 and 4000 B.P. a rising sea level flooded into the new Senegal Delta,
+and the reduced river gradient favored sandy alluviation as much as 250 km upstream. Sea level then dropped a little and, from 3000-1650 B.P., was again slightly higher, resulting in development of a series of beach ridges along the delta, while the river had a regime similar to that of today.
+This picture of alternating drier and wetter conditions is paralleled farther south in central Sierra Leone (latitude 8°N), where dating is somewhat more precise (Thomas and Thorp 1980). In this wetter environment, broad swampy valleys with poorly defined channels were flooded by high and protracted monsoonal runoff from before 36,000 until about 20,500 B.P. A subsequent absence of sediments and organic matter indicates drier conditions without forest. River discharge increased about 12,500 B.P., first eroding bedrock, then depositing gravelly alluvium increasingly interbedded with swamp clays, by 9000 B.P. About 6000 B.P., river activity had stabilized and soils began to develop on the uplands. Renewed, increasingly swampy deposition is indicated from 3300-1750 B.P. and during the last 900 years or so.
+This pattern is pinpointed in deep-sea core M-12345, off the Senegal Delta, where windborne sands and dust with Saharan pollen were deposited between 16,300 and 12,500 B.P., after which river discharge contributed abundant sediment, with tropical pollen, particularly during several millennia after 8600 B.P. (Sarnthein et al. 1982). A similar pattern is indicated in core KW-31 off the Niger Delta, where discharge was very low between about 20,000 and 15,000 B.P.; thereafter, flow increased markedly and, with brief fluctuations, remained high until about 4000 B.P. (Pastouret et al. 1978).
+At about the same latitude (8°N), the White Nile appears to have been deprived of Ugandan runoff between about 25,000 and 12,500 B.P., so that a body of still, saline water was ponded up in the lower White Nile floodplain (Williams and Adamson 1980). Subsequently, massive White Nile floods built up silts to 4 m above the modern floodplain until 11,400 B.P., when discharge again declined and dunes were able to move across the valley onto the east bank. Stronger floods resumed by 8400 B.P., and local watercourses became more active than they are today. Relatively high discharge is identified in the later record around 7000, 5500, 3000, 2700, and 2000-1500 B.P. The Blue Nile record and that of the combined Nile drainage below the Atbara confluence (Williams and Adamson 1980, Butzer 1980a) mainly reflect trends in upland Ethiopia and are peripheral to the present discussion.
+Preliminary evaluation of the fluvial indicators reviewed here points to an exceptionally dry climate in the Sahel between about 20,000 and 12,500 B.P., when the area evidently was an extension of the Sahara. Subsequently, conditions have been relatively moist but subject to considerable variation. The details of this later variability are only poorly resolved in the fluvial record.
+The Dune Record
+Taken together, the windborne sands of the Sahel and the record of increasing and decreasing stream activity help date the expanse of immobile and vegetated dunefields or sand sheets so common in much of the Sahel (&rove and Warren 1968, Mabbutt 1977, Mainguet et al. 1980, Talbot 1980). In northern Nigeria today, such dunes are well developed in areas with as much as 750 mm of rainfall, although few active sand fields can now be identified in areas with more than 150 mm. This suggests that desert conditions extended an average of 3° latitude farther south than is the case today. But such extreme aridity has not been experienced during the last 12,500 years.
+Dust of Saharan origin first became abundant off the coast of Senegal during two protracted episodes between about 7.5 and 5.5 million years ago (Sarnthein et al. 1982). After 2.5 million years, windborne dust fluctuated considerably but generally remained quite prominent, suggesting an arid Sahara comparable to that of the present day. Deep cores under the Chad Basin record a dominance of clays, lake diatomites, and alluvial sands from the late Oligocene or early Miocene until the end of the Pliocene (Servant and Servant-Vildary 1980). Thereafter, windborne sands are dominant but repeatedly interbedded with lenses of lake deposits.
+The dune sands and windborne dust thus serve to document the development of the Sahara Desert at the onset of the Quaternary period, some 2 million years ago. As interwoven with marine, stream, and lake deposits they indicate a relatively dry climate, as a deteriorating vegetative cover repeatedly allowed windborne Saharan sands to advance into what is now a savanna environment. The last major advance of dunes and sandfields, across a belt up to 500 km wide, predates 12,500 B.P. Latitudinal shifts since about 7000 B.P. have been comparatively limited in extent.
+The Lake Record
+The distribution of dry lake beds in the Sahel and even in parts of the Sahara is quite remarkable and provides the most detailed record of climatic fluctuations during the past 12 millennia. The best-studied record, serving as a key indicator of Sahelian climate, is that of the Chad Basin (Servant 1973, Servant-Vildary 1978, Servant and Servant-Vildary 1980, Maley 1981, 1982).
+During the last millennium, Lake Chad has had a seasonally fluctuating surface area of 10,000-20,000 km², with a mean depth varying from 3-7 m. Situated some 500 km northeast of the modern lake are two lower depressions, the Bodélé and Djourab, which are separated from the lake by a low divide. Overflow from Lake Chad into these depressions can occur when the lake level rises above the +4 m shoreline (around 286 m above sea level). The highest shorelines, however, are at +40 m, revealing the former presence of a great inland body of water of about 350,000 km², about the size of the modern Caspian Sea. This extensive "Paleo-Chad" was primarily fed by the discharge of the Chari and Logone rivers, which rise in the forested highlands of Central Africa between latitudes 6° and 10°N, as well as by precipitation falling elsewhere within the Lake Chad Basin. Despite its vast surface of evaporation, the Paleo-Chad maintained various high levels from 7500 to about 5000 B.P. and not
+only supported a substantially higher water table throughout its basin but probably also indirectly fed innumerable seepage lakes between the dunefields to the west and north and major aquifers that extend beyond the basin.
+The history of Lake Chad episodes first acquires detail with intermediate to high levels about 30,000-20,000 B.P. During the first lacustrine phase-about 30,000-26,000 B.P.-the associated diatoms were of montane or high-latitude environments, but the pollen data indicate a desert vegetation with very few tropical taxa. Later-about 25,000-20,000 B.P.-the "cool" diatoms persisted but in association with several tropical species; the pollen indicate a strong increase in tropical elements and a corresponding decline of desert taxa.
+During the period of maximum aridity between 20,000 and 13,000 B.P., the southern Chad tributaries were characterized by perennial discharge and, after 17,000 B.P., by a major extension of swampy floodplains. North of the lake, lacustrine deposits, mainly of saline facies, reappear between 13,000 and 12,500 B.P. and probably reflect in part a rise in the water table, fed from a southerly source. Between 12,500 and 9200 B.P. several modest lacustrine phases were interrupted by several dry interludes between 12,400 and 9400 B.P. A rapid rise of the lake to an intermediate level began about 9200 B.P., lasting until about 8500 B.P. From about 12,500 until 7000 B.P. the diatom fauna indicates cool waters and oligotrophic conditions. After a fall of the lake level to its modern position around 7400-7000 B.P., the Paleo-Chad maximum was achieved at +40 m, fluctuating below this high level until 5200-5000 B.P. The associated diatoms indicate temperatures similar to those of today,
+with eutrophic waters. After a long and important regression centered about 4000 B.P., a last high lake level is dated between 3500 and 3000 B.P. Subsequent levels fluctuated around those of the last millenium.
+Palynological study of various lacustrine sedimentary sequences (Maley 1981) shows that Sahelian forms began to slowly replace desert shrub after 12,500 B.P., gaining dominance by 10,100 B.P. At this time the 12 verified Sahelian taxa included 5 tree species. Nonetheless, until 7000 B.P., tree pollen account for only 7 percent of the available spectra. Thereafter tree pollen increase rapidly, and around 5000 B.P. they exceeded nonarboreal types, clearly documenting a tree-savanna. This matches the sedimentary record, which indicates maximum precipitation and Chari-Logone river discharge during the same period.
+It is possible to estimate rainfall and moisture levels for the high lake stands of about 7500-5200 B.P., assuming radiation, temperature, and wind conditions similar to those of today. Kutzbach (1980) has suggested that rainfall averaged a little over 650 mm per year across the basin, compared with only about 350 mm today. But he adopted a nonempirical estimate of lake surface evaporation of 1,297 mm per year, whereas this figure is actually over 2,200 mm (J. Maley, personal communication). Perhaps more significant than this conservative modal value is the repeated evidence of sharp periodicities in lake level. Servant and Servant-Vildary (1980) suggest four scale models for such variability: fluctuations of (1) several tens of meters over time spans of several millennia, (2) 1-5 m over several centuries, (3) up to 3 m over several decades, and (4) about 50 cm between seasons. This scale of change is broadly replicated in other, smaller lakes of the Chad Basin fed by
+groundwater or by a combination of runoff and water table. That it is characteristic of a broad climatic belt spanning the African continent from west to east can be seen by comparing the trace of Lake Turkana (formerly known as Lake Rudolf), which has had a history similar to that of Lake Chad since 10,000 B.P., with similar abrupt fluctuations (Butzer 1980b).
+Comparison of measured stream discharge and lake level changes since 1900 (Faure and Gac 1981, Maley 1981) indeed shows that the history of Lake Chad is fully representative of hydrological changes across the Sahel. Basic details in the area west of Lake Chad are reviewed by Talbot (1980) and Maley (1981). Another, less precisely dated local sequence has been reported from the caldera of Gebel Marra (13°N latitude) in the western Sudan (Williams et al. 1980). Here a +25 m lake of considerable longevity shrank about 19,000 B.P. but reconstituted at +5 to +8 m about 19,000-16,000 B.P. After another drop, the level regained +9 m about 14,000 B.P. and then maintained an intermediate level until about 3000 B.P.; since then the level has fluctuated between -2 and +2.5 m. This record to some degree reflects special conditions, but it is interesting because it shows that the time between about 20,000 and 12,500 B.P. was not uniformly arid, confirming local lacustrine beds from the
+Tibesti mountains that indicate that climate at higher elevations and higher latitudes has been predominantly wetter since as early as 16,000 B.P. (Jäkel 1979), even while the Saharan lowlands and Sahel were desert.
+Lake Chad history for the last 800 years has been reconstructed in detail by Maley (1981). Using dune history, pollen, fluctuations in lake level, flood data for the Niger and Nile rivers, and population movements, he has established broadly synchronous climatic anomalies for the Sahel (Figure 3). The lake level dropped some 5 m within a few decades before 1450 A.D., then recovered 3 m by 1500, only to fall again by 1550. A level of +5 m was maintained throughout the seventeenth century. Subsequent levels have fluctuated in the 0 to +3 m range, with two lows during the eighteenth century, one about 1850, another after 1913, and again during the 1970s. This scale of variation is more rapid than that revealed by the older, generalized lake trace but corresponds better with the major oscillations of the parallel pollen records that were frequently compressed within 1-3 centuries (Maley 1981). Even more detailed are the smoothened discharge data of the Sahelian rivers, which
+indicate major dry anomalies every 30 years or so since the turn of the century (Faure and Gac 1981). Together with the historical evidence and oral tradition (Nicholson 1979), this hydrological information points up the following significant differences:
+· Short-term severe droughts such as that which struck in 1968 are generally reversed within less than a decade and appear to be too brief to show up in most sedimentological or biotic records.
+· Intermediate-scale dry anomalies lasting several decades are more likely to be revealed by detailed geological or biological studies. However, even though their impact on productivity, biomass, and carrying capacity may be severe, they most commonly represent no more than temporary oscillations in the highly variable climatic regime of monsoonal Africa (see Butzer 1971b).
+· Long-term drying trends over several centuries or millennia are primarily responsible for the simplified trace of stream, dune, and lake records reviewed here; they comprise many positive and negative oscillations of intermediate scale that cumulatively effect fundamental changes in hydrology, biotic distributions, and regional geomorphologic threshholds. These are the magnitudes of change reflected in the history of Lake Chad over the last 12 millennia.
+The lake records discussed here are among the most detailed available for the Late Quaternary of Africa. They show that much of the period 9000-5000 B.P. was substantially wetter than today, providing a counterpoint to the evidence for drier Sahelian climate in the period before 12,500 B.P. They further place recent climatic oscillations in context: anomalies comparable to the drought beginning in 1968 have been verified on at least six occasions since 1400 A.D. and may recur three times per century.
+Concluding Discussion
+In paleoclimatic terms, the Sahel drought of 1968 evidently falls well within the range of short- and medium-term variability directly documented for the last few centuries and indirectly shown for the last 12 millennia or so. Kates (1981), in fact, argues that the human impact of a similar drought in 1911-1914 was of similar or greater proportions. Other authors, however, believe that colonial and postcolonial changes in land use and sustained population growth since the turn of the century have dramatically increased pressures on the ecosystem, rendering it unusually vulnerable to periodic stress (Glantz 1976, Dalby et al. 1977). Without addressing the issue of whether the rapid technological and social transformations defined as "development" serve to increase systemic fragility, it is pertinent here to explore the degree to which recent desertification has had tangible geomorphic impact.
+It is reasonable to expect that overgrazing, devegetation, soil erosion, and even secondary mesoclimatic change will follow in the wake of ecological disbalance, accentuated by years of extreme drought. Yet the "historical" (i.e., geomorphological) context for desertification remains hopelessly fragmentary. Only a few examples of such analyses have been published thus far.
+Near Niamey, Niger, Talbot and Williams (1979) studied the cycles of erosion and deposition that periodically account for the buildup of small fans below gully systems that cut back into fixed dunes. The most recent cycle switched from fan accumulation to geomorphic stability over 300 years ago, but stream incision is now active, with gullies cutting back into the partly devegetated dunes. Two earlier cycles of cutting seem to have proceeded at similar rates, suggesting that ecological recovery is merely a matter of time.
+On the Adamawa Plateau of north-central Cameroon, Hurault (1975) used an interpretation of aerial photographs, ground controls, and local informants to show that streams of intermediate scale were perennial about 1900 A.D., with low flood peaks, and had deposited suspended sediment. As a result of overgrazing and degraded ground cover during the twentieth century, channels have been incised and are now lined with rocks and gravel. They function intermittently, mainly during flash floods following rains. This set of processes is found in several other contemporary and historical settings-for example, in the American Southwest, the Mediterranean Basin, and upland Ethiopia (Butzer 1981)-and therefore are not unique to the 1968 drought.
+In central Sierra Leone, Thomas and Thorp (1980) established several alluvial episodes that span the last 12,500 years. Although artifacts related to agricultural settlement are evident since 4000 B.P. and imply a measure of deforestation, there is no qualitative difference in the development of earlier and later alluvial sediment suites.
+These examples do not accurately reflect the extent and severity of ecological degradation by rapid population growth in West Africa during the last 50 years. They do caution, however, that environmental trends since the advent of agriculture and pastoralism in the Sahel cannot automatically be attributed to human intervention without verification by meticulous local studies. They also suggest that there is an urgent need for systematic geomorphological examination of modern desertification processes in a historical context in order to determine the extent to which these events are unique or simply cyclical.
+<section>Climate and Man in the Sahel During the Historical Period</section>
+The chronicles of medieval geographers and historians, the journals of early European travelers, the archeological record, and other sources reveal that rainfall in the Sahel is generally low, unevenly distributed, and highly variable. Drought is an inherent feature of the region. These records indicate that major droughts, persisting from 12-15 years, evidently occurred in the 1680s, the mid-1700s, the 1820s and 1830s, the l910s, and since 1968. Generally arid conditions characterized the period from 1790-1850, and comparatively minor droughts apparently occurred in the 1640s, 1710s, 1810s, the beginning of the twentieth century, and the 1940s. Relatively wet periods occurred during the ninth through thirteenth centuries, the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, from 1870-1895, and during the 1950s.
+This chapter considers the interaction of climate and man in the Sahel by examining the rainfall characteristics to which human activities must be adapted. (A more detailed description of sub-Saharan climatic regimes appears in Appendix B.) The discussion attempts to underscore several points about the Sahel that are too rarely kept in mind. First, the region is part of a global climatic system, and it must be treated as such in any attempt to understand it. Second, it is an environment that can sustain only cautious use, as rainfall is low, spotty, and highly variable (Vermeer 1981); recurring droughts are inherent, and dry years are more prevalent than wet ones. Finally, the interplay of various parts of the climatic system are involved in producing the extreme rainfall fluctuations in the region; therefore, narrowly based attempts to understand and forecast the region's climate and to comprehend its relation to man and environment are generally unproductive. Throughout
+this chapter, remarks applicable to the true Sahel are appropriate for the entire sub-Saharan region from approximately latitude 10°N to latitude 20°N.
+THE HISTORICAL PERIOD: 850-1900 A.D.
+While it is apparent from modern meteorological records that the Sahel experiences marked changes of rainfall distribution on the scale of decades, other classes of data confirm this variability as an inherent characteristic of the region and illustrate that conditions differing significantly from the "average ones can persist over longer periods of time. It is, of course, more difficult to reconstruct the climate of earlier centuries, but historical accounts and geographical texts, together with various classes of environmental data, provide a fairly reliable picture of times before instrumental observations were made.
+The types of information useful for a historical reconstruction of Sahelian climate are sketched in Table 1. By identifying independent indicators of the same event or trend, by comparing evidence from many areas, and by recording anomalous events, it is possible to determine a number of drier and wetter periods during the last three centuries and to broadly describe conditions during the last millenium.
+Relatively little material on the Sahelian climate is available for periods prior to the sixteenth century, and what can be found is general and somewhat speculative. Nevertheless, the level of the groundwater table, the extent of lakes, archaeological studies, descriptions of landscapes and caravan routes from medieval Arabic sources, and climatic descriptions found in the journals of early European travelers all provide evidence of past conditions (Nicholson 1979). Tentative conclusions drawn from these sources are that the Sahel probably experienced wetter conditions in the ninth through thirteenth centuries, and that these conditions may have set in as early as the eighth century and declined sometime during the fourteenth century.
+Several indicators suggest that the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries were generally wetter than subsequent centuries (Nicholson 1979). They include the level and extent of numerous lakes, historical accounts, and descriptions of landscape and climate. As indicated in Chapter 1, perhaps the best point of reference is the level of Lake Chad (Maley 1981), which often stood 4-5 m above modern levels, although within the present century fluctuations have been on the order of 1 or 2 m. Also, historical chronicles from Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, and Chad indicate a relative absence of drought throughout the period (Nicholson 1979). Early geographical accounts tell of the verdure of many Sahelian regions, suggesting greater rainfall and higher groundwater levels. When such indicators are taken individually, the interpretation of each can often be challenged. Collectively, however, they present an accurate picture of the past and indicate that generally wetter conditions
+prevailed throughout much of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.
+Nevertheless, drought did occur (Cissoko 1968). A major drought apparently occurred in the 1680s. It also appears that droughts at least as severe as that of 1968 occurred in the Sahel from the mid-1730s to the mid-1750s and again in the 1820s and 1830s-persisting for 12-15 years in many areas. The latter drought was continental in extent. Lake Chad was partially desiccated, and signs of increasing aridity appeared throughout much of southern Africa. Generally dry conditions prevailed during most of the period from around 1790 to 1850. Less significant droughts occurred in the 1640s, 1710s, and 1810s (Nicholson 1980).
+TABLE 1 Types of Data Useful for Historical Climatic Reconstructions
+I. Landscape Descriptions
+(1) Forests and vegetation. Were they as they are today?
+(2) Conditions of lakes and rivers
+(a) Height of the annual flood, month of maximum flow of the river
+(b) Villages directly along lakeshores
+(c) Size of the lake (e.g., as indicated on maps)
+(d) Navigability of rivers
+(e) Desiccation of present-day lakes or the appearance of lakes that no longer exist
+(f) Floods
+(g) Seasonality of flow condition in wet and dry seasons
+(3) Wells, oases, bogs in presently dry areas-also,drying up of wells
+(4) Flow of wadis
+(5) Measured height of lake surface (frequently given in travel journals, but optimally some instrumental calibration or standard should accompany this).
+II. Drought and Related Information
+(1) References to famine or drought, preferably accompanied by the following information:
+(a) Where occurred-as precisely as possible
+(b) When occurred-as accurately as possible
+(c) Who reported it-whether the information is secondhand
+(d) Severity
+(e) Cause of famine
+(f) Localized or widespread
+(Note: Some sources mentioning the "very severe drought" may simply be referring to the normal dry season.)
+(2) Agricultural prosperity
+(a) Condition of harvest
+(b) What produced this condition
+(c) Months of harvests-in both bad years and good years
+(d) What crops are grown
+(3) Rainfed agriculture in regions presently too arid
+III. Climate and Meteorology
+(1) Measurements of temperature, rainfall, etc.
+(2) Weather diaries
+(3) Descriptions of climate and the rainy season. When do the rains occur, what winds prevail?
+(4) References to occurrence of rain, tornadoes, storms
+(5) Seasonality and frequency of tornadoes, storms
+(6) Snowfall. Is this clearly snow or may the reporter be mistakenly reporting frost, etc.?
+(7) Freezing temperatures, frost, hail
+(8) Duration (or absence) of snow cover on mountains
+(9) References to dry or wet years, severe or mild winters
+(10) References to wind. Particularly important is the prevalence of the harmattan or a steady northeast wind in areas south of the Sahara (in West Africa) because this is an unambiguous sign of a dry period. Conversely, steady southwest winds (associated with the rainy season) are also important indicators in this region. Important:Does the reporter suggest this is a common or uncommon occurrence?
+(Note: Even very isolated references may be quite important. Also, "tornado" generally refers to the frequent West African wind storms or squalls.)
+SOURCE: Nicholson 1979.
+Such climatic indicators as lake levels and river flow, rainfall, and harvests (Figure 4) indicate extreme fluctuations during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. A wet episode, comparable to or more extreme than the 1950s (Kimble 1962), lasted from about 1870-1895 (Nicholson 1978, 1981). The harvests of the agriculturalists associated with the nomadic Kel Tamacheq (Tuareg) were abundant during this period; droughts were local and of short duration. The Niger Bend region near Timbuktu yielded abundant crops and became the "breadbasket" of West Africa, whereas current annual rainfall in the area averages 228 mm. The discharge of the Niger and Senegal rivers was higher during this period (1870-1895) than during the twentieth century; and lowland areas of Senegal, Mali, and southern Africa, which are now dry, contained lakes or ponds. The surface of Lake Chad stood several meters above its present level.
+The picture is similar for other parts of Africa. Throughout East Africa, Rift Valley lakes maintained levels several meters above modern ones, and the Nile carried considerably more water than at present. In southern Africa, Lake Ngami, now an expansive marsh, was a deep and extensive body of water. Harvests were consistently good in semiarid regions of Namibia, southern Angola, and some areas of South Africa.
+THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
+Around 1895, conditions became markedly more arid throughout the tropics. A serious drought occurred at the turn of the century. Although Senegal, Mali, and Niger were particularly hard hit (Sidikou 1973), the Ahaggar region of the Sahara was also influenced, and Lake Chad was reduced considerably (Alexander 1907). Lakes, rivers, and rainfall throughout Africa progressively diminished, and harvests were fair to poor. The "desiccation" culminated in severe drought, which was most intense in 1911 and 1914 and which persisted for about a decade (Bernus and Savonnet 1973, Sircoulon 1976, Kates 1981). At Freetown, Sierra Leone, in coastal West Africa, annual rainfall was 30-35 percent lower during the period 1910-1940 than between 1880 and 1895. The discharge of the Nile was reduced by 35 percent, and the mean depth of Lake Chad was reduced by about 50 percent. West African rivers also carried less water. Lake levels dropped rapidly in many areas of the continent. A less intense
+and less widespread drought occurred in the 1940s. Following a period of greater rainfall in the 1950s, drier conditions recommenced in the early 1960s. They set in first around 1960 in the most northerly areas and spread progressively southward. By 1968 the impact of drought was felt throughout the region. The drought continued, with some amelioration in 1974 and 1975, into the 1980s.
+The contrast between the 1950s and the subsequent drought is extreme. It would appear that the sequence of these two episodes was responsible for much of the tragedy associated with the drought, as the wet conditions of the 1950s promoted use of more marginal lands. Rainfall was consistently high throughout the 1950s (Figure 2); as much as 50-60 percent above the mean in the Sahelo-Saharan zone, 20-30 percent above the mean in the Sahel proper, and 10-20 percent above the mean in the Sudanian zone to the south.
+Conditions changed abruptly around 1960, and rainfall continually declined until 1973. During that year rainfall was about 60, 40, and 30 percent below the mean in the Sahelo-Saharan zone, the Sahel proper, and in the Sudanian zone respectively. Thus, in some marginal areas, tropical rainfall in the 1950s was more than twice that for the period 1968-1973; in the Sahel proper, rainfall averaged nearly 350 mm/yr in the 1950s but only 200 mm/yr from 1968-1973. The drought continually spread and intensified from 1968-1973. Even 1969, considered by some to be a year of relatively good rainfall, was abnormally dry in all areas except the far western portion of the Sahel. In the 1950s, rainfall in northern Africa was below average in only 7 of 37 regions but was above average in only 5 regions during the period 1968-1973 (Figure 5). Thus, the drought extended well beyond the Sahel.
+It is commonly thought that the drought ended in the mid-1970s, but a recent analysis of more current data contradicts this. The years 1974 and 1975 were wetter than the preceding ones, but rainfall totals were still below normal. The years 1976-1980 were consistently dry, with certain years apparently matching the worst ones earlier in the decade. In the Sahelo-Saharan zone, rainfall was more than 50 percent below normal in 1977, 1978, and 1980, and 40 percent below normal in 1976 (Figure 6). The Sahel proper and the Sudanian zone were extremely dry in all 5 years (1976-1980), with deficits ranging from 15-35 percent in the Sahel and 10-25 percent in the Sudan. At individual stations, even larger deficits were recorded. These relatively dry conditions have persisted for approximately 2 decades, and it now appears that the present century may be the driest one in the Sahel and its borderlands in over 1,000 years (Figure 7).
+BIOGEOPHYSICAL FEEDBACK
+Perhaps the most satisfactory explanation for the prolongation of the 1968 drought is to be found in a hypothesis initially proposed by J. G. Charney (1975). This hypothesis maintains that Sahelian rainfall is strongly influenced by "biogeophysical feedback." According to the hypothesis, drought would be reinforced either through the changes it evokes in the Sahelian land surface, usually through devegetation, or through similar changes produced by human impact on Sahelian ecosystems. Charney's hypothesis is discussed by Nicholson in Appendix B.
+<section>The Impact of Human Activity on Sahelian Ecosystems</section>
+Problems of environmental degradation in the Sahel are frequently attributed to recent droughts, population pressures, or overgrazing, with little appreciation of the duration and spatial dimensions of man's impact on Sahelian ecosystems. Evidence of human occupation in the Sahel dates from approximately 600,000 B.P. Since that time, selective hunting and gathering, bush fires, agriculture, herding, charcoal production, the destructive exploitation of forest products, and other activities have contributed greatly to the modification of Sahelian ecosystems. No areas, however remote from human settlement, have been left undisturbed. These activities have led to progressive reductions in biological diversity and productivity and, in recent years, serious breakdowns in essential ecological processes. The restoration, enrichment, and sound management of Sahelian ecosystems is basic to sustainable economic development in the region.
+Because climatic change and variability are regular features of the Sahel, the native plant and animal communities of the region are generally well adapted to the range of climatic variation existing in the region. The ecological imbalances that have been exposed by recent droughts can be better understood by looking at the Sahelian people, their livestock, and their agriculture. While the Sahelians are the victims of drought, they have also contributed greatly to their growing vulnerability. Many efforts in "development" or modernization have also contributed to their plight. An appreciation of man's impact on Sahelian ecosystems is of basic importance both to our understanding of the declining ability of the region to support human populations and to the development of strategies to correct this trend.
+In order to provide a better understanding of the role of human activity in modifying Sahelian ecosystems, this chapter briefly explores nine agents of anthropogenic change: bush fires, transSaharan trade, site preferences for settlements, gum arabic trade, agricultural expansion, proliferation of cattle, introduction of advanced firearms, development of modern transportation networks, and urbanization. These agents illustrate the breadth and diversity of the human impact on the region.
+Bush Fires
+The vegetative changes that have coincided with episodes of prehistoric human occupation in the Sahel might well have been caused by the use of fire to support hunting activities. Fire has long been used as a tool in hunting, to improve grazing, and to clear land for cultivation. Perhaps the earliest historical record of bush fires in the region is contained in Hanno's Periplus, a document that records a Carthaginian attempt to establish commercial colonies along the western coast of Africa during the fifth century B.C. The document's reference to the "big and little fires flaming up at intervals everywhere" (Harden 1963) is widely accepted as evidence of bush fires in the interior.
+Primitive hunters often used fire in the belief that tender, green forage would be more readily available to wildlife in areas cleared of the coarse, largely inedible vegetation remaining from the previous season. The same rationale is often applied by modern herders. Unfortunately, while fire can serve as an important management tool, burning volatilizes organic nitrogen compounds, and the excessive leaching of tropical soils during the rainy season results in the loss of salts from the ashes of the burned grass and burned animal manure (Bartlett 1956). According to R. N. Le Houérou (1977), it has been estimated that bush fires in the African grasslands burn more than 80 million tons of forage per year-an amount sufficient to maintain 25 million cattle for a period of 9 months.
+Regardless of when burning was first employed in the Sahel, its use has definitely altered the region's vegetational history. Fast-growing, light-loving trees and shrubs are gradually replaced by less readily disseminated trees and shrubs; and if burning is regularly repeated, normal ecological successions are deflected to permanent grassland, with some trees and shrubs entering from neighboring, drier floristic zones. These species are termed "pyrophytes" and characteristically have their greater mass below ground rather than above the burned-over surface (Kuhnholz-Lordat 1939). Similarly, fire favors perennial grasses with underground stems that regenerate rapidly and produce new green shoots.
+In general, the results of bush fires are a reduction and simplification of vegetation, soil depletion through losses of nitrogen, reduced nutrient cycling through deep-rooted trees and shrubs, and critical breakdowns in soil ecology. In areas where cattle are maintained, this in turn characteristically results in the overgrazing of the perennial grasses, a further reduction of biological productivity, and declining carrying capacity. Cattle are generally replaced by goats and sheep and, finally, when the grasslands have been reduced to desert, camels gain in importance. This transition from woodland to desert has occurred within living memory in many parts of Africa (Cloudsley-Thompson 1977).
+The Trans-Saharan Trade
+Herodotus, writing around 450 B.C., the geographer Strabo, writing some 400 years later, and other classical authors describe an active trans-Saharan trade based on precious stones called "carbuncles," gold dust, and slaves. While the commodities transported have changed through time, the trans-Saharan trade has continued to the present day (Figure 8).
+The environmental impact of this trade on the Sahelo-Saharan zone and the Sahel proper has been surprisingly great. Perhaps the principal impact has been the widespread destruction of Acacia tortilis through the production of charcoal. Such charcoal production on the desert margin is described by Sidi Hamet, a Moroccan active in the trans-Saharan trade during the late eighteenth century. In describing a caravan ". . . of about three thousand camels and eight hundred men," Sidi Hamet recalled that ". . . we stopped ten days, and let our camels feed on the bushes, while half the men were employed in getting wood from the mountain and burning it into charcoal, which we put into bags, as it was light, and laid it on the camels over the other goods." The charcoal was apparently used for roasting the flesh of desert antelopes and camels, for trade, and as emergency rations for the camels. Describing a later journey involving '. . . about four thousand camels, and more than one
+thousand men," Sidi Hamet again indicates that the caravan stopped at the desert margin ". . . and cut wood and burned coals for the camels, for the caravans never attempt to cross the desert [sic] without this article . . . " (Riley 1817).
+II Trade Routes of Northern Africa, Xth to XVIIIth Centuries
+It is noteworthy that various sources indicate that axes were standard equipment for cameleers engaged in the trans-Saharan trade. The writings of Marsh, Bobek, Jorgensen, Darby, Mikesell, and others who have explored the question of deforestation in antiquity convincingly support the claim that charcoal production in relation to the trans-Saharan trade could have had a most profound impact on the ecology of the Sahel region. Furthermore, with the degradation of the desert margin, the dry-season mechanisms of seed dispersal within Sahelian ecosystems-effective northeasterly winds, southerly trending animal movement, etc.-would encourage a progressive southward shift of dry-steppe vegetation leading to a compression of the zone. This, in turn, would alter critical ecological relationships, lead to decreased genetic diversity and, ultimately, amplify the impact of hazards such as drought (National Research Council 1981).
+Site Preferences for Settlements
+The Arab and Berber populations of the Sahel historically have demonstrated a preference for establishing their settlements on elevated sandy surfaces (figure 9). The reasons behind this preference include the following: health, the ritual purity of "high" sand within the context of Islam (Qur'anic surah IV.43), the perceived security afforded by higher elevations (A. Andrawis, personal communication), and the water storage capacity of sand dunes. Of these, considerations of health are perhaps the most frequently cited. Because Arab and Berber populations do not possess the sickle-cell trait, they are far more susceptible to falciparum malaria than are their negroid neighbors, and the establishment of settlements on elevated, well-drained surfaces reduces their exposure to malarial parasites (National Research Council 1981).
+Many colonial military installations in the Sahel were similarly situated atop formerly fixed dunes. Severe environmental degradation occurred around such installations. Although the causes of this degradation vary, the primary contributors seem to have been perimeter clearance, the use of tree trunks in site preparation and building, the use of wood as fuel, and the damage inflicted on the local vegetation by herds of cattle, camels, goats, and sheep maintained by the garrisons (Toupet 1976).
+These site preferences have led to the widespread destabilization of formerly fixed dunes through devegetation and physical disturbance by foot traffic, livestock, and, in recent years, vehicular traffic. This problem is naturally aggravated as settlements grow. Changing architectural traditions (J. Rowland Illickhave further contributed to the problem. Less than 20 years ago, Boutilimit, Mauritania, was described as ". . . a city of tents" (Gerteiny 1967), a description that contrasts sharply with the mud-brick buildings of the city today. The construction of permanent buildings requires the use of much more wood for structural support than is required in the construction of traditional tents and huts. Moreover, in many areas of the Sahel the erection of permanent structures in mobile landscapes has greatly complicated matters, as the buildings themselves are responsible for the accumulation of sand that ultimately results in their destruction (National Research Council
+The reactivation of Sahelian dunes through physical disturbances and the direct removal of vegetation to satisfy the building material, fuel, and fodder needs of local populations carries further environmental implications. It seriously affects the regenerative capacity of the vegetation as the drift sand generated by the dunes causes seedling losses through abrasion, burial, and desiccation.
+The Gum Arabic Trade
+The Dutch were evidently the first Europeans to recognize the commercial potential of the gum arabic produced in the Acacia senegal forests of the western Sahel. It was used largely for printing in the important Dutch textile industry. The gum exported to the Low Countries passed through Arguin, a trading center established by the Portuguese to the south of Cap Blanc (Cape Blanco) in 1448. Arguin had been taken over by the Spanish late in the sixteenth century and passed into Dutch hands in 1638. The French later became interested in the gum arabic trade and, in 1677, the Dutch ceded Arguin to the French following the Peace of Nimegue. Thirteen years later, the Dutch recovered Arguin and held it for 31 years before again losing it to the French. During this period, the Dutch had established commercial ties with 'All Shandora of the Trarza region, which resulted in the founding of Marsa (later Portendik), a commercial outpost located on the coast some 40 km to the north of
+modern Nouakchott, Mauritania.
+The French captured Portendik in 1723; it was subsequently regained by the Dutch, recaptured by the French in 1724, and taken by the English in 1762. By 1763 the English were in complete control of the Mauritanian gum arabic trade. Twenty years later, the Treaty of Versailles, which terminated Anglo-French rivalries in America, also returned control of the Mauritanian coastal zone south of Cap Blanc to the French. Renewed hostility between France and England again resulted in an English presence in the region. This presence was maintained until the peace settlement following Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat at Waterloo returned the region to France in 1816. Despite the apparent finality of this transfer, one finds reports of Moors selling gum arabic to the English in defiance of the French as late as 1834. In 1857, in exchange for the formal renunciation by the English of their gum trade at Portendik, the French ceded their remaining rights at Albreda on the Gambia (Crone 1937,
+Blake 1941-1942, Fage 1969, Church 1980).
+This historical sketch illustrates the importance attached to gum arabic by the European powers. The intense demand for gum arabic resulted in increased competition and higher prices. As the exploitation of gum arabic became more profitable, production increased apace. The environmental consequences of increased production were evidently profound.
+Gum arabic is a storage product of the Acacia senegal. The more stressed the tree, the greater the yield of gum. The tapping methods currently employed in the Trarza and Brakna to stress the trees and increase production also reduce the resistance of the trees to disease and drought. It is probable that similar methods were applied in the past. Trarza experienced severe droughts in the 1680s, from 1738-1756, and during the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, and the 1830s (Nicholson 1979). Given the historical southward shift in gum production within the Trarza and the sequential decline in the importance of Arguin and Portendik, it would appear that destructive tapping techniques and the droughts of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries effectively destroyed the gum forests found inland from these important trading centers.
+In the twentieth century, the well-known gum forests around Boutilimit, Togba, and elsewhere in Mauritania have disappeared (National Research Council 1981). The loss of the gum forests has had far-reaching implications for local economies as well as for environmental stability. In addition to producing gum arable, the trees provide browse, support honey production, and are sources of tannin, wood, and charcoal. The hardwood is often used in the manufacture of such items as tool handles and weavers' shuttles, and a strong fiber can be obtained from the tree's long, flexible surface roots. Locally, the gum has a wide range of uses, extending from preparation of ink for use in Qur'anic schools, to a solution for stabilizing the interior walls of mud-brick buildings. The A. senegal tree can be incorporated into dryland agroforestry systems to restore soil fertility and serve as a living fence as well as provide the products noted above (National Research Council 1981). me
+extensive root system of the Acacia senegal (Figure 10) maintains soil ecology and physical stability in sandy or otherwise well-drained tracts of the Sahel.
+Agricultural Expansion
+Rainfed Agriculture
+The expansion of rainfed agriculture in the Sahel has been prompted by several events and circumstances: the cessation of slaving has encouraged a northward drift of agricultural populations into formerly hostile regions of the Sahel; normal population increase, which for agriculturalists occurs at a rate of 2.5-3.0 percent per year as compared to 1.5-2.0 percent for pastoralists (Le Houérou 1980), has brought additional land into use-often at the expense of fallow; in some regions, soil depletion forces agriculturalists continually to seek more fertile regions; and, increasingly, nomads have adopted the practice of combining farming with seasonal livestock movement. In many areas, expansion was facilitated by the unusually high rainfall of the 1950s.
+The Republic of Mali witnessed an 80 percent increase in rainfed crop production between 1952 and 1975 (International Livestock Centre for Africa 1980); similarly significant increases are reported for Niger and for other countries of the Sahel. The expansion of rainfed agriculture results in a direct acceleration of soil erosion through the removal of vegetative cover and physical disturbance. Additional degradation occurs as trees and shrubs are cut to satisfy the construction and fuel requirements of the cultivators.
+Sedimentation studies in the United States indicate that annual soil losses from forested areas are only a few hundredths of a ton per hectare, in contrast to 54 tons from land cultivated for maize production. Given the substantial amount of land withdrawn from production because of soil depletion in some Sahelian agricultural systems, it should be added that sediment loss for abandoned farmland in the studies cited was 450 tons per hectare (Thacher 1979, cf. Lowdermilk 1948). It should also be noted that agricultural expansion in the Sahel characteristically results in an indirect increase in the degradation of the surrounding rangelands since the conversion of the more productive forage areas to agricultural production forces pastoralists to overgraze" the remaining land base (Thomas 1980). As Marchal (1982) has observed, Sahelian agriculture, after having consumed space, preys upon it.
+In many areas, agriculture development focusing on the cultivation of cash crops such as groundouts has resulted in serious losses of soil structure and fertility, as well as a broad range of socioeconomic problems. The self-sufficiency of rural populations is often reduced as land and labor are devoted to cash crops. Rural subsistence is further impaired as crop yields decline and young men are forced to seek employment in urban centers in order to support their families. In many regions of the Sahel, the loss of young, vigorous farmworkers has resulted in those left on the land being physically incapable of cultivating areas sufficiently large to satisfy local needs (National Academy of Sciences 1980).
+Irrigated Agriculture
+In addition to an expansion of rainfed agriculture, ambitious irrigation schemes have been undertaken periodically in the principal basins of the Sahel. Prominent among them are the projects established in the Senegal River Valley, in the Interior Delta of the Niger, and in the Lake Chad basin.
+The Great Depression in 1934 led to the creation of the Mission d'Etudes du Fleuve Senegal to study and plan comprehensively the economic development of the Senegal River Valley. This project was replaced in 1938 by the Mission d'Aménagement du Sénégal. Initial attention was focused on cotton production until World War II disrupted the importation of the 60,000 tons of rice then consumed annually in Senegal. In 1945 it was decided to shift exclusively to the mechanical cultivation of rice on the uncultivated clay soils at the head of the Senegal Delta.
+The earlier earthen barrages, built annually by the traditionalist farmers of the region, were replaced by a permanent barrage completed near Richard-Toll in 1948. Water was then pumped, at considerable cost, from behind the barrage into approximately 100 km of main canals to 5,402 ha of mechanically cultivated and artificially fertilized rice fields. In 1968, some 5,100 ha produced 10,200 tons of paddy-a very low yield (Church 1980).
+As with all large irrigation schemes in the Sahel, the Richard-Toll Senegal Delta Irrigation Scheme encountered great physical and economic difficulties. Quelea, ducks, and other granivorous birds, as well as insects and rodents consumed large quantities of the rice grown; the control of wild rice became a serious problem; the soils became saline (see Pillsbury 1981); sheet erosion was caused by dry-season winds; and the costs of fertilizer and pumping became burdensome. Capital costs have been written off and the current costs are heavily subsidizd. The scheme has made only a modest and very costly contribution to Senegal's rice needs (Church 1961, 1980; cf. Weiler and Tyner 1981).
+Similar problems have been encountered in the project areas developed in the Niger Delta and the Lake Chad Basin. Presumably, knowledge and experience gained in the development of these costly and largely unsuccessful schemes will be taken into consideration in the current river-basin development efforts in Senegal and elsewhere in the Sahel.
+The Proliferation of Cattle
+It is a common assumption that the Sahel is a natural pastureland for cattle and that domesticated cattle have long sustained the populations of that region. This impression is often reinforced by the depiction of cattle in the rock art of the neighboring Saharan highlands (see, for example, Brentjes 1965, Lhote 1973).
+It is true that cattle have long been associated with the Sahara and the Sahel. Wild cattle, including Bos primigenius and B. ibericus, were prominent among the animals that sustained the ancient hunting populations of these regions (Smith 1980). The archaeological record indicates the concept of domestication diffused into the area around 6000 B.P., and that the concept was evidently accepted and applied by populations of fisherfolk associated with the many lakes that existed in the central and southern Sahara at that time. The so-called Ténérian groups identified from the excavations at Adrar Bous, Niger, would be representative of these early pastoralists (Smith 1976). The expansion of the cattle complex into the Sahel proper was apparently a direct result of the desiccation of the Sahara region.
+The desiccation of the Sahara had an important impact on cattle because their water requirements are considerable. For example, they require four times as much water, at more frequent intervals, as camels under the same conditions. Also, unlike other animals in which the volume of urine is decreased and its concentration increased with higher temperatures, the increased intake of water by cattle results in decreased concentration and increased water loss through urination. Hence, the intake of water is greater than that required simply to compensate for increased losses. It appears that cattle drink not only to avoid dehydration but to cool the body with huge quantities of water (Schmidt-Neilsen 1964, cf. Nachtigal 1879).
+Declining precipitation, a possible shift from a two-cycle rainy season to a single-cycle season (Toupet 1976), the effects of bush fires, deforestation, a reduction in groundwater recharge, and the growing impact of domesticated livestock eventually rendered the Sahel unsuitable for cattle. In response, the prehistoric cattle complexes of the Sahel gravitated southward into the savanna zone, where they are represented by such modern peoples as the cattle-holding Soninke.
+The earliest historical records that describe the livestock inventories of Sahelian populations are those of medieval authors such as Ibn Hawqal and al-Muhallabi. These authors describe the Sahel as a region dominated by camel nomadism, and by peoples whose attachment to the camel carried almost religious overtones (Levtzion and Hopkins 1981).
+A brief reintroduction of cattle into the Sahel occurred when, in 990, the Soninke-dominated empire of Gana (transcribed in Arabic as Ghana) expanded into the Sahel to assure their control over the trans-Saharan trade. Al-Bakri, writing early in the eleventh century, describes the dependence of the Soninke cattle on the wells that had been excavated during the mid-eighth century to support the trans-Saharan trade. His descriptions of the impoverished vegetation around wells and villages contrast vividly with those of al-Muhallabi written in the tenth century, before the expansion of Gana.
+By 1055, Gana was forced to withdraw southward into the savanna zone, and descriptions of camel nomadism again dominated the writings of the medieval authors describing the Sahel.
+Although the occasional presence of cattle in the western Sahel is documented in the writings of Ca' da Mosto (fl. 1455) and later authors, they are few in number and are largely associated with oasis-based Soninke cultivators. The absence of cattle reflects not only the limited carrying capacity of the region for cattle, but also the vulnerability of the herds and herders to the incursions of raiding tribes. In the western Sahel, the problem of raiding was particularly severe following the arrival of the Banu Hilal from North Africa late in the thirteenth century (Trimingham 1962). The problem persisted until the colonial pacification of the region early in the twentieth century.
+It is possible that this relatively long period (thirteenth through nineteenth century) of political instability in the Sahel permitted a measure of ecological recovery. For example, an account of an expedition by Sultan Saboun against the state of Bagirmi in central Chad early in the nineteenth century describes . . . the unoccupied lands situated between the boundaries of the Waday and the Bagirmi [as] covered with mature forests and dense, thorny undergrowth, which served as the refuge of lion, elephant, and rhinoceros (Depierre and Gillet 1971). If a measure of recovery had occurred, it was short-lived.
+The pacification of the Sahel permitted a northward expansion of agricultural populations early in the twentieth century. They took herds of cattle, goats, and sheep with them. The disenfranchised warrior classes were left with only herding and commerce as acceptable occupations, and economic considerations resulted in a rather abrupt numerical shift favoring cattle at the expense of camels, as the former were more marketable within the context of the new economic order. Furthermore, in Mauritania the policy of association-that is, working through traditional leaders-had strengthened the position of the religious leaders, the marabouts, at the expense of the warrior class, and the new wealth acquired by the marabouts was characteristically invested in herds of cattle (Chassey 1978).
+Cattle dramatically increased in number following the pacification of the region. In addition to economic incentives, livestock maintenance and veterinary health programs were instituted throughout the Sahel. During much of this period of development, rainfall levels were unusually high, and therefore for planners and herders, perhaps deceptively high. According to Gallais (1979), the western Sahel as a whole had witnessed a five-fold increase in cattle during the 25 years preceding the 1968 drought (Table 2, Figure 11).
+The relative lack of experience of many modern Sahelian populations in managing cattle, combined with a progressive loss of skilled herders to sedentarization and labor alternatives encouraged by development programs, has in many areas resulted in poor herd control. Poor management, in turn, has greatly increased the environmental impact of livestock. In addition, in many areas of the Sahel while herds of cattle were growing rapidly, other types of livestock that are better adapted to the region, more easily controlled, and less destructive to the environment declined in numbers (National Research Council 1981).
+As indicated above, cattle are poorly adapted to Sahelian conditions; their conversion efficiency is poor, they require substantial quantities of water, and they are highly subject to stress. In response to declining precipitation and growing cattle populations, well-drilling programs were expanded throughout the Sahel. The vegetation around wells, as well as around seasonal pools and in other areas of intense pressure, has been both qualitatively and quantitatively modified (Bille 1976). Unlike camels and goats and most native herbivores, which are predominantly browsers, cattle are grazers. Cattle therefore increase pressure on perennial grasses and often eliminate them (Gaston and Dulieu 1976). Tree cover is also affected by cattle herds, as trees are used as sources of fuel and building material by herders, many species are used for emergency fodder, and broad-hoofed cattle trample seedlings and compact soil. Three tree species have had particularly high mortality rates:
+Acacia senegal, Commiphora africana, and Guiera senegalensis (Poupon and Bille 1974). Hence, the qualitative aspect of vegetative degradation is reflected in shifts from perennial to annual grasses and the expansion of relatively unproductive trees and shrubs such as Calotropis procera at the expense of more useful species such as Acacia ehrenbergiana, A. senegal, and Balanites aegyptiaca (Bernus 1979).
+As noted above, biomass production has also decreased. In the Tamesna region of Niger, for example, it is estimated that primary pasture production has dropped between 1,500 and 2,000 tons/ha to 360 kg/ha through overgrazing. Good fodder species such as Schoenefeldia gracilis disappeared and were replaced by short-cycle species requiring less water, such as Cenchrus spp. (Granier 1975). Equally significant declines in primary production have been recorded in the Senegalese Ferlo and other regions of the Sahel.
+It has been estimated that the usable extent of the pastoral zone has been reduced by almost 25 percent since the onset of the 1968 drought. Nevertheless, in some instances these trends may be reversible. Schoenefeldia gracilis has reappeared in the Tamesna region. In the study in the Ferlo, total seed production was estimated at 30.6 kg/ha in 1970-1971. One-third of this production was consumed by animals; the rest was scattered by wind, water, and animals. Although many seeds were destroyed, 11 percent retained their powers of germination for at least 2 years. This indicates that, with proper management, recovery may be possible in many areas. If excessive livestock pressure is not relieved, however, seed production for many species ceases and regeneration cannot occur (Boudet 1972).
+The reduction or elimination of vegetative cover, often in combination with soil compaction by livestock, triggers additional degradative sequences. For example, once the rainy season begins, raindrops striking the wet soil surface raise mud spatters, first sealing the surface and then mobilizing soil particles subject to transport by overland flow. This results both in reduced infiltration leading to depressed groundwater tables and soil erosion. In some areas of the Sahel, groundwater levels have fallen as much as 8 meters since the medieval period (Toupet 1977). As indicated elsewhere in this report (chapters 2 and 4, Appendix B), reduced vegetative cover might also reduce rainfall through biogeophysical feedback mechanisms regulated by such cover. A mat of vegetation, on the other hand, intercepts the raindrops and controls overland flow, as the water is forced to filter through a tangle of stems, grass blades, dead leaves, and root hairs. Meanwhile, infiltration in
+encouraged, and the rooting network serves to stabilize the soil (Butzer 1976).
+Surface exposure and reduced organic content also disturb soil ecology through altered soil-water relationships and a greater amplitude in soil temperature. It is probable that this altered soil ecology would adversely affect critical microorganisms such as the rhizobial bacteria associated with Sahelian acacias and other leguminous genera (National Academy of Sciences 1979, National Research Council 1981). The rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen, increase plant productivity, and reduce the impact of stress. As use pressure, depressed groundwater tables, and altered soil ecology directly eliminate certain plant species and frustrate regenerative processes in others, further losses occur though disruptions in plant dependencies and affinities.
+TABLE 2 Sahelian Cattle Populations
+Number of Cattle (in thousands)
+Country
+Chad
+n.a.
+Mali
+Mauritania
+Niger
+Senegal
+Upper Volta
+SOURCE: Compiled from Gallais 1979.
+Introduction of Advanced Firearms
+Advanced firearms first entered the Sahel in connection with the slave trade. European traders commonly provided their Moorish associates with guns in payment for slaves. During his visit to West Africa around 1456, the Portuguese traveler Diego Gomes reported ". . . that there were caravals there which carried arms and swords to the Moors" in exchange for slaves (Blake 1941-1942). Writing in the 1790s, Mungo Park notes that the Moors obtained ". . . their fire-arms and ammunition . . . from the Europeans, in exchange for the Negro slaves which they obtain in their predatory excursions. Their chief commerce of this kind is with the French traders, on the Senegal River." James Riley, writing in 1817, recalled that "most of the Arabs are well armed with good double-barrelled French fowling pieces." By 1882, the African leader Samory Touré had purchased 4,000 repeating rifles from the British in Sierra Leone in order to check the French advance into the upper Niger region. By
+1892 his forces possessed 8,000 such rifles (Gramont 1975).
+Many medieval and modern authors have described the abundant wildlife of the Sahel (see, for example, Blake 1941-1942). The literature of Sahelian peoples such as the Moors and Kel Tamacheq frequently refer to camels, wildlife, and hunting but reflect virtually no interest in cattle, sheep, or goats. An appreciation of bush meat is revealed in the commercial importance of tishtar, jerked antelope flesh, in Mauritania (Trotignon 1975). Similarly, as recently as the late 1950s, wildfowl and game animals contributed more to the diet of the peoples of the Senegal River Valley than did beef (Cremoux 1963).
+Given the appreciation of Sahelian populations for bush meat, it is not surprising that the introduction of improved firearms would result in a dramatic increase in hunting. Travelers' reports indicate that wildlife populations have declined steadily since the sixteenth century, and Bigourdan and Prunier (1937) indicate that the addax and oryx populations of the Mauritanian Sahel were already threatened by extinction before the conclusion of French pacification in the 1930s.
+The destruction of wildlife populations in the Sahel has greatly aggravated the problem of devegetation in the region. Birds and browsing herbivores formerly played critical roles in the growth stimulation response (McNaughton 1976) and seed dispersal of Sahelian trees and shrubs, prominently including large-seeded legumes such as Acacia, Albizzia, Bauhinia, Cassia, Entada, Parkia, Prosopis, Tetrapleura, and related genera (National Research Council 1981). In turn, habitat modification has eliminated additional wildlife species once important in seed dispersal (Huzayyin 1956) and has also reduced the quantities of seed available for dispersal.
+Finally, changes have taken place in herding with the virtual eradication of wild carnivores in the pastoral zone. In the past, young herders were instructed to avoid forests and thickets in order to maintain herd control and avoid livestock losses to predators. The fear of such losses passed with the elimination of the large carnivores, and herds are now permitted to enter wooded areas. The extension of herding into these areas has resulted in the widespread removal of protective understory and seedlings. In consequence, wildlife habitat have been dramatically decreased, precipitation interception and groundwater recharge have been reduced, many wild plants and animals used by rural populations during periods of famine have been eliminated, and ecological processes have been seriously disrupted.
+Wildlife losses are also significant, because the potential standing biomass of wildlife populations is much greater than that of livestock populations living under similar conditions. For example, studies done in East Africa indicate that acacia savanna carrying 19.6-28.0 kg/ha of domesticated cattle could carry from 65.5-157.6 kg/ha of wild ungulates. In contrast to domesticated livestock, wild animals occupy distinct and usually complementary ecological niches: wildlife eat vegetation that is often too coarse for most livestock, and wild animals use water more efficiently and are more tolerant of stress and disease. Hence, the wildlife of the Sahel could serve as important alternative sources of food during periods of need (Talbot 1963, Knight 1976).
+In addition to the devastating impact of advanced firearms, Sahelian wildlife populations have been further reduced through direct competition with livestock and habitat modification associated with agricultural expansion.
+The Development of Modern Transportation Networks
+The mayor rivers of the Sahel, rails, and roads have opened new areas of settlement, brought new land into agricultural production, and facilitated the exploitation of forest products.
+Towns and villages have been established along the modern transportation networks of the Sahel much as they were along the trade routes of the Sahel in the past, and for many of the same reasons. As in the past, these settlements have had predictable impacts on the environment as the surrounding forests are exploited for domestic building materials, fencing, browse, fuel, tannin, gum, cordage, medicinal substances, and other products to satisfy local needs. These networks also provide new economic opportunities, as local products can be more easily transported to distant markets. Hence, the human impact on the surrounding land is increased as local populations respond to these opportunities.
+The major rivers of the Sahel have long been important arteries of transportation and commerce. The environmental impact of this movement increased substantially with the introduction of wood-burning steamships. On the Niger, the era of the steamship was initiated with the arrival of the Quorrah and the Alburkah from England in 1832. By 1871, steamers from five companies regularly plied the river, and the Niger's banks were dotted with small trading posts and agricultural ventures (Gramont 1976). In addition to the deforestation along the banks of rivers resulting from the considerable fuel requirements of the steamers, further losses were incurred through the construction of buildings.
+Writing early in the twentieth century, de Gironcourt noted the near-disappearance of doum palms (Hyphaene thebaica) along the banks of the Niger's northern bend; their trunks served as structural beams in administrative offices and other buildings. More recently, the riverine forests of the Sahel have been extensively exploited for fuelwood and charcoal production (Figure 12) (National Academy of Sciences 1979). These products are easily transported by boat to urban markets such as Saint-Louis on the Senegal and Niamey on the Niger.
+The significance of the loss of riverine forests has not been fully appreciated in the Sahel. Field observations along the Senegal River made in 1979 and 1980 by the staff of the Advisory Committee on the Sahel have indicated that rates of erosion along the river have dramatically increased as the floodplain has been stripped of its protective vegetative cover, particularly the extensive stands of Acacia nilotica, so important as a source of charcoal (Figure 13) (National Academy of Sciences 1979). The rates of erosion on the floodplains of the Senegal will almost certainly result in levels of sedimentation and salinization far beyond those currently anticipated by agencies involved in the further development of the Senegal River Basin (National Academy of Sciences 1979, 1981a; cf. Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal, n.d.).
+Rail transportation in the Sahel was inaugurated with the opening of a line connecting Dakar and Saint-Louis in 1885. A link between the Senegal and Niger rivers was completed in 1904, and additional links connected Dakar with Kaolack (1911), Touba to Diourbel, and Linguére to Louga. The through-route from Dakar to Bamako and Koulikoro on the Niger was opened in 1923. Direct losses of vegetation were incurred in right-of-way clearance, bed preparation, and bridge construction, and in the considerable quantities of wood needed to fuel the steam engines employed on these lines; indirect losses occurred with agricultural expansion into the regions served by the rails. The most notable example of such agricultural expansion was the southward shift in groundnut production from the Senegal River Valley into the so-called Groundnut Basin of west-central Senegal. Senegal has become a world leader in groundout production, but this expansion has also led to a high degree of economic
+vulnerability. The groundnuts are grown largely as a monoculture in an area of highly variable rainfall, and the basin has become degraded through intensive cultivation (Church 1980, National Academy of Sciences 1980).
+Road building has also caused environmental degradation through physical disturbance, particularly in sandy soils, and through the derangement of drainage patterns. Indirect losses of vegetation have been incurred in many areas by the use of rights-of-way to trail cattle to urban markets and by agricultural expansion and the increased exploitation of forest resources in areas served by roads. The impact of rural roads on woodlands can be easily appreciated as one sees the bundles of fuelwood and bags of charcoal stacked along these roads for transport to urban markets. The annual per capita consumption of fuelwood in the Sahel is 1.15 steres, or 0.317 cords. Given the current population trends of the region and the general lack of economically viable alternative sources of fuel, it is anticipated that forest losses will continue to outdistance dramatically the modest gains made by conventional fuelwood production and reafforestation
+Urbanization
+The twentieth century has witnessed an unprecedented development of urban centers in the Sahel (Table 3). Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania, grew from a village of 2,000 inhabitants in 1957 to a city of 134,000 in 1977. Niamey, the capital of Niger, grew from a village of 7,000 in 1945 to a city of 300,000 in 1979. Equally dramatic increases have been recorded elsewhere. Table 3 illustrates the rapid pace of urban growth in contrast to national growth in the Sahel.
+In many instances new cities have been created. Examples are mining centers such as Zouérate and Nouadhibou in Mauritania, and Arlit in Niger. A further impetus to urban growth in the Sahel has been the creation of new administrative divisions, with their accompanying governmental offices, schools, health facilities, markets, and airports.
+These centers have increased pressure directly on the resources of the surrounding countryside and, indirectly, on the more distant areas that provide food, fuel, fiber, and construction material for the urban dwellers. Delwaulle and Roederer (1973) have noted, for example, that there is little natural regeneration of vegetation within a radius of 15-20 km of Niamey, and that severe "desertification" is occurring within a radius of 40-50 km of the city.
+Much of the degradation reflects the cities' substantial needs for building materials and fuel; some degradation results from an intensification of agricultural activity on already depleted soils in order to help satisfy urban demands for sorghum and other crops. Furthermore, considerable quantities of sand and dust are mobilized through the physical disturbances associated with urban construction activities, off-road traffic converging on the cities, and cultivation in the periurban fringe. This particulate matter often poses health problems, is frequently responsible for highway accidents, and increasingly results in the interruption of air traffic (National Research Council 1981).
+TABLE 3 Population Growth in the Sahel, 1970-1980
+Urban Population
+(in thousands)
+Urban
+Growth
+National Population
+(in thousands)
+National Population
+Growth
+Cape Verde
+n.a.
+Chad
+The Gambia
+Mali
+Mauritania
+Niger
+Senegal
+Upper Volta
+SOURCE: Compiled from Kurian 1982
+<section>Environmental Rehabilitation: Discussion and Recommendations</section>
+The paleoenvironmental review and historical analysis presented in chapters 1 and 2 indicate that little climatic change has occurred in the Sahel for the last 2,500 years. The climate has been characterized as highly variable, with unevenly distributed rainfall and frequent drought. Acceptance of these characteristics is basic to the elaboration of successful environmental rehabilitation strategies in the Sahel region.
+Chapter 3 of the report discusses a broad range of human activities that has dramatically altered the character and content of Sahelian ecosystems: bush fires, settlement on easily disturbed sites, the destructive exploitation of forest products, agricultural expansion, the proliferation of cattle, extensive wildlife 10sses, the development of modern transportation networks, urbanization, and other activities. Although the impact of these activities is by no means uniform throughout the region, for planning purposes it is important to realize that no area of the Sahel has escaped modification.
+A basic understanding of the history of environmental change in the Sahel provides planners with a better grasp of the biological potential of the region and with important insights into ecosystem function and change. It is now clear that both the spatial extent of vegetative cover and biological diversity have been substantially reduced through time. Ecosystems in tropical arid and semiarid regions "renew" themselves only as long as sufficient species diversity is maintained to prevent the collapse of the system. Below a certain threshold, there is a dramatic "domino effect" to species loss within an ecosystem, leading to its collapse or radical simplification. Reduced vegetative ground cover results in increased soil erosion, reduced groundwater recharge, altered soil ecology, and a loss of those plant and animal species unable to adapt to these changing environmental conditions. It is now widely believed that reduced ground cover also results in a reduction of rainfall
+caused by biogeophysical feedback mechanisms regulated by vegetative cover, and reduced evapotranspira~ tion of soil moisture associated with significant losses of vascular plants. It is believed by some that one- to two-thirds of all rainfall in the Sahel is derived from reevaporated soil moisture within the region (F. K. Hare, personal communication).
+The restoration of biological diversity and ecosystem function is basic to environmental rehabilitation efforts and sustainable production in the Sahel. The ecosystem concept provides a scientifically acceptable framework within which rehabilitation efforts can be targeted and coordinated for maximum effect. Unless a realistic, ecologically sound framework for development activities is established, donors and Sahelian institutions alike will simply be involved in a costly and endless search for more and more basic data.
+Declining biological diversity and productivity also threaten the adaptive and evolutionary capabilities of plant and animal species, reduce the viability of Sahelian agro-silvo-pastoral systems, and characteristically lead to economic, social, and political instability. It is important that donor agencies and officials in Sahelian governments as well as rural populations more fully understand the ecological implications of livelihood and development activities in the Sahel. It is also important to determine how Sahelian populations can best be made aware of the problems imposed by degradation and be involved in efforts to combat them. Consideration must also be given to further modifications of Sahelian economic and legal systems to encourage and guide ecologically sound economic activity in both the public and private sectors.
+INSTITUTIONAL AND RESEARCH NEEDS
+It is essential that information concerning environmental problems in the Sahel, and research efforts to resolve them, be systematically gathered, evaluated, and disseminated. The Sahel Institute was established within the framework of CILSS and the Club du Sahel to perform this function. Since its establishment, however, the Institute has frequently found it difficult to efficiently perform its responsibilities.
+To improve this situation, it is recommended that:
+· Sahelian governments and donors alike acknowledge the critical importance of information gathering and dissemination and research coordination in combating environmental degradation in the Sahel. Steps should be taken to strengthen the program and capabilities of the Sahel Institute to enable it to fulfill its mandate.
+· Opportunities for staff development be provided to Sahel Institute officials. For senior staff members, this might take the form of administrative internships at similar institutions elsewhere, or the establishment of a consultative committee of senior scientists to help formulate, executive, and evaluate Institute programs. Junior staff members might benefit from working with postgraduate expatriates in peer relationships.
+· Highly focused, process-oriented research efforts, such as the work of J.C. Bille and H. Poupon of ORSTOM (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer) on ecology of the northern Ferlo in Senegal, be encouraged and supported.
+· A regional project analogous to UNESCO's Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) in Kenya be established in the Sahel to conduct practical, long-term multidisciplinary research into the ecological and socioeconomic problems associated with environmental degradation. The project should be institutionally affiliated with the Sahel Institute.
+Scientific exchanges and curriculum modifications should also be considered as important vehicles for stimulating awareness, focusing concern, and effectively addressing issues of environmental degradation.
+It is recommended that:
+· A program of scientific exchanges be established which would permit leading non-Sahelian scientists to visit the Sahel to stimulate and focus scientific research, and would permit visits by Sahelian scientists to dryland research centers and reclamation projects in the United States and elsewhere for study and observation.
+· More attention be given to effective ways of providing supplementary training to individuals in teaching and research positions, so that instruction and research is more directly relevant to the problems of the Sahel region.
+PROJECT IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
+There is little agreement among development planners on appropriate approaches to project identification and implementation. It is therefore recommended that:
+· The definition and identification of ecological provinces be a particularly high priority in future ecological research in the Sahel, as they constitute the basic physical units for analysis and rehabilitation. (These provinces will differ somewhat from the agrophysical units and other land use categories currently in use in the Sahel.)
+· Simple, easily applied environmental energy flow models be developed and field tested in the Sahel. The use of such models would allow planners to identify breakdowns in ecosystem function and identify program activities that would help restore ecological processes. The use of such models is discussed in the National Research Council report, Environmental Degradation in Mauritania (1981).
+· Case studies be systematically assembled that would enable project managers to benefit from earlier successes in environmental rehabilitation in the Sahel and avoid the pitfalls of past failures.
+WATER RESOURCES AND SOIL CONSERVATION
+As noted above, devegetation in the Sahel has greatly reduced groundwater recharge and has increased soil erosion. Recent hydrogeological research has indicated that groundwater levels in some areas of the Sahel are now 8 meters lower than they were during the medieval period. The reestablishment of adequate vegetative cover and biological diversity in Sahelian ecosystems will depend in large measure on parallel efforts to increase groundwater recharge and conservation.
+It is recommended that:
+· The problems and opportunities related to groundwater hydrology be more thoroughly and systematically explored. In many instances, such as in the Mauritanian Adrar, groundwater exploitation coupled with inadequate natural recharge has been highly destructive. In others, such as in the Bahr al-Ghazal of Chad, it would appear that groundwater resources could be more intensively utilized. Research into groundwater hydrology in the Sahel should build on the earlier studies undertaken by P. Elouard, J. L. Schneider, and others.
+· Water conservation and groundwater recharge components be incorporated into all environmental rehabilitation projects undertaken in the Sahel. These projects might include such proven approaches as revegetation supported by water-harvesting techniques and the use of sand-filled storage dams to capture and hold runoff water that would otherwise be lost. Several approaches to water conservation and groundwater recharge are described in the National Academy of Sciences publication, More Water for Arid Lands (1974).
+· Whenever feasible, domestic and agricultural water supply requirements be satisfied with nonmotorized, low-lift devices such as the traditional shaduf. Motorized pumps should only be installed where the long-term water supply is sufficient and possible negative consequences have been well studied.
+River Basin Development and Irrigated Agriculture
+The principal river basins of the Sahel are relatively dependable sources of water supply, even during periods of drought. The traditional systems of agriculture practiced along the margins of rivers and lakes throughout the Sahel represent a highly sophisticated approach to sustainable agricultural production. Unfortunately, in many areas these systems will succumb to the regulation of river level fluctuation in modern river basin development schemes.
+Few modern, donor-assisted irrigation projects in sub-Saharan Africa have demonstrated economic potential. Although many of the projects have been preceded by seemingly exhaustive studies, the studies are characteristically deficient in historical analysis and reveal little appreciation of the complex interrelationships among soil, water, vegetation, and other constituent elements of a river basin system. For example, in the case of the Senegal River Basin development project, little apparent importance has been attached to problems encountered by colonial irrigation projects in the basin during the nineteenth century or to the economic failure of the subsequent delta irrigation scheme. Furthermore, several classes of data that bear directly on the potential economic success and environmental soundness of the project have been inadequately assessed. These would include the rates and trends of soil erosion in the Futa Jalon highlands and the Mauritanian Chemama which, if not
+arrested, will result in unanticipatedly high levels of siltation and salinization and reduce the useful life and projected benefits of the project.
+· The aggregate value of the sustainable resources that will be lost in modern river basin development schemes should be balanced against the apparently transitory benefits of the capital-intensive activities that will replace them. Long-term economic interests may be better served by building on indigenous strengths and adaptations rather than by superseding them.
+There are additional reasons to be cautious when planning or implementing river basin development projects. First, the incidence of certain diseases, such as schistosomiasis and malaria, is likely to increase. Second, during the dry season, irrigated perimeters attract a considerable variety of crop predators and therefore require constant attention and protection. Third, farmers have to learn a complex system of new crops, new ways of handling cropping, mechanization, the management of unfamiliar water delivery systems, as well as other adjustments. Fourth, such projects are apt to result in the overutilization of the land surrounding the project area, particularly by foraging livestock. Finally, irrigation projects often bring about radical social changes. Family life is disrupted, traditional social controls are often lost, and crime, delinquency, emotional disorders, despair, and other indicators of social anomie, may suddenly increase (Bodley 1975).
+In addition, the level of Western expertise in irrigated agriculture is often exaggerated. (Substantial tracts of agricultural land associated with irrigation projects in the American Southwest and southern Australia have been lost to production through mismanagement, salinization, alkalinization, and waterlogging.) Considerable caution should be used in applying Western experience in irrigated agriculture to the arid and semiarid tropics where environmental factors are even less well understood, and required managerial skills are often limited.
+MANAGEMENT,CONSERVATION, AND AUGMENTATION OF EXISTING BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
+The relatively high extinction rates of Sahelian flora and fauna, the traditional reliance of Sahelian societies on forests for the provision of food, fuel, and other products, as well as other ecological and economic considerations, require that far more attention be focused on the management and conservation of existing plant and animal resources in the region. Not only are introduced plants and animals generally less well adapted than their native counterparts, but the substitution costs are often unacceptably high.
+Woodland and Grassland Resources
+Since 1972, approximately $160 million has been spent on forestry projects in the Sahel. Most of the projects have focused on the establishment of plantations, often for the provision of fuelwood. Despite this level of effort, there has been a steady decline in fuelwood availability. This decline has been accompanied by the loss of many species locally valued for the many products they provide. Relatively few projects have dealt with the desirability of more effective management and use of existing natural forests. While donors spend substantial sums of money on plantation projects which often fail, the rehabilitation and conservation of natural forest stands costs very little and provides multiple benefits.
+The limited success of plantation projects and social forestry activities in the Sahel is linked to the perception of their benefits to the people. Because of the terms of Sahelian public domain laws, such projects are viewed as de facto state-operated and therefore state-benefitting, activities and provide little incentive for emulation at the farm level. Farmers need practical, economic incentives to plant trees; legal uncertainties, conflicts related to traditional land tenure systems, or uncertainties about their ability to protect and maintain trees over 10-15 years will daunt the farmers' will to plant trees for future firewood needs. If, however, the trees can also produce, in a shorter period, cash benefits or forage, fruit, or other products, there will be much greater likelihood of "spontaneous" planting or replanting. Research is urgently needed to identify, through species trials, more productive multipurpose trees which can be adopted by farmers for their
+short-term economic benefit and for their general benefit, as well as that of the region, through environmental rehabilitation.
+It is recommended that:
+· Sahelian governments and regionally active donors cooperate in developing new multiple-use forest management strategies that permit both the conservation and increased utilization of forest resources. Species trials to identify economically attractive, high-yielding, drought-resistant, multipurpose trees are an essential component for which additional resources must be allocated.
+· Current efforts in the establishment of urban fuelwood plantations be continued to complement natural forest management. In addition to helping satisfy the fuel requirements of urban centers and relieving pressure on natural forests, such plantations serve as auxiliary habitat for wildlife, and, depending on location and need, can serve a variety of other conservation functions. Further attention should be devoted to species selection for urban plantations and, in some instances, to considerations of optimal land use. In some cases, for example, existing or proposed urban plantations are occupying, or will occupy, land that could be more profitably devoted to agriculture.
+· Because the rapid growth of many Sahelian cities has been accompanied by the progressive deterioration of periurban environments, Sahelian governments and donor organizations recognize that urban fringes present an array of linked resource management problems which require coordinated action at the local level to ensure sustainable development, particularly to improve fuelwood availability and water supplies. Interest in urban fringe rehabilitation efforts should be communicated to the Commission on Environmental Planning of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
+· Further research be undertaken on the impact of fire on Sahelian ecosystems and the possible use of fire as a tool in the management of Sahelian woodlands.
+· Research be undertaken in large-scale environmental rehabilitation efforts that facilitate seed dispersal and generally reinforce natural regenerative processes. For example, wadi-head plantings would result in seed being washed into and through wadi systems, thereby increasing vegetative cover along wadi courses. As attested by studies in the American Southwest, such plantings can create extensive networks of vegetation available for further dispersal into adjacent areas. Projects should also be designed to better exploit livestock and wildlife movement, seasonally dominant northeasterly winds, and other environmental forces that promote seed dispersal and revegetation. By current project standards, such measures would be highly cost effective and could be complementary to other approaches to large-scale land rehabilitation, such as aerial seeding.
+· Research be initiated to determine rates of extinction for various categories of Sahelian flora and fauna. Many often neglected species perform essential ecosystem functions; others have the potential to make important contributions to medicine, industry, agriculture, and commerce.
+· A Sudano-Sahelian botanical research center be established for the conservation and study of native and exotic dryland flora. Research in appropriate silvicultural techniques should be undertaken. The application of innovative techniques, such as the use of tissue culture to rapidly multiply endangered plant species and accelerate programs of selection, should be incorporated into the center's program of research.
+Agroforestry
+Agroforestry is a new term for the old practice of growing woody plants with agricultural crops and/or livestock on the same land. In addition to being more stable and providing a broader range of economic products, agroforestry systems contribute significantly to the rehabilitation of local environments and are generally preferred by local farmers. Such systems allow more crops to be grown on smaller parcels of land, thus offsetting problems of land and labor scarcity. They provide insurance against crop failure through the differing susceptibilities of the various crops to drought, disease, predation, and other hazards, as well as through" the microclimatic amelioration and nutrient cycling provided by the trees and shrubs in the system. Further information on this topic can be found in a companion National Research Council report, Agroforestry in the West African Sahel (1983).
+It is recommended that:
+· Sahelian governments and international donors support the further development of agroforestry systems in the Sahel.
+· Further efforts be devoted to the establishment of shelterbelts in the Sahel. In addition to the multiple benefits derived from such efforts, it is of some importance to know that shelterbelt programs have already been accepted and successfully undertaken by Sahelian populations. For further information regarding such projects, see Appendix A of this report and the National Research Council report, Environmental Degradation in Mauritania (198l).
+· Browse reserves be established on marginal lands to promote conservation and support livestock production. Such reserves could also serve as emergency sources of food for human populations: many browse species bear fruit, leaves, gum, and other edible substances; some species can serve as sources of revenue through the sale of gum, honey, and other collected products.
+· Efforts be made to more fully determine the economic value of currently underutilized native and naturalized plant species in the Sahel.
+Several plant species already established in the Sahel could make important contributions to agriculture, medicine, and industry. For example, genetic infusions from the wild relatives and local cultivars of Sahelian crops such as sorghum could be of considerable importance in international crop improvement programs. Aloe barbadensis could be commercially exploited for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products; the fruit of Balanites aegyptiaca is said to be lethal to the snails which are the intermediary host of schistosomiasis and to the water flea that carries dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease); Cissus quadrangularis has promising applications in pest control; Acacia seyal and Prosopis juliflora produce gums of commercial quality; Calotropis procera and Euphorbia spp., which can be grown on marginal lands, are promising sources of liquid hydrocarbons; Spirulina platensis, which is native to Lake Chad, is an edible alga rich in protein; several species produce
+vegetable oils which can be used as diesel fuel. In the Sahel these species are virtually untapped.
+The economic value of genetic infusions for existing crops is widely underestimated. In the United States, for example, the value of regular genetic infusions to increase the productivity and adaptability of modern crops is estimated to be $700 million per year. Over-thecounter sale of drugs derived from plants and animals currently exceeds $40 billion a year worldwide (Myers and Ayensu 1983). Exploitation of these and other resources should include strategies that assure long-term use.
+Animal Resources
+The progressive loss of vegetation and wildlife in the northern Sahel has resulted in the compression of the zone and a general breakdown in ecosystem functions.
+To remedy this situation, it is recommended that:
+· Wildlife reserves be created or restored in areas of the Sahel in which significant numbers of endangered species of plants and animals exist or could be reestablished for in situ conservation. High priority should be given to the creation of a wildlife reserve in the borderlands of the Majabat al-Koubra in Mauritania, the creation of a similar reserve in the Aïr region of Niger, and the restoration of the Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve in Chad. These reserves should serve multiple, nondisruptive social, economic, and environmental objectives. An important function of the reserves would be the protection or reintroduction of various wildlife species that have long served as important sources of food, that have in the past attracted numerous tourists and hunters to the region, and that play critical roles in the stimulation of vegetation and seed dispersal. Determination of the habitat requirements for the species of the reserves will be of basic importance in
+establishing their boundaries.
+· Further research be undertaken to determine the comparative productivity and hardiness of various forms of livestock and their compatibility with Sahelian ecosystems. Such research might also compare the advantages and disadvantages of domesticated livestock vis-à-vis selected, wild ungulates such as the addax and oryx. For example, existing research indicates that the standing biomass for cattle in the acacia savannas of Africa is from 19.6 to 28.0 kg/ha, while that for wild ungulates is from 65.5 to 157.6 kg/ha. Furthermore, various studies indicate that rural Sahelian populations generally prefer bush meat to the meat of domesticated livestock.
+· Research be undertaken on the adaptability of the Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to the riverine lowlands of the Sahel. Buffalo can subsist on coarse forage inadequate for the support of cattle and can feed on aquatic vegetation often unavailable to cattle. In addition to providing milk and cheese, buffalo produce beef of excellent quality and can provide traction as well. Basic information regarding the water buffalo can be found in the National Research Council report, The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981).
+Marginal Lands
+Marginal lands-those areas once productive but now so degraded that without attention and investment they will become unable to support vegetation and animal or human population-occupy an increasingly large proportion of the Sahel as the effects of environmental degradation spread. These areas present special problems for development activities where there are traditional religious or historical attachments that may run counter to contemporary economic realities. In many cases, however, these attributes may offer incentives for local participation in rehabilitation that are not present elsewhere, and may justify the use of scarce resources to revive the marginal area rather than comparatively less threatened areas.
+It is recommended that:
+· Demonstrations of sand dune stabilization and utilization be undertaken in selected areas throughout the Sahel to provide training for local populations in dune control. The demonstrations should include instructions in problems of wind-blown sand, provide field demonstrations of techniques in dune stabilization, consider the social aspects of successful dune stabilization efforts, and acquaint participants with activities necessary to support dune stabilization projects-such as the establishment and management of nurseries. Trees and shrubs with secondary and tertiary products of economic value should be included. Special attention should be devoted to the production of films, filmstrips, simple manuals, and other aids to instruction in dune stabilization.
+· Further consideration be given to the ecological significance and responsible utilization of Sahelian wetlands, such as extensive areas of the Interior Delta of the Niger River and the Lake Chad Basin. Many Sahelian wetlands are important in maintaining populations of endangered birds and animals. In some instances, as is the case with the Nile crocodile, village industries could be established which would both assure the survival of the species and permit the controlled and highly profitable exploitation of hides. The conservation and exploitation of crocodiles is the subject of a National Research Council report, Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983).
+A considerable amount of recent research into the reclamation and utilization of saline environments undertaken in the United States, Australia, Peru, and other countries would appear to be directly relevant to the problems of the Sahel.
+· It is recommended that mechanisms be identified to assure the application of this research to the severe problems of salinization affecting the Fatik region of Senegal and other areas of the Sahel.
+BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
+Microbiological Resources
+A prominent factor affecting declining biological productivity and reduced stress tolerance in trees, shrubs, and crops in the Sahel is the widespread disruption of soil ecology, which often includes the absence of effective strains of critical microorganisms such as rhizobial bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and Frankia. Because these organisms are of critical importance in facilitating the availability and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other essential plant nutrients, their absence directly affects the success of many agricultural and forestry projects.
+The Advisory Committee on the Sahel initiated the establishment of a regional microbiological resources center (MIRCEN) to make microbial inoculum available for use in agricultural and environmental rehabilitation projects. The center is directly affiliated with the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute (ISRA), is associated with the international UNESCO/United Nations Environment Programme/International Cell Research Organization MIRCEN network, and is engaged in research, training, and inoculum production and distribution.
+It is recommended that:
+· Development agencies active in the Sahel acquaint themselves with the programs and services offered by the MIRCEN by writing to: Director, West African MIRCEN, ISRA/CNRA, B.P. 53, Bambey, Senegal.
+· Donors and regional organizations support the further development of the MIRCEN program. Although technical support is currently being received from ORSTOM, the Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrières, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the AID-sponsored NifTAL Project at the University of Hawaii, and Agriculture Canada, direct financial support has thus far been received only from ISRA, the Foundation for Microbiology in New York, and UNESCO.
+Germplasm for Trees, Shrubs, Grasses, and Drought-Tolerant Crops
+Efforts to restore or increase the biological diversity and productivity of agricultural and environmental systems in the Sahel are dependent upon the availability of a broad range of high-quality plant germplasm.
+It is recommended that:
+· Systematic, coordinated species elimination trials be supported and expanded within the various ecological provinces of the Sahel region. Although the initial focus on such trials has largely been on trees, equal importance should be attached to shrubs, perennial grasses, and drought-tolerant crops such as amaranth and short-cycle maize. Whenever possible, these trials should be undertaken at forestry or agricultural schools and research centers. The information generated by these trials should be systematically evaluated, and the trial results should be made available to research institutions throughout the Sahel region. The Sahel Institute should be the lead organization involved in collection and disseminating trial data.
+· It is proposed that a regional germplasm bank be established for the Sahel and West Africa as a whole, including the coastal states. The bank would be responsible for the conservation and documentation of seed, as well as for supplying seed in quantities sufficient for use in major forestry and environmental rehabilitation projects. It is suggested that the bank be associated with the West African MIRCEN so that seed shipments could be accompanied by rhizobial or other inocula if appropriate.
+SOCIAL CONTEXT
+It is almost axiomatic that project success is determined by the extent to which local populations understand the project and directly benefit from their involvement in it. Hence, close cooperation with local populations in developing projects is essential. As demonstrated in the AID-sponsored study, Gourmantche Agriculture (1979), and other similar studies, traditionalist farmers and herders possess a wealth of knowledge regarding the many social, economic, and environmental variables that best assure their well-being and contribute directly to successful project implementation. In part because of commonly held views of social development and progress, developers seldom take full advantage of this knowledge.
+It is recommended that:
+· A more concerted effort be made to reconcile traditional knowledge and modern scientific insight. One mechanism for doing so would be the establishment of agroforestry, or rural resource, canters-neutral ground on which the comparative advantages of traditional and modern approaches to environmental management and food production could be examined (Figure 14). Such centers could also provide the supplementary instruction necessary for local populations to manage nurseries for seedling production or other efforts related to environmental rehabilitation and improved crop production.
+The failure of many environmental rehabilitation projects in the Sahel can be traced to indifferent or unresponsive central governments, inflexible forestry laws, weak local organizations, the decline of traditional authority, a lack of financial credit, insufficient specificity on the part of donor organizations, and poorly managed resources. Some of these problems could be avoided by more actively including regionally significant nongovernmental authorities in development planning, such as clerics associated with the Qadiriyya or Tijaniyya religious brotherhoods and the more recently formed Fadiliyya and Muridiyya orders. These individuals enjoy considerable popular authority and are apt to be highly supportive of projects that would benefit their followers.
+Few, if any, large-scale environmental rehabilitation projects can be successfully implemented in the Sahel without greater control of foraging livestock. A serious obstacle to such control has been that herders, government officials, and donors have not cooperated in developing pastoral systems that are both ecologically sound and economically viable. Such cooperation has successfully taken place in Saudi Arabia and in Syria through the revival of the ancient hema system of range reserves-a system that incorporates conservation measures, such as range reserves and controlled grazing, with the establishment of herder cooperatives. In hema systems, cooperative rangelands are allocated, often on the basis of traditional claims, and grazing is prohibited except for the herds owned by the cooperative members. As evidence of the potential contributions of these systems to environmental rehabilitation, hema cooperatives have been responsible for the revegetation of some 7 million
+hectares of rangeland in the Syrian steppes.
+· It is recommended that the applications of the hema system to Sahelian problems and conditions be thoroughly explored in a regional seminar or workshop that includes appropriate Sahelian officials, appropriate traditional leaders, officials of development organizations concerned with livestock issues, and representatives of Middle Eastern hema cooperatives.
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+Williams, M. A. J., and D. A. Adamson. 1980. Late Quaternary depositional history of the Blue and White Nile rivers in central Sudan. Pp. 281-304 in The Sahara and the Nile, M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
+Williams, N. A. J., D. A. Adamson, F. M. Williams, W. H. Morton, and D. E. Parry. 1980. Jebel Marra volcano: A link between the Nile Valley, the Sahara and Central Africa. Pp. 305-337 in The Sahara and the Nile, M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
+<section>Appendixes</section>
+<section>A Shelterbelt Establishment in the Drylands of West Africa</section>
+Robert Fishwick and Fred Weber
+Shelterbelt establishment has emerged as a particularly promising component of environmental rehabilitation programs and more stable agricultural and livestock production in the Sahel. In addition to affording protection against wind and wind-blown sand and the provision of fuel, fodder, building materials, and various tertiary products such as gum and medicinals, the belts substantially increase wildlife habitat. This not only increases the availability of bush meat, but helps reestablish the role of wildlife in seed dispersal. Following are examples of shelterbelts that have been successfully established in the drylands of West Africa.
+CAMEROON
+The earliest record of the establishment of shelterbelts refers to the Diamare and Mayo-Danay districts of northern Cameroon. Between 1956 and 1960, 300-km belts of trees were planted around farms and along roadsides. The species used was Cassia siamea because it is not eaten by animals, and fencing was therefore not required. However, because of its shallow rooting system, it should be combined with other species in shelterbelts. The World Bank-assisted Rural Development Project No. 3031-CM is extending the system for another 750 km over a period of about 5 years. Additional species are being considered for inclusion in the project.
+NIGERIA
+The first shelterbelts were planted in 1963 and 1964 in the Gumel Emirate of Kano State by the Forestry Department in cooperation with the Agricultural Division. The belts consisted of 10 rows of trees spaced 3 m apart and were planted in strips 1.6 km long. These continuous fenced belts prevented people and livestock from crossing the countryside, and in 1965 the design was changed to circular groups of trees with diameters of 49 m, planted in lines in a staggered pattern. In 1969 and 1970, 3 separate sites were planted in Kazaure Emirate, Gumel Emirate, and Hadejia Emirate; the design was changed to staggered rectangular blocks, which permitted people and livestock to cross the area. By 1978, when the program ceased in northern Nigeria because of the high cost of land and protection and the lack of funds, 1,034 ha of shelterbelt plantations over 365 km had been successfully established.
+The original 1963 plantings consisted of 2 rows of Acacia nilotica on the windward side, then 6 rows of Azadirachta indica, then 2 rows of Acacia albida. The 1963 plantings in circular groups consisted of a central core of Azadirachta indica, with Acacia senegal on the windward side and Acacia albida on the leeward side. Later plantings in the more traditional design of 6 lines of trees consisted of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Anacardium occidentale and Acacia nilotica have been planted around most governmental farm centers.
+NIGER
+Although not planted as shelterbelts, the practice of leaving 10-m wide bands of natural woodland between farmland, instituted in 1964, is an early example of the awareness of the value of protection from the wind by windbreaks. In 1975-1979, in the Majjia Valley of the Bouza District, 250 km of 2 rows of Azadirachta indica were established. More recently, Acacia nilotica, A. senegal, and A. tortilis have been planted by the American relief organization, CARE.
+SENEGAL
+Senegal has a long history of shelterbelt establishment, including plantings of Casuarina equisetifolia to protect the niayes (interdunal depressions in which vegetables are grown for the Saint-Louis and Dakar markets) of the Cayor coastlands. Anacardium occidentale (cashew) has been planted around many farm boundaries for a number of years. More recently, the German Forestry Mission has established shelterbelts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia nilotica, subsp. adstringens, around Vidau Thingoly in the Fleuve. Additional shelterbelt projects are currently under way.
+COSTS AND BENEFITS
+The cost of the blocks planted and fenced in 1963 in northern Nigeria was approximately US $338/ha when daily labor was paid US $0.50 per day. Ninety percent of this was for fencing materials. The 6 lines of Eucalyptus planted in later years cost US $1,590/ha of which US $1,413 was for fencing materials.
+The 250 km of 2 rows of Azadirachta indica established by CAR£ in Niger in 1975-1979 cost US $1 million, which equals US $400/ha for trees planted at 1-km lengths of shelterbelt plants for 10 ha of land. These lines were not fenced. The locally owned livestock were kept away from the planted trees by locally employed guards.
+Because shelterbelts take between 8 and 12 percent of the farmland out of agricultural production, benefits from their protective role must be on the order of 15-20 percent increases in crop yields. Increases greatly in excess of this have been recorded in the Sahel.
+In the Majjia Valley in Niger, for example, a 1-year study of the effects of the 2 rows of Azadirachta indica showed that millet yields in the protected fields were 123 percent of the yields outside the protected areas. This takes into account the loss of production caused by the proximity of the planted trees. At distances up to five times the height of the planted trees on the leeward side, yields were 156 percent greater than in the unprotected fields.
+In the Kazaure Emirate rectangular block plantings of 1965, farmers interviewed in 1980 claimed that in the severe drought years of 1973-1974, surrounding villages without the shelterbelts experienced serious crop failures, whereas the protected fields had normal crops. An additional benefit reported by these farmers is that in normal years, only one sowing of the crops is required to the leeward of the shelterbelts. In the unprotected areas it is frequently necessary to sow seed two or three times each season because of blown surface sand burying or damaging the germinating seed.
+An economic analysis of the value of shelterbelts to northern Nigeria's agricultural production undertaken by J. C. Nautiyal of the Food and Agriculture Organization in 1979, using 1973 costs and produce prices, demonstrated that if the land on which the trees were planted did not have to be purchased, the financial benefits from a 10 percent net increase in crop yields in normal years were positive, even without the value of the fuelwood from selective felling of the shelterbelt trees. The probability of drought every 5 or 6 years reducing overall crop yields and increasing prices accordingly, makes the total relative addition to agricultural values considerably higher than those used in the above model.
+In 1980, the Forest Research Institute of Nigeria initiated an evaluation of the Eucalyptus shelterbelts established in the early 1970s. Groundnut and bean leaf production in the protected fields was double the average of the unprotected fields, but there was no significant increase in nut or bean production.
+DESIGN OF SHELTERBELTS
+The effectiveness of the shelterbelt depends on how impenetrable the wall of vegetation is.* A dense row of trees not only blocks the wind but also confines the effects of the wind close to the shelterbelt. A row of trees that provides less complete wind reduction also means that the effects of the wind are felt farther away. A vegetation density of 60 percent to 80 percent seems to work best in arid zones.
+Gaps or openings in shelterbelts should be avoided as much as possible. Wind rushes through gaps, concentrating its strength, 60 that its final effect can be very damaging (see Figure A-1).
+A shelterbelt is generally wider and more dense than a windbreak. It can provide protection for downwind areas up to 20 times its height, provided it consists of several rows of plants of different heights. As shown in Figure A-2, large trees should be chosen for the center rows (A). Fast-growing species can be mixed with slower growing trees; the choices depend on local preference. The next two rows (B) are of smaller species. If possible, these trees should be chosen for their by-products. Rows C and D are auxiliary rows. These rows are planted with lower, bushier trees, shrubs, and grasses. A well-chosen "mix" of vegetation in the shelterbelt will not only provide protection from the wind but will also yield fruit, nuts, firewood, bark, resins, and possibly grass for grazing.
+Shelterbelts can include carefully planned pathways and driveways for stock. Any opening should be at an oblique angle to allow the orderly movement of people or livestock without opening a gap for the wind. Other points to consider in the design of shelterbelts follow:
+1. The selection of species for shelterbelts should follow the general guidelines for the different rainfall zones. Good selections can be made from species protected by law. Whenever possible, use species that local residents themselves have chosen and value.
+2. The most efficient shelterbelts are those that combine low-growing bushes like Bauhinia, Combretacae, and Salvadora on the outside of the belt with rows of taller trees on the inside.
+3. Frequently a combination of planting methods is highly practical when establishing shelterbelts. In other words, a combination of nursery transplants, live fencing, cuttings, and stumps can be planted (according to the time of year best for planting in the area).
+4. An additional merit in a slightly wider belt is that it can be designed for multiple usage for selective choice of species for the middle portion, such as Tamarindus indica, Acacia senegal, or native fruit and medicinal species.
+5. Preparation and protection of the site involved are important for shelterbelts. Keeping animals away from a long narrow strip of land is very difficult and much more costly than fencing a field of similar area but more rectangular in shape.
+6. In complex situations, or where more extensive protection is desirable-for example, around towns or larger villages-it is most effective to stagger shelterbelts in a pattern of overlapping blocks as shown in Figure A - 3.
+7. Another planting pattern is to line farm fields with shelterbelts and plant trees such as Acacia albida in grids at intervals of 10 m inside the field. Further information on the beneficial integration of trees and shrubs in agricultural systems is contained in the companion NRC volume, Agroforestry in the Nest African Sahel (1983, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA).
+8. The selection of shelterbelt species should take into consideration the requirements of local crop predators in order to minimize crop losses.
+<section>B The Climatology of Sub-Saharan Africa</section>
+Sharon Nicholson
+The sub-Saharan region is characterized by low, highly variable rainfall and a landscape that undergoes a marked and abrupt change between wet and dry seasons within a year. The further south one goes from the Saharan margin, the greater the rainfall and the longer the rainy season. Rainfall gradients are steep-as much as 100 mm per 100 km in West Africa-passing from 100 mm in the northern region of the Sahelo-Saharan zone to over 1,600 mm in the Guinean zone. The duration of the rainy season also varies greatly, ranging from 1 month in the desert margin to more than 8 months in the Guinean coastal zone. Hence, the transition from desert to the humid tropics is abrupt.
+In the semiarid sub-Saharan zones, rainfall is usually limited to the summer months (i.e., from May to October); aridity prevails during the cooler season and is most pronounced from December to February. An understanding of both the seasonality and the rapid transition from subtropical aridity to the humid tropics requires a look at the winds and general atmospheric circulation systems that affect the region, especially the subtropical high pressure zone and the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The former is associated with aridity, the latter with rainfall; together these features form part of a mayor feature of the atmosphere's tropical circulation, a cell of vertical air motion called the Hadley circulation. This cell (Figure B-1) consists of rising air near the equator (near the ITCZ) and sinking motion in subtropical latitudes (the subtropical highs are at about 30° latitude).
+The inter-tropical convergence zone (Figures B-2 and B-3), which globally represents the convergence of the northeasterly and southeasterly trade winds, marks over East Africa the transition between the dry northeasterly harmattan winds blowing over the Sahara and the moist southwesterly monsoon flow originating farther south over the tropical Atlantic. This convergence, accompanied by heavy cloudiness and generally intense rainfall, moves northward during the northern-hemisphere summer, bringing a short season of rainfall to the equatorward margins of the earth's low-latitude deserts. The length of the rainy season at a given latitude reflects the number of months in which the ITCZ dominates the local climatology; hence, the season progressively lengthens with southward distance from the Sahara. Later in the year it shifts to the southern hemisphere; a high pressure cell (Figure B-2) and the sinking motion associated with the poleward branch of the Hadley circulation
+prevail in the Sahara and along its Sahelian margins, ushering in the dry season.
+Although the alternation of wet and dry seasons in the Sahel seems straightforward, an attempt to understand thoroughly the region's climate-and especially its climatic fluctuations-requires a departure from this simplistic scenario. The ITCZ represents a climatological mean; the zone is discontinuous in time and space, and it is composed of individual weather disturbances that move eastward across the continent at intervals of about 3-5 days. The most basic disturbance is a "cloud cluster", a super-cell covering hundreds of kilometers and including a number of smaller cells of intense rainfall. A second type of storm is the squall or squall cluster. These are rapidly moving cloud clusters that move westward at variable speeds; while cloud clusters average about 10 km/hr, squalls propagate at speeds up to five times that average. The origin of these systems underscores their large-scale nature. Most are associated with easterly waves and slight disturbances in the
+atmospheric pressure field. These waves appear to originate over eastern Africa and propagate westward as far as the Atlantic or the Caribbean, where they may spawn hurricanes. Climatic fluctuations may be associated with any factor that increases the size, intensity, or frequency of these disturbances.
+Just as the movement of the ITCZ is not the only factor in sub-Saharan rainfall, its absence from the region and replacement by a high pressure regime most of the year is not the only cause of aridity. Other suggested factors governing the general aridity in the Saharan region include the nature of the balance of radiation in the region and the tropical easterly jet stream situated at 12 km above the surface. Thus, these elements may also be important factors governing climatic fluctuations in the Sahel.
+CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAINFALL REGIME
+The potential for development in the semiarid sub-Saharan margins is limited not only by the small amount of rainfall but also by less commonly considered characteristics of the area's rainfall. These characteristics include extreme variability in time and space; the tendency for the number of below-normal years to exceed the number of wet ones; the occurrence of rainfall in the warm season, when evaporation is greatest; and the persistence of abnormal rainfall conditions such as drought or wet episodes over a multi-year period.
+The maximum and minimum annual totals recorded at various sub-Saharan stations illustrate the extreme interannual variability of rainfall. The highest and lowest recorded annual totals are 219 mm and 7 mm at Akjoujt, Mauritania, in the Sahelo-Saharan zone; 691/141 at Saint-Louis, Senegal, in the Sahel proper; 960/120 at Dakar in the coastal Sudanian zone; and 1,844/750 at Bougouni, Mali, in the Sudano-Guinean zone. The coefficient of variation (CV) roughly defines the percent variation around the mean that is expected two-thirds of the time. It is 15-20 percent in the Sudano-Guinean zone, 20-30 percent in the Sudan, 30-50 percent in the Sahel proper, and as much as 100 percent in the Sahelo-Saharan desert fringe. Thus, the more arid the region, the greater the variability of rainfall; hence, the lower the "reliability" of the rains.
+A related characteristic is variability in space-how well rainfall at any given point correlates with that in nearby areas. High spatial variability is a well-known characteristic of semiarid and arid regions (Sharon 1972, 1974, 1979; Jackson 1977). In Tanzania, for example, in regions with rainfall on the order of 1,000 mm per year, annual rainfall totals at stations only several kilometers apart may be uncorrelated; differences between nearby stations may be several hundred millimeters. These differences are not caused by local effects (e.g., topography) because the long-term averages at the station are the same, rather, this variability in space relates to the randomness of the convective rains that prevail in these areas. This characteristic becomes more extreme as shorter time scales (e.g., 1 month or individual storms) and more arid regions are considered. For the Sahel this means that in any given "normal" year-one in which the region as a whole is neither excessively
+dry nor wet-as many as 40 or even 50 percent of the individual stations experience below-average rainfall (Figure B-4).
+The reason for this is clear when one considers the nature of the rainfall. Most rain is associated with large-scale weather systems (e.g., cloud clusters), but heavy rain is confined to smaller cells that make up a fairly small area of the total system Thus, any individual storm leaves many areas dry. In the Sahel, where a few storms produce most of the rainfall, being randomly "hit" or "missed" by a major rainfall can markedly affect the rainfall totals at a given place.
+The extreme variability of Sahelian rainfall clearly indicates that the concept of "mean" or "average" rainfall has little value for dry lands. This point is underscored by the typical frequencies at which various annual rainfall totals occur at a given location. In subhumid regions, subnormal years clearly dominate the distribution, and a few years of unusually high rainfall inflate the mean. The more arid the region and the shorter the time period considered, the more this distribution is skewed toward above-normal years. At Gao, Mali (mean annual rainfall is 244 mm), for example, August rainfall is below the mean in 23 of 35 years between 1941 and 1975; in only 4 years is rainfall within 10 percent of the August mean, while 19 of the 35 annual totals fall below the annual mean (Katz and Glantz 1977). In all cases, the mean exceeds both median and mode. At Niamey, in the wetter Sudanian zone (mean annual rainfall is 586 mm), 19 August totals and 18 annual totals fall below
+the 35-year mean. Mean rainfall clearly is not a good indicator of the environmental conditions to which livelihoods, life-styles, and agriculture must adapt.
+Because most rainfall in the sub-Saharan region occurs during the warm months, and because of the region's subtropical location, much moisture is lost through evaporation. Indeed, in most of the region the net radiation received during the year is 2-20 times the amount required to evaporate the meager precipitation. Because of the showery nature of most Sahelian rainfall-intense rains of short duration with clear skies shortly thereafter-runoff and subsequent evaporation are high. Thus, compared to persistent drizzly precipitation or cold season rains that frequently occur in the middle latitudes, a relatively small proportion of these subtropical rains penetrates into the ground and becomes effective for plant growth.
+High variability is an inherent characteristic of rainfall in dry regions. The critical factor, however, is not variability alone but in combination with the tendency for abnormal years to occur in succession. In most regions the inhabitants can readily withstand 1 or even 2 bad years. In the sub-Saharan regions, rainfall anomalies can persist for 8, 10, or even 15 years. This means, of course, a devastating drought if rainfall deficits persist. On the other hand, persistent years of above average rainfall can create a false sense of the true climatic conditions. In a wet decade in the Sahel, the pastoralists may advance northward into the delicate desert fringes, while agriculture is pushed northward beyond the true agronomic dry boundary. This, in fact, appears to have contributed to the disaster accompanying the recent drought that followed a decade (the 1950s) of extremely abundant rainfall.
+UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF SAHELIAN RAINFALL FLUCTUATIONS AS A MEANS OF FORECASTING
+Various scientists (Bryson 1973; Lamb 1978a,b; Newell and Kidson 1979; Nicholson 1981b) have speculated about many possible causes of rainfall fluctuations in the Sahel, and numerous forecast schemes have been based on certain hypothesized factors (Bryson 1973, Winstanley 1973b,Greenhut 1981). The suggested variables influencing Sahelian rainfall include the position of the inter-tropical convergence zone, sea-surface temperatures, moisture influx into the atmosphere above the Sahel, the strength and position of wind patterns and jet streams, and the strength of the tropical Hadley. These hypotheses will not be discussed fully here, but they are thoroughly described elsewhere (Nicholson 1982). Instead, remarks will concentrate on three relevant questions: (1) the assumed validity of the hypothesis relating variations in Sahel rainfall to a displacement of the ITCZ; (2) forecasting climate or rainfall fluctuations in the Sahel; and (3) the possibility that "biogeophysical
+feedback" influences the region-that is, that drought reinforces drought through the changes it produces in the land surface.
+The most commonly suggested cause of the 1968-1973 drought is a southward displacement of major circulation features, especially the subtropical high and ITCZ (Bryson 1973; Winstanley 1973a,b; Greenhut 1977, 1981; Kraus 1977; Lamb 1978a,b). This is generally seen as a response to the expansion of the westerly wind belt (circumpolar vortex), which in turn forces the subtropical and tropical zones into lower latitudes. Thus, in the Sahel the aridifying influence of the subtropical high increases while the dominance of the ITCZ and related rains diminishes. Unfortunately, the role of the ITCZ has generally been assumed, and none of the above studies actually presents evidence that an anomalous displacement of this zone was, in fact, a significant factor in the recent Sahel drought.
+There are, however, numerous studies that present evidence that this hypothesis is incorrect (Miles and Fowlard 1974; Tanaka et al. 1975; Krueger and Winston 1975; Bunting et al. 1976; Newell and Kidson 1979; Nicholson 1980a, 1981b; Stoeckenius 1981). The most relevant arguments follow. First, a southward displacement would require a decrease in the length of the rainy season at given latitudes during drought years and a southward displacement of the zone of maximum rainfall. The former occurs only in the region between 18°N and 20°N, a small part of the drought-stricken area of West Africa (Table B-1). Second, there is no consistent and significant difference in the latitude of maximum rainfall over West Africa during dry and wet years; in dry years it is further north than in numerous wet years. Finally, a mere displacement of the ITCZ could not explain the major configurations of rainfall patterns during drought years: the coupling of dry conditions both north and south
+of the Sahara and the tendency for rainfall to decrease synchronously over the entire continent. These characteristics are evident from (1) the four major geographical patterns of rainfall anomalies in West Africa (Figure B-5); (2) the rainfall departures occurring during the same years over the Sahel and southern Africa (Figure B-6); and (3) the marked similarity beween time series of rainfall departures in the Sahel and the Kalahari in the southern hemisphere (Figures B-7). The contradiction of this hypothesis is a critically important point because much nontechnical literature has simply accepted the ITCZ hypothesis as fact, and predictions have also been popularly based on this idea.
+TABLE B-1 Comparison of the Length of the Rainy Season and the Number of Months with Heavy Rainfall in Wet, Normal, and Dry Years
+Number of Latitude (ºN)
+Number of Months with 25 mm or More
+Months with 100 mm or More
+Wet years
+Mean or "normal" years
+Dry years
+SOURCE:Nicholson 1982.
+Numerous forecast models (Bryson 1973; Winstanley 1973a,b; Ilesanmi 1971; Kraus 1977; Greenhut 1981; Faure and Gac 1981; Adedokun 1978) have been developed in an attempt to predict Sahelian rainfall. The results of these models, however, are highly speculative, and some derive from very tenuous, unproven relationships. This is especially true, as noted above, of models based on the ITCZ scenario. In other models, problems arise from faulty applications of statistical techniques. At present, no acceptable forecast scheme is available, and one must view skeptically any rainfall forecasts beyond one season.
+To improve forecasts, models must be developed that rely on physical rather than statistical associations. A word of caution is in order on the current common use of the latter (e.g., Faure and Gac 1981). Most statistical approaches rely on the use of trends or cycles. Although these methods are useful in describing the past, they are of questionable value in predicting the future. Trends, in particular, cannot be extrapolated forward in time, as climatic fluctuations occur abruptly. The use of cycles (the so-called spectral methods) should also be avoided in forecasting. Furthermore, the detection of trends and cycles and their interpretation require a thorough and sophisticated knowledge of statistics. The common nontechnical approaches, such as those used by Faure and Gac-wherein a time series is "smoothed" by averaging and cycles are more or less detected visually-have little predictive value.
+There are numerous reasons why "cycles" lack predictive value. First, as with trends, particular cycles may be present in a time series for some time, then abruptly disappear. Furthermore, exact periodicities are rare: a cycle of about 15 years may mean droughts at intervals of 12-18 years, hardly a basis for predicting a given event. In most cases, especially with fairly long cycles, the time series in which they are detected is so short that a cycle can repeat itself only a few times within the series. This can easily happen by chance or as a result of random events, and the presence of a particular cycle in a longer series cannot be inferred. Consider, as an example, the suggestion of a 30-year periodicity in Sahelian droughts. If this is based on rainfall data for the period 1900 to present, the "cycle" has occurred just twice-a result that can easily be achieved by purely random variations.
+A final objection to using cycles to predict climate relates to a frequent misunderstanding about what they represent. Even if a particular cycle appears to be a real characteristic of some climatic series, it might explain only a small part of the variation of that series. All too often those who use this method fail to realize the difference between statistical significance (nonrandom, perhaps indicative of physical cause) and forecast value. Katz (1978) points this out about the statistically significant persistence in Sahelian rainfall. Consider the case in which spectral methods detect a 5-year cycle in rainfall. If a rigid significance test indicates that this tendency for fluctuations to repeat themselves every 5 years cannot be produced by chance alone, the researcher concludes that the rainfall series contains a real cycle of about 5 years. The problem comes if someone less familiar with the method concludes that a drought will occur every 5 years. The cycle can be
+shown to be significant (i.e., likely representing a real characteristic and not a series of random events) even when it accounts for only 10-15 percent of the rainfall variability. This accuracy, however, is generally insufficient for distinguishing between normal and subnormal years.
+Models based on long-term mean climatologies or statistical correlations are misleading. For example, the association found by Ilesanmi (1971) between the subtropical high and Nigerian rainfall, which has been used in forecast schemes, is based on the seasonal patterns of both. The fact that they have a similar seasonal cycle does not mean that an abnormal position of the high for a given period is coupled with a similar anomaly in rainfall. It is equally unwise to use a pure statistical correlation-a proven similarity between two variables that implies neither cause and effect nor a physical relationship-to forecast one variable from another. Because of its simplicity this method is often and inappropriately applied to climatic forecasts. As commonly used (e.g., Winstanley 1973a,b), it is akin to using a farmer's almanac to predict weather.
+Better approaches to forecasting Sahelian climatic or weather fluctuations include the teleconnections concept and physical models that relate rainfall to other atmospheric parameters, based on the equations of the dynamics of the atmosphere. The topic of teleconnections-or long-distance linkages-is at the forefront of current climatological research. We are seeing global climate anomalies that can be traced back to one or two basic physical phenomena. One example is the well-known El Niño (warmer ocean temperatures in certain areas coupled with increased rainfall in drier areas of the Pacific and surrounding coasts). It is now seen as part of a global pressure oscillation called the ''Southern Oscillation," a phenomenon linked to climatic anomalies throughout the equatorial regions and extending into the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. By attempting to put the Sahel into such a global climatic context, we may have some hope of long-range forecasting if sequential
+relationships can be established. Furthermore, studies based on climatic dynamics rather than statistics have already produced good results for shorter time scales (Krishnamurti el al. 1980) and will probably lead to better seasonal forecasting as well.
+Biogeophysical Feedback
+Jule Charney (1975) initially proposed the hypotheses of modification of Sahelian rainfall through processes termed "biogeophysical feedback"-the concept that drought is reinforced either through changes it evokes in the Sahelian land surface or through similar changes produced by human impact on the ecosystem. According to Charney, removal of vegetation increases surface albedo, which affects the atmospheric energy budget in such a way as to intensify the sinking motion which promotes aridity in the Sahel and Sahara.
+Numerous scientists have picked up this theme and have proposed other ways through which such feedback could arise. Otterman (1974) suggests that a reduction of surface temperature takes place when soils with high albedo are bared through devegetation. Walker and Rowntree (1977) propose that the reduced amount of surface moisture during drought years acts to reinforce the conditions producing the drought. Schnell (1975) hypothesizes that a similar feedback effect occurs through the reduction of freezing nuclei when vegetation-a source of such nuclei-is destroyed. MacLeod (1976) suggests that dust over the Sahel can also have an aridifying influence on the region.
+While the scientific community has been slow to accept the concept of biogeophysical feedback, in recent years numerical models have rapidly enhanced support for this hypothesis. What evidence do we actually have? First, most of the proposed mechanisms are physically sound. Furthermore, mathematical models have tested several hypotheses, and, despite different assumptions and varied surveyed mechanisms, the models universally conclude that changes in the Sahelian land surface can act to diminish rainfall. Finally, the known sensitivity of the tropical atmosphere to surface parameters renders these ideas quite plausible.
+So far, there is no direct and conclusive observational evidence that such feedback operates in the Sahel, but some of the characteristics of the region's climate hint at this, including the extreme persistence observed in the Sahelian rainfall series (on the order of one or two decades (Table B-2)); the lack of such persistence in the Kalahari, its southern hemisphere analog; and the continued intensification and spread of the drought between 1968 and 1973. These observations provide some support for the idea that a positive feedback mechanism acts to prolong and intensify droughts south of the Sahara. Indeed, such feedback may be the only way of explaining the decadal persistence that characterizes Sahelian rainfall. In view of this, it is important to keep one point in mind: any of the changes in the Sahel that have been suggested as potential feedback mechansims (surface albedo, surface temperatures, reduced production of freezing nuclei, reduced surface moisture, dust)
+can also result from human activity alone or can intensify when overuse is coupled with extreme meteorological drought.
+TABLE B-2 Frequencies of Runs of Years with Rainfall Above/Below the Median ( Wet/Dry) in the Three Sahalian Zones (1901-1980) and the Kalahari of Southern Africa (1901-1973)
+Lenght of Run (Years)
+Persistance
+Ratio
+Sahelo-Sahara*
+Sahel
+Sudan
+Northern Kalahari
+Southern Kalahari
+Random expectation
+N = 75 years
+N = 80 years
+*1906 to 1980
+THE NATURE OF RECENT SUB-SAHARAN RAINPALL FLUCTUATIONS
+A number of characteristics of African, and especially Sahelian, rainfall fluctuations become apparent from simple diagnostic analyses (Nicholson 1980a, 1981b), some of which have already been described. These analyses include time series of annual rainfall totals, spatial patterns of abnormal rainfall in extremely wet and extremely dry years, and the seasonality and intensity of rainfall in such years. The major conclusions are also supported by the historical data for the region (Table B-3).
+· The recent Sahel drought is not unique; drought of this magnitude and extent is a recurrent feature of the region's climatology. The above is evident from analyses of both modern and historical records, as described in earlier sections. Drought occurred in the 1940s, though less severe and of shorter duration, and the 1910s were very similar to the period 1968-1973. Other episodes occurred in the mid-eighteenth century and early in the nineteenth century.
+· An unusual feature of rainfall fluctuations in the region is their extreme persistence on the order of one or two decades.In most humid areas, dry and wet years are generally randomly interspersed. In semiarid regions, however, abnormal years tend to cluster together, so that dry (or wet) conditions endure over a multi-year period. In the Sahel this characteristic is extreme: wet or dry conditions may persist for one or two decades (Table B-2). As an example, the period 1960-1980 has been rather consistently dry, and extreme drought characterized at least half of the period. Similar episodes are evident also in the historical record of the region.
+· The rainfall fluctuations occurring in the sub-Saharan lands are extreme in magnitude. Persistent periods with rainfall 30-50 percent above or below the mean are common in the more arid regions. In some areas, rainfall during the 1950s was about twice as great as during the period 1968-1973.
+· Sahelian rainfall fluctuations are associated with preferred geographical patterns of rainfall variability; four basic patterns describe much of the variability of Sahelian rainfall (Figure B-5). Years that are abnormally wet or abnormally dry in the Sahel generally fall into one of the following four patterns of rainfall over West Afrlca (Nicholson 1980a, 1981b):
+- Uniform drought in nearly all areas north of the equator
+- Above average rainfall throughout most of that area
+- Above average rainfall throughout the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions but abnormally dry conditions in the equatorial region below 10°N
+- Drought throughout the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions but above average rainfall in the equatorial region below 10°N.
+TABLE B-3 Characteristics of Rainfall Fluctuations in the Sahel and Elsewhere in Northern Africa
+TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS
+Droughts 1910s, 1940s, 1968-1973, 1976-1980
+Wet 1950s
+"Dry" 1960ff
+PERSISTENCE
+Abnormal conditions frequently persist 10-15 years or longer.
+EXTREME MAGNITUDE OF VARIABILITY
+Persistent periods with rainfall 30-50 percent above or below the regional mean are common.
+LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS OF ANNUAL RAINFALL DEPARTURES
+Most years can be represented by a small number of geographical patterns of above or below average rainfall,
+These patterns indicate that conditions of abnormal rainfall are nearly continental in extent.
+EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF ARID ZONE
+This is a common characteristic of rainfall variability which is seen on modern paleohistorical time scales.
+It indicates climatic interaction between tropical and extra-tropical areas,
+LENGTH AND INTENSITY OF THE RAINY SEASON
+The rainy season appears to be both longer and more intense during wet years; in dry years it is not shorter than normal but merely weaker.
+SOURCE: Revised, from Nicholson 1982.
+Departures tend to be uniformly negative or positive throughout the Sahel, Sudan, and Sahara and are generally of the same size both north and south of the desert. A less commonly occurring pattern includes drought in the eastern or western Sudano-Sahelian zone, but not throughout the zone.
+· These patterns tend to be continental in extent; abnormal conditions in the Sahel tend to be coupled with abnormal conditions in the analogous semiarid regions of southern Africa. This characteristic is confirmed by numerous analyses and is illustrated by Figures B-6 and B-7, showing rainfall departures in southern Africa corresponding to anomalous years in the Sahel and rainfall fluctuations in the northern and southern Kalahari during the present century. The continental extent of rainfall anomalies is strongly apparent in the years 1950 and 1970
+(Figure B-8).
+· There is a pronounced tendency for rainfall fluctuations to manifest themselves as expansions and contractions of the Sahara, rather than a north-south displacement of the desert. This is true of the four major patterns of rainfall fluctuations (Figure B-5); in each case, rainfall departures of the same sign affect the northern and southern fringes of the Sahara simultaneously. This characteristic is evident also when monthly rainfall totals over West Africa are plotted as a function of latitude, the size of the "rainless" areas changes considerably in time, expanding during the years of Sahelian drought.
+· In the semiarid, sub-Saharan regions, the length of the rainy season during drought years does not significantly differ from its normal duration except in the most northern extreme of the Sahel; instead it tends to be less intense than usual. During wetter years, the season tends to be both longer and more intense. This becomes evident by analyzing at various latitudes the number of months with rainfall in excess of 25 mm and the number of months in excess of 100 mm. These values are respectively used to define the duration and intensity of the rainy season. At 15°N, 0°W (approximately the position of Timbuktu), for example, the "normal" season is 5 months, with 2 of those months having more than 100 mm of rain (Table B-1). During the 6 drought years surveyed, the season is also 5 months, but rainfall exceeds 100 mm in only 1 month. During the 9 wet years surveyed, the season is 6 or 7 months, 3 of which exceed 100 mm. The only area in which the season appears to be
+shorter during drought years is the narrow Sahelo-Saharan zone between approximately 18°N and 20°N, a small part of the drought-stricken area.
+SUMMARY
+In dealing with the Sahelian environment, climate must be treated as a variable, not a constant. Climatic fluctuations in the region are abrupt and extreme; rainfall in one decade may be nearly double that of the next. Both wet and dry episodes may persist on time scales of one to several decades, creating a false sense of "normal" conditions. Drought is an inherent characteristic of the Sahelian environment that recurs at inconstant intervals. While human impact can degrade the landscape, the most severe consequences-such as intense desertification-occur when human misuse is coupled with climatic variations. The search for simplistic solutions must stop, and the complexities of the region's climate must be realized. Sahelian rainfall cannot as yet be predicted on an annual or seasonal basis; long-range forecasts of drought or even drying trends cannot be substantiated.
+From a climatic viewpoint, the best approach to development in the Sahel is one in which life-styles and support systems adapt to-and, when possible, make use of-the nature of the region's climate and fragile environment. The possibility that human activities in the Sahel can affect its climate cannot be ruled out. On the contrary, there is much evidence that the landscape changes produced by a period of drought can "feed back" on the system and reinforce the drought. These changes include the vegetation cover, the reflectivity of the ground surface (due to removal of vegetation and changes of soil quality), and the storage of soil moisture. These changes can occur through human activity even in the absence of drought; but when agriculture and pastoralism are extended into marginal areas during wet years, the environment sustains greater damage when drought recurs. Conservative land use strategies, protection of the vegetation, and soil conservation minimize the risk and
+reduce the potential impact that human use of the system might have on climate through feedback processes. If, however, environmental degradation is of a magnitude large enough to actually have an impact on climate, the effect is likely to prolong and intensify major droughts. We are still striving to gain a complete understanding of Sahelian climate.
+Conclusive knowledge of the possible impact of mankind and environment on the region's climate requires continuous monitoring of the system.
+REFERENCES
+Adedokun, J. A. 1978. West African precipitation and dominant atmospheric mechanisms. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., Ser. A., 27:289-310.
+Bryson, R. A. 1973. Drought in Sahelia: Who or what is to blame? Ecologist 3(10):366-371.
+Bunting, A. H., et al. 1976. Rainfall trends in the West African Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 102:59-64.
+Charney, J. G. 1975. Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 101:193-202.
+Faure, H., and J. Y. Gac. 1981. Will the Sahelian drought end in 1985? Nature 291:475-478.
+Greenhut, G. K. 1977. A new criterion for locating the subtropical high in West Africa. J. Appl. Meteor. 16:727-734.
+Greenhut, G. K. 1981. Comparison of temperature gradient model predictions with recent rainfall trends in the Sahel. Mon. Weal Rev. 109:137-147.
+Ilesanmi, 0. 0. 1971. An empirical formulation of an ITD rainfall model for the tropics: A case study in Nigeria. J. Appl. Meteor. 10:882-891.
+Jackson, I. J. 1977. Climate, Water and Agriculture in the Tropics. Longman, London, England.
+Katz, R. W. 1978. Persistence of subtropical African droughts. Mon. Weal Rev. 196:1017-1021.
+Katz, R. W., and M. H. Glantz. 1977. Rainfall statistics, droughts and desertification in the Sahel. Pp. 81-102 in Desertification: Environmental Degradation in and Around Arid Lands, M. a. Glantz, ed. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+Kraus, E. G. 1977. Subtropical droughts and cross-equatorial energy transports. Mon. Weal Rev. 105:1009-1018.
+Kreuger, A., and J. S. Winston. 1975. Large-scale circulation anomalies over the tropics during 1971-72. Mon. Weal Rev. 103:465-473.
+Krishnamurti, T. N., et al. 1980. Prediction of African waves and specification of squall lines. Tellus 32:215-231.
+Lamb, P. J. 1978a. Case studies of tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns during recent Subsaharan weather anomalies: 1967 and 1968. Non. Weal Rev. 106:482-491.
+Lamb, P. J. 1978b. Large-scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with Subsaharan weather anomalies. Tellus 30: 240-251.
+Macleod, N. B. 1976. Dust in the Sahel: Cause of drought? Pp. 214-231 in The Politics of Natural Disaster: The Case of the Sahel, M. B. Glantz, ed. Praeger, New York, New York, USA.
+Miles, M. K., and C. K. Follard. 1974. Changes in the latitude of the climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Nature 252:616.
+Newell, R. E., and J. W. Kidson. 1979. The tropospheric circulation over Africa. Pp. 133-170 in Saharan Dust (Scope Report 14), C. Morales, ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
+Nicholson, S. E. 1980a. The nature of rainfall fluctuations in subtropical West Africa. Mon. Weal Rev. 108:473-487.
+Nicholson, S. E. 1981a. The historical climatology of Africa. Pp. 249-270 in Climate and History, P. G. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, eds. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
+Nicholson, S. E. 1981b. Rainfall and atmospheric circulation during drought and wetter periods in West Africa. Mon. Weal Rev. 109(10): 2191-2208.
+Nicholson, S. E. 1982. The Sahel: A Climatic Perspective. Club du Sahel, Paris, France
+Otterman, J. 1974. Baring high-albedo soils by overgrazing: A hypothesized desertification mechanism. Science 186:531-533.
+Schnell, R. C. 1975. Biogenic and Inorganic Sources of Ice Nuclei for the Drought-Stricken Sahel-1974. Report to the Directors of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York, New York, USA.
+Sharon, D. 1972. The spottiness of rainfall in a desert area. J. Hydrol. 17:161-175.
+Sharon, D. 1974. The spatial pattern of convective rainfall in Sukamaland, Tanzania: A statistical analysis. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., Ser. B., 22:201-218.
+Sharon, D. 1979. Correlation analysis of the Jordan Valley rainfall field. Mon. Weal Rev. 107:1042-1047.
+Stoeckenius, T. 1981. Interannual variations of tropical precipitation patterns. Mon. Weal Rev. 109:1233-1247.
+Tanaka, M., et al. 1975. Recent African rainfall patterns. Nature 255:201-203.
+Walker, J., and P. R. Rowntree. 1977. The effect of soil moisture on circulation and rainfall in a tropical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 103:29-46.
+Winstanley, D. 1973a. Recent rainfall trends in Africa, the Middle East and India. Nature 243:464-465.
+Winstanley, D.1973b. Rainfall patterns and general atmospheric circulation. Nature 245:190-194.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b17mie.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b17mie.key
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index 000000000..8d3c792ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b17mie.key
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+ANIMAL RESOURCES
+LIVESTOCK
+GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
+SPECIES
+WILD ANIMALS
+LAND RACES
+POULTRY
+RABBITS
+RODENTS
+CERVIDAE
+ANTELOPES
+LIZARDS
+HONEY BEES
+SMALL FARMS
+ECOLOGY
+PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
+RESEARCH
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b17mie.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b17mie.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b17mie.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4018 @@
+<title>Microlivestock -  Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future</title>
+<section>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future</section>
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+Board on Science and Tecnology for International Development
+National Research Council
+NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.
+This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
+The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
+The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Their is president of the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
+The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies.
+This report was prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN-5538-G-SS-1023-00.
+PANEL ON MICROLIVESTOCK
+RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Deputy Director General (Retired), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chairman
+EDWARD S. AYENSU, Senior Advisor to the President, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
+BONNIE V. BEAVER, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
+KURT BENIRSCHKE, Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
+ROY D. CRAWFORD, Professor of Animal and Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
+TONY J. CUNHA, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
+DAVID E. DEPPNER, Director, New Forest Project, International Center, Washington, D.C., USA
+ELIZABETH L. HENSON, Executive Director, American Minor Breeds Conservancy, Pittsboro, North Carolina, USA
+DONALD L. HUSS, Menard, Texas, USA (Formerly Regional Animal Production Officer, FAO, Santiago, Chile)
+DAVID R. LINCICOME, Guest Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
+THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA
+ARNE W. NORDSKOG, Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
+LINDA M. PANEPINTO, Director, Miniature Swine Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
+KURT J. PETERS, Professor of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, West Germany, and Director of Research, International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+JOHN A. PINO, Senior Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA
+HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Program in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, Director, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA
+KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, James B. Duke Professor of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
+ALBERT E. SOLLOD, Associate Professor and Head, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
+LEE M. TALBOT, Visiting Fellow, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
+CLAIR E. TERRILL, Sheep and Goat Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
+CHRISTEN M. WEMMER, Assistant Director for Conservation, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
+DANNY C. WHARTON, Associate Curator Animal Departments, New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York, USA
+CHARLES A. WOODS, Professor and Curator, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+THOMAS M. YUILL, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
+NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Microlivestock Study Director and Scientific Editor
+NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
+F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor
+MARK DAFFORN, Technical Writer
+MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate
+ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary
+JOHN VREYENS, MUCIA Intern
+CONTRIBUTORS
+The following individuals have made general contributions to the development of this book. All of the persons listed as research contacts in Appendix B also contributed - usually on one or two species that are their scientific specialty.
+ASHIQ AHMAD, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan
+ANGEL C. ALCALA, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
+HARTI AMMANN, Basel, Switzerland
+PATRICK ANDAU, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
+S.P. ARORA, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
+S. AYYAPPAN, CIFRI, Kausabyaganga, Bhubaneswar Orissa, India
+WALTER BAKHUIS, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
+JAMES R. BARBORAK, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica
+PUSHKAR NATH BHAT, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
+STEVE BENNETT, Curepe, Trinidad, West Indies
+K.P. BLAND, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
+MELVIN BOLTON, Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia
+JOSEPH BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France
+R.D.S. BRANCKRAERT, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
+PETER BRAZAITIS, Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA
+L. DE LA BRETONNE, JR., Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
+P. BRINCK, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
+LESLIE BROWNRIGG, CIAT, Cali, Colombia
+D. HOMER BUCK, Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy, Illinois, USA
+GERARDO BUDOWSKI, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica
+DAVID BUTCHER, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
+JULIAN O. CALDECOTT, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
+GARY CALLIS, Texline, Texas, USA
+J.K. CAMOENS, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
+A. CHRISTOPHER CARMICHAEL, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
+ROBERT H. CHABRECK, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
+A.M. CHAGULA, Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
+CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
+PETER R. CHEEKE, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
+G.S. CHILD, Forest Resources Division, FAO, Rome, Italy
+A.S. CHOPRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi, India
+W. Ross COCKRILL 29 Downs Park West, Bristol, England, BS6 7QH
+CRISOSTOMO CORTES, Dairy Promotion and Extension Section, Dairy Development Division, Manila, Philippines
+WYLAND CRIPE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+A. BEN DAVID, Holon, Israel
+C. DEVENDRA, International Development Research Centre, Singapore
+RODNEY DILLINGER, International Agency for Apiculture Development, Rockford, Illinois, USA
+DIRECTOR, Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
+ROLLANDE DUMONT, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France
+N.G. EHIOBU, Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Education, Agbor, Nigeria
+DONALD FARNER, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
+JOHN A. FERGUSON, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, London, England
+ABELARDO FERRER D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, San Bernardino, Caracas, Venezuela
+LYNWOOD A. FIEDLER, Section of International Programs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
+H. FISCHER, Tropical Science Centre, Division of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, West Germany
+J. FURTADO, Commonwealth Science Council, London, England
+FRANK GOLLEY, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
+E. GONZALES J., Instituto de Produccion Animal, Universidad Central de Venezuela, El Limon-Maracay, Venezuela
+GRAHAM GOUDIE, Mainland Holdings, Lae, Papua New Guinea
+ALISTAIR GRAHAM, Tanglewood, Crowborough, East Sussex, England
+GORDON GRIGG, Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
+M.R. DE GUMAN, JR., Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan
+COLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
+J. HARDOUIN, Institut de Medicine Tropicale "Prince Leopold," Antwerp, Belgium
+GEOFFREY HAWTIN, International Development Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
+GORDON HAVORD, Technical Advisory Division, UNDP, New York, New York, USA
+TIN HLA, Veterinary Department, Director General's Office, Rangoon, Burma
+JAMES HENTGES, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+W.F. HOLLANDER, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
+RENE E. HONEGGER, Herpetology, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland
+JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
+HUANG CHU-CHIEN, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China
+ANGUS HUTTON, Gympie, Queensland, Australia
+H.A. JASIOROWSKI, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy
+MUHAMMAD YAQUB JAVAID, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of the Punjab, Punjab, India
+J. MANGALARAJ JOHNSON, Nudumalai Sanctuary, Vannarpet, Udagamandalani, India
+MATI KAAL, Tallinn Zoo, ESSR Tallinn, USSR
+STELLAN KARLSSON, Simontorp Aquaculture AB, Blentarp, Sweden
+JACKSON A. KATEGILE, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
+ROBERT E. KENWARD, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset, England
+JAMES M. KEARNEY, Miami, Florida, USA
+F. WAYNE KING, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+H.-G. KLOS Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, West Germany
+NELS M. KONNERUP, Boom International, Stanwood, Washington, USA
+NAVU KWAPENA, Office of Environment and Conservation, Boroko, Papua New Guinea
+THOMAS E. LACHER, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
+JOHN K. LOOSLI, Gainesville, Florida, USA
+PETER LUTZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
+CRAIG MACFARLAND, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica
+CONSTANCE M. MCCORKLE, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
+ROBERT E. MCDOWELL, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
+JEFFREY A. MCNEELY, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland
+ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Institute of South-East Asian Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
+RICHARD R. MARSHALL, Veterinary Medicine, Sutter Hospitals Medical Research Foundation, Sacramento, California, USA
+G.H.G. MARTIN, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi, Kenya
+IAN L. MASON, Edinburgh, Scotland
+JOHN C. MASON, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada
+J. MAYO MARTIN, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA
+YOLANDA MATAMOROS, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
+ROBIN MCKERGON, Livestock Development Corporation, Lae, Papua New Guinea
+M. MGHENI, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
+P. MONGIN, Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA-Centre de Tours, Nouzilly, Monnaie, France
+JOSE ROBERTO DE ALENCAR MOREIRA, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Belem, Para, Brazil
+W.L.R. OLIVER, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom
+WERNER PAUWELS, Basel, Switzerland
+W.J.A. PAYNE, Worcester, England
+IAN PLAYER, Wilderness Leadership School, Bellair, Natal, South Africa
+JAMES H. POWELL, JR., Plainview, Texas, USA
+WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
+HECTOR HUGO LI PUN, International Development Research Centre, Bogota, Colombia
+VICENTE T. QUIRANTE, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Project, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines
+DAN RATTNER, The Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, D.N. Negev, Israel
+C.V. REDDY, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
+RHOEHEIT, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus, Turkeyen, Guyana
+CHARLES T. ROBBINS, Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
+CARMEN MA. ROJAS G., CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica
+D.H.L. ROLLINSON, Sardinia, Italy
+JULIO E. SANCHEZ P., Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica
+JEFF SAYER, World Conservation Centre, Gland, Switzerland
+G. SEIFERT, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
+ANDRES ELOY SEIJAS, Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Maracay, Venezuela
+S.K. SHAH, Institute of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
+SIEH CHENXIA, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
+B.P. SINGH, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
+C. CATIBOG SINHA, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines
+A.J. SMITH, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain
+A. MITHAT EFENDI, Ankara, Turkey
+HENRY STODDARD, Shamrock Veterinary Clinic and Fisheries, Cross City, Florida, USA
+SUKUT SULARSASA, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjalu Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
+D.L. SUTTON, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
+NICHOLAS SMYTHE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
+J. SZUMIEC, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Chybie, Poland
+N. TABUNAKAWAI, Ministry of Primary Industries, Suva, Fiji
+FRANK M. THOMPSON, Wild Animal Brokers, Bradenton, Florida, USA
+ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
+DON TULLOCH, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia
+CONRADO A. VALDEZ, Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines
+LUIS VARONA, Havana, Cuba
+PRAN VOHRA, Department of Avian Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
+ANTOON DE VOS Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand
+GRAHAME WEBB, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia
+DAGMAR WERNER, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Heredia, Costa Rica
+GARY WETTERBERG, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USA
+CHARLES H. WHARTON, Clayton, Georgia, USA
+F.W. BERT WHEELER, College Station, Texas, USA
+ROMULUS WHITAKER, Madras Crocodile Bank, Perur, Tamil Nadu, India
+WILDLIFE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA
+R.R. YEO, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California, USA
+BRUCE A. YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
+CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Samutprakan, Thailand
+THOMAS M. YUILL School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
+W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA
+<section>Preface</section>
+The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.
+"Microlivestock" is a term we have coined for species that are inherently small, such as rabbits and poultry, as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom considered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem to have a promising future. Wherever land is scarce it seems reasonable to assume that, things being equal, small animals would be more attractive than large ones. And land for livestock is becoming increasingly scarce.
+In this report we have emphasized multipurpose species with promise for small holders. In some species, the promise is immediate; in others, it is long term, and much research must be undertaken before that promise can be realized or even understood.
+We have included wild species that seem to have potential as future livestock. Some are threatened with extinction but are described here because their economic merits may be the key to acquiring support for their protection. Also we have highlighted rare breeds of domesticated species because the current tendency has been to concentrate on a small number of large breeds, and many potentially valuable breeds are becoming extinct through neglect.
+The book was prepared after an intensive survey of more than 300 animal scientists in 80 countries. They suggested more than 150 species for inclusion. The staff then drafted chapters on about 40 species and these drafts were reviewed by more than 400 researchers worldwide. The thousands of resulting comments, corrections, and additions were integrated into the drafts. The panel then met to review the product, to select the most promising species, and to rework the chapters based on their own experiences and joint conclusions. The result is the current 35 chapters. Most of the case studies and accounts of innovations highlighted in the various sidebars were developed by the staff study director.
+Collectively, this study covers many species, but it by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included aquatic life. These decisions were arbitrary; perhaps invertebrates and aquatic species can be included in future volumes.
+This report is addressed to government administrators, technical assistance personnel, and researchers in agriculture, nutrition, and related disciplines who are concerned with helping developing countries achieve a more efficient and balanced exploitation of their biological resources. Hence, we deal with the animals in a general way and do not cover details of biology, husbandry, or economics. A selection of readings that contains such technical information is cited in Appendix A.
+A further goal of this project has been to explore the common ground between the disparate arms of animal science: to show that specialists in wildlife, zoology, and livestock science have much to learn from one another's field of expertise; to show that "fanciers" of pigeons, pheasants, chinchillas, iguanas, and other species may have much to offer livestock breeders - including germplasm; and that those who raise "obsolete" breeds are not only playing a vital role in the protection of rare genes but can offer the benefit of their experience to commercial livestock producers.
+Throughout this report, the scientific names of mammals follow those in: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 1982. J.H. Honacki, K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl, editors. Published by Allen Press, Inc.; and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. All dollar figures are in U.S. dollars; all ton figures are in metric tons.
+This report has been produced under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. ACTI was mandated to assess innovative scientific and technological advances, with particular emphasis on those appropriate for developing countries. In this spirit, therefore, the current report includes some extremely unusual species. Whether these will eventually prove practical for widespread use is uncertain, but we present them here for researchers and others who look forward to challenges and enjoy the satisfaction of successful pioneering. The domestication of new poultry, as well as the management of rodents, iguanas, and small deer and antelope, should be viewed in this spirit.
+Current titles in the ACTI series on managing tropical animal resources are:
+· The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal
+· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future
+· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics
+· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea.
+The production of these books has been supported largely by the Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), which also made this report possible.
+WARNING
+If misunderstood, this book is potentially dangerous. Because of the severity of the food crisis, the panel has selected some animals - mainly in the rodent section - that are highly adaptable and grow quickly. These seem appropriate for raising only in areas where they already exist, which are clearly identified in those chapters. Such potentially invasive animals should not be introduced to other environments because they could become serious pests. In any trials, local species should always be given priority.
+How to cite this report:
+National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+Cover Design by David Bennett
+In the developing countries, there are over 100 million farms of less than five hectares, supporting about 700 million people, who represent about 17 percent of the world population. Even more significant is the fact that about 50 million farms have less than one hectare of land. C. Devendra and Marcia Burns Goat Production in the Tropics We may now be in the wind down stage of bigger is better animal selection trend and it has certainly been a wild ride.... the lesson now being learned is that the bigger breeding animals . . . cost more to maintain, are often slower to reproduce, and may even have a shorter lifespan.
+Kelly Klober
+Small Farmer's Journal
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Like computers, livestock for use in developing countries should be getting smaller and becoming more "personal." Conventional "mainframes," such as cattle, are too large for the world's poorest people; they require too much space and expense. "Miniframes," such as the conventional breeds of sheep and goats, have an increasingly important role to play. But tiny, "user-friendly" species for home use are the ones highlighted in this report. We have called them "microlivestock."'
+There are two types of microlivestock. One consists of extremely small forms of conventional livestock - such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The other consists of species that are inherently small-- poultry, rabbits, and rodents, for instance.
+Microlivestock are important because the developing world's animal production is only a fraction of what it should be. Throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa, the poor eat almost no meat, milk, or eggs - the most nutritious foods. It is estimated, for example, that in Mexico 25 million campesinos cannot afford meat. In poor countries, even the middle class eats less meat in a year than the populations of North America and Europe eat in a month. Malnutrition is common and its effects, especially on children, can be debilitating. It is one of mankind's most serious imbalances - and most pressing problems.
+Rural families in the Third World usually subsist mainly on the products from their homes or farms. Thus, if we are to help their livestock production, more attention must be given to animals that are sized for their situations. Examples discussed in the report are summarized here.
+Microbreeds Small breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are common in the developing world. Because they are often raised for subsistence rather than for commerce, the national and global contribution that they make is often overlooked. These small, hardy animals deserve much greater recognition.
+Later chapters highlight dozens of promising microbreeds. All are less than half average size; some are far smaller than that. The "miniBrahman" cow of Mexico is only 60 cm tall and weighs 140 kg; the southern Sudan dwarf sheep of eastern Africa can weigh as little as 11 kg; the Terai goat of Nepal weighs less than 12 kg; and the cuing pig of Mexico weighs merely 10 kg.
+Poultry The widespread use of poultry in Third World villages demonstrates the importance of small, easily managed, household livestock. Small size, the ability to forage for themselves, and a natural desire to stay around the house put chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, and other birds among the most vital resources of rural Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Scratching a living out of the dirt, dust, ditches, and debris, these often-scrawny creatures are a resource to be taken seriously. For the most poverty stricken, a bony bird may be the only source of meat during much of a lifetime.
+Among poultry, there are many underrated, but highly promising, species, including:
+- Pigeon. These birds forage widely but return home, thereby providing the farmers with squab, one of the tastiest of all meats.
+- Quail. Small and efficient, they, too, are suited to home rearing, and in Japan and a few other countries, large numbers are raised commercially in very small space.
+- Muscovy. A native of South American rainforests, this bird is a major poultry resource of France, Taiwan, and a few other countries. Tame, tolerant, and tough, it deserves greater recognition everywhere.
+- Guinea Fowl. One of the most self-reliant of all domestic birds, this native of Africa is raised in huge numbers in Europe - notably France. Its potential for increased production elsewhere is exceptional.
+- Turkey. The traditional turkey of Mexico still exists as a scavenger bird in villages and household backyards. Unlike the highly selected modern breeds, it is self-reliant, robust, and disease-resistant.
+Rabbits Like chickens, rabbits exemplify the vast possibilities that microlivestock offer for increasing meat production in the most poverty-stricken parts of the world. Captive rabbits have been popular as food at least since the time of the Romans. Rabbit rearing has been well established in Europe and China, and now national rabbit projects have begun in many developing nations.
+Rodents Some 7,000 years ago, guinea pigs were domesticated as a source of food for the high Andes; even today in the uplands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, most Indians raise them inside their homes and regard them as an essential part of life. For many Indians, these indoor livestock are the main source of meat. Prolific, tractable, and easy to feed, house, and handle, guinea pigs are even kept in downtown apartment buildings - often in boxes under the bed.
+Other rodents might also be suited to domestication; for instance, the potentially tamable, clean-living species of South American fields and woodlands - agouti, capybara, hutia, mare, coypu, pace, and vizcacha. Two remarkable domestication programs have been started in Africa: the grasscutter in West Africa and the giant rat in Nigeria. Both animals provide popular "bushmeat" and researchers are now learning to raise them in captivity. (Because of its tangy taste, Ghanaians actually pay three times more for grasscutter meat than for beef!)
+Antelope Another wild African mammal with potential for "household animal husbandry," the blue duiker, is a rabbit-sized antelope. In some areas of Central and Southern Africa the demand is so great that its population is declining at an alarming rate. Duiker rearing, if it can be made successful, might provide both food and an economic alternative to slaughtering the wild populations. It is reported that duikers are easy to maintain and they reproduce well in captivity.
+The meat of several other tiny antelope species is also much sought in many African countries, and these animals are also suitably sized to feed the average family at one meal.
+Deer Several species of tiny deer - smaller than many dogs - might make useful microlivestock, although much research is needed before their true potential can be judged. Normal-sized deer were once considered too easily frightened to be reared as domestic livestock, but several species are now raised on thousands of deer farms in New Zealand as well as in at least a dozen other countries.
+Mouse deer and musk deer (which, strictly speaking, are not true deer at all) are of microlivestock size and are also possible future livestock. The musk deer produces one of the most valuable materials in the animal kingdom - more valuable, in fact, than gold. The musk from the male's glands is used in oriental medicines as well as in European perfumes.
+Iguanas Over much of the Caribbean and Latin America, iguanas are a traditional source of food. Indeed, the meat of these large herbivorous lizards is so delicious they are being hunted to extinction throughout their wide range. Their eggs are much enjoyed also. Programs in Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Curacao, and Argentina have developed simple methods to hatch and rear three iguana species.
+Bees Honey bees are present almost everywhere, and honey and wax are high-value products that demand little processing and can be stored and transported easily. Innovations in equipment and technique have made beekeeping successful in the tropics without requiring sophisticated hives or elaborate training. Raising bees can also benefit the many crops that require pollination.
+THE MICROLIVESTOCK ADVANTAGES
+Although animal science has traditionally emphasized bigness, smallness has its advantages. Some of these are summarized below.
+Economic
+Microlivestock lend themselves to economic niches that are not easily filled by large livestock. Much of their potential is for subsistence production. They are promising for the many peasants who, being outside the cash economy, are now unable to purchase meat, milk, cheese, or eggs. These people can afford only animals that can be raised within the home or backyard under ambient climatic conditions and on feeds that are cheap and easily available.
+A subsistence farmer is likely to benefit more from small species than from large because of several factors:
+- The animals are less expensive to buy.
+- They are less of a financial risk to maintain. (A farmer with several small animals is less vulnerable to loss than a farmer with a single large animal, a feature that is particularly important in subsistence farming where success determines whether the family will survive.)
+- They give a faster return on investment. (Small size generally signifies high reproductive capacity and a fast turnover.)
+- They provide flexibility. (Farmers can more easily change the size of their herd or flock to match the amount of feed available at a given time. Also, they can sell animals according to the family's fluctuating needs for cash or food.)
+- They provide a steadier source of income.
+- They increase the chances of successful breeding because greater numbers are usually kept. (This also means that breeding stock is more likely to be retained in times of scarcity.)
+- They are more easily transported. (Who hasn't traveled in a Third World bus or train without chickens, ducks, or guinea pigs as fellow passengers?)
+- In some cases they are more efficient converters of food energy.
+There are also a number of other benefits to small species.
+- Reduced Spoilage. A portion of meat that comes in a "package" of a size that can be readily consumed by a family is important in areas where refrigeration is unavailable or uneconomic. A family can eat the meat produced by most microlivestock in one meal or in one day to minimize the risk of spoilage.
+- Efficient Use of Space. The space required for handling and feeding microlivestock is proportionately less than that required for large animals. Low space requirements make many microlivestock (such as guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and quail) available to landless rural inhabitants who have no room for a cow. This is particularly important with respect to feed production.
+- Cheaper Facilities. Facilities and equipment required for microlivestock are, by and large, smaller and simpler than those required for large animals. They often can be made from local products or scrap material or both.
+- Ease of Management. Farmers and villagers can manage small animals more easily than large, which is an advantage in the many places where women and children are the main keepers of livestock.
+- Increased Productivity. Small animals tend to fit well into existing farming systems, thereby expanding the resource base and recycling nutrients. Some - for example bees, ducks, and geese - can feed themselves by scavenging.
+- By-Products. Many species have fur, feathers, skins, and other by-products that are often more valuable than their meat, milk, or eggs. Examples include the feet and tails of rabbits, musk from musk deer, and pelts from rodents such as coypu. Processing such byproducts creates diversification for the farmer and perhaps jobs for the village.
+RATIONALE FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
+Many have argued that livestock raising should be discouraged, that it is a primary cause of desertification through overgrazing and that it is an inefficient converter of basic material and energy into human food. "Grow more pulses, grow more grains," these people cry. Their arguments can be valid where the land has high potential for permanent cultivation. Much of the world's surface, however, does not fit into that category, and it is in these areas and for those people who have no access to arable lands that a convincing case for livestock can most easily tee mace. As W.J.A. Payne has written:*
+- Livestock, particularly ruminants, can process forage and waste crop materials inedible by man into nutritionally desirable food products, many of high protein, mineral and vitamin content and including some of high caloric value.
+- Approximately 40 percent of total land available in developing countries can be used only for some form of forage production and a further 30 percent is classified as forest with some potential for the production of forage. Some 12 percent of the world's total population live in areas where people depend almost entirely on the products obtained from ruminant livestock.
+- Livestock provide a range of extremely valuable by-products. Dung is not only a fertilizer and soil-stabilizer but also a fuel of often considerably greater value than the fodder consumed in its production. Other byproducts, especially hides and wool form the bases of rural enterprises that may provide significant incomes to the poorest members of society.
+- Animal plant and human life are ecologically interdependent. The establishment of agricultural systems in which livestock are integrated with crops, forestry and aquaculture is essential for the improvement of overall productivity.
+Livestock produce food that adds to the nutritional quality and variety of human diets. Although it is possible for humans to exist without them, these foods are relished and sought after by the majority of humanity. These foods include meat, eggs and processed products such as biltong and cheese.
+Feed
+In general, small species tend to expand the food base by using a wider array of resources than do major livestock such as cattle. Many can be raised on feeds that people discard: fibrous residues, industry by-products, or kitchen wastes. Some collect minute feeds that otherwise go unused. For example, chickens and pigeons gather scattered seeds, turkeys gobble up insects, geese graze water weeds, iguanas feed in the tops of trees, and bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers that may be miles away.
+Even some grazing microlivestock prefer different forages from those preferred by cattle. Antelope and deer, for instance, browse tree leaves; capybara and grasscutters eat reeds. Combining microlivestock with conventional livestock results in a more complete utilization of forage resources and greater animal production per hectare.
+Under conditions of abundance, small size may be of no advantage in mammals, but if feed is limited, it is of great help. A small animal (or its keeper) needs to cover less area to fulfill its daily requirements, so that microlivestock may grow fat in areas where the forage is too sparse to support a larger animal. This is particularly vital when there are seasonal bottlenecks. For example, feed may be plentiful enough for most of the year to supply many large animals; however, the dry season may greatly restrict the numbers that can be kept.
+Although small animals generally require proportionately higher inputs of feed, they also grow proportionately faster (see sidebar opposite). In addition, species such as rabbits, guinea pigs, and grasscutters digest fibrous matter with surprising efficiency, even though they are not true ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats.
+Reproduction
+Many small animals have high reproductive capacity with short gestation periods, large numbers of offspring, and rapid juvenile growth. They tend to reach sexual maturity at a younger age than large animals, and the interval between the generations can be very short. Thus, meat or other products can be produced more rapidly and more evenly throughout the year.
+Cows, for example, produce a maximum of one calf per year. A pig, on the other hand, may produce 7 or more young; a rabbit, 30 or more; a chicken, more than 100.
+Adaptability and Hardiness
+The survival rates and manageability of many small breeds and species can be outstanding. Smallness is often an adaptation to harsh environment. Indeed, a major promise for microlivestock is in special environmental niches. Where cold, heat, temperature fluctuations, aridity, or humidity are extreme, microlivestock are likely to show their greatest advantage. Chickens, guinea fowl, goats, and many other small species already live in villages, homes, and backyards in harsh and disease-prone climates, and are usually given no care and sometimes no food: they have to scavenge for their sustenance and survive as best they can. Such selection pressures result in animals of remarkable adaptability, tolerance, and robustness.
+Some microlivestock can produce under conditions where conventional species die. The capybara, for instance, is at home in the Latin American lowlands, where the climate is hot and humid and floods cause seasonal inundations. Cattle, by contrast, die because of malnutrition, foot rot, or drowning. Other microlivestock species with a wide tolerance to ecological extremes include the turkey, pigeon, and bee. And some dwarf breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs show surprising tolerance to trypanosomes, the parasites that make conventional breeds impossible to maintain throughout much of Africa.
+Some small species can be raised in cities, where poverty and malnutrition are often worse than in rural areas. It is estimated, for instance, that one million livestock exist in Cairo, not counting the pigeons that are raised on countless rooftops. Goats and cattle are common in urban India, and many Third World cities have far more chickens than people.
+MICROLIVESTOCK LIMITATIONS
+Raising microlivestock is not a panacea for the Third World's food problems. Efforts to develop them will not be without difficulties. Some likely problems are noted here.
+High Energy Requirements
+Smaller animals tend to have a higher feed requirement per unit of body weight than large animals. Anatomical and physiological constraints prevent them from meeting their relatively high energy requirements simply by increasing the rate of food ingestion. Therefore, for optimum production, some small animals, particularly nonruminants, require feed that is higher in protein and lower in fiber than large animals. This is particularly true when the small animals are compared with ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats.
+Increased Labor Requirements
+The advantages of low investment, fast return on capital, flexibility, and efficient resource utilization are offset by higher demands for labor. Keeping small animals often requires considerable effort, and its economic viability may depend on the availability of cheap and willing labor. Many small animals are raised at home by family members, such as children, the elderly, and the handicapped, who have time available and whose labor costs are nominally zero.
+Diseases
+Some potential microlivestock are undomesticated, and resistance to diseases and parasites is one justification for their consideration. However, the general healthiness of a species when it is free-ranging can be a misleading guide for its husbandry. Confining any animal in high density invariably increases the potential for the spread of infectious diseases and parasites. Moreover, mismanagement can foster respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases (such as salmonella or coccidiosis) that are rare among scattered populations.
+Some microlivestock are potential reservoirs for diseases that affect not only local animals but people as well. This may limit their successful development in some areas. Although the dangers are often exaggerated, controls may be needed, particularly of rinderpest, tickborne diseases, and those diseases communicable to humans.
+Predation
+Small size makes microlivestock easy prey.
+Lack of Research
+Techniques to manage some microlivestock species are not yet well established. The development of appropriate husbandry techniques, as well as a better understanding of the animals' particular biological and behavioral characteristics, will be needed before major progress can be made. These species (for instance rodents, deer, and iguanas) may require collection of different genotypes, as well as studies of diseases, nutrition, and management.
+Complex Logistics
+It is complicated and expensive to reach millions of widely scattered peasants, each having only a handful of small animals. Even though total production may far exceed that of commercial farms raising large animals, the smallholdings are often dispersed, their animals are often used for subsistence rather than commerce, and their managers are often ill-trained and illiterate.
+Legislative Restrictions
+The use of some microlivestock species may be restricted by legislation. For instance, some countries have meat and veterinary laws that work against the development of species other than cattle. Others have laws to protect wildlife, which could be important in the case of species such as antelope, deer, pace, and iguana.
+Lack of Markets
+Microlivestock need not be just for home or local consumption; they can also be raised for market. But some commercial programs, including some with rabbits and guinea pigs, have failed because no public demand was developed.
+Resistance to New Species
+People have close associations with livestock, and in most cultures they do not easily accept animals or animal foods that are radically different from their traditional ones. In general, the ties between certain ethnic groups and a particular species or breed is very strong (one reason, for example, why European colonists introduced their own large breeds of cattle and sheep to Africa and Asia, paying little attention to small indigenous breeds). Moreover, people who are used to bringing the animal to the feed rather than the feed to the animal may resist a small animal that has to be penned up and fed by hand.
+Opposition to Smallness
+Finally, there seems to be an innate human trait that considers bigger to be better, especially among the common livestock. For example, because many tropical cattle are small, there is strong inclination on the part of those responsible for livestock improvement to dismiss them or to increase their size by crossing them with large breeds.
+FUTURE OF MICROLIVESTOCK
+Small animals are likely to become increasingly important. As human populations increase, the space available for growing forage decreases, and this phenomenon favors small animals. Many villagers already have little or no pastureland. Some live in areas (the rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia, for instance) where crops are grown on almost every square meter almost every month of the year. Microlivestock are potentially important for urban areas of developing countries as well. There, too, land is at a premium and is usually inadequate for raising conventional livestock.
+So far, however, microlivestock have been largely ignored. Compared with cattle, they have been accorded little scientific effort. In the drive towards larger animals, stimulated by experience in the temperate zone, the virtually unstudied gene pool of small species and breeds has been mostly bypassed. There have been few attempts to assess or improve their farm productivity.
+This is unfortunate, and it is perhaps due to the fact that small animals may be less efficient at digesting certain foods and therefore technically less attractive than large, "modern" breeds. But to Third World peasants, an animal's efficiency is far less important than its survivability and manageability. If an animal cannot be raised under village conditions, its feed-use efficiency or milk yield is irrelevant.
+Microlivestock production should be integrated into most ruraldevelopment projects. Small animals offer a way to improve the lives of people who are hard to reach by other methods. Only by expanding research on the husbandry, hygiene, nutrition, reproduction, physiology, and breeding can the promise of animals sized for small farms and villages be fulfilled. Moreover, the costs will be small compared with those of programs for large animals.2
+Specifically, experiment stations should produce and promote methods and materials for use in rearing microlivestock. Donors and development institutions, planners, and policymakers should note the potentials of microlivestock and the benefits that can be derived from them. Teaching manuals and materials are needed, and classes in microlivestock husbandry should be included in rural school curricula.
+Raising personal livestock on weeds and table scraps in cages beside the house or boxes under the bed will, in many instances, get quality protein to the most poverty stricken more effectively than raising large livestock on pastures.
+Although small size confers many advantages, the question is not whether the large or small animal is "best," but rather how well each can meet a person's varying requirements. In a given situation, livestock can be too small or too large. But the fact remains that not everyone who wants meat or money has the resources to acquire, keep, manage, or utilize a large animal.
+The key is balance. Both microlivestock and traditional livestock deserve serious attention. Indeed, it seems likely that the two will seldom compete. Most microlivestock complement traditional livestock because of unique physical, physiological, behavioral, or economic characteristics. They increase the range of options for the millions of poor for whom the choice may not even be between large and small livestock, but between microlivestock and no livestock at all.
+It's an unfortunate fact that small animals don't have the prestige among Third World farmers that large animals do (perhaps this arose because children can look after goats and sheep but it takes men to look after cattle). Even sheep and goats are not accorded the same stature as cattle.
+Hugh Popenoe
+Breeds and varieties were created from mutant genes and thus haste become living reservoirs of these genes, holding them for use in future generations of mankind.
+Anonymous
+<section>Part I : Microbreeds</section>
+Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs supply millions of people around the world with the bulk of their cash and animal products. Yet scores of breeds - especially in the tropics - are left out of livestock development projects merely because they are considered too small. These "microbreeds"' have sometimes been considered genetic dead ends because they appear undersized and puny. Many of these traditional animals - some in local use for thousands of years - are disappearing, and even the small ancestors of large modern breeds are becoming extinct.
+These small breeds deserve to be studied and developed in their own right. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America, these usually hardy animals are especially adapted to traditional husbandry practices and harsh local conditions. Some have remarkable qualities and are well adapted to resist hostile weather, ravaging pestilence, and poor diets. In remote places and in areas of extreme climate, they are often vitally important for basic subsistence.
+Indeed, because of stress or disease, or insufficient forage, land, or money, microbreeds may be the only practical livestock in many settings. Their individual output may be low, but it can be efficient considering the lack of care and poor feeds they are given. Their availability and the growing number of small-sized farms in the developing world make them increasingly worthy of consideration.
+The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs.
+<section>1 Microcattle</section>
+For the purposes of this report, "microcattle" are considered to be small breeds of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) with a mature weight of about 300 kg or less. In many areas of the developing world, these are actually the animals most widely held by farmers and pastoralists. They are often treasured because of their resilience and simple requirements. Many survive and produce under harsh conditions, grow rapidly, calve easily, show good maternal ability, yield lean meat, or have other advantages.
+Microcattle have generally been ignored in the push towards larger animals, but they seem inherently suitable for traditional and small-farm husbandry. As rural people in developing countries improve their own productivity, as they become more aware of nutritional needs, and as they depend more upon cash economies, microcattle could become vital means for improving personal, dietary, and economic status.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Cattle have been classified in many ways, but they are generally designated as humped or humpless types. However, clear distinctions among them are sometimes difficult or impossible to make because they have intermingled for thousands of years. Representative microcattle types are listed at the end of the chapter.
+DISTRIBUTION
+More than two-thirds of the world's 1.3 billion cattle are found in the developing world; one-third is in the tropics. As noted, a considerable number of these could be called "microcattle."
+STATUS
+Many strains of microcattle are threatened with extinction because of replacement or crossbreeding with larger types. This is in some respects shortsighted because promoting just a few breeds contributes to narrowing of the genetic base, and valuable traits may be lost when selection is done to conform to any preconceived standard, including large size.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Microcattle are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Many types thrive - even with little or no attention - in climates that are hot, humid, arid, or beset by diseases and parasites.
+BIOLOGY
+Cattle are ruminants and digest fiber well, although they are selective foragers and prefer tender grasses and low-growing legumes.
+As with other tropical cattle, microbreeds generally reach physical and sexual maturity in 2 or 3 years. Many can breed year-round when conditions are favorable (gestation lasts about 9 months). Cows may remain fertile 10 years or more, and can live more than 20 years.
+BEHAVIOR
+Cattle usually graze from as few as four hours to as many as eight hours a day. If feed is of poor quality, they must forage (and ruminate) longer to receive adequate nutrition.
+Microcattle are commonly docile and undemanding animals, and many small breeds are surprisingly responsive to humans.
+USES
+Like conventional breeds, microcattle produce the same well-known products: meat, milk, manure, hides, horn, blood, and bone. They are also used for traction.
+Small cattle often produce only modest amounts of milk and meat per animal. However, given higher stocking rates, a herd of microcattle is often able to outyield larger, genetically improved animals on a per hectare basis, especially under stressful conditions. When their ability to survive adversity and poor management is taken into account, they may often be far and away the most efficient cattle for traditional husbandry.
+Surprisingly, there is a place even for small draft animals. They tend to be active, thrifty (efficient), and more maneuverable in tight spaces, and so are adapted for use in the small fields, terraces, and paddies that are becoming increasingly common. The small hill cattle of Nepal, for instance, are valued because they can negotiate steep slopes and narrow terraces on Himalayan mountainsides.
+HUSBANDRY
+Microcattle are handled like their larger counterparts, but herding, tethering, fencing, and hobbling are generally easier.
+ADVANTAGES
+Cattle are familiar animals that are accepted in nearly all cultures; their meat, milk, manure, and leather are in demand almost everywhere. In many societies, beef is preferred over other meats, even by those who can rarely afford it.
+In most areas, organized breeding, production, and marketing associations are already in place. Microcattle can also integrate well into traditional forms of husbandry, whether in pastoral herds of hundreds or as solitary backyard milk cows.
+Under humid and hot conditions, microcattle probably suffer less than larger breeds because their greater ratio of skin area to body mass enhances their ability to shed heat.
+The number of cattle that can be kept on a given parcel of land may be increased, sometimes even doubled, with smaller animals. Microcattle can also be penned and fed cut-and-carry forage more easily than can larger cattle, and more of them can be maintained on the same amount of feed. This permits more continuous production and less financial hardship when an animal perishes.
+Small cattle may require less labor because they are generally easier to handle, herd, confine, and transport. They usually have few problems with calving, and as a rule require little or no assistance.
+Some microcattle have unusual tolerances to disease. In Africa, for instance, there are breeds that tolerate or resist trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease that makes large areas of that continent uninhabitable for most other cattle breeds. Others seem more tolerant of internal or external parasites, theileriosis (east coast fever), rinderpest, or other afflictions.
+LIMITATIONS
+Microcattle often lack the prestige of larger breeds.
+When given quality forage and supplemental feeding, small unimproved cattle may not match the overall productivity of the large, highly developed breeds. Their greatest potential may prove to be for traditional husbandry and for grazing marginal areas where survival is more important than feed efficiency.
+BONSAI BRAHMAN
+In Mexico, researchers are deliberately creating microcattle. Since 1970, Juan Manuel Berruecos Villalobos, former director of the Veterinary Medicine school at the National Autonomous University, has directed this enterprise. He and his colleagues have miniaturized cows by selecting the smallest specimens out of a herd of normal-sized Brahman cattle and breeding them with one another. After five generations, adult females average 15-180 kg adult males 20-220 kg. A few of the smallest cows are now only 60 cm tall and 140 kg in weight. Merely one-fifth of normal weight, they are shorter than the turkeys that share the barnyard with them. Indeed, they even get lost in the grassy pastures so that the farmers cannot see them.
+This program seems to have yielded a productive animal that can be cheaply and easily maintained in a small space. Berruecos has demonstrated that the tiny cows can be stocked on one-third the area needed to support one normal-sized cow. He reports that they are giving remarkable amounts of milk: up to four lifers a day, compared with six lifers from their full-sized counterparts. On a feed-intake to weight-gain basis, the tiny cattle are no less efficient than their normal-sized counterparts.
+Although 17 years have gone into the selection of what Berruecos calls his "bonsai cattle," the process is not yet finished. Future goals include testing embryo transplants to see if one normal-sized cow can support multiple "microfetuses" (possibly as many as eight). This would help to rapidly increase the numbers of the miniature form, which weigh merely 4-5 kg at birth.
+All in all, the Mexican researchers see miniaturization as a new option for governments and farmers increasingly squeezed by shrinking farm land and rising production costs. Small livestock they say, are a way to produce more food on less land faster. For example, a campesino with almost no land can have one or two bonsais, but could never maintain a standard-sized cow.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Their adaptability and robustness make microcattle worthy of preservation, study, and greater use, and they should be incorporated into many ongoing programs.
+Selective breeding, although infrequently attempted, can probably improve productivity significantly. Records of breed history should be established, and unusual or special characteristics noted and the information disseminated.
+In areas where small, indigenous breeds are being replaced, representative populations should be maintained and studied to increase understanding of their adaptive diversity and to retain a genetic storehouse for the future.
+REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROCATTLE
+Dwarf West African Shorthorn
+West African coastal forests, and inland. Female 125 kg; male 150 kg. Adaptation to harsh, humid climates and good resistance to trypanosomiasis and other diseases allow these small animals to exist where other cattle die. They are perhaps the smallest cattle of all (often weighing less than 100 kg). In the areas of worst disease and highest rainfall, this hardy animal is often found thriving, but half wild.
+Muturu Nigeria. Female 160 kg; male 210 kg. This notable subtype is slightly larger. It is the most trypanotolerant of all cattle, showing no symptoms or loss of vitality. It is widely kept, mostly as a village scavenger and often as a pet, and yields a high percentage of meat.
+N'Dama
+West Africa. 200-400 kg. These active, stocky animals utilize low-quality forage, produce good beef, and are used as light draft oxen. Milk production, though poor, improves with feeding level. N'Dama mature early and are exceptionally fertile, and they have already become important in breeding programs. They are resistant to trypanosomiasis, and can exist where temperatures average 30� C with 1,500 mm annual rainfall. In the least hospitable areas, N'Damas ranging down to 200 kg are often the only cattle that can remain productive.
+Rodope
+Southeastern Europe. Female 200 kg; male 350 kg. A humpless multipurpose breed - draft, milk, and beef - that is exceptionally hardy. The milk is high in butterfat. Possibly adaptable to the subtropics. It is rapidly being lost to crossbreeding.
+Zebu
+Zebus are among the most important tropical domestic animals. However, the dwarfs are not well known, although in many areas they are preferred, especially as draft animals. Zebus use less water, even though their sweat glands are larger and more numerous than those of most other cattle. All have a low basal metabolism and resist heat well. In general, they also have high resistance to ticks and other parasites.
+Taiwan Black Taiwan. Female 250 kg; male 250 kg. Well adapted to poor tropical conditions, these work animals are also used for meat.
+Kedah-Kelantan Malaysia. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. Hardy, well adapted cattle with exceptional fertility on a poor diet, both sexes are used as draft animals as well as sources of meat and cash.
+Sinhala (Dwarf Zebu) Sri Lanka. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. An ancient type of zebu, preferred for its handiness in cultivating small paddies and terraced fields.
+Nuba Dwarf Sudan. 180-220 kg. These work animals are well proportioned but are not slaughtered for meat, and milk production is low. Although tolerant to trypanosomiasis, their numbers have dwindled because of crossbreeding.
+Small Zebu Somalia. 160-230 kg. These small native cattle are used for beef, milk, and for work. They are well adapted to poor feed in a desolate environment.
+Abyssinian Shorthorn Zebu (Showa) Central highlands of Ethiopia. Female 225 kg; male 305 kg. These widespread, small-humped cattle are very hardy. They produce beef and are generally milked, with surplus production about 2-4 kg daily. Resistant to many parasites, they also have a gentle disposition and make good work animals.
+Dwarf Zebu (Mongalla) Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. Female 150 kg; male 250 kg. A highly variable, long-entrenched, small, East-African zebu with some nonzebu blood. Pastoralists favor it because of its hardiness. Although slow-maturing, it is well-fleshed, can yield excellent beef, and some types are milked.
+Mashona Zimbabwe. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. This hardy zebusanga type (see below) is widespread in drier areas and has a high resistance to disease and parasites. Since the 1940s, it has been bred for beef production and selected animals now weigh more than 500 kg.
+Mini-Brahman Mexico. 135 kg. Downsized from 450-kg Brazilian zebus through selective breeding by Mexican researchers, these gentle animals are reported to yield two-thirds as much milk (3-4 liters daily) as the parent stock. Because of much higher stocking rates on grass, production per hectare is reportedly greater than with full-sized animals (see sidebar, page 22).
+Criollo
+Central and South America. Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese cattle imported over 400 years ago, "criollo" cattle have adapted to a wide range of harsh climates. Many varieties are small: mature females often weigh 200-300 kg or less. They sometimes produce little beef or milk under traditional conditions and management, but they are extremely hardy and survive when other cattle perish. Through importation and crossbreeding, many local types have been lost or are threatened.
+Chinampo Baja California, Mexico. 200-350 kg. Extremely tolerant of wild desert conditions, these docile criollo cattle exist largely on scrub and cactus. They get most of their water from succulent plants, have a low metabolic rate and body temperature, and are mostly active at night.
+Florida Scrub Florida, USA. 225-300 kg. Genetically isolated for more than 300 years, the Florida Scrub is very hardy in harsh, subtropical conditions. It has good resistance to ticks and screwworm, and can subsist on forage with a high roughage content.
+Sanga
+This type - an ancient cross between longhorns or shorthorns and humped animals - is found throughout eastern and southern Africa. It weighs from 150 to 500 kg or more. Some types have been selectively bred or crossed with European cattle and are quite productive.
+Bavenda Transvaal, South Africa. 240-290 kg. This hardy and disease tolerant tropical variety is small and prolific. It is generally used for draft, barter, and beef. However, it has been crossbred with larger animals so frequently that the smaller types are almost extinct; most "Bavendas" now weigh more than 300 kg.
+Ovambo' Northeastern Namibia. Female 160 kg; male 225 kg. A calm and docile animal with a small hump, it is used by seasonal pastoralists for beef and milk.
+Nilotic Sudan. 180-300 kg. These cattle of southern Sudan show great variation in size, partly due to environmental factors. They are generally resistant to local parasites and worms, have good potential for increased beef production, and their milk is very important locally.
+Chadian "Native" and Dwarf Black Cattle
+Chad. Female 225 kg; male 275 kg. These two types are small, humped meat animals that graze the sparse savanna and are very drought resistant. Little scientific information exists about them.
+"Arab Cattle"
+Middle East. Small types (female 225 kg; male 300 kg) are used for meat and some milk, especially in Lebanon. There are many local forms with variable appearance, but all have small humps. Well adapted to grazing sparse vegetation on rough land, they are becoming rare due to crossbreeding.
+Hill Cattle
+Nepal. Female 160 kg; male 200 kg. A widespread type often recrossed with Indian zebu animals, they are bred to be small. They are thrifty creatures that maintain themselves well on poor forage. Bulls make sure-footed draft animals on rough ground and slopes, and the cows are milked.
+Tibetan Dwarf
+Tibet. Less than 250 kg. These humpless cattle are used as pack animals and can tolerate poor forage and high altitudes.
+Yellow Cattle
+Southwest and south China. Female 220 kg; male 380 kg. In the subtropics and tropics, small multipurpose types of Yellow Cattle withstand high temperature and humidity. They are used mainly for work and meat, and seem well adapted to poor feed, harsh conditions, and rugged terrain. The Chowpei (190-380 kg) is a hardy working breed of more temperate areas in Hubei Province.
+Cheju Hanwoo
+Korea. Female 230 kg; male 280 kg. A yellowish-brown Cheju Island native that has almost no calving difficulty, it is well adapted to poor grazing conditions in harsh environments and is docile and obedient.
+Madura
+Indonesia. Female 220 kg; male 300 kg. An ancient cross between humped cattle and the banteng (see sidebar), these heat- and disease resistant hybrids also have good grazing and mothering ability, and are kept in the most extreme humid tropical environments. Breeding for fighting and racing has given them a poor disposition.
+Dexter Cattle
+Ireland and North America. 220-360 kg. This breed can be traced back to eighteenth-century Ireland and is believed to have been developed by peasant farmers living on rough land. It is exceptionally hardy and produces both milk and meat. In North America, it has become popular among city folk who acquire country property, as this microbreed is particularly well suited to their usually tiny farms.
+BANTENG: THE CUTEST COW
+The banteng (Bos Javanicus) is a small Southeast Asian bovine with a promising future.* It is a different species from cattle. The two will interbreed, but the hybrid offspring are normally sterile.
+Although almost entirely neglected by the animal science community, the banteng is remarkable for an ability to thrive under hot, humid, and disease-ridden conditions where cattle often grow poorly. The sexes are easily distinguished: males are jet black, females are golden brown. Both have bright white socks and rumps as if they had been freshly whitewashed.
+Wild banteng are found in remote areas of countries from Burma to Indonesia. But only Indonesia has used it as a farm animal so far. It has more than 1.5 million domesticated banteng - some 20 percent of the country's total "cattle" population. Indonesian farmers value the animal's agility, which allows them to cultivate Relds too narrow for cattle to turn the prow. In addition, gourmets consider banteng meat the tastiest of all. Indonesia appreciates the banteng so much that it has established a genetic sanctuary on the island of Bali - banning cattle in order to maintain the banteng's genetic purity.
+Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.
+<section>2 Microgoats</section>
+More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such "microgoats" are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.
+To many people - especially where pigs and poultry are not common - meat and milk from microgoats are the primary animal proteins consumed during a lifetime. Perhaps the world's best foragers, goats eat practically anything made of cellulose, and are not dependent on grass. Because of their unselective feeding behavior, they are capable of living where the feeds - tree leaves, shrubs, and weeds - are too poor to support other types of livestock.
+Such microgoats deserve wider recognition, for they are often the poor person's only source of milk, meat, and cash income. They are cheap to acquire and easy to maintain, even by people with little property and scarce resources.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid climates.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Goats generally have a long snout and an upright tail, by which they can be distinguished from most sheep. The mouth is unusual in having a mobile upper lip and a grasping tongue, which permits the animal to nibble even tiny leaves on spiny species.
+Common commercial goat breeds generally weigh between 60 and 100 kg, with some weighing more than 200 kg. Microgoats may weigh less than 15 kg. Representative examples are listed at the end of the chapter.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Worldwide, with half in Asia and one-third in Africa.
+STATUS
+The FAO projects that world numbers may nearly double by the turn of the century. Goats are thus not endangered, but in some areas select populations of feral goats are being deliberately eradicated, with the consequent loss of potentially valuable genes. Some small breeds are also threatened by excessive crossbreeding with larger types.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+One of the most adaptable of all livestock, goats can persist in conditions from arid to humid, and from sea level to high altitude. They are especially well adapted to hot, semiarid climates and to rocky, barren terrain.
+BIOLOGY
+These ruminants can subsist on many feedstuffs that would otherwise be left to waste. Although selective browsers, they often prefer coarse leaves (including palm fronds) and shrubbery to palatable forage grass.
+Most microgoats mature quickly, and in the tropics they can generally breed year-round. Their reproductive potential has often been underestimated; kidding is rarely difficult, and many types produce twins and sometimes even triplets or quadruplets.
+In hot, dry areas, goats require less attention than other livestock, and smaller goats have the added advantage of better heat dissipation. Some microgoats may also show disease resistance. For example, tolerance to trypanosomiasis makes them an important livestock in many regions of Africa.
+BEHAVIOR
+Goats are generally gentle, but can be easily frightened. They may become stubborn and aggressive when threatened or thwarted, and can prove hard to confine.
+If their feed smells of other animals - particularly of other goats - they usually shun it unless nothing else is available.
+USES
+Microgoats mainly produce meat and form an important part of the diet in southern Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, especially the Caribbean. Goat is sometimes a preferred meat, and there are few social or religious prohibitions against eating it.
+Some microgoats are good milkers, and under stressful conditions they may keep producing when other livestock are dry. Goat milk is a valuable dietary supplement: it is nutritious, easily digestible, and usually commands premium prices. It makes excellent cheese and yogurt and can be used by people allergic to cow's milk.
+Microgoats produce some of the finest and most valuable fibers in the world. Angora and Cashmere goats often weigh less than 30 kg fully grown, for example.
+Goats produce a fine-textured, durable leather that finds extensive uses both locally and internationally. Horns, hooves, blood, and bone meal also have commercial value. Manure is another important product, and comes in fairly dry pellets that are easy to collect, store, and distribute.
+Goats perform important functions in land management. Seeds of many trees (Acacia and Prosopis, for example) are "scarified" by passing through the goats' digestive system, fostering germination and natural revegetation. With care, goats can also be used to clear land of weeds and brush.
+HUSBANDRY
+Goats are often allowed to roam and scavenge for their own food. They form strong territorial attachments and can be trained to stay within a designated area. However, they cannot be kept from investigating - and quite probably devouring - anything within that territory. They are persistent browsers, so it is essential to prevent overstocking as well as raids on crops.
+Variety of diet is important, and goats show much individuality in feed preferences. They are often raised on crop residue and kitchen refuse.
+Goats can be run with other livestock without creating serious competition. The goats browse weedy shrubs, whereas the sheep and cattle graze more on grasses.
+Although perhaps the hardiest of all livestock, most breeds benefit when they are provided shelter from rain and high-noon sun. Abrupt chilling and poor ventilation can cause severe respiratory problems. They are also susceptible to various maladies, such as internal parasites, especially when confined. The highest mortality, however, is caused when very young kids are not supplied with adequate feed and clean, dry shelter.
+ADVANTAGES
+In most developing countries goats are already prominent in rural life. Common almost everywhere in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they are dependable multi-use animals. They are particularly important in providing ready cash, such as for school fees, taxes, marriages, or funerals.
+Goats integrate well in mixed agriculture, for example, by consuming leafy wastes, clearing land, and contributing fertilizer. In many places they are raised almost exclusively by women and children. If confined, goats require only simple, inexpensive shelters or pens, which makes them especially important as subsistence animals. In many situations, they may be the most efficient and economic producers for smallholders.
+These animals have a relatively fast rate of growth and early reproductive age, even under harsh conditions. They can graze rougher terrain than cattle and most sheep, can go for longer periods without water, and forage well in wooded areas where grass is lacking. They can derive most or all of their diet from roughage unusable by humans; high-energy feeds, such as protein supplements or carbohydrate supplements, are usually not needed even to fatten them for slaughter.
+Goats are generally healthy and are not affected by many of the parasites and diseases that ravage other livestock. Some resistance to mange, internal parasites, foot-and-mouth disease, and other livestock scourges has been reported.
+LIMITATIONS
+In some places (notably, in industrialized nations) there is a strong prejudice against goats and goat meat.
+Smallness makes microgoats targets for predators and thieves.
+Many small goats are poor milkers, especially under hardship conditions; however, even small amounts of milk can often fulfill a child's daily nutritional requirement or reinforce a nursing mother's diet.
+Goats are independent and may wander away if not watched, and they can be difficult to pen. They may also have an unpleasant odor when kept confined (males are particularly malodorous during rutting season).
+Goats are often disparaged for degrading land and destroying vegetation because they continue to survive on overutilized lands often laid waste by mismanagement of sheep or cattle.
+FRESH GENES
+A rare wild animal with spectacular horns, the bezoar (Capra aegagrus) is the goat's wild ancestor. People domesticated it before 7000 B.C., probably in the mountains along the Iran/ Iraq border. Until recent times, it remained widely scattered across the vast region between Greece and Pakistan, but it now exists only in pockets and is threatened with extinction.
+This would be a tragedy because the bezoar is a resilient wild species that crosses readily with domestic goats, and it could pass on its genetic inheritance for heat, drought, and cold tolerance: disease resistance; and other survival qualities.
+Fascinating science and valuable results probably await those willing to study this hardy, handsome creature and to explore the reharnessing of its genetic endowment. Today the bezoar is considered merely a trophy for hunters. The power of its genes to refresh - perhaps even revolutionize - the world's 500 million goats has been lost to sight.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+The microgoat's potential has hardly been realized. More research on performance and husbandry is needed to preserve and restore small breeds. Selective breeding for prolificacy, viability, and rapid growth, as well as more selective on-site culling, could greatly improve both meat and milk yields and quality.
+Management systems that exploit smallness, stabilize production, and preserve the environment should be introduced and publicized in appropriate goat-rearing areas. Careful assessments of indigenous management methods should be made, particularly emphasizing their desirable characteristics. Improving hygiene in the wet season and supplemental feeding in the dry season are also important, as are disease- and parasite-control measures.
+The undomesticated ibex and markhor could possibly be major contributors in the development of new, useful breeds for tropical and arid regions (see sidebar, page 42).
+REPRESENTATIVE BREEDS OF MICROGOATS
+West African Dwarf (Djallon)
+West and Central Africa. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to humid lowlands, this widespread goat is particularly valuable for meat and skin production. Generally, it is bred for meat, but milk is sometimes an important secondary product. Sexual maturity is very early (3-6 months), and quadruplets occasionally occur (most goat breeds normally produce only single births). Related types go by the names "Cameroon Dwarf," "Dirdi," and "Nigerian Dwarf."
+Nubian Dwarf
+United States. 35-40 kg (often less). A stable miniature variety of the milking Nubian, this microgoat has been developed recently in the United States by crossing standard-sized Nubians with the West African Dwarf. It combines a good milk output with high levels of butterfat.
+American Pygmy
+United States. 15-25 kg. Derived from the West African Dwarf, it is noted for its hardiness and good nature, good milk production, and adaptability to various climates. There are several varieties, some for milking, others for meat.
+Sudanese Nubian
+Northern Sudan. 25-30 kg. Widespread milk goats of riverain and urban areas.
+Sudanese Dwarf
+Southern Sudan. 11-25 kg. A very hardy desert goat similar to the West African Dwarf, it averages 15 kg, but some mature individuals may weigh as little as 11 kg. Used for meat and hides, it produces little milk.
+Small East African
+Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. 20-30 kg. A widely neglected meat and hide animal found over a wide range, it is fast growing (sexual maturity at four months) and extremely hardy.
+Mauritian
+Mauritius. 25-30 kg. A prolific, year-round breeder raised for meat production, it is often confined in simple shelters from birth to slaughter. Perhaps because of this isolation, mortality is less than 10 percent, even with little or no veterinary care.
+Criollo
+Latin America. "Criollo" is a name given to several breeds of ancient Iberian blood with local adaptations to many unfavorable conditions. They are often small and hardy.
+Creole Caribbean. Females 20 kg; males 25 kg. Robust meat goats of Spanish or West African origin that are kept throughout the Caribbean.
+Crioulo Brazil. 30-35 kg. A meat and skin goat derived from Portuguese ancestors, it is hardy, prolific, undemanding, and adapted to harsh environments.
+Chapper
+Pakistan. Female 20 kg; male 24 kg. Originating in dry regions, this meat and milk goat is a nonseasonal breeder with outstanding potential.
+Barbari
+Pakistan, India. Females 20-25 kg; males 20-40 kg. A prolific, fastgrowing "urban" goat with high twinning and low mortality. Often kept inside houses, they adapt well to confinement and are important for both milk and meat.
+Gaddi (White Himalaya)
+Hill districts of northern India. 25-30 kg. Kept for meat and their long, lustrous white hair, they are pure-breeding and healthy.
+Changthangi (Ladakh)
+Kashmir, India. Male 20 kg. A pashmina (cashmere) goat of India, it is adapted to a high altitude, high humidity climate with extremes of temperature.
+Terai
+Nepal. 8-12 kg. A very small, hardy animal of the southern lowlands, it kids year-round (sometimes twice), and often produces twins.
+Southern Hill Goat
+Nepal. 12-16 kg. A small, mid-altitude goat resembling the Terai.
+Black Bengal (Teddy, Bangladesh Dwarf)
+Eastern India and Pakistan. Female 10 kg; male 14 kg. A widespread, humid-area, meat goat that is early maturing and very prolific. It kids twice a year, and produces 60 percent twins and 10 percent triplets. It produces a superior leather.
+Katjang
+Southeast Asia, China, and Pacific Islands. In places, less than 20 kg. A widespread, highly variable, hardy goat adapted to humid conditions, it usually has twins or triplets. Used for meat and skins, with exceptional females being milked.
+Chinese Dwarf (Tibetan, Jining, Fuyang, or Chengdu Grey)
+China. 20-40 kg. Well adapted to the humid tropics, it normally twins and is a good meat producer.
+Heuk Yumso
+Korea. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A prolific cold-climate goat with a year-round breeding season. The meat is highly prized, and often sells at a premium due to its supposed health-giving effects.
+Hejazi
+Middle East. Female 20 kg; male 20 kg. A meat goat, usually black, for harsh desert conditions.
+Sinai (Black Bedouin)
+Sinai, Egypt and Negev Desert, Israel. Female 20 kg; male 50 kg. Native to dry, hot deserts, this milk and meat goat matures at 5-8 months and has a twinning rate over 50 percent. A most important characteristic is its drought tolerance. The female, for instance, can drink only once a day - at a pinch, once every other day - without losing appetite or reducing milk flow.
+WILD RELATIVES
+Several wild relatives will cross with the goat. Surprisingly, they have the same chromosome number (2n=60), and the offspring are frequently fertile. Although essentially unknown to agricultural science, these hybrids may offer a new gene pool for creating new farm animals and for improving the world's goats. They seem to combine the self-reliance of wild species with the usefulness of domestic ones. Artificial insemination and other modern techniques could make them easier to produce today than ever before.
+Ibex*
+A project in Israel has already produced a cross between the goat and the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex). The Sinai Desert goat, the breed that was used, ranks next to the camel in its ability to go without water - it often drinks only twice a week - but its meat has such a strong flavor that most people consider it dreadful. On the other hand, the ibex is compact and muscular and produces tender, mild meat that steak lovers find delicious. The product from crossbreeding the two is a creature seemingly able to endure extreme temperatures and drought, make use of poor pasture, and produce wonderful steaks.
+A herd of several hundred of these hybrids (dubbed 'ya-ez") has been created at Kibbutz Lahav in the northern Negev Desert area. Both sexes are fertile, and they can be bred with each other or with either parent. The meat is already in demand on the menus of elegant Tel Aviv hotels.
+Markhor**
+In Pakistan's northern uplands, it is not uncommon to find hybrids between domestic goats and the mountain goat known as "markhor" (Capra falconeri). Each year in Chitral and Gilgit, they can be found in the goat markets.
+Markhors inhabit high elevations in rugged mountains and thrive on diets so meager as to be useless to goats. The hybrids are produced when markhor males - perhaps ousted by more dominant males - come in contact with feral domestic goats. However, some farmers raise young markhor and goats together (to overcome mutual resistance) and produce their own hybrids,
+For a single hybrid animal local goatherds pay up to 5,000 rupees, a princely sum in this impoverished region. Traditionally, villagers have kept them as stud animals. They appreciate the animal's genetic endowment. Markhors tolerate extremes of cold and snow, are nimble and skilled at escaping predators, and survive on scanty fodder, Moreover, they have a high reproduction potential because they generally produce twins. As a result, they also tend to give more milk and it is rich in nutritive value. Instead of long body hairs, markhors possess insulating underfur - a soft and valuable raw material for the famous Kashmiri shawls.
+Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats.
+<section>3 Microsheep</section>
+Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these "microsheep" could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
+Many microsheep thrive in environments that tax the ability of larger breeds to survive. They are adapted to poor feeds and can be grazed in uncultivated wastelands unsuited to any other livestock except goats or camels. Because of their size, microsheep can fatten in areas where forage is so scattered and sparse that larger animals cannot cover enough ground to fill their bellies each day. In addition, their foraging complements that of other livestock. For example, sheep can graze rough grasses and weeds that cattle find unpalatable. Some survive even the stress of extreme aridity and for this reason are the predominant livestock in North Africa and the Middle East.
+Many small breeds can be disease resistant. Some, for example, are widespread in the zones of Africa where trypanosomiasis is prevalent. They are generally less adversely affected by foot-and-mouth disease than are cattle, and some small native sheep seem to have fewer problems with insects and parasites than do most other livestock, including temperate-area sheep.
+Giving more attention to the management and improvement of microsheep could pay back abundantly in the form of food, income, and improved land utilization in many parts of the developing world.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide, but notably in drier regions of the tropics.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+An average weight for temperate sheep breeds is about 70 kg,' but the smallest microsheep weigh less than 20 kg fully grown. Many tropical microsheep are "hairless," and have little or no wool. These are often difficult to distinguish from goats, but (like all sheep) they generally have blunter snouts, more fat, and hanging tails. Some have greatly enlarged rumps or tails that store fat. Unlike goats, sheep have no odor-producing glands.
+Some representative microsheep are described at the end of this chapter.
+DISTRIBUTION
+More than one billion sheep occur worldwide, and they occupy every climatic zone in which people live. At least half are in developing countries.
+STATUS
+Although more than 1,000 breeds are recognized, only a handful dominate the world's sheep industries. Lesser-known breeds are rapidly becoming extinct (especially in developed countries, although scattered efforts are being made to preserve them). Elsewhere, genetic resources have not been properly evaluated, and potentially valuable stock is being lost before it is even understood.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Sheep are among the most adaptable animals. Various types are kept in areas of extreme heat, cold, altitude, aridity, humidity, and rainfall. They are especially widespread in hot, dry climates, but some breeds also thrive in humid areas.
+BIOLOGY
+Sheep make efficient use of a wide variety of fodder: tree leaves, fortes, grasses, crop residues, and agricultural by-products, for instance. They often survive privation by calling on their reserves of body fat.
+In the tropics, sheep reach sexual maturity in about a year. Many breeds lamb year-round, which allows for a continuous production of premium meat. Gestation takes about five months, and lambing is usually timed to occur when feed is most abundant and nutritious. Microsheep often bear two or more young and, under good management, may produce lambs annually for more than five years.
+BEHAVIOR
+These shy animals flock together and, in general, are managed with little effort. They are easily panicked, however, and rams can become aggressive during rutting or when threatened.
+THE LITTLE SHEEP THAT COULD
+Dozens of the world's neglected breeds of tiny sheep should be preserved from extinction, for many will undoubtedely prove to have outstanding qualities. Current efforts to save the Navajo sheep in the United States exemplify what can be achieved
+The Navajo is a microsheep, and is perhaps the oldest breed of sheep in the United States. It may have been introduced to North America in 1540 by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, who was seeking the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola in the region that is now Arizona and New Mexico. Smaller than many dogs, a full-grown Navajo sheep may weigh only 30 kg, but it became a big part of the culture of the Southwest. Although the Navajos and other local Indians had never seen sheep before the 1500s, they soon became shepherds and weavers, and their rugs made from the unique wool of this wiry little animal remain famous even today.
+Navajo sheep have white or brown wool hanging in ringlets around their bodies. The fleece is a double coat: long, coarse guard hairs on the outside and short wool on the inside. It yields warm, waterproof, and long-lasting products. Many of the sheep have four horns because the Indians believed that this trait was sacred, and they favored four-horned rams for breeding purposes.
+The number of Navajo sheep was reduced sharply between 1950 and 1950 because of severe overgrazing and replacement by improved wool breeds. In recent times there has been so little commercial and scientific interest in this microsheep that by the 1970s only a handful of purebred specimens survived. Since the late 1970s, however, Lyle McNeal, a Utah State University professor, has been working to save it from extinction. By 1988 he had a burgeoning flock at the university and was learning that this supposedly obsolete dwarf is amazingly useful.
+The breed originated in the arid south of Spain (where it is called the "churro"), and it thrives in the hot, dry climate. Unlike normal breeds, it can exist in the desert without supplementary food and with little water. As McNeal has pointed out, any sheep that can survive and raise a lamb in the aridity and searing heat of the American Southwest has to be superior. He has found that the ewes have a strong maternal instinct, which is vital for protecting lambs against the coyotes that are common in the region.
+Thanks to the efforts of McNeal and his colleagues, Indians are beginning to use Navajo sheep again; by 1988 there were more than 400 on the Navajo reservation, with their wool fetching premium prices. This tough little sheep could prove valuable not only for American Indians but for poor people in many other dry regions as well.
+USES
+Microsheep are mainly kept for meat production, but - especially in arid regions - for milk as well. Their meat is usually lean with little "muttony" taste.
+Wool or hair is taken from many breeds, although the yield is often small. Skins from hair sheep' thinner than cowhide, are widely used and are in international demand. In some places, manure is considered an important product. In Nepal, thousands of small sheep are used as pack animals, especially to carry salt into mountain valleys.
+HUSBANDRY
+Most sheep are maintained in free-ranging flocks. Many are grazed (often tethered) over a small area during the day and confined in a "fold" at night. Others are penned or kept as village scavengers. These are usually fed supplements of household scraps.
+Sheep form an integral part of a mixed farming economy; for example, they may graze pastures during the wet season, and survive on crop residues and field weeds during the dry season. They have excellent foraging capabilities and are often kept alongside goats. This broadens the variety of forages utilized and often increases total production from a single piece of land, for sheep and goats have complementary feeding habits and male goats help protect the sheep from some predators.
+In spite of the heavy toll that predators (such as feral dogs) can take on lambs and ewes, the largest proportion of sheep in the tropics are lost through lack of basic care. Modest supplemental feeding of lambs and inexpensive preventive medicines can do much to lower mortality and boost production.
+ADVANTAGES
+Sheep are multipurpose animals, and almost everywhere they produce several products. The rich milk is often preferred to that of cows or goats, especially for making cheese and yogurt.
+Lambs form an important part of the household economy for much of the rural world, and only rarely is social or religious stigma attached to keeping or eating them. Indeed, sheep are the traditional feast animals of several religions, and in some places sheep meat is preferred to beef and sells at a premium.
+By and large, all sheep products can be processed, utilized, or marketed by the producer. In addition, sheep marketing and transportation systems exist in most countries, at least to some degree.
+Sheep are efficient producers and can provide a quick turnover for food and cash. On the brush and coarse grasses of marginal lands, they may be more productive than cattle, and on grass they may outproduce goats. As long as they are not overstocked, sheep do not degrade vegetation; unless starving they will not debark trees. Small breeds cause little erosion, even on steep slopes, heavily traveled paths, or near water holes.2 In South Asia, they have been continuously stocked on the same ground for thousands of years without causing apparent harm.
+Because sheep have a natural tendency to accumulate fat, they "finish" well on grazing and usually do not require a high-energy finishing diet.
+LIMITATIONS
+Despite their general healthiness, sheep are affected by many internal parasites and diseases, a few of which are communicable to man. They are especially susceptible to infectious conjunctivitis (pinkeye).
+Predators and thieves can be greater threats than sickness. Labor inputs can be high because of the almost continual protection sheep need.
+Some mutton has a strong taste that many find unappealing. However, the taste is carried mainly by the fat, and the generally lean microsheep are often commended for their fine-textured, sweet meat.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+The numerous breeds of small sheep should be investigated. Assessments should be made for the animals' ability to thrive under adverse conditions and for resistance to particular diseases and parasites.
+As noted, even minimal extension services and veterinary support for sheep could greatly decrease mortality, especially among lambs.
+Improving microbreeds without increasing their size is one of the most interesting challenges facing sheep scientists today. While efforts should be made to conserve and select within types, research should also be conducted on hybrid vigor. Efforts to improve the pelt and fleece of microsheep should also be encouraged.
+More studies on the interactions between sheep and cropping systems are needed. Sheep (and the manure they produce) could become important components of forestry (see sidebar), crop rotation, alley cropping, and other forms of sustainable agriculture. For instance, sheep are especially effective for weed control in plantation crops such as oil palm and rubber as well as in forests.
+SMALL SHEEP IN THE FOREST
+Even in countries with long traditions of raising large sheep, there are opportunities for using small, agile, hardy breeds. The following is an example.
+Seeking safer methods for stopping brush from smothering newly planted trees, U.S. government foresters have turned from chemical defoliants to flocks of sheep. Court decisions in 1983 and 1984 barred the use of herbicides along Oregon's Pacific Coast. Various alternatives were tried, and the animals proved the most successful. Sheep are now the favored method for controlling unwanted vegetation. Indeed, they have changed the foresters' whore approach to managing reforestation.
+Formerly, the U.S. Forest Service allowed the brush to grow on logged-over sites and then sprayed it down before planting tree seedlings. Now it plants grass to suppress brush and reduce erosion. The sites are later fertilized, tree seedlings are planted, and within a year sheep are brought in to graze.
+Today, in the district around Alsea, Oregon sheep nimbly skirt old stumps to graze on the lush vegetation. Three times each summer since 1984, about 2,000 sheep have been guided across the replanted areas by a herder and a range conservationist. The sheep eat both the grass and the new buds on brush, but they leave most fir-tree seedlings untouched. The key, according to Rick Breckle, a forester, is to have enough sheep to graze an area evenly and to keep them moving so they don't resort to nibbling the young trees.
+Previously, chemical brush treatments had annually cost $135-$353 per hectare. Now, sowing grass and grazing sheep costs about $300 per hectare. And there is a product to sell: the adult sheep don't fatten well, but the lambs bring a useful income at the end of the summer. What is more, Breckle reports that the trees seem to be growing faster - probably because of the manurings they receive.
+This method seems likely to be effective elsewhere - at least with trees that are unpalatable or too tall for their growing points to be nibbled. Malaysia, for instance, doubled its sheep population between 1986 and 1989, in part because it has begun raising sheep between the trees in rubber plantations. With the use of agroforestry increasing worldwide, small sheep could find a whole new application.
+REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROSHEEP
+West African Dwarf
+Senegal to Nigeria, and south to Angola. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Well adapted to warm, humid conditions. Prolific, and good disease resistance. Major meat producer in West Africa. Fast growing: by six months of age they approach adult weight.
+Landim (Small East African)
+East and Central Africa. 23-40 kg. Prolific, adaptable, long fat-tailed type. Large litter size for a sheep. In one recent test, ewes averaged more than 1.4 lambs.3
+Berber
+Atlas Mountains. 25-41 kg. Needing little feed and remaining constantly outdoors, these extremely hardy sheep are exploited for meat and their coarse, hairy wool. They fatten easily when well fed.
+Arab
+North Africa. 40-50 kg. This thin-tailed sheep is exceptionally robust, and is resistant to extremes of temperature, drought, and poor nutrition. Primarily a meat producer, its wool is used for coarse cloths and carpets.
+Southern Sudan Dwarf
+One of the many small breeds of eastern and southern Africa, its weight ranges from 15 to 25 kg, but it may weigh as little as 11 kg. Yielding a fine, short fleece, this hardy, frugal sheep is often run with cattle to maximize grazing.
+Hejazi
+Deserts of Arabia. 32 kg. A popular and ancient fat-tailed meat producer that is highly acclimatized to drought and privation.
+Zel (Iranian Thin-Tailed)
+Caspian region of northern Iran. Female 30-32 kg. Well adapted to subtropical regions, they produce coarse wool, milk, and excellent meat that lacks the "mutton taste" and odor of some sheep meats.
+Greek Zackel
+Mountain and island types. Female 30 kg; male 40 kg. These common sheep are active, hardy, and resistant to extremes of climate and disease. Primarily a milking sheep, their wool is used locally and lambs are slaughtered for special occasions.
+Sitia
+Crete. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Another of the hardy, screwhorned "zackel" sheep common to the Balkans, they are adapted to poor pasturage and extensive herding. Quick maturing and highly fertile, they can be exploited for milk as well as for meat and coarse wool.
+Common Albanian
+Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Similar to the Greek Zackel, they are used as triple-purpose animals: meat, milk, and wool. They survive in low, marshy areas where parasites are common.
+Zeta Yellow
+Yugoslavia. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A small, hardy sheep used for milk and some meat, its primary product is wool. Often unshorn for several years, the long fibers are woven into expensive carpets.
+Pag
+Yugoslavia. Female 20-30 kg; male 25-35 kg. These wool, milk, and meat sheep are frugal and well adapted to scant vegetation and rocky terrain. Although they have a low birth rate and carcass yield, their milk and wool are commercially exploitable.
+Roccia (Steinschaf)
+Northern Italy, Austria. Female 30 kg; Male 30-35 kg. These "stone sheep" resemble a goat in their ability to exploit the poor pastures of high, steep, rocky mountains. Although not highly productive, they are hardy and frugal and commonly produce twins.
+Corsican
+Corsica (France). 25-30 kg. A hardy native breed that is well adapted to rather sparse feed conditions. Coarse wool, both white and black, is well suited for hand processing.
+Entre Douro e Minho
+Portugal. Female 15-18 kg; Male 20-25 kg. These independent sheep yield a good wool in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be nonproductive.
+Churra do Campo
+Portugal. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. A coarse-woofed sheep extensively kept in Portugal's dry interior for milk and wool.
+Galician
+Spain. Female 18 kg; male 25 kg. A milking breed that survives on poor pasture, it also produces a marketable wool.
+Soay
+Scotland. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to wide temperature variations. Possibly the most primitive domesticated sheep of Europe, probably unchanged from Viking times. Immune to foot rot. A wool sheep with short brown fleece that is shed annually.
+North Ronaldsay (Orkney)
+Northern Scotland. 27-32 kg. Surviving year-round on seaweed, this rare breed is adapted to high salt intake and the associated digestive problems. Yield 1-2 kg medium-coarse wool.
+Criollo
+Latin America. Derived from ''native'' Spanish Churro and Merino sheep. Many are small and very hardy.
+Navajo-Churro Southwestern United States. Female 45 kg; male 70 kg. Maternal, and very resistant to internal parasites and hoof rot. Although the Navajo subsists and reproduces on little feed and scarce water in desert regions, it was widely replaced by improved breeds earlier in this century. Because of its hardiness, however, and the use of its wool in traditional weaving, its numbers are rebounding (see sidebar, page 50).
+Florida Native Southeastern United States. Females 35-45 kg; males 45-6O kg. This long-isolated and highly variable sheep is adapted to harsh subtropical climates and is known for its ability to forage. A medium-wool breed, it is very resistant to intestinal parasites. Verging on extinction due to neglect and uncontrolled crossbreeding.
+Virgin Islands White Hair (St. Croix)
+Caribbean. Female 35-45 kg; male 45-55 kg. Hair sheep with some wool in young animals. Well adapted to warm humid conditions, it has fairly good disease and parasite resistance and produces good meat. Prolific, it breeds most of the year and commonly has twins.
+Magra (Chokhla)
+Northwest India, Pakistan.4 20-25 kg. Adapted to hot, dry areas, the extremely white and shiny fleece is valued for carpet wool. Slowmaturing and low fertility (lambing at 45 percent) plus extensive crossbreeding have led to serious declines in population.
+Marwari
+Northwest India. 25-30 kg. A widespread, white-fleeced sheep that has a high resistance to disease and worms, good fertility, and low mortality. They do well in large flocks.
+Mandya (Bandur)
+Southwest India. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. An outstanding meat breed with good mutton quality, it adapts well to mixed farming and has unusually low lamb mortality.
+Hu (Huyang, Lake Sheep)
+China. Female 35 kg; male 45 kg. These fat-tailed sheep have a six month lambing interval and are very prolific. They are used under intensive management to produce meat, wool, and a valuable lambskin.
+Javanese Thin-Tail
+Indonesia. 25-40 kg. Widely held as a "bank account," these meat, manure, and skin sheep are well known for being prolific. Although single lambs are not uncommon, litters of six have also been recorded.
+WILD AND WOOLLY
+Considering that dozens of countries depend on the productivity of more than a billion domesticated sheep, it is remarkable that their wild ancestor is accorded no attention. This fast-declining animal is now little more than a trophy for hunters, a fact that should be of vital intemational concern.
+Sheep were domesticated in the Middle East and Central Asia in the Stone Age era between 8,000 and 11,000 years ago.* Their wild ancestor was almost certainly the mouflon (Outs orientalis). However, domestication may have occurred in more than one place, and two other wild creatures, the urial (Outs vignei) and the argali (Outs ammon), also possibly provided genes to some sheep breeds.
+The mouflon, urial, and argali still exist in the mountains of Central Asia, and a European subspecies of mouflon is also found in the Mediterranean, but only on Corsica, Cyprus, and Sardinia.** Because they live in remote, rugged, upland areas, these wild sheep are usually undisturbed, but the numbers are decreasing everywhere.
+This may be a serious loss because these animals could be extremely valuable. They are capable of crossing with domestic sheep, and the offspring are viable and fully fertile.*** For developing new meat-producing breeds, their potential seems almost limitless.
+During the thousands of years that sheep have been protected by humans, their wild ancestors have continued to face predators, parasites, disease, extreme cold and seasonal starvation. Their genetic endowment, forged and tempered in unforgiving harshness, could be a benefit for all future sheep generations. These animals appear to resist various diseases. Their meat is reported to be of excellent quality, notably lacking the strong mutton flavor that many people find objectionable. They have relatively short, thin tails - a feature that might eliminate the need for docking (tail removal) in the domestic flock. Some (for instance, the Asian mouflon and the urial) have rates of effective reproduction up to 1.6 lambs per ewe, more than twice the average of most domestic types, especially under the conditions where these wild creatures live.
+That mouflon and other wild sheep could have practical utility is suggested by research at Utah State University. Scientists there have mated mouflon with farm sheep to create sheep better able to defend themselves against coyotes and other natural dangers. Half-wild, half-tame sheep hybrids have existed on a ranch in southern Utah for the past decade. Also, in Cyprus similar mouflon x sheep hybrids have shown considerable promise.
+At the very least, this wiry little mountain sheep could be a model for educating students and the public. It is a living reminder of the fantastic changes that can be induced in animals by selection for various traits. Also, it is a "map" to the history of sheep domestication. Studies of mouflon genes, blood immunology, morphology, physiology, horn structure, skeleton, fleece, temperament, and a host of other features would help unravel the ancestry. These studies and various biochemical analyses would be a fascinating contribution to agriculture, science, history, and the public perception of the origins of our natural resources.
+Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.
+<section>4 Micropigs</section>
+Most breeds of swine (Sus scrofa) are too large to be considered microlivestock, but there are some whose mature weight is less than 70 kg. These micropigs are particularly common in West Africa, South Asia, the East Indies, Latin America, and oceanic islands around the world. At least one, the Mexican Cuino, may weigh a mere 12 kg full-grown.
+Many miniature swine have been developed for use in medical research, but their agricultural potential has been largely ignored. This is unfortunate, for micropigs of all types - native, feral, and laboratory - deserve investigation. Swine provide more meat worldwide than any other animal, and micropigs are potentially important sources of food and income for poor people in many parts of the developing world.
+Smallness makes for nimble and self-sufficient pigs, in contrast to large, lethargic breeds. Small breeds are easier to manage and cheaper to maintain; the threat of injury from angry or frightened animals is lessened; and the sows are less likely to crush newborn piglets, often a major cause of mortality in large breeds. Some micropigs - particularly those from hot regions or wild populations - also have a higher resistance to heat, thirst, starvation, and some diseases.
+Pigs adapt to a wide variety of management conditions, from scavenging to total confinement; some are even kept indoors.2 They gain weight quickly, mature rapidly, and help complement grazing livestock because they relish many otherwise unused wastes from kitchens, farms, and food industries, as well as other foods such as small roots, leafy trash, or bitter fruits that are not consumed by humans or ruminants.
+For these reasons, micropigs could become useful household and village livestock in the developing world, and they deserve greater attention than they now receive. Although their growth may not be as rapid as that of improved breeds raised under intensive commercial production, with modest care and minimum investment, backyard micropigs can produce sizable yields of meat and other products, as well as improved income for rural and even urban populations.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide, especially in warm, humid areas.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Like full-sized breeds, micropigs are stout-bodied, short-legged animals with small tails and flexible snouts ending in flat discs. Examples of some micropigs are listed at the end of the chapter.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Domestic pigs are found all over the world, but their concentrations vary greatly. Africa has the fewest per capita, but in recent years they have gained increasing favor in the sub-Saharan regions. In Latin America, pigs have long been a major component of backyard agriculture. In the Middle East, an early center of domestication, pigs are not widely kept today because of religious dietary restrictions. In the Ear East, they are the major meat source, and China has more pigs than any other country. And in the Pacific region, pigs and chickens are often the only meat available.
+STATUS
+Pigs are becoming more popular: their worldwide numbers increased by about 20 percent in the 1970s. However, in most countries commercial pig production has focused on a mere handful of breeds, and much genetic diversity is unstudied or even threatened with extinction. Some microbreeds have already been lost, and others are dwindling in numbers.3 Many European breeds have been completely lost. The Cuino and some other Latin American criollo types are threatened, as are most of Africa's traditional breeds. China, however, has made notable efforts to preserve its native types.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Although, as previously noted, pigs are found all over the world, they are in general adapted to warm, humid climates where many other livestock species are more susceptible to diseases and environmental stresses. They are also raised at high altitudes, such as in the Andes and Tibet. Although there are few climatic limitations to pig production, only about 20 percent of the world's pigs are currently kept in the tropics.
+BIOLOGY
+Pigs are omnivores, willing and able to eat almost anything.4 Unlike most other livestock, they eat their fill and sleep as the food digests, allowing humans to establish a convenient eating and sleeping schedule.
+Pigs are prolific; a few Chinese breeds routinely have litters of 20 or more. Micropigs are no exception; litters of 6-10 are common. Piglets gain weight rapidly and can be weaned after a few weeks. Sexual maturity is sometimes attained as early as 4-6 months, depending on breed and environment. Pigs are usually slaughtered at 67 months of age, allowing them to be produced on an annual cycle. They can live 10-20 years.
+Because of their smaller size, micropigs have a relatively greater skin-to-weight ratio than today's commercial breeds, and therefore they probably shed heat more effectively. Certainly they seem to perform better in tropical heat and humidity, which normally keep the heavier types from reaching their maximum productivity. Studies have suggested that an optimal size for some tropical environments - because of metabolic and feed efficiency - may be less than 65 kg.5
+BEHAVIOR
+Pigs are social animals; they enjoy companionship and ferociously defend their young and sometimes even the humans who care for them. They are employed as guard animals in some areas and have been used extensively in behavioral research.
+Contrary to common belief, pigs are clean and tidy if provided adequate space. Larger breeds, however, wallow in mud to stay cool in hot weather and require a wallow or shade (except for some Latin American types, which seem less susceptible to heat). Some lightcolored pigs sunburn easily.
+Pigs will dig up earth with their mobile snouts; some breeds do it constantly.
+USES
+Fresh pork is the major pig product in tropical areas. It usually fetches premium prices, and in many places (such as the Pacific Islands and China) it is the most important red meat available to rural people. Nutritious and tasty, it is one of the easiest meats to preserve, needing only salt or melted fat. Processed products such as bacon and sausages can be important for both home consumption and cash sales.
+Pig fat (lard) is a good source of food energy, and can substitute for cooking fats and oils. It is easily melted and clarified, is widely used to make soap, and is a valuable commercial product.
+Pig skin, once degreased, is easily tanned into leathers that are popular for garments, shoes, and other products demanding soft, light, and flexible leathers.
+Pig manure is a good fertilizer. Because the animals are often kept in confinement, it can be easily collected.
+HUSBANDRY
+In many places, pigs are kept as free-roaming scavengers. They can be trained (by coaxing with feed, salt, or affection) to keep close to home, thereby helping to minimize destructive scavenging.
+Herding is a higher level of management that requires more effort, but it allows pigs to be integrated into other types of agriculture while utilizing feeds that otherwise go to waste.
+Because their exercise needs are minimal and dominance is quickly established within litters, pigs are the easiest hoofed livestock to raise in small enclosures (sties). However, fencing must be secure, and if sties are small, the animals must be moved frequently to prevent diseases and parasites from building up.
+ADVANTAGES
+Pigs are well-known, often traditional, animals in many areas, and people usually do not have to be taught how to manage and use them. Efficient scavengers, they can live, grow, and reproduce with a minimum of investment or specialized care.
+Pigs are highly efficient converters of feed to meat. They can provide the greatest return for the least investment of any hoofed livestock because of their fecundity, low management costs, broad food preferences, and rapid growth.
+Pigs normally accumulate fat during adolescent growth (making ''finishing" feeds less necessary). Some micropigs (especially those from feral ancestors) have the ability to quickly mobilize and store these body-fat reserves; in times of extreme scarcity, it aids their survival.6
+Pigs work well in multiple-cropping schemes. They are often used to help clear small plots by uprooting weeds, shrubs, and even small trees. In Southeast Asia, they are frequently raised in conjunction with aquaculture, their manure providing food for the fish.
+LIMITATIONS
+If improperly managed or maintained in filthy conditions, pigs may quickly succumb to disease and parasite epidemics. Most diseases are communicated only among pigs, but some can be transmitted to humans. For this reason, pork should always be fully cooked.
+Some cultures never eat pork. Others do, but nonetheless accord pigs and their keepers low status.
+Young pigs are vulnerable to many predators.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+A major survey of small pig breeds is needed. They have the potential to be valuable producers in their own right, as well as to improve other pig breeds. For instance, they represent a little-known reservoir of disease resistance and climatic adaptation. Governments, research stations, universities, and individuals should make special efforts to preserve types that have outstanding or unusual qualities.
+When it is necessary to eradicate feral pig populations (as is common on Pacific islands), representative stocks should be preserved. These rugged animals have been genetically isolated for decades or even centuries and are likely to carry valuable traits for survival under adversity.
+Large breeds may be promising candidates for genetic "downsizing," which has already produced the many types of miniature pigs that are used in medical research.
+THE LITTLEST PIG
+Although this chapter highlights the world's smallest breeds, there exists a pig that is even smaller. It is, however, an entirely different species and it is on the brink of extinction.
+The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius) is a shy and retiring wild creature of northeastern India. It is merely 60 cm long with a shoulder height of 25 cm, and weighs less than 10 kg. It was once found widely along the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Today, however, it apparently occurs in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam. Despite this protection and the fact that it is listed among the 12 most endangered species on earth, it still falls victim to hunters and to habitat destruction - especially illegal grass fires.
+If saved from extinction, this minute species - barely reaching a person's calf - might become useful throughout the world. Its chromosome number is the same as that of the common pig and its physiological processes are probably also similar. Therefore, were its numbers to be built up, it might become a valued and well-known resource for laboratories and small farms. Its daily food intake and its space requirements are only a fraction of a normal pig's. It probably has exceptional tolerance to heat, humidity, and disease.
+This is not a domesticated species, and there is therefore much to learn before its usefulness can be clearly seen. Indeed, whether it can be reared in captivity is uncertain. Some attempts have ended in disaster, but this seems to have been the result of mismanagement.
+Before there is any possibility of developing it, however, the pigmy hog must be preserved from ultimate loss. The last specimen could go into a villager's pot at any time now.
+REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROPIGS
+West African Dwarf (Nigerian Black, Ashanti)
+West Africa. Mature weights of 25-45 kg are reported. In the humid lowland forests of West Africa this breed has long been kept by villagers, often as a scavenger. Indigenous to the hot, humid tsetse zones of West Africa, it seems resistant to trypanosomiasis.
+Chinese Dwarfs
+China (and Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam) has long had small pigs - often characterized by numerous teats and large litters - associated with traditional intensive agriculture as well as scavenging conditions. Some Chinese pigs weighing less than 70 kg are adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions, but the smallest (20-35 kg) live in the cold climates and high altitudes of Gansu, Sichuan, and Tibet. Small black Chinese pigs were crossed with European types in the early 1800s and produced the foundation stock of many modern Western breeds.
+Criollo
+There are a number of "native" breeds throughout Latin America commonly known as "criollo." Many are quite small. Although, apparently, they are slow to mature and bear small litters, they adapt well to environmental extremes and are widely kept by rural inhabitants for food and income. Criollos are little studied and are being replaced by imported breeds before their possibly outstanding qualities can be quantified.
+Cuino This micropig from the highlands of central Mexico may be descended from small Chinese types and is the smallest domestic pig, weighing as little as 10-12 kg fully grown. Hardy and an efficient scavenger, it can grow quickly when feed - especially corn - is abundant. A century ago the cuing was a widespread household animal and was used for a time for experimental work in central Mexico. It is now little known and could be threatened with extinction.
+Black Hairless (felon, Tubasqueno, Birish) These small pigs of central and northern South America survive in hot, humid, adverse climates. They are adapted to bulkier feeds than most pigs and can thrive on fruit wastes. Many local types exist.
+Nilo (Macao, Tatu, Canastrinha) This small, widespread, black, hairless pig of Brazil is often kept inside the house.
+Yucatan Miniature Swine A subtype of the black hairless from Mexico's hot, arid Yucatan Peninsula, it was imported into the United States in 1960. It has been downsized for laboratory use in the United States and is known as the Yucatan Micropig (registered). Weight at sexual maturity has been lowered through selective breeding from 75 kg to, currently, between 30 and 50 kg, with an ultimate goal of 20-25 kg. There is no evidence of "dwarfism," stunting, or loss of reproductive performance, and it appears to hold notable promise as microlivestock for developing countries. The parent stock, used for meat and lard production in Yucatan, is renowned for gentleness, intelligence, resistance to disease, and relative lack of odor. Exceptional docility, even in older boars and sows with litters, makes them easy to handle without the need for specialized housing or equipment.7
+Other Laboratory Breeds
+Other miniature laboratory pigs have potential for tropical use. These include the Goettingen, Hanford, Kangaroo Island, Ohmini, Pitman-Moore, and Sinclair (Hormel). In general they weigh 30-50 kg when ready for slaughter and mature at less than 70 kg.
+Ossabaw
+United States. 20-30 kg. Feral on Ossabaw Island, South Carolina, for more than 300 years, this pig is well adapted to environmental extremes. Unlike most domestic animals, it can maintain itself in coastal salt marshes. It has perhaps the highest percentage of fat of any pig. The piglets are very precocious, self-reliant, and robust.8
+Kunekune (Pua'a, Poaka)
+New Zealand. Female 40 kg; male 50 kg. Perhaps of Chinese origin, these black-and-white spotted pigs are docile, slow, and easy to contain. Although late maturing, they can fatten on grass alone. Like other native breeds throughout the Pacific region (for example, the Pauta of Hawaii), stock is being lost through crossbreeding, displacement by other breeds, and eradication efforts.
+To find certain disease-resistant genes in poultry it may be necessary to go looking in the backyard chicken flocks in Latin America, Africa, or Asia.
+Kelly Klober
+Small Farmer's Journal
+. . . Policies are needed to encourage development of a labor-intensive small-scale livestock sector, which would increase employment and provide a major market for surplus cereals. This sector, however, is particularly restrained by poor technology, poor public support services, and poor marketing channels. Third World livestock production of this type could provide a natural focus for foreign assistance that earlier seemed inappropriate because of concerns about global food scarcity.
+John W. Mellor International Food Policy Research Institute
+Successful development of agriculture often requires an intimate understanding of the society within which it is to take place - of its systems of values, of its customary restraints.... It has been necessary to understand what incentives the farmer needs to change, what practical difficulties he encounters introducing change, what his traditional pattern of land use is and how this pattern or system can be upset by thoughtless innovation.
+John de Wilde
+Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa
+<section>Part II : Poultry</section>
+Chickens, ducks, muscovies, geese, guinea fowl, quail, pigeons, and turkeys epitomize the concept of microlivestock. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America they are (collectively) the most common of all farm stock. In many - perhaps most - tropical countries, practically every family, settled or nomadic, owns some kind of poultry. In the countryside, in villages, even in cities, one or another species is seen almost everywhere; in some places, several may be seen together. Although raised in all levels of husbandry, these birds occur most often in scattered household flocks that scavenge for their food and survive with little care or management.
+Their size bestows microlivestock advantages, including low capital cost, low food requirements, and little or no labor requirements. They are also "family sized": easily killed and dressed, with little waste or spoilage.
+These poultry species help meet the protein needs of the poorest people in the world. Some are raised even in areas where domestic cattle cannot survive because of afflictions such as trypanosomiasis and foot-and-mouth disease. Some are maintained under conditions of intensive confinement - provided a source of feed is available - and can be produced in areas with insufficient land for other meat-producing animals.
+In addition, these birds grow quickly and mature rapidly. (For instance, a chicken can, under proper conditions, reach maturity in 26 months.) They adapt readily to being fenced or penned much, or all, of the time. And, compared with the major farm livestock, their life cycles are short and their production of offspring is high. Thus, farmers can synchronize production to match seasonal changes in the availability of feed.
+Although poultry contribute substantially to human nutrition in the tropics, it is a small fraction of what it could be. The meat is widely consumed and is in constant demand. An excellent source of protein, it also provides minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, as well as the B-complex vitamins riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. Nutritionally as complete as red meat, it is much lower in cholesterol and saturated fats. Poultry eggs are also important sources of nutrients. They are a renewable resource, easy to prepare, and are among the best sources of quality protein and vitamins (except vitamin C).
+In spite of their numbers and potential, poultry are rarely accorded primary consideration in economic development activities. All in all, these small birds lack the appeal of large, four-legged livestock. Indeed, most countries have little knowledge of the contribution household birds actually make to the well-being and diets of their peoples. In some countries - even those where birds are widely kept - there is little or no poultry research or extension. And where such programs do exist they usually focus almost exclusively on the production of chickens under "industrial" conditions near cities (see sidebar, page 75).
+Most developing countries now have these intensive chicken industries, in which birds are kept in complete confinement. However, these commercial operations provide food for people in the cash economy, not for subsistence farmers. Moreover, grain is sometimes diverted or imported to maintain these operations, perhaps causing food shortages, higher prices, or depleted foreign exchange. Thus, in this section we focus on other, neglected, aspects of poultry production.,
+The neglect of poultry that scavenge around the rural farmhouses and in village yards is understandable. The birds are scattered across the countryside where extension programs are difficult to implement. Their presence is often so ingrained in traditional village life that they are taken for granted and ignored by the authorities.
+Yet village poultry deserve greater attention. As converters of vegetation into animal protein, poultry can be outstanding. In fact, it is estimated that, in terms of feed conversion, eggs rank with cow's milk as the most economically produced animal protein, and that poultry meat ranks above that of other domestic animals.
+Most Third World poultry flocks live a wary, half-wild existence, scrounging for insects, earthworms, snails, seeds, leaves, and leftovers from the human diet. From dung and refuse piles they salvage undigested grains, as well as insects and other invertebrates. Often the persons who care for them are women or children. Some keep the birds around the house, penning them at night for protection from predators and thieves.
+This almost zero-cost production has, in spite of high losses, a remarkable rate of return. Any improvements that require the purchase of supplies cut severely into the profitability. The first step in improving the production of free-ranging poultry is vaccination against diseases (especially Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and Marek's disease) and a modest, supplemental feeding during times of seasonal scarcity.
+THE INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN
+Throughout modem livestock farming the trend is toward more intensive methods, and poultry specialists have set the pace. In many countries, since the 1920s, barnyard fowl have given way to egg and broiler factories. The old-fashioned chicken reared outside on corn stubbles for 5 or 6 months has been replaced by the broiler, mass-produced in controlled environment houses in 7 - 10 weeks.
+As a result of this revolution in poultry raising, small farmers who once made a comfortable living from a few laying hens have been forced out of business. These economic changes have also forced poultry men to have larger and larger flocks to survive. The largest broiler-chicken companies even control their own breed development, feed production, house construction, slaughtering, and freezing, many even have wholesale outlets.
+The rapid changes in poultry farming methods can be attributed to the application of advanced technology. The development of the incubator to replace the mother hen sitting her seasonal clutch of eggs was the first mayor step toward intensive poultry farming.
+In addition, chickens were the first livestock to receive serious attention from geneticists. Before World War II, it was discovered that crossbreeding selected pure and inbred lines could result in dramatic increases in production. Hybrids tailor-made for egg or meat production quickly ousted the old pure breeds such as the Rhode Island Red White and Brown Leghorns, Light Sussex, and the various crosses among them. Chicken broilers made by crosses involving parents derived from Cornish and Plymouth Rock have supplanted all others.
+This situation now prevails in most industrialized countries. The breeding of commercial stocks is in the hands of a few corporations for each commodity (white eggs, brown eggs, chicken broilers, turkeys) and each has national or even global distribution of its hybrid stocks.
+A BREAKTHROUGH IN POULTRY HEALTH
+Newcastle disease is endemic in developing countries and is a constant threat to poultry. Farmers dread this virus, first identified half a century ago in northern England that brings diarrhea, paralysis, and death to most poultry. It is severe, highly contagious, and can cause 100 percent mortality. When it strikes an area, farmers must kill all chickens - even healthy ones - to stop it from spreading.
+Only Australia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland and some Pacific islands are unaffected. But, although the disease is not found in Australia, certain strains of the virus are present in Australian chickens. These strains are completely harmless, but Australian researchers have found that they induce antibodies that are effective against Newcastle disease.
+In a joint project (funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), scientists from Malaysia's University of Agriculture and Australia's University of Queensland* have put this to good use. They have produced a live culture of the harmless virus that farmers can spray onto feed pellets to vaccinate their birds.
+Field tests of the new vaccine, carried out in Southeast Asia, have been extremely promising. Simply coating feeds with the virus seems to be enough to immunize some chickens, which then pass the immunity on to the others in the flock as well as to new hatchlings. In Malaysia, which has 49 million chickens and a population willing to pay a premium for tasty village poultry meat, one economist estimates that the vaccine might increase rural incomes by 25 percent.
+Conventional vaccines must be stored under refrigerated conditions, which most villages lack. But the Malaysian workers made the Newcastle disease vaccine tolerant of heat. By selective breeding, they now have strains that resist 56�C for at least 2 hours. Thus, even in the tropics, the vaccine remains effective for several weeks without refrigeration. The researchers have also devised methods for coating the vaccine onto pelleted feeds. Because the virus can withstand heat, they use a machine designed for coating pharmaceutical tablets.
+At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries.
+<section>5 Chicken</section>
+Chickens (Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus)1 are the world's major source of eggs and are a meat source that supports a food industry in virtually every country. There may be as many as 6.5 billion chickens, the equivalent of 1.4 birds for every person on earth.2
+No other domesticated animal has enjoyed such universal acceptance, and these birds are the prime example of the importance of microlivestock. Kept throughout the Third World, they are one of the least expensive and most efficient producers of animal protein.
+To the world's poor, chickens are probably the most nutritionally important livestock species. For instance, in Mauritius and Nigeria more than 70 percent of rural households keep scavenger chickens. In Swaziland, more than 95 percent of rural households own chickens, most of them scavengers. In Thailand, where commercial poultry production is highly developed, 80-90 percent of rural households still keep chickens in backyards and under houses. And in other developing countries from Pakistan to Peru, a similar situation prevails.
+Clearly, these chickens should be given far more attention. They represent an animal and a production system with remarkable qualities; they compete little with humans for food; they produce meat at low cost; and they provide a critical nutritional resource.
+Scavenger chickens are usually self-reliant, hardy birds capable of withstanding the abuses of harsh climate, minimal management, and inadequate nutrition. They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise go to waste.
+Unfortunately, however, quantitative information about the backyard chicken is hard to obtain. Few countries have any knowledge of its actual contribution to the well-being and diet of their people. Notably lacking is an understanding of the factors limiting egg production, which is markedly low and perhaps could be raised dramatically with modest effort.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Chickens are so well known and ubiquitous that they need no further description. Varying in color from white through many shades of brown to black, they range in size from small bantams of less than 1 kg to giant breeds weighing 5 kg or more. Scavenger chickens tend to weigh about I kg.
+The indigenous chickens of Asia are probably descended directly from the wild junglefowl. Those of West Africa are believed descended from European birds brought by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century; those of Latin America probably descend from Spanish birds introduced soon after the time of Columbus.
+DISTRIBUTION
+All countries have chickens in large numbers.
+STATUS
+They are not endangered, but industrial stocks are replacing traditional breeds to such an extent that much potentially valuable genetic heritage is disappearing.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Although chickens derive from tropical species, they adapt to a wide variety of environments. The modern Leghorn, for example, is found from the hot plains of India to the frozen tundra of Siberia, and from sea level to altitudes above 4,000 m in the Andes. (There are, however, hatching problems at such high altitudes because of oxygen deficiency.) They also occur in desert countries such as Saudi Arabia, which has a vast poultry industry and even exports broilers. (However, the birds need shade and a lot of water where it is hot and dry.)
+BIOLOGY
+Chickens are omnivorous, living on seeds, insects, worms, leaves, green grass, and kitchen scraps.
+A commercial bird may produce 280 eggs annually, but a scavenger may produce close to none. Commonly, a farmyard hen lays a dozen eggs, takes three weeks to hatch out a brood of chicks, stays with the chicks six weeks or more, and only then starts laying again.
+Egg production depends on daylength. For the highest production rate, at least 12 hours of daylight are needed. The incubation period is 21 days. A hen can begin laying at 5 months of age or even earlier, but in scavengers it may be much later. The average weight of the eggs is approximately 55 g from industrial layers and approximately 40 g from scavengers. Hatching success from breeder flocks often exceeds 90 percent. Industrial broilers can be marketed as early as 6 weeks, when they are called "Cornish hens."
+BEHAVIOR
+These passive, gregarious birds have a pronounced social (pecking) order. If acclimated, they remain on the premises and are unlikely to go feral. If given a little evening meal of "scratch," they learn to come home to roost at night.
+USES
+Chickens have multiple uses. They were probably first used for cock fighting; later they were used in religious rituals, and only much later were raised for eggs and meat. Today, chickens can provide a family with eggs, meat, feathers, and sometimes cash.
+HUSBANDRY
+In different parts of the world, people keep scavenging chickens in different ways. The managers are often women and children because they have more time to spend at home to feed the birds and repel predators. Some people leave the birds entirely to their own devices. Many house them at night. Others take the birds each day to the fields, where they may find much more food.
+There are many ingenious local practices. In Ghana, for example, farmers "culture" termites for poultry by placing a moist piece of cow dung (under a tin) over a known termite nest. The termites burrow into the dung, and some can then be fed to the chickens each day. Because termites digest cellulose, this system converts waste vegetation into meat.
+A ratio of 1 male to 10-15 females is adequate for barnyard flocks. Hens will lay eggs in the absence of a rooster - but of course the rooster is needed if fertile eggs are wanted.
+Removing chicks stimulates the hen to lay more eggs. This results in more chicks being hatched, but it requires that the chicks be nurtured and fed until they are old enough to fend for themselves.
+ADVANTAGES
+Chickens are everywhere; every culture knows them and how to husband them. They have been utilized for so many centuries that in most societies their use is ingrained. Unlike the case with pork and beef, there are few strictures against eating chicken meat or eggs.
+The meat is high in quality protein, low in fat, and easily prepared. In many countries, the village chicken's meat is preferred to that of commercial broilers because it has better texture and stronger flavor. Even in countries with vast poultry industries there is a growing demand for the tasty, "organically grown," free-ranging chicken.
+Chickens are more suited to "urban farming" than most types of livestock and can be raised in many city situations.
+The birds are conveniently sized, easily transported alive, and, by and large, do not transmit diseases to humans.
+LIMITATIONS
+Throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the problems of village chickens are mainly those discussed below.
+High Hatching Mortality
+Commonly, a hatch of eight or nine village chicks results in only two or three live birds after a few days. A survey in Nigeria, for instance, showed that 80 percent died before the age of eight weeks. Losses elsewhere are known to be similar. This is mostly because of starvation, cold, dehydration, predators (hawks, kites, snakes, dogs, and cats, for example), diseases, parasites, accidents, and simply getting lost - all of which can be prevented without great effort.
+Chronic and Acute Disease
+Poultry diseases can become epidemic in the villages because there are few if any veterinarians. Newcastle disease, fowlpox, pullorum disease, and coccidiosis, for example - all of which are endemic in the Third World - can destroy the entire chicken population over large areas. Lice and other parasites are also prevalent. Scavengers and industrial birds seem to show no differences in their tolerance for such diseases and parasites.
+Low Egg Production
+A survey in Nigeria showed that the annual production per hen was merely 20 eggs. Such low production is common throughout the Third World and is caused by a combination of low genetic potential, inadequate nutrition, and poor management. Villagers rarely provide nest boxes or laying areas, so that some eggs are just not found. Some birds have high levels of broodiness, and eggs accumulating in a nest stimulates this. There are indications, however, that some village chickens (for example, some in China) have quite substantial egg-laying potential when provided with adequate feed.3
+Low Egg Consumption
+In the tropics, many people choose not to eat eggs. Often this is because eggs are the source of the next generation of chickens; sometimes it is because of superstition. Further, eggs do not keep well because most are fertile and, exposed to constant tropical heat, undergo rapid embryo development.
+Crop Damage
+It is often necessary to confine the birds to protect young crops or vegetable gardens.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Unlike the situation with small cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, there are few named and recognized breeds of Third World chickens. Yet, nearly every country has at least one kind of village chicken. These have survived there for centuries and are highly adapted to local conditions. In village projects, these unnamed chickens deserve priority attention before other types are sought from elsewhere.
+Generally speaking, improving the production of scavenging poultry does not require sophisticated research. Instead, simple precautions are sufficient. These are discussed below.
+Disease Control
+At a national or regional level, the initial approach to increasing chicken production in tropical areas should be disease control. There are several outstanding instances of success in this endeavor. For example, the spectacular rise of poultry production in Singapore (from 250,000 birds in 1949 to 20 million in 1957) followed the control of Ranikhet disease. Village flock-health programs, carried out regularly by visiting veterinarians ("barefoot veterinarians"), might be the answer to some of the routine health problems. Today, a prime target should be Newcastle disease, for which there are good chances for success (see page 76).
+Management
+The first step in chicken production at the farm level is improved management. With more care and attention, mortality can be greatly reduced. Because incubating and brooding hens must spend the night on the ground, they are extremely vulnerable. Even modest predator controls can be highly beneficial. Building crude and inexpensive nest boxes and constructing a simple holding area around them can substantially raise production by ensuring that more chicks survive.
+THE CHICKEN'S WILD ANCESTOR
+Although little known to most people, the red junglefowl has contributed more to every nation than any other wild bird. It is the ancestor of the chicken.
+Given its descendants importance worldwide, the neglect of this bird is baffling. If the cow's wild ancestor, the aurochs, had not become extinct in the 1600s, it would now be worth millions of dollars as the ultimate source of cattle genetic diversity. Yet the world's chicken industry remains virtually unaware of the origin of its source of livelihood.
+Like the aurochs, the red junglefowl has a wealth of wild genes, and it deserves more recognition and protection. For one thing the modern chicken - selectively bred in the temperate zone - is highly susceptible to heat and humidity; the junglefowl, on the other hand, is not. It inhabits the warmest and most humid parts of Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, and most of Southeast Asia. It may also be resistant to various chicken diseases and pests.
+This is not a rare species. Throughout the wide crescent stretching from Pakistan to Indonesia, junglefowls are still seen in the wild, especially in forest clearings and lowland scrub. Although they are a prized bag for hunters, they survive by fast running and agile flying. They are sometimes sold in village markets, but can easily be mistaken for domesticated chickens, which in this region are often very similar. The wild junglefowl, however, has feathered legs, a down-curving tail, and an overall scragginess.
+Junglefowls should be under intensive study. They are easy to rear in captivity and do well in pens, even small ones, as long as they are sheltered from rain and wind. One drawback is their craze for scratching unless provided plenty of space they promptly tear up all grass and dirt. Another is that junglecocks are violent fighters and must be kept apart. (Cockfighting is probably a major reason why they were initially selected, and thus their aggressiveness is perhaps the reason we have the chicken today.)
+These highly adaptable creatures live in a variety of habitats, from sea level to 2,000 m. Most, however, are found in and around damp forests, secondary growth, dry scrub, bamboo groves, and small woods near farms and villages. They are amazingly clever at evading capture and thrive wherever there is some cover.
+Other junglefowl species might also provide useful poultry. They, too, can be raised in captivity with comparative ease, as long as the cocks are kept apart. Perhaps they might be tamed with imprinting and could prove useful as domestic fowl, especially in marginal habitats. They are everywhere considered culinary luxuries and their meat commands premium prices. Moreover, several have colorful feathers, giving them additional commercial value. These other species are:
+- La Fayette's Junglefowl (Gallus lafayettei). Avery attractive bird of Sri Lanka, it is little known in captivity, and only in the United States are there any number in captivity.
+- Gray or Sonnerat's Junglefowl (Gallus sonnerati). A native of India, this colorful bird produces feathers that are used in tying the most prized trout and salmon flies. Demand is so great that certain populations have declined, and since 1968 India has banned all export of birds or feathers. Nonetheless, there are several hundred in captivity in various countries.
+- Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). This is yet another striking bird. The cock has metallic, greenish-black feathering set off by a comb that merges from brilliant green at the base to bright purple and red at the top. Native to Java, Bali, and the neighboring Indonesian islands as far out as Timor, it is found particularly near rice paddies and rocky coasts. This species, too, can be raised without great difficulty, and there are at least 90 in captivity in various parts of the world.
+Nutrition
+Improving poultry nutrition is also of prime importance. There are no quantitative data on the quality of a scavenging chicken's diet. Surveys are badly needed so that appropriate, low-cost supplements can be devised.
+Chances are that the diet for chicks of scavenging poultry is almost always deficient in available energy. Minimal supplementation in the form of cereals or energy-rich by-products can greatly improve both egg and meat production. However, caution must always be exercised and the supplements given only to chicks. Overfed adults will give up scavenging and stay around the owner's house, without really producing much more meat or eggs.
+Genetic Improvement
+Although it seems attractive to replace the scrawny village chicken with bigger, faster-growing imported breeds, it is a process fraught with difficulty. Exotic breeds lack the ability to tolerate the rigors of mismanagement and environmental stress. Many cannot avoid predators, as a result either of being overweight or of having a poor conformation for flight. The local birds, however, probably have a genetic potential that is much higher than can be expressed in the constraining environment. Thus, the environmental constraints should be tackled first.
+However, the village birds may have a feed-conversion efficiency that is far less than ideal because they are adapted to a scavenging existence. Modern breeds imported into Ghana, for instance, showed a feed-conversion efficiency of less that 3.5:1 (weight of food eaten: growth and eggs), but the local birds had efficiencies of 11:1.4
+Conservation
+The need for preserving genetic variability is greater in poultry, especially in chickens, than in any other form of domestic animal. North America, for instance, which years ago had 50 or more common breeds, now relies on only 2 for meat production, and the others have been largely lost. Conservation of germplasm has become a matter of serious concern, and the saving of rare breeds in domestic fowl should not be delayed.
+THE SOUTH AMERICAN CHICKEN
+Early European explorers of South America were surprised to discover an abundance of unusual chickens that laid colored eggs and had feathers resembling earrings on the side of the head. While the origin of this bird - commonly called the araucanian chicken and classified as Gallus inauris - is debatable, scientists generally agree that it is pre-Columbian. There is archeological evidence that this bird is native to the Americas. It is reported to have occurred in Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Easter Island. It still occurs in the wild in southern Chile and on Easter Island.
+The araucanian has been called the "Easter-egg chicken" because it lays light green, light blue, and olive colored eggs. It lays well and has a delicious meat. In areas such as southern Chile the eggs are preferred over those of normal chickens because of their flavor and dark yellow yolk. This unusual bird has a high degree of variability; however, specimens of similar genetic background have been grouped to create "breeds" such as the White Araucanian, Black Araucanian, and Barred Araucanian. These are homozygotes and breed true.
+The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration.
+<section>6 Ducks</section>
+Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)1 are well known, but still have much unrealized promise for subsistence-level production. Although a major resource of Asia, where there is approximately one duck per 20 inhabitants, they are not so intensively used elsewhere. On a worldwide basis, for instance, they are of minor importance compared with chickens.
+This is unfortunate because ducks are easy to keep, adapt readily to a wide range of conditions (including small-farm culture), and require little investment. They are also easily managed under village conditions, particularly if a waterway is nearby, and appear to be more resistant to diseases and more adept at foraging than chickens.
+Moreover, the products from ducks are in constant demand. Some breeds yield more eggs than the domestic chicken. And duck meat always sells at premium. A few recently created breeds (notably some in Taiwan) have much lower levels of fat than the traditional farm duck. This development could open up vast new markets for duck meat, especially in wealthy countries, where consumers are both concerned over fat in their diet and eager for alternatives to chicken.
+Ducks are also efficient at converting waste resources - insects, weeds, aquatic plants, and fallen seeds, for instance - into meat and eggs. Indeed, they are among the most efficient of all food producers. Raised in confinement, ducks can convert 2.4-2.6 kg of concentrated feed into I kg of weight gain. The only domestic animal that has better feed conversion is the broiler chicken.
+Raised as village birds and allowed to forage for themselves, ducks become less productive but become even more cost effective because much of the food they scavenge has no monetary value.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Several distinctive types have been developed in various regions. Most have lost the ability to fly any distance, but they retain a characteristic boatlike posture and a labored, waddling walk. The Indian Runner, however, has an almost erect stance that permits it to walk and run with apparent ease.
+Domestic ducks range in body size from the diminutive Call, weighing less than I kg, to the largest meat strains (Pekin, Rouen, and Aylesbury, for example) weighing as much as 4.5 kg. For intensive conditions, the Pekin is the most popular meat breed around the world. In confinement it grows rapidly - weighing 2.5-3 kg at a market age of 78 weeks. In addition, it is hardy, does not fly, lays well, and produces good quality (but somewhat fatty) meat.
+The Khaki Campbell breed is an outstanding egg producer, some individuals laying more than 300 eggs per bird per year.
+The Taiwan Tsaiya (layer duck) is also a particularly efficient breed. It weighs 1.2 kg at maturity, starts laying at 120-140 days, and can produce 260-290 eggs a year. Its small body size, large egg weight, and phenomenal egg production make Brown Tsaiya the main breed for egg consumption in Taiwan. More than 2.5 million Brown Tsaiya ducks are raised annually for egg production.2
+DISTRIBUTION
+The domestic duck is distributed throughout the world; however, its greatest economic importance is in Southeast Asia, particularly in the wetland-rice areas. For example, about 28 percent of Taiwan's poultry are- ducks. In parts of Asia, some domestic flocks have as many as 20,000 birds. One farm near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, rears 40,000 ducks.
+STATUS
+Although ducks are abundant, some Western breeds are becoming rare. Indigenous types are little known outside their home countries and have received little study, so their status is uncertain.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+These adaptable creatures thrive in hot, humid climates. However, during torrid weather they must have access to shade, drinking water, and bathing water.
+Ducks are well adapted to rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, marshes, and other aquatic locations. Moreover, they can be raised successfully in estuarine areas. Most ocean bays and inlets teem with plant and animal life that ducks relish, but (unlike wild sea ducks) domestic breeds have a low physiological tolerance for salt and must be supplied with fresh drinking water.
+BIOLOGY
+Ducks search for food underwater, sieve organic matter from mud, root out morsels underground, and sometimes catch insects in the air. Their natural diet is normally about 90 percent vegetable matter (seeds, berries, fruits, nuts, bulbs, roots, succulent leaves, and grasses) and 10 percent animal matter (insects, snails, slugs, leeches, worms, eels, crustacea, and an occasional small fish or tadpole). They have little ability to utilize dietary fiber. Although they eat considerable quantities of tender grass, they are not true grazers (like geese), and don't eat coarse grasses and weeds at all. Sand and gravel is swallowed to serve as "grindstones" in the gizzard.
+When protected from accidents and predation, ducks live a surprisingly long time. It is not unusual for one to continue reproducing for up to 8 years, and there are reports of exceptional birds living more than 20 years.
+Despite large differences in size, color, and appearance, all domestic breeds interbreed freely. Eggs normally take 28 days to incubate, brooding and rearing is performed solely by the female.
+Depending on breed, a female may reach sexual maturity at about 20 weeks of age. Most begin laying at 20-26 weeks, but the best egg- laying varieties come into production at 16-18 weeks and lay profitably for 2 years.
+BEHAVIOR
+It is generally well known that ducks are shy, nervous, and seldom aggressive towards each other or humans. Skilled and enthusiastic swimmers from the day they hatch, they spend many hours each day bathing and frolicking in any available water. However, most breeds can be raised successfully without swimming water.
+Although wild ducks normally pair off, domestic drakes will mate indiscriminately with any females in a flock. In intensively raised flocks, I male to 6 females, and in village flocks, 1 male for up to 25 females, results in good fertility.
+Most domestic ducks, particularly the egg-laying strains, have little instinct to brood. If not confined, they will lay eggs wherever they happen to be - occasionally even while swimming. To facilitate egg collection, some keepers confine ducks until noon.
+USES
+As a meat source, ducks have major advantages. Their growth rate is phenomenal during the first few weeks. (Acceptable market weights can be attained under intensive management with birds as young as 6-7 weeks of age.) Yet, even in older birds, the meat remains tender and palatable.
+Eggs from many breeds are typically 20-35 percent larger than chicken eggs, weighing on average about 73 g. They are nutritious, have more fat and protein, and contain less water than hen's eggs. They are often used in cooking and make excellent custards and ice cream. Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers produce a delicacy known as balut in the Philippines. Salted eggs are popular in China and Southeast Asia.
+Feathers and down (an insulating undercoat of fine, fluffy feathers) are valuable by-products. Down is particularly sought as a filler for pillows, comforters, and winter clothing.
+Ducks have a special fondness for mosquito and beetle larvae, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and crustaceans, and therefore are effective pest control agents. China, in particular, uses ducks to reduce pests in rice fields.3 Its farmers also keep ducks to clear fields of scattered grain, to clear rice paddy banks of burrowing crabs, and to clear aquatic weeds and algae out of small lakes, ponds, and canals. This not only improves the conditions for aquaculture and agriculture, it also fattens the ducks.
+HUSBANDRY
+In Southeast Asia, droving is a traditional form of duck husbandry, much as it was in medieval Europe. The birds are herded along slowly, foraging in fields or riverbanks as they march to market. The journey might cover hundreds of kilometers and take as long as six months.
+This process, however, is generally declining, and most ducks are raised under farm conditions where they scavenge for much of their feed. Throughout Southeast Asia, ducks have been integrated with aquaculture.
+Ducks can be raised on almost any kitchen wastes: vegetable trimmings, table scraps, garden leftovers, canning refuse, stale produce, and stale (but not moldy) baked goods. However, for top yields and quickest growth, protein-rich feeds are the key. Commercial duck farms rely on such things as fish scraps, grains, soybean meal, or coconut cake. Agricultural wastes such as sago chips, palm-kernel cake, and palm-oil sludge are being used in Malaysia.4
+Ducks have a very high requirement for niacin (a B vitamin). If chicken rations are used, a plentiful supply of fresh greens must be provided to avoid "cowboy legs," a symptom of niacin deficiency.
+ADVANTAGES
+Of all domestic animals, ducks are among the most versatile and useful and have multiple advantages, including:
+- Withstanding poor conditions;
+- Producing food efficiently;
+- Utilizing foodstuffs that normally go unharvested;
+- Helping to control pests; and
+- Helping to fertilize the soil.
+Also, they are readily herded (for instance, by children).
+Excellent foragers, they usually can find all their own food, getting by on only a minimum of supplements, if any. Raising them requires little work, and they provide farmers with food or an income from the sale of eggs, meat, and down.
+Ducks can grow faster than broiler chickens if they have adequate nutrients. Like guinea fowl and geese, they are relatively resistant to disease. They also have a good tolerance to cold and, in most climates, don't need artificial heat.
+DOMESTICATING NEW DUCKS
+Many species of ducks adapt readily to captivity; it is surprising, therefore, that only the mallard and the muscovy have been domesticated so far. Several wild tropical species seem especially worth exploring for possible future use in Third World farms, Because of the year-round tropical warmth, their instinct to migrate is either absent or unpronounced, and the heavy layer of fat (a feature of temperate-climate ducks that consumers in many countries consider a drawback) is lacking. Moreover, because of uniform daylength, they are ready to breed at any time of the year. Candidates for domestication as tropical ducks include:
+- Whistling ducks (Dendrocygna species). These large, colorful, gooselike birds are noted for their beautiful, cheerful whistle.* They are long-necked perching ducks that are found throughout the tropics. By and large, they are gregarious, sedentary, vegetarian, and less arboreal than the muscovy - all positive traits for a poultry species.
+The black-bellied whistling duck (D. auturunalis) seems especially promising. It is common throughout tropical America (southwestern United States to northwestern Argentina) and is sometimes kept in semicaptivity. Occasionally, in the highlands of Guatemala, for instance, Indians sell young ones they have reared as pets. When hand reared, the birds can become very tame. * * They eat grain and other vegetation, require no swimming water, and will voluntarily use nest boxes. In the wild, they "dump" large numbers of eggs so that even if substantial numbers were removed for artificial hatching, the wild populations should not be affected.
+- Greater wood ducks (Cairina species). The muscovy (C. moschata) was domesticated by South American Indians long before Europeans arrived (see page 124). Its counterparts in the forests of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa are, however, untried as domesticates. The white-winged wood duck (C. scutulata) is found from eastern India to Java. Hartlaub's duck (C. hartlaubi) occurs in forests and wooded savannas from Sierra Leone to Zaire. Both are rare in captivity, but might well prove to be future tropical resources. Both are strikingly similar to muscovies in size and habits, being large, phlegmatic, sedentary, and omnivorous.
+LIMITATIONS
+Predators are the most important cause of losses in farm flocks. Ducks are almost incapable of defending themselves, and losses from dogs and poachers can be high. Locking them in at night both protects the birds and prevents eggs from being wastefully laid outside.
+Ducks do suffer from some diseases, mainly those traceable to mismanagement such as poor diet, stagnant drinking water, moldy feed or bedding, or overcrowded and filthy conditions. Of all poultry, they are the most sensitive to aflatoxin, which usually comes from eating moldy feed. They are also susceptible to cholera (pasteurellosis) and botulism, either of which may wipe out entire flocks. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) and duck virus hepatitis also can cause severe losses.
+If not carefully managed, ducks can become pests to some crops, especially cereals.
+As noted, ducks tend to be extremely poor mothers and can be helped by using broody chicken hens or female muscovies as surrogate mothers.
+Major limitations to large-scale, intensive production are mud, smell, and noise.
+Defeathering ducks is much more difficult than defeathering chickens because of an abundance of small pinfeathers and down feathers.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+These birds already function so well that no fundamental research needs to be done. Nonetheless, there are a number of topics that could improve their production.
+For example, different types of low-cost systems need to be explored and developed. These must be low-input systems since cash is a limiting factor for most subsistence farmers. One possibility is the integration of duck and fish farming.
+A survey of all breeds is needed to determine their status and likelihood of extinction.
+One need in countries that already have ducks is to encourage the consumption of duck meat. Indonesia, for instance, has 25 million egg-producing ducks, but little duck meat is consumed.
+Research on economically significant diseases is needed.
+<section>7 Geese</section>
+Although geese (Anser spp.) were one of the first domesticated animals, they have yet to receive the level of commercial or industrial exploitation of chickens or even ducks. Thus, their global potential is far greater than is generally recognized today.
+Domestic geese are easily managed and well suited to small-farm production; they are among the fastest growing avian species commonly raised for meat, and they have immediate application in many developing countries.
+These birds are especially appropriate for providing farmers a supplemental income. With little extra work they supply nutritious meat, huge eggs, and rich fat for cooking, as well as soft down and feathers for bedding and clothing. Moreover, their strident voices sound the alarm when strangers or predators approach. They are especially well suited to aquatic areas and marshy lands and are completely at home in warm shallow waterways. Nevertheless, they can thrive away from water. In fact, wherever pasture is available geese readily adapt to captivity.
+Geese are grazers, and can be raised almost exclusively on pasture. They are excellent foragers, and on succulent grass can find most or all of their own food. With their powerful bills they pull up grasses and underwater plants and probe soil and water for roots, bulbs, and aquatic animals. Their long necks make them adept at gleaning weeds from hard-to-reach places - such as fence rows, ditches, and swampy areas that baffle larger livestock. They will also feast on vegetable trimmings, garden and table leftovers, canning refuse, and stale baked goods. Like other poultry, they pick up shattered grains of rice, wheat, barley, and other crops, which can reduce the bothersome problem of weeds volunteering in subsequent years.
+Geese are available worldwide. In most climates, they require little or no housing. Given reasonable care and protection from predators, mortality can be extremely low.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Domestic geese come in an assortment of colors, sizes, and shapes. There are two main types, however. Descendants of the wild greylag goose (Anser anser) make up the domestic breeds common in North America and Europe, including the Embden, Toulouse, Pilgrim, American Buff, Pomeranian, Sebastopol, and Tufted Roman breeds. These are generally best suited to temperate climates. On the other hand, descendants of the wild "swan goose" (Anser cygnoides) make up the geese of Asia, including the Chinese and "African" types. These breeds seem better suited to hot climates.
+In addition to these, many European and Asian countries have their own local breeds and types, and there are even several wild species that show some potential for captive production.
+With their long legs and webbed toes, geese are equally at home walking or swimming. Avid walkers, they march long distances to find forage, but return home at dusk. Accomplished and graceful swimmers, geese are able to take to water soon after they hatch. Despite their large size, some domestic breeds - especially the leaner ones - have retained the ability to fly.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Geese are found worldwide, but goose farming is nationally important only in Asia and Central Europe.
+STATUS
+Domestic geese are not threatened, although much local variation among the breeds is being lost.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Most geese adapt well to hot climates - as long as some shade is available. Their waterproof feathers help them adapt well to high rainfall regions. They also tolerate extreme cold. (For instance, in Canada, geese are wintered outdoors in subfreezing temperatures, with merely 'e simple shelter from wind.)
+For tropical developing countries, the Chinese type, which is widely kept in Southeast Asia, is especially promising. Smaller than most geese (although ganders can weigh over 5 kg), they are the best layers, the most active foragers (making them economical and useful as weeders), the most alert and "talkative," and they produce the leanest meat. Some European breeds, such as Embden and Toulouse, have also been used in the tropics with notable success.
+DOMESTICATING GEESE
+(Temperate Zones)
+Today's domestic geese are descended from two species: the greylag (Anser anser) and the swan goose (Anser cygnoides). These were domesticated in Europe and China, respectively. Their domestication occurred in ancient times, long before people knew about genetics, microorganisms, veterinary science, or behavior modifications such as imprinting. Today, armed with such knowledge, more geese may be amenable to domestication. Most of the 15 other wild species adapt to captivity. Compared to most birds, geese spend much time walking and swimming and are less inconvenienced by pinioning (removing the tip of the wing). Thus, they can be kept outdoors rather than in cages.
+Both of the ancestors of today's domestic geese are native to the northern temperate zone. Two more wild species that might make useful domesticates are:
+- Canada goose (Branta canadensis). North America. People feeding these birds in city parks and wildlife refuges are causing many local flocks to develop. These birds no longer migrate. They are increasing in numbers each year and are well on the way to de facto domestication.
+- American swan goose (Coscoroba coscoroba). Southern South America. Although most closely allied to swans in shape and physiology, this bird resembles a muscovy (see page 124) in size and behavior. Its calm disposition, as well as its attractive red feet and bill that accent its white plumage, have made it much sought as an ornament for parks.
+BIOLOGY
+In its diet, the goose utilizes large quantities of tender forage. It can break down plant-cell walls and digest the contents. Although it has no crop for storing food, there is an enlargement at the end of the gullet that serves as a temporary storage organ. Sand and small gravel are swallowed to aid the gizzard in grinding hard seeds and fibrous grasses. Research has shown that geese can digest 15-20 percent of the fiber in their diet, which is 3-4 times the amount that other poultry species can digest.
+The natural diet consists of grasses, seeds, roots, bulbs, berries, and fruits, normally supplemented with a little animal matter (mainly insects and snails) picked up incidentally. Most feeding takes place on land. They characteristically feed for prolonged periods, even at night.
+Females may lay for 10 years or more. It is generally believed that reproduction is best in the second year and that it remains good until the fifth year. Geese outlive other types of poultry; life spans of 1520 years are common.
+The eggs incubate in 27-31 days. The incubation time is more variable than in most poultry species, perhaps because geese have not been subjected to the selection pressure that is imposed by artificial incubators.
+BEHAVIOR
+One of the most intelligent birds, the goose has a good memory and does not quickly forget people, animals, or situations that have frightened it. While personalities and habits vary among individual specimens, there are common behavioral patterns, such as the pecking order, that allow individuals to live peaceably together.
+Unless conditions are crowded or there are too many males, geese normally live harmoniously both with themselves and with other creatures. The bond between male and female is strong. Changing mates is difficult, although most geese will eventually accept a new mate after a period of "mourning."
+Geese nest on the ground and prefer the water's edge, but they adapt readily to man-made nesting boxes. The gander usually stands guard while the goose incubates the eggs. He then assists in rearing the goslings. Most geese become irritated if intruders approach their nest or goslings, and will even attack people and large dogs.
+USES
+As previously noted, these birds provide meat, eggs, fat, and down. The meat is lean, flavorful, and of outstanding quality. The fat accumulates between the skin and the flesh and can be rendered into a long-lasting oil. The eggs are large and taste much like chicken eggs. The "down" (the small, fluffy feathers that lie next to the body of adult birds) is the finest natural insulating material for clothing and bedding, and can fetch a premium price. Worldwide markets exist for both down and other goose feathers. In France, in particular, some geese are raised for their livers (foie gras).
+Geese can control many types of aquatic weeds in shallow water as well as grass and some types of palatable broad-leaf weeds on the banks of lakes, ponds, and canals. They can also be used as ''lawn mowers" and "weeders" among cotton, fruit trees, and other crops (see sidebar).
+Elongated necks not only allow geese to reach many different foods, they also help them keep a watchful eye on the surroundings. With their exceptional eyesight they can see great distances, and the position of the eyes gives them a wide field of vision. Geese are among the most alert of all animals, and strangers cannot calm them into silence. In the high Andes, in Southeast Asia, and in many other locations, they replace guard dogs. In Europe, they are used to guard whiskey warehouses and sensitive military installations (see page 111).
+HUSBANDRY
+Methods of caring for adult geese vary according to climate, breed, and people's experiences and needs. Overall, however, the birds cause little trouble and require little expense. They range freely without restriction, feeding themselves and returning home of their own accord. They have strong flocking instincts and can readily be herded from one area to another.
+Like all young poultry, goslings are fragile. The highest mortality is caused by predators. Until the goslings are 6-10 weeks old, it is prudent to confine the parents and their young at night in a secure pen or building.
+Geese are the only domestic fowl that can live and reproduce on a diet of grass. They cannot remain healthy on coarse dry fodder, but when grass is succulent they need little else other than drinking water. Many legumes also make excellent goose forage.
+In the tropics, eggs can be laid year-round. The production seldom exceeds 40 eggs per year, although with feed supplement and simple management, the Chinese breed may yield more than 100 eggs. Geese go broody quickly. To break up broodiness, the goose can be confined for 4 6 days away from, but in sight of, the ganders.
+Goslings grow rapidly and can reach market size as early as 10-12 weeks; most geese, however, are marketed at 20-30 weeks of age, when they may weigh from 5 to 7 kg, depending on type and breed. Some young birds (also called green or junior geese), force-fed for rapid growth, are marketed at 4-6 kg when they are 8-10 weeks old.
+If fed a good diet to maximize growth and if slaughtered at, say, 10 weeks, the Embden, Chinese, or African will have a carcass low in fat. However, the carcass normally has much more fat than other poultry.
+Geese must have a constant supply of reasonably clean drinking water during daylight hours. Although swimming water is not necessary, it promotes cleaner and healthier birds because they find it easier to care for their plumage.
+DOMESTICATING GEESE
+(Tropics)
+Geese of the tropics have seldom if ever been considered for domestication, but they might provide poultry of considerable value. Presumably they are more heat tolerant and lack the layers of subcutaneous fat (which the ancestors of today's geese needed for warmth in the Arctic). They might thus produce lean birds that would fetch premium prices because excessive fat is the major drawback of today's commercial geese. Examples of tropical species that might be domesticable are:
+- Egyptian goose (AIopochen aegyptiacus). Found throughout the African tropics, this bird is already partly domesticated. However, it is bad tempered and quarrelsome and, so far, this has limited its utility. It has therefore been kept only under semidomestication, without intensive breeding.
+- Nene (Branta sandvicensis). A native of the Hawaiian Islands, this is one of the most endangered species on earth. So few specimens are in existence that farming enterprises cannot now be envisaged. Yet, should this bird prove amenable and suitable, the possibility of an economic future could boost efforts to build up its now meager populations.
+- Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus). India and Central Asia. These smallish geese are handsome, dainty, and have a musical horn-like call. They have distinct black bars across the nape, which gives them their popular name. Hand-reared specimens breed well in captivity. Despite heavy hunting they are still abundant.
+- Northern spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis gambensis). Tropical Africa (Senegal to Zimbabwe). This large bird is a ground nester, but it has long bony spurs on the wings that enable it to easily protect its eggs and young from predators.
+- Semipalmated (magpie) goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Australia and New Guinea. One of the most aberrant and primitive of all waterfowl, this long-legged sturdy-billed bird has only partially webbed feet. It perches high in trees and has a loud ungooselike whistling call.
+THE WADDLING WORK FORCE
+Because geese relish grasses and shun most broad-leafed plants, some enterprising U.S. farmers in the 1950s began using them to rid cotton fields of grassy weeds, which are difficult to kill with herbicides. The geese were put into the fields as soon as the crop came up. A brace of birds kept an acre of cotton weeded; a gaggle of 12 would gobble as many weeds as a hard-working man could clear with a hoe.
+This method of clearing fields was so effective that by 1960 more than 175,000 geese honked their way across the carefully tended farmland, mainly in the Southwest. Seven days a week, rain or shine, the feathered field hands slaved uncomplainingly from daybreak to dusk, even putting in overtime on moonlit nights. Many toiled so diligently that they worked themselves out of a job.
+The geese cleared the fields more cheaply than hoe hands. They left the crop untouched and ate only the succulent young weeds. They did not damage crop roots (as hoes or tractors can), and they were safe and selective, unlike many herbicides. On top of all that they spread fertilizer for the farmer, and ultimately provided him meat for the market.
+Eventually, farmers found that geese could be used to weed nearly all broad-leafed crops: asparagus, potatoes, berry fruits, tobacco, mint, grapes, beets, beans, hops, onions, and strawberries, for example. Geese were used in vineyards and fruit orchards to eat both weeds and the fallen fruits that could otherwise harbor damaging insects. They were employed in fields producing trees for the forest industry and flowers for florists shops. Some growers turned goslings loose in cornfields to consume the "suckers" (cone, after all, is a grass) as well as the grain left on the ground. This eliminated the problem of corn as a weed when different crops were later planted in those fields.
+In the 1970s when cotton acreage dropped and herbicides selective for the troublesome grasses were developed, the use of geese declined. But today, some organic farmers are returning to the practice. From February to June in the Pacific Northwest, fields are resounding once more to the old-fashioned racket of White Chinese geese.
+ADVANTAGES
+Mature geese are independent creatures. When kept in small flocks and allowed to roam the farmyard or field, they require less attention than any other domestic bird with the possible exception of guinea fowl. In areas where grass is green for much of the year, they can be raised on less grain or concentrated feed than any other domestic fowl.
+Durability is one of their most attractive features. Along with ducks, geese seem to be the most resistant of all poultry to disease, parasites, and cold or wet weather. They also do well in hot climates as long as drinking water and deep shade are available.
+Growth is not only rapid, it is also efficient. If managed properly, goslings can produce I kg of body weight for every 2.25-3.5 kg of concentrated feed consumed.
+Geese are not usually thought of as prolific layers. However, as noted, some strains of the Chinese breed will yield well over 100 eggs per goose per year. At 140-170 g per egg, that compares favorably with the output of laying chickens.
+LIMITATIONS
+These birds are messy and their loud trumpeting is often irritating. However, unless they have been teased or mistreated or if they are nesting or brooding young, they are not aggressive. But kilo for kilo, they are stronger than most animals, and a harassed or angry adult can express its displeasure effectively with powerful bill and pounding wings.
+Excessive concentrations of geese on ponds or along creeks encourages unsanitary conditions, muddies water, hastens bank erosion, and destroys plant life. Where sanitation is poor, salmonellosis can devastate geese and be transmitted, via meat and eggs, to humans. Coccidiosis and gizzard worm are other infections.
+Defeathering geese is more difficult than plucking chickens because there are two coats (feathers and down) to remove.
+In some situations, geese may need a diet supplement (such as grain) if they are grazing vegetation exclusively. A balance must be struck: too much supplement and they will quit foraging and become too fat; too little and they grow slowly and may suffer malnutrition.
+Geese are not fully mature until two years of age. Their overall reproductive rate, therefore, is lower than that of other poultry.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Poultry researchers worldwide should begin studies to clarify the role that geese could play in helping to feed Third World nations. Studies might include:
+- Management practices for tropical areas;
+- Breeding and management for increased egg production;
+- Incubation techniques;
+- Nutrition supplementation (for example, vitamins, minerals, energy, specific amino acids) needed by grazing geese;
+- Physiology of digestion and reproduction;
+- Clarifying the inheritance of various traits;
+- Genetic selection for specific meat, eggs, growth factors, or disease resistance;
+- Comparative studies of the relative efficiency (especially of feed utilization) of the various types and breeds for specific climates in underdeveloped countries;
+- Weeding tropical crops with geese; and
+- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds.
+<section>8 Guinea Fowl</section>
+For Third World villages, the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) could become much more valuable than it is today. The bird thrives under semi-intensive conditions, forages well, and requires little attention. It retains many of its wild ancestor's survival characteristics: it grows, reproduces, and yields well in both cool and hot conditions; it is relatively disease free; it requires little water or attention; it is almost as easily raised as chickens and turkeys; and it is a most useful all-round farm bird.
+The guinea fowl's potential to increase meat production among hungry countries should be given greater recognition. The birds are widely known in Africa and occur in a few areas of Asia, but they show promise for use throughout all of Asia and Latin America and for increased use in Africa itself. Strains newly created for egg and meat production in Europe - notably in France - show excellent characteristics for industrial-scale production. Also, many semidomestic types in Africa deserve increased scientific assessment as scavenger birds.
+Meat from domestic guinea fowl is dark and delicate, the flavor resembling that of game birds. It is a special delicacy, served in some of the world's finest restaurants. Several European countries eat vast amounts. Annual consumption in France, for example, is about 0.8 kg per capita.'
+Guinea fowl also produce substantial numbers of eggs. In Africa, these are often sold hard-boiled in local markets. In the Soviet Union, they are produced in large commercial operations. In France, guinea fowl strains have been developed that not only grow quickly but lay as many as 190 eggs a year.
+Outside Europe, virtually all guinea fowl are raised as free-ranging birds. These find most of their feed by scratching around villages and farmyards. Their cost of production is small, and they yield food for subsistence farmers. In Europe, on the other hand, most are raised in confinement, with artificial insemination, artificial lighting, and special feeding. In the main, this is to produce meat for luxury markets.
+Guinea fowl production is beginning to increase all over the world. During the last 20 years, for example, many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to this bird. The United States is now studying ways to establish industrial production, and both Japan and Australia are increasing their flocks. Nonetheless, there is still a vast untapped future for this bird.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide. This species is robust and resilient and adapts to many climates.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Guinea fowl are somewhat larger than average scavenger-type chickens: adults weigh up to 2.5 kilograms. They have dark-grey feathers with small white spots. Their heads are bare with a bony ridge (helmet) on top, which makes them look something like vultures. The short tail feathers usually slope downwards.
+The chicks, known as "keels," resemble young quail. They are brown striped with red beaks and legs. The sexes are indistinguishable until eight weeks of age. After that, the males' larger helmets and wattles and the cries of the different sexes can be identified. Both sexes give a one-syllable shriek, but females also have a two-syllable call.
+Like the chicken, the guinea fowl is a gallinaceous species and possesses the characteristic sternum with posterior notches and a raised "thumb."
+Among domestic types are pearl, white, royal purple, and lavender. Pearl is the most common, and is probably the type first developed from the wild West African birds. Its handsome feathers are often used for ornamental purposes. The white is entirely white from the time of hatching and has a lighter skin.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Europe dominates industrial production. France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens. Elsewhere, guinea fowl have become established as a semidomesticated species on small family farms. Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India, notably Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food. In Jamaica, Central America, and Malaysia, the birds have reverted to the wild state and are treated as game.
+STATUS
+Guinea fowl are abundant; in most places even wild populations are not threatened.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Guinea fowl are native to the grasslands and woodlands of most of Africa south of the Sahara where they occupy all habitats except dense forests and treeless deserts. Being native also to temperate South Africa, they appear to have an inherent adaptability to both heat and cold. However, in cool climates, regardless of daylength, they will not begin egg production until temperatures exceed 15�C.
+BIOLOGY
+Guinea fowl accept many foods: grains, leaves, ant eggs (for which they will tear anthills open), and even carrion.
+Normally, they lay their first egg at about 18 weeks of age. Unlike many wild birds, which produce a single clutch a year, guinea hens lay continuously until adverse weather sets in.2 Free-range "domestic" guinea hens lay up to 60 eggs a season. And well-managed birds under intensive management lay close to 200. The eggs weigh approximately 40 g. Shells are stronger than those of chickens and are usually brown, but can be white or tinted.
+The guinea hen goes broody after laying, which can be overcome by removing most of the eggs. A clutch of 15-20 is common. The incubation period is 27 days.
+BEHAVIOR
+These birds never become "tame," but neither do they leave the premises. Although they stray farther than chickens do, they always return. They like to hide their eggs in a bushy corner, often in hollows scratched in the ground. They can fly, although even in the wild they do not fly far. They prefer to roost on high branches and (unless pinioned) can be hard to catch during the day.
+Although wild guinea fowl live in groups, they are monogamous by nature and tend to bond in pairs. However, in domestication a single male may serve four or more females.
+USES
+As noted, guinea fowl are valuable sources of both meat and eggs. They can also be used to control insect pests on vegetable crops.3
+Guinea fowl are good "watch animals"; they have fantastic eyesight, a harsh cry, and will shriek at the slightest provocation. Their agitation on sighting dogs, foxes, hawks, or other predators have saved the lives of many a chicken, duck, and turkey. They are brave and will attack even large animals that threaten them.4
+HUSBANDRY
+Guinea fowl can be kept in confinement using the methods for raising battery chickens. In this system, breeding stock are housed in cages and artificially inseminated. It gives the best egg production and fertility but requires housing, equipment, and skilled labor.
+These birds can also be kept in a semidomestic state in and around the farmyard. In such cases they are penned until they are 12 weeks old. Unaccustomed to foraging for natural food, they constantly return to their artificial food supply. Eventually, however, they learn to subsist by scavenging.
+The birds have been called "the worst parents in the world," and are almost incapable of looking after their keets.5 Because the females are such indifferent mothers, the eggs are best hatched in incubators or under other birds, to avoid the keets' being lost by their natural mothers. In many African countries, eggs are hatched under chickens.
+Keets are often kept indoors until they are 3-4 weeks old to protect them from predators and wet weather. Sexual maturity can be delayed to as late as 32 weeks of age by holding the birds in windowless housing and controlling the lighting. This improves egg size and hatchability and reduces early mortality.
+GUINEA FOWL AND THE ANCIENTS
+The earliest reference to guinea fowl can be found in murals in the Pyramid of Wenis at Saqqara in Egypt, painted about 2400 B.C. Aviaries were quite fashionable at the time, and wealthy landowners maintained guinea fowl within their walled gardens. A thousand years later, by the time of Queen Hatshepsut (about 1475 B.C.), the junglefowl (the ancestor of the chicken) had arrived, and from then on it was raised on a substantial scale. Records of this period refer to "walk-in" incubators, constructed of mud bricks and heated by cameldung fires. The largest could hold up to 90,000 eggs (mainly from junglefowl but some from guinea fowl) and hatching rates of up to 70 percent were claimed.
+By 400 B.C., guinea fowl were well established on farms in Greece. Later, they rose to importance in ancient Rome. Pliny the elder (in his Natural History, published 77 A.D.) stated that they were the last bird to be added to the Roman menu and that they were in great demand, both eggs and flesh being considered great delicacies. The emperor Caligula offered them as sacrifices to himself when he assumed the title of deity.
+The guinea fowl then died out in Europe but was reintroduced by the Portuguese navigators returning from their African explorations in the late 1400s. They gave it the name pintada or "painted chicken" and this changed to pintade in French, while the name "Guinea fowl" (fowl from Africa) stayed in English, and gallina de Guinea in Spanish. Coincidentally, guinea fowl and turkeys were both introduced to England between 1530 and 1550, and the English, smitten with the original French misnomers, were left sorting out "Ginny birds" and "Turkey birds" for the remainder of the century. Both birds were adopted with great enthusiasm, and within 150 years they had utterly displaced the peafowl and swan as the major table birds for festive occasions.
+Adapted from R.H.H. Belshaw, 1985 Guinea Fowl of the World
+ADVANTAGES
+Compared with the farmyard chicken the guinea fowl's advantages are:
+- Low production costs;
+- Premium quality meat;
+- Greater capacity to utilize green feeds;
+- Better ability to scavenge for insects and grains;
+- Better ability to protect itself against predators; and
+- Better resistance to common poultry parasites and diseases (for example, Newcastle disease and fowlpox).
+Surprisingly, this semidomestic bird, which has been farmed for centuries, retains the characteristics (feather morphology, hardiness, social behavior) of its wild ancestor - even when subjected to the most modern intensive-rearing methods employing battery cages and artificial insemination. Thus, it thrives under semicaptive conditions and needs little special care. The birds forage well for themselves and do not require much attention; their meat is tasty and they produce substantial numbers of eggs. Unlike chickens, they don't scratch to get insects out of the soil, so they are less destructive to the garden.
+LIMITATIONS
+In backyard production the guinea fowl is supreme, but when produced intensively it costs more to raise than chickens. In Europe, for instance, day-old keets cost about twice as much as day-old broiler chicks. (The major reason is that guinea fowl produce fewer hatching eggs and require a longer feeding period.) Guinea fowl are also more expensive to feed. Their feed conversion (for meat production at the marketing age) is about 3.3-3.6 as compared with a broiler's feed conversion of 1.8-1.9. Moreover, guinea fowl take about twice as long to reach marketable size: they are marketed for meat at age 12-14 weeks, compared with 7-8 weeks for the broilers. Therefore, the selling price of guinea fowl in the Western world is up to twice that of broilers.
+Guinea fowl are nervous and stupid. They can be difficult to catch' and when panicking they can easily suffocate their keets.
+They are susceptible to some of the common diseases of chickens and turkeys. Salmonella is the most prevalent, but others are pullorum disease, staphylococcus, and Marek's disease.
+THE GUINEA FOWL'S WILD COUSINS
+The domesticated guinea fowl is descended from just one subspecies of the family's seven known species and numerous subspecies. Some of the others may also have promise as poultry. They, too, generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forests in Africa. All feed on vegetable matter such as seeds, berries, and tender shoots, and on invertebrates such as slugs. They rarely fly except to roost. They acclimatize well are easy to maintain in captivity, and can survive long periods away from water.** Their disposition is tame and nonaggressive, and they mix well with other birds.
+Wild subspecies closely related to the domestic guinea fowl that might make future poultry in their own right include the following:
+- Gray-breasted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). This subspecies is the principal ancestor of domestic guinea fowls. It is found throughout West Africa and probably has many valuable genetic traits. There is much variation in the size and other characteristics among the various individuals. People along the Gambia, Volta, and Niger rivers have long traditions of breeding these birds.
+- Tufted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris meleagris). This subspecies is quite large and has black plumage thickly spotted with white dots. It is the probable ancestor of the birds reared in ancient Egypt and in the Roman empire (see page 120). Hill farmers in the southern Sudan sometimes breed them in captivity.
+- Mitred guinea fowl (Numida meleagris mitrata). Probably the most popular game bird in East Africa, this type has a bright blue-green head and red wattles. It was once a common sight in the wild but it has now been decimated by overhunting. It is now most numerous in the Masai lands of Kenya and Tanzania. It has been kept in a semidomesticated form in Zanzibar for several centuries. Zoos and aviaries around the world have imported it, and it has bred well for them.
+Wild guinea fowl that are different species from the domestic one but that are still worth considering as potential poultry include the following:
+- Black guinea fowl (Phasidus niger or Agelastes niger). This bird of the tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa is the size of a small chicken. It has sooty black plumage, a naked head, and a pink or yellow neck. It is seldom hunted because the meat tastes dreadful but this is probably because of a particularly pungent fungus they eat in the forest. Raised on fungus-free forages, these birds are probably very palatable.
+- Crested guinea hen (Guttera spp.). Three species. These strange-looking birds have a thick mop of inky black feathers above their black, naked faces. Widely distributed in the thickly forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike the other species, they prefer the rainforest. They have a musical trumpeting call. At least one species has bred well in Europe. For example, a flourishing colony has been established in the Walsrode Bird Park in Germany.
+- Vulturine guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum). The largest of all guinea fowl, this species is found in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia, and East Africa. One of the most striking looking of all birds, its head is bare and blue, its body black with white spots, and its breast bears long bright cobalt-blue patches on either side. This has been reared as an aviary bird in both Europe and America and might make a useful domesticate.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Agencies involved in international economic development should undertake guinea fowl assessment trials, evaluations, and coordinated introductions to stimulate programs for small farmers and for industries in dozens of countries.
+Breeders have been working to improve guinea fowl only since the 1950s. There is a need for more information on growth rate, health, egg production, feed conversion, body weight, carcass yield, laying intensity, fertility, hatchability, and egg weight - especially under free-ranging conditions.
+Husbandry research should also be directed towards feeds and feeding systems for growing and breeding stock. Other efforts are needed to increase the hatchability of eggs under natural conditions (under guinea hens or surrogate mothers), and to identify the best lighting regimes (both sexual maturity and rate of lay are influenced by changes in daylength).
+The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite).
+<section>9 Muscovy</section>
+The muscovy (Cairina moschata), a unique ducklike species of the South American rainforest, belongs to a small group of waterfowl that perch in trees. In poultry science, however, it is normally grouped with domestic ducks for lack of a better classification.
+Except in France, Italy and Taiwan muscovies have received little modern research. But their promise can be judged from the fact that they account for 50 percent of the duck meat consumed in France - about 60,000 tons per year - and they are often consumed in Italy and Taiwan as well.
+For Third World subsistence farming, muscovies have excellent possibilities. There is probably no better choice for a meat bird that requires minimal care and feed. Tame, quiet, and able to forage for much of their keep, they are inherently hardy, vigorous, and robust. They have heavily fleshed breasts and are highly prized for their meat, which is dark, more flavorful, and less fatty than that of common ducks. An average muscovy gives more meat than a chicken of the same age, and it also survives hot, wet environments better. In addition, muscovies are better parents than the domestic duck. Females are probably the best natural mothers of any poultry species, as measured by their success at incubating their eggs and caring for their young.
+All in all, this bird deserves more attention than it has received so far in Third World livestock projects. Dispersed around the warm and hot regions of the world, muscovies already exist in small numbers in backyards and villages, much like the domestic chicken in previous centuries. Despite a lack of research, the present unimproved stocks are already impressive meat yielders. Used more widely and more intensively, they could contribute much to poor people's meat supplies.
+Crossing the muscovy with the common duck produces a hybrid that combines many of the advantages of both. This cross, known as "mulard," or "mule duck" in English, is raised in France for its liver and meat and is produced in quantity in Taiwan (see sidebar, page 132). It, too, has a major future role.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Muscovies are suitable for use almost anywhere that chickens can be kept. Moreover, their tropical ancestry and inherent robustness give them an advantage in hot and humid climates.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Although a muscovy somewhat resembles a goose, it is one of the greater wood ducks of tropical South America. It was domesticated in pre-Columbian times, most likely in the rainforests of Colombia. Related wild types, looking very much like the muscovy, still occur in South American wetlands, particularly mangrove swamps.
+Males have mature live weights of 5 kg and females about 2.5 kg. Both have broad and rounded wings. The adults have patches of bare skin around the eyes, rather than feathers. Much of this is covered in "caruncles," which superficially resemble warty outgrowths. The feet have sharp claws. Both sexes raise a crest of feathers when alarmed.
+There is much color variation among the various muscovy populations including types that are called white, colored, black, blue, chocolate, silver, buff, and pied.2 The most common types (they are not considered breeds) are the white and the colored. The white produces a cleaner looking carcass, but the colored is the most popular meat type in France. Its plumage is an iridescent greenish black, except for white forewings.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The native range of the muscovy's probable wild ancestor covers much of Central America and northern South America. The domestic form also occurs over most of Latin America - from southern Chile to the northern limits of traditional culture in lowland Mexico - including the Caribbean, where it was present shortly after Columbus landed.3 The birds can be observed among the domestic fowl in the high Andes, for example, and are feral in southern coastal areas of the United States.
+Carried across the Atlantic, probably in the early 1500s, the domesticated muscovy spread quickly in Europe, and thence to North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Today, it finds favor with the food-loving French as "canard de Barbarie," and France has the greatest concentration of muscovies in Europe.
+Down the centuries the muscovy became popular in tropical Asia (especially the Philippines and Indonesia) and in China and Taiwan. Throughout Indonesia (where it is known as "entok") it is popular with villagers for incubating eggs from ducks, geese, and chickens. It is now spreading into Oceania, and has recently gained particular favor in the Solomon Islands.
+Muscovies are also known in Africa and can be found in many villages, especially in West Africa.
+STATUS
+Not endangered.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Wild muscovies occur mainly along tropical jungle streams, but domestic muscovies are found in many environments from the heat of Central America to the cold of Central Europe. They also tolerate dry conditions, but they thrive best where climates are both hot and wet.
+BIOLOGY
+Muscovies utilize high-fiber feeds better than chickens and common ducks, and eat larger quantities of grass. They also consume other green vegetation and readily snap up any insects they can find. If quality forage is available, only a small daily ration of grain or pellets is required for them to reach peak production.
+Muscovy females normally hatch and raise large broods efficiently. It is not unusual to see them with a dozen or more fragile ducklings in tow - many of them adopted from other species. They bravely protect their young and have been known to beat off cats, dogs, foxes, and other marauders.
+Normally, muscovies are healthy and live and breed for many years. They suffer few diseases, especially when free ranging. However, they seem to be more susceptible to duck virus enteritis (duck plague) than common ducks.
+BEHAVIOR
+While appearing to be slow and lethargic, muscovies can be quick and agile when one tries to catch them. Females are strong fliers and readily clear a standard fence. Males frequently become so ponderous that they cannot get airborne without an elevated perch or the aid of a strong wind. Although they forage over a larger area than chickens, they generally neither decamp nor wander as far as common ducks.
+Domesticated muscovies are either solitary or live together in small family groups, but sometimes in winter they flock together on bodies of water. They swim and dive well.
+These birds seldom make loud noises. A drake's voice resembles a muffled "puff"; females are almost mute. However, both can hiss or make a soft sound not unlike that of sleigh bells.
+The muscovy is polygamous (a young male will try to mate with almost any fowl, including chickens). Mating can occur on land or in water. Males are pugnacious and tolerate no opposition. Because of this, they do not do well in close confinement.
+A BETTER FLY TRAP
+The muscovy is a voracious omnivore that is particularly fond of insects. For years, some Canadian farmers have sworn that a few muscovies took care of all fly problems on their farms. In 1989, Ontario biologists Gordon Surgeoner and Barry Glofcheskie (see Research Contacts) decided to put this to the test.
+Starting with laboratory trials, the entomologists first put a hungry five-week-old muscovy into a screened cage with 400 living houseflies. Within an hour it had eaten 326. Later, they placed four muscovies in separate cages containing 100 flies each. Within 30 minutes over 90 percent of the insects were gone. It took flypaper, fly traps, and bait cards anywhere from 15 to 86 hours to suppress the populations that much.
+Moving to fleld tests, the researchers placed pairs of twoyear-old muscovies on several Ontario farms. Videotapes showed the birds snapping at houseflies and biting flies about every 30 seconds and being successful on 70 percent of their attempts. With that efficiency, they achieved 80-90 percent fly control in enclosures such as calf rooms or piggeries. The birds were given only water and had to scavenge for all their food. Females seemed to eat about 10 percent more flies than males, and individuals of any age between eight days and two years were equally effective.
+The birds fit the practical needs for farmyard fly control. They stayed close to piglets and calves, to which flies are particularly attracted. They even snatched flies off the hides of resting animals without waking them up. On one farm, the birds huddled between sleeping piglets and were accepted by the sow lying beside them. This was noteworthy because most fly-catching devices (chemical, electrical, or mechanical) must be kept far from animals.
+To the Canadians, the economic advantages are clear. A 35-cow dairy needs $150-$590 worth of chemicals for controlling flies during the fly season; muscovy chicks, on the other hand, cost less than $2 each, eat for free, and can be sold for a profit of 200-400 percent.
+The researchers point out that employing muscovies does not eliminate all need for insecticides, but it reduces the amounts required. And muscovies are biodegradable, will not cause a buildup of genetic resistance, and taste better than flypaper. Indeed, their meat is excellent, and the naturally mute birds seldom make any noise.
+Reportedly, muscovies are kept in some houses in South America to control not only flies, but also roaches and other insects.
+USES
+The muscovy is generally raised only for its meat, which is of excellent quality and taste. In stews it is hard to distinguish from pork; cured and smoked it is similar to lean ham.4 The fat content is low.
+Muscovy eggs are as tasty as other duck eggs, and a muscovy female can supply a large number if she is kept from sitting.
+These birds are useful for clearing both terrestrial and aquatic weeds.5
+Down feathers are used, like those of other ducks, in clothing and comforters.
+HUSBANDRY
+Muscovies may be raised like common ducks. An ideal grouping is one male to five or six females.
+Except in Taiwan, France, Hungary, and a few other European countries, they exist predominantly in small flocks in farmyards and village ponds. However, they can be reared under intensive conditions in a shed or pen that is well lighted and equipped with low roosts and bedding. Under such conditions, they may be fed diets recommended for rearing common ducks or given coarse feeds, including whole grain. If chicken rations are used, fresh greens must be provided to avoid "cowboy" legs, a symptom of niacin deficiency.
+Although they thrive in areas where there is abundant water, they do not require access to swimming water. They prefer to nest under cover and will use nesting boxes. A normal clutch size is 9-14 eggs; however, clutches of up to 28 can occur. There may be 4 clutches annually, and (when the hen does not have to brood the ducklings) some muscovies have laid 100 eggs in a year.6
+The egg weight, which increases with the female's age, ranges from 65 to 85 g. The eggs require 33-35 days to hatch, a week longer than the common duck's. Hatching success of 75 percent or more is common.
+Compared with domestic ducks early growth is slow, which is perhaps why muscovies have not enjoyed wider industrial use. However, after the slow period they grow rapidly and, because they forage on a broader range of vegetation than common ducks, they can scavenge a large proportion of their diet at little or no cost.
+When raised intensively, females average 2 kg and males 4 kg at 11-12 weeks of age. Females may reach sexual maturity by 28 weeks of age; males require a month more.
+THE MULE DUCK OF TAIWAN
+In parts of Europe, hybrids between muscovies and common ducks are reared for fattening. However, Taiwan has made the most outstanding use of this "mule duck." Thanks in part to this muscovy hybrid, Taiwan's duck industry has grown rapidly in the last decade. The total value of duck products now exceeds $346 million per year. Much of the boom in duck production is due to improved feeding disease control and management systems, but much is also due to the performance of the mule duck.
+This hybrid is now Taiwan's major meat-duck breed, and about 30 million are consumed each year. Indeed, the duck industry has been so successful that Taiwan is increasingly exporting frozen duck breast and drumstick meat to Japan. It now provides 24 percent of the duck meat eaten in Japan-- most of it coming from mule ducks. Also, Taiwan is exporting partially incubated mule-duck eggs throughout Southeast Asia. And mule ducks supply most of the raw material for Taiwan's large feather industry.
+Taiwan farmers have been producing mule ducks for 250 years, but the recent jump in production is due to the use of artificial insemination to overcome the natural reticence of the different species to mate. Fortunately, artificial insemination is well developed and is a standard part of farming practice in Taiwan.
+Mule ducks are successful because they have less fat than a broiler chicken and they grow faster. Indeed, they can reach a market weight of 2.8 kg at 65 - 75 days of age, depending upon the weather, season, and management. In part, this fast growth is because they are sterile and waste no energy in preparing for a sexual existence or in laying eggs.
+The usual cross employs a muscovy male and a domesticduck female. The domestic breeds most employed for muleduck production are White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Tsaiya female), Large White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Kaiya female) and colored Kaiya. Both sexes of the hybrid offspring weigh about the same.
+Crosses between a muscovy hen and a domestic drake are much rarer (traditionally, this was because of the different mating behavior of the two species, but even with artificial insemination available they are not much used) and the males of these hybrids are much heavier than the females. Females of this cross do lay eggs, but the eggs are small (about 40 g) and their embryos do not develop.
+There are almost 300 duck-breeding farms in Taiwan, annually producing more than 600,000 female domestic ducks for use in producing mule ducks. Some farmers combine duck raising with fish farming. The excrete of 4,000 ducks on one hectare of pond can provide 30,000 tilapia with 20 percent of their feed. It helps the farmer get rid of waste as well as giving him fresh fish to sell.
+ADVANTAGES
+As noted, the muscovy is an extremely good forager and thrives under free-ranging conditions. Unlike other ducks, it grazes on grass and leaves and will maintain itself on pasture. Apparently, it can digest bran and other fibrous feeds better than common ducks can.
+The males are larger than all but the largest strains of table duck. They have exceptionally broad, well-muscled breasts and provide one of the leanest meats of any waterfowl.
+The muscovy is apparently more resistant to diseases that regularly decimate other poultry. This is one reason why villagers favored them: when chickens die, muscovies often survive.
+The female's strong parental qualities help assure the survival of ducklings with a minimum of human intervention. Her ability to incubate and hatch most other poultry eggs is an added advantage to small farmers who have neither the capital to buy, nor the knowledge to operate, artificial incubators.
+Unlike other ducks, muscovies are not easily alarmed, and fright does not affect their egg production and laying. Indeed, they are so phlegmatic that automobiles can be major causes of death.
+LIMITATIONS
+Because they are a tropical species, these birds are much less tolerant of cold than common ducks and require more protection from freezing weather.
+The muscovy's feed conversion is not as good as the chicken's. Also, compared with some other meat-duck breeds, muscovies have a slower rate of growth and require about 4 6 weeks longer to attain maximum development of breast muscles.
+Muscovies can be difficult to handle. If their legs are free, the handler may be badly lacerated by the claws.
+Although adults have a fair homing ability, muscovies may wander away when local forage is sparse, and young birds may be carried long distances downstream, never to return.
+Because they feed on greenery, they can devastate gardens if the plants are very young.
+Muscovies can be unsuspected carriers of poultry diseases, so that healthy-looking muscovies may infect the other species.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Poultry scientists should unite in efforts to advance technical knowledge and public appreciation of this bird. Governments and researchers should begin evaluations of local varieties and their uses and performances. The experiences of France, Italy, Eastern Europe, and Taiwan should be gathered and made available for a worldwide readership.
+It is important that the many muscovy varieties within the countries of Latin America - where the bird has a centuries-long history of domestication - be maintained and studied. Many superior varieties and specimens may be awaiting discovery.7
+The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate.
+<section>10 Pigeon</section>
+Pigeons (Columba livia)1 are durable birds that can be raised with little effort. Able to survive in inhospitable climates, they fend for themselves - often ranging over many square kilometers to locate seeds and edible scraps. They have been raised for centuries, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. In parts of North America and Europe, they are produced as a delicacy for the gourmet market. But raising pigeons for food is not nearly as widespread as it could be; indeed, in modern times its potential has hardly been touched. Farmed pigeons are particularly promising as urban microlivestock because they require little space and thrive in cities.
+Young pigeons (squab) grow at a rapid rate. Their meat is finely textured, has an attractive flavor, and is often used in place of game fowl. Tender and easily digested, it commands premium market prices. In many areas, the continuing demand is unfilled.
+Pigeons are traditionally raised in dovecotes - "houses" that protect the birds from the elements and from predators. This system allows free-ranging flight and requires almost no human intervention. Dovecotes are a good source of both squab and garden manure, and they continue to be used, especially in Egypt. On the other hand, pigeons can also be raised in confinement - usually in enclosed yards - with all their needs supplied by the farmer. There are, for example, pigeon farms in the United States with up to 35,000 pairs of breeding birds.
+Pigeon production may never rise enough to compete with commercial poultry as a major source of food, but for Third World villages these birds could become a significant addition to the diet as well as a source for substantial supplemental income.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Pigeons have small heads, plump, full-breasted bodies, and soft, dense plumage. They weigh from about 0.5 to nearly I kg. A few large breeds (Runts, for instance, which commonly weigh 1.4 kg) are the size of small domestic chickens.
+Many breeds have been developed for meat production. They produce squab that grow quicker and have larger breasts than unselected birds.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The wild ancestor of the common pigeon - domestic, wild, or feral - is thought to be the rock pigeon or rock dove of Europe and Asia. Today its domestic descendants are bred in virtually every country, and those that have gone feral (reverted to the wild) occur in most of the world's cities and towns.
+STATUS
+They are abundant. However, as with most other domestic species there is concern over the decline and loss of certain breeds. Societies have been organized (notably in the United Kingdom) to preserve rare types.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+The domestic pigeon can be raised equally well in temperate and tropical zones. Indeed, this adaptable species can be kept anywhere that wild pigeons exist, including arid and humid regions. It should be noted, however, that cold climates do not favor squab production and hot climates promote vermin and disease.
+BIOLOGY
+The pigeon's natural diet consists mostly of seeds, but includes fruits, leaves, and some invertebrates. Feral pigeons consume a wide array of materials, including insects, bread, meat scraps, weed seeds, and many kinds of spilled grains at mills, wharves, railway yards, grain elevators, and farm fields.
+For the first four or five days of life, the young are fed "crop milk." This substance, common to pigeons and doves,2 is composed of cells from the lining of the crop and is very high in fats and nutritional energy. The phenomenal growth rate of young squab has been attributed to crop milk and to its early replacement (within 8-10 days) with concentrated foods, regurgitated by both parents. The parents feed the squab for about four weeks before pushing it out of the nest to prepare for the next clutch.
+In domestic birds, sexual maturity (as measured by age at first egg) is reached at 120-150 days. Life span can be 15 years, although growth and egg production decline rapidly after the third year.
+BEHAVIOR
+Wild pigeons often nest on cliff sides. Domestic pigeons prefer to nest around buildings, in nooks and shelves and under the eaves - that is, in "pigeonholes."
+In domestic varieties, the pair-bond often lasts until severe illness or death. Sometimes, however, a vigorous male will "invade" a nest and mate with the females there. Both sexes take nearly equal part in nest building, incubation, and caring for the young. Typically, there are two eggs to a clutch. Eight clutches a year is not uncommon for a breeding pair. The incubation period is 17-19 days.
+Unlike most birds, pigeons drink by inserting their beaks into water and sucking up a continuous draft.
+Courtship is characterized by cooing, prancing, and displays of spread, lowered tail feathers. "Bow and coo" exhibitions are unique to pigeons and doves and differ among species.
+USES
+Pigeons are usually raised exclusively for meat. The squab are harvested just before full feather development and before the youngster has started to fly, usually at 21-30 days of age. At this time the ratio of flesh to inedible parts is highest; once flying begins, the meat becomes tougher. Weight depends upon breed, nutrition, and other factors, but usually ranges from 340 to 680 g.
+Pigeons are extensively used for scientific research, notably in physiology and psychology. They are also widely kept as pets for plumage and for racing. The pigeon's unique homing ability was recognized in Roman times, and the birds have been trained to return to the dovecote from as far away as 700 km. Even today, homing pigeons are used to carry messages, especially during war.
+HUSBANDRY
+Pigeons are easily trained to recognize "home." The wing feathers are clipped and the birds are fed close to the dovecote; by the time they refledge, their homing instinct has been developed. Alternatively, newly captured pigeons may be trained by confining them to the dovecote for at least one week. At first, a little grain is provided in the morning (this is to ensure the birds will return to the coop). The birds can obtain the rest themselves.
+Any waterproof house that is easy to clean is suitable for keeping pigeons. Many traditional dovecotes are built of earthenware pots. In Asia and Europe, wooden pigeon towers are generally used.
+Unlike chickens, pigeons do not prefer communal roosts. Instead, they prefer nesting shelves, of which there should be two for each breeding pair. The shelves are usually placed in dark corners and are fitted with low walls to keep eggs from rolling out.
+Grit is important in the diet, both to provide minerals and to allow the birds to grind feed in their gizzards.
+Commercial squab breeds are often kept permanently in pens, a process that requires care and experience. Growers expect an average of 12-14 squab per pair per year, although much depends on environment and management.
+The birds need fresh water daily and water for bathing at least weekly. Since they feed their young by regurgitation, the adults must have a continuous supply of clean drinking water. Orphan squab can be fed egg yolk until old enough to consume adult feeds.
+Like all poultry, confined pigeons must be provided enough supplemental feed to ensure a balanced diet. A mixture of whole grains can be fed for maximum production. It is important that grains be dry and free of mold (pigeons will not thrive on mash). Peas, beans, or similar pulses make good supplements.
+CARRIER PIGEONS
+Most people consider message-carrying pigeons to be a quaint anachronism. But in a few countries (both developed and developing) carrier pigeons are making a comeback, and in the future they may be used routinely once again.
+New techniques are making this process far more practical than before. For example, in the past the pigeons would be flown in one direction only. They were transported away from home and at the appropriate time released to find their way back. That was very limiting. But it has since been found that pigeons can be trained to carry messages in two directions: flying from one point to another and then back again. They will do it twice a day, and with almost perfect reliability. The key is to place the feeding station at one end and the nest at the other. This limits the pigeon's range, but they still can handle round-trip distances up to 160 km.
+With a little ingenuity, there is no need for a person to monitor the stations to receive the messages as the bird arrives. One simple technique is to arrange the station with one-way doors - one opening inwards, the other outwards. Placing a bar across the outward door means that the bird cannot get out until someone releases it. Thus the message can always be retrieved.
+This system has been employed in Puerto Rico and Guatemala, but it could be used almost anywhere. In many parts of the Third World, in particular, there are remote areas with no phones and with hilly, rough terrain where delivering messages can take hours of strenuous travel. Some locations are subject to unexpected isolation by natural calamities or military or terrorist actions.
+In Puerto Rico, for instance, we kept pigeons in a village 32 km from the capital. The pigeons could get downtown in 20-30 minutes. It took us 1.5-2 hours each way by road. What was easy for the birds was a major trip for us. Pigeons carried the villagers' requests for certain foods and medicines. Our contact in the city then sent up the supplies by bus. The birds never let us down.
+Carrier pigeons are useful for more than just flying far and fast. They have been bred for racing and their large pectoral muscles make them excellent meat producers - much better than the common pigeons normally raised for food. A pair of carriers typically will raise 12 - 16 young each year, and those not needed for message carrying can be butchered at 28 days of age - yielding meat that is nutritious and considered a delicacy in many countries.
+David Holderread
+Every day on the northwest coast of France, Petit Gendamme, a black and white carrier pigeon, flies on average 23 km between hospitals on his blood delivery route. Trussed in tiny hand-sewn harnesses, he and a flock of carrier pigeons set out (except during the hunting season) with little red tubes of blood secured to their breasts.
+"It's a simple, effective, and cost-saving transport system," said Yves Le Henaff, head of the Avranches Hospital laboratory, Cotentin, France, a central blood-testing center that serves a number of isolated medical centers along the coast.
+The service becomes particularly valuable during the summer tourist rush, when travellers flock to the seashore to visit nearby Mont Saint Michel, crowding the small country roads and increasing the risk of traffic accidents.
+The birds' average flight time between the hospitals of Avranches and Granville, for example, a distance of about 27 km, is 20 minutes, including the time for harnessing up. And with a favorable western wind their best time can reach 11 minutes.
+While gasoline costs the equivalent of $0. 75 a lifer in France, hospital officials say that a few grains of corn is all it takes to run this operation. According to Le Henaff, who supervises the carrier pigeon operation, the hospital is saving up to $46 a day on gas and auto maintenance.
+The 40-year-old Le Henaff got the idea five years ago from an article in a scientific journal describing a similar experiment in Britain. A year later, he and an associate called on the local seamstress to design a light harness that could hold a tube, which, when filled, weighs approximately 39 g.
+The flock now consists of 40 veteran fliers and 20 carrier pigeons in training.
+And what if the winged creatures stray en route? Le Henaff has devised a fall-back option: two pigeons carry two different test tubes containing the same blood sample.
+The birds fly every day of the year with the exception of the three-month autumn hunting season. Since the beginning of the experiment four years ago, there have been two casualties. Le Henaff believes the birds probably met their fate in some Normand's oven.
+Sometimes weather is a factor, and heavy fog can keep the delivery team grounded.
+So far, the new job seems to benefit the pigeons, too. Unlike sickly city pigeons, whose average life span is about four years, well-cared-for carrier pigeons can live up to 15 years, Le Henaff said. "And how many people do you know who are willing to stay with the same outfit for that long?"
+Sabine Maubouche
+The Washington Post
+December 2, 1986
+ADVANTAGES
+Under extensive conditions - where the birds are released each day to feed themselves - almost no land is needed. Under intensive conditions, where the birds spend their lives in confinement, a mere half hectare can be enough space to raise 2,000 pairs.
+Free-ranging pigeons forage over a wider area than most domestic fowl because they fly out to find their feed. Nutrient requirements3 are similar to those of chickens and other fowl (making allowance for the energy needed for flying), so commercial feed and other supplements - if needed at all - are generally available.
+In dovecote culture, pigeons require little or no handling. They brood the young with little intervention. Although not continuous, the production of meat from these fast-growing, rapidly reproducing birds is more sustained than with most livestock.
+Almost nowhere are there taboos against consuming pigeon meat. Prices received for squab are normally high, and in most places the demand is constant. The only limitation in some areas is the absence of an effective market, which is usually easy to create.
+Squab contains a larger proportion of soluble protein and a smaller proportion of connective tissue than most meats and is therefore good for invalids and people with digestive disorders.
+As many hobbyists can testify, raising pigeons can be gratifying.
+LIMITATIONS
+Pigeons are subject to few diseases. However, worms, lice, diarrhea (coccidiosis), canker (trichomoniasis), and salmonella (paratyphoid) occur at some time in most domestic breeds. Salmonella exists in low levels in most flocks and will flare up if birds are stressed. Treatments recommended for domestic chickens are usually suitable for pigeons.
+By flying over a wide area and eating grains and other foods, pigeons can cause conflicts with farmers. Indeed, in the 13th century the aristocracy's pigeons became a major grievance of the peasants who saw their seed devoured. On the other hand, "croppers" (breeds with large crops) were developed to steal grain from the lord's fields. The pigeon returned home and his crop was emptied of the grain, which was used by the peasant to make bread.
+The birds can become nuisances. They leave droppings in annoying places, some people find them too noisy, and a few people are severely allergic to "pigeon dust."
+Every conceivable type of predator can be expected; therefore, precautions must be taken. The dovecote must be well protected against rats, which are the principal enemy of the eggs and the squabs.
+Nesting birds need a high-protein diet to raise squab at the high rates of gain that are possible.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Poultry researchers should study the increased role pigeons might play in Third World economic development. Nothing comparable to the sophisticated selection employed with the domestic chicken has so far been attempted. Given such attention the gains could be great.
+Among pressing research needs are:
+- Breeding. This needs to be better understood. For example, the effects of hybridization and inbreeding need clarification.
+- Environmental limits. Little work has been done outside the temperate regions.
+- Diseases. These deserve increased attention.
+There is also the potential of "dovecotes" for wild pigeons. Numerous local species are well adapted to local conditions, and these deserve to be tested for "domestication."4 Many wild species quickly lose their fear of man, and in time they can even become too fat to fly. Wild pigeons are already found throughout the humid tropics and are trapped for meat and rearing in New Guinea and other places. They are already an important food source for many subsistence farmers and shifting cultivators, and with some dovecote management could provide a greater, more dependable source of food and income. The potential for domesticating local pigeon species, especially those suited to the tropics, deserves exploration.
+<section>11 Quail</section>
+Native to Asia and Europe, quail' (Coturnix coturnix2) have been farmed since ancient times, especially in the Far East. They reproduce rapidly and their rate of egg production is remarkable. They are also robust, disease resistant, and easy to keep, requiring only simple cages and equipment and little space. Yet they are not well known around the world and deserve wider testing.
+Quail are so precocious that they can lay eggs when hardly more than 5 weeks old. It is said that about 20 of them are sufficient to keep an average family in eggs year-round. Quail eggs are very popular in Japan, where they are packed in thin plastic cases and sold fresh in many food stores. They are also boiled, shelled, and either canned or boxed like chicken eggs. Quail eggs are excellent as hors d'oeuvres and they also are used to make mayonnaise, cakes, and other prepared foods.
+In France, Italy, the United States, and some countries in Latin America (Brazil and Chile, for example) as well as throughout Asia, it is the meat that is consumed. It is particularly delicious when charcoal broiled. One company in Spain annually processes 20 million quail for meat.
+Many of the domesticated strains seem to have originated in China, and migrating Chinese carried them throughout Asia. Today, millions of domestic quail are reared in Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indochina, Philippines, and Malaysia, as well as in Brazil and Chile.
+Commercial production is carried out, as in the chicken industry, in specialized units involving hatcheries, farms, and factories that process eggs and meat. However, quail have outstanding potential for village and "backyard" production as well. It is this aspect that deserves greater attention.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Quail come in various sizes. The smaller types are used for egg production, whereas the larger ones are better for meat. Adult females of improved meat strains may weigh up to 500 g.
+There are several color varieties. However, mature females are characterized by a tan-colored throat and breast, with black spots on the breast. Mature males, which are slightly smaller than females, have rusty-brown throats and breasts. All mature males have a bulbous structure, known as the foam gland, located at the upper edge of the vent.
+In the United States, the Pharaoh strain is the bird of choice for commercial production. Other available strains tend to be bred more for fancy than for food.
+Quail eggs are mottled brown, but some strains have been selected for white shells. These eggs are often preferred by consumers and are easier to candle (the process of holding eggs up to a light to check for interior quality and stage of incubation). An average egg weighs 10 g - about 8 percent of the female's body weight. (By comparison, a chicken egg weighs about 3 percent of the hen's body weight.) Quail chicks weigh merely 5-6 g when hatched and are normally covered in yellowish down with brown stripes.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The ancestral wild species is widely distributed over much of Europe and Asia as well as parts of North Africa. Although domestic quail are now available almost everywhere, Japan is probably the world leader in commercial production; quail farms are common throughout its central and southern regions.
+STATUS
+Not endangered.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Quail are hardy birds that, within reasonable limits, can adapt to many different environments. However, they prefer temperate climates; the northern limit of their winter habitat is around 38�N.
+BIOLOGY
+A quail's diet in the wild consists of insects, grain, and various other seeds. To thrive and reproduce efficiently in captivity, it needs feeds that are relatively high in protein.
+The females mature at about 5-6 weeks of age and usually come into full egg production by the age of 50 days. With proper care, they will lay 200-300 eggs per year, but at that rate they age quickly. The life span under domestic conditions can be up to 5 years. However, second-year egg production is normally less than half the first year's, and fertility and hatchability fall sharply after birds reach 6 months of age, even though egg and sperm production continue. Thus, the commercial life is only about a year.
+Crosses between the wild and domestic stocks produce fertile hybrids. Repeated backcrossing to either wild quail or domestic quail is successful.
+BEHAVIOR
+Only females hatch the eggs and raise the chicks. Males go off and court other females when their partners begin the nesting process.
+USES
+Quail eggs taste like chicken eggs. They are often served hard boiled, pickled, fried, or scrambled. Because of their size they make attractive snacks or salad ingredients. They provide an alternative for some people who are allergic to chicken eggs. On frying, the yolk hardens before the albumen.
+Quail meat is dark and can be prepared in all of the many ways used for chicken. The two meats are similar in taste, although quail is slightly gamier.
+Because of its hardiness, small size, and short life cycle, quail are now commonly used as an experimental animal for biological research and for producing vaccines - especially the vaccine for Newcastle disease, to which quail are resistant.
+Many fanciers and hobbyists have also become interested in raising this adaptable species as a pet. Science teachers find it an excellent subject for classroom projects.
+QUAIL IN JAPAN
+In some areas of Japan, quail are widely raised for their eggs and meat. However, Japanese originally valued the quail as a songbird. Tradition has it that about 600 years ago people began to enjoy its rhythmic call. In the feudal age, raising song quail became particularly popular among Samurai warriors. Contests were held to identify the most beautiful quail song and birds with the best voices were interbred in closed colonies. Even photostimulation was practiced to induce singing in winter.
+Around 1910, enthusiastic breeders produced the present domestic Japanese quail from the song quail. It was created as a food source and became a part of Japanese cuisine. During World War II it was almost exterminated, but Japanese quail breeders restored it from the few survivors and from birds imported from China. The original song quail, however, were lost. In the 1960s, commercial quail flocks rapidly recovered and Japan's quail population again reached its prewar level of about 2 million birds.
+A QUAIL IN EVERY POT: AN OLD DELICACY FINDS A NEW PUBLIC
+For centuries, quail were considered a great delicacy: a dish that only eminent chefs would cook and diners with an appreciative palate could enjoy. These small migratory birds, which are found in one variety or another throughout the world, were available until recently almost exclusively to hunters in the wild.
+But now quail are in danger: in danger of becoming commonplace.
+In the last few years, quail have gone from being rarefied to a supermarket specialty item. They are on menus in the most elegant restaurants and the most casual cafes and bistros.
+Why so much interest?
+Quail are now available semi-boneless, which makes them faster and easier to cook, and easier to eat as well. The breastbones are removed by hand before the birds are packaged and shipped to stores. The bones in the wings and legs remain.
+A stainless-steel V-shaped pin - invented and patented by a restaurant chef who wanted a way to keep quail flat for grilling-- is inserted into the breast. The pin can be left there throughout cooking and removed just before serving.
+While whole quail might require 45 minutes to cook, the semi-boneless variety can be grilled in less than 10 minutes, or pan-roasted, braised or sauteed in less than 20 minutes.
+The flavor of farm-raised quail has also helped bring them into the mainstream. Most farm-raised quail have tender meat like the dark meat of chicken, whose flavor is enjoyed by many people.
+And at a time when people are searching for foods, specifically animal protein, with low fat and cholesterol, quail fills the bill. The Agriculture Department says that quail skin has about 7 percent fat, about the same as dark meat of roasted chicken without the skin.
+Judith Banrett Adapted from The New York Times
+June 21, 1989
+HUSBANDRY
+It is necessary to keep quail in battery cages on wire floors because males secrete a sticky foam (from the foam gland) with their feces; on a solid floor, this adheres to the feet and collects dung, leading to crippling and breakage of eggs.
+Adult quail can live and produce successfully if they are allowed 80 cm2 of floor space per bird. However, for reproduction about twice that is needed to allow for mating rituals.3 If properly mated, high fertility rates and good egg hatchability can be expected. To obtain fertile eggs, one male is needed for roughly six females.
+Eggs hatch in about 17 days. Chicks require careful attention. Brooding temperatures of between 31 C and 35 C are needed for the first week and above 21 C for the second week. From the second week on, chicks can survive at room temperature. (These temperatures are similar to those required for common chickens.) In cold climates, supplemental heat may be needed as well as protection from cool drafts.
+Clean water must be provided at all times, with care taken to prevent the chicks from drowning in their water troughs. Shallow trays, jar lids, or pans filled with marbles or stones may be used.
+ADVANTAGES
+Quail production can be started with little money. These easy-care birds can be housed in small, simple, inexpensive cages.
+As noted, they are resistant to Newcastle disease.
+SIX OF ONE, HALF A DOZEN OF THE OTHER
+The fact that chickens can be crossed with quail has been known for some time, but there has been little attempt to develop the fertile hybrids. Now Malaysia has begun a project aimed at producing a new poultry bird - a cross between a cockerel and a hen quail. Zainal Abidin bin Mohd Noor, of the Department of Veterinary Services in Kuala Lumpur, is creating a strain that produces eggs of good quality and meat with the flavor of both parents. The new bird is intermediate in size between chicken and quail which is convenient because it is about right for an individual helping.
+The crossbreeding is done through artificial insemination. The progeny exhibit a range of appearances, sizes, and plumage colors, depending on the strains of cockerel and quail hens used. In the Malaysian research, cockerels have been local Ayam Kampung Bantam, Hybro, and Golden Comet hybrids. The quails have been local inbred Japanese quail (IJQ) and imported meat strain quail (IMSQ).
+The trials show that the hybrids derived from the IMSQ flocks grew faster and bigger than those from the IJQ cross. The best have been the Hybro x IMSQ crosses, which weigh 475 g at 10 weeks of age. The best of the IJQ group weighed 290 g during the same period.
+This type of "tropical game hen" might be a way to introduce hybrid vigor into poultry production.
+The researchers who developed the hybrid have named it the "yamyuh."
+LIMITATIONS
+Although generally disease resistant, quail are affected by several common poultry diseases, including salmonella, cholera, blackhead, and lice. They also suffer epidemic mortality from "quail disease" (ulcerative enteritis), which can, however, be controlled with antibiotics.
+Quail seem to require more protein than chickens, and produce best when given feed that is fairly high in protein.4 However, they also perform satisfactorily when fed rations designed for turkeys. They have high requirements for vitamin A, which they do not store.
+Quail are not suitable as free-ranging "scavengers." They must be kept confined, which is a major constraint. Unlike chickens or pigeons, they have no homing instinct and will not remain on a given site; if released, they will be lost. In addition, since they nest on the ground, they are highly susceptible to predation; they must be protected, especially where certain animals, the mongoose for example, are common.
+Artificial incubation is essential. Natural incubation using the female is futile; the females do not go broody and rarely incubate their eggs. The shells are extremely thin, but the eggs can be incubated under a small chicken hen, such as a bantam.5 The eggs are also subject to minute fractures. However, the shell membrane is extremely tough and unfertilized eggs are generally unaffected, but the cracks cause fertilized embryos to dehydrate and die. This is a serious limitation. Whenever quail husbandry is introduced, artificial incubation should be included.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Quail deserve to be included in all poultry research aimed at helping the Third World. Through its international scientific program, Japan, in particular, could apply to developing nations its vast experience with quail farming.
+Experiences with quail in the tropics (for example, Japanese farmers in the Amazon Basin) and in tropical highlands (for instance, in India, Nepal, or Central Africa) should be collected and assessed to improve understanding of the environmental limits to Third World quail farming.
+Cooperation between commercial and laboratory quail breeders should be encouraged. Mutants found at the commercial level would be useful for laboratory work. Conversely, introducing new stocks could help the farmer. In both cases, more genetic diversity might also lead to the production of hybrid vigor, and genetic variability would be conserved.
+Sex-linked genes, if they can be found, would be useful to the commercial quail breeder for the rapid sexing of newly hatched chicks. This could lead to more efficient production techniques, like those in the chicken industry.
+Although virtually all work to date has been on the Japanese quail, other species and subspecies warrant research and testing.
+<section>12 Turkey</section>
+The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is well-known in North America and Europe, but in the rest of the world, especially in developing countries, its potential has been largely overlooked. Partly, this is because chickens are so familiar and grow so well that there seems no reason to consider any other poultry. Partly, it is because modern turkeys have been so highly bred for intensive production that the resulting birds are inappropriate for home production.
+Nevertheless, there is a much wider potential role for turkeys in the future. There are types that thrive as village birds or as scavengers, but these are little known even to turkey specialists. These primitive types are probably the least studied of all domestic fowl; little effort has been directed at increasing their productivity under free-ranging conditions. However, they retain their ancestral self-reliance and are widely used by farmers in Mexico. That they are unrecognized elsewhere is a serious oversight.
+Native to North America, the turkey was domesticated by Indians about 400 BC, and today's Mexican birds seem to be direct descendants.' Unlike the large-breasted, modern commercial varieties, they mate naturally and they retain colored feathers and a narrow breast configuration. Their persistence in Mexico after 500 years of competition with other poultry highlights their adaptability, ruggedness, and usefulness to people.
+These birds complement chicken production. They are able to thrive under more arid conditions, they tolerate heat better, they range farther, and they have higher quality meat. Also, the percentage of edible meat is much greater than that from a chicken. Turkey meat is so low in fat that in the United States, at least, it is making strong inroads into markets that previously used chicken exclusively.
+Turkeys are natural foragers and can be kept as scavengers. Indeed, they thrive best where they can rove about, feeding on seeds, fresh grass, other herbage, and insects. As long as drinking water is available, they will return to their roost in the evening.
+Appreciation for the turkey could rise rapidly. Interest already has been shown by several African nations. A French company has created a strain of self-reliant farm turkeys and is exporting them to developing countries.2 Researchers in Mexico are displaying increased interest in their national resource. And as knowledge and breeding stock continue to be developed, it is likely that village turkeys will become increasingly popular around the world.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Modern turkey breeding has been so dominated by selection for increased size and muscling that commercial turkeys have leg problems and cannot mate naturally (they are inseminated artificially). These highly bred birds are adapted for large-volume intensive production, and must be raised with care. As noted, this chapter emphasizes the more self-reliant, less highly selected turkeys found in Mexico and a few other Latin American countries. They do not require artificial insemination, and with little attention can care for themselves and their young.
+Fully grown "criollo" turkeys of Mexico are less than half the size of some improved strains. Males weigh between 5 and 8 kg; females, between 3 and 4 kg.3 They vary in color from white, through splashed or mottled, to black. The skin of the neck and head is bare, rough, warty, and blue and red in color. A soft fleshy protuberance at the forehead (the snood) resembles a finger. In males it swells during courtship. The front of the neck is a pendant wattle. A bundle of long, coarse bristles (the beard) stands out prominently from the center of the breast.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The unimproved domestic turkey is essentially limited to central Mexico and scattered locations throughout nearby Latin American countries. Some village birds are also kept in India, Egypt, and other areas, but these are descended from semi-improved strains exported from North America and Europe in earlier times. Generally speaking, few turkeys are found in tropical countries outside Latin America.
+STATUS
+Domesticated turkeys are not endangered; there are estimated to be about 124 million in the world. However, the wild Mexican varieties, ancestors to the first domesticated turkeys sent to Europe, may now be endangered since their distribution in southwestern Mexico has been greatly reduced. Certainly, some primitive domestic strains in the uplands of central Mexico are also being depleted. A separate type, independently domesticated by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States, seems to have disappeared entirely.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Turkeys can be reared virtually anywhere. Their natural habitat is open forest and wooded areas of the North American continent, but in Mexico they are raised from sea level to over 2,000 m altitude, from rainforest to desert, and from near-temperate climates to the tropics.
+BIOLOGY
+The range of diet is broad. Turkeys eat greens, fruits, seeds, nuts, grasses, berries, roots, insects (locusts, cicadas, crickets, and grasshoppers, for example), worms, slugs, and snails.
+Reproduction is generally seasonal and is stimulated by increasing daylength. (A minimum daylength of 12 hours is required.) The birds can reach sexual maturity at six months of age and may start breeding at this time. Ten days after first mating, the hen searches out a nest and commences laying. Industrial birds in temperate climates lay, on average, 90 eggs a year. The nondescript type of turkey in the tropics seldom lays more than 20 small eggs (weighing about 60 am) before going broody.
+BEHAVIOR
+Domestic turkeys walk rather than fly, and find almost all their food on the ground. They can, however, fly short distances to avoid predators.
+The commercial birds have lost many abilities for survival in the wild; they can no longer exist without human care. However, village types can do well with little management.
+Turkeys prefer to make their own nests but can be induced to lay in a convenient spot if provided with nest boxes.
+USES
+These birds are raised almost exclusively for meat. In many countries, they are a treat for holidays, birthdays, and weddings. In their native range of Mexico and Central America, the "unimproved" birds are usually produced as a cash crop for market. They receive little care or feed, and thus they are almost all profit - providing a significant income supplement to many rural homes.
+HUSBANDRY
+The principles of turkey management (nutrition, housing, rearing' and prevention of disease, for example) are basically the same as those for other poultry.
+In Mexico, turkeys are usually kept under free-ranging conditions around houses and villages. Some shelter and kitchen scraps are occasionally provided. A number of them, however, are confined in backyards as protection from marauders and for shelter against rain and wind.
+One male can service up to 12 females. Roomy nests are needed. (As a rule, turkeys require three times the space occupied by chickens.) Most range turkeys are corralled when they begin to lay, so as to protect them from predators. Eggs may be gathered to prevent broodiness and thereby increase production. The eggs may be kept for several days (cool, but not refrigerated) if turned daily, and then may be placed under a chicken hen. (A setting chicken can be used this way to hatch up to nine eggs at a time.) Hatching takes 28 days.
+As in other birds, newly hatched turkeys (poults) must be kept warm during the first weeks of life. Until they begin foraging and have full access to pasture they are usually fed broken grain or fine mash, as well as finely chopped, tender green feed.
+Although free-ranging turkeys are simple to raise, confined turkeys require more complex management. The birds need uncrowded, well ventilated conditions and should be on a wire or slatted floor to reduce parasitic infections. Any feeds recommended for chicks are suitable, but the protein content should be somewhat higher; that is, about 27 percent. They can be fed mixed grains, corn, and chopped legume hay. It may be necessary to provide vitamin supplements and antibiotics and take steps to prevent coccidiosis.
+"AN INCOMPARABLY FINER BIRD"
+The turkey was domesticated in Mexico some time before the Conquest. It is the one and only important domestic animal of North American origin. When the Spanish arrived, they found barnyard turkeys in the possession of Indians in all parts of Mexico and even in Central America. However, the Aztecs and the Tarascans, originating in west-central Mexico, seemed to have achieved the highest development of turkey culture, and it is probable that turkeys were domesticated in the western highlands, perhaps in Michoacan. Wild turkeys of that region are morphologically very similar to the primitive domestic bronze type. Both the Aztecs and Tarascans kept great numbers of the birds, including even white ones. They paid royal tribute to their respective kings in turkeys, according to the Relacion de Michoacan. The Tarascan king fed turkeys to the hawks and eagles in his zoo. The economy of some highland tribes was based on the cultivation of corn and the raising of turkeys.
+A. Starker Leopold
+THE INDUSTRIAL TURKEY
+The modern domesticated turkey is thought to be descended from two differing wild subspecies, one found in Mexico and Central America and the other in the United States. The southern type is small, whereas the U.S. native is larger and has a characteristic bronze plumage.
+Mexican turkeys were exported to Europe soon after the Conquest, and spread rapidly. In the 17th century, some were returned to North America, where they interbred with the eastern subspecies of wild turkey, producing a heavier bird, which was then re-exported to Europe.
+These types underwent little change until this century, when the Englishman Jesse Throssel bred them for meat quality. In the 1920s, he brought his improved birds to Canada, where their large size and broad breasts quickly made them foundation breeding stock. Crossed with the narrow-breasted North American types, these heavily muscled meat birds quickly supplanted other varieties.
+About the same time, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began the scientific development of a smaller meat turkey derived from a more diverse genetic base. By the 1950s, the Beltsville Small Whites predominated in the home consumption market in the United States.
+ADVANTAGES
+The birds are efficient and generally take care of themselves. They tolerate dry, hot, or cold climates and forage farther than chickens. They are large, fast growing, highly marketable, low in fat, and tasty.
+THE TURKEY'S TROPICAL COUSIN
+The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) occurs in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Belize. It is much like the common turkey in size, form, and behavior: however, unlike the common turkey, which in Mexico lives in the high mountain pine and oak forests, the ocellated turkey inhabits bushy, semiforested lowlands. This splendid bird lacks the kind of beard sported by the common turkey gobbler, is generally more metallic in appearance, and has brighter coppery colors. The chief character is a neck and head that are bare, blue, and profusely covered with coral-colored pimples. It also has a yellow-tipped protuberance growing on the crown between the eyes.
+This species is worthy of investigation by poultry researchers because it might prove to be domesticable. It was possibly domesticated by the Mayas, whose ruins often include appropriately sized stone enclosures whose soil has elevated levels of phosphorus and potassium. Even today, in the rural Peten area of Guatemala, ocellated turkeys are sometimes kept around houses as scavengers.
+LIMITATIONS
+Young birds are readily affected by temperature changes and must be protected from the sun as well as from sudden chills, such as may occur at night. They are particularly susceptible to dampness, especially if associated with cold. One peculiarity is the turkey's aversion to any change in feeding routine or the nature of the food.
+Young turkeys are susceptible to parasitic infestation as well as to the same type of bacterial and virus diseases as chickens (for example, fowlpox and coccidiosis). Blackhead, a devastating disease of young turkeys, is carried by a common parasitic nematode, and can be contracted from chickens. Medicines are available to prevent or treat most disease and pest problems.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Turkey development is almost nonexistent in the Third World (and much of the rest of the world, too). Although commercial turkeys are highly developed in some countries, little or no research has been conducted on the criollo turkey. Research on physiology, disease, and husbandry of the criollo turkey should be given high priority.
+The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries.
+<section>13 Potential New Poultry</section>
+Several preceding chapters have discussed the possibilities of domesticating certain wild birds.l Here, briefly, are highlighted other wild species with qualities that might make them suitable for sustained production. It should be understood that their practical use in the long run is pure speculation; they are included here merely to guide those interested in exploring the farthest frontiers of livestock science.
+Collectively, poultry have become the most useful of all livestock-- and the most widespread. Yet only a handful of species are employed. Of the 9,000 bird species, only a few (for instance, chickens, ducks, geese, muscovies, pigeons, and turkeys) have been domesticated for farm use. Strictly speaking, all birds are edible - at least none have poisonous flesh - so it seems illogical to conclude that these are the only likely candidates. Perhaps they are not even the best.
+At first sight there may seem to be little need for new species, but poultry meat is in ever increasing demand and there are many niches where the main species are stricken by disease, or are afflicted by heat, humidity, altitude problems, or other hazards. For these areas, a new species might become a vital future resource. Perhaps some could even become globally important. The modern guinea fowl, for example, is a relative newcomer as a worldwide resource (see page 120).
+The birds now used as poultry were domesticated centuries ago by people unaware of behavior modification, nutrition, genetics, microbiology, disease control, and the other basics of domestication. Today we can tame species that they couldn't. In particular, the new understanding of "imprinting" may make the domestication of birds easier today than ever before.
+In this highly speculative concept, the birds described on the following pages are worth considering. They all eat vegetation and tend to live in flocks, which makes them likely to be easy to feed and to keep in crowded conditions. Most are sedentary, nonmigratory, and poor fliers. All but three (tinamous, sand grouse, and trumpeters) are gallinaceous.
+Gallinaceous birds are already the most important to people. The best known are chickens, turkeys, quail, and guinea fowl. But there are about 240 other species. Most are chickenlike: heavy bodied with short, rounded wings, and adapted for life on the ground. Although some are solitary, many are sociable. Basically vegetarian, they also eat insects, worms, and other invertebrates. The young birds are extremely precocious, walking and feeding within hours of hatching. All of these are advantageous traits for domestication.
+Game birds are also emphasized here. Many today are considered gourmet delights, and this should give them a head start in the marketplace. Indeed, some are already being raised in a small way on game farms and are at least partly on the way to domestication.
+CHACHALACAS
+These brownish birds (Ortalis vetula and nine other species) are found throughout Central and South America, and, given research, could possibly be raised on a large scale. A sort of "tropical chicken," they tame easily, live together in dense populations, and protect their chicks extremely well. They commonly scavenge around houses and people often put out scraps to feed them.2 The chicks are easily hatched, grow fast, and can be fed standard chicken rations.3
+There is already considerable demand for these birds. Everywhere they are found, they are prized as food. In some areas they constitute the single most important game species, and are heavily hunted to supply local communities. Although they have less meat than a chicken, it is tastier and darker.
+Chachalacas are very adaptable. They occur mainly around forest edges and thrive in the thickets that appear after tropical forests have been felled. They do well close to humans, and their populations are not threatened, despite much hunting. Indeed, they seem well adapted to existence around villages and towns. Although not strong fliers, they are one of the few tree-roosting gallinaceous species. Primarily fruit eaters, they also consume tender leaves, twigs, and buds, and they scratch up the ground, presumably for insects.
+Although excitable and noisy, chachalacas become remarkably tame when fed by people. In a few cases, full domestication has almost been reached. Farmers like to have chachalacas around and have even used them to guard domestic chickens. These very raucous and fearless birds will take on all potential threats, even weasels.4
+GUANS
+Close relatives of the chachalacas, guans5 are glossy black birds about the size of small geese. They are highly gregarious and perhaps could be raised in larger numbers. They commonly live around houses, farms, and settlements in their native region of tropical America.
+Unlike most game birds, guans are chiefly tree dwellers, but they also feed on the ground. Some 12 species are known. All are relentlessly hunted for food and sport - their tameness and inability to fly far or fast making them easy targets. The rapid destruction of tropical forests threatens their populations in some parts of their range. Conservation projects and specific plans of action are being proposed for the most threatened species. Perhaps for the other species, game-ranching projects or even outright domestication might provide just the right incentive for their protection and multiplication.
+CURASSOWS
+Curassows are also relatives of guans and chachalacas, but they are even larger - up to 1 m tall and 5 kg in weight. At least seven species are found over the vast area from northern Mexico to southern South America.6 Among them are Latin America's finest game birds.
+It might be possible to produce curassows in organized farming or ranching. They are commonly called "tropical turkeys" because they look like and run like turkeys. Indeed, Latin Americans normally refer to them as "pavos" or "pavones," as if they were the real thing. Their plumage ranges from deep blue to black, invariably with a purple gloss, and all have rather curly crests on their heads. They are not good fliers and spend most of their time on the ground.
+Curassows are increasingly hunted; their tropical forest habitat is shrinking, and the subsequent loss of populations is a calamity. They are special targets, not only because they are large but also because their light-colored flesh makes exceptional eating.
+There is hope that these large wild fowls can be raised and managed in organized programs. Even now, people commonly keep them around their farms and villages. For example, on a number of Venezuelan ranches, yellow-raped curassows can be seen wandering around the cattle yards as if they were chickens.7
+FOREST BIRD RANCHING
+This report has intentionally focused on intensive farming - the type where people bring feed to animals in captivity. However, where this normal type of farming is of marginal value, `'ranching'' free-ranging birds may often be a more effective option. In this, the farmer simply monitors and improves the condition of the range and devises methods to harvest the birds on a sustainable basis.
+"Bird ranching" may today have outstanding merit, particularly in tropical rainforests. Hence, in this chapter we emphasize birds of the jungle. These might help make standing rainforests profitable producers of income, and thereby provide economic incentives to stop felling trees for cow pastures. Indeed, forest birds might become part of a whole new "salvation farming'' that makes forests more valuable than fields. It is a technique that may contribute to preserving both bird life and its vitally valuable habitat.
+MEGAPODES
+Megapodes (family Megapodiidae) include some of the world's most interesting birds. They have temperature-sensitive beaks and employ nature's own heat sources as incubators. The best-known species build piles of leaves and use the heat of decomposition to incubate their eggs. The species of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, however, take advantage of sun-warmed sand or even geothermal activity.
+People have long revered these birds. Aborigines in Australia, Melanesians in New Guinea, and many Micronesians all protect the bizarre nesting sites, and "farm" them for eggs. Local people consider the large eggs special delicacies, and sometimes the egg-laying sites are owned and exploited for generations without a single bird being killed for food.8
+Programs that provide sustainable supplies of eggs have been established in Papua New Guinea. One is near Mt. Tovarvar, a simmering volcano on the island of New Britain. Here, megapodes gather in large numbers to lay eggs in the hot sands. They dig until they locate sand that is exactly 32.7�C, before laying their huge (more than 10 cm long and 6 cm wide) pink eggs. Each year the villagers dig up some 2O,OOO eggs, which are an important source of protein and cash income. The government now regulates the harvest in a way that protects the bird population while supplying a nourishing food.
+Megapodes are found in only a few parts of the world, but projects such as those in Papua New Guinea provide hope and guidance not only for the sustainable "ranching" of megapodes, but also for other species elsewhere. Many wild birds yield locally important products-- down, colored feathers, eggs, meat, and skins, and they make excellent songbirds and pets, for example. Their management on a sustainable basis may in certain cases be the key to turning local people into the most dedicated conservationists of all.
+PARTRIDGES AND FRANCOLINS
+Partridges include many small game birds native to the Old World. They are robust, precocious, and larger than quails. Some lay many eggs - the European partridge, for example, lays up to 26 in a clutch. Newly hatched chicks are soon able to feed themselves and can fly within a few weeks, sometimes even within the first few days.
+Species that may make useful poultry include:
+- The European (or gray) partridge (Perdix perdix);
+- The rock partridge (Alectoris), bantamlike birds of Africa; and
+- The chukar (A. graeca).
+A native of the vast area from southeastern Europe to India and Manchuria, the chukar is stocked as a game bird in many countries. It is now produced routinely under poultrylike husbandry in many parts of the United States, not only for hunting clubs, but also for expensive food markets. The birds are generally raised on turkey rations and dress out at about 500 g after 18 weeks. They sell for more than broiler chickens and are a profitable sideline for increasing numbers of poultry farmers.9
+A group of closely related birds are the francolins (genus Francolinus), of which there are 34 species in Africa and 5 in West and South Asia. These adaptable birds are sturdy, live in a variety of habitats, and tend to be rather noisy. Basically, they are partridges with leg spurs. They are highly regarded as a food source and are hunted and trapped wherever they are found.
+Francolins are much like quail, but are several times larger. Arabs introduced one of the most beautiful species (Francolinus francolinus) into southern Spain, Sicily, and Greece during the Middle Ages. However, it was hunted so heavily that it soon became extinct in Europe. More recently, francolins have been introduced to the Soviet Union.'�
+Francolins inhabit steppes, savannas, primeval forests, and mountains. They thrive in cultivated land with much cover. The clutch consists of 6-8 hard, thick-shelled eggs. In recent times at least one program to domesticate them for food has been started in Africa.11
+MALAYSIA'S MOBILE MOUSETRAP
+Although the report emphasizes microlivestock as food suppliers, it should be realized that small animals - even wild ones - can have other important uses as welt The following interesting example, with possible worldwide implications, comes from recent experiences in Malaysia. *
+Certain rodents are major pests on farms and plantations. Now, however, Malaysian zoologists are finding that owls, particularly barn owls (Tyto alba), can help control them. An owl pair and its chicks annually consume 1,500 or more rodents. This is not new knowledge; indeed, on farms throughout the world the barn owl has always been a welcome guest. What is new is that Malaysians are showing how outstandingly effective this process is, and they have initiated major projects to attract and maintain these feathered friends.
+Barn owls are found in many parts of the world, but were formerly almost unknown in Peninsular Malaysia. In 1969, however, a pair began nesting in an oil-palm plantation in Johore State. Since then, these birds have steadily increased in numbers and have spread throughout most of the peninsula. Today, the population is increasing remarkably quickly as more and more managers erect nest boxes for the owls to live in.
+The owls are proving to be a good way to remove rats and are notably effective in plantations of oil palm. They perch on fronds and fly under and between the rows of trees. A cost of $1 - $2 per hectare per year is all that is required to install nest boxes, a negligible outlay for the control of such a serious and expensive problem.
+It is believed that the barn owls hunt mainly in plantations and other agricultural areas and not in the rainforest. Barn owls are, after all primarily adapted to open spaces and not dense forest.
+Perhaps this experience can be replicated and adopted in other locations and with other crops. Grain crops - notably rice - are particularly prone to the ravages of rodents, and one trial has commenced in Selangor State in a rice area. The concept of using owls for rodent control is also catching on in the United States. Indeed owl nest boxes are being erected in Central Park in the heart of New York City.
+PHEASANTS
+One pheasant, the red junglefowl, gave the world the chicken (see page 86). The other 48 species may have some potential, too. These are rarely seen forest birds; all but one are confined to Asia.13 Because they are prolific they can sustain heavy predation, and many species, notably the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), are constantly hunted.
+People in several countries have learned to exploit pheasants on farms and estates. As a result, there is a vast amount of information on how to rear and manage these birds. So far, however, it has been applied only to sport hunting in wealthy societies; the potential of raising pheasants for the mass market should now be seriously addressed.
+The most dramatic-looking pheasant, the peacock (Pavo cristatus), is raised as a poultry species in Vietnam. The meat of the young birds is considered outstanding. In fine restaurants in New York, a peacock dinner is reputed to cost $150. Common peafowls are considered sacred in many parts of India, where they have become so tame that they are essentially domesticated. They also control snakes.
+QUAIL
+Domestic quail have been previously described (page 146)J but dozens of wild quail species and subspecies occupy many different habitats and ecological niches in almost all parts of the world. Out of all this genetic wealth only one species - the Japanese quail - is widely used. Yet many other species seem easy to raise, becoming exceedingly tame after about the sixth generation.
+The management and even perhaps intensive production of these various local quails might provide long-term benefits for many developing nations. Quail meat ranks among the finest.14 Some of these lesser-studied birds are more meaty than the Japanese quail or have other possibly useful traits. Much is known about rearing a few of them because they are used in sport hunting or laboratory research. The possibility of domestication, therefore, is not farfetched.
+Particular quail that might be considered for domestication are the lesser-known subspecies of Coturnix coturnix. These subspecies are found in various places, including the following:
+- Europe (C. c. coturnix breeds in the area ranging from northern Russia to North Africa and from the British Isles to Siberia. In winter it migrates to tropical Africa, Asia, and southern India.)
+- The Azores (C. c. conturbans)
+- The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (C. c. confisa)
+- Cape Verde Islands (C. c. inopinata)
+- East Africa (C. c. erlangeri)
+- Tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius (C. c. africana)
+- Japan (C. c. japonica, the most probable ancestor of the domesticated quail)
+- China (C. c. ussuriensis, a possible ancestor of the domesticated Japanese quail)
+TINAMOUS
+Tinamous are quail-like birds of Central and South America's forests and grasslands. They are, however, much larger than quail and resemble small chickens, with plump bodies and no visible tail. There are more than 40 species, and all are much sought for food because their meat is tender and flavorful. The breast is surprisingly large, and its flesh is pale and translucent. One species, the great tinamou (Tinamus major), has been called "the most perfect of birds for culinary purposes." Frozen tinamous from Argentina were formerly sold in the United States under the name "South American quail."
+Tinamous are found mainly in tropical areas, but are also widely distributed in Argentina and Chile. They dwell in varied habitats: rainforests, thickets, bushlands, savannas, and grasslands up to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes. Some species sleep in trees, others on the ground. They spend their days creeping about in heavy cover, flying only when forced.
+At least some species tame readily. Indeed, during the nesting period males become so tractable that they can be picked up off the nest. At the turn of the century, many tinamous were raised as game birds in France, England, Germany, and Hungary. However, for reasons unknown, subsequent attempts to settle them in Europe have failed. Tinamous have been raised in Canada without undue difficulty; they showed little or no stress under captivity and there were few losses.15
+Tinamous may also prove suitable for egg production. They lay clutches of 16-20 spectacular-looking shiny eggs that seem to be made of sky-blue and bright-green ceramic.
+SAND GROUSE
+Sand grouse (mainly Pterocles species) are highly adapted to life in arid regions - desert, dry grasslands, arid savanna, and bushveld. Their entire body (including most of the bill and feet) is covered with dense down, which in the desert insulates them from the burning heat of midday and the freezing cold of night. It also protects the nostrils against blowing sand and dust.
+These pigeonlike birds are found throughout the drier regions of Africa and Asia - for instance, the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib, Arabian, and Thar deserts. They live mainly on small seeds, and sometimes flocks of thousands may be seen at waterholes, flying in for a drink from up to 80 km away. For peoples of the driest spots on earth, these birds may make a useful food species: for one thing, they are not endangered. Indeed, they are proliferating as drought and overgrazing is increasing the amount of dry, desolate rangeland that they prefer. The bore holes provided for livestock have both boosted their populations and afforded a place where these wide-ranging birds can be easily captured. When nesting, sand grouse are highly vulnerable to foxes, jackals, mongooses, and other predators. Protection of the nesting sites may be the key to maintaining their populations if harvesting schemes are introduced.
+TRUMPETERS
+Trumpeters (Psophia species) might prove to be a useful species for sustainable production within tropical forests. As "tree poultry," these relatives of cranes could help provide meat without destroying the trees, as is now done to raise cattle.
+These chicken-sized birds inhabit South America's jungles.16 They are nonmigrating, ground-dwelling, and are often kept as pets, notably by Amerindians. Under human protection, trumpeters become very tame. They recognize strangers and challenge them with a loud cackle. 17
+Fully adapted to the forest environment, they can run fast, but fly poorly. In the wild, this makes them easy targets for hunters. Because of this and the fact that they make excellent eating, they are approaching extinction in some areas.
+No attempts have been made to rear these birds in numbers, but this should be tried. They feed mainly on plant materials, particularly berries of all kinds. They also relish grasshoppers, spiders, and centipedes, and are particularly fond of termites.
+Trumpeters require trees; they completely avoid cultivated land. Thus, as the destruction of forests in South America continues, their habitat is shrinking. Although their existence is not as yet threatened, the long-term prognosis is bleak. If managed in "forest-ranching" programs, however, they might be saved from extinction and thriving populations built up.
+Interest in rabbits continues to increase. It is now widely recognized that the raising of small animals in developing countries has great potential as a means of improving human nutrition and economic security. The famines in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia starkly illuminate the need for maximum efficiency in food production to maintain the quality of human life. Rabbit raising contributes to meeting these needs.
+P.R. Cheeke, N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt Rabbit Production
+Rabbits are especially well adapted to backyard rearing systems in which capital and fodder resources are usually limiting factors in animal production. When rabbits are reared according to the techniques appropriate to the environment they can do much to improve the family diet of many of the most needy rural families, while at the same time supplying them with a source of income. With more advanced technology rabbit production can also help to supply big city meat markets.
+Food and Agriculture Organization The Rabbit: Husbandry, Health, and Production
+<section>Part III : Rabbits</section>
+Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2
+In most developing countries, on the other hand, rabbits are not well known - at least compared with other livestock. But they have great promise there, and in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in interest. For those developing countries where information is available, rabbit meat production almost doubled between 1966 and 1980. For instance, several African countries - among them Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia - now have national rabbit-raising programs. A number of Asian countries - such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam - are also encouraging rabbit farming. And some Latin American countries - Mexico, Costa Rica, and El Salvador, for instance - are actively promoting rabbits for subsistence farmers.
+Ghana is also extensively promoting rabbit farming. Although able to produce all the cereals its population needs, it cannot produce enough meat to satisfy demand. In response, the government organized "Operation Feed Yourself." The National Rabbit Project was created
+Hares
+The common hare (Lepus europus) has not been domesticated, but it is nevertheless a major cash crop of several countries. In Argentina, for example, there is a booming, million-dollar enterprise that exports hundreds of thousands of carcasses, mainly to Germany where they are sold as game meat. For Argentine campesinos, many of whom have few sources of livelihood, trapping hares provides a vital income. In New Zealand, too, hare has become an export item.
+A closely related species (Lepus capensis) is native to Africa, and perhaps could be "ranched in the same fashion.
+Rainforest Rabbit
+The forest rabbit, or tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), is commonly eaten in its native habitat, which extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. It occurs in various hot and humid areas of Central and South America and probably within the Amazon Basin itself. Thus, this creature seems a possible candidate for a "tropical rabbit" that can be raised under sweltering conditions, perhaps even in rainforest regions. Although it seems to be heat resistant, it has an especially fine fur.
+Little is now known about the tapeti. It is rather secretive and its natural history and even its range are still uncertain. However, its populations appear stable and it is not threatened with extinction. It produces litters of 1 - 5 young after a 44-day gestation, and may bear 4 litters a year. This may seem a lot, but compared with other wild rabbits, the litter size is small and the gestation period long. under this program to provide farmers with breeding stock and practical information on rearing rabbits. (To qualify for the purchase of new breeding stock, would-be rabbit raisers are required to take an intensive three-day course in rabbit husbandry, which is provided at no charge.) With both official and popular support, the rabbit's potential for Ghana has been enhanced through media campaigns complete with radio jingles (examples: "Get the bunny money!" "Grow rabbits - grow children." "Get into the rabbit habit!"), television spots, and large posters. Already,
+rabbit breeding is included in school curricula and rabbit meat is available in school lunches.
+Other countries have mounted similar campaigns. In Mexico, for instance, teachers raise rabbits in rural schools as a way of training students; scores of government officials have taken to breeding rabbits in their homes; and several army units are raising rabbits as mess-hall substitutes for costly beef, pork, and chicken. In Nigeria, farmers can now acquire rabbits from 18 government rabbit-breeding centers, which distribute thousands of animals each year. In Costa Rica, the government has similarly established a series of breeding, distribution, and rabbit-farming training centers. And in El Salvador, the technology of rabbit production is being transferred to farmers via the army.
+Although rabbits are ideal microlivestock in a general sense, rabbit rearing has many problems and limitations. Poor management is a common difficulty. Unlike the traditional method of keeping scavenger animals, rabbits have to be contained and cannot be left to find their own food. Raising rabbits requires more skills, more time, and much more effort than raising barnyard chickens or other familiar scavengers.
+For all that, rabbits produce more food than scavenging animals; they are less likely to damage crops because they are kept confined; they live exclusively on forage, which tends to grow vigorously in tropical zones; and they generally produce a more valuable product. The rabbit's potential is far from exploited, and rabbit farming will have to increase enormously before its promise for the small farms of the world is realized.
+There is, however, an increasing concern over a recent outbreak of an exceptionally virulent viral rabbit disease - hemorrhagic tracheopneumonis, which attacks the lungs and lung tissue, killing 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The virus, which has ravaged the animals in parts of Asia and Europe, was identified in China five years ago in Angora rabbits imported from Germany. It spread to Korea in 1986, and in early 1988 moved through southern and eastern Europe and spread as far as Egypt. It has also been identified in Mexico. Vaccination may become a future prerequisite of rabbit rearing in many countries.
+FAST FOOD
+The order Lagomorpha includes more than 60 small quickmaturing, and rapidly reproducing species. It seems illogical to think that only one is useful as microlivestock. In principle, any rabbit, hare, or pike could be raised in captivity. All are clean, fast growing and rapid breeding. They are opportunistic feeders and can digest fibrous vegetation. Their meat tastes better than chicken and does not carry the stigma of rodent. The animals are small inoffensive, efficient at foraging, and generally tolerant of difficult environments. In theory, at least, they could be raised on vegetation not used by people or by many domesticated livestock.
+Species worthy of exploratory research include the following.
+<section>14 Domestic Rabbit</section>
+The domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)1 is suited to small-scale production and backyard farming. It is easily maintained, requires scant space, makes minimal demands on the family budget, and thrives on plant materials that are usually disdained by humans. It utilizes forage efficiently. even coarse vegetation that is high in fiber, and under ideal conditions it can grow so rapidly that its rate is only slightly lower than that of broiler chickens.2
+The rabbit's capacity for reproduction is legendary. In theory, a single male and four females can produce as many as 3,000 offspring a year, representing some 1,450 kg of meat - as much as an average sized cow.3 The meat is pink, delicately flavored, and is usually considered a premium product that provides variety in the diet. It has more protein and less fat and calories per gram than beef, pork, lamb, or chicken.
+Some breeds are raised for their wool. The long-haired Angora, for instance, yields a luxury fiber that makes a soft, lustrous fabric. It sells at high prices and makes these animals very valuable.
+Rabbit pelts also bring cash. They are used in fur coats and other luxury garments. In addition, rabbit feet and tails are used in good luck charms and many curios.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Rabbits are well known for their long ears, fluffy tails, and long hind legs. Many commercial breeds are white, although colored types are sometimes chosen because of special qualities in their meat or pelts.
+There are many breeds and much genetic diversity within and between breeds. (Almost 160 varieties are recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association.) However, in both North America and Europe, the New Zealand White has traditionally displaced most other breeds for commercial meat production. This medium-weight breed bears large litters, is a good milk producer, and has good mothering ability. It reproduces best under intensive farming and, among purebreds, yields the most meat. A full-grown New Zealand White weighs 4-5 kg, giving about 2 kg of meat at 8-10 weeks of age. Large breeds include the Flemish Giant or the Checkered Giant, which weigh more than 6 kg at maturity.
+Hybrids are rapidly replacing purebreds in Europe for commercial production. Specific crosses of breeds have been shown experimentally to be more productive overall compared with purebred New Zealand Whites.
+Different meat breeds are preferred in various countries. For example, in Ghana the most popular are Flemish Giants, New Zealand Whites, Yellow Silvers, and Checkered Giants; in Tanzania and Nigeria, New Zealand Whites and Dutch are preferred; in China, Chinchillas and Japanese Large Whites are the most widely consumed. Some smaller breeds - for instance, the Polish - are also valuable for husbandry.
+Some Third World strains have already evolved. They show high tolerance to local conditions (for example, the Baladi - the main strain of the Sudan and the Near East - and the Criollo of Mexico). The Baladi has a small body and relatively low production, but it is hardy and tolerates harsh conditions.
+Specialized breeds have been developed for wool, fur, and laboratory research. The Angora wool breed has already been mentioned. The Rex breed produces a high-quality pelt used in furs.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The wild ancestor of the domestic rabbit was originally restricted to Spain and Portugal. Today, its descendants are found worldwide.
+STATUS
+Plentiful.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Domestic rabbits are best suited to temperate climates, but they do well in tropical and subtropical conditions if hutches are constructed and sited to take advantage of shade and cooling breezes. Ventilation is important (but care must be taken to avoid direct exposure to cold drafts). Prolonged exposure to temperatures higher than 30�C reduces both fertility and growth. Apparently, all breeds tolerate heat equally well. However, heat is shed through the ears, and the longer the ear, the more heat a rabbit will tolerate. Lop-eared varieties withstand heat poorly.
+BIOLOGY
+Rabbits eat fibrous vegetation. In addition to normal feces, they produce special droppings called cecotropes. Softer and smaller than the regular fecal pellets, they are excreted in clusters and are swallowed as soon as they are eliminated. Cecotropes are rich in bacterial protein, and this double digestion (coprophagy) enables the animals to utilize the fermentation products formed in the cecum. This process is rather like that of ruminants, and rabbits are sometimes called pseudoruminants.4
+Breeding begins at 4-6 months of age and may continue up to age 4, occasionally to age 6. Gestation takes 28-32 days. Females can conceive within 24 hours after giving birth and can produce a second litter merely 4 weeks later. With good feed and early rebreeding, 9 or more litters a year are possible. (Such a rate is only achievable under exceptional management, however.) Litter size depends on breed and body weight. Small breeds average 4 young per litter; large breeds 810. Births occur at any time of the year, but production slackens when the weather is exceptionally cold or hot, when feed is scarce, or when days are short. Extremes of heat or cold can also affect the survival of the young.
+Rabbits raised under subsistence conditions are likely to produce 4 or 5 litters a year, with an average of 5-8 young per litter' depending on management and feed quality.5 Annual production of about 20 weaned offspring per female per year under tropical and subtropical conditions is common. The young remain in the nest until they are 2-3 weeks old. Their eyes open at approximately 10 days of age. About 4 months are required to produce a 2-kg market rabbit under subsistence conditions.
+BEHAVIOR
+Rabbits that receive human handling are very gentle and can be trained to live inside people's houses and even use a "litter box."
+USES
+Rabbits are multipurpose animals yielding the following products:
+- Meat. Delicious hot or cold, fancy or plain, it can be breaded and fried, broiled, baked, or barbecued.
+- Wool. The fineness of rabbit hair is an asset in the production of wool, which is the plucked or shaved hair of the long-haired Angora breed. It is usually mixed with fine Merino sheep wool to give more substance and to improve its wearing quality. An average Angora rabbit produces about 850 g of wool each year. (Some specimens produce as much as 1,000 g.)
+- Fur. The fur is dense.
+- Leather or vellum. Rabbit hide has the tension and strength required for tiny drive-belts in tape recorders and other delicate machines.
+- Fertilizer. Rabbit manure often contains high proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, and it comes in convenient drypellet form.
+- Tourist charms. In many societies, rabbits are connected with good luck. Feet and tails are used for car decorations, key chains, charms, and mementos that appeal to tourists.
+Rabbits are also used in biochemical and physiological research.
+HUSBANDRY
+Rabbits can be housed in hutches ranging from sophisticated commercial cages to simple packing crates with a few ventilation holes and rough troughs for food and water. In all cases, watertight roofing is essential. A floor space of only 0.25 m� is sufficient for one rabbit, but about 1 m� is recommended for a female and her young.
+Starting small-scale rabbit production is generally inexpensive. An almost infinite variety of backyard feeding and drinking equipment can be made from various scrap items, such as old bottles. The main criteria are that cleaning should be easy and spillage minimized.
+In practice, diets can be based largely on herbage: grass, leaves, legumes, crop residues, and kitchen scraps. However, the diet must be wholesome, and caged rabbits fed on forage usually need some grain or agricultural by-products (rice bran, for instance) as a dietary supplement. Supplementation is particularly important for newborns and lactating females, whose diet must contain about 16 percent protein and at least 18 percent fiber. When "noncommercial" feeds are used, salt must be added to prevent salt deficiency.
+Because of higher protein content, legumes (for instance, alfalfa, cowpea, vetch, or pea) are better than grass. Alfalfa is particularly valuable, and in the Sudan and Mozambique it is already grown extensively for feeding rabbits. On diets consisting of alfalfa and rye grass, weaned New Zealand Whites have demonstrated growth rates of 38-39 g per day in animals weighing up to 2 kg.
+ADVANTAGES
+Rabbits, as mentioned, can utilize almost any type of edible vegetation. Also, despite their diminutive size, they can collectively produce as much meat per unit of forage as large livestock, or even more (see page 183).6
+There is much genetic diversity. Differences in growth rate, fertility, maternal ability, milk production, disease resistance, heat resistance, and other features have been noted. This is useful, since a wide genetic base enhances the likelihood of success of selection programs.
+Rabbits are easy to handle and can be raised under primitive conditions. They require little financial investment and their husbandry is easily accomplished in the home by women and children.
+The animal's rapid reproduction is a big advantage.
+LIMITATIONS
+Tropical conditions produce special problems. There, rabbits must be protected from heat and rain. Stress brought on by high temperatures, high humidity, and wet conditions can lead to respiratory disorders and even sudden death.
+Most diseases are caused by poor management. Dirty or wet cages lead to diarrhea, sores, mites, and ringworm, all of which can cause serious losses. Enteritis (diarrhea) often kills 20 percent or more of all rabbits before they attain market age and weight. A major disease problem in most countries is coccidiosis, which is particularly harmful to young rabbits. Again, damp and unsanitary conditions increase the susceptibility; better management can control it.
+In some countries - notably Australia and New Zealand - escaping rabbits have become a serious menace and have destroyed crops and grazing lands. Because of this threat, it is illegal to import rabbits into some countries.
+At present, many people are unaccustomed to eating rabbit. Indeed, where commercial ventures have been established in areas with an otherwise plentiful meat supply, there have been financial failures. However, where rabbit meat is familiar, there is usually great demand for it. Also, in poorer areas where animal protein is in short supply, the tasty pink meat is widely appreciated.
+HOW RABBITS WERE DOMESTICATED
+For 30 or 40 million years the wild species Oryctolagus Cuniculus lived only in the area that today is Spain. Caves there contain Stone Age drawings of it. Phoenician traders landing on the Iberian Peninsula in about 1100 B.C. found huge numbers of these wild rabbits. The little animals were unknown to them and they mistook them for the hyraxes they had seen in Africa. (Although small and rabbitlike, the hyrax is actually related to elephants.) Since the Semitic name for hyrax was shaphan ("one who hides"), the Phoenicians named the peninsula l-shepan-im, from which the Latin name Hispania developed. Thus, "Spain" actually means "island of hyraxes," even though these African animals have never occurred there.
+Given the rabbit's reproductive powers and adaptability it is surprising that it hadn't spread beyond Spain, but dense forests covered most of Europe after the last Ice Age. The rabbit, which is suited to open country, only spread rapidly after man had cleared most of the trees. Even then, the natural spread was slowed by the Pyrenees mountains blocking the way into the rest of Europe.
+Ancient Romans became acquainted with rabbits after they invaded Spain, and they eagerly added wild rabbit meat to their banquets. The meat was so popular that around 1 A.D. Roman voyagers released a pair of rabbits onto the Balearic Islands. In time, these produced so many offspring that the islanders had to appeal to the Roman emperor for help. They even asked to be moved to another country if the emperor could not get rid of the plague of rabbits!
+Eventually, Romans in Italy, France, and other parts of the European mainland began raising rabbits for meat. They kept them in special cages called leporaria. Their rabbits were probably not truly domesticated; instead they were netted in the wild and caged for fattening before being prepared for the table. The Romans had little incentive to domesticate an animal that could be so easily captured.
+Tne rabbit was the last farm animal to be domesticated. It seems likely that this did not begin until the Christian era when monks in French monasteries began taming rabbits. In those days, rabbit embryos and newborn young were considered delicacies, called "laurices." In 600 A.D. the Pope declared that laurices were "not meatp," and permitted them to be eaten during fasts and in monasteries of strict discipline where meat was forbidden. Within a few years, the animal was domesticated,
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Government-sponsored rabbit-research stations and programs are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
+Rabbit husbandry is well known, but much basic research is needed; for example, specific nutrient requirements, breed comparisons, disease control, reproductive management, and efficient housing and equipment. There is a particular need to reduce the labor required for feeding, breeding, caging, and cleaning.
+With the increasing number of rabbit programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is a need to share information and ideas among the various countries. The exchange of experiences with rabbit breeding, health and nutrition, and the practical experiences and field studies could be of great value.
+Further research in rabbit nutrition is necessary to identify nutrient requirements more precisely. Moreover, links between nutrition and disease should be clarified.
+Further research into the cause and prevention of enteritis is needed. (At present, this condition is prevented by maintaining a fiber level in the diet of at least 18 percent and keeping the energy level relatively low.)
+Legume shrubs could be an answer to the feed problems in the dry season. Deep-rooted shrubby legumes, such as gliricidia or leucaena, remain green well into the dry season and have high protein contents. Rabbits find the leaves of leucaena palatable (see companion report Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1984), and they are fairly resistant to mimosine (a sometimes toxic amino acid found in leucaena foliage). More research on this promising approach is needed.
+As noted earlier (page 181), a killer virus has recently appeared. Studies into its epidemiology and control are most important.
+Outsiders who hope to improve conditions in underdeveloped areas, sometimes . . . introduce new food avoidances to the communities they came to help [if outsiders] show repugnance toward consuming goats, . . . rats, . . . crows, insects, intestines and blood, then the people they are educating may likewise give up those . . . foods and lose valuable proteins.
+Calvin W. Schwabe
+Unmentionable Cuisine
+You can count on the fingers of one hand the domestic animals that produce virtually all of mankind's meat and milk - a selection made more than 10,000 years ago by our Neolithic ancestors. Yet the earth teems with thousands of species of animals; why limit ourselves to cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep? Given the world's shortages of energy and water and arable land, why not try to domesticate wild animals? The effort would save many species from extinction, provide the world with more food, and introduce gentle farming to fragile environments.
+N.D. Vietmeyer
+<section>Part IV : Rodents</section>
+Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.
+It seems probable, therefore, that some species would make suitable microlivestock - a notion supported by the previous domestication of the guinea pig, laboratory rat and mouse, gerbil, and hamster. Indeed, "ranching" rodents might be an effective way to increase food supplies in remote areas. It could also be a mechanism to ensure the survival of rare rodents whose natural habitats are being rapidly destroyed.
+RODENTS AS FOOD
+Rodents are already common foods in many countries and are valued items of commerce. It has been estimated that 42 of 383 cultures eat rodents.! But the fact that they are a major meat source is almost unrecognized. This is due in part to cultural misunderstanding. Rodents suitable for human food or other products do not live in filth, like common rats. They are clean and vegetarian. Like rabbits, they eat grass and grains.
+In some regions of the world, cooked rodent meat is regarded as the epitome of dining. In many countries, local rodent species are the most eagerly sought meats. City markets in different parts of Latin America carry guinea pig, pace, capybara, and vizcacha. Markets in Asia may carry rice rats, cloud rats, and bandicoot rats. Those of rural Africa are filled with "bushmeats" - usually including grasscutters, giant rats, and several other rodent species. These are often preferred to the meat of domestic stock and fetch higher prices than beef. And the amounts of rodent bushmeat available are not minor. In one year, for example, hunters in Botswana have brought to market 3.3 million kg of meat of the rodent called springhare (see page 278).
+Fondness for rodent meat is not restricted to the tropics. In the United States, squirrel was once a much sought treat. Fat, nut-fed grey squirrels went into Brunswick stew, which has been called the most famous dish to emerge from the campfires and cabins of Colonial America. Thomas Jefferson liked it. Today, squirrel is the country's number two game animal (after deer), and many are still eaten.
+Ancient Romans kept fat dormice in captivity, serving them as a delicacy. "The fat dormice are fattened up in barrel-like pots like those in country houses," wrote Varro (116-27 BC). "One feeds these animals large amounts of acorns, chestnuts, or other nuts."2 This small rodent remains a prized food in Europe and still appears on tables in certain areas. The meat is regarded as a delicacy because it tastes of almonds and other nuts. Often it is roasted, broiled, and cooked with its cracklings.
+Rodents have seldom been included in livestock programs or economic development plans. Yet human appetite has actually caused the extinction of a number of species. Caribbean Indians ate several endemic rodents (one of which was as big as a bear), and may have caused several species to become extinct just before the time of Columbus. Others may soon follow the same dismal route, including the beautiful cloud rat of the Philippines, the hare-like mare of Argentina, the vizcacha of southern South America, and the gentle hutias of the Caribbean.
+The guinea pig is described in a later chapter, but as it is the epitome of a rodent microlivestock species, some historical background is given here. It was domesticated for food use at least 7,000 years ago, probably in what is now the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. With only llama and deer available, the prehistoric Andean peoples had few readily available sources of meat. They adopted wild cavies, and found that these rangeland rodents (which are more closely related to porcupines than to rats or mice) were gentle, manageable, and easy to rear. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the 1500s, the "cuy" (pronounced "coo-ee," like the faint cry it makes) was a major food from Argentina to the Caribbean.
+This impressed the conquistadores, who introduced cuys into Europe, where they also became a delicacy.3 Within a century, these easily transported animals began to appear on tables in many parts of the Spanish empire. Guinea pigs are now reared in campesino huts in the mountains of central Mexico, in the Philippines, and in several African nations, along with other areas of the world.
+Elsewhere, guinea pigs came to be used only as house pets and laboratory animals. Although during World War II Mussolini's government urged Italians to keep them to supplement their meager meat rations, their use as food was largely ignored in most parts of the world.
+DOMESTICATION
+LIMITATIONS
+As with most animals with which man is in close contact, rodents can transmit human diseases.4 With care, however, managed rodents need not be any more dangerous to care for or to eat than pigs or horses - both of which are worldwide food resources.
+DOMESTICATING RODENTS
+To domesticate the pace (see page 262) would seem to be impossible. These large rodents of Central and South America are nocturnal and fiercely territorial; they have low fecundity and take 10 months to reach weaning, and they have tender skin that is easily damaged Most researchers have written them off as candidates for domestication. But at least two have undertaken to beat the odds. We present the findings of one of them here to show that, using modem techniques, even species that normally fight each other to the death on sight are potential farm animals.
+Through years of studying paces in Panama, Smithsonian biologist Nicholas Smythe has found that with care and planning the aggressive behavior can be so radically altered that the animals become calm. Indeed, some become almost loving. Newborns, Smythe found, undergo "imprinting" and when he places them with docile adults or with humans, the fierce territoriality never develops. He nurses newborns on "surrogate" mothers that have been imprinted on people. The youngsters then welcome human company and, if fumed out of the cage, return there voluntarily. "It's difficult to imagine a more manageable animal," Smythe said. "Technically speaking they are behaviorally indistinguishable from traditional domestic animals."
+As of this writing, Smythe has three generations totalling about 50 individuals, and has several "families" of gentle paces living together in harmony. He has observed that they lose their nocturnal habit and, although they live mainly on fruits in the wild, they readily eat leafy vegetables and other foods in captivity. His captive specimens have recently begun to breed. The offspring remain docile, but they have so far averaged only a little more than two young per female per year.
+"If we can just double the reproduction rate, then raising paces can compete economically with raising cattle," Smythe explained. "The potential for a bigger brood is all in the animal's anatomy, and if successful, paces in the wet tropics could produce as much protein as cattle."*
+Pacas need the shade and protection of the forest. Thus, pace raising might provide an alternative to cutting down rainforests for cattle raising. Instead of toppling trees and planting pastures, people could farm paces in the forest, and perhaps make as much or more money at the same time. In tropical America, the ready acceptance of pace meat is a near guarantee that all they produce will be snapped up at premium prices. In the past, many territorial and aggressive species have been dismissed as being impossible to domesticate or manage. But Smythe has demonstrated that with imprinting and other methods of behavior modification, these need be dismissed no longer.
+Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep.
+<section>15 Agouti</section>
+Among the best known of all animals of the American tropics, agoutis (Dasyprocta species)' are prolific rabbit- or hare-sized rodents that are probably easily farmed. They are valued for food and are hunted throughout most of their range. Indeed, agouti meat, once common in Latin markets. is now difficult to find because of indiscriminate killing. Agouti hunting is already prohibited in Brazil; restaurants in Belem, for example, once offered a variety of "cotta" (agouti) dishes at prices equivalent to those of choice filet mignon, but since the early 1970s they have been banned from serving it. Other countries will probably have to institute similar bans.
+Agoutis are active, long-legged, and high-strung. They flee in panic at the slightest alarm. They do not climb but they do burrow occasionally, being essentially specialized ground-dwellers that live in tropical forest regions.
+There have been no organized scientific attempts to raise these swift, shy animals in captivity, but Latin Americans sometimes keep them as "domestics," especially in parks and large gardens. (Agoutis are well known, for instance at the Goeldi Museum in Belem, Brazil.) These animals seem to tame easily, and could perhaps be mass produced on a large scale like rabbits or guinea pigs. They make affectionate pets, sometimes refusing to return to the wild. A research project on captive breeding of two local agouti species (Dasyprocta mexicana and D. punctata) for food is already under way in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Most of lowland, tropical Latin America and the Caribbean.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Agoutis are delicately built, graceful, nimble, and beautifully proportioned. They have slender bodies, short ears, and look somewhat like a rabbit that has been "jacked up" in back. Generally, adults are 40-60 cm long and weigh 2-5 kg. Some are even bigger.
+They run well and are good jumpers. From a standing start an agouti reportedly can leap as high as 2 m or as far as 6 m; however, as long as they are well fed, there is little problem keeping them behind a wall only 1 m high.2 Reportedly, they sometimes climb easy-sloping trees to collect green fruits, but researchers studying Central American agoutis report that they are strictly terrestrial.3 They swim well.
+The body hair is thick, coarse, and glossy: pale orange to black on the back, and white to yellow on the belly. Some species have faint stripes, and some have a rump that contrasts with the rest of the back. The short tail is partially concealed under the long body hair.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Agoutis occur over a vast area from southern Mexico to Paraguay, including many islands in the Caribbean.4
+STATUS
+Because they occasionally damage sugarcane plantings and because the meat is particularly tasty, people hunt agoutis relentlessly, especially near cities and towns. Now, in the l990s, they are becoming rare because of excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Many Latin Americans have never heard of them. In Mexico, for instance, there are few places where agoutis survive, and Dasyprocta mexicana may become extinct if habitat destruction and overhunting continue in its restricted range. In Costa Rica and Panama, agoutis occur only where there is little or no hunting or human interference.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+From sea level to elevations of at least 2,500 m, the adaptable agouti lives in many habitats: moist lowland forests, dry upland forests, thick brush, and savannas. However, although they thrive in secondary growth areas, they are mainly forest dwellers. Nonetheless, they often enter fields to forage, and young animals occasionally are seen in open areas such as grassy stream banks and cultivated fields.
+BIOLOGY
+Agoutis shelter in hollows among boulders, in riverbanks, or under tree roots. They also hide in heavy brush and sometimes in holes dug out by other species.
+These herbivores eat seeds, fruit, stalks, leaves, roots, and other succulent plant parts, as well as occasional insects and fungi.
+They seem to mate twice each year. The estrous cycle is variable, but is only about 34 days long. The young are born after a gestation period of 3.5-4 months. Usually, there are twins; however, single births and triplets have been recorded. Newborns are fully developed and are able to run around within hours. They start feeding on solids within a few days. Puberty occurs at about 9 months of age. Life expectancy is 10 years or more.
+BEHAVIOR
+In the wild, agoutis are shy and retiring. Every sense seems constantly triggered for instantaneous action and sometimes they become hysterical. If danger threatens, they usually "freeze," but when discovered they stamp their feet as an alarm signal and dash away, nimbly dodging obstacles.
+Despite excessive timidity, they can be violent among themselves.
+In undisturbed forests, agoutis are diurnal and are often seen. But around villages they become nocturnal, as a means of self-preservation.
+For the most part, these rodents live in loosely formed pairs, with previous litters living around their territory as "satellites." There is some "bigamy," some "philandering," and some "divorce."5.
+Despite their long claws, they display much finger dexterity. To eat, they usually sit erect, crouching on their haunches and holding the food in their forepaws. If it has a skin' they carefully peel it before starting their meal. They save some nonperishable foods (nuts, for instance) by digging holes in scattered locations, dropping each one in a separate location, stamping it down, and covering it over. This behavior helps disperse the seeds of many species of trees so that agoutis benefit tropical forests and reforestation.
+USES
+As noted, agoutis are popular game animals. They are often hunted with dogs that even follow them into the burrows. Agouti meat is tasty, although it is usually said to fall short of the meat of the pace (see page 262) because it is leaner and gamier.
+HUSBANDRY
+Agoutis adapt well to captivity. With appropriate care they can be bred without difficulty.6 The nervousness that is pronounced in nature is quickly lost in captivity. The young become tame pets. They can be fed on foods such as leafy vegetables, fruit, potatoes, and bread scraps. Although many wild specimens have become nocturnal, captives readily readapt to daylight.
+Being entirely terrestrial, agoutis require no trees, but they do need space. Given enough area, they get on well (with each other and with different species), and they breed freely. To avoid fighting, it seems necessary to separate females from males at puberty. Probably removing progeny from breeding pens at weaning could also help avoid most of the interpersonal aggression. In large areas with plenty of cover (banana plants, for instance), groups can be kept, but breeding may be disappointing. Husbandry may be most appropriate in large enclosures (50-100 agoutis) with some animals then removed to small cages 0.5-1 m� for selective feeding.
+ACOUCHIES
+Close relatives, the green and red acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy and Myoprocta exilis) also deserve study. These are smaller animals with longer tails, bearing a little plume of white hairs. Although even more delicate and hypersensitive than agoutis, they can be kept in captivity and breed well. They then become less nervous and are easily handled. Acouchies. show remarkable intelligence and even some affection for those they trust. They frequent rainforests, but are rare or even absent in disturbed areas. Adults weigh up to 1.5 kg.
+The general biology (diet, reproduction, activity rhythm), is almost the same as that of the agouti, but they live in smaller home ranges (0.6-1.2 hectares versus 2.5 hectares for the agouti) and travel singly, although belonging to a well-established family unit. Adult males tolerate the juvenile males. They occur only in Colombia, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.
+Farming methods would probably be the same as for the agoutis, but acouchies always need plant cover.
+ADVANTAGES
+Agoutis are appropriately sized: a dressed carcass can weigh 1-3 kg. The meat is good, and large commercial undertakings in urban centers could profit from the ready market that already exists.
+The animals are prolific: females can produce up to two litters a year, each litter averaging two offspring. In protected areas, populations may grow fast.
+These forest dwellers might provide a source of meat and income without destroying the forests in favor of cattle pastures. Also, they thrive in disturbed areas as long as there is some cover.
+LIMITATIONS
+Experiments in Brazil show that agoutis are highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease.
+The animals might become pests: they eat the roots, leaves, and fruit of agricultural crops and occasionally damage sugarcane and banana plants. However, current experience suggests that if they escape captivity they are quickly caught by hunters and do not reach pest levels.
+Live agoutis have strong-smelling anal glands that may be offensive to breeders or could contaminate the meat if the animals are carelessly handled.
+Where the rainforest is destroyed, the agouti population is destroyed. The animals were once well known throughout Latin America, but not anymore. In some areas, therefore, wild breeding stock may not be locally available. Moreover, people may have become sufficiently unfamiliar with them that their value may no longer be appreciated.
+In captivity, they can be the prey of large birds such as eagles.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+The taxonomy of agouti species needs clarification.
+Husbandry experiments are required, including studies on topics such as:
+- Nutrition;
+- Growth rate;
+- Shelters and enclosures;
+- Reproduction; and
+- Techniques for catching, moving, marketing, and managing the animals.
+One area where agoutis might profitably be raised is in enclosures in palm plantations. Palms such as the babassu provide food, shade, and shelter, while fallen and rotten logs offer secure retreats from predators. This deserves investigation.8
+Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well "farm" agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land.
+<section>16 Capybara</section>
+The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest rodent, can be as big as a sheep and weigh as much as a small person. Its natural habitat is the environs of South America's rivers, marshlands, and swamps, where it feeds on the grasses and reeds that grow near water.1
+Because of its size, tasty meat, valuable leather, and rapid reproduction, the capybara is a candidate for both ranching and intensive husbandry throughout the hot and humid lowland tropical regions of Latin America. It seems easy to handle. It is commonly raised in zoos or occasionally as a pet, and has, in at least one instance, been proven successful in large commercial herds.
+In floodplain ecosystems, capybaras complement cattle because they prefer to graze swamp grasses rather than the dryland grasses on which cattle feed. They have simple stomachs, but are one of the more efficient herbivores. Although they are "selective feeders" that eat lush waterside grasses "preserved in quality" by the water, they also graze pasture, usually selecting new growth that is often too short and scattered for cattle, with their large muzzles, to eat.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+The floodplains of the South American subtropics and tropics where the animal is indigenous.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Although they have blunt, horselike heads, capybaras look like gigantic guinea pigs. They are ponderous, barrel shaped, and have a tail too small to be seen from a distance. Their skin is tough and covered by sparse, bristlelike hairs: the color above is reddish brown to gray; beneath, it is yellowish brown.
+The front legs are shorter than the back. Slightly webbed toes - four on the front feet and three on the back - make them good swimmers. They dive with ease and can stay underwater for up to five minutes. They also move nimbly on land.
+The capybara is extremely large for a rodent. In size and color, it looks much like a pig. Often more than 100 cm long and 50 cm high at the shoulder, it can exceed 50 kg liveweight. Indeed, specimens weighing up to 90 kg have been reported.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Before livestock were introduced, the capybara grazed widely over riverine regions throughout South and Central America. Today, it is found in the flooded grasslands from Panama to Paraguay. Mainly, it occurs in the watersheds of the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraguay, and Parana rivers. High population densities exist in the Pantanal of western Brazil and on the Llanos floodplains of Venezuela and Colombia.
+STATUS
+There are few precise population counts, but capybaras can occur in large numbers.2 However, in many areas they appear to be on the verge of extinction, being deliberately eradicated by farmers who think they compete with cattle and transmit diseases. Also, in some areas illegal hunting goes on year-round and great numbers are killed. The animals are particularly vulnerable during the dry season, when they concentrate around the diminished river channels and water holes.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+As noted, most capybaras live in swampy or grassy areas bordering rivers. However, some are found in other habitats, ranging from open plains to tropical rainforests. But even here they stay near ponds, lakes, streams, and swamps, and never venture much more than 500 m from water.
+BIOLOGY
+The capybara, like all rodents, is a simple-stomached animal, but it is a true herbivore. Its digestive system is especially adapted for fibrous materials. The large cecum - the site of enzymatic digestion-- serves a function like that of the rumen of sheep, cattle, and goats. It has a digestive capacity similar to that of a sheep's rumen.
+Like rabbits and all the rodents, capybaras are coprophagous. That is, during the morning hours when they are resting, soft feces from the cecum are passed a second time through the digestive system.3
+Contributing to the animal's digestive ability is its efficient mastication. It chews its forage seemingly incessantly, reducing it to extremely small particles before it is swallowed.
+Under natural conditions, the females annually bear 1 or 2 litters, each averaging from 4 to 6 offspring. Birth weight is between 1 and 2 kg, depending on litter size and sex. Both males and females reach sexual maturity when they reach a liveweight of 30 kg or more-- usually between the first and second year of life.
+BEHAVIOR
+Capybaras are intelligent, shy, inoffensive, and harmless. In undisturbed ecosystems, they are gregarious and live in family groups of up to 30. The young follow the mother about for many months after birth.
+Unlike most rodents, they do not construct dens, but the groups have specific resting areas.
+The animals are both diurnal and nocturnal and, like many herbivores, they graze at daybreak and dusk, and perhaps also at midnight. They spend the morning resting in weeds on riverbanks, and at noon they cool off by bathing for an hour or so before grazing. They may feed belly deep in water.
+Capybaras wallow in mud, allowing it to dry on their skin before bathing again. Mange can develop in captivity when they cannot take a mud bath.
+When startled, a capybara barks loudly and dashes away, but after running 200 m or so it tires, slows down, and may lapse into hyperthermia. At that point a hunter can easily catch it. However, if the animal reaches water, it usually eludes the pursuer because it swims so well - especially underwater.
+USES
+Capybara meat is white and has qualities and properties (such as high emulsification) that might allow it to compete with pork and other meats in the food industry. Spanish-style sausages, Italian-style mortadellas, frankfurters, and German-style smoked chops have been produced experimentally.4 However, at present, the meat is mainly consumed only in the dried and salted form. It is particularly popular in Venezuela, where more than 400 tons are sold every year, especially during Easter festivities.5
+The capybara's hide is one of the best for glove making. This luxury product, known in international commerce as carpincho leather, fetches high prices on European markets because it is more heat resistant than most leathers and because it stretches in only one direction. This one way grain allows gloves to stretch sideways without lengthening and looking sloppy.
+HUSBANDRY
+The capybara appears suitable for raising as a livestock animal. Amerindians traditionally collected capybara orphans during the hunting season and raised them until needed for food. Capybara breeding was reported in Brazil as early as 1565.
+Modern attempts have been made towards domestication. Researchers at the Institute of Animal Production in Venezuela, for instance, started a breeding program in the 1970s using 20 females and 5 males. Since that time they have continuously kept capybaras in confinement. Through selection and management, they have improved the reproduction of captive animals. The current aim is to get 16 offspring per mother per year. Newborns are weaned after 5 weeks and the mother is returned to the breeding pen.6 In Colombia, similar work is in progress, and guidelines for raising capybaras on breeding farms have been published.7 In Brazil, research has been carried out to study capybara nutrition, genetics, management, reproduction, and social behavior in total confinement.8
+ADVANTAGES
+Throughout South America, the price of beef has increased greatly within the last few years, thereby providing a new incentive for capybara husbandry. It has also forced many campesinos to eat more wildlife, which adds another incentive for producing capybara meat on farms and thereby perhaps helping to relieve pressure on the wild stocks.
+When tame, the animals are amenable to handling without physical restraint. They are so tractable that in Surinam a blind man once used one as a guide animal.
+Capybaras can be raised on a variety of readily available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and vegetables. They thrive in coarse grasses, if given opportunity to select nutritious parts. Their large incisors allow them to bite off short grasses that many herbivores cannot use. For instance, they eat "capybara grass" (Paspalum fasciculatum) that is abundant on river edges in Venezuela and is normally too short for cattle to graze. This makes for low-cost feeding and utilization of a resource that is otherwise unused.
+Capybaras are at home in hot, humid environments and are fully adapted to life on the tropical floodplains and seasonally flooded savannas. They thrive in extreme climates where cattle struggle, such as in the parts of the lower Paraguayan Chaco where summer temperatures reach 45�C.9 An ecological benefit to raising capybaras is that there is no need to alter habitats by introducing exotic forage plants.
+They reproduce quickly. Age at first conception for females is about 1.5 years, and the time between parturitions is generally shorter than that of goats or sheep in the tropics. Young capybaras grow so fast that in 18 months they can reach a liveweight of more than 40 kg. In their natural conditions, they are more disease resistant than cattle. The annual productivity is said to exceed that of cattle in many parts of its range.
+This species is already so widely eaten in South America that the meat from farmed animals should be readily acceptable.
+LIMITATIONS
+Capybaras occasionally raid fields and can harm sugarcane, rice, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, corn, and other crops. In many parts of Brazil, they are considered agricultural pests and are shot.
+Confining these animals in high density may create serious problems. Infectious diseases and parasite outbreaks seem to be worse than those that occur with conventional livestock. Aggression might prove a limitation to capybara husbandry: it is almost impossible to cage two adult males together or to introduce new animals to an existing group.
+The animals may transmit disease to people and livestock. They can harbor foot-and-mouth disease and are known to be susceptible to brucellosis. They also carry a form of trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi.
+Compared with cattle, capybara use only a small proportion of the total plant biomass. They are largely selective feeders, and for satisfactory performance must have sufficient area to select the plants they need. If placed in a paddock of only coarse grass, most will eventually die. Like goats and gazelles, capybara probably select a diet that is at least 15 percent richer in crude protein than a typical cattle diet.'�
+High mortality has never been observed in Venezuela, but keeping the animals alive on a farm in some areas may not be easy. In one trial, more than half (55 percent) of the capybara died of disease, and a few of septicemia (the result of wounds incurred during fights), but most apparently of trypanosomiasis. Other losses were caused by speeding vehicles (29 percent), poaching (6 percent), and predation, mainly by jaguars (12 percent)."
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+It is important for researchers to undertake the following:
+- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.
+- Assess experiences of zoos and farms.
+- Undertake nutritional trials.
+- Initiate captive breeding trials - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs.
+- Characterize the animal's productivity.
+- Study the capybara's basic physiology and production potentials.
+- Investigate biological factors, such as reproductive physiology, and social behavior (both in the wild and under controlled conditions).
+- Determine the factors influencing capybara reproduction, growth, and development.
+- Determine the animal's adaptability and economic merit in various farming systems.
+- Study the influence of environment on reproduction rate.
+- Determine their complementarily with water buffalo or other ruminants that normally use swampy habitats.
+- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others.
+<section>17 Coypu</section>
+The coypu' (Myocastor coypus) is an aquatic rodent native to South America. It has been called the "South American beaver," but its size is actually closer to that of a small dog or an agouti. It seems suited to be a microlivestock species because, compared with most rodents' it has a large body size and a relatively high reproduction rate. Moreover, it is easy to manage, and there is much literature on how to raise it in captivity.2
+Fur is the main item of commercial value. In the late 19th century, it was in such high demand that the animal was nearly exterminated. However, in 1922 Argentineans began raising coypu in captivity and this practice spread through South America and to other regions. In many European countries and in various locations in the United States some specimens escaped or were released, and coypu have become established in the waterways.
+Coypu meat is tasty and is consumed in many regions of South America as well as in parts of Europe. Because of the absence of musk glands, the meat is free of the "gamy" flavor found in squirrels and rabbits. It is moist, fine "rained, medium light in color, and firm. It is one of the mildest and tenderest of wild meats.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+This animal has been widely distributed, but its area of safest use is within its natural range in South America.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+The coypu is adapted to a semiaquatic existence and has webbed feet, valvular nostrils that can be closed to keep water out, and underfur that remains dry even under water. Its long, powerful claws on the forefeet are used for grooming, excavating burrows, and digging up and holding food. The tail is slender; the extremely large incisor teeth are orange-red.
+An adult is 40-65 cm long and weighs 7-10 kg. Some occasionally weigh up to 17 kg. Males are larger than females. The pelage is thick, with coarse guard hairs overlying the underfur. The soft dense underfur (the commercially valuable pelt called "nutria") is about 2 cm long on the belly, and 2-5 cm long and less dense on the back. The color is yellowish to reddish brown on the back and pale yellow on the belly.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The coypu is distributed through southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. It has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, northern Asia, and eastern Africa. As a result of escapes and releases from fur farms, the animals are now feral in Europe, North America, northern Asia, Japan, and East Africa. In the United States, they are abundant in Louisiana, Oregon, Florida, and the Chesapeake Bay region.
+STATUS
+In various countries, the animal's status ranges from that of a rarity to that of a pest. Wild coypu are protected by law in Argentina because of overhunting, but there are about 100 producers of farmed coypu.3 Elsewhere the animals are destroyed en masse to reduce the threat of damage to irrigation ditches, dams, and agricultural crops. In England a decade-long program has eradicated them.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Coypu mainly inhabit the banks of fresh or brackish waterways.4 They live in temperate zones and are highly sensitive to freezing conditions. Also, their heat tolerance is poor; lowland tropical regions may be too hot for them.
+BIOLOGY
+The coypu feeds mainly at night. The diet consists chiefly of plants, particularly water plants and reeds. Large amounts of fibrous vegetation is decomposed in the cecum, where bacteria break down cellulose particles. Mussels, snails, and other small organisms are also often eaten.
+The animals burrow into soft soil or construct nests out of vegetation above ground.
+Coypu are relatively fast breeding. Females first give birth at ages ranging from 6 to 15 months. From then on, they produce 2 or 3 litters a year. They are able to mate and give birth at any time of the year, although more young are born during certain seasons. The gestation period is between 128 and 140 days. There are 5 or 6 (sometimes up to 12) young in each litter. Newborns are well developed, able to see, and fully covered with hair at birth.
+The female's four or five pairs of mammae are located on the side of the body, an adaptation that permits the young to nurse while floating with their mothers in the water. In captivity, young are nursed for two months, but can survive if weaned at five days. The mean body weight at birth is about 225 g, but growth is rapid during the first five months.
+Coypu have a potential life span of more than six years. However, they seldom survive more than three years, and in the wild probably no animals are older than five years.
+BEHAVIOR
+These are passive creatures, usually entirely lacking in aggression. They are shy and fearful; the slightest disturbance will send them scurrying to the shelter of water, a burrow, or other hiding place. With their large incisors they can bite viciously, but in captivity they tame down, even to where they can be carried around by hand. Compared with domestic animals, they are very sanitary in their feeding and living habits.
+In hot climates they are nocturnal, in cooler climates crepuscular, and in cold weather they become diurnal. Captive animals become conditioned to diurnal activity if fed during daylight hours. Most of the active period is spent feeding, grooming, and swimming. Grooming is done by scratching and "nibbling" the fur, and an oily secretion from glands located near the mouth and anus lubricates the pelage. Secretions from the anal glands are also employed for marking out territory.
+Excellent swimmers, coypu spend most of their time in the water. They can remain submerged for five minutes or more. On land, they lumber about with awkward, clumsy movements; however, when the need arises they can run fast and jump short distances.
+Although they usually live together in pairs, coypu will form large colonies. They tend to remain in one area throughout their lives: their daily "cruising range" has been measured at less than 45 m.5 However, drought or freezing weather can induce mass migrations.
+The burrows, which are dug in sloping banks, are usually short with no branching tunnels and generally end in a simple chamber.
+USES
+In South America, the coypu has a long history of use. Nutria fur was in such high demand and the animal was hunted so avidly at the beginning of the last century that it became rare and had to be protected by government decree. As a result, populations increased dramatically. Nowadays, coypu are protected in many areas, but widespread poaching has reduced their numbers and range.
+Many thousands are killed each year just for the guard hairs, which are used in making felt.
+Coypu are used in marsh management to reduce infestations of aquatic weeds and to keep waterways open.
+HUSBANDRY
+In most areas where it is found, the coypu is trapped by commercial hunters. However, as noted, several countries have coypu farms. In Germany, the animals have been raised on diets consisting chiefly of potatoes supplemented with oats, clover, corn, hay, green forage, legumes, turnips, or cabbage. Elsewhere, feeds generally include such materials as hay, corn, crushed oats, greens, root vegetables, apples, bread, and rabbit feed.
+To confine coypu, a wall of stone or concrete or a fence of stout wire netting is necessary. It must be set 1 m deep into the ground and rise 1-1.5 m above ground. Water must be available.
+Where selected strains of animals are kept, it is usual to house each female in separate small compartments, complete with pools and shelter boxes. Each is then paired with a male, which is removed after mating to leave the female to rear her brood in seclusion.
+ADVANTAGES
+The fur is particularly valuable because the female's nipples are so high that the soft belly fur is unbroken.
+This herbivore is much cheaper to feed than the furbearing carnivores such as mink. Furs of coypu raised in captivity fetch a price about three times greater than furs from wild animals.6
+LIMITATIONS
+Wherever the coypu has escaped it has damaged embankments and stream banks. The burrows sometimes weaken dikes that protect low lying areas from flooding. In northern Europe and eastern England, for example, it is considered a serious pest. In rice paddies, coypu could become particularly devastating. They can also damage crops and natural plant communities.
+Coypu can carry viruses that result in toxoplasmosis, papillomatosis, rabies, and equine encephalomyelitis; bacteria that cause salmonellosis, paratyphoid, and leptospirosis; protozoans that produce sarcosporidiosis and coccidiosis; and rickettsia. Common diseases of captive specimens are bacterial pneumonia, hepatitis-nephritis, Strongyloides infection, and neoplasms.
+European winters often cause the coypu's tail (which is hairless) to freeze, but the animal hardly seems to notice. A more dangerous situation arises when lakes, streams, or rivers freeze over; beneath the ice, coypu cannot find their way as easily as beavers, and often drown.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization.
+<section>18 Giant Rat</section>
+The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food
+These animals are solitary, but they are easy to handle, have a gentle nature, and make good pets. Researchers at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria have been developing techniques for managing them in captivity. Breeding stocks were established in 1973, and since then so many generations have been bred that this small population is considered domesticated. Commercial-scale giant rat farming is now being established in southern Nigeria.
+This is a promising development because giant rats are a common "bushmeat" throughout much of Africa. Since these herbivores are well known there, and are acceptable as food, they may have as much or more potential as meat animals than the introduced rabbits that are getting considerable attention (see page 178).
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+The intertropical zone of Africa from the southern Sahara to the northern Transvaal.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+This species is among the most striking of all African rodents.
+Because of its large size, it often causes amazement - even alarm - when seen for the first time. The body measures as much as 40 cm, and, on average, weighs about 1-1.5 kg. The record for a hand-reared specimen is 1.6 kg 2
+Apart from its size, the best known species (Cricetomys gambianus) is noted for the dark hair around its eyes, a nose that is sharply divided into dark upper and pale lower regions, and a tail that has a dark (proximal) section and pale (distal) section. The overall body color is a dusky gray.
+The lesser known species (Cricetomys emini) has short, thin, and relatively sleek fur. Its upper parts are pale brown; the belly is white.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Giant rats are commonly found from Senegal to Sudan, and as far south as the northern region of South Africa. The main species is mostly found in moist savannas, patches of forests, and rainforests. However, it can also be found in all West African vegetation zones from the semiarid Sahel to the coast. It also exists at high altitudes-- up to about 2,OOO m in West Africa and 3,000 m in eastern Africa.
+The rainforest species occurs in the great equatorial forest belts of Zaire and neighboring Central African countries.
+STATUS
+These animals are probably not threatened with extinction. However, they have been exterminated in some areas (such as in parts of eastern Zaire) where the human population is dense, the land fully cultivated, and the wildlife overhunted. Although common, they are not as well known as one might suppose from their bulk and from the fact that they are sometimes found around, and even inside, houses.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Giant rats occur largely in lightly wooded dryland regions or in forested humid regions. They cannot tolerate high temperatures or truly arid conditions. They often live in farm areas and in gardens. Their burrows are commonly found inside deserted termite mounds and at the base of trees. Some have also been found in the middle of cassava fields.
+BIOLOGY
+These are herbivores with a tendency to omnivory. They prefer fruits, but also subsist on tubers, grains, vegetables, leaves, legume pods, and wastes (such as banana peels). However, they are not grasseaters. Giant rats also kill and eat mice, insects (caterpillars, cockroaches, and locusts, for example), and probably many other small animals.3 They are particularly fond of mollusks (such as snails).
+Reproduction is prolific and year-round. The female attains puberty at 20-23 weeks and the gestation period is about 20-42 days. The young are weaned at 21-26 days of age but stay with their mother until 2-3 months of age. So far, the record for the most litters has been 5 in 9 months. It thus seems possible that a female can reproduce 6 times a year. Litter size ranges between I and 5, but 4 is most common. Thus, in 1 year a single female could produce 24 or more young.
+BEHAVIOR
+These strictly nocturnal animals usually lead solitary lives and forage alone. Mostly, they occupy a burrow by themselves, except when the
+young are being raised. The burrows can be complex. Below the entrances are vertical shafts leading to a system of galleries and chambers for storing food, depositing droppings, sleeping, or breeding. The home range is individual and limited (1-6 hectares). In the wild, one male "supervises" the home ranges of several females.
+In captivity, the animals are often seen sitting up and ramming large amounts of food into their spacious cheek pouches. With full cheeks, they return to their burrows and disgorge the food into a "larder." Food (chiefly hard nuts) is stored there.
+They swim and climb well.
+USES
+A study carried out in Nigeria showed that the giant rat produces about the same amount of meat as the domestic rabbit.4 The meat's nutritional value compares favorably with that of domestic livestock, and African villagers know how to preserve it by smoking or by salting.
+The giant rat has recently attracted attention as a potential laboratory animal.
+HUSBANDRY
+Farmers in Nigeria have traditionally trapped the juveniles and fattened them for slaughter. They usually keep the animals in wire cages and feed them daily with food gathered in the wild as well as with scraps from the household.
+As noted, the program at the University of Ibadan indicates that the giant rat can be domesticated. Already, specimens are being bred and reared in an intensive program. They adapt to captivity after about a month. They are subsequently transferred into breeding cages, which are wooden boxes with a rectangular wire-mesh "playroom." Each cage holds a breeding pair or a nursing female with its young. Experimental feeding cages have also been designed.5
+Food-preference trials show that palm fruits and root crops (especially sweet potato) are preferred to grains and vegetables. Nutritional studies show that the animals can tolerate up to 7 percent crude fiber in their rations. Although largely vegetarian, they eagerly consume dry and canned dog food.
+ADVANTAGES
+These animals have several advantages:
+· They are well known and much sought after for food.
+· They have adapted to life in lowland tropics.
+· They are able to live on locally available plant materials, including vegetable waste.
+· They reproduce rapidly.
+· They are more tolerant of captivity than the grasscutter (see next chapter). This is largely because omnivorous feeding makes them easier to feed than the grasscutter and other strict herbivores.
+LIMITATIONS
+This species could easily become a pest. It is recommended for rearing only in areas where it already exists. The crops it damages include cacao, root crops, peanuts, maize, sorghum, vegetables, and stored grains and foods. There is also the possibility that this rodent may transmit diseases to humans.
+A project at the University of Kinshasa in Zaire reports problems in getting giant rats to reproduce in captivity. When two specimens were paired they sometimes fought so viciously that copulation was impossible.6 Special management may be required, such as housing animals in adjacent cages before actually introducing them to each other. Moreover, selection for docility may also be necessary.
+The ratlike appearance is not attractive, and a few African tribes have taboos against consuming the meat of these animals.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Throughout Africa south of the Sahara, giant rat domestication deserves experimentation and trials. Success would open up the potential for supplemental meat supplies in rural and urban areas where meat is now scarce. Tests are needed to determine the factors that favor breeding: temperature, aeration, light, privacy, and size and form of cages. Moreover, diets that are cheap and easy to make from local feedstuffs must be identified.
+Further research on the domestication of the giant rat might include:
+· Identifying husbandry techniques that are applicable at low cost in rural areas;
+· Studying food digestibility and setting up various diets;
+· Illuminating social behavior: pairing of animals, the best moment for pairing, duration of pairing, age of partners;
+· Outlining the basics of husbandry (for instance, capital costs, food conversion ratios, growth rates) and making simple and cheap cages;
+· Studying biology (anatomy, physiology, birth records, growth rate); and
+· Testing the practical likelihood that this rodent may transmit diseases to people and other animals.
+The giant rat has an interesting commensal relationship with Hemimerus, an insect that feeds on secretions in the skin. It seems to cause no irritation or damage, and may even benefit the host by helping to keep the skin clean. Caging these animals results in the general loss of the insect, but attempts should be made to maintain them and to determine their role and life cycle.7
+The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration.
+<section>19 Grasscutter</section>
+The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus and Thryonomys gregorianus) is found in many forests and savannas of Africa. Its meat, said to resemble suckling pig, often sells for more per kilogram than chicken, beef, pork, or lamb. It is the preferred, and perhaps most expensive meat in West Africa. Indeed. in Ivory
+Coast it sells for about $9 per kg. With prices like that, grasscutter is a culinary luxury that only the wealthy can afford.
+If domestication of this wild species were successful in providing meat at a price similar to that of poultry (the second most popular meat), markets would be unlimited.2 However, as production costs are high, long-term research will be required before grasscutter production can be profitable to the small farmer. This research should now be undertaken.
+In an effort to capitalize on the markets for this delicacy, agricultural extension services of Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo, and particularly Benin are already encouraging farmers to rear grasscutters as backyard livestock. They furnish breeding stock and information, and maintain central offices for records. In addition, a bilateral cooperation project in Benin has started experimental work on improved breeding methods combined with the study of animal responses under domestication.3
+In future, this vegetarian animal might become the African equivalent of South America's guinea pig, playing an important role in reducing Africa's chronic protein shortage.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Humid and subhumid Africa south of the Sahara.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Grasscutters are robust animals with short tails, small ears, and stocky bodies. Taxonomically, they are more closely related to porcupines than to common rats or mice.
+Although many varieties have been described, there are probably only two species. The larger (Thryonomys swinderianus) weighs 9 kg or more and has a head-and-body length of up to 60 cm. The smaller species (Thryonomys gregorianus) may occasionally reach 8 kg and a body length of 50 cm.
+Both species have yellow-brown to gray-brown bodies, with whitish bellies. The fur is extremely coarse, firm, and bristly - reflecting the animal's kinship to the porcupine. The tail is scaly and has short, sparse hairs.
+Both species have thick, heavy claws and enormous orange incisors that can chew through even the toughest vegetation. (Grasscutters have been known to tear holes in corrugated iron fences.) Nevertheless, they do not bite when handled, although their claws sometimes cause injuries.4
+DISTRIBUTION
+Grasscutters occur in grassland or in wooded savanna throughout the humid and subhumid areas of Africa south of the Sahara. They often live in forest-savanna habitats where grass is present. They do not inhabit rainforest, dry scrub, or desert, but they have colonized the road borders in forest regions. Distribution is determined by availability of adequate or preferred grass species for food. Specifically, Thryonomys swinderianus occurs in virtually all countries of west, east, and southern Africa. Thryonomys gregorianus occurs in savannas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.
+STATUS
+Despite heavy hunting, these animals are not threatened with extinction. Nonetheless, many individual populations are well below carrying capacity, or are extinct because of local overexploitation.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+The larger grasscutter (T. swinderianus) generally lives in swampy, low-lying areas, especially along river banks and the borders of lakes and streams. Occasionally, it is found on higher ground among bushes and rocks, living where savanna grasses are dense and tangled enough to afford good cover. In Ivory Coast and southern Guinea, for instance, grasscutters are found (and hunted) throughout the savanna zones. And they can occur in close proximity to farmlands and people (for example, in southwest Nigeria).
+BIOLOGY
+Although the precise diet in the wild has not been determined, grasscutters are vegetarian. They consume nuts, bark, and the soft parts of grasses and shrubs. They particularly favor elephant grass and sweet potatoes. They commonly "raid" cassava and yam plantations, and are considered local pests.
+Grasscutters reproduce year-round, although the births seem to peak at certain times of the year, correlated with weather conditions.5 Probably one male takes several females, and the family group possibly has more than one generation of young. The gestation is about 152 days. Apparently, litters normally contain between 2 and 4 young, but in Benin and Togo some litters of up to 11 or 12 are reported.6 Newborns are fully developed, their eyes are open, they weigh approximately 80 g, have thick fur, and quickly become accomplished runners.
+BEHAVIOR
+Although they commonly forage in groups, grasscutters are generally solitary. They are nocturnal, and they travel at night through trails in reeds and grass, often to water. Most specimens seen in markets are males, possibly because males lead the groups and are thus most prone to being trapped.
+When alarmed, these animals stamp their hind feet and give a strange booming grunt. When fleeing, they can run very fast and, given a chance, will take to water. They swim with ease.
+For shelter, grasscutters usually weave nests of matted vegetation or scoop out shallow burrows.
+USES
+In a broad geographic band across sub-Saharan Africa, cattle raising is severely limited by trypanosomiasis. There, other sources of animal protein, including rodents, are traditionally used. Thus, grasscutter meat constitutes an important food for many Africans. The animals are mostly caught and eaten by families for their own use, but some are sold in markets and especially in roadside stalls. Many families depend exclusively on selling bushmeat, particularly that of grasscutters. In Accra, Ghana, during one year, 73 tons of grasscutter meat were sold in the local market. This represented more than 15,000 animals. In southern Africa, too, people find that these rodents make tasty food, although they may cut off the tail to make the carcass look less ratlike.
+The meat is usually eaten smoked, and is so much in demand that grasscutters are hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and sometimes fire. It is considered excellent, especially when cooked in soups and stews or barbecued.7 It has been described as resembling venison in flavor, but it is dark like the meat of wild duck.
+HUSBANDRY
+In the savanna area of West Africa, people have traditionally captured wild grasscutters and raised them at home. As an extension of this, organized grasscutter husbandry has been initiated in West Africa. The animals are provided with marshy, tightly fenced areas with plenty of plant cover. The young are harvested from these areas and raised separately.
+Ghanaian researcher Emanuel Asibey, a pioneer of this research, reports success at getting such captive stocks to reproduce. To this end, farmers are provided with breeding boxes and foundation grass cutter colonies. They are taught how to rear and feed the animals for home consumption or for cash income. Basically, the farmers make available large sheds where the animals can move freely. To prevent escape, the walls may be reinforced with cement plaster. The farmers also provide piles of grass, sugarcane, and other foods. A grasscutter reportedly takes about a month to adjust to such confinement. High mortality can occur in this period. The average weight of a mature, home-raised grasscutter is 4-7 kg. The average killing-out (dressed carcass) is 64 percent.8
+The Wildlife Domestication Unit of Ibadan University in Nigeria, another pioneer of rodent domestication, has also reported the potential of domesticated grasscutter colonies.9
+Research on grasscutter breeding, husbandry, and feeding is similarly being implemented by the Ministry for Rural Development in Benin and at the Lacena in Ivory Coast (see Research Contacts).
+ADVANTAGES
+The demand for grasscutter meat is so large that it is not being met. Markets for it already exist over much of Africa,
+LIMITATIONS
+Grasscutters can devastate such crops as rice, sugarcane, soybeans, peanuts, yams, cassava, sweet potatoes, oil-palm seedlings, maize, young rubber, sorghum, and wheat. Therefore, as with most rodents, they should be reared only in areas where they already exist.
+In past years, captive animals in Benin have suffered fatal Clostridium infections during September and October. In 1986, a broad-spectrum antibiotic was given with outstanding results. During this season, the animals also suffered from ascarid worms, which were also successfully treated with standard drugs.10
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Research is needed in the following areas:
+- Digestive physiology, feeding habits, feed preferences, feed conversion and growth rate;
+- Diseases (pathogens and parasites);
+- Captive breeding and management (growth rates, space requirements, feed needs, etc);
+- Performance under different environments;
+- Productivity; and
+- Basic biology (for example, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, and social behavior both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).
+Moreover, specimens should be gathered from different regions for comparative evaluation. A particular need is to select and breed docile specimens because today, even after several generations in captivity, the animal must still be handled with caution.
+Although domestication of the grasscutter is encouraged, wild populations might also be managed to maximize and sustain production through habitat manipulation.
+<section>20 Guinea Pig</section>
+Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are promising microlivestock because they require little capital or labor; provide an inexpensive, readily available, palatable meat; have no odor, and are suitable for keeping indoors. In the highlands of the Andes, many Indians raise them to supplement diets based on grains and vegetables. Families eat them mostly on special occasions such as weddings and first communions, or they sell them to restaurants or peddle them in village markets.
+The low cost of these small animals makes them available even to many landless peasants. For both the small farmer and apartment dweller, the guinea pig is a possible food reserve. It converts kitchen scraps and marginal wastelands into meat. According to estimates, 20 females and 2 males may produce enough meat year-round to provide an adequate meat diet for a family of 6.2
+Since husbandry practices are simple and cheap, the guinea pig is an excellent source of supplementary income. An FAO study at Ibarra, Ecuador, showed that on small mountain farms the guinea pig provided more profit than either pigs or dairy cows, partly because its meat fetched high prices.
+Although domesticated guinea pigs are mainly a food resource of Latin America, their use has also spread to parts of Africa and Asia. They are raised, for instance, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Zaire. In southern Nigeria, at least 10 percent of all households raise guinea pigs for food, with colonies of up to 30 animals per household. Guinea pigs are also raised in small cages or cardboard boxes by small farmers in the Philippines.3
+The feeding efficiency is high: studies have shown that it takes between 3.2 and 5.7 kg of forage to produce 1 kg of growth. This makes guinea pigs more efficient than most farm mammals.
+Guinea pigs seem especially adapted to the climate and forages of high-altitude zones, but the fact that they are being raised in Central and West Africa indicates that they are also adapted to the lowland tropics.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Worldwide.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Guinea pigs have stocky bodies, fairly short hind legs, and short, unfurred ears. Adults can weigh up to 2 kg, but an average-sized specimen is about 0.5 kg. They are 20-40 cm long (average 28 cm) and have no tail. In domesticated forms, the pelage may be smooth or coarse, short or long, and in some types the hairs form rosettes.4 Domesticated types come in colors ranging from white to dark brown, as well as piebald.5
+DISTRIBUTION
+The original home of the wild guinea pig is believed to have been the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Its domesticated descendants are important as meat animals mainly in that same area, but, as noted, they are also important in certain African and Asian countries.
+A few strains are distributed worldwide as laboratory animals and pets.
+STATUS
+Domesticated guinea pigs, as a whole, are in no danger of extinction, although some rare strains are threatened.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+These extremely adaptable animals are found in temperate zones and in the highland tropics, but they are usually kept indoors and protected from the extremes of weather. In Lambayeque and other departments of Peru, they are reared at elevations from sea level to more than 4,000 m. In areas where they are raised, daily temperatures fluctuate as much as 30�C. In the Bolivian or Peruvian puna region, for instance, day temperatures can be 22�C, while night temperatures are -7�C. However, they cannot survive freezing temperatures and they may not perform well when exposed to the full tropical heat and sunlight. Many people of the Peruvian highlands keep the animals in darkness (for example, in wood boxes with little or no light).6
+The animal's original wild habitat is believed to have been an area of grasslands, forest edges, swamps, and rocks.
+BIOLOGY
+These herbivores can be raised on kitchen scraps, garden wastes, and weedy vegetation plucked from backyards or roadsides. Andean peasants mainly feed them potato peels, scraps of cabbage, lettuce, carrot, wild grasses, corn stalks, and the foliage of miscellaneous wild plants. Some barley and alfalfa is grown specifically for guinea pigs; it is cut green and sold in small bundles in the markets.
+Guinea pigs mate throughout the year except when climate is excessively adverse. Domestic breeds average 2-3 young per litter, although larger litters sometimes occur. The gestation period is 65-70 days with an average of 67. Females come into estrus every 13-24 days, and there is a fertile postpartum estrus.
+Females can become pregnant when merely 3 months old, and many produce 4 litters every year from then on. In principle, a farmer starting with 1 male and 10 females could see his herd grow to 3,000 animals in one year.
+Newborns are so large that the female's pubic bones must separate for the birth. They emerge fully developed, with fur and open eyes. They look like miniature adults, and they start eating grass and other feedstuffs within hours. (For this reason, babies orphaned at birth have been known to survive.) Weaning may be reached as early as 21 days of age.
+The life span in captivity is as long as 8 years, but animals used for breeding usually live only 3.5 years.
+SUPER GUINEA PIGS
+Even in their native region, guinea pigs have traditionally received little research attention. However, that began changing in the 1970s with the onset of meat shortages in Peru. (For a time the government restricted beef sales to only 15 days a month.)
+For instance, in 1972 Peru began a guinea pig improvement project. Researchers from i a Molina National Agrarian University traveled throughout Peru gathering many kinds of guinea pigs short haired long haired black, white, yellow, brown, and even purple. Practically all the guinea pigs eaten in Peru are home grown, and researchers observed that the bigger ones were generally winding up in the stew, leaving the smaller ones for breeding. The people inadvertently were making the animals smaller. (This is a common phenomenon for many animals.)
+To overcome it, the university research workers compared the mature size and growth rates of all the different guinea pigs. They selected and cross-bred the biggest, meatiest, and fastest-growing ones. This program, later taken over by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria (INIPA), produced remarkable results. The starting animals averaged little more than 0.5 kg, the resulting ones averaged almost 2 kg.
+Peru's "super guinea pigs" are now getting international recognition. They have been introduced into the highlands of Honduras, where the animal is also part of the Indian cuisine. The FAO has shipped some to the Dominican Republic. In addition, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia have all begun their own guinea pig improvement programs.
+Within Peru the government has established 11 breeding stations to encourage the farming of guinea pigs for food. The goal is to provide better stud males to the people so that future animals will grow more quickly and reach a greater weight.
+BEHAVIOR
+Guinea pigs generally congregate in small groups, normally made up of 5-10 adults. In favorable areas, however, such groups may coalesce into large colonies. The animals communicate incessantly among themselves, emitting a variety of squeaks and other noises.
+Males, although good-natured with other species, often fight fiercely among themselves.
+USES
+Guinea pigs are raised mainly for meat. Peru has about 20 million, which annually provide 16-17,000 tons of meat (only 4,000 tons less than Peru's sheep meat production).
+Guinea pigs are used worldwide for studies on disease, nutrition, heredity, and toxicology, as well as for the development of serums and other biomedical research.
+HUSBANDRY
+Guinea pigs require so little space that a small cage or pit can house up to 10 females and 1 male. They can be raised in cages with wire floors of small mesh as well. The labor required is low. A colony of 1,000 females reportedly can be properly cared for by one person. A layer of wood shavings, shredded paper, straw, and dried corncobs is usually recommended for bedding. The droppings are odorless, so the bedding does not need changing as often as with other animals. When the diet mainly consists of greens, much urine is produced, and then the beds have to be changed frequently.
+When grown for meat, the young are weaned at 3-4 weeks and are ready for market in a matter of 10-13 weeks. Weight gain is rapid for the first 4-6 weeks, and then decreases. The carcasses normally dress out at about 65 percent, including the skin and legs. The meat's protein content is approximately 21 percent.7
+In a few regions of Peru, guinea pigs are "herded" on the open range and retired at night into small adobe coops.
+ADVANTAGES
+This small, inoffensive animal rarely bites, is easy to manage, and has no smell. It is an excellent supplemental meat supply. The improved breeds cannot climb or jump so that they are easy to contain. (Primitive "criollo" types, however, can jump.) If kept dry and given green vegetation, grain, and water, it survives in many environments.
+LIMITATIONS
+A major constraint is consumer reluctance. Even in Latin America, attempts to promote guinea pig consumption outside the Indian communities have failed.
+When raised in a clean environment and under normal feeding conditions, guinea pigs thrive and reproduce and do not need routine vaccinations or antibiotics that cattle, sheep, and pigs often require. However, guinea pigs can be carriers of Chagas' disease and salmonella. Further, they are susceptible to pneumonia if temperatures change abruptly when conditions are wet. Coccidiosis and internal and external parasites are also common.
+Green forages and surplus fruits or by-products are critical to provide vitamin C, which the animal is unable to synthesize for itself.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Since the greatest concentration of guinea pigs is found in the Andes, particular efforts should be directed towards this region. Already, research on guinea pigs has begun in some universities and government research stations in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia, but more work is needed on matters such as:
+- Breeding "elite" stock for distribution;
+- Feeding and nutritional-requirement trials, especially for creating alternate feeds that peasants and commercial producers can use during seasons when conventional feeds are hard to get;
+- Diseases and parasites that may limit production in small farming systems;
+- Management practices concerning reproduction, housing, herd size, and feeding; and
+- The genetic basis for weight gain and productivity.
+Some research should be directed towards developing rations or introducing drought-resistant forages for the dry season because green forage is needed year-round. A range of practical and economical diets needs to be created.
+Animal geneticists in Latin American countries should establish "elite" populations that can provide superior stock throughout the world. It can be anticipated that applying modern breeding methods to existing improved strains will result in great advances in a relatively short period and at little cost (see sidebar).
+Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America.
+<section>21 Hutia</section>
+The first meat Christopher Columbus tasted in the New World was probably hutia, a rodent avidly hunted by the Carib Indians. Hutia bones have been unearthed from kitchen middens of pre-Columbian inhabitants of all the Greater Antilles. Indians carried live hutias on voyages possibly in a semidomestic state as a source of food. On some islands, hutias were so eagerly sought that their populations were destroyed long before Europeans arrived. Slaves in the cane fields also hunted hutias for food. The surviving species later suffered when forests were cleared and cats, dogs, mongooses, and other predators were introduced. Consequently, the majority of hutia species died out, and today most surviving members of the family (Capromyidae) are facing extinction. Human predation continues in some areas (for instance, in Jamaica) where the tradition of "coneyhunting" still endures in a few regions.
+Hutias should be tested as possible microlivestock: success could create the incentive for their complete protection. The animals seem to take well to captivity. The Jamaican hutia is already overproducing in zoos, causing a local glut of animals. And hutias are, or were until recently, kept in barns by some people in Cuba, who fed them on banana and other vegetable waste and ate them regularly.'
+POTENTIAL AREA OF USE
+The Caribbean.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Hutias are broad-headed, short-legged, robust animals with small eyes and ears. The various species are from 20 to 60 cm long and weigh from 1 to 9 kg - a size range from that of a guinea pig to that of a small dog. They walk with a slow, waddling motion, but can hop quickly if frightened or pursued. They also climb well.
+The 10 1iving species are all big enough to be candidates for microlivestock. The best known and easiest species to keep in captivity are the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) and Jamaican hutia (Geocapromys brownii).
+The Cuban hutia (also called hutia conga) is about 60 cm long, with coarse fur, a raccoon-shaped body, and a thick tail covered with sparse bristles. A forest dweller, it weighs up to 7 kg.
+The short-tailed Jamaican hutia is smaller: it is 33-45 cm long and weighs up to 2.5 kg.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Hutias are found only in the Caribbean (Greater Antilles and Bahamas). Most species are confined to a single island, where they represent the only remaining indigenous land mammals. The Cuban hutia is found only in Cuba. The Jamaican hutia is found only in Jamaica, although a close relative occurs on East Plana Cay, Bahamas.
+STATUS
+This once widely distributed and plentiful family is now failing. Of the 30 or so known recent taxa, more than half are already extinct, and the remainder all suffer from habitat alteration, predation by introduced animals, and hunting by man. With the exception of the Cuban hutia, all species are included on the list of the world's threatened mammals.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Hutia ranges have been so reduced that these animals survive only in the most inaccessible forests and rocky drylands. Both the Cuban and the Jamaican hutias occur in a variety of habitats from montane cloud forests to arid coastal semideserts.
+BIOLOGY
+Most species are terrestrial, but some live in trees. The Cuban and Jamaican species are terrestrial, but they can climb trees if circumstances demand. They maneuver well on trunks and larger branches, descending head first like squirrels.
+Hutias are primarily vegetarian, their diets consisting of leaves, bark, fruits, and twigs, as well as incidental catches of small animals such as lizards and invertebrates.
+Hutias seem to breed year-round, generally giving birth to litters of 1-4 offspring after a gestation period of 16-20 weeks. The young are well developed at birth, fully haired, open eyed, and capable of most adult movements. After 10 days they begin taking solid food, although they are not fully weaned for at least a month and a half (5 months for the Cuban hutia). Sexual maturity is at 10 months; life expectancy is 8-11 years in captivity.
+The Jamaican hutia has one of the highest diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 88) of any mammal.
+BEHAVIOR
+Most hutias are wary and secretive and are easily displaced by human encroachment. They live like rabbits, hiding among tangled vegetation, in holes, and among rocks - communicating by voice and scent markings. They build shelters mainly in rock crevices, but also in the base of thick bushes or in natural cavities in trees. The Cuban hutia is often diurnal, whereas the Jamaican hutia is largely nocturnal.
+HISPANIOLAN HUTIA
+The Hispaniolan hutia, or zagouti (Plagiodontia aedium) as it is known in Haiti is smaller than the two Capromyids discussed here, weighing just 1.2 kg. It is difficult to breed in captivity and has a lower reproductive rate than either the Jamaican or Cuban hutia. It is therefore less suitable as an economic or food source.
+However, there is a significant need for supplemental protein sources in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It might be possible to develop a special captive-breeding program for this animal, but it should be done with great care. It is important that a hunting tradition for this animal not be reestablished in rural areas of Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and that local organizations not be misled into believing that there will be a rapid increase in the numbers of this species in captivity.
+USES
+Hutia meat is relished, especially in Jamaica. The animals are still hunted, often by using dogs that smell them out and retrieve them from a hole or hold them at bay in treetops.
+HUSBANDRY
+Experiences of zoos suggest that the Cuban and Jamaican hutias will thrive in captivity. The animals are generally long-lived and have survived up to 17 years. They are often friendly with their keepers and, when tame, can be held and carried about without any particular danger. However, if angered they can inflict deep bites and should normally be handled with considerable caution.
+ADVANTAGES
+These animals are already much in demand. Their meat has an excellent flavor and they are big enough to provide a worthwhile quantity. If husbandry could be developed on a sustainable basis, it could be used as a mechanism for both economic development and for saving the remnant populations.
+LIMITATIONS
+Wild populations are threatened. Any captive population must be built up without endangering them.
+All hutias are susceptible to predation by domestic cats, mongooses, dogs, and human poachers, so care must be taken to design predator-proof breeding facilities.
+These animals are carriers of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, a serious disease of horses.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Hutias deserve urgent conservation attention. In particular, the following steps should be taken:
+- Establish reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations to ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of these animals.
+- Build up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.
+- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.
+- Investigate hutia biology, including chromosome type, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and diseases.
+- Assess experiences of zoos.
+- Perform captive breeding trials, measuring growth rates, space requirements, food needs, and social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).
+- Study the social organization and tameability.
+Colonies of some species could be established on uninhabited islands, as has been done with the Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami. Even this rare species might eventually be raised to yield meat for local inhabitants, as it is well adapted to dry and barren environments and was a regular food of the pre-Columbian Indians.
+<section>22 Mara</section>
+Many wild relatives of the guinea pig are native to South America. Some, such as the guinea pig itself, are small; others, such as the mare, are much bigger. Maras1 (Dolichotis patagonum) are as tall as terriers and, at first glance, look like dwarf antelopes or huge hares They have large ears and eyes, long legs, and short tails. They generally behave like hares or wild rabbits, but, like deer, they run with a stiff-legged gait when pursued by predators.
+These strange-looking creatures are found in temperate regions in the southern half of South America. They are dry-country animals, living on the thorn-scrub, desert plains of Argentina and the stony wastes of Patagonia.
+Although exceedingly shy, restless, and watchful, mares tame easily, make good pets, and are much favored by the local populace. They were introduced to France last century, and in Victorian times Europeans sometimes bred them. These big, handsome rodents, grazing in little herds, were considered an attractive addition to the lawns of country estates.
+POTENTIAL AREA OF USE
+Maras are best kept in their native region of southern South America. With care, however, they could be used in other areas because they are slow breeders and their population growth is easy to control.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+At first sight, these large rodents look like some weird hybrid. They have the long ears of a hare and the tidy body and spindly legs of a small antelope. Although related to guinea pigs, they are long legged. The tail is short; the ears are long and erect.
+Average-size mares weigh about 8 kg, but large ones can be 1 m long and weigh up to 16 kg.2 Females are larger than males. The coat is light in color, with grey upper parts and whitish underparts. The limbs and feet are tinged a yellowish brown. The pelage is dense, with individual hairs standing at nearly right angles to the skin. This gives a harsh texture, even though the hairs are soft and fine.
+These animals can hop, walk, gallop, or run. They are extremely swift and can reach 45 km per hour over long distances. They are also accomplished jumpers, often leaping 2 m high from a standing start. The feet are compact and rather hooflike, but with sharp claws. The hind foot has three digits; the front foot has four.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The mare's range in the thorn-scrub desert and Patagonian steppe of Argentina extends from about 28�S to 50�S.
+STATUS
+Endangered. These animals, once plentiful, are now threatened because of the introduction of the European hare, which is more successful at competing for food. In many of the eastern parts of its distribution (see map) it is now extinct.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Maras inhabit open, dry plains and other treeless semidesert areas of coarse grass or scattered shrubs.
+BIOLOGY
+Maras are pure vegetarians. They feed on short grasses and herbs that are sparsely distributed between patches of dry desert scrub. Usually, they are satisfied with a few coarse weeds and the shoots of bushes. However, their overall diet consists of any available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and stems.
+Female mares become sexually receptive within a few hours after giving birth. The estrous cycle is 35 days, plus or minus 5 days.3 The gestation period is 77 days. Each female gives birth to 1-3 young at the mouth of the den; the pups crawl inside to safety. Newborns are well developed, and within a few hours they begin grazing vegetation. They remain in the vicinity of the den for up to 4 months.
+Initially, at least, the young are nervous and easily frightened.
+BEHAVIOR
+Maras shelter in a burrow that they either construct for themselves or "borrow" from another animal that has abandoned it. They are active during the day and spend considerable time basking in the sun. They are always alert for danger. When alarmed, they flee at high speed. The white rump patch flashes a warning to the others, who then follow this "flag."
+A fundamental element of their social system is the monogamous pair bond. Certainly in captivity, and probably in the wild as well, the bond between a pair lasts for life. When breeding, 20 or more pairs may band together temporarily to share a single den for the pups.4
+The animals stand on straight legs, sit on bent haunches with the forepart of the body resting on the fully extended front legs, or recline in a catlike position with the front legs folded under the chest, an unusual position for a rodent. They travel in single file, with the female usually leading. Members of a pair maintain contact by means of a low grumble. Although the long legs can quickly carry it to safety, a mare usually stops every 20-30 m and turns to peer at its pursuer.
+The animals clean themselves by licking their sides and apparently by "combing" their fur with their teeth. They wipe their faces as cats do, with the inside of a foreleg.
+USES
+Although the light-colored meat is said to be dry and flavorless, it is widely consumed in South America.
+HUSBANDRY
+Maras have been successfully raised and bred in many zoos, and, as noted, have been kept as pets.
+Adults make little use of any shelter; they seem fond of being out and about in all weather. As long as they have a protected burrow for the use of the pups, mare populations can thrive in severe climates.
+In zoos, diets include straw, vegetables, and crushed oats. Drinking water is supplied, although the animals rarely take it if they are feeding on fresh plant materials. They like to have salt blocks, however.
+In South America, one mare lived in captivity for almost 14 years; most specimens do not live beyond 10 years.
+ADVANTAGES
+Maras are a good size for microlivestock. They have a short gestation period, and they are social and easy to maintain in groups. They can be successfully kept in pens and can be fed relatively low-quality forage. Colonies can grow to be quite large.
+LIMITATIONS
+These animals can easily dig under the edges of cages and escape. Extra-deep foundations are needed.
+Following heavy rains, care must be taken to keep them from drowning in their subterranean burrows.
+If suddenly disturbed, mares can become hysterical, leaping away regardless of anything in the way, and often seriously injuring or even killing themselves as a result. They fear bodily contact.
+The mare's monogamous nature in the wild is a likely limitation. But perhaps, like chinchillas, the animal will become polygamous in captivity.
+The animals are sensitive to tuberculosis when kept in humid conditions.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Research needs to increase understanding of the mare include:
+- Nutritional trials;
+- Husbandry experiments - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs;
+- Productivity tests;
+- Grazing-efficiency measurements;
+- Exploration of commercial details; and
+- Determination of diseases and parasites.
+<section>23 Paca</section>
+Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.
+Paca has promise as a microlivestock. In several countries, Belize and Mexico for example, people already keep them in cages beside their homes and fatten them on kitchen scraps. In Costa Rica, some are bred on farms, under houses, and even in apartments. Research on raising paces in captivity is under way at the Universidad Nacional in Heredia, Costa Rica; at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama (see page 196); and at the Instituto de Historia Natural in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Turrialba, Costa Rica, an entrepreneur is already breeding and raising pace commercially.
+While the pace has potential as a food source, many problems still must be resolved before it can be recommended for mass rearing. If solved, however, this species would become an attractive microlivestock.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+The pace has potential for use throughout its vast geographical range in Latin America.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+In general appearance, paces are somewhat like giant guinea pigs. The legs are short, the forefeet have four "fingers," and the hindfeet have five small, hooflike "toes." The feet are partially webbed and are adapted both for digging and for swimming. Pacas burrow with all four feet as well as their teeth; even large roots are no obstacle.
+Adults weigh 6-14 kg, males being somewhat larger than females. Although they may become bulbously fat, paces remain "one of the fastest things on four feet. " From a standing start, even a fat specimen can jump at least 1 m off the ground. Pacas are also agile. However, their skin's epidermal layer is thin and fragile, and large strips may be ripped off as they rush headlong through spiky undergrowth. However, such wounds heal astonishingly fast - frequently within days.
+Pacas are chocolate brown in colon The head is somewhat lighter in shade than the body, and the underparts are whitish or buff colored. There are usually four longitudinal rows of white spots that may merge into stripes along each side of the body. The fur is coarse, spiny, and slippery, and has no underwool. Each hair is stiff, relatively sharp, and very smooth, which makes paces extremely difficult for predators to hang on to.
+Parts of the cheekbones are enlarged, and the cheeks can open to form special pouches. This is more developed in adult males than in females - indeed, adults can be readily sexed by head shape. The pouches are outside of the mouth and are fully haired. The animals use them mainly to create a resonating chamber for their booming bark and noisy tooth grinding. These enlarged cheeks push the large bulging eyes toward the top of the skull. The eyes are suited for nocturnal conditions, the senses of smell and hearing are uncannily acute, and there is an array of long whiskers that is used when maneuvering at night.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Lowland paces are found throughout most of Latin America from east central Mexico to northern Paraguay, Argentina, and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This includes all of Central America and most of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas. The animal has also been introduced into Cuba.
+STATUS
+Burgeoning human populations are severely reducing many of Latin America's native animal resources, and the pace is one of the most persecuted. It has been exterminated within hunting range of virtually all cities, towns, and villages.
+Several governments, recognizing the pace's plight, have passed laws prohibiting the hunting and marketing of its meat. Nevertheless, people continue to take it, usually at night, using trail dogs and headlights.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Pacas thrive in a variety of tropical habitats but are most common in forests, swamps, and partly cleared grazing lands. They inhabit most types of forests from deciduous woodland to rainforest. Usually, they stay near streams or rivers, but they often live where there is no permanent water. They are abundant only in little-disturbed forest areas. Although preferring low, dense tree cover, paces sometimes inhabit open rocky areas and farmland.
+BIOLOGY
+These herbivores feed mainly on fruits, young seedlings, and some seeds. However, when fruits are scarce they may switch to browsing leaves and roots. They probably sometimes eat large insects, and, on rare occasion, may perhaps eat small vertebrates. Captive paces, like many other "frugivores," seem to develop a protein deficiency and will eagerly eat meat scraps on occasion.
+The young are usually born singly after a gestation period of 146 days. There are probably 2 births a year. Females have an estrous period that begins shortly after giving birth. If mating does not take place at this time, the female becomes unreceptive until after the 3-month (sometimes 4- to 6-month) lactation is over. The length of the estrous cycle is 30 days.
+During daylight hours, paces seclude themselves in brushy cover, in or under fallen logs, or in extensive underground burrows. The burrows, which may be several meters long, are dug in moist soil or taken over from other animals; they are often in river banks, on slopes, among tree roots, or under rocks. Usually, several exits are provided, often being plugged with leaves as a disguise.
+BEHAVIOR
+In the wild, paces dig large holes and rummage about the forest floor at night, gnawing on fruits. Pairs inhabit a defended area, sometimes living together in the same burrow, sometimes not. Also, they usually travel alone, following paths that lead to feeding grounds and water. Individual home ranges are small (1-3 hectares).
+Although paces are terrestrial, they enter water freely, they swim well, they copulate in water, and, when alarmed, they generally attempt to escape by swimming. They are also lively and playful; however, they can be exceedingly obstinate. Sometimes fighting among themselves becomes very savage. When angered they growl, sometimes noisily, and they can suddenly jump on aggressors, real or imagined, delivering frightful wounds with their chisel-like front teeth thrust forward like a spear.
+USES
+As noted, pace meat is tasty and brings high prices in the markets. It is considered a delicacy in fine restaurants and was served to Queen Elizabeth during her October 1985 visit to Belize. In Mexico, paces, like pigs, are usually boiled unskinned. Even the skin is then edible.
+HUSBANDRY
+If treated appropriately when young, paces become manageable. They undergo "imprinting," a characteristic of most species that have been domesticated. An imprinted pace becomes so tame that it seeks out human company, follows people around like an amiable dog and, if turned out of its cage, returns voluntarily. (To achieve this degree of tameness it is necessary to remove the animal from its mother at an early age.)
+Although wild paces are almost entirely nocturnal, tame paces are more active during daylight hours.
+Young or partly grown paces are commonly exhibited in zoos. They eat prodigious quantities of almost any vegetation and have been called, "a good substitute for a large garbage pail." Diets can include rolled oats, raw vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They probably need additional protein occasionally, and seem to appreciate some fat in their diet.
+ADVANTAGES
+If husbandry can be developed, the clamor for pace meat throughout tropical America would be a big economic incentive for farming these animals. The excellence and wide acceptance of the meat is an indication that pace farming would be taken up both in rural and urban areas and by many levels of society.
+LIMITATIONS
+Pacas can harbor human diseases, including leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease.
+Apart from the project in Panama (see page 194), paces have bred only sporadically in captivity, with few offspring surviving. However, successes have been recorded in zoos in London, San Diego, and Washington, D.C., and in a research project in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Costa Rica, they are also reportedly breeding well, with a survival rate of 90 percent since 1982, and 80 percent of the females are reproducing.3
+All adult paces can be aggressive and dangerous. Their powerful incisors can inflict serious wounds. (They can even rip through planks.) Intraspecific aggression is one of the most serious impediments to captive breeding.
+Unlike the capybara, the pace not only has a long gestation but usually bears a single young. Thus, the output of a single breeding female may be, at best, two offspring per year (at least this is the expected production in the wild). This "slow" breeding is a limitation. In captivity, however, there is a possibility that it can be speeded up.4 The fact that paces bond together in pairs is a limitation. If every female has to be accompanied by a male, then many (otherwise unnecessary) males have to be fed and maintained.
+Male paces are considered difficult to keep as household pets because they spray females (or human substitutes) with a mixture of urine and glandular secretions. This can occur several times a day. In addition, they have anal glands that produce a musky odor that some people find objectionable.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Although paces are common in some areas over the vast region from Mexico to Argentina, they are little understood, even by zoologists. In fact, most data concerning this animal have come from interviews with local hunters. Intensive field work is needed to develop an understanding of the pace's biology, status, and habitat requirements.
+The popularity of pace meat makes it urgent to start this work as well as to begin breeding paces on an organized basis. Such projects would lay the groundwork for preserving the species.
+Particular research needs concern the following:
+- Age structure and reproductive performance;
+- Growth rates and feeding habits;
+- Behavioral patterns in captivity;
+- Nutritional requirements;
+- Meat quality;
+- Helminth and arthropod parasites;
+- Role in transmitting or perpetuating diseases;
+- Reproduction (such as external manifestations of estrus in females); and
+- Genetic variations that would allow the selection of animals adapted to captivity and females that produce multiple offspring - twins, triplets, or more.
+Ways must be found to introduce more than one female to each male without inciting aggression.
+<section>24 Vizcacha</section>
+Vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus) are soft-furred South American rodents that look like long-tailed guinea pigs. They can weigh as much as 8 kg and are resilient animals, inhabiting dry pampas and shrub lands in northern Argentina and neighboring countries. They seem to have promise for producing meat and hides in marginal zones whithin their native habitat.
+Like chinchillas (page 277), these rodents provide a prized furry pelt. They also provide meat that reportedly tastes "as good as hare," which in Europe is considered the epitome of dining. They are easily trapped alive in cheap, homemade, multiple-catch, funnel traps. And they are thought to be suitable for farming on a large scale.
+On the other hand, vizcachas are currently considered pests because they take grazing from cattle and sheep and because they build large burrows that undermine the land. Government campaigns have eradicated them in the richer agricultural areas of Argentina, but the animals are still common in marginal zones. There is evidence that they become more abundant when domestic livestock overgraze the land. In improverished marginal sites, where other livestock enterprises are unsuitable, the potential exists for game-ranching vizcachas.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+Because of the potential hazard to new areas, vizcachas can be used only in the pampas regions of southern South America where they are already widespread.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Vizcachas have short front legs, long, muscular hind legs, and round eyes and ears. Their heads seem oversized in proportion to their bodies. Males weigh 5-8 kg, females 2-4.5 kg.
+Members of the same rodent subfamily as the chinchilla, they have a thick, soft, valuable fur that is grey or brown above, whitish or greyish below. They are, however, much larger than chinchillas.
+Although basically running animals, vizcachas often jump bipedally (like kangaroos), and they sit erect while eating or grooming. The forefeet have four long flexible digits used to grasp food. Their soles and palms are naked and have fleshy pads (pallipes).
+DISTRIBUTION
+Vizcachas once swarmed widely over the savannas of southern Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina, but they are being systematically exterminated. Today they inhabit isolated areas of north, central, and western Argentina and southern Paraguay.
+STATUS
+Since 1907, these animals have been mercilessly hunted. The governments of the Argentine provinces where they are mostly found, reward hunters for killing this "pest." However, the numbers are so reduced that now there is no need for a bounty system.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Vizcachas live in flat, dry, steppelike plains; in dry woodland (Chaco), and in low mountains.
+BIOLOGY
+The fact that these rodents eat their own droppings (coprophagy) augments their ability to utilize natural forages, and allows them to abound in degraded zones. They feed on any plant materials they can find near their colonies, particularly grasses. In feeding trials, their daily dry matter intake was 2-5 percent of the body weight. The metabolic efficiency (dry matter per kg) was 33-56 percent; the digestive efficiency was 50-60 percent.2
+Male vizcachas become sexually mature at about seven months of age and remain fertile throughout the year. The gestation period is long: 154 days. Litters contain one or two young. Newborns are well developed, fully furred, and open eyed, although they cannot fend for themselves for at least three weeks. In the wild, one or two litters are reared each year.
+BEHAVIOR
+Vizcachas are nocturnal and are active year-round. They inhabit underground burrows, living in colonies often containing many individuals. They collect a variety of materials (for example, bones, sticks, and stones), and heap them in piles above the entrances to their burrows.
+Their hearing and sense of smell are acute.
+USES
+Vizcachas have long been hunted for food as well as for their fur. Their meat is often consumed in pickled form in southern South America.
+The skins are fabricated into table runners, rugs, bedspreads, slippers, and belts. The skins are also popular for overcoats.
+Vizcachas can be kept in captivity without major difficulty.
+HUSBANDRY
+In zoos, vizcachas are fed the typical diets furnished for vegetarian rodents: rolled oats, green vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They are usually kept indoors in wire-fronted cages, about 1 x 2 m in size, and provided with sleeping boxes.
+Little is known about vizcacha husbandry, but in one trial, weight rose most rapidly in males until age 18 months (the average size was then 5.3 kg) and subsequently slowed. The heaviest male was 7.3 kg at 30-32 months. The female's weight gain was greatest until 16-18 months (average size 3.3 kg).3
+ADVANTAGES
+The animals seem well adapted to harsh sites where the climate and forage make raising conventional livestock difficult.
+The meat is white and has a good nutritive value because of its high digestibility, low levels of saturated fats, and high levels of proteins.
+In marginal zones of the pampas, these rodents appear far more productive than traditional livestock.4
+LIMITATIONS
+Vizcachas may do considerable damage by foraging in cultivated crops. As noted, ranchers claim that they take grazing away from domestic animals, 10 vizcachas eating as much as a sheep. In addition, they claim, vizcachas destroy pasture with their acidic urine. And the large burrow systems sometimes create a hazard.
+Because their reproductive rate is low and their growth rate is only moderate, their commercial breeding might not be profitable except in well-designed projects with clear markets.
+Vizcachas require sturdy pens, which implies a high initial cost for materials such as concrete and brick.
+Vizcachas can be aggressive to one another, especially in captivity.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+There are several possible research projects, including:
+- Gathering specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation of characters such as biology, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions);
+- Attempting captive rearing and small-scale husbandry;
+- Assessing performance under various environments; and
+- Quantifying productivity and population dynamics in relation to rangeland use and improvement practices.
+A rational cropping program based on wild stocks is perhaps more viable than captive breeding. This could be organized so as to keep vizcacha numbers in check while sustaining a small chain of processing plants by providing a constant supply of meat and skins.
+<section>25 Other Rodents</section>
+The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.
+CHINCHILLAS
+In the high Andes of South America are found the short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla brevicaudata) and the long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). These plump little rodents have fur that is possibly the thickest, softest, and warmest of any animal's.
+On the surface they would seem to be ideal candidates for microlivestock in Third World regions. Indeed, in recent years chinchilla-rearing has been successfully carried out in northern India. However, raising these animals for commercial markets is a highly specialized and costly business because only rare and expensive breeding stock produces top-quality pelts, and all other pelts are worthless in today's marketplace.
+These guinea-pig-sized animals have round ears, a bushy tail, and range from 25 to 50 cm long. Adult males rarely weigh more than 500 g, but females may weigh up to 800 g.
+PACARANA
+The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is the third-largest living rodent-- only capybaras and some beavers are larger. But little is known about this seldom-encountered, forest-dwelling species. Nevertheless, pacaranas appear to be likely candidates for domestication. They are amazingly even-tempered and peaceful, and become surprisingly tame.
+Because these animals are endangered they are unlikely candidates for microlivestock in the short run, but their large size and good meat could be the stimulus for an international effort to study, protect, and rear them in large numbers before it is too late.
+Pacaranas are found along the eastern foothills of the Andes, including parts of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Their area of potential use is in Latin America and the Caribbean.
+It would be advantageous for livestock scientists to investigate this species in captivity. Studies are needed of the animal's general biology, including its nutritional requirements, reproductive capacity, behavior, and physiology. For wildlife specialists, there is a compelling need to protect this species.
+SPRINGHARE
+Scattered through the dry lands of eastern and southern Africa - on numerous grasslands, plains, fossil lake beds, hill slopes, and floodplains - is the springhare (or springhaas). With its powerful hind legs, tiny forelegs, upright stance, and hopping gait, it looks something like a tiny kangaroo. It is commonly seen at night, eyes glowing a characteristic red in the headlights.
+This animal is an important source of food and skins for rural peoples throughout southern Africa. In Botswana, it is the principal bushmeat in the human diet.
+Springhares are 35-40 cm long and weigh 3-4 kg. There is one species (Pedetes capensis) and two subspecies: the East African springhare and the Cape springhare (formerly Pedetes cafer).
+ROCK CAVY
+The rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) is closely related to the guinea pig and occurs in the impoverished semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. It is large and lean and has a face somewhat resembling a dog's. It is hunted extensively and is an important source of meat for country people, who consider it a delicacy.
+This creature might be suitable as a microlivestock. It consumes leaves and bark, and breeds well in captivity. Famine is a serious periodic problem in the often-drought-stricken area, and protein deficiency is common. The rock cavy, like the guinea pig, may be amenable to domestication and may be able to provide the people with better nutrition. However, it is difficult to keep in a cage because it moves fast, climbs well, and easily slips out.
+Because these rodents occur in rare and patchily distributed habitats, they are in desperate need of protection, whether or not they prove to have any long-term utility.
+SALT-DESERT CAVY
+A smaller relative of the mare (page 256), the salt-desert cavy (Dolichotis salinicola) is rabbitlike in appearance and behavior. It has large ears and eyes, long legs, and a short tail. It lacks the mare's white rump patch.
+This animal inhabits dry, salty areas of the Chaco desert, particularly areas of dry, woody brush. Specifically, it is found in the saline western Chaco of Paraguay and northwestern Argentina, as well as in the extreme south of Bolivia. It is about 45 cm long and weighs up to 4 kg.
+Although it might make a useful microlivestock in its native habitat, the salt-desert cavy breeds rapidly and can cause much devastation; it should never be introduced to new regions.
+The salt-desert cavy's life in the wild is largely unknown; however, some have been successfully raised and bred in zoos. Exploratory research on keeping and managing these little creatures is warranted.
+OTHERS
+As noted earlier (page 193), it has been estimated that 42 peoples of various cultures eat rodents. Most of these eat locally available species, some of which are listed below. Whether any have long-term usefulness is uncertain, but study of them in the wild and in captivity could result in some interesting and valuable scientific discoveries.
+Solomon Islands Rodents
+The Solomon Islands in the southwest Pacific are home to a collection of six rare giant rodents that live in the rainforest canopy. At one time they were important food items. Archeologists have dug up tens of thousands of rodent bones on sites where people lived as long as 30,000 years ago. These mysterious animals were classified last century, but most have not been seen by biologists for decades. However, one, the thinking rat (Solomys sapientis), was rediscovered in 1987 - the first time it had been reported seen since 1901. The others may also be inhabiting the dense and undisturbed forests.'
+The thinking rat was located on the island of Santa Isabel. It proved to be gentle, unafraid, and friendly. It lives in the forest canopy, weighs up to 1 kg, and feeds on nuts and fruits. Efforts to build up the population are urgently needed. The other species should also be sought.
+Such animals could be a resource for rainforest production (perhaps in the manner of butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea2). They may never be plentiful enough to be food sources again, but they could nonetheless become valuable. Zoos the world over are likely first customers for these scientific curiosities if production can be boosted and the populations secured.
+Giant New Guinea Rat
+The giant New Guinea rat (Mallomys rothschildi) is often eaten in New Guinea. It is little known to science but is odorless and easily tamed. It grows so fast that it becomes as big as a guinea pig even before it is weaned. It feeds on a wide variety of tubers and vegetable products. An attractive species native to mountain forests, it has a long heavy tail and black fur with white ticking.
+Porcupines
+Porcupines, brush-tailed porcupines, and their relatives are distantly related to guinea pigs and are widely consumed as food in tropical regions. Examples are:
+- Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) and other species of South Asia.
+- Cape porcupine (H. africaeaustralis) of southern Africa.
+- Prehensile-tailed porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), which inhabits Central and South America. These nocturnal creatures live in the thick, leafy crowns of trees or in hollow trees or holes in the ground. Although often belligerent among themselves, they can be very friendly and tame toward humans.
+Kiore
+The kiore (Rattus exulans) was formerly an important component of the diet of most Polynesians, including the Maoris of New Zealand. It has been successfully reared in captivity in recent times. Unlike many other rodents, this animal is normally not a scavenger; it is a clean, even fastidious feeder that is basically a vegetarian (flowers, berries, nuts, and seeds) and is reckoned remarkably good eating.
+Soft-Furred Rat
+The soft-furred rat (Praomys) is relatively large and slender and is found in the tropical forests of Africa from sea level to more than 3,000 m. Among the most common rodents of the African jungle, it is trapped almost everywhere. It feeds largely on plants, but eats large quantities of ants and other insects. It has been raised successfully in captivity and is eaten by villagers in Malawi.
+Giant Squirrels
+The giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) occurs throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It is the largest squirrel on earth, almost the size of a cat. A related species, the palm squirrel (Funambulus), also gets very large. It can crop nuts in the very high treetops that are inaccessible to people. It is widely used as food.
+Squirrels
+Squirrels of the genus Callosciurus (notably C. notatus and C. prevostii) are significant pests on cocoa, oil palm, and mixed fruit plantations in Southeast Asia. They can be reared and bred on a diet of most types of fruit as long as a little protein, in the form of insects or cooked wheat, is available. The systematic use of this animal may offer a chance to turn a pest to advantage.
+Cloud Rat
+Two species of slender-tailed cloud rats (Phlocomys spp.) are found only in southeastern Asia. They live in tree cavities, climb well, and are well adapted to tree life.
+One of these (P. cumingi) lives in the northeastern part of Luzon in the Philippines, where it appears to be thriving. It has a large body and long tail and is the largest member of the mouse subfamily.
+The other (Crateromys schadenbergi) has long, thick hair and a thick, bushy tail. It lives in the mountainous areas of northern Luzon. A nocturnal animal, it feeds on buds, bark, and fruits.
+Both are attractive, even fascinating, creatures that are relentlessly hunted for food. They might make useful livestock in forest situations.
+Spiny Rat
+The Cayenne spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis) is found throughout most of South America. It is tasty, easily kept in captivity, and is popularly used in Colombia for food. A nocturnal animal, it is one of the most common mammals in many areas. It has been raised in captivity on bananas, sweet corn, coconut, grain, and various seeds.3
+Bamboo Rat
+The bamboo rat (Rhyzomys spp.) is the largest rodent on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia; it weighs 2-4 kg and the body can be as long as 45 cm. It prefers to live in bamboo thickets and is hunted and eaten by many local peoples.
+There is a need - in considering any sort of game farming - to relate the animal's "preferred" conditions (range, feed, temperature, etc.) to the varying land and climate types not being effectively utilized. In other words, rather than looking at animals that might be farmed, it might be necessary to consider the terrain and climate and then seek animals that would "do" well under those conditions. One major fault with traditional farming has been the tendency to force traditional livestock onto unsuitable land. This has given rise to numerous serious problems. In many cases the most suitable use of an area is provided by several species grazing together to mutual benefit (e.g., goats and sheep on New Zealand hill country improve grazing for each other if ratios are right).
+David Yerex
+<section>Part V : Deer and Antelope</section>
+Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These "microdeer" and "microantelope"2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.
+Given research, mouse deer, muntjac, musk deer, pudu, brocket, huemul, and water deer, as well as half a dozen small antelope, might prove to have considerable potential. Collectively, they come from diverse habitats, ranging from equatorial to subarctic and from moist rainforest to arid savanna. They are adapted to some environmental conditions that are only marginal for production of conventional livestock because of drought, heat, diseases, altitude, or other constraints.
+DEER FARMING
+Deer appear to be unlikely candidates for livestock, but reindeer were probably among the first domesticated animals and have been draft animals for perhaps 2O,OOO years. Even today, tens of thousands of reindeer pull sleighs in the European arctic. On military expeditions, the ancient Romans took along herds of fallow deer as a source of meat, and more than 1,000 years ago deer were annually herded off the Scottish Highlands for winter meat supplies.
+In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in the "domestication" of deer. Species already being [armed are: red deer (New Zealand, Australia, Taiwan, Korea, Russia, China, Scotland, the United States), elk (New Zealand, Canada, the United States), fallow deer (New Zealand, Australia, England, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, the United States), ruse deer (Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), sika deer (Taiwan, New Zealand), musk deer (China, India), and PFre David's deer (New Zealand). Although not truly domesticated, even the moose has been tamed in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union, the calves being bottle-raised from three days of age.
+New Zealand has made particular progress in domesticating large deer (see sidebar). It seems probable, therefore, that similar success with small deer could be achieved. For those seeking interesting, pioneering research, microdeer are good candidates.
+ANTELOPE RANCHING AND FARMING
+The worldwide experiences in domesticating various deer species suggest that the organized production of small antelope should also be considered. Several large species have already been studied and are used in game farming in eastern and southern Africa. Similar research on the smaller species, which so far have received little or no attention, is one of the more speculative ideas in this report. We put it forward only for consideration by researchers, but if exploratory studies prove successful, this is a topic deserving international support.
+In some parts of Africa there are large expanses of uninhabited lands, and producing any sort of livestock there is limited by aridity and by the presence of tsetse flies. But in this habitat live tiny antelope such as dikdik, suni, and klipspringer. In the rainforests and secondary forests are found duikers and the royal antelope. All these creatures have advantages that justify their consideration as microlivestock: they have a more rapid turnover than the big species, and they produce a high yield of quality meat. In addition, compared with cattle, these native ungulates make better use of the habitat. Cattle select a limited number of grass species; antelopes choose a wider range, and also include fortes, bushes, and trees.
+More important perhaps is their resistance to many diseases. Most, if not all, are resistant to trypanosomiasis, the disease carried by the tsetse fly. They are not immune to this and other tropical diseases, but they are less susceptible than cattle. However, part of this may be owing to their ability to roam widely; if confined and treated like domestic animals, they may also require some protection against parasites and diseases.
+Antelopes are also more productive than cattle; that is, they produce a given quantity of meat more quickly because they breed better in the African hinterlands and grow more rapidly on its existing forages. On the other hand, they generally require a richer diet than cattle.
+Finally, in their favor, antelopes affect the habitat less than the same density of cattle does; they spread out more while feeding and thereby cause less erosion.
+There are two ways of exploiting this potential. One is by "cropping"--taking a controlled offtake from free-ranging populations without depressing the overall population. Several methods for producing meat this way from large antelope have been attempted in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Few have persisted. Often this has been due to opposition from the vested interests of the cattle industry and from stringent veterinary requirements. Nonetheless, game ranching offers a means by which marginal lands could produce food of a high nutritional quality on a sustained basis.
+The other method is by farming - that is, domesticating or partially domesticating the animals, keeping them in pens or herding them like cattle. Experiments in farming antelopes have been less common than game ranching, but one of the most interesting is that conducted on the Galana Ranch in Kenya. Three wild species - buffalo, eland, and oryx - were selected for comparison with cattle. Half-grown animals were preferred for capture, and it was found that if they were kept in the dark for the first week after capture, and then gradually provided with more and more space while they became familiar with people, after about six weeks they could be released into the open and herded from place to place. Grazing during the day under the eye of a herdsman, they allowed themselves to be herded back to a pen at night in the traditional African manner, where they would sleep around the campfire. This was a promising advance in behavior modification leading toward domestication. The
+oryx, for example, gained weight on grazing that would not even sustain cattle, and it required only a quarter of the amount of water.
+At bottom, the question is not what contribution antelopes can make to the African larder, for they already make a significant contribution through (largely illegal) hunting. The question is whether farming could make them a sustainable asset rather than their being senselessly squandered, as is the case at present. Although its potential has yet to be realized, antelope farming is not a panacea for Africa's food problems, and certainly not the world's, but it might pave the way to a new and more gentle way to make savannas useful.
+TAME GAME
+Since the 1970s, deer have taken the place of sheep on many New Zealand pastures, and today the country has more than 5, 000 deer farms carrying over one million head, mainly red deer. It is now common along country roads to see tall fences surrounding graceful deer quietly grazing ryegrass and clover. And there are all the appurtenances for deer that exist for cattle and sheep. Auctions and shows are held regularly. Deer farmers have a professional association and produce their own glossy magazine. Government scientists publish pamphlets on the care and management of deer. There are recognized stud stags, computerized recording schemes for breed improvement, and even veterinary services specifically for deer. Hybridization between wapiti and red deer, and PFre David's deer and red deer, is accepted practice. The animals are moved by use of dogs (which command by mere presence rather than by bark or bite), and herds of up to 80 are shifted by truck. Slaughter facilities
+specifically for deer are in operation throughout the country.
+This transformation of a nervous, jumpy, and retiring wild species into a farm animal is a remarkable achievement. Once accustomed to people, many specimens become gentle, even affectionate, and will come at a farmer's call. Males are generally as easy to handle as females, except during the rutting season when they become aggressive and cannot be handled at all.
+However, even at the best of times the farmed deer must be handled gingerly. If the causes of stress are not quickly suppressed, hysteria can erupt throughout a herd; in an instant, quiet animals can be leaping suicidally in all directions, disoriented, diving head-on into fences, charging gates. Chronic stress, the causes of which are not always obvious, can result in illness or death, although this trait diminishes in subsequent generations of farm-born stock.
+A deer farm has to be laid out to certain special specifications. To prevent escapes, the boundary fences must be 2 m high with netting of 15- or 30-cm mesh. Inner fences need only be 1.5 m high. Water troughs are placed in the middle of the fields, and nothing is allowed to jut inwards from the fences because the animals tend to walk fencelines and take comfort from the illusion of openness. Because deer like to wallow in hot weather, some farmers also provide shallow waterholes.
+Deer yards can be of any design, but the sides of the passageways and holding pens should be solid, as deer do not see fences very well, particularly when under pressure, and may injure themselves in a leap towards what appear to be wide open space. (New Zealanders usually make the sides of plywood.) Also, the holding pens should be roofed, as semidarkness has a calming effect. Animals that in the sunlight become hysterical on seeing a person in the distance, can, in the relative darkness of a roofed shed, be touched and even given injections.
+Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.
+<section>26 Mouse Deer</section>
+Mouse deer1 (Tragulus spp. and Hyemoschus aquaticus) are among the smallest ruminants known. The lesser mouse deer of Southeast Asia is probably the smallest; an adult stands only 20 cm high and weighs a merc 1-2.5 kg.
+Although they look vaguely like tiny deer, mouse deer differ in several particulars. The stomach is simpler and (like the camel's) has three instead of four effective compartments. Rumination occurs, but mouse deer are the most primitive of all ruminants. Indeed, they share a number of characteristics with nonruminants, including lack of horns or antlers; continually growing, tusklike upper canines in males; sharp-crowned premolars; and four fully developed toes.
+Virtually unchanged in 25 million years of evolution, these are solitary, nocturnal, retiring animals that have seldom received detailed research. Whether they might make suitable microlivestock is unknown. However, they seem to be tractable, and people in Southeast Asia (Sarawak, for instance) have traditionally kept at least one of the species as backyard pets. Moreover, mouse deer are indigenous to tropical lowland regions and withstand the heat and humidity that are stressful to most conventional livestock species. They probably also are resistant to many diseases of those torrid regions.
+In the United States, mouse deer are being raised as laboratory animals for basic research on ungulates. This is because the animals are easier to handle than large deer or goats.2
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Mouse deer are graceful, lithe, and look somewhat like large rodents. The Asian species are the shape and size of an agouti (see page 198); the African species is more like the pace (see page 262). All have short legs, a small head, and a pointed snout. Adults weigh from 1 to 5 kg, depending on species. The head and body are only 04-1 m long, and the shoulder height is merely 20-36 cm. Males are generally smaller than females.
+In most species the body is a rich brown with white spots and stripes. The belly is usually white. The animals stand on the middle toes, so that the lateral ones do not touch the ground. Neither sex bears antlers. In males the upper canines form long tusks that may extend outside the lips and even to below the line of the jaw.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Twenty-five million years ago, early forms of mouse deer existed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. Today's species are restricted to tropical forests and mangrove thickets of Southeast Asia and Central Africa.
+Of the three Asian species, the Indian mouse deer occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka; the larger Malayan mouse deer occurs on the mainland of Southeast Asia and the lesser Malayan mouse deer occurs on Java as well. The water chevrotain, a related African animal, is found from eastern Zaire to the Atlantic coast.
+STATUS
+In recent years, human encroachment into the forest has caused the destruction of the mouse deer habitats and has put various mouse deer species under a pressure that is causing their populations to decline.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+These animals inhabit equatorial forests and mixed secondary tropical forest. They generally live among undergrowth on the edges of dense lowland rainforests. They especially haunt rivers and swampy bush areas, seeking escape by water when in danger.
+BIOLOGY
+Little about these animals is recorded. Essentially vegetarians, they feed chiefly on fruits, supplemented by leaves. They also eat insects (for instance, ants), if available. They do not seem to eat grass.3
+The premolars of the mouse deer are designed for piercing and chopping food rather than for chewing. As noted, the stomach consists of three functional compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, and the abomasum. (The omasum of ruminants is represented only by a rudimentary area.) The stomach occupies almost the whole of the abdominal cavity, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet, which provides this small animal with large food-storage capacity.
+The blood has a very high erythrocyte (red blood corpuscle) count as well as the smallest erythrocyte size of any mammal. The flesh is "white" and the muscles contain little myoglobin.
+Mature females reproduce almost continuously, and usually regardless of season. In the female larger Malayan mouse deer, mating occurs within 2 days of giving birth. In the African species, many births are synchronized with the rainy seasons, when fruits are plentiful. The gestation period is about 5-6 months, depending on the species. There is only one young per birth. Weaning normally occurs at 2-3 months, but can occur as early as 3 weeks, with sexual maturity achieved at 4-5 months (Asian species) and 10 months (African species). The young stay alone, hidden in vegetation during the first month or two.
+BEHAVIOR
+Mouse deer are shy, keeping to dense jungle and depending on concealment for protection. Although often present in large numbers, they are seldom seen. Preferring to be near lakes, rivers, or streams, they can nevertheless wander I km or more from water. They feed mostly at dusk or at night, sheltering in undisturbed areas or under shady bushes during the day. They utter weak, bleating sounds, and when frightened, jump a meter or more in the air.
+Communication is by scent and calls. The African species possess anal and preputial glands, with which, along with urine and feces, they mark their home ranges. Males of both Asian and African species possess a chin gland to mark either the vegetation or their mates.
+Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.
+USES
+Mouse deer are widely sought by native people for food, and their meat is highly regarded. Dressed carcasses have a high proportion of muscle (84 percent in Asian species), low proportion of bone (15 percent), and an insignificant amount of fat. The ratio of muscle to bone is large - 5.6:1. The mean dressing percentage of 62.1 percent is greater than that reported for cattle, water buffalo, or goat.5
+HUSBANDRY
+Adults are wild, generally intractable, and "flighty," but young animals (at least of the Asian species) tame readily and make good pets. Nevertheless, these are delicate creatures and must always be handled gently. Individuals caught in the wild tend to bash against the sides of cages.
+Despite an unpromising temperament, Asian mouse deer are regularly bred in zoos, including those in Amsterdam, New York, and Zurich. They also have been reared successfully in small enclosures at several research institutes, such as the I.R.E.T. Institute, Makokou, Gabon; the Institute of Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and at Fort Detrick in the United States.
+Perhaps the best way to breed this animal is by using the battery system of small units comprising one male and two females per cage. The costs are mostly for obtaining suitable enclosures and for feeding and watering troughs.6 The cages must be covered with mesh because the mouse deer can jump. However, the covering must be sufficiently high to allow the male to stand with its body vertical during copulation.7 They can be fed a variety of foods and grow well on stems of bean plants.
+ADVANTAGES
+As noted, these are small, seemingly tractable creatures that are at home in the heat, humidity, and diseases of tropical lowlands. They might play a particularly important role as livestock for tropical rainforests; the forests could be left standing while the animal still produces meat. Today, in a widely condemned process, tropical rainforests are being felled in order to raise cattle for meat.
+LIMITATIONS
+Small size makes mouse deer easy prey for various predators. In the wild, snakes, crocodiles, eagles, and forest cats feed on them.
+Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.
+The different species are solitary, and it is difficult to keep many individuals (especially males) in a restricted space. They must be kept in a quiet enclosure, with cover or good shelters.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+The survival of these four "living fossils" depends on conserving their rainforest habitat and restricting hunting, especially night hunting. But studies of their propagation and management are also imperative.
+In particular, research is warranted on various aspects of their husbandry, such as enclosure design, space requirements, and health. A special research need is to understand the animal's nutritional requirements and to develop diets for use in captivity.
+<section>27 Muntjac</section>
+Muntjac, or barking deer (Muntiacus species), are among the most widespread but least known of all Asian animals.1 They are almost the size of an average dog and they bark, but they are true deer. These little animals adapt well to captivity and have been introduced to zoos and wildlife collections throughout the world.
+In recent years one species, the Reeves' muntjac, has become established in England, and a few specimens have settled into semicaptivity - staying behind fences, accepting human presence, and even eating out of people's hands. In Sarawak, villagers have also been known to keep muntjac, feeding them a diet of rice with some leafy matter occasionally added.2 Such experiences show that these small, shy deer can be calm and adaptable. It also shows that they can be raised on practical, artificial diets and that they are not strictly browsers. This creates the possibility (admittedly highly speculative) that they might make future microlivestock.
+Muntjac produce lean, palatable venison and perhaps could be farmed on an organized basis. They are native to severe environments where heat, humidity, and endemic diseases make raising conventional livestock difficult. In future, given research, muntjac might become widespread contributors to Asian economic development. The lessons learned in captive breeding could also be important for conserving endangered muntjac species.
+One species, the Indian muntjac, has an incredibly low chromosome number (2n=7 in males; 2n=6 in females), which makes them particularly promising candidates for mammalian genetic studies. This species has regularly bred well in both zoos and research institutions.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Muntjac are small and slender. Reeves' muntjac, the smallest, has a shoulder height of 45-60 cm. Fully grown, it weighs less than 20 kg; commonly it is merely 10-12 kg. The Java subspecies of the Indian muntjac is the biggest, with a shoulder height of 58 cm and a mature weight of 43 kg.
+Antlers on the males usually include a main prong as well as a much shorter brow tine. Even the main prong is no larger than a finger, but its pointed tip is hooked and must be treated with caution. There are also two tusklike canine teeth that protrude from the mouth. These have sharp points and a knifelike posterior edge, capable of cutting to the bone a person's finger or another muntjac's rump.
+Coloration varies from deep brown to yellowish or greyish brown with cream or whitish markings, depending on the species.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Muntjac are native to a vast region from eastern China to Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
+Almost a century ago, Indian and Reeves' muntjac were introduced to a deer park in southeast England. Some escaped, and (as noted) the Reeves' muntjac has adapted, spread, and settled down to life in the countryside.
+STATUS
+Of the five muntjac species, the Reeves' and the Indian are well known and in no danger. For instance, recent estimates of annual game production have shown that there are about 650,000 Reeves' muntjac in China. The other three are threatened with extinction. Black, Roosevelt's, and Fea's muntjacs are virtually untried in captivity, but the success of raising Reeves' muntjac in English country gardens suggests that perhaps their populations could be saved through captive breeding.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+In their native habitats, these small deer are usually found in dense vegetation on hilly ranges at elevations up to at least 3,000 m.3
+BIOLOGY
+Muntjac seem to be primarily browsers. However, in captivity they eat fresh grass, alfalfa hay, and feed pellets. They also readily eat root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips. They are "concentrate selectors," preferring foods low in fiber and rich in protein and nutrients. Captive specimens reportedly need; a supply of cut browse.
+Breeding may occur year-round, but in practice it is synchronized with certain seasons. The first conception can occur as early as 6 months of age. One, occasionally two, young are born after a gestation of about 200 days. They weigh around I kg at birth, and the fawns usually remain hidden until they can move about with the mother. The females mate within a few days of giving birth. Life spans up to 16 years have been recorded.
+As noted, the Indian muntjac is a species of great cytogenetic interest. It has the lowest diploid chromosome numbers yet found in a mammal.4 The large, easily distinguishable chromosomes are a great advantage in tissue culture, and many laboratories now have muntjac cell lines. The karyotypes of the different species' chromosomes are very different; the Indian and Reeves' muntjac can hybridize, but the offspring are infertile.
+BEHAVIOR
+Muntjac are dainty and have a captivating charm. Always on the alert, they are active both day and night. Often they will bark for an hour or more, but typically they bark for only a minute or two. When panicked, captive muntjac may rush into fences or walls. They can easily leap barriers 1.5 m high.
+Males are highly territorial and defend their territories vigorously. Adult females also inhabit a specific territory, which they defend against strange individuals.
+Males mark the ground at intervals by lowering the head and rubbing the frontal glands on the ground and by scraping their hooves against the ground. They mark trees by scraping the bark with the lower incisors and rubbing the base of their antlers.
+USES
+In Asia, muntjac are hunted for meat, skins, and antlers.
+HUSBANDRY
+Muntjac thrive and, at least under ideal conditions, breed freely in captivity. However, they may stop breeding if they are crowded.
+In England, zoos and private collections keep as many as six muntjac in an area of 40 x 20 m. Plenty of cover is provided for the animals to hide in. Fences almost 2 m high are used. (Lower fences are reportedly adequate where there is no risk of the deer being panicked by dogs or people.)
+ADVANTAGES
+Like other deer, muntjac produce extremely lean meat.
+They seem to be healthy animals. In Britain, wild and captive muntjac have few gastrointestinal worms, and ectoparasites such as ticks and lice are not a problem.
+MUNTJAC
+In England, far from Asia's forests and mountains, the Reeves' muntjac is the subject of a peculiar chapter in the otherwise unhappy history of introduced species. Charmed by the deer's odd characteristics, the British have welcomed its invasion into gardens around the country. Now, there are tens of thousands of muntjacs on the loose, and some people have even adopted them as pets.
+Although other alien species have wreaked havoc on native plants and animals, muntjacs appear to be a merciful exception. At least over the short term, muntjacs "have proven to be an almost innocuous asset to the countryside. They give pleasure to thousands and pain to few. Eating mostly ivy, grass, leaves, and prickly bushes, they rarely feed in one place long enough to do much damage except to an occasional suburban garden."
+Life for many muntjacs is made soft by homeowners who find the deer's large, dewy eyes and tiny antlers irresistible. The kind-hearted suburbanites put out salt licks, water, and kitchen scraps, and they built snug little shelters against the cold north wind. "All our adult deer will take food from the hand," says Walter Buckingham, who has kept muntjacs for five years in his garden in the county of
+Hertfordshire, just north of London.
+The adaptable immigrant is colonizing new areas so rapidly, say biologists, that soon there may be more in England than in Asia. "In time," predicts muntjac-researcher Oliver Dansie (pictured opposite), "it may eventually establish itself as our most widely distributed deer species."
+LIMITATIONS
+In the wild these animals are not gregarious and are generally found alone or in pairs. Because of their strong territorial instincts, large males may not be able to be kept together without fighting. The upper canine teeth can inflict serious wounds. Some females are intolerant of each other as well.
+Muntjac are fragile; they cannot be held by the legs, for example.
+Some infectious diseases may prove to be of epizootic importance: foot-and-mouth disease, mucosal disease, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, rinderpest, and tuberculosis (all three types). This may be a problem, especially when people are raising the animals by hand.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+To ensure a better understanding of their potential as microlivestock, muntjac deserve research and recognition from animal scientists and conservationists from Nepal to China. The English experience shows how populations of the endangered species might be built up. At present, however, none are receiving any husbandry research; only the two most common species can generally be found in zoos.
+These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament.
+<section>28 Musk Deer</section>
+The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.
+Musk is traditionally obtained by killing these deer and removing their glands. The dried glands, called pods, contain a reddish brown musk powder that has been a commodity in international commerce for more than 1,000 years. Despite bans in India (1972) and Nepal (1973), musk continues to be illegally exported, mainly via Hong Kong, for use in Japan and Europe. In Japan, for example, it is an ingredient in more than 200 different medicines.2 In Europe, musk goes into some of the most famous perfumes.
+The international trade in Himalayan musk, originating from both northern and southern sides of the Himalayan divide, amounts to 200 kg per year, representing an annual slaughter of 20,000-32,000 male deer.
+The commercial value of the animal makes it highly attractive for development as a livestock species. The economic force causing its slide toward extinction could be employed to protect and restore both the species and its habitat. Ranching these deer might put musk production on a sustainable footing. It might also encourage habitat protection, because in the harsh climate of the high Himalayas, rearing musk deer could be much more profitable to villagers than raising crops or cattle.
+Musk deer are already being farmed under primitive conditions in China, where techniques for extracting musk without killing the animal have been developed. In India, small collections of musk deer have been established by the forest departments of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. For several years authorities in Nepal have successfully extracted musk from an adult male at the Kathmandu Zoo' without apparent harm to the animal.3 These experiences suggest that musk might become a farmed product. So far, however, success has been limited. The Chinese animals, for example, have a high mortality rate and the musk is said to be of poor quality. Nonetheless, these examples are valuable pioneering case studies that deserve recognition, support, and further development.4
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+With their long ears, arched back, and bounding gait, these diminutive deer remind one of large hares. The pointed face and large ears make their heads strikingly reminiscent of kangaroos. The coarse hair gives them a stocky appearance. The color varies according to species (and subspecies) from rich reddish brown to dark grey or black. The peculiarly brittle and wavy hair probably has good insulating properties, as it consists of air-filled cells arranged like a honeycomb.
+Musk deer have an average mature weight of about 6-11 kg and a body length of 50-90 cm. They stand 50 60 cm high at the shoulder and 5 cm higher at the rump because the hind legs are longer than the forelegs. Some dwarf types are only 40-46 cm high. The tail is short, and in males it is naked, except for a terminal tuft of hair, because they mark their territories by constantly rubbing the caudal gland, which is located near the tail, onto objects.
+All four toes are flexible, which, compared to the rigid hoof of other ungulates, gives a firmer grip on precipitous slopes. The dew claws are enlarged and, together with the central digits, splay out, to minimize sinking in soft snow.
+Neither sex possesses antlers, but males have long upper canine teeth that project well below the lips. The lower front teeth have a spatulate form that probably helps the animals scrape lichens from the surfaces of rocks and trees in winter, when most vegetation is snow covered.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The genus is distributed patchily throughout the forested mountainous parts of most of Asia. One population extends from just north of the Arctic Circle southward to the northern edge of Mongolia and Korea. Others occur in China, northern Vietnam, and the Himalayan region including Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, the Indian Himalayas, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.
+STATUS
+During this century, the musk deer has rapidly declined throughout its former regions. In many parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and probably Tibet, it is already regarded as rare, with a distribution that is becoming increasingly localized. Possible exceptions are Bhutan and most of China, where its population is thought to be stable. In southern China, a recent estimate puts the musk deer population at 100,000 head. In western and northwestern China, the population is estimated at 200,000-300,000 head.5
+It is the uncontrolled hunt for musk that in most places is driving this animal toward extinction, but its habitat is also being increasingly destroyed by livestock and woodcutters. Part of the loss to hunters is owing to the mindless way in which the animals are caught. Most are snared in traps or nets or killed by poisoned stakes set on trails. This kills all the animals indiscriminately, even females and fawns, which produce no musk. This waste of reproductive animals is extremely destructive to the populations and is senselessly hastening the musk deer's extinction.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Musk deer mainly occur in upland woodland and scrub areas. They prefer remote, dense vegetation, especially birch-rhododendron forests in mountainous terrain. They are seldom found in treeless regions or areas thickly populated by people. In the Himalayas, the upper limit coincides approximately with the tree line, which is as high as 4,600 m at the eastern end.6
+BIOLOGY
+Despite its economic importance and wide distribution, little is known of the musk deer's biology. Nonetheless, it is known that musk deer have a gall bladder, a bovid feature that distinguishes it from the true deer.
+The animals are browsers, relying on young leaves, buds, fruits, and flowers. During the winter, as snow deepens, they depend more on lichens growing above the snow on rocks or tree bark, although in shallow snow they scrape for vegetation with their hooves.
+The male's musk sac is unique among deer. Situated between the umbilicus and penis, it contains the gelatinous, odoriferous oil. The amount varies with the season and the age of the animal, but pods of adult males usually weigh about 30 g; occasionally up to 45 g.
+Males also have a caudal gland under the tail, which secretes a viscous yellow substance with a goaty smell. They mark vegetation with this secretion by rubbing their hindquarters against stems and branches.
+Males become sexually mature at about 18 months, but females seem capable of reproducing in their first year. The estrous cycle is 18-25 days; the receptive period lasts 36 60 hours. Gestation varies from 178 to 192 days. Each female usually bears one or two fawns, rarely three. The fawn is precocious - able to stand and move within 15 minutes.
+BEHAVIOR
+Musk deer are shy, furtive animals with keen senses of hearing, smell, and sight. They are normally solitary and are most active at dawn and dusk. Only under cover of darkness do they frequent the more open spaces. Except in the rutting season, more than two animals are seldom seen together; groups usually consist only of a female and her young. The alarm call, a loud hiss, is often accompanied by a highstepping, springy gait.
+In the wild, musk deer lead "orderly" lives. They use well established trails connecting well-established feeding places, resting places, and "latrines" where they deposit their droppings. Migration is uncommon.
+Remarkably sure footed, musk deer climb cliffs and even the trunks of leaning trees. Being small and solitary, they rely on camouflage to avoid predators but flee through established escape routes when disturbed. If cornered, males defend themselves by slashing with their tusks, often inflicting deep cuts and severe injuries.
+USES
+The strong-smelling, reddish-brown musk is obtainable only from this animal.7 It is used as a fixative in expensive perfumes to increase the retention of the fragrance on the skin. In Oriental medicines it is used in stimulants, sedatives, and other products. Some medicinal properties appear to be genuine.8 Recently, highly purified musk has been selling for as much as $27 a gram.
+Trade in the Himalayan musk deer or its products is banned by all countries that are parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, products from musk deer in the Soviet Union and China can be traded legally under license. It seems likely that if formal, self-sufficient, musk-deer farming projects can be established elsewhere, with safeguards to minimize poaching, a wider trade would be officially sanctioned.
+HUSBANDRY
+Since at least 1919, Chinese scientists have been experimenting with the extraction of musk without killing the males. When the sexual activity is at its peak, the males are caught and musk removed from the pod with a runcible spoon (curved fork) inserted into the sac's aperture. The procedure takes only minutes. There are records of up to 9 g being recovered at a time.
+As noted, China established formal musk deer farms in 1958. They are clustered in the Maerkang, Miyalo, and Manchuan areas of Sichuan Province; the Zhenping county of Shanxi Province; and the Fuziling area of Anhui Province. Despite heavy initial losses of animals, mainly during transportation and acclimatization, the Chinese now breed musk deer in considerable numbers. However, juvenile mortality is still high and longevity relatively short. Zoos in other parts of the world have also had difficulties maintaining the animals.9
+In captivity, musk deer readily accept many foods: lettuce, carrots, potatoes, apples, rolled oats, hay, alfalfa, bananas, some grass, bamboo leaves, and pumpkins, for example.
+LIMITATIONS
+The musk deer's social system may represent an impediment to its successful reproduction in captivity. It is irascible and scares easily. In close confinement, males fight and may have to be isolated from each other.
+There is an inherent danger in any captive-breeding scheme in the Himalayas: resumption of legal trade in natural musk could damage the remaining populations by stimulating the market and providing an outlet for illicit musk from poached animals. Some biologists (notably in India) consider that a total ban on the trade in natural musk from all sources is essential.
+So far, removing the musk without damaging the animals has not proved commercially successful because of market resistance. Most purchasers require the entire pod in order to be certain that they are receiving the genuine product. Given a regularized farming program, however, it seems likely that mutual trust would circumvent this lack of confidence.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+To protect this species will not be easy. It occurs in vast, remote areas that are difficult to patrol. The local people are poor and traditionally have used it as a source of income and food. The value of musk is so high that smuggling is already well organized and will be difficult to eradicate.
+It is imperative that the status of existing musk deer populations be established. This is especially important in Nepal. The total population may be not more than 500 in the wild.
+No matter what is achieved in farming, pressure on populations will only be reduced by protecting the wild specimens. Thus, the dietary requirements and behavior of musk deer should also be evaluated with a view to building up the wild populations directly. If the techniques of breeding and handling can be improved, farming the animal may also indirectly help wild populations by reducing the pressure to harvest them.
+An alternative to captive breeding might be ranching the wild animals. In this process, males would be caught periodically and the musk extracted before releasing them. The organized, sustainable harvesting is particularly attractive if developed at the rural level with revenue going directly to local people; it would provide them incentive to conserve not only "their" musk deer but also its habitat. For this purpose, today's musk deer hunters could be trained to extract musk from live animals, releasing and recapturing them on a controlled basis.
+Another alternative could be controlled culling at a sustainable level, as is now done in the Soviet Union, where about 5 percent of the population is harvested each year. However, elsewhere annual culls at any level would not be feasible for at least 10 years because the populations are now so low.
+<section>29 South America's Microdeer</section>
+South America contains three types of tiny, indigenous deer. None are well known to science, yet they are of microlivestock size, and if given research attention at least two might respond to rearing in captivity.
+PUDU
+The pudu (pronounced "poo-doo") is native to temperate forests of the Andean region. It is among the smallest of all true deer, adult males being merely the size of small terriers and the females being smaller still. It is very shy and retiring and is endangered.
+All things considered, this animal would appear to be an unlikely candidate for microlivestock. But wherever it is found, the pudu is mercilessly hunted, and captive rearing might be the only way to save its populations from extinction. Indeed, it is already being raised in experimental herds in Chile and Argentina.
+Pudus (also called the Andean dwarf deer) once ranged widely through the foothills, valleys, and lowlands of the Andes. They prefer the dark, dank underbrush of the cool rainforest, particularly thick bamboo stands. There are two species: Pudu pudu is distributed in parts of southern Bolivia and throughout much of southern Chile nearly to the Straits of Magellan. It is also found on islands off the Chilean coast. Pudu mephistophiles is distributed throughout the highlands of Ecuador, where it occurs only in cool areas at great height.
+With their short legs, stocky bodies, and compact heads, pudus do not look much like deer - more like small antelopes with foxlike faces and spiky antlers. Full grown, they are only 40 cm tall and weigh less than 12 kg. They have thick fur ranging from reddish brown to pale gray.
+Because of the pudu's small size, shy and secretive nature, and forbidding habitat, few people have ever even seen one. Nonetheless, these animals tame easily and reportedly were once kept by South American Indians. Several generations were also once bred in a Paris apartment and were treated exactly like domestic dogs, which most people who saw them for the first time thought they were.'
+In recent years, habitat destruction has greatly reduced the range and numbers of these attractive and fascinating little creatures. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature already lists them as vulnerable to extinction. Pudu studies are highly recommended, and raising pudus promises to be an interesting and valuable activity that may one day lead to one of the most intriguing microlivestock of all.
+BROCKET
+Brockets (Mazama spp.) are small deer that occupy the place in South America's environment that duikers occupy in Africa (see page 326). They typically reside in thick brush. They occur widely throughout South America and are found in every country except Chile and Uruguay. They also occur in Central America, the West Indies, and Mexico.
+There are four species:
+- Red brocket (Mazama americana), the most common and widespread, is found from Mexico to Argentina. It is also the largest species, with a mature weight of about 20 kg.
+- Gray (brown) brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) is also found throughout Latin America. It is slightly smaller, weighing about 17 kg.
+- Lesser brocket (Mazama rufina)2 resides in small and scattered locations in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It weighs 10-20 kg.
+- Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi) is found only in pockets of forest and brush on certain mountainsides in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. The smallest brocket, it weighs only 8-12 kg.
+Except for their size and color, all brockets look alike. The head, neck, and tail are short; the ears are wide. The lumbar region is higher than the shoulders, and this, together with an arched back, gives them a hunched appearance not unlike a duiker's. The antlers are simple spikes, never longer than a person's hand.
+The different species are similar in behavior, too.3 They generally wander around singly or in pairs. Although frequenting dense cover during the day, they emerge at night to feed in open areas. Little is known of their food preferences. But farmers know only too well how fond they are of melons, beans, peppers, and corn. Doubtless, wild forest fruits dominate their native diet.
+Although extensively hunted, brockets are so adept at dodging into dense brush that relatively few get caught. However, small size makes them vulnerable to many other predators: puma, jaguar, ocelot, and eagles and other large birds of prey. Near villages the domestic dog is probably their worst enemy. (Infuriated vegetable growers commonly set their dogs on them.)
+Although at first sight these retiring, nervous, and agile creatures seem unlikely to be even potential microlivestock, young brockets are sometimes caught and raised by people. It is not uncommon to find them as pets on farms and in gardens. They seem to become very tame and might therefore make useful livestock at some future time. At least one species, the grey brocket, adjusts particularly well to life in and around human settlements.
+HUEMUL
+The third type of South American microdeer, the huemul,4 is a much less likely candidate. It is very rare, very shy, and has so far shown little likelihood of settling into captivity. However, huemul conservation is critical: without urgent attention, the animal will become extinct. Although totally protected by law, it is declining owing to poaching, farm dogs, habitat loss and diseases transmitted by cattle and other livestock.
+There are two species:
+- The Chilean huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus)5 occurs in high altitude forests, thickets, and grasslands in the Andes of southern Chile and Argentina.
+- The Peruvian huemul, or taruca (H. antisepsis), occurs in parts of the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia as well as of northern Chile and Argentina.
+Both species live in small herds above the tree line. They are very shy, and even though the Chilean national seal bears the depiction of a huemul, almost no Chilean (or anyone else, for that matter) has ever seen a live one.
+At less than 85 cm tall and probably weighing under 15 kg, huemuls are sized to be microlivestock. However, previous attempts at rearing them in Chile have met with little success. Nevertheless, huemuls have been kept in zoos in Germany, and such experiences - together with the increasing knowledge of how to raise red deer and other species - may eventually provide the keys to their continued existence.
+<section>30 Water Deer</section>
+Little is known about the water deer' (Hydropotes inermis), but it should be considered along with mouse deer, muntjacs, musk deer, and others as a possible species for microlivestock development. It is comparable in size, and it is unusual among deer for producing large litters: births of triplets or more are common.
+As with the other species in this section, this is a highly speculative notion; however, there is some justification for it. The Zoological Society of London has successfully established breeding colonies, and other zoos have also bred the animal in captivity. The water deer has the advantage of rapid growth, early maturity, and high fecundity. Indeed, given protection, its populations have been known to increase rapidly.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+The animal has a graceful and delicate appearance, its best known characteristic being the male's long tusks. Both sexes are about the same size, standing 45-55 cm at the shoulder and weighing up to 19 kg. Body length is up to about I m, and the tail is so tiny that it is barely noticeable. The round-tipped ears are characteristically held erect above the head.
+Water deer are somewhat like muntjacs, but they are longer in the leg and lighter in build. Their forelegs are shorter than their hindlegs so that they stand slightly higher at the haunches than at the shoulders. This gives them a hunched appearance.
+The hair is generally thick and coarse, longest on the flanks and rump. The backs and sides are usually yellowish brown, finely stippled with black. In winter, the coat is thick and variable in color; pale fawn and peppery gray-brown are common shades. In summer, the coat is sleek and reddish. Fawns are white spotted at birth, but this dappling soon fades.
+Neither sex has antlers. The upper canine teeth, especially in the males, are enlarged, forming curved tusks 7 cm long. These are much bigger than those in muntjacs and can protrude well below the jawline.
+In both sexes there is a small inguinal gland present between the hind legs, the only instance among deer.
+DISTRIBUTION
+In China the water deer has a wide distribution range. It is mainly found in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, and Fujian, the mid and lower Yangtze River Basin, and coastal areas and islands in central and eastern China. It is also found in Guilin, southern Sichuan Province, Guangxi Province, and Guangdong Province in the south.2
+In Korea, the animal lives along the lower reaches of most rivers, except those in the extreme northeast. Its northern limit of distribution is probably about latitude 43�N.
+At Woburn Park in England, a few escaped from a herd early this century and have increased and become established in a number of counties, particularly Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk.
+STATUS
+In China, owing to increasing reclamation and cultivation of wetlands, the habitat of the water deer is gradually shrinking. At present the animal is protected by the government, which designates appropriate hunting seasons. It is estimated that about 10,000 are killed each year by hunters. In Korea the water deer is still plentiful. As noted, in England it is maintaining itself and is thriving in some protected parks. It is also reported to be present in France.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+In its home range, the water deer is usually found among reeds and rushes in swampy areas. It also frequents the tall grasses and sparse shrubs of mountainsides and cultivated fields. In England it has adapted to a variety of habitats, including woodlands.
+BIOLOGY
+The water deer is chiefly a grazer. It feeds mainly on reeds, coarse grasses, and some tree leaves.
+As previously mentioned, this is the most prolific species of deer. Up to seven fetuses have been observed in a single pregnant female, although the normal litters are two or three. The gestation period is about 176 days. Fawns are born in late spring or early summer, and weigh only about 0.5 kg at birth. Within 4 days the newborns can live almost exclusively on grasses. Usually, however, they are fully weaned after 4 8 weeks, but remain socially attached to the mother. They appear to become independent after about 4 months. Males become sexually mature at about 5-6 months; females at about 7-8 months.3
+BEHAVIOR
+Water deer are generally seen alone. Even where abundant, they seldom congregate in herds. Females are sometimes intolerant of each other, as are adult males or young males. However, in captivity, several females can graze and rest in loose aggregations. The peak period of grazing activity occurs around dusk. Feeding sessions are interspersed with periods of passive cud-chewing.
+Water deer "bark" at intruders. During the rut, males are especially noisy and aggressive, and defend their territories with vigor. Fighting involves striking their tusks into the shoulder or back of their opponents. 3 Information from Lu Houji. These are extremely excitable little animals. When upset, they often "hump" their backs and bound away like rabbits. They are also good swimmers.
+USES
+In China the water deer are hunted for their meat and skins, and newly born fawns are killed to obtain the mother's colostrum for medicinal purposes. In a few localities in England, the species has become a game animal.
+HUSBANDRY
+The water deer is not yet known on "farms." However, it seems to be easily kept, has bred well in zoos, and has thrived in many British wildlife parks.
+ADVANTAGES
+The assets of early maturity and high fecundity mean that the potential exists for rapid population expansion. Such an event occurred at Britain's Whipsnade Zoo. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were released into undeveloped pasture; by 1937, 120 fawns had been raised.
+Because they are relatively small, and because in the wild state they aggregate only under exceptional conditions, water deer are unlikely to have any appreciable impact on vegetation in forests, farms, or gardens. Nonetheless, they can damage crops, and Chinese farmers, who consider them pests, often illegally kill them out of season.
+LIMITATIONS
+These animals are swift and adept at escaping captivity. It is possible that because of territoriality only a single pair will live in a given area. Moreover, males are aggressive and must be kept apart.
+They seem able to withstand chilly weather well, but a combination of wet and cold is harmful. Their heavy winter coat, essential to survival in the Far East, renders the animal susceptible to dehydration and heat exhaustion in comparatively mild climates, such as England's.
+At birth, the tiny fawns are extremely vulnerable to a variety of predators, both birds and mammals. The species may need areas of dense cover or some shelter from wind.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+The water deer has been successfully kept in semicaptivity for many years; however, for it to reach a level of domestication suitable for use as microlivestock, research is needed in the following areas:
+- Reproduction;
+- Performance under a range of environments;
+- Grazing efficiency;
+- Basic physiology;
+- Captive breeding and domestication - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, and feed needs; and
+- Modifying behavior to overcome territoriality - for instance, imprinting on humans, selection of docile specimens, hand rearing, and castration.
+The water deer is not an endangered species; however, efforts should be made to preserve the populations in their native ranges and habitats.
+<section>31 Duikers</section>
+Duikers (Cephalophus and Sylvicapra species) are small African antelopes. Although they are ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats, some are hardly bigger than hares or rabbits. One, the blue duiker, is less than 40 cm high and usually weighs a mere 4-6 kg. It and some of the slightly larger duikers might be suitable for household husbandry because their meat is an extremely popular food throughout much of Africa. In West Africa, for example, it is one of the most common meats sold in both rural and urban markets.
+This idea, however, is highly speculative because, despite their popularity, little is known about these tiny animals. Their husbandry has been attempted only a few times, but the results were encouraging, and rearing duikers deserves further investigation. They are already being raised in captivity in the United States,' Zimbabwe,2 Togo,3 and Gabon. Researchers in Nigeria have bred blue duikers to the fourth generation and found that, if the animals were first handled by people while young, they remained docile.4 Even blue duikers caught in the wild tame quickly if they are very young, but by the time they reach 3.5 months, they become barely tolerant of man's presence.
+If duiker husbandry can be developed, it might provide not only a more regular source of meat, but also a lessening of the hunting pressures, thereby giving the wild populations a better chance of survival.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+These antelopes are suitable for testing as microlivestock only in their native region, sub-Saharan Africa. Eventually, they might prove to have wider applicability.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Duiker species vary from about the size of a small dog to that of a small donkey. Most are similar in shape and are characterized by short front legs, arched back, and pointed hoofs. The tail is stubby, often with a terminal tuft. The coat varies from reddish brown to nearly black, although a few species are blue-grey and one is zebra striped.
+Females are slightly larger than males, but the sexes look alike. In most species, both sexes bear small straight horns that project backward from the skull, frequently hidden in a long tuft of hair.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Duikers inhabit virtually all regions of Africa below the Sahara-- from Gambia in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and all countries as far south as South Africa.
+STATUS
+Duikers are so shy that they are rarely encountered by people. But almost anywhere in Africa (other than North Africa), the observant traveler may glimpse them ducking into forests or thickets. Although there are still countless numbers, people are eating so many that in some localized areas the populations are fast heading toward extinction.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+All but one species are found in rainforests or dense woodlands. The grey duiker, however, is found in savannas. If the vegetation is juicy, only a few of the species need a separate water source, so they can thrive in very dry sites.
+BIOLOGY
+The main foods are fruits and seeds supplemented by leaves and shoots. Fruits, which they eat to a much greater degree than other antelopes, are an important part of their diet. Some rare species (for example, the red-flanked duiker, C. rufilatus) can graze. Occasionally (especially in captivity), duikers are also omnivorous, eating fish, crabs, insects, snails, frogs, small animals, or carrion; they also readily accept chopped meat.
+Duikers reach sexual maturity at 9-15 months; gestation lasts about 7-8 months. In some species, females conceive a few days after calving on a 3- to 5-day postpartum estrus. Apparently one calf per birth is normal. A newborn blue duiker weighs between 0.4 and 0.7 kg.
+Before one year of age, young duikers leave their parents to find their own mates and territories. Life expectancy is more than 10 years.
+BEHAVIOR
+In spite of habitat differences, most duikers behave alike. In the wild they are nervous, shy, and retiring. When alarmed, they plunge into the protection of dense vegetation - hence the origin of the name duiker, which means "diver." Nonetheless, their behavior allows them to be easily netted. An experienced hunter can imitate duiker sounds and call the male out of the bush. Also, a startled animal freezes, thereby facilitating its capture.
+Moving easily through dense vegetation, the head carried low, these tiny animals use regular runs. Forest duiker species are largely diurnal, although a few, such as the bay duiker, are nocturnal. Bush duikers are mainly nocturnal, feeding from early evening until morning. Such nocturnal species shelter during the day in holes (presumably dug by other animals) or inside fallen trees; the diurnal ones lie directly on the ground.
+Blue duikers are the best-known species and are probably the most likely candidates for microlivestock (see page 332). They seem to be monogamous and apparently mate for life. Unlike most antelopes, their population densities can be high. The pairs reside in territories of 2-4 hectares, which both male and female stoutly defend against rivals. Other species appear to be polygamous and live in large territories (up to 80 hectares).
+In captivity, the animals are generally calm. However, both males and females can be aggressive toward unfamiliar individuals of their own species. In an enclosure, one male can serve several females.
+Large glands, located beneath each eye, exude a scent that is rubbed onto fences, trees, and other objects as territorial marking. In another form of marking the horns are rubbed against tree trunks.
+USES
+As noted, duiker meat is much sought in many African countries, and the animals are regularly hunted. The meat is lean with little or no intramuscular fat (marbling).
+Duikers also have promise as experimental animals. They are true ruminants, with four-part stomachs, and they produce cud. Some are only rabbit size, they need far less room or feed than sheep, and thus are potentially an efficient test animal for determining the nutritional value of forages. Blue duikers, for instance, have a digestion efficiency comparable to that of sheep, but, because of their small size, a test needs only four rabbit cages and 5-10 kg of feed. Sheep, by comparison, require much more spacious facilities and 150 kg of feed.
+In Nigeria, blue duiker pelts are used in making karosses, a traditional dress. A single garment may contain up to 60 pelts.
+HUSBANDRY
+Almost nothing is known about rearing duikers, but they seem to tame easily and perhaps may be kept in backyards like goats. Indeed, they reportedly make good house pets when hand raised. They are attractive, and from the day of capture young ones can be handled and petted.5
+The Nigerian researchers who bred blue duikers to the fourth generation bottle-fed young specimens five times a day. Older animals were given feeds that included banana, plantain, and papaya; leaves of hibiscus, cassava, and banana; and dried corn. Variety seemed to be important, and the researchers could not predict the quantity of particular foods the animals would choose on any given day. In addition to varied vegetables, a small dish of salt or a salt lick was sometimes required.6
+Duikers are unlikely to run away, except when startled. However, providing an enclosure is worthwhile. It enables them to establish a territory by marking poles, bushes, and fences. Although needing space in which to run, as little as 10 m� is reportedly sufficient for 24 animals.
+Satisfactory shelters include an open-ended oil drum laid on its side, a lean-to made of palm frond, or a small hut made of local matting. Apart from providing shade and protection, shelters should be built so that excited animals can run through them. When cornered, duikers tend to either flee for shelter or jump upwards; a run-through shelter can prevent a frightened one from accidentally leaping over the fence.
+Based on their own experiences, researchers at Pennsylvania State University in the United States report that blue duikers raised in captivity are easy to maintain, reproduce well, and are not fussy about environmental conditions. In fact, they say, blue duikers seem to enjoy living in cages.7
+In order to raise duikers successfully, post-pubertal males must be separated. A female should be bred with the same male throughout her productive life span.
+THE BLUE DUIKER
+In one sense, the blue duiker is the most important animal in Africa. It is the only one found throughout the continent south of the Sahara. It occurs at a greater range of altitudes than most - as low as sea level in many places to almost 5,000 m elevation in Kenya. It occurs in habitats from dense rainforests to dryland savannas. And, in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, the blue duiker is eaten more than any other animal (although in West Africa it is generally called Maxwell's duiker).
+This very small antelope, caught by snare or net, can be found in the meat markets of villages, towns, and cities in all countries from Senegal to Madagascar. It is a source of food for tens of millions. Bushmen, Pygmies, Dinkas, and Mandingos, thousands of miles apart; all share the same fondness for duiker meat and for duiker-skin clothes.
+Nevertheless, scientifically speaking, this is one of the world's least-known animals. And its numbers are diminishing rapidly. Areas that used to have plenty now have few or none. Overhunting and destruction of the rainforests are jointly contributing to their decline.
+Despite the losses, people are snaring as many as they can, and there is no sense of concern - not even among most conservationists. However, in many locations there is already evidence that the animals won't be around much longer. Unless something is done - and soon - people will lose their major source of animal protein. If that happens, it is likely that they will move on to larger animals, such as gorillas, which would be an even worse disaster.
+The best long-term solution is to organize duiker husbandry. Learning to rear duikers would benefit people throughout Africa. The blue duiker is the most suitable species; it is the most common and the most important. Also, it inhabits the edges of the forest and could therefore become a suitable species for ranching without denuding the forest.
+Blue duikers are easy to maintain in captivity. They tame readily and like to shelter and sleep In boxes or cages. They are good converters of vegetation and produce top-quality lean meat. In addition, they are neither affected by tsetse flies nor are very susceptible to diseases.
+The key now is to learn how to keep these very timid creatures under different conditions. We need to know their foods (especially foods that might be harvested from forests) and reproductive biology. We need to know the right numbers to house together. Most of all, we need projects aimed at rearing and breeding them in captivity under village conditions.
+Vivian J. Wilson
+ADVANTAGES
+Many African countries already have a ready market for duiker meat. It is somewhat similar to goat meat, but most people agree that it is superior.
+The animal can live on fibrous vegetation. Unlike conventional ruminant livestock, it is suitable for feeding an average family at one meal.
+The ability to forage in undergrowth where other domestic livestock do not thrive makes duikers potential livestock for tropical forest and bushland regions. They can be raised for meat without cutting the trees or bushes to create pastures.
+LIMITATIONS
+Duikers are easy prey for predators: eagles, pythons, wildcats, and people, among others. Thus, they probably require more sophisticated management than common livestock such as goats. However, the quality of their meat could more than compensate for the extra effort.
+Some species are territorial, which means that they may do poorly in captivity, unless their social organization can be altered.
+Under good conditions, the ideal slaughtering age reportedly occurs at 8-10 months, when the blue duiker can weigh 4 kg. Compared to rabbits and guinea pigs, production is relatively slow because of long gestation and lack of multiple births.
+Duikers are resistant to trypanosomiasis.
+One general problem is that duikers have short, sharp horns designed specifically for jabbing. This could be a potential danger, especially since the males of some species become aggressive when their females are receptive. However, the horns can easily be clipped and taped to limit the danger.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Because of the duikers' secluded lifestyle, much has still to be learned about their habits. Specific information on behavior and breeding is needed.
+Animal scientists in Africa should gather small herds for comparative studies. This will provide insights into whether duiker temperaments facilitate or hinder their utilization. In addition, assessments of diet, growth rates, behavior in captivity, reproductive rate, adaptability, and future potential can be made. Management considerations include clipping horns, trimming hooves, and controlling lice and fleas.
+Research of particular value would be chemical analysis of duiker milk and of other characteristic glandular secretions. The latter lend themselves especially to a study of animal communication.
+Parming duikers might help rescue the wild populations by relieving hunting pressures. Programs in this area are recommended for locations where overhunting is occurring.
+<section>32 Other Small Antelope</section>
+The least known and most obscure of all antelope are the delicate African creatures called dikdik, suni, royal antelope, pygmy antelope, and klipspringer. The smallest is a West African form of the royal antelope that stands a mere 25 cm high and weighs less than 2 kg. The four-horned antelope of South Asia is a similarly tough, tractable animal that is also the size of a small dog.
+None of these has previously been seriously considered for use as livestock, but they are possibly amenable to rearing in captivity and they provide some of the finest game meat in the world. Given New Zealand's experience with various deer species (see page 288) and Africa's experience with large antelopes, basic research to test out the possibility of organized dwarf-antelope production could prove to be rewarding.
+AREA OF POTENTIAL USE
+The areas where these antelopes might be used are sub-Saharan Africa for the African species and South Asia for the four-horned antelope.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Of these animals, some, such as the pygmy antelopes, have a crouched appearance with an arched back and short neck; others have a more upright posture with a long neck and a raised head. In all species, the males are smaller than the females and bear tiny spikelike horns.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Collectively, these antelopes have native ranges covering huge areas of Africa and part of Asia.
+Dikdik: Six species occur in two discontinuous distributions - one from Somalia and Ethiopia southward through Kenya and Tanzania, the other in Namibia and Angola.
+Sunis: Eastern Africa, from Kenya to South Africa.
+Royal antelope: West African forests.
+Pygmy antelope: Central Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Zaire.
+Klipspringer: Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope.
+Four-horned antelope: India.
+STATUS
+Many forms are protected by local laws, but none of the species is on the international endangered-species list.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+The animals occupy habitats from dense, moist forests to dry, rocky outcrops and even to deserts. Their ranges have almost certainly been affected by humans - sometimes for the better, since many prefer the secondary growth that invades disturbed areas, notably after overgrazing or slash-and-burn agriculture.
+Although dikdik and klipspringer usually frequent dry areas with scattered brush, the other dwarf antelopes normally stay in dense vegetation. All seem to live in definite areas and do not migrate. For instance:
+- Dikdik live near streambanks.
+- Sunis inhabit dry country with thick bush, but they can also be found in reed scrub along rivers and in forests up to 3,000 m elevation.
+- Klipspringers live on stony mountain slopes, rocky outcrops' or the sides of steep gorges at altitudes from sea level to 4,000 m.
+- Four-horned antelopes live in undulating or hill country and shelter in tall grass and open jungle, a terrain more common to deer than to antelope.
+BIOLOGY
+Most of these antelope browse on shrubs. They are "concentrate selectors," taking easily digested vegetation such as buds, fruit, and succulent young leaves.
+Also, most obtain much of their water requirement from dew and the vegetation they consume. Klipspringers, for example, are able to live for months without drinking. Sunis and four-horned antelope, on the other hand, drink regularly and seldom live far from water sources.
+Little is known of the reproduction and general performance of these animals. Females become sexually mature at about 6 months in the smaller species and 10 months in the larger. Males become sexually mature at about 14 months. The young are born throughout the year, but births peak with the vegetation flush following the first rains. Where there are two rainy seasons a year, two birth peaks occur. Usually a single calf is born. Dikdik is the only one whose reproduction has been studied in detail. Its pregnancy lasts 172 days, one young is born at a time, and the birth weight is 600-800 g.
+Their longevity is unknown but is probably in the range of 10-12 years.l
+BEHAVIOR
+These tiny creatures have some of the habits of deer. They are shy and elusive and generally rely on concealment to escape detection. Their first response to a predator is to freeze, and then to flee like hares - dashing off in a series of erratic, zigzag leaps.
+They live alone, in pairs, or in small family groups, but sometimes congregate in larger groups in thorn thickets. The species that have been studied most (dikdik and klipspringer) are strongly pair bonded. (A male, a female, and one or two young is typical, and a klipspringer rarely moves more than 5 m from its mate.) However, the royal and pygmy antelopes and the suni are more solitary in their behavior. Four-horned antelope are usually seen alone or in pairs.
+These animals feed mostly in the early morning and late afternoon Some species deposit dung and urine on particular sites. And they repeatedly daub secretions from glands in front of the eyes onto plant stems, where a sticky mass accumulates. Glands near the hooves mark the ground along frequently traveled pathways. Males also mark females with the scent, thus reinforcing the bond.
+The four-horned antelope has a whistling call, which helps keep the family group together. Males repeat it frequently in hot weather. Gestation is 8-8.5 months. If taken young, they reportedly tame easily.
+HUSBANDRY
+Much more research needs to be done before attempts are made to convince anyone to domesticate these antelope. There are likely to be considerable difficulties. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and giant rats can successfully be kept in cages or small enclosures, but most antelope probably cannot. Larger enclosures will be needed.
+The food habits and general behavior of these small animals must be studied closely. They are strictly monogamous, and it may be necessary to keep them in pairs. Reproduction, growth, and general performance must become understood under different environmental and nutritional conditions. Mixing species is another aspect to be examined - whether these antelope can be kept with other species in the same enclosure (typical of livestock farming in most poor nations) is not known.
+To settle such questions, representative species of microantelope should be gathered for comparative assessment. Researchers should focus on the animals' social structure, on husbandry methods for maintaining them over generations, and on how best to breed them. If the findings are promising, then a campaign to domesticate these antelope could be mounted.
+USES
+Throughout most of their ranges these animals are highly sought "bushmeats." The meat is lean and of extremely high quality. In Zaire's Ituri Forest, for example, pygmies net and kill large numbers of pygmy antelope, hanging the carcasses on sticks by the roadside for sale.
+Because of their small size, these species might make good laboratory animals for ruminant studies. The dikdik, for instance, becomes a fully functioning ruminant at a body weight of about only 1.5 kg.2 However, their digestive physiology is quite different from that of cattle, sheep, and goats, which makes them atypical ruminants.
+Given organized production, it is likely that dwarf-antelope pelts could become commercially important. North Africa exports the hides of medium-size antelopes to Europe for use in fine sueded leathers. Hides of the small species would almost certainly be in demand as well if a steady supply could be obtained as a by-product of meat production.
+ADVANTAGES
+Microantelope provide some of the finest game meat. They are small and perhaps tractable. Most are already widely eaten and are being eliminated over broad areas of their range. Turning them into a sustainable, economic food source could provide motivation for their conservation.
+These antelope can digest, and are adapted to, the indigenous forage over vast areas of Africa and South Asia. They are native to tropical habitats, where cattle and other livestock often grow poorly. They also appear to be resistant to trypanosomiasis.
+LIMITATIONS
+Some African peoples (for example, the Kalahari Bushmen) have superstitions or social injunctions that prohibit the eating of some of these species.
+Small antelope are probably not as efficient as larger ruminants in digesting fiber: the retention time in the rumen may be too short. On the other hand, quickly digestible cell walls of lush green plants can be used efficiently.3
+The territorial behavior of most of these species may limit their rearing in large numbers under captive conditions.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+As noted, preliminary research on dwarf antelope husbandry is required. Specifically, studies should be conducted to assess:
+- Growth rates, feed efficiency, and reproductive rate;
+- Carcass quality;
+- Economics and the likely cost of production per animal unit; and
+- Studies of digestion.4
+The few statistics available today on the use of wildlife as food are probably much below actual consumption. Most food consumption surveys record food obtained by hunting or trapping under the indiscriminate heading of "Bushmeat" and neglect to include the many small animals that are normally collected by children. In Africa, an amazing variety of wildlife is eaten, including all wild ungulates, primates, all cats, and many species of birds and reptiles.
+Food and Agriculture Organization Ceres magazine
+All the world's people must begin to overcome in themselves - and even more so in their children - senseless taboos about what is edible and what is not. Only then can we stop today's universal animal-protein wastage. How ironic it would be, in this scientific age, for mankind to starve largely because of a bunch of old wives' tales, irational beliefs, silly associations, and the lack of a sufficient spirit of culinary and gustatory adventure.
+Calvin W. Schwabe Unmentionable Cuisine
+Iguana is really good, a thousand times better than chicken.
+Omero Asinto, waiter Pochote Bar and Restaurant
+Barranca, Costa Rica
+<section>Part VI : Lizards</section>
+Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.
+Iguana meat is popular throughout much of Latin America, where consumers willingly pay more for it than for fish, poultry, pork, or beef. To fill the demand, several iguana species are hunted by rifle, slingshot, trap, and noose; they are even run down by trained dogs. Villagers (often small children) catch them for food for the family; professional hunters snare and sell them to vendors. Iguanas are hauled around in gunny sacks and wicker baskets by car, boat, horseback, and people on foot. In parts of El Salvador they have been known to arrive at the market by the truckload.
+As a result of this indiscriminate hunting, iguanas are now steadily becoming more scarce, and the destruction of their habitat makes the situation even worse. At present, many parts of Latin America's tropical forests are being cleared. The green iguana in particular depends on trees, and as forests disappear its populations are destroyed.
+However, iguanas are forest-edge species: they will grow well on ranches and farms as long as patches of trees are left standing. This offers the hope that they can be raised as microlivestock. They reproduce so prolifically that, in principle, populations can build up exponentially. Mature females, for example, may produce 30 or more eggs a year for up to 10 years.
+In the past few years, a notable research program in Panama and Costa Rica (see page 351) has laid the practical foundation for iguana farming. It has artificially incubated and raised thousands of green iguana hatchlings. With less than half a square meter of living space per animal, the hatchlings have grown as fast or faster than their wild counterparts. Unlike their kin in the wild - which in their first year of life suffer 95 percent mortality from birds, snakes, and other predators-- the captive-raised iguanas show almost 100 percent survival. This research project demonstrates that ranching iguanas both for food or for repopulating depleted habitats is feasible. In addition, experimental projects for farming green iguanas have begun in Curacao and El Salvador.
+As livestock, lizards have advantages. Being cold-blooded they do not carry human diseases (except for those such as salmonella that result from gross mismanagement). They can be kept in captivity in fairly high densities without diseases breaking out. Although often aggressive in the wild, they coexist in dense populations with few problems as long as they are well fed.
+There is an important conservation component as well. Farming these lizards may help check and may even reverse the downward trends of their populations by allowing large numbers to be released back to the wild at a size that inhibits predators.
+There are three alternatives for utilizing iguanas:
+- To manage wild stocks as game animals;
+- To raise iguanas on farms, like chickens and pigs; or
+- To raise young iguanas in captivity and then release them into the wild where they can grow to full size and later be harvested on a sustainable basis.
+Although the green iguana has so far received the most attention, two other Latin American species are in farming trials. Black iguanas (garrobos) are being raised experimentally in El Salvador and Costa Rica. And the omnivorous tegu lizard, which produces a valuable leather, is beginning to be farmed in Argentina and is briefly described opposite. Both iguana species are described in the following chapters.
+TEGU
+The tegus (Tupinambis rufescens and T. teguixin) are large lizards of South America. They are highly prized for their skins, which are made into leather for handbags and similar items. Tegus are heavily exploited; on average, Argentina exports over one million skins a year - about $15 million worth. The 50-year-old tegu industry is estimated to support as many as 30,000 people, including tannery employees and people in rural areas who hunt the lizards full- or part-time. Poor agricultural conditions make farming difficult in the Chaco, and sale of a single tegu skin is worth more than a day's wages for a farmband. Some families also eat the tegu meat and use the fat for medicinal purposes. In many areas, the populations have already been driven to the verge of extinction. Husbandry, therefore, could be beneficial. Traders are hoping that captive operations run by families can eventually replace hunting.
+Although usually associated with the arid regions of northern Argentina and Paraguay, the tegu's range actually covers much of South America - as far north as Colombia, including Trinidad and the Amazon basin. One species (T. rufescens) normally occurs in a dryland habitat, such as Argentina's Chaco region. It can occur in great numbers in pastures, probably because of the insects associated with cattle. But it also occurs in areas that are unsuitable for cattle. Some places where tegus are common are so dry that they can carry only a single cow in 10 hectares. There, farmers might find it profitable to raise tegus. This would maintain the native biological diversity while perhaps reducing the soil degradation that cattle cause.
+The other species (T. tegubixin) occurs in wet forests, such as those found in Argentina's Formosa Province.
+Tegus are scientifically interesting. Little is known about their biology, and basic studies are needed. They are not much eaten, but in some areas the tail is considered a delicacy. Indeed, deteriorating economic conditions are already making them more important as a food resource. Convincing campesinos that they can increase their cash income and their meat production by rationally exploiting these large lizards should not be difficult.
+Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased.
+<section>33 Green Iguana</section>
+As noted, the green iguana (Iguana iguana) is consumed throughout Central America. It is already subject to heavy commercialization and its populations are plummeting. This is not likely to change: as human population increases, so does demand for iguana meat and eggs as well as for live iguanas, thousands of which are kept as house pets.
+Because of its herbivorous diet, inoffensive nature, and high reproductive potential, this reptile is a prime species for intensive management. Alert, curious, and social, it is easily tamed from birth. Given minimal protection during the reproductive season, large populations can build up, and animals can be maintained in simple facilities.
+However, although iguanas can be maintained as microlivestock, they may require three years to reach market size. Raising them to maturity entirely under captive conditions is thus probably uneconomic at present, when specimens can still be inexpensively (albeit often illegally) harvested from the wild. However, it has been found that if released into the wild, most will remain in nearby trees, especially if people erect simple feeding stations and keep them stocked with table scraps or weedy vegetation. This makes for very low-cost production during the years of waiting.
+Given such findings, iguana farming has a promising future. With research, growth rates can undoubtedly be increased and maintenance costs reduced. Also, iguanas are becoming more valuable each year. Even now, farming them could be economic in some areas where wild iguanas are scarce, especially if the young are released into forested sites when they have grown to a size where mortality is low.
+Although green iguanas will happily graze pastures, they need trees. Iguana farming, therefore, provides a way to keep tropical forests standing while still providing people with meat and income. By growing lizards, farmers don't have to fell the forests to create space for growing food crops or cattle. Iguana farming thus gives an economic incentive to preserve the beleaguered tracts of remaining trees. It may even render reforestation economically attractive. And it may promote the use of shelterbelts and contour strips of trees in cattle-ranching areas. Today's researchers estimate that 200-300 kg of meat can be produced per year per hectare from iguanas.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+The green iguana can grow to more than 2 m long, but more than half of that length is in its whiplike tail. Adults of breeding size generally weigh 2-4 kg. The scaly skin is green, yellowish, or golden brown with dark markings; color is a function of age and reproductive stage.
+DISTRIBUTION
+This large lizard is indigenous to a vast region stretching from Mexico to northern Brazil and Peru, including a number of Caribbean islands. In Mexico, it occurs in tropical forests along both coasts.
+STATUS
+Green iguanas were formerly abundant throughout Central America, but no longer. In the mangrove forests along Mexico's Pacific coast, for instance, only 5 percent of the former population remains. In Guatemala's Pacific lowlands, mere remnants are left. In El Salvador's jungles, the animals have declined to 1 percent of their former density. And in both Panama and Costa Rica, the species is now officially classified as endangered.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+The green iguana usually lives near water in tropical lowland forests. It thrives only as long as some trees remain. The forests may be either humid or seasonally dry. The animal normally inhabits the treetops, feeding on tender shoots and fruits in the canopy; few other herbivores can convert such forest foliage into food for humans.
+BIOLOGY
+Like cattle and other herbivorous mammals, iguanas have a specialized digestive system with an enlarged fermentation chamber in which bacteria break down plant cells. Vegetation is converted into meat about as effectively as in cattle, but not as quickly.
+After reaching sexual maturity, at 2 or 3 years of age, females lay one clutch of 10 85 eggs each year. (For most specimens the average is probably about 35.)
+BEHAVIOR
+The animals are generally slow moving and lethargic when cold, but during the heat of the day they become extremely alert and can run, swim, and climb with speed and agility.
+They have a complex social structure and a defined annual reproductive cycle. Hatchlings adapt easily to captivity both when artificially incubated and when captured in the wild. However, captured adults, used to living free, are hard to keep in small enclosures.
+USES
+Green iguanas are used mainly for food. The meat tastes somewhat like chicken and in Latin America is typically cooked in a spicy stew. The eggs are also consumed. Small and leathery shelled, they are considered special delicacies and are said to cure various ailments.
+There is a sizable demand for live iguanas in the international pet trade.
+Exploitation has been mainly for the flesh; the skins are wasted in most cases. However, given organized production, green iguana skin could perhaps become a farm by-product. It sells in the international reptile-leather market under the trade name "chameleon lizard." The hide is typically up to 20 cm wide. Thin and relatively fragile, it is glued to a fabric or cowhide backing to prevent it from tearing. The prime uses are for ladies' accessories, belts, wallets, and shoes. It is inappropriate for uses that involve flexure because the scales overlap and repeated flexing causes them to separate. The skin then becomes rough to the touch and loses its glossy finish.
+IGUANA MAMA
+The program that now offers hope for raising green iguanas as microlivestock is the brainchild of zoologist Dagmar Werner. She began in 1983 by collecting 700 iguana eggs and then learning what to do with them "on the job."
+Through a combination of luck and intuition, coupled with determination, she discovered appropriate conditions for incubating the eggs on the first try - no less surprising because her incubators (dirt-filled wooden boxes warmed with light bulbs) were in an apartment in a high-rise building in Panama City. Nonetheless, most of the eggs hatched and the several hundred squirming young lizards were quickly trucked to a forest park near the Panama Canal. Here, for five years, assisted by a steady stream of enthusiastic Panamanian biology students, Wemer experimented with cages, feeds, facilities, breeding genetic selection, and the myriad aspects of management.
+These dedicated researchers eventually devised what might be considered a production line, and they hatched and raised tens of thousands of green iguanas, reduced the animals' infant mortality rate, and created the basic underpinnings for economic production.
+In 1988, administration for the project was shifted to neighboring Costa Rica, where Werner established another research farm as well as a fund-raising foundation. From there, she hopes to catalyze all Central America to take up iguana production.
+Her immediate goal is, paradoxically, to preserve the lizards by putting an iguana in every pot. That will help reduce the indiscriminate hunting that is taking these animals toward extinction in the wild.
+Her system is based on setting up feeding stations in the woods and releasing iguanas at seven months, an age at which they are virtually immune to predators. Iguanas need trees, and her ultimate goal is to help save the vanishing rainforests. With profitable iguana farming, she hopes to persuade farmers to save the trees as homes for iguanas, rather than clearing them for crops and cattle.
+"Iguana management and an international marketing system will protect, rather than exterminate, the iguana," Werner says. "I don't think iguana farming will stop deforestation. But I do think it will contribute a great deal."
+HUSBANDRY
+The iguana farming project in Panama and Costa Rica (see sidebar) provides a model for what might be done elsewhere. In its first five years of operation, the project raised more than 10,000 green iguanas.
+To create the farms, enclosures are constructed with sheet-metal wails sunk 30 cm in the ground.' Inside, the animals sleep in shelters made of bamboo and vegetation. Each shelter has an adjustable entrance slit through which young lizards can slither, but predators, which usually are larger, cannot. Most are set on stilts and food is served in the shade underneath. With this system, from 20 to 60 young iguanas are kept in an area of 10 m� (0.5-0.17 m� of land area per individual). In another "high-intensity" design, 30 hatchlings are kept in cages I m� in size (only 0.05 m� per individual).
+The iguana farms also include an artificial nest consisting of a "tunnel" leading to a sand-filled egg-laying chamber. (Both tunnel and chamber are made of concrete blocks or other predator-safe material.) Female iguanas (at least in captivity) prefer this to digging their own tunnels, and it is an important advance in iguana breeding because it produces a hatching success of close to 100 percent. Recent versions require no human intervention: the eggs incubate and hatch by themselves and the hatchlings climb out of the nest through a hollow bamboo "pipe" and fall into plastic bags, which can be easily emptied twice a day.
+The iguanas are fed mixtures of broken rice meal, meat meal, bone meal, fish meal, papayas, bananas, mangos, avocados, and a variety of leaves and flowers. Each day they receive fresh-cut leaves from plants such as beans, mustard, or hibiscus. Hatchlings are raised to an age of 6-10 months, when they are big enough to be released into forests, farmland with scattered trees, or into village backyards with almost no vulnerability to predators.
+ADVANTAGES
+With each female producing an average of 35 eggs annually, these animals have inherently high reproductive potential. And if the young are protected from predators during their first few months, populations can build up rapidly.
+Iguanas adapt well to second-growth forest and to backyard conditions and can feed on the leaves of fruit trees or timber trees while the farmer can harvest the fruits or wood. Unless grossly overstocked, they are unlikely to affect the productivity of the trees.
+LIMITATIONS
+These lizards may take three years to reach marketable size,2 and the cost of raising them to usable size entirely in captivity is currently greater than their market value as food. Less-expensive methods of raising the animals must be found if large-scale commercial iguana farming is to become economically feasible. The main problem is the high cost of the enclosures, not the cost of food. The food costs no more than that for raising a chicken to marketable size, but iguanas do not grow as fast as chickens. For smallholders the only cost of raising them is labor, and that is often unimportant. Free-ranging herbivorous lizards can damage home gardens.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+For conservation purposes, the main need is to educate people throughout Latin America to the iguana's plight. For example, in Central America people catch pregnant females and cut out the eggs for food. (There is a widespread misconception that the females survive this brutality.) This is devastating to the iguana populations, yet by installing artificial nests, farmers could let the females live and still harvest the eggs. Moreover, people could eat half the eggs and incubate the other half to repopulate the trees around their farms.
+It is also important to develop an understanding of iguana reproduction in the wild. At present, the longevity, growth rate, and age of sexual maturity are not well known. Such information would provide baseline data for creating conservation measures to reverse the depletion of this natural resource.
+Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests.
+<section>34 Black Iguana</section>
+The work on green iguana husbandry may apply also to the black iguanas' (Ctenosaura similis, C. acanthura, C. hemilopha, and C. pectinata). These are similar lizards that live in dry habitats throughout Central America
+Exploitation of wild black iguanas for food began in ancient times and has continued in most places over hundreds of years without much harm to the natural populations. Until the 1970s, Latin Americans could obtain the meat and eggs with little effort, and the animals sold cheaply in city markets. In recent years, however, the lizards have become scarce and prices have risen sharply. For instance, in 1976 the central market of San Salvador was selling large specimens for the equivalent of 80 cents, but by 1979 prices were generally from three to six times as much. Today, black iguana meat costs more than fish, poultry, pork, or beef.
+Eating small game animals is deeply rooted in the traditions of Central America and cannot readily be changed by legislation or education. Despite official edicts, campesinos on a subsistence diet will not willingly forego the little meat they get by capturing and eating lizards. Moreover, legislation is seldom effective because there are too few enforcement officials.
+As with the green iguana, it seems likely that when the factors causing hatchling mortality are reduced, a large harvestable annual surplus can be produced. Black iguanas efficiently convert vegetation into high-grade protein suitable for human consumption. Young ones, however, are insectivorous and carnivorous rather than purely herbivorous, and during their first weeks of life may require a more expensive diet (perhaps meat scraps) than green iguanas require. Moreover, most insectivorous lizards require moving prey. They may or may not accept meat scraps as food.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Black iguanas are smaller and more stocky than green iguanas, but weigh up to 3 kg. Their tails are spiny and short. The scales on the tail are enlarged, grow in spirals, and are sharp-pointed. Other than that (apart from being generally greyish black in color), the two animals are similar in appearance.
+DISTRIBUTION
+The different black iguana species range from northern Mexico along both coasts of Central America to Panama and Colombia's Caribbean islands. Most tolerate moderate human presence well, often thriving around town garbage dumps and cemeteries.
+STATUS
+As recently as 1981, black iguanas were shipped to markets by the truckload. Today, they are generally limited or even absent over much of their original range. Nevertheless, they are still the major game animals across extensive areas of Central America. Many of those taken are gravid females, which is disastrous for the populations. Excessive insecticide spraying is also thought to be reducing their populations in some areas.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Black iguanas thrive in dry, open woodland. They particularly like rocky hillsides, for they depend for shelter on crevices, rock piles, or soft soil in which they dig burrows.
+BIOLOGY
+These omnivores feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, but also on insects and small vertebrates. Adults spend some of their time climbing trees, but they are much less arboreal than green iguanas. Hatchlings are initially terrestrial but have a mostly arboreal stage in their early weeks of life.
+Females lay one clutch of 20-90 eggs each year. The eggs are much smaller than those of the green iguana and therefore are not as popular a food.
+BEHAVIOR
+These lizards live in burrows or in holes in trees. A typical burrow has several entrances and is 1-2 m long. Several females may combine efforts to form a complex communal burrow with several individual nest chambers. They are such diligent diggers that many are caught while absorbed in the task of adding a new room.
+USES
+In some places, even where they are not common, black iguanas are still intensively hunted. Because their meat is valuable, the reward justifies the considerable effort involved in finding and killing them. Hence, where populations are so depleted that organized hunting is unprofitable, the animals are still subjected to relentless destruction by individuals.
+HUSBANDRY
+Farming black iguanas is a novel idea. However, it is not a foolish one. In 1981 the Centro de Recursos Naturales (CENREN) in El
+Salvador started a black iguana farming project. Since then, its researchers have collected data on growth rates, feeding patterns, and the maintenance and reproduction of captive adults. The program offers some promise of maintaining breeding stock in large outdoor enclosures, of producing large numbers of hatchlings, and of restocking depleted areas.
+OTHER IGUANAS
+Other iguanas that deserve consideration for husbandry include the rock (rhinoceros) iguana (Cyclura cornuta), a herbivorous lizard of the Antillean region. This has been raised in considerable numbers at the National Zoo of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Captive-bred specimens have reproduced at the age of 32 months, average clutch size has been about 15, and the average incubation time has been 82 days (at 31�C). The innate tameness of these island iguanas renders them better adapted for captive rearing than either the green or the black iguana, and their greater size is an advantage as well. On the other hand, the length of time required to reach maturity, and the relatively small egg clutch (about half that of the green iguana and one-third that of the black iguana) are definite disadvantages.
+A related species, Iguana delicatissima, also deserves research and conservation attention. It occurs in the Leeward Islands and Martinique, and (as its specific name implies) is even better eating than the green iguana.
+ADVANTAGES
+Latins believe that various ailments are cured or benefited by the flesh of these lizards, so they willingly pay much more for their meat than they would for equivalent amounts of other meats. In most places where the two occur together, the black iguana is preferred over the green iguana.
+Compared with green iguana, the black iguana reproduces readily in captivity and has an even higher reproductive potential (averaging 43 eggs per clutch). It has the additional advantage that it thrives in deforested and altered habitats. It can survive near human settlements despite the attacks of dogs and cats, and it attains dense populations in suburban lots or open spaces. (It survives even downtown in cities such as Managua, but not in dense populations because dogs, cats, and humans take so many.) Hence, even in towns and cities, there are habitats capable of supporting it.
+Black iguanas will feed on weedy vegetation or garbage, and adults seem easier to maintain in captivity than their green iguana counterparts.
+LIMITATIONS
+The long delay (probably at least two years) before the animals reach marketable size might make it difficult for the grower to compete with common meats such as poultry or fish. Certain parasitic worms can make the flesh inedible.
+Although smaller than green iguanas, black iguanas are much more aggressive and will defend what they perceive to be their territory. They can inflict a painful bite. They also tend to escape from captivity more readily.
+As noted, these omnivores depend on animal matter during part of their life cycle.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+The biology of the black iguana deserves much more study.
+Management techniques developed for the green iguana should be tested for their applicability for black iguana species. Harvesting and recruitment schemes must be developed to create sustainable populations in the wild. The specific needs for feeding the young also need to be addressed.
+I am convinced that in the Third World, it is only when poor people are assured of their livelihood that they will help us to safeguard their natural environments. So long as people remain hungry, it is very difficult to talk to them about conservation. As a result, I believe that development and conservation are inseparable. Only when conservation takes on a dimension of helping the poor, the downtrodden, the destitute, will it have an enduring impact.
+M.S. Swaminathan International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
+I suspect that wildness is an inherited characteristic as was found for the turkey by Starker Leopold. So in attempting domestication one should expect to have difficulty until there are enough animals that you can select breeding stock for quietness and tractability.
+Ian McTaggart Cowan Emeritus Professor of Zoology
+University of British Columbia
+Cattle will never be extinct for the simple reason that man eats cattle. The best way to preserve wild species is by demonstrating that they, too, can be a valuable resource.
+Ernie Matteram
+New York Times Magazine
+Wildlife utilization should be considered a legitimate form of land use, just as much as livestock husbandry. In fact, what has happened in the past is that Man has domesticated a limited number of animals, mainly in the temperate zones, while overlooking a considerable potential of other animals, which could be domesticated or used with equal validity.
+Antoon De Vos
+<section>Part VII Others</section>
+As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.
+This is not to say that these are less worthy of consideration. The decision to leave them out was arbitrary, but with several recent breakthroughs in tropical beekeeping it seems prudent to include bees. Accordingly, the final chapter of this book describes the smallest livestock of all.
+Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available.
+<section>35 Bees</section>
+Of all the livestock reviewed in this publication, bees are the smallest, the least demanding of space, probably the most familiar, and perhaps the most easily adapted to worldwide rural development efforts. For all that, however, they are an often forgotten component in agricultural programs. This is unfortunate because bees can be particularly valuable to tropical countries, providing pollination of crops, useful products, and a premium source of income.
+Almost every village in every tropical country traditionally has had a beekeeper or two. Most use "seat-of-the-pants" methods and "rustic" hives, and this generally leads to low yields and inefficiencies. Today, numerous innovative methods and appropriate equipment are coming available. Many are still not widely known; however, their importance is slowly being recognized. Indeed, some developing countries are already turning bees into a valued natural resource.
+For example, in less than 10 years Kenya has become self-sufficient in honey production and - despite increased local consumption - is now exporting. In seven years, Papua New Guinea has met its local honey requirements and now also exports its surplus. In only four years, Thailand increased yearly production from practically nothing to more than 1,000 tons. In Brazil, beekeeping is more widespread and production greater than before the outbreak of the African honey bee. These achievements can be largely attributed to the promotion of innovative equipment, modern beekeeping techniques, and extension support for small-scale beekeepers.
+APPEARANCE AND SIZE
+Honey bees are generally easily recognized and need no description here. The major species and subspecies are all roughly similar in appearance and size.
+DISTRIBUTION
+Among several hundred species of bees that store honey and pollen in harvestable amounts, only two "social" species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana, produce multiple combs and can be kept in hives.' Given adequate forage and proper management, they can build up a honey surplus that can be harvested without harming their colonies.
+Apis mellifera, the most widely distributed and exploited honey bee, comes from Europe and Africa. The subspecies from Europe (especially the Italian type, A. mellifera ligustica) is normally preferred because of its docility and high honey yields. It is now the predominant honey bee throughout the temperate zones of Europe, North America, Australasia, and China.
+Of the many subspecies in Africa, A. mellifera adansonii and A. mellifera scutellata have the widest native ranges. The latter was accidently released in Brazil in 1957. It has become naturalized and has dominated the European bees formerly kept by beekeepers. By l990, it had spread northwards to the southernmost areas of the United States and southwards deep into Argentina.
+The docile Asian hive bee, A. cerana, is found in Asia from the Middle East to Japan and as far south as Indonesia. Although it produces much less honey per hive than A. mellifera, its overall production in many Southeast Asian countries may be greater.
+STATUS
+Honey bees do not face extinction. However, genetic diversity is disappearing due to loss of habitat, insecticides, displacement by massproduced, genetically uniform queens and exotic breeds, destructive harvesting, and the spread of diseases and pests such as protozoans, bacteria, insects, and mites.
+HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT
+Honey bees can exist in locations from deserts to rainforests and from near the Arctic to the tropics. They occur wherever there is nectar, pollen, tree resin (for nest building), shelter, and a little water. Heat, drought, and especially rain and humidity may curtail their activities, but a well-managed colony can survive periods of extreme adversity.
+BIOLOGY
+Honey bees live in rigidly hierarchical colonies. Normally there is a single queen. After mating, she begins laying hundreds of eggs a day. Those that are fertilized become sterile females, called workers; those that remain unfertilized develop into males (drones), whose only role is to fertilize future queens.
+After two or three years the queen, worn-out, starts laying fewer and fewer eggs, and the colony may replace her. At that time a few female larvae are raised on royal jelly, a nutritious, little-understood secretion that causes them to develop into queens.
+Workers perform different tasks as they mature. Young ones tend the queen, guard the hive, and raise the larvae. Older ones, comprising the vast majority of a colony's population, gather pollen and nectar and water. Pollen provides the protein and fats, and the nectar, converted into honey in the bee's body, provides carbohydrates to feed the colony.
+BEHAVIOR
+Honey bee activities are dictated by weather, availability of food, genetics, and the overall strength of the colony. They are mediated by chemical interactions between the queen and the workers that control almost all behavior.
+While the Asian and European hive bees are relatively docile, most of the African subspecies are unpredictable and may defend their colonies in great numbers and with great persistence. The threat of "killer bees" has been greatly exaggerated, however. Africans have provided them nests and hives - and harvested their honey - for thousands of years.
+Occasionally, large numbers of the bees in a colony split off from their nest or hive. They usually cluster on a nearby tree or building, calmly waiting for "scouts" to find a suitable new home. These homeless swarms can be captured and will readily move into a hive-- the simplest and cheapest way for beekeepers to acquire a colony.
+USES
+Honey and beeswax are two of nature's best known and most valuable products. Honey can be employed in hundreds of foods. It is widely used in baking because, in addition to its flavor, it retains moisture better than sugar or syrup, and the product keeps longer. Honey-based alcoholic beverages are popular in many parts of the world.
+Beeswax also is used in many products, including candles, lubricants, polish, waterproofings, soaps, cosmetics, and electronics. Beeswax can be locally important for `'lost-wax" metal-casting and sculptures as well as batik-dyed clothing.
+Both bee pollen and royal jelly are used in cosmetics and can be eaten. Bee venom is used medicinally, particularly in Europe and the developing world. Bee larvae are eaten raw or fried in many parts of Asia and Africa and are considered a delicacy.
+HUSBANDRY
+Keeping bees means managing a colony so that it produces surplus honey or wax. Specifically this requires:
+- Providing a suitable hive;
+- Obtaining bees by collecting a swarm, transferring a wild colony, or purchasing a colony complete with an active queen;
+- Maintaining the colony free from natural enemies in an area that allows it to produce excess honey; and
+- Harvesting the excess honey without weakening the colony or causing it to flee (abscond).
+ADVANTAGES
+Few other livestock enterprises require less capital, less space, or less attention. Moreover, scarcely any other provides higher quality, more marketable products.
+Beekeeping is a respected and traditional activity in most areas of the world. It promotes self-reliance and requires little, if any, land or money. It is an easy-entry cottage industry that can be started with minimal equipment or training. It can be done by any member of a family as it requires no special strength or size. It is especially appropriate for increasing women's income in the many areas where men are away working.
+Beekeeping is suited to remote areas where many agricultural enterprises are at a competitive disadvantage because their products are bulky and far from the markets. Honey, wax, pollen, and other bee products can all be sold far from their point of origin, have high monetary value for their weight, and generally find a ready market. Local honeys often command premium prices (in part because many of them are considered medicinal). In addition, beekeeping encourages people to remain in rural areas rather than move to the city in search of an income.
+Pollination increases the productivity of many crops, and therefore a few hives can boost local food production. By rotating hives among farmers' fields and orchards, a beekeeper performs a valuable service.
+Beekeeping is also an important adjunct to reforestation and desert reclamation projects. It can provide income during the long wait for the trees to reach marketable size. Many forests are potential reservoirs of honey and other products. In some cases, the bees also enhance the fruitfulness and standing value of forests. They also increase pollination in tree-seed orchards and tree nurseries. And in newly established forests, bees improve reseeding potential.
+BETTER BEEHIVES
+So many hives have been developed in recent years that a design now exists for almost any level of expertise. One of the most important for Third World beekeeping is the top-bar hive. This crate-like box, derived from an ancient Greek design, incorporates modern beekeeping principles but adds the innovation of sloping sides. Beneath its lid are removable boards (top bars) from which the bees hang the combs (because the sides are sloping the bees do not attach the edges of the comb to them). By lifting a top bar, the comb can be inspected and handled - and the honey harvested - with little disturbance to the colony.
+This simple hive can make beekeeping accessible to even the poorest people. It is easy to build and use, and can be locally constructed from scrap lumber. It is well suited for raising most types of honey bees.
+More elaborate and productive is the African long hive. In addition to having top bars, this square-sided box has removable frames within which the bees build their comb.
+The most elaborate is the Langstroth hive - the type most common in temperate zones.* These yield the most honey. They can be made only where there are facilities for precise carpentry, where durable, nonwarping parts are available, and where there are good extension services to aid and assist beekeepers. Although traditional Langstroth hives are demanding to build and maintain, simplified designs have been created for use in developing countries.
+STINGLESS BEES
+By far the most common bees in the tropics, perhaps in the world, are bees that cannot sting. Their stingers are so akophied as to be essentially nonexistent (but some can deliver a pretty fierce bite). They live in colonies and store their honey in wax pots, some as large as egg cups.
+Stingless bees can be abundant. In a two-block area in downtown Panama City, 150 nests have been counted. However, many species depend on trees and their populations are plummeting as more and more tropical forests are felled.
+Like honey bees, stingless bees have been "domesticated." For thousands of years in the tropical Americas, Indians have raised them in special hives made out of logs, gourds, clay pots, and other simple containers. Cortes reported in 1519 that Indians on the island of Cozumel, the now popular tourist spot off the east coast of Yucatan, practiced beekeeping. That was almost 300 years before the European honeybee was introduced. A popular Mayan drink was honey wine, and Mayan beekeepers carved stone earplugs to keep these bees out of their ears.
+Honey from stingless bees has less sugar than normal honey. However, it is usually more tasty. It is used throughout the tropics: the Americas, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, for instance. Normally, the nests are just robbed, which devastates the bees because the queen cannot fly, and when she is disturbed the colony dies. In some areas people open a little hole in the nest. By putting in a plug, they can then harvest honey a couple of times a year without destroying the colony.
+Today, a few scientists are reconsidering stingless beekeeping. In the state of Maranhao in Brazil, an area of crushing poverty, biologist Warwick Kerr is harnessing stingless bees. He began after learning that peasants were spending a third of their meager incomes buying sugar. As part of his experiments, he keeps 60 hives stacked in his garage on the outskirts of the city of San Luis. (A notable feature of these bees is that there is no prohibition against keeping them in populated areas.)
+Kerr has found that stingless bees can be made to produce well. After years of experimenting with different-sized boxes, he can now obtain more than 4.5 lifers of honey per hive per year. He reports that the stingless bees are easy to maintain, and can be raised by poor peoole without land or equipment.
+LIMITATIONS
+Compared to raising four-footed livestock, beekeeping is inexpensive and fairly trouble free, but it is not without problems. Many things can go wrong, and include, for example:
+- Losses. Bees are susceptible to various predators, pests, and diseases. Although ways to avoid or control most afflictions are available, once a colony becomes infested it may have to be destroyed.
+- Theft. Hives or combs - usually kept in secluded areas - that are full of honey are tempting targets and may be stolen.
+- Swarming and absconding. Some or all of the bees may leave a hive and start a new nest, taking even the honey with them.2
+- Bad management. Beekeeping requires certain skills and knowledge, and sometimes frequent attention (such as when the colony is stressed, diseased, or swarming).
+- Lack of equipment. Beekeepers need hives, smokers (to quiet and repel the bees), hive tools, and - advisable but not absolutely necessary - gloves and a veil.
+- Inadequate storage. Some areas lack the knowledge or the bottles in which to store liquid honey.3
+- Pesticides and herbicides. Nectar- and pollen-collecting bees are vulnerable to insecticides, which farmers may apply (often inappropriately) at the time their crops are flowering. Herbicides can destroy important sources of bee forage.
+- Neighborhood concerns. Bees can sting people and livestock. Although wild bees (and other insects) are the principal culprits, the beekeeper is often blamed.
+- Stressful conditions. When rainfall, aridity, heat, or cold are excessive, bees often cannot produce surplus honey.
+RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS
+Surprisingly, much remains to be learned about the natural science of bees. Although some of the research requires sophisticated equipment and facilities, much can (or must) be performed locally by beekeepers because many factors - such as colony behavior, foraging habits, and microclimatic adaptation - depend on the local conditions. This research may include the following:
+- Adaptation. The provision of locally adapted bee varieties is an important basis for developing advanced beekeeping. This can be done by selecting an appropriate local queen. Further, local breeding of queens and workers lessens the probability of importing exotic diseases and pests. Recent developments promise to move the mass production of queens and workers from the realm of high technology to common practice.4
+- Integration. Continued developments in beekeeping cannot succeed without research, promotion, education, training, and extension services. These are essential for integrating beekeeping with agriculture and reforestation efforts. Thus, descriptions of agronomic plants should always include pollination requirements as well as nectar and pollen potentials. Planting nectar- and pollen-producing firewood species would increase the number of bees, which would in turn help ensure forest survival.
+- Bee plants. There is still much to be understood about the relative qualities that different plants bring to beekeeping. Recently, many valuable bee-forage plants have been identified.5 These deserve special consideration in any reforestation or beautification projects. Broad introduction of these plants may also encourage beekeeping that could produce high-value "specialty" honeys or ensure more continuous production of honey. There may also be a place for "bee farms," where every plant is bee forage.
+- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey.
+<section>Appendixes</section>
+<section>A Selected Readings</section>
+A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.
+GENERAL
+Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1-13. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
+Robbins, C.T. 1983. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+MICROBREEDS
+Mason, I.L. 1988. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Microcattle
+Barnard, J.P. and J.P. Venter. 1983. Indigenous and Exotic Beef Cattle in South West Africa - A Progress Report. Available from Department of Agriculture and Nature Conservation, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia. (Sanga)
+Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.
+Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett, eds. 1974. Animal Agriculture. 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.
+Epstein, H. and l.L. Mason. 1984. Cattle. Pages 6-27 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Felius, M. 1985. Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World. MSD-AGVET, Merck and Co., Rahway, New Jersey. 234 pp.
+Gryseels, G. 1980. Improving Livestock and Farm Production in the Ethiopian Highlands: Initial Results. ILCA study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+Joshi, N.R. and R.W. Phillips. 1953. Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan. FAO Agricultural Study No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 297 pp.
+Joshi, N.R., E.A. McLaughlin, and R.W. Phillips. 1957. Types and Breeds of African Cattle. FAO Agricultural Study No. 37. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 297 pp.
+Koger, M., T.J. Cunha, and A.C. Warnick, eds. 1973. Crossbreeding Beef Cattle. Series 2. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
+Martinez Balboa, A. 1980. La Ganaderia en Baja California Sur. Vol. 1. Editorial J.B. La Paz, BCS: Mexico. 229 pp. (Criollo)
+Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.
+Maule, J.P. 1989. The Cattle of the Tropics. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK.
+McDowell, L.R., ed. 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+McDowell, R.E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.
+McDowell, R.E. 1983. Strategy for Improving Beef and Dairy Cattle in the Tropics. Cornell International Agricultural mimeo. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
+Miller, W.J. 1979. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+National Research Council. 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+Perry, T.W. 1980. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+Rollinson, D.H.L. 1984. Bali cattle. Pages 28-34 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 1, Cattle of Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
+Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 2, Cattle of Africa and Asia. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
+Rouse, J.E. 1973. World Cattle. Vol.3, Cattle of North America. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
+Rouse, J.E. 1977. The Criollo-Spanish Cattle in the Americas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. 303 pp.
+Shirley, R.L. 1986. Nitrogen and Energy Nutrition of Ruminants. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+Thrower, W.R. 1954. The Dexter Cow. Revised third impression, 1980. The Spaulding Press, Bethel, Vermont, USA
+Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.
+Microgoat
+Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+Ademosun, A.A. 1985. Capra spp.: The Emblem of Anarchy - The King-Pin of Man's Pastoral Life. Ife Lectures No. 3. University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
+Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.
+Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.
+Copland, J.W. 1985. Goat Production and Research in the Tropics. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, February 6-8, 1984. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings Series No. 7, 118 pp.
+Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. 83 pp.
+Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. 271 pp.
+Devendra, C. and J.E. Owen. 1983. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of meat production from goats. World Animal Review (FAO) 47:19-29.
+Fielding, D. Goat-keeping in Mauritius. Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie. Vol 97(1)(1980):21-27.
+Gall, C., ed. 1981. Goat Production. Academic Press, London. 619 pp.
+Haenlein, G.F.W. and D.L. Ace. 1983. Goat Extension Handbook. University of Delaware Cooperative Extension Service, Newark, Delaware, USA.
+Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
+ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.
+Mason, I.L. 1981. Breeds. Pages 57-110 in Goat Production, C. Gall, ed. Academic Press, London.
+Mason, I.L. 1984. Goat. Pages 85-99 in Evolution of the Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.
+National Research Council, 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.
+Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease. January 10-15, 1982, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Copies can be obtained from Kent Leach, Dairy Goat Journal, P.O. Box 1808, Scottsdale, Arizona 85252, USA.
+Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.
+Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117.
+Winrock International, 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
+Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of lndia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+Carles, A.B. 1983. Sheep Production in the Tropics. Oxford University Press, London. 213 pp.
+Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp. Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company,
+San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.
+Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics.
+Longman, London. 271 pp.
+Fitzhugh, H.A. and G.E. Bradford, eds. 1983. Hair Sheep of Western Africa and the Americas. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 1987. Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.
+ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, Ceneral
+Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
+King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth
+Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.
+Mason, I.L. 1980. Prolific Tropical Sheep. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+Mason, l.L.1967. Sheep Breeds of the Mediterranean. Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.
+Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.
+Ponting, K. 1980. Sheep of the World. Blandford Press, Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK.
+Ryder, M.L. 1984. Sheep. Pages 63-85 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Ryder, M.L. 1983. Sheep and hIan. Monograph. Duckworth, London.
+Terrill, C.E. 1970. Sheep breeds of the world. (505 breeds). USDA mimeo. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 163 pp.
+Whitehurst, V.E., R.M. Crown, R.W. Phillips, and D.A. Spencer. 1947. Productivity of Columbia sheep in Florida and their use for crossing with native sheep. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 429. 34 pp.
+Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduotion to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.
+Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117. Winrock International. 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
+Yaltin, B.C. 1979. The Sheep Breeds of Afghanistan, lran, and Turkey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+Micropig
+Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. British Museum (Natural History), London.
+Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.
+Cunha, T.J. 1977. Swine Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+Epstein, H. and M. Bichard. 1984. Pigs. Pages 145-162 in Evolution of Domesticated
+Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Krider, J.L., J.H. Conrad, and W.E. Carroll. 1982. Swine Production. McGraw-Hill Company, New York.
+Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. National Research Council. 1983. Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+Panepinto, L.M. 1986. Miniature swine in biomedical research. LabAnimal 15(8)(November/December 1986):21-27.
+Panepinto, L.M., R.W. Phillips, L.R. Wheeler, and D.H. Will. 1978. The Yucatan miniature pig as a laboratory animal. Laboratory Animal Science 28(3):308-313.
+Phillips, R.W. and T.Y. Hou. 1944. Chinese swine and their performance compared with modern and crosses between Chinese and modern breeds. Journal of Heredity 35:365-79.
+Pond, W.G. and J.H. Maner. 1984. Swine Production and Nutrition. AVI Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut, USA.
+Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.
+POULTRY
+The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year by the World's Poultry Science Association, (c/o Institut f-r Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.
+Poultry, an international journal on poultry, is published by Misset International, a department of Uitgeversmaatschappij, C. Misset b.v., Doetinchem-The Netherlands. (Address: Misset International, P.O. Box 4, 7000 BA Doetinchem, Netherlands.)
+Poultry Science is published monthly by the Poultry Science Association, Inc., 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. British Poultry Science, a quarterly, is available c/o Longman Group Ltd., Subscriptions (Journals) Department, Fourth Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM195AA, UK.
+Chicken
+Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
+Crawford, R.D. 1984. Domestic fowl. Pages 298-311 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Ensminger, M.E.1971. Poultry Science. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA.
+Fielding, D. 1984. The silent scavengers. African Farming September/October 1984: 11-13.
+Howman, K.C. 1980. Pheasants: Their Breeding and Management. K&R Books, UK.
+Huchzermeyer, F.W. 1973. Free ranging hybrid chickens under African tribal conditions. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 70:73-75.
+Latif, M.A. 1985. In-Depth Analysis on the Successful Experience of Poultry Production in Bangladesh. Report submitted to FAO-APHC Regional Animal Production and Health Office. FAD/UN, Bangkok, Thailand.
+Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savannah and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. M.Sc. thesis, University of Reading, UK.
+MTrat, P. 1986. Potential usefulness of the Na (Naked Neck) gene in poultry production. [Vorld's Poultry Science Journal 42:124-142.
+Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic, and L.E. Card. 1979. Poultry Production. 12th edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
+Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.
+Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.
+Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim, and R.J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.
+Smith, A.J. nd. Supplementation for scavenging animals. Unpublished paper. Copies available from A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
+Somes, R. 1984. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. BuDetin 469, University of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
+Araucanian
+Wilhelm, G.O.E. 1965-1966. La Gallina Araucana (Gallus inauris castelloi 1914). Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, Boletia de Concepcion 40:5-26.
+Duck
+A film, Duck Farming--an Indonesian Tradition, is available from the CSIRO Film and Video Unit, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia. Soundtrack is in English or Indonesian and it is available in 16 mm or VHS/Beta Video.
+Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
+Clayton, G.A. 1984. Common duck. Pages 334-339 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedingsofaduckproductionworkshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Available from Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. 430 pp.
+Holderread, D. 1978. The Home Duck Flock. The Hen House, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.
+Kingston, D.K., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1979. The Rearing of Alabio Dt~cklings -nd Management of the Laying Duck Flocks in the Swamps of South Kalimantan. Report No. 9. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia.
+Petheram, R.J. and A. Thahar. 1983. Duck egg production systems in West Java. Agricultural Systems 2:75-86.
+Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.
+Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.
+Scott, M.L. and W.F. Dean. 1991. Nutrition and Management of Ducks. M.L. Scott of Ithaca, Publisher (P.O. Box 4464, Ithaca, New York 14852, USA)
+Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.
+Yi Yung and Yu-Ping Zhon. 1980. The Pekin duck in China. World Animal Review 34:11-14.
+Geese
+Crawford, R.D. 1984. Goose. Pages 345-349 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+FAO. 1983. The Goose and its Possible Use for Controlling Weeds. Small Animals for Small Farms. GAN-I. FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile.
+Holderread, D. 1981. The Book of Geese--a Complete Guide to Raising the Home Flock. Hen House Publications, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA.
+Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.
+Soames, B. 1980. Keeping Domestic Geese. Blandford, London. 159 pp.
+USDA Extension Service. 1983. Raising Geese. Farmer's Bulletin No. 2251. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
+Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.
+Guinea Fowl
+Many research papers have been published in French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian, but few in English.
+Ayeni, J.S.O. 1983. Studies of Grey Breasted Helmet Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in Nigeria. World's Poultry Science Journal 39(2):143-151.
+Belshaw, R.H.H. 1985. Guinea Fowl of the World. Nimrod Book Services, P.O. Box No. 1, Liss, Hampshire, UK.
+Blum, J.C., J. Guillaume, and B. Leclercq. 1975. Studies of the energy and protein requirements of the growing guinea-fowl. Br-ish Poultry Science 16:157-168.
+Cauchard, J.C. 1971. La Pintade. Henri Peladan, UzFs, France.
+Chemillier, J. 1984. L'Alimentation de la Pintade. F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Cie, 52, Boulevard du Parc, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Cedex, France.
+Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 1968. Guinea Fowl Breeding and Managernent. Annotated Bibliography No. 85. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, King's Buildings, Edinburgh 9, Scotland, UK.
+Leclercq, B. 1982. Alimentation des Futurs Reproducteurs Pintades. Pages 101-111 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles. I.N.R.A. Edit.7 Versailles, France.
+Leclercq, R. and B. Sauveur. 1982. L'alimentation des reproducteurs pintades. Pages 113-135 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles, I.N.R.A. edit., Versailles, France.
+Lukefahr, S. Raising guinea fowl. Paper available from author, c/o International Small Livestock Research Center, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University. P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA.
+Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1985. Small-scale guinea-few! production. Pamphlet 934. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Lion House, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2PF, UK.
+Mongin, P. and M. Plouzeau. 1984. Guinea-fowl. Pages 322-324 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I . L. Mason, ed. Longman, London .
+USDA. 1970. Raising Cuinea Fowl. Leaflet No. 519. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
+Muscovy
+Clayton, G.A. 1984. Muscovy duck. Pages 340-344 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+De Corville, H. 1972. La Production du Canard de Barbarie. Copies available from Institut nacional de la recherce agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.
+Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedings of a duck production workshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Copies available from D. Farrell, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
+Jeffreys, M.D.W. 1956. The Muscovy duck. The Nigerian Field21(3):108-11.
+Kingston, D.J., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1978. The Use of the Muscovy Drrck for Hatching of Alabio Duck �ggs in the Swamplands of Kalimantan. Centre Report No. 7. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.
+Richet, M. 1985. La production du canard de Barbarie. Techniques Agricoles 3770.
+Pigeon
+Abs, M., ed. 1983. Pltysiology and Behavior of the Pigeon. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+Hawes, R.O. 1984. Pigeons. Pages 351-356 in Evolution of Domesticated Anirnals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Hollander, W.F. and W.J. Miller. 1981. Hereditary variants of behavior and vision in the pigeon. Iowa State Journal of Research 55(4):323-331.
+Levi, W.M. 1965. Encyclopedia of Pigeon Breeds. T.F.H. Publications, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA.
+Levi, W.M. 1981. The Pigeon. 2nd edition revised. Levi Publishing, Sumter, South Carolina, USA.
+Murton, R.K., R.P.J. Thearle, and J. Thompson. 1972. Ecological studies of the feral pigeon (Columba livia). 1. Population, breeding biology and methods of control. II. Flock behaviour and social organisation. Ecology 9:835-889.
+University of Wisconsin. 1977. Pigeons. Bulletin 4-H 135. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
+USDA. 1963. Squab Raising. Farmers Bulletin No. 684. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
+Quail
+Bourquin, O. 1980. Biology of rhe Quail (Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758). Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa.
+Katoh, H. and N. Wakasugi. 1980. Studies on the blood groups in the Japanese quail: detection of three antigens and their inheritance. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 4:99-110.
+Kawahara, T. 1973. Comparative study of quantitative traits between wild and domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Experimental Animals 22(supplement): 138-50.
+Marsh, A. Quail Manual. Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, Calffornia 92641, USA.
+National Academy of Sciences. 1969. Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory' Animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
+Quail Production Technology. Leaflet No. 13/1982. Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
+Somes, R.G., Jr. 1981. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
+Varghese, S.K. 1981. Coturnix International--at home and in the Caribbean. Poultry Science 60:1747.
+Varghese, S.K. 1982. Coturnix production proves to be a profitable business. Poultry Science 61:1560.
+Varghese, S.K. 1983. Processing and yield of coturnix (Japanese quail). Poultry Science 62:1517
+Wakasugi, N. and K. Kondo. 1973. Breeding methods for maintenance of mutant genes and establishment of strains in the Japanese quail. Experimental Animals 22(Supplement): I 51 -9.
+Woodard, A.E., A. Abplanalp, W.O. Wilson, and P. Vohra. 1973. Japanese Quail Husbandry in the Laboratory. Department of Avian Sciences, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA.
+Turkey
+Berg, R. and D. Halvorson. 1985. Turkey Management Guide. Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, 678 Transfer Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA.
+Crawford, R.D. 1984. Turkey. Pages 325-334 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Ensminger, M.E. 1971. PoultryScience. InterstatePrintersandPublishers, Inc., Danville,
+Illinois, USA. Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.
+RABBITS
+The Rabbit Research Center has been established at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. It publishes the Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, whose purpose is to convey current research information to those with an interest in commercial rabbit production. The journal describes research conducted at the center and reviews rabbit research results reported in the world's scientific literature.
+Founded in 1976 in Paris, the World Rabbit Science Association (Typing House, Shurdington, Cheltenhem, Gloucestershire, GL51 SXF, UK) publishes a newsletter of coming events and chronicles the progress of rabbit farming in most countries of the world. Its aims are to facilitate the advancement of the various branches of the rabbit industry, disseminate knowledge, and study problems of production and marketing. Its members represent individuals and associations in 20 countries.
+The American Rabbit Breeder's Association (1925 South Main Street, Bloomington, Illinois 61701, USA) has published a book, Guide to Producing Better Rabbits, which contains an abundance of information concerning management and diseases of the domestic rabbit. The organization also publishes a bimonthly magazine, Domestic Rabbit, that includes a great deal of updated information on rabbit raising.
+Asociacion Espanola de Cunicultura (Spanish Rabbit Science Association), Now, 23 08785 Ballbona d'Anoia, Barcelona, Spain, has a set of slides for training, covering breeds, handling, pathology, and commercialization.
+The Report of the Workshop on Rabbit Husbandry. Copies of this report are available free of charge from the International Foundation for Science, Sibyllegatan 47, S-114 42 Stockholm, Sweden.
+A Working Rabbit Literature Resources File. This materia, is directed at scientists working on some aspect of domestic rabbit research. It lists methods of computer searching for scientific reports in the world's scientific literature, various types of computer literature searches, including commerciaHy available ones, and government services. It a,so includes a list of prepared abstracts. The address is D.D. Caveny and H. L. Enos, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
+Domestic Rabbit
+Ministry of Livestock Development. 1981. Rabbit Production. Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development. Copies can be obtained from the Agricultural Information Centre, P.O. Box 14733, Nairobi, Kenya.
+Attfield, H.H.D. 1977. Rabbit Raising. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1815 Lynn
+Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA. 90 pp.
+Bennett, R. 1975. Raising Rabbits the Modern Way. Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte, Vermont 05445, USA.
+Cheeke, P.R. 1987. Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
+Cheeke, P.R., N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt. 1986. Rabbit Production. Sixth edition. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois, USA.
+FAO. 1986. Cooking Rabbits. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.
+FAO. 1986. Self-Teaching Manual on Backyard Rabb- Rearing. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.
+FAO. 1986. Backyard Rabbit Rearing: Some Basic Husbandry Practices. Small Animals for Small Farms. GAN-16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.
+Schlolaut, W., ed. 1985. A Compendium of Rabbit Production. Gesellschaft f-r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Publication No. 169. TZ-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Postfach 36, D6101 Rossdorf, Germany.
+Sicivaten, J. and D. Stahl. 1982. A Complete Handbook on Backyard and Commercial Rabbit Production. CARE/Philippines.
+Vogt, D.W. 1982. Raising Rabbits in Hawaii. Circular 499, Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
+RODENTS
+Agouti
+A report summarizing preliminary results in a captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from A. D. Cuaron (see Research Contacts for address).
+Deutsch, L.A., and G. Santos. 1984. Contribuitao pare o conhecimento do gOnero Dasyprocta--reprodutao de cutias--entre cruzamente das espTcies Dasyprocta aguti, Dasyprocta azarae e Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, II, BelTm, 1984. Resumos. . .BelTm, SBZ/UFPalMPEC, p. 383-4/(Resumos 390). Copies available from the authors, see Research Contacts.
+Clark, M.M. and B.G. Galef, Jr. 1977. Patterns of agonistic interaction and space utilization by agoutis, Dasyprocta punctata. Behavioral Biology 20:135-140.
+Leopold, A.S. 1959. Pages 388-393 in Wildlife of Mexico. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
+Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1982. Bibliography of Dasyprocta (Rodentia). Brenesia 19/20:595-612.
+Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1983. Preliminary observations on reproduction in the Central American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata. Zoo Biology 2:127-131.
+Morris, D. 1962. The behaviour of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) with special reference to scatter hoarding. Proceedings Zoological Society of London 139:701732.
+Smith N. 1974. Agouti and babassu. Oryx 12(5):581-582.
+Smythe, N. 1978. The Natural History of the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 257. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. 52 pp.
+Tribe, C.J., R. Leher, M.C.O. Doglio, M.I.L. Rebello, D.S. Mello, and E.M.M. Guimar es. 1985. Uma tentative de esclarecimento do uso de espato e estrutura social na cutia Dasyprocta a. aguti (Rodentia). Pages 296-7 in Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, 12, Campinas, 1985. Resumos. . .Campinas, SBZ/UNICAMP, 1985. (Resumo 614.)
+Capybara
+A capybara bibliography, Bibliograf a sobre Chiguires (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is available from E. Gonzalez-Jimenez and JosT Roberto de Alencar Moreira (see Research Contacts for addresses).
+Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Puno.
+Baldizan, A., R.M. Dixon, and R. Parra. 1983. Digestion in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). South African Journal of Animal Science 13(1):27-28.
+Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977a. The capybara, an indigenous source of meat in tropical America. World Animal Review', 21:24-30.
+Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977b. Digestive physiology and feeding of capybaras. Pages 167177 in Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food. Section G, Diets, Culture Media and Food Supplements, M. Rechcigl, ed. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
+Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and R. Parra. 1975. The capybara, a meat-producing animal for the flooded areas of the tropics. Pages 81-86 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Animal Production, R.L. Reid, ed. Sydney University Press.
+Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1984. Capybara. Pages 258-259 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Macdonald, D.W., K. Krantz, and R.T. Aplin. 1984. Behavioural, anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking amongst Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Rodentia:Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 202:341-360.
+Mones, A. and J. Ojasti. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mammalian Species 264: 1-7.
+Ojasti, J. 1968. Notes on the mating behavior of the capybara. Journal of Mammalogy 49:345-374.
+Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio Biologico del Chiguire o Capybara. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuaria, Caracas, Republica de Venezuela. 27 pp.
+Zara, J.L. 1973. Breeding and husbandry of the capybara at Evansville Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 13:137-139.
+Coypu
+Christen, M.F. 1978. Evaluacion nutritive de cuatro dietas mono especificas en la alimentacion del coipo (Myocastor coypus Molina 1782). Tesis. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
+Deems, E.F., Jr., and D. Pursley. 1978. North American Fur bearers. Maryland Wildlife Administration, Department of Natural Resources, Cheltenham, Maryland, USA. pp. 155.
+CORFO. n.d. Pieles fieas. Especie coipos. Tomo 1, I! and III. Santiago, Chile.
+Murua, R., O. Newman, and J. Propelmann. 1981. Food habits of Myocastor coypus (Molina) in Chile. Pages 544-558 in Proceedings of rhe Worldwide Furbearer Conference, J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds. Vol. 1. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc., Frostburg, Maryland, USA.
+Willner, G.R. 1982. Nutria; Myocastor coypu. Pages 1059-1076 in Wild Mammals of NorthAmerica, J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
+Giant Rat
+Ajayi, S.S. 1975. Domestication of the African Giant Rat. Department of Forest Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
+Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1982. Crude fibre tolerance by the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) (Potential sources of protein, Nigeria.) African Journal of Ecology 20(4):289-292.
+Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1983. Effect of varying dietary oil levels on the performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Nutrition Reports International 27(3):525-530.
+Den Hartog, A.P. and A. de Vos. 1973. The use of rodents as food in tropical Africa. Nutrition Newsletter (FAO) 11 (2):1-14.
+Halcrow, J.G. 1958. The giant rat of East Africa. Nature (London) 181:649-650.
+Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Studies 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.
+Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Grasscutter
+Asibey, E.O.A. 1979. Some problems encountered in the field study of the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) population in Ghana. Pages 214-7 in Wildlife Management in Savannah Woodland, S.S. Ajayi and L. B. Halstead, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
+Baptist, R. and G.A. Mensah. 1986. The Cane-Rat--Farm animal of the future? [Vorld Animal Review 60:2-6.
+Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Study 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.
+Pich, S. and K.J. Peters. 1985. Possibilities of using the cane cutter for meat production in Africa. Unpublished manuscript. Copies available from K.J. Peters, Institute of Animal Breeding, Gottingen, Germany.
+Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Guinea Pig
+"Let's Raise Guinea Pigs," a filmstrip on guinea pig farming, is available from World Neighbors International Headquarters, 5116 North Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma73112, USA.
+Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru.
+Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1983. improvement of Guinea Pig Breeding as a Means of Increasing the Productivity and Production of Meat for Consumption oy the Rural Population in Peru. National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.
+Bolton, R. 1979. Guinea pigs, protein, and ritual. Ethnology 18(3):229-252.
+Huss, D.L. 1982. Small animals for small farms in Latin America. World Animal Ret~iew (FAO) 43:24-29.
+FAO. 1982. The Guinea Pig and a Hypothetical Development Centre. Small Animals for Small Farms. FAO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.
+Loetz, E. and C. Novoa. 1983. Meat from the guinea pig. Span 26(2):84-86.
+Muller-Haye, B. 1984. Guinea-pig or cuy. Pages 252-257 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.
+Stansfield, S.K., C.L. Scribner, R.M. Kaminski, T. Cairns, J.B. McCormick, and K.M. Johnson. 1982. Antibody to ebola virus in guinea pigs: Tandala, Zaire. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 146(4):483-486.
+Hutia
+Anderson, S., C.A. Woods, G.S. Morgan, and W.L.R. Oliver. 1983. Geocaprornys brownii. Mammalian Species 201:1-5.
+Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Ecomorfologia y rendimiento de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 279:1-19.
+Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Reproduccion y ecolog~a de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 220:1-20.
+Howe, R., and G.C. Clough. 1971. The Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami in captivity. international Zoo Yearbook 11:89-93.
+Johnson, M.L., R.H. Taylor, and N.W. Winnick. 1975. The breeding and exhibition of capromyd rodents at Tacoma Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 15:53-56.
+Oliver, W.L.R. 1977. The hutias (Capromyidae) of the West Indies. International Zoo Yearbook 17:14-20.
+Oliver, W.L.R. 1985. The Jamaican hutia or Indian Coney (Geocapromys brownii). A model programme for captive breeding and reintroduction? Symposium of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, 10:35-52. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)
+Rowlands, I.W., and B.J. Weir, eds. 1974. The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34:1-482.
+Mara
+Dubost, G. and H. Genest. 1974. Le comportement social d'une colonide mares, Dolichotis patagonum Z. dans le Parc de BranfTrT. Zeitschrift fin Tierpsychologie 35:225-302.
+Taber, A.B. and D.W. Macdonald. 1984. Scent dispensing papillae and associated behaviour of the mare, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 203:298-302.
+Paca
+A report summarizing progress in the captive-breeding project in Panama is available from Nicholas Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2071, Balboa, Panama. A report summarizing preliminary results in the captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from Alfredo D. Cuaron, (see Research Contacts).
+Collett, S.F. 1981. Population characteristics of Agouti paca (Rodentia) in Colombia. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum, Biological Series 5(7): 485-602.
+Matamoros, Y. 1982. Investigaciones preliminares sobre la reproduccion, comportamiento, alimentacion y manego del tepezcuinte (Cuniculus paca, Brisson) en cautiverio. Pages 961-992 in Zoologia Neotropical, Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia, P.J. Salinas, ed. (Copies available from Y. Matamores, see Research Contacts.)
+Vizcacha
+Jackson, J.E. nd. Growth rates in vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) in San Luis, Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, San Luis, Argentina. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)
+Llanos, A.C., and J.A. Crespo. 1952. Ecologia de la vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus Blainv.) en el nordeste de la provincia de Entre Rios. Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires) 6:289-378.
+Other Rodents
+Butynski, T.M. 1973. Lffe history and economic value of the springhare (Pedetes capensis Forster) in Botswana. Botswana Notes Record 5:209-213.
+Butynski, T.M. 1979. Reproductive ecology of the springhaas Pedetes capensis in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 189:221-232.
+Butynski, T.M. 1984. Nocturnal ecology of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 22:7-22.
+Butynski, T.M. and R. Mattingly. 1979. Burrow structure and fossorial ecology of the springhare Pedetes capensis in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 17:205-215.
+Kofron, C.P. 1987. Seasonal reproduction of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in southeastern Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 25.
+Rosenthal, M.A., and D.A. Meritt. 1973. Hand-rearing springhaas at Lincoln Park Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208.
+Smithers, R.H.N. 1983. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
+Velte, F.F. 1978. Hand-rearing springhaas Pedetes capensis at Rochester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208.
+DEER AND ANTELOPE
+The Deer Farmer, a quarterly magazine, is published by the New Zealand Deer Farmers' Association, P.O. Box 2678, Wellington, New Zealand.
+Deer Farming is the quarterly magazine of the British Deer Farmers Association (22 Levat Road, Inverness IV2 3NS, Scotland, UK).
+Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.
+Hoffman, R.R. 1985. Digestion and feeding in deer: their morphophysiological adaptation. In Proceedings International Conference on Deer Biology and Production, eds. P.F. Fennessy and K.R. Drew. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand.
+Fennessy, P.F. and K.R. Drew, eds. 1985. Biology of Deer Production. Proceedings of an international conference held February 13-18, 1983, Dunedin, New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand. Available from Royal Society of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.
+Wemmer C., ed. 1987. The Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Yerex, D. 1982. The Farming of Deer. Agricultural Publishing, Box 176, Carterton, New Zealand.
+Mouse Deer
+Kay, R.N.B. 1987. The comparative anatomy and physiology of digestion in tragulids and cervids and its relation to food intake. In The Biology and Management of the Cenvidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
+Dubost, G. 1975. Le comportement du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 37:403-501.
+Dubost, G. 1978. Un apertu sur l'Tcologie du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulide. Mammalia 42:1-62.
+Ralls, K., C. Barasch, and K. Minkowski. 1975. Behaviour of captive mouse deer, Tragulus napu. Zeitschrift Tierpsychology 37:356-378.
+Robin, K.P. 1979. Zum Verhalten des Kleinkantschils (Tragulus javanicus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich. (Copies available from K.P. Robin, see Research Contacts.)
+Vidyadaran, M.K., M. Hilmi, and R.A. Sirimane. 1982. The gross morphology of the stomach of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragrrlus javanicus). Pertanika 5(1): 34-38.
+Vidyadran, M.K., S. Vellayan, and R. Karuppiah. 1983. Muscle weight distribution of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Pertanika 6(2):63-69.
+Wharton, D.C. 1987. Captive Management of Tragulids at New York Zoological Park. In Biology and Management of the Cervidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Muntjac
+Anderson, J. 1981. Studies on digestion in Muntiacus reeves). M.Phil. thesis. Cambridge University.
+Barrette, C. 1977. The social behavior of captive muntjac Muntiacus reeves) (Ogilby 1839). Zeitschrift f-r Tierpsychologie 43: 188-213.
+Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England
+Chapman, D.I., N.G. Chapman, J.G. Mathews, and D.H. Wurster-Hill. 1983. Chromosome studies of feral muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) in England. Journal of Zoology, London 201:557-559.
+Dansie, O. 1970. Muntjac. British Deer Society, Welwyn Garden City, England. 22 pp.
+Dubost, G. 1970. L'organisation spatiale et sociale de Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839 en semi-liberte. Mammalia 34:331-355.
+Dubost, G. 1971. Observations Tthologiques sur le muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann 1780 et Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839) en captivitT et semi-libertT. Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 28:387-427.
+Jackson, J.E., D.I. Chapman, and O. Dansie. 1977. A note on the food of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reeves)). Journal of Zoology (London) 183:546-548.
+Lu Ho-gee and Sheng He-lin. 1984. Status of the black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons, in eastern China. Mammal Review 14(1):29-36.
+Oli, Madan K. 1986. Studies on stereotyped behavior of barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). M.S. dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhauvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 84 pp.
+Shi Liming, Ye Yingying, and Duan Xinsheng. 1980. Comparative cytogenetic studies on the red muntjac, Chinese muntjac, and their Fl hybrids. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 26:22-7.
+Yonzon, Pralad B. 1978. Ecological studies on Muntaicus muntjack. Journal of Natural History Museum (Nepal) 2(2):91-100.
+Musk Deer
+Anonymous. 1974. Feeding musk deer in captivity and collecting musk from the live animal. Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 2:11-14.
+Anonymous. 1975. Preliminary experience in raising the survival rate of musk deer. Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 1 :17-19.
+Bannikov, A.G., S.K. Ustinov, and P.N. Lobanov. 1980. The musk deer Moschus moschiferus in the USSR. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.
+Bi, S.Z., Y.H. Yan, Z.X. Qing, P.T. Sheng, Y.M. Wu, C.F. Chen, G.K. Yang, T.B. Yin, and Y.J. Lu. 1980. Dissection and analysis of the musk gland of M. moschiferus and a preliminary investigation into its histology. The Protection and Use of Wild Animals (China) 1: 14-19.
+Green, M.J.B. 1978. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus moschiferus moschiferus). Pages 56-64 in Threatened Deer. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland.
+Green, M.J.B. 1985. The musk trade, with particular reference to its impact on the Himalayan population of Moschus chrysogaster. In Conservation in Developir~g Countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.
+Green, M.J.B. 1985. Aspects of the Ecology of the Himalayan Musk Deer. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, U.K. 280 pp.
+Groves, C.P. 1978. The taxonomy of Moschus, with particular reference to the Indian Region. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72:662-676.
+Holloway, C.W. 1973. Threatened deer of the world: conservation status. Biological Conservation 5(4).
+IUCN. 1974. Red Data Book: Mammalia. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges.
+Jamwal, P.S. 1972. Collection of deer musk in Nepal. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 69(3):647-649.
+Seth, S.D., A. Muktiopadtiyay, K. Raghunatham, and R.B. Arora. 1975. Pharmodymamics of Musk. Central Council for Research on Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India.
+Zhang B. 1983. Musk-deer. Their capture, domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods. Unasylva 35(139):16-24.
+Zhang, B.L., F.M. Dang, and B.S. Li. 1979. The Farming of Musk Deer. Agricultural Publishing Company, Peking.
+Water Deer
+Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England.
+Cooke, A. and L. Farrell. 1983. Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). British Deer Society Publication No. 2. Elvy and Gibbs, Canterbury, UK.
+Feer, F. 1982. Quelques observations Tthologiques sur l'Hydropote de chine, Hydropotes inennis (Swinhoe, 1870) en captivitT. Zeitschrift fitr Saeugetierkunde 47: 175-185.
+Sheng Helin and L. Housl. 1984. A preliminary study on the river deer (Hydropotes inermis) population of Shoushau Island (China) and adjacent islets. Acta Theriologica Sinica 4:161-166.
+Duikers
+Dittrich, L. 1972. Beobachtungen bei der Haltung von Cephalophus-Arten sowie zur Fortpflanzung und Jugendentwicklung von C. dorsalis und C. rufilatus in gefangenschaft. Zoologische Garten Lpz (N.F.) 42:1-16.
+Dubost, G. 1980. L'Tcologie et la vie sociale du cTphalophe bleu (Cephalophus monticola Thunberg), petit ruminant forestier africain. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 54: 205-266.
+Dunbar, R.l.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1979. Observations on the social organisation of common duiker in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 17:249-252.
+Dunbar, R.I.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1980. Animal Behaviour 28:219.
+Ketelhodt, H.F. Von. 1977. The lambing interval of the blue duiker, Cephalophus monticola Gray in captivity, with observations on its breeding and care. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7:41-43.
+Ralls, K. 1975. Agonistic behavior in Maxwell's duiker, Cephalophus max~elli. Marnrnalia 39:241-249.
+Schweers, S. 1984. The reproductive biology of the banded duiker Cephalophus zebra in comparison with other species of Cephalophus. Zeitschrift fur Saeugetierkunde 49(1):21-36.
+Whittle, C. and P. Whittle. 1977. Domestication and breeding of Maxwell's duiker. The Nigerian Field 42(4):13-21.
+Antelope
+Spinage, C.A. 1986. The Natural History of Antelopes. Christopher Helm, UK.
+Klipspringer
+Dunbar, R. and P. Dunbar. 1974. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 35:481-493.
+Dunbar, R.I.M. 1979. Energetics, thermoregulation and the behavioural ecology of klipspringer. African Journal of Ecology 17:217-230.
+Dunbar, R. I . M . and E. P. Dunbar. 1 980 . The pairbond in klipspringer. A nimal Beha vior 28:219-229.
+Dikdik
+Hendricks, H. 1975. Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 38:55-69.
+Feer, F. 1979. Observations Tcologiques sur le neotrague de Bates (Neltragus bates) de Winton, 1903, Artiodactyle, ruminant, Bovide) du nord-est du gabon. Terre et vie 33: 159-239.
+Hoppe, P.P. 1975. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95, 9A.
+Hoppe, P. P. 1 976 . Tritiated water turnover in Kirk' s dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirk), Gunther, 1880. Zeischrift far Sadgetierkunde, Mitt. 24:318-319.
+Hoppe, P.P. 1977. How to survive heat and aridity: ecophysiology of the dikdik antelope. Veterinary Medical Review 1:77-86.
+Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Comparison of voluntary food and water intake and digestion in Kirk's dik-dik and suni. East African Wildlife Journal 15:41-48.
+Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Rumen fermentation and body weight in African ruminants. Pages 141-150 in Proceedings 13th International Congress of Game Biologists, T.J. Peterle, ed. Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Hoppe, P. 1984. Strategies of digestion in African herbivores. Pages 222-243 in Herbivore Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics. F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Machie, eds. The Science Press, South Africa.
+Hungate, R.E., G.D. Phillips, A. McGregor, D.P. Hungate, and H.K. Buechner. 1959. Microbial fermentation in certain mammals. Science 130:1192-1194.
+Morat, P. and M. Nording. 1978. Maximum food intake and passage of markers in the alimentary tract of the lesser mouse-deer. Malaysian Applied Biology 7:11-17.
+Yalden, D.W., M.J. Largen, and D. Kock. 1984. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 5. Artiodactyla. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento 19:67-221.
+LIZARDS
+Green Iguana
+Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.
+Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1977. Age and Sex Differences, Reproduction and Conservation of Iguana iguana. Milwaukee Public Museum Press. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
+Hirth, H.F. 1963. Some aspects of the natural history of Iguana iguana on a tropical strand. Ecology 44:613-615.
+Klein, E.H. 1982. Reproduction of the green iguana (Iguana iguna L.) in the tropical dry forest of southern Honduras. Brenesia 19/20:301-310.
+Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1973. The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 145(1):1-28.
+Tamsitt, J.R. and D. Valdivieso. 1963. The herpetofauna of the Caribbean Islands San Andres and Providencia. Revista de Biologfa Tropical 11(2): 131- 139. (Copies available from C. LardT, see Research Contacts.)
+Van Devender, R.W. 1982. Growth and ecology of spiny-tailed and green iguanas in Costa Rica. with comments on the evolution of herbivory and large body size. Pages 162-183 in Iguanas of the World. Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.
+Werner, D. and T. Miller. 1984. Artificial nests for female green iguanas. Herpetological Review 15(2):57-58.
+Werner, D. 1986. Iguana management in Central America. BOSTID Developments 6(1). 4 pp. (Available from BOSTID Publications, HA 476, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.)
+Black Iguana
+Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.
+Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1978. Ecology and exploitation of Ctenosaura similis. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51 :483-500. (Copies available from the authors, see Research Contacts.)
+Fitch, H.S., R.W. Henderson, and D.M. Hillis. 1982. Exploitation of Iguanas in Central America. In Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Consen~ation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.
+Iverson, J.B. 1979. Behavior and ecology of the rock iguana, Cyclura carinata. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science 24(3):175-358.
+Martinez, M.G. 1986. Habitos alimenticios de iguanas y garrobos. La Prensa Grafica, San Salvador, May 5:55. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)
+Sanchez, S.A. 1985. El garrobo. El Diario de Hoy, San Salvador June 18:36. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)
+Tegu
+Donadio, O.K. and J.M. Gallardo. 1984. Biologia y Conservacion de las Especies del GTnero Tupinambis (Squamata, Sauria Teiidae) en la Republica Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia" Zoologia, 13(11):117-127. Agosto.
+Revision Bibliografica de algunos aspectos de la Biologfa conservacion y explotacion de los lagartos del gTnero topinambis (Daudin, 1803) by Laura Venturino, Dr. Thesis, Universidad de la Republic (Uruguay) 1983).
+Report to World Wildlife Fund, USA, Biologia y aprovechamiento de una poblacion de Tupinambis references, by Claudio Blanco and Leohor Pessina (1985).
+BEES
+In addition to the publications listed, many countries run beekeeping programs, and have literature and extension services available based on local experiences.
+The International Bee Research Association (IBRA) publishes a Newsletter for Beekeepers in Tropical and Subtropical Countries twice each year. Its purpose is to provide a forum for exchange of information about beekeeping. The Newsletter is funded by the United Kingdom Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and is distributed free of charge to those in developing countries involved with beekeeping. Write to the International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, United Kingdom, for subscription information. The IBRA can also provide information on forthcoming conferences, grant programs, and the names of other beekeepers in your country. The International Agency for Apiculture Development (IAAD) publishes a quarterly newsletter called Cornucopia that contains articles from beekeepers around the world, especially from the developing world. It provides information on producing, selling, and manufacturing hive products on a local level and discusses agroforestry
+and the pest and pesticide problems of honeybees. Write to Cornucopia, c/o M. Coleman, 6N 909 Roosevelt Avenue, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA, for a free sample. Subscriptions are $12 a year.
+Adjare, S. 1984. The Golden Insect: a Handbook on Beekeeping for Beginners. Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, in association with Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd., 9 King Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2 E8HN, UK. 103 pp.
+Anderson, R.H., B. Buys, and M.F. Johannsmeier. 1983. Beekeeping in South Africa. Department of Agriculture BuHetin No. 394. Pretoria, South Africa. 207 pp.
+Bradbear, N. and D. De Jong. 1985. The management of africanized honeybees. IBRA Leaflet No. 2. International Bee Research Association (IBRA). Available in English or Spanish from Hill House, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire SL9 ONR, UK. 4 pp.
+Clauss, B. 1982. A Beekeeping Handbook. Agricultural Information Service, Gaborne, Botswana. 65 pp.
+Crane, E., P. Walker, and R. Day. 1984. Honey plants of the world. International Bee Research Association, London.
+FAO. 1984. Proceedings of the expert consultation on beekeeping with Apis mellifera in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. 9-14 April, 1984. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Tropical Region, Paliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.
+Gentry, C. 1984. Small Scale Beekeeping. Manual M-17. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.
+IBRC. 1976. Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London.
+IBRC. 1982. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. New Delhi, 1980. International Bee Research Association, London.
+IBRC. 1985. Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Nairobi, Kenya, November 5-9, 1984. International Bee Research Association, London.
+IBRC. 1988. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cairo, Egypt, November 1988. International Bee Research Association, London.
+Kigatiira, K.I. 1974. Hive Designs for Beekeeping in Kenya. Proceedings Entomological Society of Ontario 105:118-128.
+McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 496. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 411 pp.
+Razafindrakoto, C. 1972. Beekeeping in Madagascar. UniversitT Paul-Sabaier de Toulouse, France. 123 pp.
+Sammataro, D. 1985. Beekeeping in the Philippines. 2nd edition. International Bee Research Association, London.
+Sammataro, D. and A. Avitabile. 1986. Beekeepers Handbook. 2nd edition. Collier Books' MacMillan Co., New York.
+Saubolle, B.R, and A. Bachmann. 1979. Beekeeping: an Introduction to Modern Beekeeping in Nepal. Sahayogi Prahashan, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Silberrad, Roger E.M. n.d. Beekeeping in Zambia. Apimondia. Available through the International Bee Research Association, London.
+Singh, S. 1964. Beekeeping in India. Silver Jubilee Publication of the Entomological Society of India. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi.
+Smith, Francis G. 1960. Beekeeping in the Tropics. Western Printing Service, Bristol UK.
+Townsend, G.F. 1978. Preparation of Honey for Market. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Publication 544. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada.
+Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London.
+<section>B Research Contacts</section>
+This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.
+MICROBREEDS
+Microcattle
+B.K. Ahunu, Animal Science Department, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Ghana
+D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+M. Andres Poli, EEA San Luis INTA, CC 17, 5730 Mercedes (SL), Argentina
+F.B. Bareeba, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+J.A. Bennett, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA
+J.M. Berruecos V., School of Veterinary Medicine and Zoology, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de MTxico, Ciudad Universitaria, Alvaro Obreg6n, 04510, Mexico D.F., Mexico
+Cai Li, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
+Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+G.L. Chan, B4-5 Nanyang Mansion, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
+Y. Cheneau, Institut d'Elevage et de MTdecine VTtTrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Laboratoire de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djamena, Chad
+Cheng Peilieu, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
+W.R. Cockrill, 29 Downs Park West, Bristol BS6 7QH, UK
+J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, La Verne, California 91750, USA
+D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA (breeds of the Himalayas, East Indies)
+C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore
+N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+Director, Agriculture and Forestry, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
+V.M.S. Duarte, Instituto de Investigatao Veterinaria, C.P. 7, Huambo, Angola
+M. Felius, Kerkhoflaan 47C, 3034 TA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
+D. Fleharty, American Dexter Cattle Association, R.R. #1, Box 378, Concordia, Missouri 64020. USA
+G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional "Pedro Henriquez Urena," Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5~/z Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+F. Gebreab, College of Veterinary Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA
+Z.B. Jensen, Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, PB X02, Irene, Transvaal 1675, South Africa
+Jin Xizhen, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
+G. Kitsopanidis, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
+G.E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
+N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA
+L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China
+J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA
+A.B. Lwoga, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania
+A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
+A. Masam, Livestock Training Institute, Tengeru, P.O. Box 3101, Arusha, Tanzania
+J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH 14 7BN, UK
+M. Mazid, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
+L.R. McDowell, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+J.A. Morgan, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, Sudan
+D.B. Mpiri, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa, Tanzania
+Ni Shicheng, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
+B. Nikolov, Institute of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
+T. Olson, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+T.W. Perry, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
+R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA
+F. Pirchner, Technical University of Munich, D-8050 Munich-Weihenstephan, Germany
+A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India
+Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animai Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
+A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3732, Philippines
+Sie Cheuxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
+A.D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA
+J.C.M. Trail, Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance Group, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
+A.C. Warnick, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Microgoat
+E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria
+A.A. Adeloye, Faculty of Agriculture, Adeyemi College of Education, Onjo, Nigeria
+A.A. Ademosun, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, lle-Ife, Nigeria
+I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
+I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
+A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+J.A. Akonji, Institut de Recherches Zootechniques, Office National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (ONAREST), B.P. 65, Yaounde, Cameroon
+D.O. Alonge, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+Baik Dong Hoon, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Jeonbug National University, JEONJU, 520, Republic of Korea
+J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
+K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA
+G.E. Bradford, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
+M.S. Browne, Nutrition Consulting Services, P.O. Box 788, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801, USA
+T.D. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA
+T.C. Cartwright, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
+Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore
+N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA
+W.C. Foote, Utah State University International Sheep and Goat Institute, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
+G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines
+G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA
+A. Essa Haid, Essa International, Inc., 2550 M Street, Suite 405, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (small East African)
+W. Harding, Agrarian Society, Palazzo de la Salle, Valletta, Malta
+M.A. Hasnath, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, P.O. Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
+A.S. Hoversland, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, 5333 Westbard Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA
+L. Hulse, National Pygmy Goat Association, RFD #1, Fern Avenue, Amesbury, Massachusetts 01913, USA
+T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resource Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA (bezoar, agrimi)
+D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA
+B. Hutchins, 2535 Halsted Road, Apartment 1, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA
+N. Iba+ez Herrera, Paraguay 160-Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru
+S. Karam Shah, Livestock Experimental Station Rakh Khairewala, District Muzaffergarh, Pakistan
+C. Katongole, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+G. Kiwuwa, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China
+D.R. Lincicome, Animal Parasitology Institute, U.S. Department of Agric£lture, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
+Liu Chengxiang, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Guang^ dong Agricultural Academy, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
+J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA
+M. Mahyuddin Dahan, Department of Animal Sciences, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
+G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania
+J. Mann, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany
+A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
+I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria
+J. Metcalf, School of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
+K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
+M. Khusahry Mohd Yusuff, Malaysian Agricultural and Research Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur 01-02, Malaysia
+A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
+G. Montsma, Klomperweg 79, 6741 PD, Lunteren, Netherlands
+J. Moore, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 7062, Makerere University' Kampala, Uganda
+Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda
+W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
+A. Nivyobizi, FacultT des Sciences Agronomiques, UniversitT du Burundi, BP 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi
+G.A. Norman, Tropical Development Research Institute, 56/62 Gray's Inn Road, London WCIX 8LU, UK
+K. Okello-Lapenga, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+S. Ramahefarison, DTpartement de Recherches Zootechniques et VTtTrinaires tCENRADERU), BP 904, Amatobe, Antananarivo, Madagascar
+A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India
+R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
+G. Rasul, District Forest Officer & Wildlffe Warden, P.O. Box 501, Gilgit (northern area), Pakistan
+D. Rattner, Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, Israel (Sinai goat, ya-ez hybrids)
+Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
+A. Repollo, Jr., Palawan National Agricultural College, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines
+A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Pbilippines, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines
+A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique
+C. Rodriguez, Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), Autopista Duarte Km 24, Apartado 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+M. Nasim Siddiqi, Zoology Department, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
+M. Shelton, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA (criollo)
+A. Shkolnik, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
+O.C. Simpson, Cameroon Road, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas 77445, USA
+Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of Cbina
+R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
+R. Watts, Animal Science Department, Natural Resources Development College, Lusaka, Zambia
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+H. Wood, Highland Game Farm, Route 4, Box 450, Alexandria, Indiana 46001, USA
+T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
+Microsheep
+E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria
+I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
+I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
+A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+M. Amin, Jammu and Kashmis State Sheep and Shearing Products Development Board, Nowshera, Srinigar, Kashmir 190 011, India
+Ahmad Mustaffa B. HJ. Babjee, Veterinary Services Department, Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Kementerian Pertanian, Malaysia, Jalan Mahameru, Kuala Lumpur 10-02, Malaysia (grazing in rubber plantations)
+J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia (Indonesian breeds)
+K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, College of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA
+G.E. Bradford, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA
+R. Breckle, U.S. Forest Service, Alsea, Oregon 97324, USA (grazing sheep in forests)
+T. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Iranian thin-tailed, Navajo, wild-sheep hybrids)
+M. Carpio P., Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru
+Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+S. Cottrell, Pippin Farm, 3081 Goshen Road, Bellingham, Washington 98226, USA
+C. Courtney, Veterinary Faculty, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+D. Deller, Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00820, USA
+A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (West African dwarf)
+C. Devendra, Agricultural Food and Nutrition Sciences Division International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore
+N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+K. Drew, Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand
+F. El Amin, Department of Animal Husandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
+Gholam-Hossein Erabi, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664, Iran
+H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA
+W. Foote, Animal' Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Virgin Islands white hair, wild-sheep hybrids)
+E.-H. Gueye, Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Kolda, Institut SenTgalais de Recherches Agricoles, (ISRA), B.P. 53, Kolda, Senegal
+G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional "Pedro Henriquez Urena," Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5 1/2 Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA
+E. Henson, Bemborough, Guiting Power, Cheltenham, Gloucester, UK (rare breeds)
+D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA
+N. Ibanez Herrera, Paraguay 160 - Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru
+P. Jewell, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ITN, UK
+Jones Sheep Farm, RR 2 Box 185-55, Peabody, Kansas 66866, USA
+P.E. Loggins, Animal Science Department, 108-D Suite, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA
+J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA
+G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania
+J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH14 7BN, UK
+L.K. McNeal, Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA
+I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria
+K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
+A. Monsi, Department of Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
+C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda
+W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
+M. Ngendahayo, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, B.P. 138, Butare, Rwanda
+R. Njwe, DTpartement des Sciences Animales, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure Agronomique, Centre Universitaire de Dschang, B.P. 138, YaoundT, United Republic of Cameroon
+W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK
+R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA
+G.V. Raghavan, Animal Science Department, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India
+A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India
+R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
+Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
+A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3732, Philippines
+A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique
+M.L. Ryder, c/o H.F.R.O., Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK (Barbados blackbelly, wool)
+Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
+C. David Simpson, Range and Wildlife Department, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 4349, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
+C.E. Terrill, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
+H.N. Turner, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia (Indonesian breeds)
+R. Vaccaro, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, P.O. Box 456, Lima, Peru
+R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
+S. Wildeus, College of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station, R.R. 2, Box 10051 Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
+A. Yenikoye, FacultT d'Agronomie, UniversitT de Niamey, B.P. 10662, Niamey, Niger
+Micropig
+I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
+D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+J.M. Andrews, Mesoamerican Ecology Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA (Yucatan pig)
+G. Ashton-Peach, Box 17, Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands, New Zealand (kunekune)
+M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico
+R. Blakely, Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, Kansas 67203, USA (Ossabaw)
+K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L., Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA
+I.L. Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)
+L. Bustad, Veterinary School, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA
+C. Catibog-Sinha, Forest Products Research and Development Institute, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
+Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA
+J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+T.J. Cunha, PO Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA
+F. Dederer, 712 Brown Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19123, USA
+A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (miniature pigs)
+C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore
+N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+G. Edgar, Greenhill, I R.D., Balfour, Southland, New Zealand (kunekune)
+H. Hendricks, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA
+B.J. Hepburn, Swine Program, Charles River Laboratories, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA (laboratory pigs)
+P. Holbrook, Aria Road' via Te Kuiti, New Zealand (kunekune)
+R.R. Hook, Jr., Sinclair Medical Research Farm, University of Missouri, Route 3, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA (laboratory pigs)
+J.O. Ilori, Faculty of Agriculture, University of If e, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
+G. E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
+J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street' Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA
+J.H. Maner, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA
+J.J. Mayer, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)
+K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
+A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 508O, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
+J. Mtimuni, Livestock Production Department, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
+D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakivubo, Kampala, Uganda
+K. Mull, 2834 Hamner Avenue #208, Norco, California 91760, USA
+W.L.R. Oliver, Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey Wildlife Prescrvation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK (pigmy hog)
+L. Panepinto, Redstone Canyon, P.O. Box 105, Masonville, Colorado 80541, USA (miniature pigs)
+W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK
+C.C. Perdomo, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suinos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, CP D-3, 89700 Concordia, SC, Brazil
+R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA (Chinese breeds)
+W.G. Pond, Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
+H. Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (New Guinea pigs)
+B.S. Reddi, CoHege of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India
+S. Avendano Reyes, Instituto Nacional de las Investigaciones sobre los Recursos BiotTcnicos, (INIREB), Apartado Postal 97, MTrida, Yucatan, Mexico (Yucatan)
+C. Robinson, Robinson's Racing Pigs, 5809 20th Avenue South, Tampa, Florida 336195457, USA (miniature pigs)
+C. Arellano Sota, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Casillo 10095, Santiago, Chile (Cuing)
+A. Sriramamurty, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India
+M.M. Swindle, Comparative Medicine/Lab Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA (laboratory pigs)
+N. Tilakaratne, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
+R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
+Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
+Yong Shen Lee, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
+POULTRY
+Information on poultry can generally be obtained from local ministries of agriculture or veterinary and livestock services. However, another source is the World's Poultry Science Association (c/o Institut fur Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has over 5,000 members from 40 national groups. Its objectives are (1) to advance poultry science and the poultry industry, (2) to disseminate and facilitate the exchange of knowledge pertaining to all branches of the poultry industry, (3) to encourage the promotion of world poultry congresses and regional conferences, and (4) to cooperate with other international organizations. It maintains working groups to explore and assess research work on tropical poultry problems. The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year. It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.
+Chicken
+A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+A. Ben-David, Poultry Production Specialist, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel
+I.L. Brisbin, Jr., Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA
+J.K. Camoens, Senior Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+J.R. Couch, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
+R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada
+M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico
+N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
+D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA
+C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifih Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan
+E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands
+M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
+H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
+K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
+E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA
+S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samo
+S. Parks, Route 1, Box 47-C, Brookshire, Texas 77423, USA (Araucanian chicken)
+R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apt.810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA
+H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire
+A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India
+C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
+E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
+M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
+T.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
+R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA
+M. Sunde, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+Duck
+R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
+S. Ahmed, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
+A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea
+R.S. Bird, Cherry Valley Farms Ltd., Rothwell, Lincoln LN7 6BR, UK
+V.D. Bulbule, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Government of India, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore 560 088, India
+J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada
+W.F. Dean, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA
+N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+P. Edwards, Agricultural and Food Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
+L. Fishelson, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-ave, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
+W.F. Floresca, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte 7127, Philippines
+H. Godoy, Ingeniero Agronomio, Simon Bolivar 2397, Santiago, Chile
+P. Hardjosworo, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
+R. Henry, Cherry Valley Farms Limited, Divisional Offices, North Kelsey Moor, Lincoln LN7 6HH, UK
+D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA
+W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA
+E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IHO, Canada
+C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan
+G. Ibanez H., Bolivar 451, Trujillo, Peru
+Z. Jungkaro, Research Institute for Inland Fisheries, Jalan Sempur No. 1, Indonesia
+G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
+E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands
+I.P. Kompiang, BaliPenelitianTernak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, WestJava, Indonesia
+M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
+H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia
+P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France
+E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA
+S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa
+R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA
+H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany
+S. Poernomo, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Jalan R.E. Martadinata 32, P.O. Box 52, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
+A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science' Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India
+B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France
+T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA
+M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
+B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua, Tainan, Taiwan 71210
+B. Tangendjaja, Bali Penelitian Ternak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, Indonesia
+Tian Fuh Shen, Department of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764, Taiwan
+S.S. Tsai, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, National Pintung Institute of Agriculture, Pintung, Taiwan
+A. Romero Villanueva, Centro Tropical de Capacitaci6n Agropecuaria y Forestal, Apartado Postal #4S, Macuspana 86700 Tabasco, Mexico
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, UK
+Yeong Shue Woh, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. No. 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
+Cha Tak Yimp, Poultry and Swine Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Mahameru, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
+Geese
+Many universities have a department of animal or poultry science that should know about the culture and management of these birds.
+A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea
+J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA
+R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada
+N.l. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA
+S. Jackson, P.O. Box 3, Creenbank, Washington 98253, USA (weeder geese)
+Liu Fuan, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
+P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, l.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France
+E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
+B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Guinea Fowl
+A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+American Guinea Club, c/o Angie Papp, 620 Payne Road, New Albany, Indiana 47150, USA
+J.S.O. Ayeni, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria
+A. Ben-David, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel
+G.S. Brah, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK
+N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France
+R. Etches, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada
+D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA
+A.F. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS: 115, Queensland 4570, Australia
+D.N. Johnson, Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, P.O. Box 661, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa
+S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&:M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK
+P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France
+S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa
+A.N. Okaeme, Wildlife/Range Division, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria
+J.S. Sandhu, Poultry Breeder, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+Muscovy
+R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
+G.P. Bilong, Department of Primary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea
+J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+H. de Carville, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Centre de Tours, Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France
+F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA
+X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK
+N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France
+G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines
+Barry Glofcheskie, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)
+D. Holderread' P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA
+W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
+E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IH0, Canada
+C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan (mule duck)
+G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
+W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK
+Donald E. Mock, Department of Extension Entomology, 239 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004, USA (fly control)
+P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France
+S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa
+H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany
+B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 494S0 Roussay, France
+I. Romboli, Le Quericole, Universita Delgi Studi di Pisa 56010 S. Piero A Grado, Italy
+T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA
+G.A. Surgeoner, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)
+C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua. Tainan, Taiwan 71210
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+Pigeon
+A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
+J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada
+R. Dillinger, 3201 Huffman Boulevard, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA
+N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, FacultyofAgriculture, AhmaduBello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A.
+D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA (carrier pigeons)
+W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA
+M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
+Y. Le HTnaff, Laboratoire de l'H(pital Avranches, Avranches, Cotentin, France (carrier pigeons)
+S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
+W.J. Miller, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
+G. Owen, 6520 Wiscasset Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20816, USA
+G. Pena PTrez, Apartado Postal 23, La Nucia, Alicante, Spain
+E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
+M.D. Roush, Green Valley Squab Farm, 1348 Green Valley Road, Folsom, California 9563O, USA
+T.S. Sandbu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA
+J.S. Sim, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada
+R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK
+Quail
+Many people raise Japanese quail. Probably the best way to locate a local source is to consult local pet stores, the county farm advisor's office, university faculty of agriculture, game-bird fanciers, and the like. Finding people with local research experience is usually most useful to beginners. Coturnix International, Inc., is a nonprofit organization with primary interests in promoting small domesticated food animal production for both youth training and improved nutrition. The use of coturnix (Japanese quail) for these purposes is already well established in a number of Michigan schools and in the Dominican Republic, with special emphasis on science projects, especially where nutritional inadequacies exist. The address is Coturnix International Inc., International Headquarters, 1111 Michigan Avenue, Box 250O, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. Avian Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
+J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada
+D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA
+D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA
+S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food
+Science and Animal Industries, Alabama AOcM University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+H.L. Marks, Genetics Unit, Room 107 Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
+A. Marsh, Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, California 92641, USA
+H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
+Z. Abidin bin Mohd Noor, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (chicken-quail hybrids)
+P.K. Pani, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
+H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany
+D. Polin, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
+C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
+Rodale Research Center, RD #1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, USA
+E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
+B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 006, India
+R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA
+R. Tempest, Heifer Project International, P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, USA
+S. K. Varghese, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA
+N. Wakasugi, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Japan
+H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, Archer Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Turkey
+M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico
+R.D. Crawford, Department of Animaland Poultry Science, UniversityofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
+M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico
+K.E. Nestor, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
+H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany
+M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
+H.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
+R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences. Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA
+Potential New Poultry
+J.E. Duckett, P.O. Box 12378, 50776 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (barn owls)
+W.R. Marion, Department of Wildlife and Range Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (chachalaca)
+C. Smal, Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray County, Wicklow, Ireland (barn owls)
+RABBITS
+Domestic Rabbit
+A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria
+J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+M. Baselga, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
+C. de Blas, Departamento Alimentacion Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
+J.A. Castell6, Real Escuela Oficial y Superior de Avicultura (REOSA), Calle Plana Parafso, s/n Arenys de Mar, Barcelona, Spain
+C.B. Chawan, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
+S. Fekete, University of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Budapest, Pf.2, H-1400 Hungary
+J. Fernandez C., Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
+C. Cervera Fras, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Apartado 22012, Valencia, Spain
+D.J. Harris, Pel-Freez Rabbit Meat, Inc., P.O. Box 68, Rogers, Arkansas 72756, USA
+J.A.B. Hundleby, Ciskei Agricultural Corporation Ltd., P.O. Box 59, Bisho, Ciskei, South Africa
+D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA
+R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 P.G. Wageningen, The Netherlands
+L.A. Kamwanja, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
+M. Leyun, Instituto TTcnico Gesti6n Porcino (ITGP), Seccion Conejos, Ctra. del Sadar, s/n 31006 Pamplona (Navarra), Spain
+H. Loliger, Lisztstrasse 20, 3100 Celle, Germany
+S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+T.P.E. Makhambera, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi
+J.I. McNitt, Center for Small Farm Research, Southern University, P.O. Box 11170, Baton Rouge, Louisana 70813-1170, USA
+M. Mgheni, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Animal Science and Production Department, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
+K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
+G.A. Norman, Tropical Products Institute, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DA, UK
+L.N. Odonker, P.O. Box 11, Tsito-Awudome, Volta Region, Ghana
+O.C. Onwudike, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
+G.G. Partridge, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, UK
+N.M. Patton, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
+M.J. Paya, Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
+T. PTrez, Departamento de Reproduccion Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
+H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire
+R. Ramchurn, School of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, RTduit, Mauritius
+T.E. Reed, Box 98, Markle, Indiana 46770, USA
+E. Respaldiza, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Departamento de Higiene y Sanidad Animal, Calle Embajadores, 68, 28012 Madrid, Spain
+B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France
+A. Rodriguez, Departamento Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
+R. Rodriguez de L., "Conejos" Centro de Investigacion Cientifica del Estado de MTxico A.C., Camino a Huexotla No. 5, San Miguel Coatlinchan, 56170 Texcoco, Estado de MTxico, Mexico
+W. Schlolaut, Hessen Institute for Animal Production, Neu-Ulrichstein, 6313 Homberg, West Germany
+W.D. Semuguruka, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3018, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania
+I. Sierra, Departamento Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
+R. Valls, Institut de Recerce i Tecnologia Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
+P. Zaragoza, Departamento de Genetica y Mejora, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
+RODENTS
+Agouti
+C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brazilia, DF, Brazil
+R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA
+H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, BogotG, Colombia
+A.D. Cuaron O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico
+L.A. Deutsch, Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, SGo Paulo, Brazil
+G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA
+A. Escajadillo, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, P.O. Box 935, APO Miami, Florida 340020012, USA OR Avenida Justo Arosemena 34-30, Apartado 6991, Panama 5, Panama
+W. Hallwachs, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA
+G. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago
+S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
+D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
+D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil
+D.A. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, IHinois 60614, USA
+J.R. de Alencar Moreira, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil
+C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
+G. Santos, Fundatao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
+N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama
+O. Sousa, Department of Microbiology, Cinuad Universitaria "Dr Octavio MTndez Pereira," El Cangregio, Apartado Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama
+A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK
+E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Capybara
+C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
+K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK
+H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia
+P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
+T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA
+J.F. Eisenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+F. Golley, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA
+E. Gonzalez-Jimenez, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
+H. Hemmer, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anemonenweg 18, D-6500 Mainz-Ebersheim, Germany
+J.A. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
+S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana
+N. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA
+J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
+D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil
+R.D. Lord, Biology Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, USA
+D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK
+J.R. de Alencare Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48" BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil
+B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
+J. Ojasti, Institute of Tropical Zoology, Apartado 47058, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela
+N.L. Rondon, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidada Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba-MT, 78000, Brazil
+N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+A.E. Sollod, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
+F. Sunquist, Route 1, Box 1434, Melrose, Florida 32666, USA
+A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK
+K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Of fice for Latin America and the Caribbean, CasiHa 10095, Santiago, Chile
+D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA
+E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Coypu
+A.C. Carmichael, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1045, USA
+G. Chapman, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
+L. Contreras, Universidad Cat61ica de Valpariso, Avenida Brasi. 295O, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile
+D. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA
+H.-G. Klos, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Aktiengesellschaft, Hardenbergplatz, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany
+P. Lutz, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Biology and Living Resources, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
+J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, ParG, 66000, Brazil
+J. Szumiec, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Polish Academy of Sciences, Golysz 43-422 Chybie, Poland
+C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Giant Rat
+Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Chana
+J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK
+P. Brinck, Ecology Building, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, S223 62 Lund, Sweden
+G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
+J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin
+J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone
+M.H. Knight, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, Private Bag X5890, Upington 8800, South Africa
+M. Malekani, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences, UniversitT de Kinshasa, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Zaire
+R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+Grasscutter
+A. Alexander, Department of Biology, Natal University, King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa
+E.O.A. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana
+E.S. Ayensu, African Development Bank, 01 B.P. No. 1837, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast
+R. Baptist, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480), P.O. Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany
+S.Y. Bimpong-Buta, Council for Law Reporting, P.O. Box M165, Accra, Ghana
+P. Brinck, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, S223 62, Lund, Sweden
+H. Dosso, Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
+D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
+J. Hardouin, Institut de Medicine Tropicale "Prince Leopold," Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium
+J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin
+A. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS:115, Queensland 4570, Australia
+J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone
+Laboratoire Centrale de Nutrition Animale (LACENA), B.P. 353, Abidjan 06, Ivory Coast
+S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+R.-P. Mack, Projet BTnino-Allemand Conseiller Technique auprTs du MDRAC, BP 504, Cotonou, Benin
+G.H.G. Martin, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
+R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+G.A. Mensah, Responsable PBAA (Projet BTnino-Allemand d'Aulacodiculture), P.B. 2359, Cotonou, Benin
+T.A. Omole, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-lfe, Nigeria
+K.J. Peters, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+F. Petter, MammifFres et Oiseaux, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Zoologie, 55 rue de Buffon 75005, Paris, France
+W. Schr(der, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 Gottingen, Germany
+A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+D.W. Thomas, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIK 2RI, Canada
+St. von Korn, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 G(ttingen, Germany
+J. Walder, Presbyterian Rural Training Centre, P.O. Box 72, Bamenda, NW Province, Cameroon
+Guinea Pig
+G.P. Bilong, Department of Pimary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea
+K.P. Bland, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK
+R. Bolton, Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, USA
+H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia
+J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines
+A. Del Carpio R., Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional "Pedro Ruiz Gallo," Calle Atahualpa No. 179, Apartado 48, Lambayeque, Peru
+P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
+T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA
+J. Descailleux, Laboratorio GenTtica Humana, C.P. 11010, Lima 14, Peru
+J.A. Ferguson, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, Stug Place, London, UK
+D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RC, Scotland, UK
+J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA
+J. Hardouin, Institut de MTdecine Tropicale "Prince Leopold," Nationalestraat IS5, B2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
+R.E. Honegger, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland
+J. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA
+D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA
+J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
+C. Jenkins, PNG Institute Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
+R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
+J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag Freetown, Sierra Leone
+P.J. Kohun, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea
+N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA
+T.E. Lacher, Jr., Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
+S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Feed Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA
+R.C. Malik, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea
+R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+A.R. Moreno, Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru
+B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
+H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire
+V. Purizaga A., Alcalde del Concejo Provincial de Pacasmayo, Dos de Mayo 360, Peru
+V.T. Quirante, Bureau of Animal Industry, Research Center, Alabang 3124, Metro Manila, Philippines
+C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
+O.W. Robinson, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7621, USA
+A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
+D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA
+E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Hutia
+A.C. Allen, Hope Zoo, Kingston, Jamacia
+R.S. Canet, Instituto de Zoologla, Academia Ciencias de Cuba, Calle 214, esq. a Avenida 19, No. 17A 09, Reparto Atabey, Havana 16, Cuba
+D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+K. Jordan, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+W.L.R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK
+J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional (ZOODOM), Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+C. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Mara
+L.T. Blankenship, Animal Resources Center, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA
+G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Agentina
+D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK
+W.H. Pryor, Jr., School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA
+A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK
+Paca
+J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil
+C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
+R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA
+A.D. Cuardn O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico
+G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+L. de Escalante, Zool6gico Nacional, Direccion del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural, San Salvador, El Salvador
+J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA
+W. Hallwachs, Ecology and Systematics, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
+C. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago
+D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
+D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil
+Y. Matamoros, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado 86, Heredia, Costa Rica
+D. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
+C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
+O. Rosado, Ministry of Industry and Natural Resources, Belmopan, Belize
+N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama
+V. Solis, Union Internacional pare la Conservacion de la Naturaleza y de los Recursos Naturales, Oficina Regional pare Centro AmTrica, Apartado Postal 91-1009-FECOSA, San JosT, Costa Rica
+S. VaidTs, Centro Universitario del Norte Carrera ZootTcnica, Coban, A.V., Ciudad Guatemala 16001, Guatemala
+E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Vizcacha
+H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia
+J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
+E.L. Marmillon, Estancias del Conlara S.A., Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina
+K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile
+E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+Other Rodents
+T.M. Butynski, Impenetrable Forest Conservation Project, Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (springhare)
+T. Flannery, Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia (Solomon Island rodents)
+Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Maendeleo House, Monrovia Street, POB 30786, Nairobi, Kenya (springhare)
+N. Jacobsen, Nature Conservation Division, Private Bag X209, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (springhare)
+C.P. Kofron, Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70893, USA (springhare)
+T. Leary, Ministry of Natural Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands (Solomon Island rodents)
+C.A. McLaughlin, San Diego Zoo, San Diego 92112, California, USA (springhare)
+R.P. Millar, Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa (springhare)
+J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)
+Southern African Wildlife Management Association, POB 413, Pretoria, South Africa ( s p ring hare )
+L. Talbot, 6656 Chitton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (springhare)
+M. Van der Merwe, University of Pretoria, Mammal Research Institute, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)
+Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe, POB 3497, Harare, Zimbabwe (springhare)
+DEER AND ANTELOPE
+Mouse Deer
+J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 93200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
+R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK
+G.W.H. Davison, Zoology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
+G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK
+Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA
+I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA
+M. Nordin, Bureau of Research and Consultancy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
+S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
+C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA
+K. Robin, Tierpark Dahlholzli Bern, Dalmaziquai 149, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland
+C.R. Schmidt, Zoological Garden, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland
+R.A. Sirimanne, Singapore Zooological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 2572
+L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA
+M.K. Vidyadaran, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
+Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunan Province, People's Republic of China
+D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA
+G.C. Whittow, Department of Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
+Muntjac
+C. Barrette, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences et de GTnie, UniversitT Laval, QuTbec, GIK 7P4, Canada
+K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
+The British Deer Society, Church Farm, Lower Basildon, Reading, Berkshire RG8 9NH, UK
+J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 933200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
+N. Chapman, Larkmead, Barton Mills, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6AA, UK
+M. Coe, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK
+O. Dansie, The Chapel, 2 Hobbs Hall, Welwyn, Hertsfordshire, UK
+S.K. Dhungal, Department of Parks and Wildlffe, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal
+C. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+R.J. Goss, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
+C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
+P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK
+S.P. Harding, Animal Ecology Research Group, Zoology Department, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
+S. Harris, Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 JUG, UK
+H. Heck, CatskiH Game Farm, Inc., RD #1, Box 133, Catskill, New York 12414, USA
+H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlffe Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
+Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
+M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA
+V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK
+S. Miura, Department of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo-ken 663, Japan
+I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA
+S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
+C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
+B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany
+Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+H. Soma, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical College Hospital, 1-7, Nishishinjuku 6, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan
+S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitatsstrasse 25, Germany
+L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA
+P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
+Wang Yingziang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA
+D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA
+D.M. Wurster-HiH, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
+R.H. Yahner, 320 Forest Resources Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
+Musk Deer
+R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK
+S.K. Dhungel, Department of Parks and Wildlife, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal
+A.J. Gaston, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa KIA OE7, Canada
+C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
+M.J.B. Green, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219C Huntingdon Road, Carnbridge CB3 ODL, UK
+P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK
+M.L. Hunter, Jr., Wildlife Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
+H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlife Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
+B. Kattel, P.O. Box 3070, Kathmandu, Nepal
+Liu Riqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
+J. McNeely, Program and Policy Division, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH1196 Gland, Switzerland
+B.W. O'Gara, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
+C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA
+B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany
+Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Co., The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
+Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+Water Deer
+A. Cooke, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI I UA, UK
+L. Farrell, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI IUA, UK
+F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+P. Crubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK
+Liu Riuqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
+Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
+V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK
+B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik DDR-1136, Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany
+R Smith, Department of Zoology, Whiteknights Park, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2AH, UK
+S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitats strasse 25, Germany
+P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
+C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 2263O, USA
+South American Microdeer
+M. Sampath, Trinidad and Tobago Wildlffe Breeders and Farmers Association, c/o 5 3/4 Mile Mark, Penal Rock Road, Penal, Trinidad, West Indies (red brocket)
+M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA (pudu)
+Duikers
+J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+B. Chardonnet, Projet Petits Ruminants, B.P. 65, Atakpame, Togo
+R.L. Cowan, 324 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
+G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+RI.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
+F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
+S. Lumpkin, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, BeHair 4006, Natal, South Africa
+K. Pond, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
+S. Schweers, Bahnhofstrasse 29, D-6744 Kandee, Germany
+J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
+A.E. SoHod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufis University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafion, Massachusetts 01536, USA
+L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA
+C.C. Udell, 14934 VaHey Vista Blouvard, Sherman Oaks, Calffornia 91403, USA
+G.A. Varga, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, 225B Borland Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
+V.J. Wilson, Duiker Research and Breeding Centre, Chipangali Wildlife Trust, P.O. Box 1057, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
+Other Small Antelope
+L. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana
+J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
+J.I. Boshe, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania (dikdik)
+B. Chardonnet, Project Petits Ruminants, BP 65, Atakpame, Togo (oribi)
+S.K. Dhungel, Department of National Parks and Wildife, Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal (four-horned antelope)
+R.I.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK (dikdik, klipspringer)
+F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France
+A.M. Goebel, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
+P.P. Hoppe, Am Hauenstein 13, 6706 Wachenheim, Germany (dikdik, suni)
+K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (royal antelope, beira, dikdik, klipspringer, suni, four-horned antelope)
+I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, Bellair 4006, Natal, South Africa
+E.N.W. Oppong, UNDP/FGN/FAO Livestock Project, P.O. Box 6603, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
+W.R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
+J. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (otibi, steinbok)
+A.E. Sollod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (dikdik, klipspringer)
+L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (dikdik, klipspringer, four-horned antelope)
+LIZARDS
+Green Iguana
+K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
+G.M. Burghardt, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
+A. Ferreira, Parque Zoologico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA
+G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (for trade information)
+R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA
+J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala
+J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA S.R. Kellert, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
+F.W. King, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA
+G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Planes de Renderos, Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196 San Salvador, El Salvador
+D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperia la Uni6n, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica
+J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
+J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador
+J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA
+D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apa,-tado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
+Black Iguana
+H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA
+R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
+J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala
+D.M. Hillis, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA
+G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Planes de Renderos Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196, San Salvador, El Salvador
+D. Marcellini, National Zoologica, Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperita La Union, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica
+G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
+J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador
+J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA
+D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
+Rock Iguana
+W. Auffenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+D. Auth, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
+T.J. Cullen, Cullen Vivarium, 3401 South 16th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215 USA
+A. Ferreira, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+R.W. Henderson, Mi]waukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
+J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA
+J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
+T.A. Wiewandt, Wild Horizons, Inc., P.O. Box 5118, Tucson, Arizona 85703, USA
+Tegu
+C.A. Blanco, Direccion Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Avenida Paseo Colon 922 2�piso, (1063) Buenos Aires, Argentina
+O.K. Donadio, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
+J.M. Gallardo, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
+G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
+D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
+E.L. Marmillon, Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina
+G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
+D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
+BEES
+Local Agriculture Extension Services and beekeepers are often the best source of information for beginning beekeeping. In addition, the following organizations can provide information: International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CF1 3DY, UK; International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA
+I. Abt, Centre for International Agricultural Development Cooperation, Tel Aviv, Israel M. Adey. International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK
+S.O. Adjare, Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
+All India Beekeepers' Association, 817 Sadashiv Peth, Poono 411 030, India
+S.K.N. Atuahene, Forest Product Research Institute (Ghana Forestry Commission), University P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana
+H.S. Brar, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+N. Bradbear, International Bee Research Association, North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK
+D.M. Caron, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717, USA
+B.S. Chahal, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
+B. Clauss, Beekeeping Survey, Kabompo, Zambia
+M.P. Coleman, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA
+Director, or Resident Bee Specialist, Apiary Studies, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR
+D. DeJong, Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade Sao Paulo, 14.049--Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
+R.W. Dutton, Centre for Overseas Research and Development (CORD), University of Durham, South Road, Durham DHI 3LE, UK (Apisflorea)
+E.H. Erickson, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
+Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de GenTtica, 14100--Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
+R.D. Fell, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
+K. Flottum, Gleanings in Bee Culture, 623 West Liberty Street, P.O. Box 706, Medina, Ohio 44258-0706, USA (editor)
+J. Free, Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire L5 2JQ, UK
+D. Wolde-Semait Gebre-Wold, P.O. Box 7505, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+C.B. Habarugira, AHO (Apiary), Mbara Stockfarm, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 4, Mbarara, Uganda
+L.A.M. Hassan, Njiro Wildlife (Beekeeping) Research Centre, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
+R. Hoopingarner, Department of Entomology, University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115, USA
+W.E. Kerr, Departamento de Biolgia, Universidade Federal de UberlGndia, 38400 UberlGndia, Brazil
+P.G. Kevan, or Resident Bee Specialist, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada
+K.K. Kigatiia, Beekeeping Branch, Ministry of Agriculture c~ Livestock Development, P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi, Kenya
+H.C. Killins, 163 Trowbridge Avenue, London, Ontario N6J 3M2, Canada
+H.M. Kiwuwa, AHL (Apiary), Department of Veterinary Services, Headquarters, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 7141, Kampala, Uganda
+G. Lanarolle, Apiculture Project, Bindunuwewa, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka
+Y. Lensky, Triwaks Bee Research Center, Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 76-100, Israel
+M.D. Levin, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
+M. Singh Limbu, Godavari Ashram, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal
+I. Mann, 14 Millimani Road, Box 20360, Nairobi, Kenya
+R.J. McGinley, Department of Entomology, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (Apoidea, except Apis)
+J. McKay, Peace Corps, American Embassy, Asunci6n, Paraguay
+C.D. Michener, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
+R.A. Morse, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
+J. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Box 248204, Coral Gables, Florida 37724, USA (bee plants)
+D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakiuubo, Uganda
+M. Bin Muid, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
+H.C. Mulzac, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 393 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, New York 11233, USA
+K.S. Najar, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
+B.E. Nightingale, Box 23, Njoro, Kenya
+G. Patty, Foreign Agriculture Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6095 South Building, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA
+L.M. Phiri, Office of Chief Beekeeping Officer, P/BAC Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia
+R. Pickard, Zoology Department, University College, P.O. Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, South Wales, UK
+G.W. Robins, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal
+D. Roubik, Stop 105, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (stingless bees)
+D. Sammataro, 7011 Spieth Road, Medina, Ohio 44256, USA (editor, Cornucopia)
+G. Schechtel, Cnel. Bogado/Itapua, Paraguay
+H. Shimanuki, Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, B-476 BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
+O.R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
+J.E. Tew, Agricultural Technical Institute, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
+M. Tomasko, Pennsylvania State University, 106 Patterson Building, University Park7 Pennsylvania 16802, USA
+P. Torchio, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA
+R. Wadlow, 8381 San Mateo, Ft. Myers, Florida 33907, USA
+D.W. Whitehead, International Agency for Apiculture Development, c/o 1000 Connecticut Avenue NW, #707, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA
+Siriwat Wongsiri, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok7 Thailand (Apis cerana)
+Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China
+<section>C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PANEL MEMBERS</section>
+RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D.
+(1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard.
+EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies.
+BONNIE V. BEAVER, professor of small animal medicine and surgery, Texas A&M University, College Station, is a specialist in animal behavior and problem behaviors, especially in domestic and laboratory animals. She received her B.S. and D.V.M. from the University of Minnesota and her M.S. from Texas A&M. In addition to being a popular speaker at scientific meetings, she is the author of five books and numerous book chapters and articles.
+KURT BENIRSCHKE, professor of pathology and reproductive medicine, University of California at San Diego, received his M.D. from the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 1948. He served on the faculties of Harvard and Dartmouth medical schools before coming to San Diego in 1970. At the San Diego Zoo he initiated a research department to advance knowledge in endangered species and now serves as a trustee of that organization. He has written on comparative mammalian cytogenetics, vanishing species, and human reproductive pathology.
+ROY D. CRAWFORD is professor of animal and poultry genetics at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He received his B.S.A. from the University of Saskatchewan in 1955, his M.S. in animal genetics from Cornell University in 1957, and his Ph.D. in poultry genetics from the University of Massachusetts in 1963. He was employed as a scientist with the Research Branch of Agriculture Canada from 1957 to 1964 in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. He joined the faculty of the University of Saskatchewan in 1964. He was made a fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada in 1986 in recognition of his teaching and research work. His research interests include single gene genetics of poultry, and conservation of genetic resources in poultry and livestock. He has discovered and studied many mutants in chickens; some of them have biomedical importance, including one shown to be an animal genetic model of human grand mal epilepsy; some of them are
+potentially useful in food production, including an albinism mutant that is being developed for autosexing of commercial chicken broilers. He maintains a very large conservation collection of poultry genetic resources at the University of Saskatchewan and has prepared an inventory and assessment of Canada's poultry and livestock genetic resources. Dr. Crawford is a member of the Expert Panel on Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Management, FAO/UNEP, Rome, and is a member of the Animal Resources Committee, Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa. He serves on the International Scientific Committee for the French journal GTnTtique, STlection, +volution. He is a member of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) and is a board member of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy (USA).
+TONY J. CUNHA, distinguished service professor emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and dean emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, received his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1944. He has given more than 100 lectures in livestock feeding and nutrition in 40 foreign countries. He served as chairman of the Animal Nutrition Committee of the National Academy of Sciences and as a member of the NAS-NRC Board of Agriculture and Renewable Resources, Latin American Science Board, and as chairman of the livestock committee of two world food studies by NAS-NRC. He served as a member of the organizing committee for the first two World Conferences on Animal Production in Rome (1963) and Washington, D.C. (1968). He served as a member of the Title XII Board of International Food and Agricultural Joint Committee on Research and as chairman of its research priorities committee 1977-1981. He is author, editor, coeditor, or contributor to 30 books and
+author of more than 1,423 scientific and professional articles. He is a winner of 42 campus, state, national, and international honors and awards.
+DAVID E. DEPPNER, director of Trees for the Future in Silver Spring, Maryland, has been a consultant for international development projects involving livestock and poultry management and marketing for the past 14 years. He has served in 17 countries of Asia, Africa, and Central America. He has written on processing livestock rations under tropical conditions and about the Madurese breed of cattle found in East Java, Indonesia, where he spent two years studying this ancient breed. He is currently providing technical assistance to projects in several countries for the development of improved forage production as an answer to destruction of natural resources of tropical uplands caused by overgrazing. He received his B.Sc. in animal science from Ohio State University in 1954 and M.Sc. in livestock economics from Araneta University, the Philippines, in 1977.
+ELIZABETH L. HENSON is the director of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy, based in Pittsboro, North Carolina. She received an M.A. in zoology from Oxford University in 1980 and an M.Sc. in domestic animal breeding from Edinburgh University in 1981. Her primary interests are in the conservation of rare and endangered breeds and varieties of domestic livestock as a genetic resource for changing agricultural needs. She represented Britain at the first international conference on domestic animal conservation in Hungary in 1982, and was a member of the Office of Technology Assessment Committee on grassroots strategies to maintain genetic diversity in 1985. She is executive secretary for four British breed associations and is a member of the British Rare Breeds Survival Trust Technical Panel.
+DONALD L. HUSS was regional animal production officer of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, before his retirement. He received a B.S. in 1949, an M.A. in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1959, all at Texas A&M University. He was assistant professor of range management at Texas A&M before joining the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1967. He founded the FAO Regional Office's Small Animals for Small Farms programme in 1980. Professional assignments and travels in Latin America, the Caribbean' Near and Middle East, and Africa have contributed to his knowledge and experience in microlivestock development. Dr. Huss was recognized by Texas A&M University by being chosen as the recipient of the Memorial Student Center Appreciation and Distinguished Service Awards in 1958 and 196O, respectively, and Honour Professor in the College of Agriculture in 1966 67. He also received the Society for Range Management's Outstanding
+Service and Achievement Award in 1975 and its Fellow Award in 1978.
+DAVID RICHARD LINCICOME has been a guest scientist with the Animal Parasitology Institute, United States Department of Agriculture Experiment Station, Beltsville, Maryland, since 1978, having retired as professor of parasitology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1970. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees cum laude simultaneously in 1937 from the University of Illinois and a Ph.D. in tropical medicine from the Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1941. His principal research interests have centered around morphologic studies on Acanthocephala, molecular exchanges of dependent cells and their environments, and diagnosis of parasitic diseases. He has been a breeder of Nubian and American pygmy goats for the past 20 years. Dr. Lincicome is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the American Dairy Goat Association and is past president of the National Pygmy Goat Association. He was founder and long time trustee of the American Dairy Goat Association
+Research Foundation. He is also past president of the Helminthological Society and currently serves the society as archivist. He received the Helminthological Society's Anniversary Award in 1975. He was founder and, for 27 years, editor of the journal Experimental Parasitology, and is the author and editor of more than 180 scientific contributions.
+THOMAS E. LOVEJOY is a tropical biologist and ornithologist. He is assistant secretary for external affairs, Smithsonian Institution' Washington, D.C. He was formerly executive vice president for the World Wildlife Fund-U.S., chairman of the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, and a member of two commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
+Resources. At present, Dr. Lovejoy is a principal investigator of the world's largest controlled ecological experiment, which is attempting to determine the optimum size for parks and reserves. This project, conceived and designed by Dr. Lovejoy, is called "the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems" and is a joint program of World Wildlife Fund-U. S. and Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research. Dr. Lovejoy is also the principal advisor for NATURE (WNET/THIRTEEN, New York), a series that he started in 1980. As principal advisor, he recommends program content and oversees the factual accuracy of the program scripts. A member of 11 scientific societies, Dr. Lovejoy has received grants from 16 foundations and institutions and written more than 100 articles for various national and International publications. He has published three books, Key Environments, Pergamon Press, Oxford; Nearctic Avian Migrants in the Neotropics, a Department of the Interior publication; and
+Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds, an ICPB publication. He is currently working on The Magnificent Exception, a book on people and the biosphere.
+ARNE W. NORDSKOG is professor emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota between 1937 and 1943. His training and principal area of research has been in quantitative genetics, but by about 1960 his interests shifted to immunogenetics and more recently to molecular genetics. He has traveled widely, spending two years as an instructor in agriculture at the University of Alaska (1937-39), and has been an NSF Research Fellow at Cal Tech (1960), a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota (1966), an FAO lecturer at the Indian Veterinary Institute (1973), and an FAO-sponsored lecturer on poultry breeding in China (1979). He has acted as a consultant to a commercial breeder in Japan for 20 years. He has been the major professor at Iowa State for more than 60 M.S. and Ph.D. candidates and has published more than 150 scientific papers. Dr. Nordskog is an honorary member of the
+Norwegian Poultry Breeding Association, a fellow of the Poultry Science Association, and a fellow of the AAAS. In 1972, he was the recipient of the Poultry Science Distinguished Service Research Award.
+LINDA M. PANEPINTO, swine research consultant, was director of the Colorado State University Swine Laboratory through 1988. She earned her B.S. in animal sciences at Colorado State University in 1972. In 1973 she joined the research team developing Yucatan miniature swine at Colorado State University, where she was given primary responsibility for colony management, protocol development, and genetic selection programs. In 1977, she designed an experimental research program for the development of a line of Yucatan pigs with a genetic propensity for exceptionally small size. She has continued her work in that area and has developed the Yucatan Micropig, described elsewhere in this publication. Her other major professional area of interest has been the design of facilities and equipment for swine with emphasis on animal comfort and minimizing stress. Her invention, known as the Panepinto Sling, has been widely adopted as the primary restraint method for numerous medical schools
+and research facilities using swine in the laboratory. She has published extensively in the field.
+KURT J. PETERS is professor of animal breeding and husbandry in the tropics and subtropics, University of Gottingen, and is currently director of research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. He received his Dr. Agr. degree from the Technical University of Berlin in 1975. He has undertaken research in livestock production development in Southeast Asia and Africa. The major focus of his research has been small animals, with special attention given to the potential of unconventional animals. Early in 1985 he assumed his present position directing research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa.
+JOHN A. PINO is a senior fellow of the National Research Council, Board on Agriculture, and is currently the project director of the study "Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives." He received his B.S. in agriculture in 1944-47 and Ph.D. in zoology in 1951 from Rutgers University. As an associate professor he taught and did research in the Department of Poultry Science at Rutgers until 1955 when he accepted a position with the Rockefeller Foundation as animal scientist with the Mexican Agricultural Program, becoming the associate director of that program in 1960. In 1965 he was transferred to the Rockefeller headquarters in New York and became director of the Agricultural Science Program in 1970. Most of his career has been in international agricultural development. He retired from the Foundation in 1983 and went to Washington to become agricultural science advisor at the InterAmerican Development Bank until July 1986 when he accepted his present
+position. Dr. Pino has been a member of the Board on Agriculture since 1983 and previously from 1973 to 1977.
+HUGH POPENOE is professor of soils, agronomy, botany, and geography, and director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. His current interests include improving indigenous agricultural systems of small landholders, particularly with the integration of livestock and crops. He was chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (under whose aegis this report is presented). He chaired the BOSTID
+report panels on water buffalo and little-known Asian animals. Currently, he is on the International Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation and serves as U.S. Board Member for the International Foundation of Science.
+MICHAEL HILL ROBINSON, director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, is an animal behaviorist and a tropical biologist. Before his appointment to the National Zoo, Dr. Robinson served as deputy director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, which he joined in 1966 as a tropical biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Oxford University after being awarded his B.S., summa cum laude, from the University of Wales. His scientific interests include predator-prey interactions, evolution of adaptations, tropical biology, courtship and mating behavior, phenology of arthropods, and freshwater biology. In the course of his studies, Dr. Robinson has done research in the United States and throughout the developing world. Recent publications include articles on predator-prey interactions, tropical forest conservation, reproductive behavior in spiders, and the function and purpose of zoos in relation to education and conservation. Dr. Robinson's
+favorite animals are cats, of all kinds.
+KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, J.B. Duke Professor of Physiology in the Department of Zoology at Duke University, has studied animal responses to extreme environmental conditions. His major emphasis has been on life in hot deserts, and he is widely recognized for his studies of camels and other desert animals. His research has involved field studies in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Dr. Schmidt-Nielson has written several books, which have been translated into more than a dozen languages, and he has published several hundred research papers. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the French Academie des Sciences, and several other academies.
+ALBERT E. SOLLOD, is associate professor and head of the international veterinary medicine section at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is currently stationed in Niger as chief of party of the integrated livestock project and policy advisor in the Ministry of Animal Resources. He has consulted in 15 countries in Africa and Asia, and his research interests include interdisciplinary systems analysis, indigenous pastoral technologies, monitoring change in agricultural production systems, and monitoring and assessing drought impact.
+LEE M. TALBOT received his Ph.D. in geography and ecology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and has worked on environmental and natural resource ecology and management in over 110 countries. At present he is visiting fellow at the World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., and senior environmental consultant to the World Bank. He carried out pioneering research in Africa and elsewhere on the use of wild animals for food production. He has written more than 180 scientific and technical publications, including ten books and monographs.
+CLAIR E. TERRILL, animal scientist, collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1936, served briefly at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and joined the USDA at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho, in the same year. His research concerned genetics and reproduction of sheep, leading to national and international responsibility regarding research and production of sheep, goats, and other animals, with primary emphasis on increasing efficiency of production of meat, wool, and other products.
+CHRISTIAN M. WEMMER is assistant director for conservation and captive breeding programs at the National Zoological Park and is also in charge of the zoo's 3,100 acre Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. He is vice chairman of the IUCN Deer Specialist Group and a member of the Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group of the same organization. His interest in evolutionary and conservation biology has been motivated by frequent travel to South Asia and his role as scientific coordinator of the Smithsonian Nepal Terai Ecology Project. For the past 12 years he has coordinated the development of facilities and programs at the Conservation and Research Center and with Dr. R. Rudran has promoted conservation training and wildlife research in developing nations. He has published over 50 papers on various aspects of mammalian biology and conservation and has co-edited with Benjamin Beck one book on PFre David's deer. His edited volume "The Biology and Management
+of the Cervidae" was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press.
+DANNY C. WHARTON is associate curator, Animal Departments, at New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New York. He received a B.S. from the College of Idaho and an M.Sc. in 1975 from the School for International Training in Brattleboro, Vermont. His Ph.D. in biology was earned at Fordham University. Dr. Wharton was a Peace Corps volunteer to Ecuador 1969-71 and a Fulbright scholar to Germany 1976-77. His research interests have been in the genetic and demographic management of small populations. He works on several committees including the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Species Survival Plan Committee of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and is species chairman for the North American Propagation Group for the Snow Leopard.
+CHARLES A. WOODS IS curator of mammals at the Florida State Museum and a professor of zoology at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. in zoology from the University of Denver and his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Massachusetts. He worked at the University of Vermont from 1970 to 1979 when he assumed his present position at the University of Florida. His principle research interests have been in the areas of mammalian ecology (Rodentia) and systematics and evolution and he is especially concerned with island biology. He has spent many years working in the West Indies on a variety of projects and has worked closely with the government of Haiti in establishing a plan for the National Parks of Haiti and in completing a biogeophysical inventory of the natural resources of Hispaniola. He is the ecological consultant for the Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National in Haiti. He is the author of a number of scientific articles on the fauna of the Antilles
+including a multivolume series on the fauna of the mountains of Haiti.
+THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease
+Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program.
+<section>Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID)</section>
+ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,
+The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman
+Members
+PATRICIA BARNES-MCCONNELL, Director, Bean/Cowpea CRSP, East Lansing, Michigan
+JORDAN J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.
+PETER D. BELL, President, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, New York, New York
+BARRY BLOOM, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York
+JANE BORTNTCK, Assistant Chief, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
+GEORGE T. CURLIN, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
+DTRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
+RALPH HARDY, Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
+FREDERICK HORNE, Dean, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
+ELLEN MESSER, Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
+CHARLEs C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, Molecular Genetics, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
+JAMES QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
+VERNON RUTTAN, Regents Professor, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, Saint Paul, Minnesota
+ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana
+ERNEST SMERDON, College of Engineering and Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
+GERARD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio
+JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio
+Board on Science and Technology for International Development Publications and Information Services (H A-476E)
+Office of International Affairs
+National Research Council
+2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
+Washington, D.C. 20418 U SA
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+BIOMASS
+ENERGY
+TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
+RENEWABLE RESOURCES
+BIOGAS
+FUELWOOD
+CHARCOAL
+STOVES
+ALCOHOLS
+DIFFUSION OF INFORMATION
+DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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+<title>Diffusion of Biomass Energy Technologies in Developing Countries</title>
+- Second Edition -
+NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
+Washington, D.C. 1984
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council
+NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
+Washington, D.C. 1984
+NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
+This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
+The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
+This study has been prepared by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council, for the Rockefeller Foundation, under Grant No. RF 80040.
+Second edition, January 1984
+International Standard Book Number
+Library of Congress Catalog Number: 82-82005
+Printed in the United States of America
+PANEL ON RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
+Raymond C. Loehr, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, Cochairman
+Alejandro Melchor, Asian Development Bank, Manila, The Philippines, Cochairman
+J. E. M. Arnold, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
+Andrew Barnett, University of Sussex, Brighton, England
+Elizabeth Colson, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
+Sylvia Forman, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
+Ricardo Giesecke, United Nations, Managua, Nicaragua
+M. N. Islam, University of Engineering and Technology, Dacca, Bangladesh
+Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo, Permanent Interstate Committee for the Struggle Against Drought in Sahel, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta
+A. K. N. Reddy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
+Roger Revelle, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
+Wu Wen, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
+CONSULTANTS
+Peter B. Hammond, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
+C. Anthony Pryor, Center for Integrative Development, New York, New York, USA
+R. Bhatia, Barvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
+Russell deLucia, Meta Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
+Peter Hayes, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
+Raymond Noronha, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
+T. B. S. Prakasam, Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Cicero, Illinois, USA
+Everett M. Rogers, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
+Vaclav Smil, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
+Timothy Wood, Sahel Regional Technical Coordinator for Fuel Conserving Technologies, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta
+STUDY STAFF, BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
+M. G. C. McDonald Dow, Associate Director/Studies
+E. Griffin Shay, Professional Associate
+F. R. Ruskin, Editor
+Sherry Snyder, Reports Editor
+Carol Corillon, Research Associate
+Jeffrey Gritzner, Professional Associate
+Noel Vietmeyer, Professional Associate
+Hertha Hanu, Administrative Secretary
+Irene Martinez, Text Processing Coordinator
+Wendy White, Information Services Manager
+<section>PREFACE</section>
+This study reviews the factors-technical, economic, cultural, and political-that affect the diffusion of biomass-based energy technologies in developing countries, identifies opportunities and limitations, and makes recommendations for improving technology diffusion for meeting the energy needs of the rural and urban poor.
+The report has been produced under the sponsorship of the International Relations Division of the Rockefeller Foundation. The study was carried out by an international panel, assisted by National Research Council (NRC) staff, a team of consultants, and by many knowledgeable and concerned people around the world. The NRC wishes to express its appreciation to all who contributed to this project and to the Rockefeller Foundation for its generous support.
+<section>OVERVIEW</section>
+This report is concerned with the factors that influence the introduction and diffusion of selected biomass-based renewable energy technologies in developing countries. It is based on discussions with those involved in planning and implementing energy projects in developed and developing nations, and on published information. It is also based on visits by panelists, consultants, and National Research Council (NRC) staff to seventeen developing countries in the course of this study to observe renewable energy projects first hand. These countries are: Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Fiji, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, and Upper Volta. Selected observations based on these visits are incorporated into this report.
+Rapidly rising oil prices have resulted in rapid adjustment of consumption practices in the industrialized nations and in the affluent sectors of developing countries. Conservation and substitution have been accomplished on a scale that many thought impossible five years ago, and as a result, oil prices are temporarily stabilizing. For developing countries, the effect of rising oil prices was catastrophic in two ways: (1) their precarious economies were overwhelmed by the costs of their modest oil needs to the extent that most are deep in debt to the oil suppliers, and investment in industrialization and agricultural development has virtually disappeared, and (2) substitution of biomass for petroleum fuels in cooking and small industry has increased firewood and charcoal consumption in the urban areas to the point where meeting this demand is causing serious deforestation and erosion in the countryside.
+At the same time, renewable energy technologies are not being adequately diffused among the people most dependent on them--the rural and urban poor. Governments seldom recognize the importance of these technologies, and investment to support them is not attracted because the benefits are delayed. The poor are understandably reluctant to adopt technologies that do not meet their perceived needs, and they are seldom consulted when projects are being designed. Unless this situation is remedied, they will continue to be faced with serious shortfalls in food production and indefinite dependence on outside assistance. On the other hand, renewable technologies can be successfully adopted by poor people when they are involved in the planning and management of the project, and when, moreover, these projects can be profitable.
+The technologies discussed include the generation of biomass through fuelwood plantations and agroforestry and the use of biomass in improved cooking stoves, charcoal manufacture, thermal gasification, and the production of biogas and fuel alcohol. These were selected because of their relevance to agricultural productivity and the dependence of the poor on biomass as an energy source.
+For each of these technologies, the technical, economic, social, and cultural factors affecting their introduction and diffusion are considered.
+The report also covers the nature of the diffusion process, energy and development, needs of the rural and urban poor, the characteristics of the technologies, and their feasibility and acceptability by the poor. Further, developing country experience with these technologies is briefly described, followed by conclusions and recommendations. A summary of these topics follows.
+DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS
+Diffusion is the process by which innovations spread to the members of social systems. In the diffusion of technologies, both centralized and decentralized models have been identified and characterized. In practice, most diffusion efforts combine elements of both.
+In this report, the term diffusion applies both to dissemination of information about a new technology and dissemination of the technology itself; for instance, new cooking stoves.
+ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT
+For the rural and urban poor, properly designed biomass conversion technologies could reduce the economic and environmental costs of cooking and heating and, in some cases, provide opportunities for economic growth and employment. Biomass production technologies can slow the devastating process of deforestation and soil erosion that threatens traditional subsistence agriculture and is an obstacle to long-term economic growth.
+NEEDS OF THE POOR
+Meeting the energy needs of the poor through biomass-based technologies will not in itself significantly reduce a nation's petroleum use. Most of the poor already rely heavily on biomass sources-firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues, and dung--and will probably continue to do so. The value of the various technologies described here lies in increasing the availability of the materials currently in use, ensuring that they are used effectively, and providing alternative employment opportunities.
+TECHNICAL FACTORS
+Certain characteristics of the technologies appear to make some more acceptable than others. While many technologies are feasible, only a few may be practical. Characteristics that encourage acceptance include structural simplicity, use of familiar materials and techniques, functional discreteness, and obvious, short-term benefits.
+CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ACCEPTABILITY
+In any society, existing social structures, economic organization, political institutions, and beliefs influence acceptance of change of any sort. New technologies that mesh with indigenous systems of resource allocation, work organization, goods distribution, social and authority structures, and prevailing values and religious beliefs clearly have the best chance for success.
+DIFFUSION OF THE TECHNOLOGIES
+Attempts have been made to introduce the technologies described to many developing countries. In almost every case, factors external to the technology seem to have a greater influence on acceptability than the technology itself.
+Moreover, there are circumstances in many developing countries that prevent even initial consideration of biomass-based energy technologies; for instance, policymakers may focus entirely on large-scale hydroelectric, geothermal, or fossil fuel development schemes.
+All kinds of energy sources should be considered. However, biomass production for energy has the additional potential, if properly managed, of stabilizing the environment and providing employment opportunities in rural areas.
+OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION
+The diffusion of biomass energy technologies, or lack of it, is only one element of the total energy sector in developing countries-which, in turn, is only one, albeit critical, sector of national resources that must compete for attention. Developing countries generally have limited capacity to gather complete and accurate resource information, to analyze this information, and to plan allocation and use. Yet planning capacity is fundamental to rational policymaking; inability to identify clearly the nature and scope of problems, particularly where resources are limited, restricts development. Given these circumstances, it is difficult to establish priorities. Short-term, urgent problems tend to absorb a disproportionate amount of effort, although long-term problems may be even more critical.
+There is another complication: many officials in developing country governments and regional organizations maintain that the attention given to renewable energy technologies by technical assistance agencies reflects an underlying policy to deprive developing countries of their fair share of oil supplies at reasonable prices and to make them dependent on "second-class" technologies. Yet even if oil prices decline further, the problems of deforestation and erosion in the countryside will continue.
+Further, there are many reasons why biomass energy technologies are not considered as serious alternatives to other energy technologies. For example:
+· Coal, peat, hydroelectric and geothermal sources, and oil exploration are more attractive for reasons that include abundant data on development costs, equipment, and uses, and because of offers from multinational entrepreneurs who are often on the doorstep promoting cooperative endeavors in conventional energy technology. Conversely, renewable energy technologies have no visible constituency; they are frequently associated with women's activities--firewood gathering, food processing, and cooking--and tend to receive less official attention than if they were in the male province. They are perceived as being small-scale and diffuse, and therefore ineffective or socially complex and expensive alternatives.
+· There is a tendency to center on one alternative energy source rather than a multiplicity of sources, or to equate a past failure of one technique with the unsuitability of all of them.
+· Solar technologies and related high technology energy systems are developed by industrial enterprises to supply energy needs in industrialized countries, and it appears unlikely that these technologies will make much of a contribution to developing countries in the foreseeable future. Their application, other than in relatively simple crop-drying systems and water heaters, is unlikely to reduce the amount of biomass required to continue to provide the main fuel source.
+· There is a perceived lack of infrastructure for diffusing energy technologies. Almost everywhere, extension capabilities are felt to be inadequate, even for simple reforestation; and even though nongovernment organizations (NGOs) are frequently successful in working with traditional social agencies, few governments acknowledge that this route offers serious possibilities for easing national energy problems. Many governments fear that apolitical NGOs will not remain so.
+· Biomass-based technologies are seen only as long-range solutions, since growing biomass or organizing its production on any useful scale is believed to take too long. Hence, the technologies are often given little attention either by planners or by farmers with a serious immediate problem.
+· The low rate of internal return on investment that is felt to characterize these technologies pushes scarce capital or loan funds into conventional development projects in agriculture and industry that carry high short-term returns. Long-range societal gains such as environmental benefits are almost never considered in economic evaluation.
+These problems appear to be almost universal, occurring at individual, community or village, and government planning levels and applying equally to arid and humid conditions. In arid regions, the energy problem and its environmental consequences are stark and visible, and to many, hopeless; in humid areas, the problem is less obvious because forest resources mask the rate of deforestation. The problem in these areas is as serious, however, because of the potential impact on watersheds, the high rate at which environmental degradation can take place, and the enormous numbers of people affected. Because environmental degradation has no direct impact on the area being deforested, there is little incentive for the woodcutters to change their practices.
+Biomass Production
+Biomass production for fuel has been practiced for thousands of years. It is only recently that population increases have made substantial, potentially disastrous inroads on the regenerative capacity of woody plants in agricultural areas.
+Reforestation schemes have been a feature of land use for some time, but often for watershed management or timber production rather than fuel. An important feature of these projects has been the protection of the trees from use by neighboring communities. In many countries, the forestry authorities are mainly concerned with policing forest reserves, rather than with assisting the community in growing trees for fuel use. Because forestry is perceived as having little value to the community (as opposed to logging interests), most forest services are poorly staffed and equipped, separated from agricultural programs, and generally ill-prepared to meet the needs of a national biomass program. Further, the species about which these forest services are knowledgeable may not be the most suitable for fuelwood.
+The exploitation of forest resources is a common source of corruption, because large profits are to be made from timber concessions. Even where there is a national policy for the conservation or generation of biomass, there is often a countervailing local interest in its exploitation.
+Land tenure is a particularly thorny aspect of reforestation. Land use often implies ownership; outside efforts at reforestation are thwarted by local concern over 1088 of rights. In this context, fuelwood reforestation projects, which in recent years have been launched in many countries, have seldom reached their goals. Where communities become involved in planning and implementing projects and where the potential benefits are clear, fuelwood programs have worked. Recent World Bank studies have shown that under favorable conditions large-scale reforestation programs have been successful.
+Improved Cooking Stoves
+Much effort has been concentrated on designing improved cooking stoves, for the most part using firewood. Success has been mixed: some communities and governments have adopted the technology with enthusiasm, while others have encountered design, cultural, or cost factors that hinder widespread adoption. As yet, there is no demonstrable connection between the introduction of "improved" cooking stoves and a lowered rate of firewood consumption, though in most cases this is the justification for the effort. There is considerable variation in the way that stove efficiency is measured and reported. Indeed, in some cases the improvement in efficiency and reduction in fuel consumption attributed to the devices is intuitively assumed, not tested or measured.
+While stoves clearly have other benefits for the user, there is no guarantee that they will reduce fuel consumption by the amounts predicted in laboratory efficiency tests. Much of the field information about them is derived from the relatively affluent, who can acquire the technology and for whom access to firewood is not a critical limitation. Thus, even where stoves are constructed and used as the designers intended, they may merely be used for additional purposes rather than for reducing consumption. Little information is available about the desperately poor and the actual or potential impact of improved stove technology on, for example, reducing the amount of animal dung burned. Also, scientists have demonstrated that when traditional (three-stone) cooking is done carefully, efficiencies are equal to those of well-designed chula or Lorena stoves. There is little doubt that the poor who suffer firewood shortages use their supplies with care.
+Charcoal Kilns, Stoves, and Gasifiers
+Charcoal kilos of many types and sizes--metal drum, retort, brick beehives, dome--have been tested in a variety of circumstances. Few have been adopted, and charcoal production in many developing countries is mostly carried on by itinerant entrepreneurs using traditional pit or mound methods. Where the wood is gathered from the commons free for the cost of labor, there is little incentive to acquire a relatively expensive device, that is difficult to transport to new production sites, to improve the efficiency of charcoal recovery.
+In many countries, particularly arid ones where trees are scarce, there is a remarkably sophisticated and efficient system of contractual relationships among charcoal makers, transporters, and consumers, providing employment and income to many people at the expense of the countries' dwindling forest resources. This system has proved difficult to alter, even in extreme situations in which charcoal must be transported hundreds of kilometers. The capital investment and political impetus required to balance use with regeneration of the trees, in a way that would involve existing charcoal producers rather than displacing them, has not yet been evident in most countries. Yet, as petroleum fuels and electricity become ever more expensive, charcoal consumption in urban areas for home use is increasing dramatically. This holds true in restaurants and industry as well. The environmental consequences are potentially catastrophic; many societies are mortgaging the resources of future
+generations, not only placing at risk many forest species (which may become extinct along with their wildlife) but also causing erosion--all of which threaten the entire ecological base on which agricultural production depends.
+Successful charcoal fuelwood plantations have been operated in a few locations, notably Brazil and Argentina; more serious attention from governments, communities, and technical assistance donors is needed for this aspect of national energy supply. Charcoal use is likely to increase even further as other technologies, such as gasifiers to generate electricity, pump irrigation water, or power fishing boats or trucks, are adopted. These technologies can provide a useful incentive for environmentally sensible planning of renewable fuelwood supplies. Charcoal conservation, through improved production techniques, briquetting, and use of more efficient stoves, is an important priority.
+Biogas
+Perhaps none of the renewable energy technologies has been promoted as enthusiastically as biogas generation. Yet, experience indicates that the conditions under which the technology is successful on a sustained basis are rather restricted. Biogas generation requires capital investment, a plentiful and reliable source of substrate (preferably animal dung), and a fair level of technical competence to obtain enough gas to justify the effort. Community biogas projects have foundered over problems with the cost of the system, responsibility for operation and allocation of gas, collection of substrate, disposal or equitable distribution of the residue, and, in arid regions, adequate water supply. Few poor families have the capital or the necessary animals to support a home generator. The amount of gas produced, particularly in cooler regions, is relatively small compared with the capital and running costs, even discounting labor (which is often neglected in biogas economics).
+Thus, with notable exceptions, successfully operating biogas generators are typically associated with fairly sophisticated, integrated systems of waste management based on cattle, swine, or poultry production, in which the gas generated is a valuable by-product rather than the main objective. The extensive Chinese experience, with some seven million digesters constructed, appears similarly linked to environmental and health improvement and nutrient recycling (including human waste), with gas a by-product of nutrient conservation and waste treatment rather than the principal objective. In other countries, diffusion is subsidized and, in general, adoption is limited to the relatively wealthy animal owner.
+It appears unlikely that biogas will provide much fuel for the poor until they acquire other resources--such as livestock--and are in fact no longer poor.
+Alcohol Fuels
+Only in Brazil is fuel alcohol used on any scale. However, many countries are now undertaking pilot projects to produce ethanol as a substitute for gasoline, and a few are examining wood gasification as a route to methanol. Methanol production is inherently a large-scale, expensive technology, which is unlikely to supply fuel to the rural or urban poor. Ethanol, on the other hand, is produced almost everywhere as potable spirits, and may offer an attractive and economical source of fuel for some developing countries. It requires a cheap and plentiful supply of substrate, however, and increased demand for ethanol is likely to increase the price of substrates such as sugarcane, cassava, and cereal grains.
+If used wisely, ethanol can provide farm power and, where land permits, can raise incomes in rural areas through local production of fermentation substrates as cash crops. Practical biological systems to convert lignocellulose to sugars for ethanol, which may be achieved in the near future, should markedly increase the economic and environmental attractiveness of this fuel, with profound consequences for tropical countries.
+CONCLUSIONS
+All biomass-based energy technologies have inherent limitations in supplying national energy needs, and it is difficult for planners to make informed judgments about appropriate mixes of these technologies for different situations. However, the production of biomass is of critical importance, both for meeting energy requirements through whichever technologies are suitable and for countering massive deforestation as people increasingly meet their energy needs from unreplenished biomass. The consequences of deforestation reach far beyond availability of firewood and are already having a devastating effect on watersheds, land contour, soil fertility, and, potentially, the entire ecological basis of sustained food production.
+Maintenance of the environment, revegetation, protection of forest resources, and diffusion of suitable biomass technologies are problems that are too large and complex to be tackled only by individuals and small communities. They must be the responsibility of society as a whole.
+Poor people will not change their practices unless they can afford to; that is, unless they are convinced it is to their advantage, and advantage is almost always perceived in economic terms. Of course in certain cases, especially in less monetarized societies, it may be a social or cultural advantage. The overwhelming problem with the adoption and diffusion of biomass-based renewable energy technologies is that the advantages may occur so far in the future or may be so diffused throughout society--for example, as with reforestation--that they often cannot outweigh the immediate loss in the form of effort or investment (whether to plant and nourish trees, obtain the materials to construct a better stove or biogas generator, or build a kiln to make charcoal more efficiently).
+The converse is also true: demonstrate the advantage, the stove, the gasifier, and the guaranteed access to land and the rights to their own trees, and the poor will grasp the opportunity without hesitation. The packaging of policies and procedures to assure that the advantages accrue in a constructive manner is a key issue in development.
+There is need to allocate a much larger share of national development efforts to reforestation, social or agroforestry, and community or commercial woodlots with whatever kind of organization local conditions require. This should include providing economic incentives, such as temporary subsidies, training, and research to support the increased level of activity. There is a particular need to examine the legislative, legal, and customary aspects of land use that affect the right to use forest resources, and to take steps to ensure that these resources are protected and renewed, rather than indiscriminately exploited. In some countries, examination of land use practices has identified necessary legal changes that have already proved highly successful in encouraging biomass production.
+Many aspects of biomass-based energy technologies are highly location-specific. A great deal of local experience with these technologies is required to make informed judgments about their potential to contribute to national energy budgets. Fortunately, increased attention is being given by governments and technical assistance agencies to this need for experience. However, there are still many countries, particularly the most needy, which have yet to establish such programs. Plans for the production and use of biomass-based fuels should include, with full community participation, the following elements:
+· determination of the target population's needs and resources, with policies based on this data;
+· identification, evaluation, and selection of strategies for biomass development, with designation of timetables;
+· experimentation with, and pilot-level production of, energy through biomass technologies under actual field conditions;
+· commercialization of the technologies, with environmental safeguards;
+· enhancement of education and extension services;
+· support for non-government organizations promoting renewable energy projects; and
+· cooperation and communication with other countries and international organizations to capitalize on relevant experience.
+Although the use of renewable energy technologies remains very limited compared with the needs, there are some striking examples of success, with clear indications of the factors responsible. These factors that promote success include:
+· Awareness of national and community energy needs and of the importance, in the local situation, of developing biomass-based alternatives. Because of the long-term nature of some biomass-based systems, and the implications for policy and land-use planning and capital requirements, there must be a national policy commitment. This commitment must be reflected in the attitudes of local officials; enthusiasm on the part of nongovernment organizations and individuals or communities by itself is not sufficient.
+· Community involvement in the planning, implementation, and management of local biomass energy projects, and clear understanding of the benefits and how they are to be divided. In this context, the role of the organizer-entrepreneur (whether a government official or community leader) in motivating communities to solve their energy problems has been critical.
+· Access by the community to reliable and unbiased information about renewable energy technologies used elsewhere, to capital or credit, and to technical assistance for troubleshooting.
+· Incorporation of benefits other than energy in the plan; for example, improved environment and health, or development of marketable skills or products. Energy is not a discrete problem for the rural poor; rather, it is one strand in the web of poverty.
+· Inclusion of opportunities for adaptation, improvement, and feedback to enhance acceptance and diffusion.
+These factors appear to be equally important in organizing reforestation or building biogas generators or improved cooking stoves. The organization and management of the effort appear to be more critical than the precise nature of the technology.
+<section>1 DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS</section>
+Diffusion is the process by which innovations spread to the members of a social system over time. Diffusion studies are concerned with messages about new ideas, whereas communication studies encompass all types of messages. Because the messages are new in the case of diffusion, there is a degree of risk and uncertainty for the recipient, leading to somewhat different behavior than if the messages were about routine ideas. The "classical model" of the diffusion of an innovation consists of the innovation, defined as an idea perceived as new by an individual, which is communicated through certain channels, over time, among members of a social system.
+In this discussion of diffusion, the classical model is extended to include descriptions of several kinds of innovations.
+A preventive innovation is a new idea that is adopted "now" to avoid the possible loss of a desired value in the future. Its purpose is to minimize loss. Some examples are crop insurance, seat belts, and fire alarms.
+Most of the innovations studied in past diffusion research have been incremental innovations. An incremental innovation is a new idea that is adopted now to gain a possible increase in a desired value in the future; for example, a new seed variety or chemical fertilizer.
+Little is known about preventive innovation decisions, except that their rate of adoption is usually slower than for incremental innovations, The motivation to adopt a preventive innovation is often a cue-to-action, that is, an event that crystallizes an attitude into overt behavior. For instance, a drainage cue-to-action would be a flood or outbreak of waterborne disease.
+DIFFUSION AND SOCIAL INEQUITY
+During the 1960s and 1970s, applications of the classical diffusion model to development programs in developing countries was criticized for increasing socioeconomic inequity. Critics point out that in development programs, the nature of the social system in which the innovations were introduced and the quality of the innovation have often been disregarded. They say that the socioeconomic structure has considerable effect on the innovation behavior of individuals and that it usually favors adoption of new ideas and technologies by richer people.
+Most observers agree that the major problem in many developing countries today is the unequal distribution of such resources as income, lands, skills, and information that perpetuates inequality. Critics stress that technical change results in a skewed distribution of benefits; individuals who have greater resources usually benefit more from the innovations introduced by development agencies than individuals with fewer resources, thus widening the benefits gap.
+In addition, some of the basic assumptions of the diffusion model have been criticized: (1) that communication by itself generates development, regardless of socioeconomic and political conditions; (2) that increased production and consumption of goods and services constitute the essence of development and that a fair distribution of income and opportunities will necessarily derive, in time; and (3) that the key to increased productivity is technological innovation, regardless of whom it may benefit or harm. Critics of these assumptions point out that the main inhibitions to development may be mainly structural rather than informative and that restructuring of a society may be needed to make the diffusion of innovations more effective in the development process.
+The social structure has been found to be a powerful determinant of individuals' access and response to the mass media. The more privileged farmers who own land and enjoy a higher socioeconomic status have more communication opportunities and are the most likely to adopt new agricultural technologies. A farmer's failure to adopt innovations may be due more to a lack of opportunity than to resistance to change. Farmers with more land, money, and knowledge can more easily obtain the credit and information they need to adopt technical innovations. Most of the poorer and less progressive farmers in developing nations lack such resources.
+Development agencies tend to provide assistance to a relatively small number of wealthy, educated, and information-seeking farmers; following this progressive (or "easy-to-convince") farmer strategy leads to less equitable development.
+Some critics have also argued that innovations may be uncritically viewed by development workers as "good" for all farmers. The social and economic consequences for the community as a whole have not always been considered, such as whether a technological innovation is appropriate for everyone, or whether it favors some groups of individuals at the expense of others.
+REINVENTION
+Reinvention occurs when an innovation is changed by the adopter in the process of implementation. Reinvention ("adaptive" technology) implies a more active role for the individual adopter. Most scholars have made a distinction between invention and innovation: invention is the process by which a new idea is created or developed, while innovation is the process of adopting an existing idea.
+In the classical model of diffusion the innovation was regarded as essentially unchanging in the process of its diffusion and adoption. The existence of reinvention was simply ignored, perhaps because the degree of reinvention may have been rather low in the case of important agricultural innovations like hybrid corn and 2,4-D weed spray, owing to the genetic, chemical, and biological nature of these innovations.
+DECENTRALIZED VERSUS CENTRALIZED DIFFUSION
+In addition to the centralized diffusion model, an alternative model of decentralized diffusion also exists. Schön pointed out that theories of diffusion have characteristically lagged behind the reality of emerging systems. He particularly criticized the classical diffusion theory, which he termed a "canter-periphery model," and which rests on three basic premises:
+· that the innovation to be diffused exists fully realized in its essentials, prior to diffusion;
+· that diffusion is the movement of an innovation from a center out to its ultimate users; and
+· that directed diffusion is a centrally managed process of dissemination, training, and provision of resources and incentives (Schön, 1971).
+The traditional centralized diffusion model not only prevails in theoretical writings, but has become the "dominant normative model for diffusion." The best-known example of a canter-periphery model of diffusion is the Federal Extension Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which coordinates with the state agriculture extension services. This program (with an annual budget of more than $350 million) represents the largest public investment in a diffusion system in the world.
+In their early days, extension services in the United States identified and then disseminated the agricultural practices followed by the most successful farmers. In later years, a superstructure of agricultural research was connected to agricultural extension services to serve as a source of innovations. Most extension workers tended to forget that innovations could come from farmers' experience as well as from formal research and development.
+Agricultural innovations stem from R&D activities by the USDA and by state agricultural experiment stations. The agricultural extension services operate in close collaboration with these organizations through state extension specialists, who are stationed in state agricultural universities. The responsibility of these extension specialists is to convey information about agricultural innovations to county extension agents, who in turn diffuse these innovations to farmers. Thus, the agricultural extension services represent a centralized diffusion system. Not only has this diffusion model been widely copied in agricultural extension services in developing nations, but it has served as a basis for the design of several other U.S. diffusion systems, in such varied fields as vocational rehabilitation, mass transportation, energy conservation, and education.
+Schön's main criticism of this centralized diffusion model is that it may apply to certain classes of innovations "lying near the periphery," but that it fails to capture the complexity of innovations that evolve as they diffuse (reinvention) and that thus originate from numerous sources (not just the center). The diffusion process should not consist only of centrally developed information, but should also be shaped by user demands and solutions to problems from other users.
+In many developing countries, agricultural extension agents have low status; they are often drawn from agricultural colleges at which they have had relatively undistinguished careers, failing to be selected for scholarships for further study abroad or for the more prestigious positions in the Ministry of Agriculture. Few are from the rural areas or are particularly motivated to solve rural problems, and seldom do the training courses prepare them for communicating convincingly with farmers. They usually find that the farmers know more about agriculture than they do' and they become demoralized and ineffective. Giving them additional responsibilities for energy is unlikely to be any more successful, yet the prospect of erecting a parallel extension structure for rural energy is daunting.
+An alternative model of diffusion, based on decentralized, horizontal diffusion of innovations among adopting units depends mainly on peer networks for transferring technological innovations among local-level units.
+DECENTRALIZED DIFFUSION IN CHINA
+Diffusion in China is characterized by the use of exemplary units (production brigades, communes, or counties) as role models for the rest of the nation and by "on-the-spot conferences" through which innovations originated by these model units are diffused to other adopting units throughout the nation. In the recent past, this innovation process was often started by broad policy directives issued "from the center"--that is from Chairman Mao himself. These directives were distilled from the ideas of the masses, rather than coming from educated experts. Mao wrote that one should "take the ideas of the masses (about their needs and possible solutions) and concentrate them (through study, into more systematic innovations); then go to the masses and explain these ideas until the masses embrace them as their own, carry them out and persist in this on their own; then test the correctness of these ideas in action." This statement, in short, reflects a decentralized type of
+diffusion.
+The Tachai Production Brigade. The local unit that perhaps best illustrates how a nationally recognized model serves as a dissemination point in a decentralized diffusion system is the famous Tachai Production Brigade in Senshi Province, an area characterized by rocky soil, erosion, and poor agriculture. The approximately 90 households in Tachai Brigade manage 144 acres of this hilly land. By constructing stone terraces, underground conduits to carry off occasional flood waters, an irrigation system, and adopting chemical fertilizers and other agricultural innovations, the farmers of Tachai Brigade were able to raise their grain yields from 1,050 kilograms per hectare in 1949 to 5,295 in 1965-66, and 8,220 in 1977. This achievement is remarkable when compared with China's national average of 3,300 kilograms per hectare.
+But the main lesson of Tachai Brigade is self-reliance. For example, after a disastrous rain in the early 1960s washed out all of the stone terraces that had been laboriously constructed by the Tachai farmers, this bridgade adopted the slogan of "three don't wants": don't want state funds for recovery, don't want state grain, don't want relief materials. This self-reliant stance was entirely consistent with Mao's philosophy, and in 1964 he proclaimed: "In agriculture, learn from Tachai." This slogan was reproduced on dams, bridges, and the walls of houses and public buildings throughout China.
+Once Tachai became Mao's agricultural model, it was challenged by Mao's rivals, Liu Shao-chi and his followers, who criticized the Tachai Brigade "for putting politics in the background" and advocated their own agricultural model. After six years of struggle with the Liuists, who claimed that the Tachai farmers had falsified their accomplishments, Tachai emerged in 1970 as the national model for agricultural development. An interest in models is one strategy that Chinese leaders use to promote their favorite policies. After the model attains success, the political leader draws attention to it through the mass media and by on-the-spot conferences involving participants from other communes.
+One important effect of on-the-spot conferences (in addition to providing information about the innovation being studied) is an increased feeling among the participants that they can control their own futures, rather than being controlled by fate, nature, or supernatural forces.
+On-the-spot conferences allow participants to actually see the innovation in use by a local unit, to ask how effective it has been and how to implement it, and to consider how the innovation might be utilized in their home units. Following the on-the-spot conference, the participants report this information to their peers, who then decide whether or not to adopt the innovation, and, if so, how to fit it to their particular local conditions. China also used a decentralized approach in promoting biogas technology, with strong emphasis on local self-reliance.
+Biogas Production in China. Biogas generation in China appears to be the world's most successful example of renewable energy technology diffusion, success being measured by numbers of people motivated and technology units constructed; it offers important lessons about the introduction and diffusion of new processes.
+Although the first effort to popularize biogas use was based on the instructions of Chairman Mao during the Great Leap Forward, significant progress was not achieved until the 1970s. Two counties in Sichuan Province developed successful techniques for producing biogas between 1970 and 1972, building several hundred digesters. In 1972, leaders in the State Scientific and Technological Commission and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry decided to launch a national movement to popularize biogas. During the 1970s, about 7 million digesters were constructed, with at least a few in half the provinces and in over 1,000 of the nation's 2,100 counties. About 5 million digesters are located in Sichuan Province. This concentration in Sichuan is due partly to the higher population density there (up to 600 persons per square kilometer), partly to the relative lack of coal and firewood in the area, and, perhaps most important, the fact that the Party Secretary of the Province has
+been an enthusiastic promoter of biogas.
+Given the policy emphasis on local self-reliance, the training of commune members has been a strong factor in the diffusion process for biogas. Biogas promotion officials have used reports, posters, demonstrations, seminars, and workshops for training. Moreover, teams of commune members have visited areas that are particularly advanced for on-the-spot conferences. On their return home, a few digesters are built for evaluation and, in many cases, modifications made in the design and construction to meet local needs.
+The vast majority of Chinese biogas units are designed for the needs of a single household. These family-sized units are usually about ten cubic meters in volume and provide about one cubic meter of gas per day--sufficient for a family of five.
+These family biogas units are enclosed domed pits with provision for adding wastes, removing digested effluent, and capturing and conveying the gas generated. The construction materials are brick, sand, cement, and rocks; material costs are about $12 per cubic meter of capacity; construction time is about 1.5 laborers per day per cubic meter. The state reimburses 20-30 percent of the materials cost to the owner of a successful digester.
+The principal advantage of the Chinese digesters is their low cost and ease of construction. By contrast, the floating gas holder (usually steel) incorporated in the biogas units promoted in India significantly increases their cost and reduces their acceptability.
+A problem with the Chinese diffusion of biogas units, at least partly derived from local reinvention and self-reliance, is that more than a third of those constructed are inoperable, primarily due to faulty construction.
+Replicating the Chinese biogas experience in other developing countries is also problematic. Where the process is viewed solely as a way to produce energy, important elements are overlooked. Factors of health, environment, and recycling nutrients to the land are of equal or greater importance in the Chinese approach. The tradition or willingness to work with human, animal, or agricultural wastes is missing in many countries.
+SELF-RELIANCE IN DECENTRALIZED DIFFUSION SYSTEMS
+In the cases of China's Tachai Brigade and biogas programs, a local system responded to a nationally set agenda of priority needs. The innovative local program was then promoted by the central government through the mass media and widely emulated by other local units. The central government was an essential ingredient in these decentralized diffusion systems in (1) setting a national agenda of problems, (2) identifying a local model, and (3) promoting diffusion of the model's innovations. Therefore, such diffusion systems are not completely decentralized, although they are relatively decentralized in comparison with such centralized diffusion systems as the agricultural extension services in the United States. In China, decision making about which innovations to develop and diffuse, and to whom, is widely shared among the members of the system, rather than being concentrated in the hands of a few.
+COMPARING CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED DIFFUSION SYSTEMS
+Table 1.1 shows some of the main differences between centralized and decentralized diffusion systems. Most diffusion systems, however, exhibit some characteristics of both models. Further, over a period of time, a diffusion program can move on a continuum between the two extremes to become relatively more or less centralized. This flexibility has important implications for policymakers who are designing a diffusion system, enabling them to centralize or decentralize the system as they take into account such factors as the heterogeneity of the target audience and the nature of the innovations (for instance, whether the technology is relatively simple or complex).
+To date, little comparative research has been conducted to determine the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized diffusion systems. Neither system is best for all situations. Instead, there may be specific conditions under which the diffusion system designed by planners should be a mixture of these two models. A first, and very important, step is to recognize that the centralized diffusion model is not the only possibility.
+TABLE 1.1 Characteristics of Centralized and Decentralized Diffusion Systems
+Centralized Diffusion Systems Decentralized Diffusion Systems
+Centralized control of decisions
+Local control by community
+by national government officials
+officials/leaders
+and technical experts
+Diffusion from top down from
+Peer diffusion through
+experts to local users
+horizontal networks
+Innovations come from formal
+Innovations come from local
+R&D by technical experts
+experimentation by non-experts
+Low-risk innovations with
+High-risk innovations with
+relatively high advantage
+relatively low advantage
+Projects that are of low priority
+Projects that are of high
+to local organizations
+priority to local organizations
+Technology-push, emphasizing
+Technology-pull, created by
+needs created by the availability
+locally perceived needs and
+of the innovation
+site-specific problems
+Low degree of local adaptation
+High degree of local adaptation
+and reinvention
+and reinvention
+DIFFUSION NETWORKS
+One of the key elements in the decentralized diffusion systems is that of communication networks, defined as the interconnected individuals who are linked by patterned flows of information. It has long been recognized that interpersonal communication channels from peers are most important in persuading individuals to adopt new ideas.
+Most individuals do not actively seek technical information from the most competent sources. Instead, they tend to seek information about technological innovations from sources that are local, easily accessible, and interpersonal (usually from neighbors).
+The diffusion, or the lack of diffusion, of renewable energy technologies is influenced to a greater or lesser extent by the following groups or individuals within a country:
+Policymakers, Planners, Politicians. Central government authorities play an important role in disseminating technologies. In many countries they are the key to approval of a technology initiative or to its funding. Often, however, renewable energy technologies as an entire category may not be perceived at this level as a serious alternative to conventional energy technologies. In other cases a critical decision may be taken to promote certain technologies as a matter of national priority --fuel alcohol in Brazil, for example.
+Industrial Entrepreneurs. Industrial entrepreneurs may influence diffusion by adopting a technology and producing its key elements: stoves, gasifiers, and stills, for example. Their decisions affect diffusion by making essential components available, by influencing public and commercial perceptions of the technologies, and by supplying capital for their development. However, in many countries there is no incentive for entrepreneurs to become involved; there may be no profit opportunities among poor people, or no special role for entrepreneurs where many can manufacture inexpensive devices.
+Provincial Government Officials. There may be a difference in perceptions of the value and feasibility of energy technologies between planners and officials at the national level and those at the provincial level, particularly concerning regional versus national priorities.
+Private and Nongovernment Organizations. These voluntary organizations frequently have a key role to play because of their close contact with potential recipients and their ability to recognize needs, identify opportunities, and motivate the recipients.
+Local Government Officials. These officials have an important role in diffusion 'because they are responsible for conveying national policy or reporting local needs to the national government. They may include important personnel such as extension agents and public health officials.
+Village Leaders. Traditional social leaders may also be important in diffusion as arbiters of consensus for or against innovation. Their role in organizing community use of the technology or land resources may be crucial.
+Family. In many cases perceptions at the family level will determine the extent to which a given technology will be adopted.
+Individuals. There may be different responses to technologies at the individual, as opposed to the family, level. Wives may have a different perception of the need for fuelwood from husbands; wives may welcome an innovation that leads their husbands to play a larger role in helping them (running a biogas plant for the house), or may resent an intrusion into their affairs (building a mud stove).
+SOCIETAL CONFLICTS
+It may be difficult to identify clear-cut benefits to society from the introduction of renewable energy technologies; the social costs, even though not clearly defined, may appear to be heavy.
+Neither the costs nor benefits are evenly divided among social groups; urban groups frequently are favored in their access to goods and services, and perhaps subsidized at the expense of their rural counterparts. City dwellers tend to receive more political and commercial attention than their compatriots in the rural areas who are frequently regarded as conservative and difficult to organize, motivate, or assist.
+The cost of fuel in the cities, where it is almost always distributed commercially, has been rising, and city dwellers have been responding by switching to cheaper fuels hitherto found only in the country, such as firewood and charcoal. This, in turn, has driven up the price of wood and charcoal in rural areas and made them more scarce. Indirectly, greater charcoal use has led to deforestation, erosion, and the drought-flood cycles that affect increasingly large areas, with serious consequences for agriculture and rural life in general. Rural people are forced to flee the land and move to the cities, thereby increasing the urban demand for energy. Meeting immediate urban energy needs by increasing electrical capacity, importing coal or oil, or planting pert-urban fuelwood lots may offer better short-term returns, politically and economically, than equivalent investment in the rural areas.
+National political goals are often at odds with local interests. National defense and industrialization priorities frequently divert government resources from rural development. Conversely, where a clear perception of the importance of self-sufficiency in fuel and decentralization of industry does exist, it may lead to local advantage at the expense of the cities.
+The interest in alcohol fuels in many countries has led to recognition of the "food versus fuel" dilemma, in which scarce food grain resources may be diverted to produce fuel alcohol or good agricultural land is given over to sugarcane or other fuel feedstock. Yet rural development depends, ultimately, on providing energy for agriculture and for increasing the flow of goods and services that will stem the urban drift of rural populations (National Academy of Sciences, 1981). The challenge is to find ways to turn energy needs into opportunities for rural areas that can increase the market value of their products, their self-aufficiency, and the stability of their production system.
+Development objectives may influence the context for diffusion of renewable energy technologies directly, through such policies as reducing oil imports or encouraging rural electrification in support of increased agricultural production. Other development goals may influence the climate for diffusion of these technologies in subtler ways.
+REFERENCES
+Beltran, L.R. 1976. Alien premises, objects and methods in Latin American communication research. Communication Research 3:15-42.
+Bordenave, J.D. 1976. Communication of agricultural innovations in Latin America: the need for new models.Communication Research 3:43-62.
+Chen, P. 1976. Population and Health Policy in the People's Republic of China. Occasional Monograph 9, Interdisciplinary Communication Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Downs, G.W., Jr., and Mohr, L.B. 1976. Conceptual issues in the study of inovation.
+Administrative Science Quarterly 21:700-714.
+Esman, M.J. 1974. Popular participation and feedback systems in rural development. In: Communication Strategies for Rural Development, edited by R.H. Crawford and W.B. Ward. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
+Mao Tse-tung. 1954. _elected Works. International Publishers, New York, New York, USA.
+National Academy of Sciences. 1981. Staff Report: Energy and Agriculture. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Oksenberg, M. 1974. Chinese policy process and the public health issue: an arena problem. Studies in Comparative Communism 7:375-399.
+Perkins, D., et al. 1977. Rural Small-Scale Industry in the People's Republic of China. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
+Roeling, N.G., et al. 1976. The diffusion of innovations and the issue of equity in rural development. Communication Research 3:63-78.
+Rogers, E.M. 1976. The passing of the dominant paradigm: reflection on diffusion research. In: Communication and Change: The Last Ten Years and the Next, edited by W. Schramm and D. Lerner. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
+Rogers, E.M. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press, New York, New York, USA.
+Rogers, E.M., et al. 1977. Extending the Agricultural Extension Model. Institute for Communication Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
+Schön, D. 1971. Beyond the Stable State. Temple Smith, London, England.
+Steidlemayer, P.K. 1975. The Da Zhai Model in Chinese Agriculture, 1964-1974. Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
+Taylor, R.P. 1981. Decentralized Renewable Energy in the People's Republic of China. Science and Technology Unit, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Warner, K. 1974. The need for some innovative concepts of innovation. Policy Sciences 5:443-451.
+Zaltman, G., et al. 1973. Innovations and Organizations. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
+<section>2 ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT</section>
+Effective diffusion of biomass energy technologies is vital to achieving economic growth and providing sustained food production in developing countries. The energy crises in many developing nations is twofold, encompassing both the need to reduce oil imports for the urban and industrial sectors and to sustain--or enhance--agricultural production and the rural economy. The crisis threatens the traditional subsistence technologies and jeopardizes the fledgling industrial capacity. It is, however, a complex ecological, developmental, and international phenomenon of which oil prices and supply are only one facet. In some countries it has had abrupt and devastating consequences, while in others its effects are long-range and more subtle.
+The problem of energy places the provision of food and other basic needs at risk not only because of insufficient fertilizer or mechanization, but also because of environmental degradation and deforestation caused by expanding agricultural lands and the unrelenting harvest of firewood. Possibilities of growth through economic diversification are blocked, and the natural resource base is imperiled almost everywhere.
+In the traditional sector of most developing countries, the diminishing supply of firewood is the most immediate cause of this growing shortage of energy. The process has become tragically circular. Briscoe's figures on the Bangladeshi village of Ulipur are illustrative, "In the last century," he writes, "the numbers of inhabitants have increased by 350 percent, while production of food grains and fuel resources has remained essentially the same. Since cooking technology is unaltered, fuel requirements have risen with the size of the population" (Briscoe, 1979). As population growth in Ulipur, and nearly everywhere else in developing countries, outdistances increases in the productivity of traditional technologies, food can be grown in greater quantity only by shortening periods of fallow or by clearing forested land. Removal of this vegetational cover further degrades the land--by the drought-flood-erosion cycle in the drier regions and through leaching of topsoil
+nutrients, flooding, and siltation in more humid tropical areas. As forest and bush are cleared for farming or depleted by overgrazing, the fuelwood search extends ever further, endangering the already marginal livelihood of the rural majority.
+In the urban sector the energy problem is different, but equally critical in its impact. Increasing amounts of scarce foreign exchange must be allocated to importing petroleum fuels to keep the industrial base in operation and to meet the growing domestic energy needs--for cooking, heating, lighting, and transport--of an expanding population.
+For urban and rural poor alike, economic growth is blocked by the energy crisis. The potential of social unrest is increased, and for many, survival itself is threatened.
+Most developing countries have few fossil fuel resources, and for most the prospects of discovering any are limited. An alternative often advocated, but not seriously heeded, is reorganization of the world system of energy resource distribution in which a greater share of petroleum fuel resources would be reallocated, or at least sold more cheaply, to needy nations, out of some so-far-undiscernible sense of global fraternity. Such a radical transformation in the international system of conventional fuels distribution (or any other resource) seems unlikely.
+There is, however, an alternative that warrants serious attention. It is to develop technologies for generating and using biomass-based sources of renewable energy. Reliance on these energy sources is, of course, as old as fire. What is new is the way such energy is generated and harnessed to meet human needs. Properly designed, successfully diffused--adopted, adapted, and spread--biomass-based energy technologies have the potential for reducing dependency on fossil fuels; for more efficient, economically and environmentally less costly means of cooking and heating; for providing urban dwellers with cheaper energy sources; for powering the small-scale industries essential for reducing urban unemployment; and for renewing the sources of biomass on which all these technologies depend.
+Biomass energy technologies use resources that, although not evenly distributed, are available in most countries. Most are also nonpolluting. Relatively little foreign exchange is needed to acquire them; generally they can be replenished without major reliance on either external financial or material support. Melchor sees in the promotion of biomass-based energy technologies the potential for reducing income disparities that are a major source of tension in many developing countries. "The most important promise of this newfound use of biomass resource is that its very ubiquity favors social, political, and economic patterns that will encourage self-sustaining systems that carry the potential for promoting equity and the reordering of the rural-urban balance" (Melchor, 1981).
+Such technologies will not only respond to developing countries' short-term energy requirements, but by fostering biomass production will also slow the devastating rate of deforestation and soil erosion that threatens long-term economic growth. Credits that now go for importing costly conventional fuels can be redirected to investing in development and restoring the ecological balance.
+But few of the biomass energy technologies have been diffused on any scale among the developing country populations most in need. This is due not so much to the limitations of the technologies themselves as to a failure to adapt them to the variety of economic and sociocultural settings into which they must be introduced.
+REFERENCES
+Briscoe, J. 1979. The Political Economy of Energy Use in Rural Bangladesh. Environmental Systems Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
+Melchor, A., Jr. 1981. Options Immediately Available to the Region's Developing Countries to Lessen Their: Dependence on Imported Hydrocarbon Fuels. United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan.
+<section>3 NEEDS OF THE POOR</section>
+The immediate beneficiaries of biomass energy technologies should be the poor, both rural and urban, in developing countries. Their energy needs give this study its focus, not because biomass-based technologies can entirely resolve their nations' difficulties with escalating petroleum prices, but because of the immediacy of their energy needs. Their overwhelming reliance on biomass for fuel--principally on firewood, crop residues, and dung--gives the diffusion of improved biomass-based technologies critical implications for alleviation of their energy problems.
+Most rural people rely principally on human and animal muscle power in their work as subsistence farmers, herdsmen, fishermen, cash cropping smallholders, and plantation laborers. Clearing and plowing the land; planting, cultivating, and harvesting; and threshing, pounding, grinding, and storing are all done largely by hand, with some help from draft animals and a few simple tools. Most crops are transported from field to household and to the local market on foot or animals. Firewood, used mainly for cooking, is the principal fuel.
+As food consumption outstrips the productive capacity of such traditional, low-energy farming systems, lands are lost through overcultivation, overgrazing, erosion, and soil exhaustion. Clearing forests for cultivation and to meet the growing urban and industrial demand for fuelwood can destabilize the natural resource base and lead to diminished agricultural productivity, intensified fuelwood shortages, and an increased need to purchase food and fuel. Consequently, a growing portion of the already reduced productive capacity of the rural poor is redirected to market sale. In many areas a single cash crop-coffee or sugarcane, sisal, tobacco, or pyrethrum--monopolizes the best remaining land and the preponderance of the labor force. When the rural population's requirements for food and fuel must be met by cash purchase, the money that farmers earn through sale of their property, produce, or labor often is inadequate. As their farmlands are degraded through overworking and
+erosion, or are lost altogether to meet the need for cash, their economic position progressively worsens. As herdsmen raise more livestock for market, their herds overgraze available pasturelands and they, too, grow steadily poorer.
+Those who do not remain in rural areas to cultivate their overworked farmland, or who do not migrate elsewhere in the countryside in search of farm work or forested lands to clear, move in growing numbers to the towns and cities, usually to begin a frustrating search for alternative means of making a living. In the towns there generally is little industry to absorb this unskilled influx of job seekers. Urban unemployment and underemployment are rising. Even those who find work are frequently unable to earn enough for their material needs or for social services like education and health care. Morehouse and Sigurdson's (1977) pessimistic projection on employment in India typifies the situation in many developing countries. From 1961 to 1971 the number of landless agricultural workers in India, for whom these conditions are particularly acute, increased to 90 percent.
+To maintain the urban poor and to contain political unrest, the governments of many developing countries, with support from assistance agencies, endeavor to hold down prices for farm commodities and fuel. This further discourages rural producers, who then join the flight to the towns, making the problems of food and fuel supply still worse.
+Those whose growing energy needs might better be met through biomass energy technologies also include the small-scale entrepreneurs --food processors, artisans, manufacturers of household goods, machine parts, and export commodities--who often share some aspects of the marginality of life among the urban and rural poor. Their needs are similar, and their role is critical, for generally they have more capital. Less constrained, they are often the innovators. And it is their sector of the economy that frequently allows for that expansion and diversification of production essential to reducing unemployment and achieving economic growth. For those in the monetarized sector of the economy, the diffusion process is less complex, since it is primarily controlled by economic factors; for those in the subsistence sector, it is more complex, since it is dependent on nonmonetary social and cultural factors.
+STABILITY AND IMBALANCE
+Most rural people make their living by labor-intensive farming. In times of stress, gathering wild plants, fruits, leaves, nuts, berries, and roots, and hunting animals are important ancillary activities. Plants are also often a source of materials for artisans and builders or for herders' shelters; for instance, palm leaves for thatching roofs, banana fibers for making rope or twine, exudate chicle for chewing gum, copals and dammars for varnish, bark for cloth and canoes, seeds for food or oil, and roots or bark for pharmaceutical needs. In India, literally millions of people are employed for part of the year in forest gathering. When cover is cleared for new farmland or for fuelwood, the supplies are endangered.
+In Bihar in central India, hundreds of arrests and many deaths have resulted from a "tree war." The controversy began in 1977 when the Bihar Forest Development Corporation started to replace the natural sal forests with teak. The peoples of Bihar use the sal for construction, eat its fruits, and sell the seed oil for industrial uses. The sal tree is also used in religious ceremonies. Teak has value only as commercial timber. In late 1980, a gathering to protest further encroachment was fired on and thirteen men were killed. An uneasy truce exists, in which teak planting has been halted for the time being.
+In some areas, especially in Africa and the Middle East, subsistence cultivators live in a sometimes contentious but symbiotic relationship with neighboring herdsmen. As herds are increased in response to market incentives, the pressure on available pastureland grows. Competition with farmers over migration routes and access to pastureland increases at the same time that bonds of reciprocity, often based on the exchange of food grains for pasturage rights and dairy products, break down. As livestock trample or graze off available vegetation, farmlands continue to spread, and land is set aside for game parks, herders are forced to constrict or redirect their traditional and ecologically balanced nomadic patterns; the vegetational cover is further diminished; the fuelwood shortage is intensified; and the process of ecological devastation speeded (National Academy of Sciences, 1981).
+Fishermen frequently share a parallel problem as the encroachment of farmlands diminishes the forest cover on which they rely for cooking and heating fuel, boat building materials, and food. Mangrove swamps, essential for fish breeding and shore protection, are harvested for charcoal.
+The food-producing and food-gathering techniques of rural people in most developing countries and their access to markets have kept their populations at subsistence level. Food surpluses are characteristically small or may be bought by state purchasing agencies at low prices to support urban demand. The population is engaged much of the time in the quest for food. Except where intensive irrigated agriculture or commercial crop plantations are possible, opportunities to acquire wealth are limited. Generally, there has been neither the surplus wealth nor the time for such traditional societies to develop the institutional complexity often equated with modernity and progress.
+Yet there is evidence that traditional patterns of subsistence, before they were thrown off balance during the colonial and postcolonial periods, were more in harmony with the natural resource base than are the modernizing societies that have succeeded them. Farmlands were left fallow longer, to regenerate naturally. In areas of permanent agriculture, trees were an integral part of home gardens or compound farms. Herdsmen's patterns of migration were more wide ranging and less ecologically destructive. Fishermen frequently lived in a more stable relationship with neighboring farmers with whom they traded. The situation among the rural poor is one in which an equilibrium based on centuries-old, delicately calibrated patterns of land use has been badly disrupted. The firewood shortage in rural areas and the high cost of conventional fuels in urban centers is symptomatic of a population growing dangerously out of balance with its environment.
+By promoting increased biomass production and greater reliance on more efficient biomass-based energy technologies at all levels, this ecological disequilibrium could be brought under control or reversed. With half the world's population dependent on biomass fuels, the need for this is urgent.
+TECHNOLOGY IN CONTEXT
+Successful diffusion of biomass energy technologies in developing countries depends upon understanding how the poor are accustomed to organizing their productive activities, regulating their social relationships, keeping order, and maintaining the normative beliefs that are essential to social stability everywhere. It is into this sociocultural context that new biomass energy technologies must be introduced. If they do not fit, they will not be diffused, regardless of their technological promise.
+Many of the rural poor meet most of their needs, including their need for fuel, outside the money economy. Often patterns of exchange operate within the context of the kin group, through associations, or through other community structures to allocate rights to land and tools, to organize work, and to structure the distribution of the products of work.
+However, money and markets are becoming more important. Cash is required to meet a growing number of subsistence needs, including fuel. For people accustomed to having most of their material wants satisfied through cooperative work with their kinsmen and neighbors, who do not customarily trade their labor for cash and who would never think of selling their lands, this new requirement for money is frequently hard to meet. For unskilled migrants from rural areas where fuelwood is still free, the need to purchase fuel for cooking and heating is often an unexpectedly harsh requirement. Nevertheless, the commercialization of energy eases the diffusion of technology to solve supply problems.
+Many productive relationships among rural people in developing countries are still structured by kinship. The introduction of innovations designed to utilize biomass energy more effectively must take this into account. Rights and obligations derived from position in the family remain a major organizing principle in the life of the individual and community. Ties of kinship based on marriage or descent are often crosscut by associational links--membership in age grades, voluntary associations, and mutual aid societies--which lend added strength to the fabric of traditional society and determine the organization of most economic activities. Among the poor in urbanizing areas, such associational ties often serve as a valued alternative to familial relationships that are hard to sustain in an urban setting.
+Still other factors affect the structure of the economic order. Age and gender play a major part in determining both the division of labor and the right to make economic decisions. In stratified social systems, class or caste position usually determines the worker's prerogative to control the products of his work and his place in the overall system by which economic rights are determined and benefits distributed.
+The political organization generally derives its structure from the kinship-based social system that must be understood if community decision makers are to be effectively mobilized. This is particularly characteristic of Africa and Asia, though rural communities are increasingly being absorbed into national bureaucratic structures. Typically, village elders and other community leaders are selected from among the eldest responsible male members of the community's leading families. The poor in most countries play only a peripheral role in politics and are frequently excluded almost entirely from participating in those decisions--including decisions on technology and on the definition of their own economic best interest--that most affect the work they do and how it is rewarded.
+The system of relationships that characterizes this sociocultural setting is invariably sanctioned by the prevailing system of beliefs and practices that defines right and wrong, states social norms, and generally justifies the existing order, usually on the basis of religion. Natural events often are perceived as the manifestation of religious or magical forces, sometimes leading to a fatalism that may lessen enthusiasm for innovations that promise to correct problems seen as beyond human control. This belief in supernaturally based systems of cause and effect can critically influence the outcome of energy interventions that fail to take these perspectives into account.
+In most developing nations, these traditional societal structures are overlaid by new governmental institutions, which vary in the particulars of their form but are almost universally marked by weakness and instability. Generally these institutions lack both the sustained financial and human resources, especially the managerial and technical labor power, necessary to plan and maintain complex, capital-intensive, long-term development programs. Too much time and effort is necessarily absorbed in simply keeping up with current operations and forestalling economic and political collapse. Inefficiency and corruption lead to lack of inputs and marketing failures. Reliance on external economic support is almost invariable.
+National administrations are generally dominated by males drawn largely from the elite. Politically, their powers are often democratic in principle, but authoritarian in practice. Outside major population centers, they frequently lack the personnel and material support necessary to maintain even routine administrative control. Their capacity to supervise and support development projects is generally even more limited. Because of this institutional weakness, assessment of national resources, including critical energy resources, is often very difficult. The situation is paradoxical. For, as Dickinson candidly puts it, "Developing countries, even though they are poorer than we [the developed countries] and cannot support our institutions, want to obtain for themselves the apparent result of our institutions" (Dickinson, 1977),
+Sensitivity to efforts to export "appropriate" (perceived as second-rate) technologies can be keen. It is important to ensure a more accurate view of the problem. For, as Singer writes, "critics of the concept (of appropriate technology) sometimes argue that it in effect establishes two different standards and will therefore create and perpetuate a technological gap. This is a misconception. The gap exists in the fact that some countries are poor while other countries are rich. The task is to reduce or eliminate this gap--the economic gap. Different technologies will serve to reduce the economic gap and hence, ultimately, to eliminate the need for different technologies. . . . If we misdefine the problem by declaring that the gap is a technological gap and then try (disregarding the economic gap) to apply exactly the same technology to the two groups of countries, the real economic gap will widen further instead of narrowing" (Singer, 1977).
+THE ISSUE OF EQUITY
+The rural and urban poor in developing countries do not have equal access to their societies' available fuel resources. However, in rural areas where society is less stratified and the majority of people are engaged in subsistence farming, inequality of access to cooking fuels is less marked. Where fuelwood is abundant, most members of a rural community have more or less equal access to it. Most fuelwood is gathered in the course of other activities, going to and from the fields, to the well, to gather wild foods, or returning from market. However, where severe shortages occur, members of a family may have to travel long distances to gather wood, to the exclusion of their other activities. Each household collects wood for its own needs. Gathering fuelwood for sale is a relatively new activity, except on the outskirts of urban areas. The value of fuel is often not calculated in monetary terms. Disparities in distribution may go unperceived.
+New fuelwood projects imply changes in land use and, often, controlled access. Plantations to supply urban fuel can compete with supplies from the landless poor and jeopardize their livelihood.
+The degree of communal equity should not be overstated. Among many farming peoples, some herdsmen and fishermen, and especially among craft specialists, there may be considerable social stratification, even in small communities. For example, in India and Sri Lanka, and, to a lesser extent, in Indonesia, both personal position and family status in a caste-ranked system are important determinants of access to productive goods, including land and tools; the right to engage in certain economic activities; and the prerogative to share in the benefits of many economic endeavors.
+In nearly all developing countries, even in those that are otherwise not highly stratified, women generally are assigned tasks by their male kinsmen or are otherwise constrained in their activities. Often they have no control over either their own labor or its product. The same is frequently true for members of socially inferior classes, castes, and ethnic groups. The result is that those who will be most affected by an energy innovation--a Guatemalan wife "given" an improved wood-burning stove by her husband, for example, or an Indian "untouchable" charged with collecting dung for a biodigester--may be excluded from the decision to undertake such innovations. This exclusion may be reflected in the way the individuals accept the changes these innovations require.
+In the urban sector as well, the poor do not have equal access to economic benefits. Consequently, special measures may sometimes be necessary to ensure that the poor are given the opportunity to participate in planning and implementing biomass energy technologies intended for their benefit--technologies that can only succeed if their resistance is overcome.
+In some countries whole sectors of the population, members of differing ethnic or tribal groups, may be excluded from participating equally in development programs of political regimes that are either indifferent or hostile to their interests. Regions such as the Senegal River Valley in Mauritania, West Irian, the Brazilian Northeast, and the territories of tribal or "national" minorities in India and China may fit this category. Such populations are often among the poorest in their nation, and their energy needs are frequently most severe and least likely to be met.
+It is to be expected that biomass-based energy interventions, like other technological innovations, will prove to be neither egalitarian in their impact nor socially neutral. Writing on the relationship of India's modernization efforts to poverty alleviation, Jequier observes that "technology in general, and large scale modern technology in particular . . . tends to accentuate the social and economic differences between the small minority which can profit--or benefit--from it as consumers or producers and the vast majority of the population living at subsistence levels in the rural areas" (Jequier, 1976). Equity does not proceed automatically from either technological or economic growth or development. Rather, it appears to be the product of particular sets of institutional arrangements.
+THE NEED FOR BIOMASS ENERGY
+The need for cooking fuel is critical. Means for meeting this need include agroforestry or firewood plantations, improved wood-burning stoves, more energy-efficient techniques of food preparation, and more efficient charcoal production and use. In some circumstances, biogas and alcohol fuel production may also be used to meet rural fuel needs.
+Where the potential exists for increasing food production through more extensive use of mechanized farm implements and irrigation, energy is also needed for pumping water; for food processing--milling, grinding, and winnowing; and for transport.
+Herdsmen and fishermen also often face fuel shortages. In arid regions the watering of herds would be easier if mechanical rather than human energy were available to power the pumps (though overgrazing around wellheads is a potential consequence unless watering is carefully managed). Fishermen could increase their catch if a less expensive source of fuel were available for motor-driven boats.
+For all those in rural areas, a less expensive source of energy is needed for domestic lighting. Energy to ensure a potable water supply is a serious limitation nearly everywhere.
+The energy requirements of the urban poor are similar; fuel for cooking, bathing, and heating, for cooling and refrigeration, for lighting, and for small-scale industrial enterprises must all be acquired through cash purchase, often with meager cash reserves. For small entrepreneurs, energy is needed for the industrialization necessary to diversify the economy, increase productivity, and create employment. For governments of developing nations the spiraling cost of conventional energy is felt most acutely, because it affects industry, the essential transport and communication systems, and such government-sponsored services as health care and education.
+REFERENCES
+Dickinson, H. 1977. Transfer of knowledge and adoption of technologies. In: Introduction to Appropriate Technology, edited by R.J. Congdon. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA.
+Jequier, M., ed. 1976. Appropriate Technology: Problems and Promises. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.
+Morehouse, W., and Sigurdson, J. 1977. Science, technology and poverty: issues underlying the 1979 UN Conference on Science and Technology for Development. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 33(10):21-28.
+National Academy of Sciences. 1981. Staff Report: Environmental Degradation in Mauritania. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Singer, R. 1977. Technologies for Basic Needs. International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
+<section>4 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</section>
+Biogas, alcohol, and thermal gasification technologies can provide the energy to farmers for machinery used in producing and processing agricultural commodities; to local entrepreneurs for energy to power small-scale industries; and to households and local communities for cooking, heating, and lighting.
+These technologies are dependent on the production and efficient use of biomass. In view of the importance of increasing the availability and ensuring the renewal of sources of biomass for energy purposes, biomass generation is treated in this report as a separate technology with distinctive diffusion characteristics.
+Other renewable energy technologies have been excluded from consideration here because of the greater relevance of biomass energy technology to increasing agricultural productivity and the more immediate dependence of the poor in the developing world on biomass as an energy source. It is assumed that whatever is learned about the diffusion of biomass-based renewable energy technologies may also be applicable to dissemination of other renewable energy technologies.
+BIOMASS GENERATION
+Biomass, which is organic material usually of plant origin, is generated as a feedstock for transformation into usable energy, either deliberately and wholly for energy purposes or as a by-product of forestry or agricultural production. It includes the following types of material:
+Fuelwood -- Wood grown wholly or mainly for energy purposes, in plantations or as a component of agroforestry or social forestry systems. Firewood is any wood used in cooking or heating fires; fuelwood is wood transformed into other types of fuel, such as methanol or charcoal.
+Residues or by-products -- The material remaining after the removal of the forest or agricultural product (the timber or crop). Sawdust, logging residues, crop stalks, and milling husks are included in this category, as well as animal wastes.
+Crops -- Biomass grown specifically or partially for energy purposes; sugarcane, cassava, beets, sweet potatoes, and other starchy crops that can be converted into glucose for fermentation to alcohol; soybeans, sunflowers, oil palm, etc., that can provide vegetable oil substitutes for diesel fuel.
+Agroforestry, Social Forestry, and Fuelwood Lots
+Agroforestry provides a diversified output of forest and agricultural products by combining agricultural crops with trees and livestock on the same unit of land. It is designed to achieve more efficient use of sunlight, moisture, and nutrients than is possible through monoculture and to maintain or improve soil quality.
+Trees are often intensively cultivated in homestead areas and may be grown elsewhere on agricultural land as windbreaks, boundary markers, for erosion control, or to provide shade or green mulch. Trees may also be grown as cash crops.
+Social or village forestry involves tree planting on marginal lands or areas bordering agricultural plots, roadways, homes, or canals. Fuelwood lots are usually established on larger protected plots set aside for this use by communities or governments, and employ forestry rather than agricultural techniques.
+While agroforestry is an ancient practice, it is not yet a science. Research is still needed to determine which trees can be most successfully grown with which crops, which fast-growing trees are best combined with slower-growing species, which varieties can best withstand particular climatic conditions, and which can best meet the needs of local populations. Because of the multiplicity of technical and social variables entailed in agroforestry, it is, perhaps, the most complex of the biomass-based technologies under consideration. But with its immediate relevance to the issue of biomass generation, improved quality of life, and conservation, it is also the most critical and the most promising.
+BIOMASS CONVERSION
+Biomass is converted to useful energy through cooking stoves, charcoal kilns, gasifiers, and biogas and alcohol units.
+Cooking Stoves
+In many developing countries, the greatest proportion of national energy is consumed in the form of firewood or charcoal for cooking (and to a lesser extent, heating and lighting) purposes. The efficiency with which firewood and charcoal is traditionally burned is very low-perhaps 5-10 percent of the potential energy is actually transferred to the material being heated, Consequently, much effort has been directed to designing and diffusing stoves of higher efficiency, thereby reducing the amount of fuel required.
+The three factors that most affect fuel use are moisture content, completeness of the combustion, and the efficiency of heat transfer. Air-dried wood yields approximately twice as much heat (on a weight basis) as freshly cut wood. Incomplete combustion, poor heat transfer, and heat wasted during heating and cooling are the principal causes of the energy inefficiency associated with open fires and the simple stoves used by the poor in most developing countries. Among some of these peoples, the smoke from open fires is recognized as an eye irritant and as the cause of respiratory ailments. Among others it is appreciated as a means of driving away insects. Among nearly all families dependent on fuelwood, time spent in the increasingly long search for fuelwood is a growing burden, especially for women and children.
+Improved woodstove design requires a way to provide more efficient heat transfer to the cooking pots by enclosing the fire and regulating the air flow, Estimates of efficiency and potential energy savings are impressive, but usually unsubstantiated in the field.
+De Lepeleire et al. (1981) have issued a compendium of stove designs. Over 100 models are described--many traditional and some experimental. From simple, shielded variations of three-stone fires to complex multicavity, multicontrol, monolithic units, these stoves represent a broad spectrum of candidates for improving fuel efficiency. However, the problem is to make new stoves acceptable by adapting them to meet the widely varying circumstances and cultural expectations of diverse populations. For as Ashworth and Neuendorffer have observed: "Cooking is one of the most culture-bound human activities. Food preparation, serving time and place, food flavor, and cooking participants often are established by long tradition and, therefore, are resistant to change. Social and religious customs may dictate all of the characteristics of the energy demand and may eliminate certain technology options even if energy output is . . . good. . . " (Ashworth and Neuendorffer, 1980).
+Yet it is equally true that all over the world cooks have quickly and happily adopted gas, electric, or kerosene stoves, even at considerable expense. Historically, there are many examples of significant changes in diet taking place over short periods--most of the food produced in modern Africa is from nonindigenous crops or animals, and the taste for wheat-flour bread is ubiquitous. This underscores that the difficulty in diffusing "improved" stoves may be due to the lack of perceived improvement, either in convenience or efficiency.
+CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
+Because it has a higher heat content and burns with a hotter flame, charcoal is more energy-efficient than fuelwood (though much of the energy content of the wood is lost in the conversion process). It emits more uniform heat and relatively little smoke, weighs less, is more readily transported, and is easier to store. For these reasons it is preferred to fuelwood by most urban dwellers. Its production and sale can be a valuable source of income.
+Charcoal is also capable of meeting needs that cannot be met with fuelwood, such as use as a reductant in the iron and steel industry. And certain types of charcoal products (briquettes, for example) enable the use of shavings, sawdust, and other residues from forest products. Organized charcoal production also allows the use of larger residues (such as branches) from the logging phase of forest industry.
+Charcoal is produced from wood by pyrolysis (heating wood at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen). Because at best only about one-third of the pyrolyzed wood is obtained as charcoal, the technology is most efficient when the by-product gases and liquids can be collected and used.
+In most developing countries, however, wood is converted by the simple covered pile or pit methods, used only to produce charcoal. The process is simple but inefficient. Organic liquids and volatile gases, potentially serviceable as a fuel for combustion engines, are lost. Metal or brick kilns are more efficient, but also more time consuming and costly to build. The still more complicated charcoal retorts needed to collect and recycle gaseous by-products most efficiently are beyond the financial reach of most small producers (Table 4.1).
+Charcoal production is attractive when it can be marketed in areas of firewood shortage, where fossil fuel prices are rising, where it is technologically feasible to recover and use by-products, or where transport costs and storage of more bulky firewood make charcoal more economical than wood both as a domestic fuel and as an energy source in small-scale manufacturing.
+Gasification
+When a stream of air passes through a bed of red-hot burning wood or charcoal, the oxygen in the air reacts with the carbon in the fire to form carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. If conditions are adjusted suitably, the proportion of carbon monoxide can be made sufficiently high that the gas can be used as a fuel source in internal combustion engines or directly as a heat source. Gasification can be applied to many uses: the "gasifier" can be used to power stationary engines for irrigation or electricity generation, or can be made compact and portable to operate a car, truck, or boat engine. The technology can fill an important need in supplying fuel for motorized equipment where supplies of petroleum fuel are unavailable or too expensive.*
+TABLE 4.1 Characteristics of Charcoal-Making Device
+Type
+Production
+Capital
+Useful
+Wood Consumption
+(tons per year)
+Investment ($US, 1976)
+Life (per ton of (years) charcoal)
+Earth pile
+various
+none
+one firing
+Pit kiln
+various
+small
+1-2 years
+Portable metal
+3 years
+kiln
+Brick kiln
+(Brazil type)
+5 years
+Continuous retort
+30 years
+Source: Hall, Barnard, and Moss, 1981.
+Biogas Generation
+The production of biogas (principally methane and carbon dioxide) through anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes--crop residues and other plant material and animal and human wastes--provides a means of converting wastes into a useful fuel, while largely retaining their fertilizer value.
+The least complex biogas digesters are simple enclosed pits or containers partially filled with water and organic materials. The gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of the organic matter is collected and fed through a tube or pipe to the stove. The digested sludge is periodically withdrawn for use in fields or fish ponds. Larger-scale units that allow for heating, stirring, and continuous addition of organic matter are more complex, considerably more expensive, and require a steady supply of biomass for economic operation.
+In addition to producing fuel, biogas generation treats human, animal, and other organic wastes so as to reduce their danger to health. Partially sterilized during fermentation, the residual sludge from the biogas digester contains fewer human and animal pathogens. Plant pathogens in crop residues are less likely to be transmitted to the next year's crop when the digested sludge, having lost little of the nutrient value of the original waste material, is spread on the fields as fertilizer. Through biogas technology, then, a useful fuel is produced, local sanitation is improved, and the soil nutrients are retained.
+Biogas technologies have been most widely diffused in Asia, especially in India and China, but also in Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand. They appear to be most readily accepted where fuelwood is in short supply, where there is an abundance of suitable biomass and water not required for other uses, and where there is a tradition of handling and recycling manures as fertilizer. They may also be viewed primarily as a means of nutrient recycling or waste disposal, rather than primarily as sources of fuel. Principal problems with biogas generation technologies derive from their relative structural complexity and cost, consequent difficulties with financing and management, and the specific conditions of substrate C:N ratio, temperature, and pH that they require for maximum gas output.
+They are most successfully employed in large-scale integrated waste-recycling systems, and their adoption at the individual household and community level in most parts of the world has been negligible.
+Maya Farms in the Philippines is an example of a successful integrated agroindustrial operation. This 24-hectare complex maintains 15,000 pigs, marketing nearly twice that many annually. Every day, 7.5 tons of manure is converted to 400 cubic meters of biogas. The gas is used on the farm for powering deep-well pumps, slurry pumps, a feed mill, and refrigeration units of a packing plant. At night, surplus gas is used to generate electricity.
+The liquid effluent from biogas production is used in fish ponds to provide nutrients for tilapia. Digester sludge is used as an ingredient in the pig feed, reducing feeding costs and supplying microbial protein and other nutrients to the diet.*
+Alcohol Production
+Alcohol fuel can be produced from a variety of biomass forms abundant in developing countries. Sugarcane, sweet sorghum, and numerous cereals and starches, including cassava, can all be used in the microbial fermentation process that produces ethanol. Ethanol is a suitable fuel for lighting and cooking, and it can be used alone to power vehicles or mixed with gasoline as an octane booster. The stillage wastes that are a by-product of alcohol production can be used for animal feed or fertilizer. However, the more common practice of dumping stillage into rivers creates severe pollution problems.
+The promise of alcohol fuel production as a renewable energy technology for developing countries lies in the fact that the biomass resources it requires are so widespread. But research is still needed to further reduce the cost of the relatively sophisticated processes required for converting such materials into usable sources of energy on a scale equivalent to petroleum fuels. Most alcohol fuel programs have focused neither on the role of small farmers as producers nor on meeting the energy needs of the rural poor. To date, alcohol fuel diffusion has been very limited. Indeed, only in Brazil is fuel alcohol an appreciable source of energy. However, many countries are now undertaking pilot projects to produce ethanol as a substitute for gasoline, and a few are examining wood gasification as a route to methanol. Methanol production is inherently a large-scale, expensive technology, which is unlikely to supply fuel to the rural or urban poor. Ethanol, on the other hand, is
+produced almost everywhere as potable spirits and may offer an attractive and economical source of fuel for some developing countries where land is available to grow the substrates, or where ethanol may be the only alternative fuel to keep equipment running in remote areas, or where petroleum fuels are prohibitively expensive.*
+But this potential remains to be realized.
+REFERENCES
+Ashworth, J.H., and Neuendorffer, J.W. 1980. Matching Renewable Energy Systems to Village-Level Energy Needs. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, USA.
+De Lepeleire, G., Prasad, K.K., Verhaart, P., and Visser, P. 1981. A Woodstove Compendium. Prepared for the Technical Panel on Fuel Wood and Charcoal of the U.N. Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. Wood Burning Stove Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
+Hall, D.O., Barnard G.W., and Moss, P.A. 1981. Biomass for Energy in Developing Countries. Pergamon Press, New York, New York, USA.
+<section>5 TECHNICAL FACTORS</section>
+In addition to purely technical viability, we are concerned here with acceptability by the poverty sector of most developing countries. Of interest are those energy innovations that can arrest environmental deterioration and increase productive capacity and those that may decrease the arduousness of hand labor and increase household and community amenities.
+The sociocultural aspects of technology diffusion in the poverty sector are of particular importance where the adopters of the technology lie wholly, or mainly, outside the cash economy. Where the poor are included in the economy, diffusion of biomass energy technologies depends largely on the cost of fuel they can replace and the potential for profit the system offers to those diffusing the technology or using it to supply energy needs. However, most people, particularly in the rural areas of developing countries, lie outside the economy where energy and fuel is concerned. For them, adoption of biomass-based energy technologies is governed by a more complex mixture of factors-economic, to the extent that the technology places demands that conflict with disposable income or marketable goods and services, but also, preponderantly sociocultural, in the context of changing patterns of behavior and perceptions of need. The technologies can also bring the adopters into the cash
+economy, through producing fuel feedstocks or fuels for market, and they will then view the diffusion process differently.
+These cultural considerations are discussed below and in the following chapter.
+FACTORS THAT PROMOTE ACCEPTABILITY
+From an analysis of the literature and the results of a number of project-sponsored site visits, the following six factors appear to enhance chances for technical and economic acceptability of biomass-based renewable energy innovations in developing countries:
+1. Structural simplicity and scale
+2. Use of familiar materials
+3. Employment of familiar techniques
+4. Functional discreteness
+5. Integration with existing technology
+6. Ability to meet locally perceived technical and/or economic needs within a locally acceptable time
+This list has several characteristics important to its use as a framework for assessing the likely acceptance of innovation:
+· The characteristics relate particularly to innovation at the level of the poor individual or community.
+· The importance of the six basic factors varies according to situation or location, particularly with respect to knowledge or skill levels and in relation to current perceptions.
+· Interactions among the six factors, or their mix in a given setting, may be more significant than any one or all taken separately.
+· The factors are all dependent on the degree to which local control, or participation in the selection, of the technologies is organized.
+Structural Simplicity and Scale
+Simplicity facilitates the acquisition and maintenance of technologies and allows for readier diffusion among the poor. This quality also lessens the risk of dependence on external support for acquisition, operation, repair, and the replacement of parts, and minimizes the need for extensive capital investment. People living close to the economic margin are usually averse to any innovation that entails further risk to their already meager capital, to their often overestimated supply of available labor, or to their food supply.
+Appreciation of economies of scale, a factor attractive to the large investor, is rarely shared by the rural and urban poor. For them, the struggle for daily survival frequently precludes a view of their economic best interest. Rather, their experience of enterprises involving extensive, long-term investment is more likely to have taught them that whatever benefits are ultimately derived are generally contingent upon factors beyond their control.
+Similarly, the involvement of the poor in large-scale development schemes often has been characterized by exclusion from their participation in planning and implementation. As a result, they may lack understanding of the many economic factors that can affect the success or determine the failure of such ventures. What they do comprehend is their own relative powerlessness, that there are costs to them overlooked by outsiders, and that returns may not be commensurate with these costs. Such perceptions do not foster trust. Consequently, their response is not likely to be enthusiastic to biomass energy technologies that require what is perceived either as substantial long-term capital investment or a considerable reallocation of labor. Small-scale projects, however, are not generally attractive to planners and investors, for whom the costs of project administration are not proportional to the scale, and for whom larger projects are more manageable.
+For reforestation projects, this suggests that planting efforts scaled either to the size of the local community or individual families are more likely to be accepted. The same holds for charcoal production. The principle as it applies to improved wood-burning stoves is clearly valid, for they are, by definition, small-scale devices, and the simplicity of their design, if low in cost, will enhance their acceptability. As for the production of alcohol fuels and biogas, their greater technological complexity and cost may render them less amenable to rural acceptance and diffusion, at least among the very poor.
+For example, experience in India suggests that the complexity of even the simplest systems may impose severe cost constraints on the budgetary resources of developing countries. According to French, the 1979 installation cost of even small family-scale biogas plants in India was Rs3,000 or about $375. Providing 175 pounds of cow dung daily and an equal amount of water, plus the additional work involved in removing an average of 350 pounds of slurry from the tank each day, assuming no major mechanical breakdowns, would bring annual operating costs to about Rsl00, well beyond the means of the desperately poor. To run the plant requires use of dung from a minimum of three to four cows. Since fewer than 5 percent of India's cattle owners have this many animals, ensuring command of the necessary supply of dung could be a problem for all but the wealthiest families. If we assess the cost of this technology as it relates to the poverty of Indian village communities, in economic
+terms, "even the structurally simplest biogas units are distinguished chiefly by the efficiency with which they digest money" (French, 1979).
+Use of Familiar Materials
+Employing familiar materials wherever possible enhances technological acceptability by lessening the requirement for learning. There is economic advantage in using materials with predictable properties' and they are generally cheaper and more readily accessible. If some imported materials must be used, "control of them must be available to the local community" (deWilde, 1977).
+Use of local materials in constructing charcoal kilns and selecting wood for charcoal conversion will also increase acceptance and diffusion. If unfamiliar materials must be employed in the more complex manufacture of biogas digesters, this may lessen their chances of acceptability, and it is likely their introduction will require greater external financial support. On the other hand, customary materials may be used only because it is difficult or expensive to import materials such as plastic or aluminum.
+Employment of Familiar Techniques
+If the techniques for designing, manufacturing, and operating biomass-based energy technologies are familiar or are analogous to customary methods, the advantage is clear. Reliance on these methods minimizes the need for special training, the possible added cost of hiring outsiders, and the need for external supervision. Also, it reduces the uncomfortable sense of strangeness that is often a deterrent to acceptance of technological innovations.
+For example, reforestation efforts that follow, or only slightly modify, customary agricultural planting and maintenance techniques will decrease the loss of seed and seedlings. If familiar construction techniques can be used in making newly designed stoves, or if local bricks can be used for efficient charcoal kilns, the finished product is likely to be more workable, and thus acceptable.
+Functional Discreteness
+If a renewable energy technology can function independently, its chances of acceptance are enhanced by avoidance of the cost or problems of adapting ancillary technologies. Also, its introduction does not entail disruption of the existing production system. However, in many situations progress may entail change rather than accommodation to the status quo.
+For example, fuelwood lots probably do not meet this criterion of discrete function. While woodlots may appear to stand alone, almost invariably they entail reallocation of available land and labor, Improved systems of charcoal production similarly require a reallocation of productive goods, especially land, and are not more readily accepted. Stoves also fit this criterion better, especially when they simply replace an existing cooking and heating technology. Units to produce biogas and alcohol are structurally discrete, but their operation is complex and requires the reallocation of land and labor to produce the needed raw materials.
+Integration with Existing Technology
+The economic advantages of an innovation that fits readily into an existing technological management system are evident. This integration minimizes the capital and/or labor costs of adapting traditional production patterns to meet the requirements of the renewable energy innovation. Conversely, where a new technology is not integrated with the existing system, the new technology, its product, and its economic consequences all require some adjustment.
+For example, Ashworth and Neuendorffer cite the effect on food taste of altered forms of processing. High-speed biogas-powered food grinders produce a fine flour that tastes and bakes differently than coarse flour created by hand with a mortar and pestle. Mechanized grinding may have a profound impact on the allocation of work and free time within a community. Grinding and crushing by hand are laborintensive and are often performed by women (Ashworth and Neuendorffer, 1980). Mechanization may lead to the transfer of this work to men or to a professional miller, without the development of any substitute productive activity for women.
+A new technology that alters behavior in a way the people see as advantageous may also be more easily accepted. In Guatemala, for example, women's acceptance of the Lorena stove has been enhanced by the fact that it allows for a change in the pattern of food preparation. Shaller states that women prefer cooking, in a standing position, on an elevated surface. Several women even identified this difference from open-fire cooking as the primary advantage of the stove. The preference for elevated cooking includes a number of more special benefits: the increased comfort of standing as opposed to sitting or bending by an open fire; the greater degree of cleanliness afforded by getting pots and pans off the dirt floor and away from wandering domestic animals; and the greatly increased safety for small children (Sheller, 1979). Thus, the outsider must be wary of undue reverence for preservation of tradition for its own sake.
+Fuelwood lots may or may not meet the criterion of integration with the existing technology. If they can be established on unused or marginal land, adjustment may be easier. Often, however, their development is seen as competitive with agriculture or herding. Where collective management of communal resources (grazing, for example) exists, it will facilitate organization of fuelwood lots. Expanding acreage of multipurpose crops, such as gum arable, rubber, or mesquite, may be easier with energy needs satisfied as a second rather than primary objective. If a tradition of charcoal manufacture does not exist, a similar reallocation of productive goods may be required, particularly of labor, and some training may be necessary. Stoves can be designed to fit easily into an existing food-processing technology, so long as they allow for the preparation of staple foods and permit the use of a familiar variety of firewood. Because it is technologically more complex, the conversion of
+biomass to biogas and alcohol fuels involves greater capital and labor costs before functional integration with the existing technology can occur.
+Meeting Locally Perceived Needs
+The biomass-based renewable energy technology clearly should meet locally perceived needs. Often this is not the case; and often the problem is time. Biomass-based technologies are seen as long-range solutions, since growing biomass or organizing its production on any useful scale is believed to take too long. Hence, the technologies are often given little attention either by planners or by farmers with a serious immediate problem.
+There must also be demand. The stronger this demand, the greater the chance of acceptance. No matter how apparent a technological need may be to the would-be donor, if the intended recipients do not see it clearly, the task of winning its acceptance may be impossible. People must perceive the technical efficacy of the innovation, their need for it, and their ability to afford it. Conversely' it is important that a new technology does not detract from fulfillment of an alternative function. Here a major problem is often the local population's strong interest in technological innovations that will increase their food or water supply.
+If multiple needs are met, as they are by most agroforestry projects or by production of effluent for fertilizer during biogas generation, chances of acceptance are further increased.
+Moreover, the economic costs entailed in acceptance of a new technology must be perceived by the poor as being clearly offset by economic benefits. And such benefits must be discerned as accruing not just to the community, the nation, or the "developing world," but to the poor themselves--and soon.
+While agroforestry projects may appear to be responsive to a real need, the investment of land and labor they require does not promise short-term perceptible benefits. The payoff from improved charcoal manufacture is likely to be equally apparent and to become available sooner. Acceptance of improved stoves also depends on a people's concern. to reduce labor time and/or the money required to obtain firewood. Labor and material costs must be offset both by a marked reduction in fuelwood consumption and a patent saving of labor time or money. There is little evidence that the former holds, and the noncommercial nature of most energy consumed mitigates the latter. It is likely to take still longer for the savings in money and labor time derived from alcohol or biogas production to become apparent, which may affect acceptance of these technologies where people are aware of their needs for an alternative energy source.
+REFERENCES
+Ashworth, J.H., and Neuendorffer, J.W. 1980. Matching Renewable Energy Systems to Village-Level Energy Needs. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, USA.
+deWilde, T. 1977. Some social criteria of appropriate technology. In: Introduction to Appropriate Technology, edited by R.J. Congdon. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA.
+French, D. 1979. The Economics of Renewable Energy Systems for Developing Countries. Report to the al Dir'iyyah Institute and U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Shaller, D.V. 1979. A socio-cultural assessment of the Lorena stove and its diffusion in highland Guatemala. In: Lorena Owner-Built Stoves, 2nd ed. Volunteers in Asia, Stanford, California, USA.
+<section>6 CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ACCEPTABILITY</section>
+The traits of a society--its patterns of adaptation to the environment and its economic organization, social and political institutions, and beliefs system--will all affect the acceptance and diffusion of biomass-based energy technologies. The influence of these variables will have to be assessed in the context of each local culture into which a technology is to be introduced. However, some generalizations can be proposed about those aspects of society and culture that play an important role everywhere in determining a biomass energy technology's acceptance or rejection.
+The following conditions appear to increase chances for acceptance:
+1. Adjustment to the system for allocating productive goods
+2. Compatibility with the existing work organization
+3. Adaptation to existing patterns of distribution
+4. Integration with the social structure
+5. Accommodation to authority
+6. Harmony with prevailing values and ideology
+As with the six main indicators of technical feasibility, judging the effects of diffusion from any one of these cultural variables will lead to oversimplification. The interaction of these factors with each other is extremely complex.
+ADJUSTMENT TO THE SYSTEM FOR ALLOCATION OF PRODUCTIVE GOODS
+The acquisition and allocation of land and other forms of capital can often be critical to the acceptance of a biomass-based innovation. The more that efforts at reforestation take into account local land ownership, gathering rights, and work input (especially by women), or the existence of communal cooperation, the greater the chances of success. Plans to promote more efficient fuelwood use through introduction of improved wood-burning stoves or improved methods of charcoal manufacture, must also take into account the system for allocating the raw materials required for such innovations. It is critical to know who holds the rights to disposal of the crop residues and other wastes from which biogas is processed or who owns the land on which sugarcane, sugar beets, and other crops are cultivated for conversion into fuel alcohol.
+An understanding of the sources of capital for financing is, of course, equally critical. French argues that attention to financial cost is too often ignored because it "may not matter as long as outsiders are footing the bill. However, when renewable energy devices have to be purchased by individuals or local agencies they are more likely to be discriminating in spending their money" (French, 1979).
+Although by definition the poor control few productive resources, their relationship to those who do may be pivotal to a renewable energy technology's chance of acceptance. If, for example, prevailing property relationships will block the impoverished majority from receiving project benefits, project-sponsored innovations are unlikely to be accepted by them.
+Attitudes toward risk in allocating productive resources also need to be taken into account. Again an observation from French is pertinent: ". . . although we often will be unable to design a project which is 'objectively' risk-free, there are steps we can take to make a given degree of risk more acceptable. . . . Risk aversion is minimized where new techniques are closely related to familiar ones, farmers are expected to contribute labor rather than cash to the project, cooperation among farmers is encouraged, and dependence on outsiders is avoided" (French, 1979). During part of the year, however, labor can be a scarce commodity in rural areas. Farmers have none to spare for any project except their own farming.
+The range of technologies that meet this criterion of low risk and high reliability at present is not very wide.
+COMPATIBILITY WITH THE EXISTING WORK ORGANIZATION
+An understanding of indigenous systems of work organization is important to the successful diffusion of a new technology. If the local labor force is to be effectively mobilized to accept and diffuse a biomass-based technology, it is important to know whether most of the relevant energy-related tasks are structured within the family, on the basis of associational ties, gender, age, or ethnic group, or accomplished through coercion or the payment of wages.
+Often there is a contrast in work organization between the rural and the urban poor. Among many rural peoples, a significant portion of labor is scattered and is allocated on the basis of kinship ties. In urban areas the work of poor wage earners is generally more specific and individualistic and is characterized by competition rather than cooperation. However, weakened familial links are sometimes compensated for by ties to voluntary organizations, mutual aid societies, or to cooperatives or clubs, which can often serve equally well as a basis for organizing productive activities.
+New methods and patterns of work organization that biomass energy interventions require can create psychological and social problems of adjustment. The pace, precision, and discipline required by the processes of biogasification, alcohol fuel production, or efficient charcoal making may be at considerable variance with the generally more diffuse work patterns of noncommercial farming, herding, or fishing. Or it may be that certain traditional patterns of work are more conducive to the acceptance of innovation. Schlegel finds, for example, that work organized along cooperative and consensual lines, with a complex division of tasks, and well-integrated into an intervillage or urban system, with economic influence widely shared, tends to be correlated with greater acceptance of renewable energy alternatives (Schlegel and Tarrant, 1980). The assumption that rural folk are usually amenable to cooperative efforts (or more amenable than urban or prosperous people) is implicit in
+this interpretation and taken for granted in many energy projects. But it is not necessarily true, and specific incentives or other conditions may be required to elicit cooperative production.
+Where assignment of work or access to productive resources is strongly constrained by age, gender, ethnic group, or caste, these customs must be understood if local acceptance of biomass energy technologies is to be won. The relation of these customs to equality of opportunity is especially pertinent.
+In stressing the importance of attention to the role of women in forestry, if their special needs are to be met, Hoskins points out that in most developing countries women are more apt to be illiterate, to be least served by extension services (especially in activities outside the home), may have the least flexibility in how they use their time, have the least mobility, and have the least financial resources, Very often planners opening new areas or reordering old ones assume that only men are "farmers" per se, and only they are given the right to take up land and receive credit or other inputs, whereas women may have been independent producers on their own land under the previous system. These facts make it imperative to examine carefully the issues that might prevent women's participation:
+· specific problems women have in gaining and retaining access to land or the use of tree products;
+· specific time, financial, or other constraints to be overcome to free women to participate; and
+· assurances women have that they will receive benefits they value from forestry projects (Hoskins, 1979).
+While men are often already organized in groups, women rarely are, and it may be more difficult to mobilize women for training or work efforts.
+Reliance by a government on coercion as a means of organizing workers--through forced mobilization or politically sanctioned systems of peonage--is also a potentially significant variable. While coercion has been abandoned in many developing countries, often the memory lingers and government-sponsored or promoted work organizations are often either weak and ineffectual or unduly authoritarian. As for the role of nongovernment organizations outside the traditional mold, although they are frequently more effective, few governments acknowledge their potential in helping to solve national energy problems. Many governments fear that apolitical NGOs will not remain so.
+Where most people work for wages, the would-be innovator needs to know how wages are set and what the work force regards as a fair return for labor expended.
+For the promotion of tree planting, a clear understanding of who benefits from the work is critical to development of a locally acceptable plan for distributing, planting, and nurturing young trees, particularly to avoid problems in the seasonal availability of labor. For charcoal making, this may entail recognition of the traditional organization of production and of the potential such activity often provides for new forms of entrepreneurship. For promoting improved wood-burning stoves, knowing who works with the materials from which such stoves will be made and who is responsible for food preparation can be critical. The conversion of biomass into fuel entails equal sensitivity to the local division of labor, especially as the handling of waste products is frequently the prerogative of a specific group whose subordinate status may further complicate acceptance of the new technology or alternatively will involve an unpleasant form of labor, which women, children, or
+depressed classes will naturally assume they will be coerced to do. Even if the resource is freely available--for example, dung or commons trees--its transformation into a commercial commodity may be a difficult, complicated process.
+ADAPTATION TO EXISTING PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION
+Allowing for the way consumption goods are distributed can also be important. To take fuelwood as an illustration, an FAO report points out that most of the fuelwood used in developing countries is not bought and sold under market conditions. When it is marketed, supply and demand factors strongly affect the price. The weight and bulk of fuelwood severely limit the distance at which it can be economically marketed, with harvesting, transport, and handling constituting a major portion of the cost to the consumer. Fuelwood or charcoal are purchased mainly by people in towns and villages that have no access to forest areas, or by wealthier households; the price is often beyond the reach of the poor who are most dependent on this source of energy (Food and Agriculture Organization, 1979).
+If it is contractually agreed that all who work equally in developing a community woodlot will get a comparable share of the resulting product, the poor will be more ready to accept this innovation, especially if they have traditionally been excluded from equal access to the benefits of such endeavors. For charcoal making, it will be important to know how the subordinate sector of the population assigned to such work is customarily compensated and how prices are set. Equal access, however, may mean in practice that it will be exploited to the benefit of the rich.
+Availability of a viable system of transport (for example, roads, depots, and trucks) will affect chances for diffusion of most biomass energy technologies, especially in remote rural areas. For a technology such as improved wood-burning stoves, however, the problem of distribution is a different one; because stoves often are not portable, manufacture must be decentralized if they are to be widely diffused. And for biogas and alcohol fuels, the issue of acceptability among the poor often hinges on ease of access to the capital for acquiring and installing the complex units that production of such fuels usually entails.
+To foster diffusion, the system of distribution must allow for the disposition of the product of the biomass energy technology at a cost that most people can meet. Because the cash investment required for importing many biomass energy innovations is far in excess of what the poor can afford, it is often imperative to utilize local resources and skills for the design and development of technologies that are more productive than the traditional ones and yet are within the reach of farmers and other poverty groups.
+INTEGRATION WITH THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE
+Compatibility with the existing social structure--family organization, associations, systems of stratification based on class, caste, ethnicity, or gender--is also a factor in winning acceptance and ensuring diffusion of biomass technologies.
+Among most of the rural poor, kinship provides one basis for the structure of activities critical to the organization of community life, in its economic and political, as well as its social, aspects. The role of kinship in structuring the household as a productive unit is probably most important. Associational bonds, especially those provided by mutual aid and self-help groups and by secret societies, can play an important part in ordering social life at the local level. Class or caste position, ethnic identity, and gender as determinants of individual status and community organization are frequently important.
+In the Sahel, for example, Ki-Zerbo recognizes the need to modify energy-inefficient cooking technologies, but points out that change must proceed with recognition of the relationship between the existing foodprocessing technology and women's social status. Her description of the symbolic placement of the three cooking stones typical of most Sahelian hearths illustrates the affront to women's position that an insensitive effort to introduce an alternative cooking technology could entail. AD elderly woman, generally the wife's mother or aunt, usually sets up the three stones in the fireplace. Should the man displace them he shows that he repudiates his wife (Ki-Zerbo, 1980).
+Noronha refers both to Burundi, where continuing bitterness between ethnic groups is likely to have a major effect on project implementation, and to India, where ethnic stratification and accompanying traditions of economic specialization also have important implications for project design. Referring to the "tribal" groups of Gujarat, which account for 14 percent of that state's population, he writes that "tribal" groups such as those who live in the main forest areas of the state not only form the main employment core of the afforestation works, but also are aware of the different uses of tree species, since they live largely by what they produce from the forest (Noronha, 1980).
+ACCOMMODATION TO AUTHORITY
+Understanding the local political system--the organization for making and enforcing community-wide decisions, settling disputes, and regulating relations with neighboring peoples--and how it relates to the system for installing and maintaining a biomass-based renewable energy technology will enhance the chances of adoption. For only when local decision-making processes are understood, and those with true authority are identified, can effective plans be made to ensure popular local participation and acceptance.
+The relationship between the local political order and representatives of the national government must also be understood if government officials are to serve as intermediaries between external donors and the local population. The administrative task is complex. Even after the biomass energy intervention has been selected and acquired, it must be properly "packaged," combined with extension services, information and communication services, credit, and the necessary technical components. The complexity of these adminstrative tasks is compounded by the fact that they are themselves "imported"; they must be adapted to local conditions by overburdened, frequently underpaid, and often undersupported administrators whose own managerial training, obtained abroad, may be as "inappropriate" as the new energy interventions they are charged to implement (Singer, 1977).
+Writing about Upper Volta, Winterbottom describes a problem of faulty administration that is a recurrent cause of project failure: extension workers' reluctance to discuss the rationale behind their program with local farmers. Rather, those responsible for local~level implementation of the government's reforestation program tried to achieve innovation without explanation: A Neem-Cassia-Eucalyptus package . . . was presented to them as an unalterable wholly satisfactory technology . . . . An elitist attitude . . . led to the inference that communication need be only one way . . . . The general lack of local participation in decisions at the outset . . . contributed to the eventual abandonment of the project (Winterbottom, 1979).
+For agroforestry projects to succeed, the authority structure that backs up the traditional land-tenure system must be understood as well. For charcoal production, the role of political leadership in setting prices and regulating distribution can be critical. For disseminating stoves, the aupportive role of government-aponaored extension workers may be essential. The political implications of biomass conversion, which often entails dependence on credit, government subsidies, and community mobilization, also must be underatood. In China, close integration between the energy objectives of the national government and the local communes appears to have been critical to the diffusion of biogas generators. The remarkable spread of this technology in the People 'a Republic of China can be attributed to four governmentsupported rules:
+1. the three-in-one principle in which the latrine, the pigsty, and the biogas digester are constructed as an integrated unit, enabling an ordinary family to have a biogas unit;
+2. the use of local materials that suit local conditions, enabling considerable coat savings;
+3. full support from the commune, the production brigade, and the production team, providing the important element of maas participation; and
+4. a simple digester design and construction techniques that allowed the unit to be operated using traditional skills.
+But China is exceptional. In many developing countries the infrastructure needed to implement such a system is lacking.
+Even in the most noncentralized processes of diffusion, where reliance on local initiative may be of major importance, the central government still has a role to play if diffusion is to succeed. It is the government that should set an agenda of problems, identify a local model, and promote diffusion of the model's innovations. But even this minimal leadership role may be difficult for the governments of many developing countries to fulfil!. Even if central governments were able to assume a more significant role in the promotion of biomass energy technologies, it does not follow automatically that the energy problems of those most in need would be alleviated.
+HARMONY WITH PREVAILING VALUES AND IDEOLOGY
+Ideology, often but not invariably in the form of religion, plays a key role in the lives of most of the world's poor. It frequently sanctions the existing economic and social systems and provides legitimacy to the political order. Local religious leaders can often use their authority effectively to foster, or block, the acceptance and diffusion of new technologies. And it is from people's beliefs that their moral values are derived, including those that may encourage or inhibit the acceptance of change. Technologies that do not pose a threat to existing ideology, to basic moral values, or to the status of religious leaders, generally have the best chance of acceptance.
+REFERENCES
+Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1979. Issue Paper for the Technical Panel on Fuelwood and Charcoal. Prepared for the Preparatory Committee's Technical Panel for the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy, 21-25 January 1980. FAO, Rome, Italy.
+French, D. 1979. The Economics of Renewable Energy Systems for Developing Countries. Report to the al Dir'iyyah Institute and U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Hoskins, M. 1979. Community Participation in African Fuelwood, Production, Transformation and Utilization. Report to the Overseas Development Council and the U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Ki-Zerbo, J. 1980. The shortage of firewood is a daily vital concern. VITA News, Special Energy Issue 15 July.
+Noronha, R. 1980. Village Woodlots: Are They a Solution? Paper prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Schlegel, C.C., and Tarrant, J. 1980. Thinking About Energy and Rural Development: Methodological Guidelines for Socioeconomic Assessment. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
+Singer, H. 1977. Technologies for Basic Needs. International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
+Smith, K., and Santerre, M. 1980. Criteria for Evaluating Small-scale Rural Energy Technologies: The Flert Approach. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
+Winterbottom, R. 1979. Upper Volta Koudougou Agricultural Development Project. Appraisal Report for the Forestry Sub-Program. West Africa Projects Department, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA.
+<section>7 DIFFUSION OF THE TECHNOLOGIES</section>
+Both the literature and recent reports from the field demonstrate the relevance of the variables discussed in the preceding chapters to diffusion of biomass energy technologies in developing countries. This chapter is a discussion of these variables as they relate to each of the technologies included in the report.
+FORESTRY
+Structural Simplicity and Scale
+Forestry efforts that are small enough to avoid extensive reliance on outside support appear to be most successful. Forestry projects should be calibrated to the ecological, economic, and cultural variations from region to region. Most developing countries lack the government infrastructure and the funding essential to centrally administer large, widely dispersed forestry projects. Where a sense of common development goals has not yet been successfully engendered at the local level, government-sponsored reforestation programs--especially those on government-controlled land--appear unlikely to gain the commitment of the local population unless extension services are greatly improved. In Gujarat, for example, a government forestry project's success relied on "small, manageable and realizable targets." And as area increased, "so did extension staff, so that the scale of operation could remain small" (Karamchandani, 1981). Similar results are reported from Korea where "an
+incremental or step-by-step approach was used which put emphasis on results rather than abstract ideals. Realistic village potentials were stressed in each stage of development" (Gregersen, 1982).
+Use of Familiar Materials
+The decision to plant locally familiar species will generally prove to be both ecologically and culturally sound. Because the local population is familiar with the growing habits of indigenous trees and the economic value of their products, less external supervision is required for introducing projects to cultivate them for biomass. There is also less risk than with newly introduced varieties, which may prove to be unexpectedly invasive, to produce smoke that is found to be odorous, toxic, or irritating, or to have other serious drawbacks. Part of the success of the Korean program is attributed to the exclusive use of species that were well known to, and valued by, the rural population (Gregersen, 1982).
+On the other hand, it should not be assumed that people are unwilling to try new species. Africa has many examples of successful introduction of exotic trees (eucalyptus in Ethiopia, cocoa by the Ga and Akan in Ghana, coffee by the Chagga in Tanzania) and of vegetables, where rapid growth or some other clear benefit has been perceived.
+Employment of Familiar Techniques
+Because of the environmental variability, cultural heterogeneity, and the weak infrastructures characteristic of government institutions in most developing countries, familiar techniques seem clearly to be preferred in planning and implementing tree-planting projects. Local agricultural techniques should be followed wherever possible. Extension efforts should build on the local population's existing appreciation of the value of local materials as a source of food, fuel, and construction and crafts materials. The value of trees in fixing nitrogen in the soil, for shade and windbreaks, and as sources of food for animals and humans should all be stressed along with their role in maintaining ecological balance.
+Functional Discreteness
+Tree planting does not meet the diffusion criteria of functional discreteness. On the contrary, promotion of forest growth ties in intricately with nearly every other aspect of the local agricultural scene. The situation is paradoxical. While trees play a major role in maintaining the environmental balance essential to the success of agriculture, their planting is often viewed as competitive with food growing and traditional herding. Forestry is perceived not only as disruptive of the existing production system, but as economically less advantageous. When the short-term food needs of the rural poor are measured against the hypothetical long-tenm benefits of reforestation, tree planting rarely comes out ahead. This bias is usually reflected in the relative power of those government agencies responsible for agriculture and forestry. Political leaders rarely give higher priority to tree planting than to expansion of the food-producing sector. But the difficulty of integrating
+forestry with agriculture--and with engineering schemes as well (as when deforestation results in the silting up of dams or makes mountain roads impassable)--should be viewed as a constraint, not as an insurmountable obstacle.
+Integration with Existing Technology
+Local perception of the role of forests in technoenvironmental adaptation needs to be assessed and built upon. Conversely, the common perception that forest cover is at variance with increased agricultural productivity must be countered. Education through competent extension appears to be the best solution. Forestry needs to be seen not only as fostering the local economy, but as offering opportunities for its expansion and diversification through the use and sale of forest by-products (such as polewood, fruit, gums, fodder, and fiber), in addition to use of the wood for fuel. There are a number of ways in which agriculture and tree planting can be integrated. These include growing fruit trees; demarcating rice fields with trees; using bush fallow for soil regeneration; planting legume trees to maintain soil fertility and to provide fodder as well as fuelwood; and using shade trees to protect individual crops, such as coffee, and as shelterbelts and windbreaks.
+Where an agroforestry effort is, by its nature, not clearly integrated with the existing technology, supportive services become more important. For example, "if a number of farmers are expected to switch from existing crops, or even to supplement these activities, there are likely to be constraints on land and/or labor," according to deLucia and Bhatia. In such instances, "careful planning is essential to ensure adequate return to subsidize inputs, if necessary, and to provide continuous extension facilities. It will be necessary to convince farmers that sufficient long-term importance is being given to the program and that they would not be at an economic loss if they switched from their existing practices" (deLucia and Bhatia, 1980).
+Meeting Local Needs within an Acceptable Period
+In meeting local needs within an acceptable time, the problems with tree planting are twofold. First, tree planting is likely to be seen by the local population as less critical than their food supply problems. Second, the benefits are seen as essentially long term, despite the need for fuelwood. As Rogers notes, "reforestation campaigns often fail to reach their objectives because forest depletion is not perceived as an important local problem in the community. The depletion may have occurred very gradually, over a period of generations. The forests may not have been perceived as an important resource. Forest products may not be perceived by the public as a possible solution to recent energy shortages and/or to rising energy prices" (Rogers, 1980).
+Governments and technical assistance agencies have been reluctant to allocate substantial resources to forestry or fuelwood projects because of these perceptions and a skepticism regarding their economic viability.
+Yet recent World Bank studies of their investments in forestry have shown that fuelwood projects have a favorable rate of return (Spears, 1980). A selection of information from these projects is shown in Table 7.1.
+Where trees are valued primarily for their shade or fruits, the issue of deferred rewards may be somewhat less critical. However, the poor majority are unlikely to be enthusiastic about a program in which resolution of a pressing food need is contingent upon the successful outcome of a poorly understood, long-term forestry program. Furthermore, as deLucia and Bhatia observe, "a villager who must walk a marginally greater distance for firewood often will not perceive the problem or at least see its significance in the same way as a national planner, who sees the aggregation of deforestation and soil erosion in national perspective" (deLucia and Bhatia, 1980).
+The understandable impatience of the rural poor should be addressed through agroforestry programs that offer side benefits in the shorter term: by planting varieties with usable by-products such as fruit or fodder that can meet more immediate needs, through intercropping annual crops, or by providing interim subsidies as an incentive.
+Adjustment to the System for Allocating Productive Goods
+Adjusting biomass energy technologies to the prevailing system for the allocation of productive goods is a problem in nearly all developing countries. With reforestation, land tenure is a particularly thorny aspect of this adjustment. Land use often implies ownership; outside efforts to stimulate reforestation are thwarted by local concern over loss of rights. In Papua New Guinea, for example, 97 percent of the land is communally owned. Since a measure of ownership accrues to the person who cultivates the land, villagers are hesitant to allow the government to initiate reforestation programs.
+TABLE 7.1 Fuelwood Projects Financed by the World Bank (1977-1980)
+Approximate
+Reforestation
+Cost per
+Economic Rate of
+Country
+Area (hectares)
+Hectare ($)
+Return (percent)
+Burundi
+India
+Korea
+Malawi
+Mali
+Niger
+Philippines
+Thailand
+Upper Volta
+*Irrigated
+Source: Spears, 1980.
+From experience with agroforestry in India, Noronha points out that "if community woodlots are to be established, there are three conditions that should be satisfied: there must be enough agricultural land for the local community; the panchayat common should be large enough so that villagers do not perceive that the reservation of land for forestry will affect their other needs--particularly need for grazing; and, third, the area set aside should be large enough for the harvest to meet the needs of all villagers . . ." (Noronha, 1980). Similar concerns have been reported in Honduras (Forman, 1981).
+Difficulties with access to land, labor, and water are major constraints to tree planting in many regions. Where the economic benefits of forestry efforts are perceived as being largely deferred until the trees are cut for fuelwood, local populations are often interested only if they feel certain they will share in the projects' eventual benefits.
+While much rural land in developing countries is held collectively --usually by the kin group that works it--often all rights to land, especially to land that is not under cultivation, are held residually by the national government. This can sharply reduce local farmers' commitment to participation in forestry projects. In Tanzania, for example, "abolition of freehold land in 1963 and the vesting of land in the state gives the farmer no ownership and consequently [he] perceives his holding as temporary and is unconvinced that he will reap the benefits of tree crops eight to ten years after planting" (Noronha, 1980). And legally such lands often can be allocated for reforestation without the consent of the local population. The policing of forestry projects is generally undertaken by representatives of the national government. This may create resentment and fear of government-sponsored reforestation efforts for those rural dwellers who are landless.
+Government allocation of parcels of forest land often appears to work best, but here, especially, the rights of those who work such forest plots must be made explicit. In Gujarat, for example, family groups or landless peasants are allocated parcels of forest land, are paid a monthly remuneration for carrying out all operations from nursery planting to felling, and are guaranteed "a 20 percent share in the net profits when the plantation is harvested after a period of 15 years" (Karamchandani, 1981). As part of a rural electrification program in the Philippines, 100-hectare plots are leased to farmers' associations for a 25-year term (renewable for another 25 years). While growing firewood to be sold to power the generating station, the farmers are encouraged to intercrop with annual vegetables and fruit trees for a shorter-term return.
+A further problem in allocating land for agroforestry is related to quasi-public areas such as roadsides, canal banks, and railwaysides. Both the right to allocate such land and the authority to administer agroforestry efforts upon it are often ill-defined. As a result, these areas are generally underutilized.
+Compatibility with the Existing Work Organization
+Given the weak infrastructure of most government institutions at the rural level and their tendency to be authoritarian in their approach to the rural poor, there is a need to build on local forms of work organization in planning, implementing, and maintaining forestry projects. Those who have been responsible for the care of trees and for collecting their products are those who need to be mobilized if agroforestry efforts are to succeed. Since women are the ones most often responsible for food preparation and fuelwood collection, they have an interest that could be used to persuade them to undertake the required tasks. Yet their perception of their needs and how these might best be met are frequently ignored. Projects designed to introduce new sources of firewood may disrupt or destroy existing systems, to the disadvantage of those who depend on them.
+Another constraint on the organization of work for successful forestry is noted by Noronha: "The Indian village," he writes, "unlike the Korean, is heterogeneous. There is a mosaic of castes which come together only on well-recognized traditional occasions, such as weddings or temple festivals. But even on these occasions each caste plays a traditionally defined role. There is no tradition of growing trees that falls within the rubric of traditional common action. It is a tradition that has yet to be built up, and in some areas may prove difficult, if not impossible, to develop" (Noronha, 1980).
+Adaptation to Existing Patterns of Distribution
+When adapting the dispersal of forestry products to existing patterns of distribution, again the critical factor appears to be ensuring that those who participate in forestry efforts will be among the beneficiaries. In Gujarat, for example, profits from roadside forest plantings are split equally between the government and adjacent villages through the local community council, or panchayat (Karamchandani, 1981). In Korea, sales from plantation production are shared among cooperative members in proportion to the time each has spent on the project
+There must also, of course, be an appropriate system for transporting that portion of the wood designated for the market. But there is danger that building roads to facilitate such transport may further destroy the existing forest cover. Ease of transport is also a factor. Crooked or thorny tree species are obviously less desirable in areas where firewood must be transported long distances. The fact that firewood is generally regarded as a free good must also be taken into account. Producers who anticipate (perhaps inevitably) that firewood prices will be manipulated to favor the urban population are likely to be wary of investing their energies in forestry efforts. Put another way, with the imbalance in income levels between the urban and rural population, wood cut cheaply in the countryside may be consumed in the cities, leaving rural dwellers worse off than before.
+Repeatedly, proponents of forestry projects encounter the problem of local distrust described for Tanzania. "Few villagers believed that wood would be distributed free at harvest. They felt that government or some rich villagers would get all the benefits; since all the inputs were provided free of cost by government, the villagers did not identify with the project and the free provision of inputs reinforced their belief that it was a government project in which they would not share" (Noronha, 1980).
+Integration with the Social Structure
+The success of forestry projects is likely to be affected by the indigenous social structure where the subordinate status of some sectors of the population--women, descendants of slaves, members of particular minority groups--are by tradition denied equal status in community economic endeavors. For example, referring to a village survey on tree planting in Rajasthan, Agarwal notes that "questions were addressed exclusively to the male heads of households whereas it is women and children who are usually the wood gatherers. If women had been asked, a different listing of priorities for planting trees might have emerged" (Agarwal, 1980). Karamchandani reports that in village panchayats in Gujarat responsible for forestry projects, "provision is made at all levels for participation of women, scheduled castes, and tribes" (Karamchandani, 1981). In Korea, women's groups have often taken the responsibility for raising planting stock in nurseries. The sale of these seedlings
+provides them with an additional source of income.
+Accommodation to the System of Authority
+Fuelwood programs almost invariably entail some reallocation of land. This can cause disputes, especially when local concepts of land tenure are not clearly and equitably incorporated with new national laws. To minimize conflict, those responsible for adjudicating land disputes need to be included, brought into the projects at the planning stage so they can work with, rather than in opposition to, those implementing government forestry policy.
+Noronha ascribes Chinese success in forestry ("over a period of thirty years, from 1949 to 1979, the forest area of China increased by 72 million hectares, representing 12.7 percent of the land area") to the "effective political mass mobilization of rural communities. National targets were translated into specific goals for districts, brigades, and communes at the lowest levels; people were expected to display the same revolutionary fervor in tree planting as in, for instance, building communal dikes; the spirit pervading the program, as in all other programs, was the re-building of China under the leadership of Mao. The organization for this purpose was already in place; the division of tasks prescribed uniformly throughout the nation and implemented by a hierarchy of officials and cadres" (Noronha, 1980).
+Congruence between the local authority structure and the organization of government at the national level is easiest to achieve in culturally homogeneous societies. For example, the Korean forestry development program is focused on improvement of life at the local community level within the context of the "new community movement," saemaul undong, a nationwide effort at rural revitalization that began in the 1970s and that derives its philosophical sanctions from Confucianism and Buddhism. Forestry projects are executed by village forestry cooperatives. From 1973 to 1978 more than one million hectares of land were planted by about 20,000 of these cooperatives (Gregersen, 1982).
+Unfortunately, a relationship between the local population and higher systems of authority, particularly at the national level, more often than not is lacking. In many countries, forestry authorities are more concerned with policing forest reserves than with assisting the community in growing trees for fuel use. As a consequence of this conservation responsibility, in which forestry is perceived as having little value to the community at large (as opposed to logging interests), most forest services are ill-prepared to meet the needs of a national biomass program. Even species with which these forest services have experience and about which they are knowledgeable may not be the most suitable for fuelwood. The exploitation of forest resources is a very common source of corruption because large profits are to be made from timber concessions. Even in cases where there is a national will for the conservation or generation of biomass, there is often a countervailing state or local
+interest in resource utilization and income generation.
+Another political factor that must be taken into account--perhaps despite the formal structure of the local authority system--is the role of dynamic individual leadership. Noronha offers two examples of Indian panchayats involved in tree planting; in the first, there was dynamic leadership. "A panchayat chairman who was trusted, started by planting trees on his own land and then convinced the villagers that they should have their own woodlot. Some of his answers were enlightening. 'Why,' I asked, 'did you decide on a self-help scheme rather than one where the Department would do everthing for you?' The reply: 'Because I refuse to pay the Department 50 percent of the profits for work on our land which is, in any event, an overpayment.' And then, where did he get funds, since his panchayat was poor? 'People trust me; when I need money, I approach rich villagers who give me anything I ask for.' In another self-help village, the process and answers were similar. The temple
+caretaker established a plantation on temple lands to obtain funds to restore his Sixteenth Century temple. The villagers saw that it was a profitable venture, and the Youth Association approached the panchayat to donate lands for a plantation which was established with the labor of all members of the Association. The Association hopes to raise money from the plantation to supplement funds to build a village school" (Noronha, 1980).
+The success of nongovernment organizations with strong entrepreneurial leadership in tackling family planning and village development in Thailand (Asian Center for Population and Community Development) and Sri Lanka (Sarvodaya Shramadana), which are now incorporating rural energy in their programs, attests to the effectiveness of this approach.
+Harmony wish Prevailing Values and Ideology
+Where religious leaders also hold political power, or where authority is powerfully sanctioned by ideology, as in China, the role of leaders in the allocation of land and the adjudication of land disputes must be taken into account. Indeed, in the Chinese case the roles of politics and ideology are inextricably linked. Noronha observes that the success of the Chinese experiments can be understood through the existence of a widespread philosophy backed by an organizational framework: that is, social philosophy realized through a political revolution, with unity symbolized in an all-knowing leader, and an organizational framework--with no little penal force--that reached down to the humblest village. Further, while observing that the Chinese case may not be an "example that could be easily imitated, it usefully points to the need both for a consistent organization and the presence of authority which, though not necessarily blatant or overt, lies behind every decision taken"
+(Noronha, 1980).
+While he accepts the value of such ideological impetus, Noronha is careful to underscore that it does not by itself assure success. Other critical factors are cultural homogeneity, egalitarian social structure (at least at the village level), and perhaps most important, government support in the form of free seedlings, technical expertise down to the village level, continued education, and the enforcement of laws.
+IMPROVED COOKING STOVES
+The successful diffusion of improved cooking stoves appears to be dependent on the same roster of variables.
+Structural Simplicity and Scale
+Obviously, those stoves that are simplest to construct, in addition to being fuel-efficient, suitable for indoor family cooking, and easy to operate, are most likely to be copied and thus most readily diffused. If their basic design is simple, they can be more readily adapted to meet local needs and preferences. They are also easier to acquire and to maintain.
+The Lorena stove, developed in highland Guatemala in the mid-1970s and widely diffused in both rural and urban Honduras, has this virtue. A simple, boxlike stove, it is constructed of clay, sand, and water.
+Another simple model, a small bucket-shaped charcoal stove made in Papua New Guinea, is being successfully diffused through the distribution of a mold that can be used with clay-sand-cement mixtures to make the stoves on site. Such stoves are the least costly and can in most instances be readily moved or reconstructed. However, at the outset, a considerable financial outlay, much of it for extension, appears to be necessary for even the least complicated stoves.
+Paradoxically, small-scale development projects may create administrative difficulties for funding agencies, for whom the costs of administering projects may be comparable for projects costing $10,000 or $10 million. In some countries, for instance Senegal, diffusion of improved stoves has been "packaged," so that the project may involve several hundred thousand stoves. In contrast to the successful adoption of stove diffusion by the Senegal government, other countries have perceived such an effort as too minor to warrant serious government attention, and private and voluntary organizations have in many instances taken the lead. In Ethiopia, the diffusion process has been accelerated by training extension workers to use a stove mold with which they can turn out many stoves on the spot, rather than constructing each one individually or teaching villagers to build their own.
+Use of Familiar Materials
+The use of local materials keeps down costs, minimizes the need for external assistance and construction, and facilitates repair. Even the use of such simple materials as cement and galvanized iron sheeting can significantly slow diffusion (Elmendorf, 1980). But this condition will vary. In Fiji, it is clay that is hard to come by for stove construction; cement is cheap and readily available (Weir and Richolson, 1980). When durable materials and shelter are not available, stoves may require frequent rebuilding.
+Employment of Familiar Techniques
+If familiar techniques in design, manufacture, maintenance, and operation are employed, the behavioral adjustments necessary to successful stove adaptation will be minimized and extension work with stove builders and users may be reduced; the risks of faulty construction are lessened; and repair is made easier. By allowing for adaptation to familiar technology, it is easier to accommodate the varying needs of communities. In constructing simpler stoves, rural peoples are often more familiar with what is required than are urban dwellers, accustomed to working for pay at specific tasks. For example, Elmendorf notes that the diffusion of the Lorena stove in Tegucigalpa is difficult because people in the city do not work the land, nor do they usually build their own houses of adobe or wattle-and-daub, and so they have much less of a feel for working with mud mixes. He concludes: "Where adoption of new stove manufacturing techniques is required, perhaps the most important factor
+in obtaining acceptance is . . . local participation in analysis, design, evaluation and implementation activities . . . . The target population should be involved, initially, as a source of information on fuel use, traditional stove design and cooking habits . . . this interaction should be used to determine design objectives for any new stove, and [to] evaluate the efficiency, usefulness and ease of operation . . ." (Elmendorf, 1980).
+Functional Discreteness
+Of the several biomass energy technologies under discussion, stoves probably meet the criterion of functional discreteness best. However, certain related changes must usually also be made, including modified cooking techniques and the use of different implements, pots, and other containers, and new methods of gathering, cutting, drying, and storing firewood may have to be developed.
+Integration with Existing Technology
+Integration with traditional methods of food preparation and fuel collection and storage will enhance chances of acceptance. Where such integration is lacking, there is a risk that the stove will be modified by users for better technological "fit" in ways that diminish its efficiency. For example, Elmendorf cites instances in Honduras where the firebox damper was removed to facilitate the burning of long pieces of wood, a change that, by introducing more air into the combustion chamber, greatly accelerated the rate of heat loss through the chimney. Weir and Richolson encountered the same problem in Fiji.
+However, efforts to adapt the stoves will--and should--occur. They underscore the importance of monitoring of local adaptations by extension workers well past the implementation stage. The result may often be a new and superior mix of traditional and modern cooking techniques. In Upper Volta, for example, women who use their new charcoal stoves for smaller batches of quickly cooked food still turn to the three-stone fire to prepare large pots of slow-cooking foods (Hoskins, 1981).
+In designing stoves, this principle of integration with the existing technology must be tempered by recognition that some changes in behavior may be perceived by the local population as desirable. A stove that allows cooking in a more comfortable position, that emits less smoke, or that shortens cooking time may be seen as advantageous even though it alters some time-honored methods of food preparation.
+Meeting Locally Perceived Needs
+For improved stoves to be diffused, the local population must think that their cooking methods are generally wasteful of fuel and labor. But firewood collection and food preparation are usually women's work. In countries where men make the decisions about money outlay, other forms of technological innovation often may be given higher priority than those designed to lessen inconvenience or discomfort to the cook. Where there is an actual demand for improved wood-burning stoves, hesitation in adopting them is more likely to be for economic than technical reasons. Because stoves are not seen as generating income (except to entrepreneurs producing them), cost of construction is likely to be the greatest obstacle to diffusion.
+It should be recognized that locally perceived needs may not be reconciled with national objectives or technical assistance goals. While stove diffusion has frequently been justified in terms of saving firewood (and has been successfully carried out in the initial stages as a result of government, community, and technical assistance enthusiasm), it has become clear that fuel saving is seldom sufficient motivation for continued use of the stoves. Indeed, there is evidence that fuel saving does not occur because the stove is not properly used, not properly designed, or that it is used for purposes that were not possible with the traditional method (such as keeping hot water available), with the result that there is no net saving of firewood even though the new stove has greater efficiency (Hoskins, 1981).
+Among the really poor rural villagers, improved efficiency must compete with conflicting needs. In Northern Ghana stoves were initially accepted because the villagers did not wish to disappoint the Peace Corps volunteer. After the rainy season, few were in use, since the stove had to be built outdoors because there was no room in the house and locally available materials did not permit weatherproofing; if shelter materials had been available, they would have been used to build additional sleeping accommodations, not a kitchen. Further, the stove was not perceived as particularly convenient, since it required more attention to operate correctly than the three-stone fire (Caster, 1981). In the Sahel and elsewhere, more studies of firewood use in traditional and improved stoves are being carried out, and preliminary results indicate that traditional techniques can be as efficient as the "improved" technology (Malawi Energy Unit, 1981; Prasad, 1980; Siwatibau, 1981).
+Adjustment to the System for
+Allocating Productive Goods
+In many rural areas, firewood is still a free good. If the amount of labor for firewood collection is not inordinate, adjusting to new ways of cooking may not be seen as worth the trouble.
+Compatibility with the Existing Work Organization
+Where firewood collection and food preparation are women's work and stove construction is categorized as a male prerogative, motivation to accept improved stoves may be lacking. Efforts at diffusion in such instances may be less successful than if stove construction were women's work, as it may be where women are potters, or where other relevant craft specializations are not closed to them.
+Adaptation to Existing Patterns of Distribution
+The more localized the manufacture and distribution of stoves, the more widespread their diffusion is likely to be, since they can be better adapted to meet local conditions. Conversely, dependence on a complex system of centralized production will raise distribution costs and decrease the adaptability of the stoves to local needs. so far, it appears that stoves diffuse more readily among those who are already comparatively well-off. A distribution mechanism for getting them into the kitchens of the destitute remains to be developed. An ancillary problem for this group is that more efficient mud stoves simply will not fit in their kitchens. Much of the diffusion information is directed at the relatively affluent, those who have sufficient resources to acquire a convenient, and perhaps attractively fashionable, amenity and for whom access to fuelwood is not a critical limitation.
+Integration with the Social Structure
+The relationship of cookstove diffusion to the social structure is exemplified by the problem resulting from women's traditionally subordinate social status. For example, it is "a major failing of researchers not to recognize the cook as an essential part of the cast of research experts" (Hoskins, 1981). Male decision makers give women's needs lower priority. This can affect both the decision to accept such stoves and the efficiency with which they are adapted to women's cooking habits and preferences. It may be important to know the way women perceive and value the chores of gathering fuelwood and preparing food in keeping with culturally sanctioned patterns. These attitudes cannot be guessed at by outsiders; they should be learned from the potential stove users themselves, by identifying and tapping those groups through which women are able to express their views--age-groups, voluntary associations including mothers' clubs, women's cooperatives, women's political branches,
+secret societies, sodalities, and health clinics.
+Accommodation to the System of Authority
+Where local society is stratified, an effective means of diffusing stoves among the poor might be by introducing them to the rich. Where such stoves are seen as more "modern," as more closely resembling the cooking style of admired urban dwellers, their acceptance may be enhanced.
+Where government agencies, either national or local, are involved in the dissemination of cookstoves, the importance of accommodating to prevailing systems of authority can be seen with particular clarity. If the decision to accept new stoves is made by men, and if such new stoves are then adapted by men, with female users largely excluded, the success of their diffusion is likely to be lessened.
+Harmony with Prevailing Values and Ideology
+Accord with local values and ideology is particularly relevant to the diffusion of improved stoves where religion requires, for example, that women be secluded, and where the kitchen is literally out of bounds to all males who are not members of the family. In such cases, the task of those seeking to win women's acceptance of the new cooking implements may be greater. Or if the organization of the family hearth has religious significance, as it often does, this must be taken into account. However, the symbolic significance of traditional cooking methods as an impediment to diffusion should not be overstated. Referring to the three-stone stove as the symbol of a united family, Hoskins (1981) points out that "women are willing to experiment with new stoves. If a stove really saves as much as half the daily fuelwood supply, and does not require undesirable tradeoffs, what woman," she asks, "would choose the extra hour of hauling wood?" The convenience of electric, gas, or
+kerosene stoves has led to their widespread adoption even in relatively poor kitchens, in spite of considerable capital and recurring fuel costs.
+It is important to emphasize that none of these variables represents an insoluble obstacle to cookstove diffusion. But only by taking them into account can impediments to dissemination be lessened and the chances for successful diffusion increased.
+CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
+Structural Simplicity and Scale
+With charcoal production, the simplest technique, the earthen pit and mound kilns covered with leaves and damp soil, has diffused relatively easily where there are adequate economic incentives. The only external support required is a tie-in with a system of distribution. Frequently, as in Mauritania, charcoal production and distribution is organized by transport entrepreneurs (National Academy of Sciences, 1981). But the advantages of technical simplicity must be balanced against very low efficiency; charcoal yields are low in these simple kilns, and most of the by-products, combustible gases, and volatile oils are lost.
+The question of scale, however, is complicated by the problem of fuelwood supply. One of the most successful projects produces charcoal on a large scale for the steel industry in Brazil. One hundred and thirty-five thousand hectares of eucalypts are harvested in five-year rotations and converted into charcoal in brick beehive kilns. The project is organized in decentralized fashion, with individuals responsible for 100-hectare forest units, including planting trees and building the kilns. In many other countries introduction of this technology, on any scale, has been frustrated by the problem of organizing a constant supply of fuelwood.
+Use of Familiar Materials
+Greater structural complexity, the use of brick kilns, for example, increases producers' costs considerably. Whatever its deficiencies, the earthen pit requires only materials that are available wherever charcoal production is practicable--a supply of wood and a soil bed. Where brick, cement, or metal kilns are employed, the cost rises and the possibility of unsubsidized diffusion among the poorest sector decreases.
+Employment of Familiar Techniques
+Even where charcoal has not been previously produced, the techniques for the manufacture of charcoal kilns are simple enough to facilitate diffusion wherever a market exists for a cheaper, cleaner fuel. To increase productive efficiency, improving traditional methods appears preferable to imposing more complex, externally derived techniques of charcoal manufacture. In Papua New Guinea, for example, substitution of relatively inexpensive, locally available drums for earthen pits increased productivity from 20 kilograms to 50-100 kilograms per man-day and has greatly increased user interest. Current efforts are aimed at increasing the life of this system by protecting or reinforcing the drums. Brazilian experience has demonstrated the preference for smaller brick beehive kilns over larger-scale more sophisticated technology, because the wood can be cut and loaded by hand and transported to the kilns by donkeys (Florestal Acesita, 1982).
+Functional Discreteness
+Charcoal production meets the criteria of functional discreteness, especially when the technology is kept simple.
+Integration with the Existing Technology
+The substitution of charcoal for wood as a fuel source entails little modification of the traditional technology, except that a simple stove may be required. Only with the construction of more complex kilns for charcoal production is a significant innovation in the technology required, with more extensive training in construction, operation, and maintenance. Thus, greater efficiency must be balanced against higher capital costs and the need for teaching new techniques.
+Charcoal manufacturing is often well integrated with traditional technology, but paradoxically, in ways that seriously jeopardize biomass regeneration processes. In many countries, particularly arid ones where trees are scarce, there is a remarkably sophisticated and efficient system of contractual relationships among charcoal makers, transporters, and consumers, providing employment and income to many people but at the expense of the countries' dwindling forest resources. Balancing fuelwood use with regeneration, in a way that would involve existing charcoal producers rather than displacing them, has not yet been seriously attempted by most countries.
+Adjustment to the System for
+Allocating Productive Goods
+No significant land area is necessary for operating charcoal kilns. If suitable trees are available, local people rarely perceive a problem in turning forest cover into fuel for charcoal kilns. There is, of course, an ecological cost, as uncontrolled tree cutting degrades the entire ecosystem. But for those likely to accept or reject charcoal production as a technological innovation, this is unlikely to be a decisive factor.
+Governments, communities, and technical assistance donors need to give more attention to this aspect of national energy supply. As urban populations grow and efforts at small-scale industrialization increase, the problem of deforestation threatens to become worse. For charcoal use is likely to increase even further as other technologies--such as producer gas generators to generate electricity or power fishing boats, trucks, or irrigation pumps--are adopted.
+This will undoubtedly require reallocation of land use and labor to convert the present exploitive system into one that can sustain itself. Powering trucks, boats, pumps, and electric generators with producer gas where petroleum fuel is unaffordable is an interesting possibility, one that has already been acted upon in some countries, notably the Philippines.
+Compatibility with the Traditional Work Organization
+Unless a wholly new system of fuelwood supply and conversion technology is contemplated, no major reorganization of traditional patterns of work is ordinarily entailed for charcoal production, except that labor may be drawn away from food production. While this is not likely to be perceived by the rural population as an obstacle to diffusion, it may increase the dependency of rural families on cash income to purchase food. In the periurban areas in which charcoal is often produced, it frequently provides one of the few forms of wage labor available to unskilled urban migrants.
+Adaptation to Existing Patterns of Distribution
+Among all the biomass energy technologies discussed in this report, adaptation to existing patterns of distribution is likely to be most critical to the diffusion of charcoal production. mere must be a means of getting the charcoal to market, and at a price that serves as an adequate incentive to its producers. For the rural majority, the cost of charcoal is still the factor most likely to block diffusion, especially where fuelwood is still a free good.
+The conditions required for profitable distribution are illustrated in a recent analysis of factors motivating charcoal production. For rural households to benefit directly from charcoal production, they must be able to buy it, and at favorable prices in comparison to other fuels, especially firewood. However, this possibility is unlikely in most rural communities in developing countries. Or, rural producers must be able to sell charcoal to the urban sector at prices that compensate the social costs incurred in producing it. Both of these possibilities should be carefully considered in developing a community fuelwood program with a charcoal component (Wood et al., 1979).
+Obviously, charcoal production is most likely to diffuse rapidly where there is an established market. As the population of urban areas grows, the demand for charcoal as an alternative to firewood will increase. And as there are more and more rural merchants, governments, and teachers who do not make their living from agriculture, the demand for charcoal is likely to increase in the countryside as well. In many urban areas the increasing cost of traditional urban fuels, like electricity, bottled gas, or LPG, is causing families and businesses (such as bakeries, brick manufacturers, hotels, and restaurants) to switch to charcoal. This is further encouraged by government policies of conservation on imported fuel oil.
+Where middlemen control the distribution of charcoal, there may often be a serious question as to whether producers receive a just price (Hayes, 1981).
+Integration with the Social Structure
+Assurance of an adequate return to those who produce charcoal is especially important in traditional societies where its manufacture is assigned to a particular, often subordinate, group. Here the issue of equity must be addressed if an increase in charcoal production is truly to benefit those whose energy needs are greatest, including many who may produce charcoal but cannot afford to purchase it. And as charcoal production diffuses among small-scale entrepreneurs with a ready supply of cheap labor, it will be difficult to ensure that development of this new industry does not exacerbate existing socioeconomic inequities.
+Accommodation to the System of Authority
+Since it is often the government that sets or regulates prices, charcoal prices must be established and maintained at levels that give producers the incentive to increase production.
+Harmony with Prevailing Values and Ideology
+Diffusion of charcoal production appears to relate to religious beliefs and practices only in those societies that assign the task of charcoal production on the basis of caste. Where others are excluded, this could affect the availability of labor necessary for the more widespread diffusion of charcoal production.
+BIOGAS GENERATION
+As an inexpensive source of energy from readily available organic materials, biogas generation is especially promising for the humid tropics. But the sociocultural constraints to the diffusion of biogas technology are considerable. So far, the diffusion of biodigesters has been most successful in China, a nation characterized by marked cultural homogeneity and an effective mix of political centralization and local administrative efficiency. Unfortunately, both attributes are strikingly absent in most poor developing countries.
+Structural Simplicity and Scale
+Even the simplest biodigester requires greater structural complexity than most other biomass energy technologies. In China the brick, sand, cement, and rock necessary to construct water-pressure family digesters at one commune is reported to cost $12 per cubic meter of capacity; 20-30 percent of this cost was reimbursable by the government. Even where financing is available, risks resulting from problems of construction persist. This is illustrated by the fate of five million biodigesters disseminated in Sichuan province in the mid-1970s, many of which are now out of operation because of construction defects. The processes of effluent treatment, storage, and transport require both an investment beyond the capacity of many would-be users and a level of technical skill that would require extensive training in most developing countries, especially where there is no cultural tradition of processing organic wastes.
+Use of Familiar Materials
+While local materials can often be used for most elements entailed in the construction of biogas units, the requisite supplies of biomass or water may not be available among the poor.
+Employment of Familiar Techniques
+In much of the developing world, techniques for the design, manufacture, and operation of biogas generators are not familiar outside a few experimental centers. Only in parts of Asia is there an indigenous tradition of biogas production that would facilitate diffusion. In most areas not only are the requisite manufacturing techniques unfamiliar but, to the extent they entail use of organic waste, especially excrete, they are potentially repugnant (Prakasam, 1981).
+Functional Discreteness
+Biogas production lacks the functional discreteness that appears to foster diffusion. The complexity of one system in China illustrates this: an urban power station uses domestic sewage dumped from trucks and handcarts into a gravity flow system that carries it to twenty-eight digesters. Simultaneously, an equal volume of supernatant liquid overflows to a storage tank. This material is drained into fertilizer boats that are used to transfer the effluent to nearby farms. The infrastructure to maintain such a complex and interdependent technology appears to be present mostly in nations with an established "hydraulic" cultural tradition, often dating back centuries.
+Integration with Existing Technology
+Adaptation would also be easier among farmers and agricultural peoples already producing crop residues and other organic wastes suitable for biogas production. In those parts of Asia where organic waste collection is an established tradition--in China and Korea, for example --this factor appears to have greatly enhanced chances for diffusion. Successfully operating biogas generators are typically associated with fairly sophisticated integrated systems of waste management based on cattle, swine, or poultry production such as the Maya Farm operation in the Philippines, in which the gas generated is a valuable by-product rather than the main product. The extensive Chinese experience, with some seven million digesters constructed, appears to be similarly linked to environmental and health improvement and nutrient recycling (including human waste), with gas being a co-product rather than the principal objective.
+Meeting Locally Perceived Needs
+Biogas production also fails to meet a locally perceived technological or economic need in most developing countries. Even in China, although farm managers were aware of the potential for biogas production in their farming systems, they were more concerned with increasing soil fertility and improving sanitation and health than with biogas generation. However, elsewhere in China where fuelwood is scarce, there are many communes in which 80-90 percent of cooking is done with biogas.
+While biogas has a role to play as a source of fuel for smallscale industry, its potential is not familiar to the poor majority in most urban or rural areas. Familiarizing them with its benefits will entail both considerable capital input and extension support, elements already in short supply in most developing countries. Cost of the units is also a major constraint. In Fiji, for example, it is estimated that comparatively simple digesters proposed for construction at various piggeries will cost about $600 each. This investment will require a subsidy of about $300 per digester, since a capital outlay of this magnitude is far beyond the reach of the potential users. The diffusion of biogas units in this price range will probably be economically feasible only where government financing is available.
+Because of its indirect benefits, Prakasam maintains that analysis of the economics of biogas generation is sometimes difficult. He says that in India, if too low a cash value is placed on the indirect benefits of cooking with biogas, such as the leisure that a housewife may enjoy or a decrease in the number of eye ailments, the net benefit to the society may be grossly underestimated (Prakasam, 1981).
+Adjustment to the System for
+Allocating Productive Goods
+Biogas production may require some reorganization of the system for allocating capital and other productive goods. In many instances labor used in food production may have to be reallocated to support biogas production, and this may prove difficult to justify.
+Compatibility with the Traditional Work Organization
+An aspect of traditional work organization that is perhaps most critical to the diffusion of biogas production technology relates to the handling of organic wastes, especially excrete. In Papua New Guinea and in India, such work is seen as contaminating, but in China, no stigma is attached. There a work organization based on the household unit and modified by the imposition of communal organizations appears to have lent itself well to the construction and maintenance of biogas digesters.
+Adaptation to Existing Patterns of Distribution
+Adaptation to local patterns of distribution is especially critical for community biogas production. Biogas projects have foundered over the cost of the system, responsibility for operation and allocation of gas, collection of substrate, equitable distribution of the residue, and, in arid regions, adequate water supply. And few poor families have the capital or the number of animals necessary to support a home generator.
+In India, only households with a minimum of three to five head of cattle can aspire to install a biogas plant. At least this many cattle are needed to provide enough dung to produce biogas for the cooking and lighting purposes of an average family of four to five persons. "It is estimated that about 26 percent of the rural population in India is landless and sustained on wages earned by working inside the village or in a town close by. Certainly this population cannot afford a biogas plant" (Prakasam, 1981).
+Forman's report on biogas diffusion in Colombia makes a similar point on the often prohibitive costs of a system (Forman, 1981).
+Integration with the Social Structure
+The Indian biogas program was restructured on income-distribution grounds because benefits were going to the relatively wealthy who had the cattle, land, and credit needed to build and use a biogas plant, while introduction of the plants by increasing the value of dung had a negative impact on the real income of the poorer groups who cook with dung. For most developing countries the question of the benefits of biogas generation to the poor remains, at best, moot.
+A market-based evaluation of the benefits of conversion to biogas generation requires an often complex process of calculation. ". . . Evaluation of a community biogas plant in India shows that the benefit from biogas used for cooking depends on whether cow dung or crop residues, thus released, have alternative uses in the system. If crop residues cannot be used as fodder or sold for fuel, the benefit from biogas used in cooking will be zero. Similarly, if cow dung released from its use as dung cakes could not be marketed and the farmers did not perceive any benefits from additional organic manure or rain-fed crops, the benefits from cow dung would also be zero. In this context, reallocation of biogas from cooking to irrigation pumping or flour milling would constitute an increase in social benefits and may also make the unit financially more viable. Alternatively, the benefits from biogas used for cooking could be estimated as savings in the resource costs of providing
+alternative fuels for cooking . . ." (deLucia and Bhatia, 1980).
+Accommodation to the System of Authority
+Successful biogas generation requires the mobilization of capital and the reorganization of a significant sector of the labor force. It is therefore essential that there be, both at national and local levels, an authority system adequate to the task of administering the changes in patterns of production, distribution, and fuel consumption that are entailed by the adoption of biogas technology. Extension services that reach rural communities and a tradition of using organic wastes are two factors critical to biogas diffusion. The first of these is often absent. Prakasam, for example, ascribes to infrastructural weakness many of the problems of biogas diffusion in India. He observes: "There is lack of coordination among these various organizations. Delays are caused in obtaining loans from the nationalized banks because of too much bureaucracy. A systematic and well managed marketing system is seriously lacking and needs to be developed urgently. Follow-up work by biogas
+workers is lacking or inadequate in many villages, when once the biogas plant is installed. This causes serious problems to the owners of biogas plants and creates mistrust among the villagers . . where repairs need to be made on biogas plants, services are lacking and this causes frustration to owners and creates a negative image for biogas plants and thus a resistance to accept them by others . . ." (Prakasam, 1981).
+Harmony with Prevailing Values and Ideology
+Attitudes toward fermentation processes in Islamic regions, and concepts of ritual contamination in many cultures, are prominent among the ideological factors that may hinder biogas diffusion. For example, "drying food with gas derived from dung may not be acceptable to certain cultures" (Ashworth and Neuendorffer, 1980). Concern about contamination is well known in India, where the handling of waste materials is relegated to members of particular subordinate castes. Perhaps partly as a consequence of this attitude, the construction of biogas plants has not yet had a "discernible impact on energy resources" there (Prakasam, 1981). DeLucia and Bhatia concur that "attitudes toward using human excrete to produce biogas for cooking, or toward carrying slurry from a plant where human excrete has been used as an input, may cause problems for villages where untouchability and casteism predominate" (deLucia and Bhatia, 1980). The concept exists elsewhere; for example, most Papua New
+Guinea natives are reported to have strong fears concerning the use of their excrete by others (Newcombe, 1981), and similar objections exist in Colombia (Forman, 1981).
+ALCOHOL PRODUCTION
+Of all the biomass energy technologies so far considered, fuel alcohol production appears to be most vulnerable to sociocultural and political constraints on its diffusion. Several countries have adopted policies to use alcohols to replace imported petroleum fuels. Only in Brazil, however, has this been effected to any degree, probably because in Brazil there exists the (perhaps unique) combination of an established use of the technology, available land and labor resources to produce the feedstock, and clear government policy and subsidy.
+Structural Simplicity and Scale
+Alcohol production technology generally fails the test of structural simplicity. While potable alcohol production can be small-scale and the technology is relatively simple and well known, economies of scale are persuasive for ethanol and, particularly, methanol. The amount of fuel obtained from small stills requires a disproportionally large amount of equipment, effort, and perhaps most important, energy to produce it, compared with large-scale systems. Even more difficult may be the problem of distinguishing between fuel and potable ethanol produced on a small scale, and most countries have long-standing legal and tax impediments to the use of this technology.
+Use of Familiar Materials
+While appropriate biomass is available in many developing countries--sugarcane, sweet sorghum, cereals, starches such as sago and cassava--its conversion to fuel ethanol in quantity is rarely possible using familiar techniques, unless there is a tradition of producing potable spirits commercially from these sources. Where this technology exists, its successful expansion for fuel production may require the diversion of food staples or the land on which they are grown, with important consequences for food availability and price.
+Functional Discreteness
+As a technology, alcohol production is not functionally discrete, since it is dependent on the large-scale and continuous production of biomass, supplies of fuel and water, disposal of stillage residues, and distribution of the product.
+Integration with Existing Technology
+Alcohol production is only integrated with the local technology to the extent that forms of biomass suitable for fermentation are often available crops, although cultivated for different ends.
+Meeting Locally Perceived Needs
+Except in those instances where national planning allows for both high risk and the deferment of economic rewards, the high initial costs
+of alcohol production are likely to offset its potential long-term advantages as a source of fuel savings. Only where such disincentives are offset by substantial subsidies is this technology likely to be diffused.
+Adjustment to the System for
+Allocating Productive Goods
+Production of fuel alcohol is rarely adjusted to the system for allocating productive resources. Rather, land and labor used for food crop production must often be reallocated, with some risk that the food supplies of the producers may be decreased. Unless carefully controlled, alcohols may be used by the wealthy to fuel automobiles at the expense of food production and other land use. In Colombia and Brazil, there is concern about displacement of agricultural land for alcohol crops.
+Compatibility with the Existing Work Organization
+Whatever patterns of work organization are already in place appear to be adaptable to production of the biomass from which alcohol is produced. The process of fermentation and distillation, however, may entail some changes, as well as training and extensive supervision.
+Adaptation to Existing Patterns of Distribution
+In distributing alcohol fuels and the profits it brings, two factors must be taken into account. First, the rural and urban poor must be able to profit from its production, which means ensuring that an adequate price is paid for the biomass they produce and for their labor as alcohol producers. Second, in stratified societies there is a danger that reliance on low-cost, labor-intensive systems for producing this new source of fuel may widen the income gap between unskilled rural producers of the "raw" biomass upon which alcohol production depends and the entrepreneurs who make the investment necessary to profit from its processing and distribution.
+Accommodation to the System of Authority
+Because the technology is complex, a centralized authority system appears essential to coordinating the reallocation of capital, land, and labor that alcohol production requires.
+Harmony with Prevailing Values and Ideology
+Ideologically, there will be constraints on alcohol fuel production in those developing countries where a strict Moslem regime may oppose reliance on fermentation or where temperance interests may complicate the licensing and supervision of fuel ethanol production. Diversion of ethanol for potable use can be countered by adding small amounts of substances that make it undrinkable, such as gasoline.
+REFERENCES
+Agarwal, B. 1980. The Woodfuel Problem and the Diffusion of Rural Innovations. Final Report submitted to the Tropical Products Institute, United Kingdom. Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
+Ashworth, J.H., and Neuendorffer, J.W. 1980. Matching Renewable Energy Systems to Village-Level Energy Needs.Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, USA.
+Caster, S. 1981. Eight months after the introduction of improved smokeless mud stoves in the Gilibaga Sissala area of Tumu District. Peace Corps, Tumu, Ghana.
+deLucia, R.J., and Bhatia, R. 1980. Economics of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Third World: A Review. Prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Elmendorf, C.L. 1980. Case Study on Fechovil's Program of Improved Stove Diffusion in Honduras. Foundation for Cooperative Housing, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Florestal Acesita, S.A. 1982. State of the Art Report on Charcoal Production in Brazil. Submitted to U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, funded by U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Forman, S. 1981. Trip Report to Colombia and Honduras. Prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+French, D. 1979. The Economics of Renewable Energy Systems for Developing Countries. Report to the al Dir'iyyah Institute and U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Gregerson, H.M. 1982. Village Forestry Development in the Republic of Korea: A Case Study. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+Hayes, P. 1981. Rural Energy Technological Change and Competing End-Uses. Prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Hoskins, M. 1981. Communication and energy: community participation in forestry projects. Development Communication Report No. 33.
+Karamchandani, K.P. 1981. Gujarat Social Forestry: A Case Study. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+Malawi Energy Unit. 1981. Energy Notes 1(2). Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi.
+Martin, L.H. 1980. The Ecology and Economics of Cooking Fuels in Ghana. M.A. Thesis, American University, Washington, D.C., USA.
+National Academy of Sciences. 1981. Staff Report: Environmental Degradation in Mauritania.National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Newcombe, K. 1981. Technology assessment and policy: examples from Papua New Guinea. International Social Science Journal 33(3):495-507.
+Noronha, R. 1980. Village Woodlots: Are they a Solution? Paper prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Prakasam, T.B.S. 1981. Some aspects of Biogas Technology in India and Egypt. Prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Prasad, K.K. 1981. Some Studies on Open Fires, Shielded Fires and Heavy Stoves. Woodburning Stove Group, Eindhoven University of Technology and Division of Technology for Society, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
+Prasad, K.K. 1980. Some Performances Tests on Open Fires and the Family Cooker. Woodburning Stove Group, Eindhoven University of Technology and Division of Technology for Society, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
+Rogers, E.M. 1980. The Diffusion of Technological Innovations: Application to Renewable Energy Resources in Developing Nations. Prepared for the Panel on the Introduction and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Siwatibau, S. 1981. Rural Energy in Fiji: A Survey of Domestic Rural Energy Use and Potential. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
+Spears, J.S. 1980. Overcoming Constraints to Increased Investment in Forestry. Prepared for the Eleventh Commonwealth Forestry Conference, September 1980, Trinidad. World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Weir, A., and Richolson, J. 1980. The Nasinu Wood-Burning Stoves: A Preliminary Report. Fiji Forestry Department and the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
+Wood, D., et al. 1979. The Socio-Economic and Environmental Context of Fuelwood Use in Rural Communities of Developing Countries: Issues and Guidelines for Community Fuelwood Packages. U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA.
+<section>8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</section>
+When the prices of petroleum fuels rise above the cost of biomassbased energy, the production of energy in tropical forests presents an opportunity to those whose energy costs are directly linked to petroleum fuel prices. These conditions have already occurred in many developing countries. However, among the poor, who traditionally have not paid for commercial energy and indeed are often outside the money economy altogether, many other factors already discussed affect their willingness to adopt new or more efficient biomass-based energy technologies.
+In this analysis of the diffusion of these technologies among the rural and urban poor, the following principal points emerged:
+· Increased production of biomass is essential both to meet the energy needs of developing countries and to counter deforestation that threatens agricultural productivity and ecological balance.
+· Among the variables identified as important to diffusion of a technology, allocation of productive resources (primarily land and labor), integration with traditional technology, accommodation to equitable systems of distribution, local perception of energy needs, and congruence with systems of authority appear to be the most critical.
+· Organization of diffusion strategies is as important as the efficacy of the technologies themselves. The relationships among biomass resource depletion, agriculture, and energy problems are not generally understood and receive insufficient attention.
+· Agroforestry and improved charcoal production and use are the most promising energy technologies of those studied.
+· Biogas generation requires integrated resource management, which is usually found only in well-organized communities or large-scale systems.
+· The potential competition for arable land associated with large-scale alcohol fuel production may prevent its adoption in many areas. However, this could change dramatically when practical systems to convert lignocellulose in wood to alcohol become available. Small-scale fuel alcohol production is not yet practical.
+DIFFUSION OF INFORMATION
+Although the focus of this report is on the diffusion of renewable energy technologies for the benefit of the poor, analysis of the factors affecting this process indicates that decisions are made at all levels of society (and indeed outside of the society, by international development technical assistance agencies and multinational corporations) that affect diffusion in many ways.
+At the highest level, policymakers and planners may require evidence that any type of biomass-based technology is practical and economically feasible. Successful diffusion almost always involves a national commitment.
+Development-assistance and funding agencies cannot independently institute or support energy technology diffusion projects where there is little or no national receptivity. Where a national commitment exists, the agencies also must be convinced of the economic justification of the project and its relative importance.
+Private and voluntary organizations and government extension agencies have related roles to play in the diffusion process, since both are in direct contact with the intended recipients. However, they may have different strengths; private organizations usually are more attuned to local perceptions and sensitivities, but may have limited technical knowledge and resources, while government agencies may have adequate information and resources but limited sensitivity.
+A principal conclusion, therefore, concerns the manner in which information about the technologies is compiled and conveyed to planners and policymakers, government and private agencies, and funding organizations.
+Policymakers and Planners
+At the policy level, the information must relate mainly to national macroeconomic issues. It should convey the potential of renewable energy technologies for reducing oil imports, increasing employment, and improving agricultural production--that is, benefits at the national level. For example:
+· Solutions to the rural energy problem must be developed in the context of a national strategy because of the direct impact on agriculture of uncontrolled deforestation, erosion, and ecological imbalance.
+· Investment in reforestation for fuelwood and charcoal, when properly managed, can generate an attractive internal rate of return and will not require a perpetual subsidy at the expense of other sectors.
+· Benefits and limitations of the various technologies should be identified.
+· Opportunities for private sector commercialization of these technologies should be examined.
+Policymakers need less information on the technical aspects, though their advisory staff, from whom they will request technical policy options, will need more detailed information.
+Development Assistance and Funding Agencies
+Assistance agencies require predominantly economic information on the returns from investment in the proposed projects. To make assessments of funding needs for these technologies, however, technical feasibility studies will be required to provide data on benefits and returns at both the national and community level. Technical and sociocultural details, in addition to economic data, will be necessary. For example:
+· Valid economic data should be obtained from projects that have been successful in similar situations.
+· Technical entrepreneurs and private and voluntary organizations should be involved in working with local communities.
+· Successful local adaptations, developed through field projects, are important to counter risk aversion in the target population.
+· Emphasis on local participation must go beyond pious acknowledgment of its importance.
+· Continuing technical guidance and warranties and service for commercial equipment must be available.
+For these agencies, the information needs to be provided in a less general, more practical form, with allowance, wherever possible, for updating as additional case studies, economic information, or new technological developments become available. Limitations in the applications of technologies also need to be clearly spelled out. Computerized information, data books, and fact sheets may be especially useful to this audience.
+Extension Agencies
+Operation guidelines for government agencies and private and voluntary organizations should stress the following points:
+· A survey of locally perceived energy needs should be among the first steps in planning.
+· Representatives of the local population, the donor agency, and the implementing group should collaborate in planning and implementation.
+· Planning and implementation should allow for regular monitoring and the early identification of problems.
+· The probable sociocultural consequences of biomass-based energy technologies should be studied.
+· Demonstration in a neutral context should precede wide dissemination.
+· The social status of initial innovators may be critical to successful diffusion.
+· Subsidies or short-term incentives should be provided when the benefits of a technology are deferred.
+· In many cases, energy technologies may have to be laborintensive and require minimal local capital investment. Tasks should be structured in accordance with local patterns of work organization, capitalizing on existing technical skills and ingenuity.
+· Existing management structures--rather than imposed organizational models--should be employed, so long as equity and efficiency are not jeopardized.
+· Women should be explicitly assured of equal participation in the benefits of these projects whenever possible.
+· The need to minimize costs may justify acceptance of lower levels of efficiency.
+· Existing systems for the allocation of land should be analyzed for possible impediments to technology diffusion.
+Information on renewable energy projects must flow from extension agencies to their funding sponsors, and also among these agencies themselves. Technical journals are excellent for this purpose, but slow; newsletters are particularly helpful. The use of audiovisual aids, particularly videotapes, may be justified to circumvent language barriers, as well as to communicate excitement and enthusiasm along with the technical information.
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+Ki-Zerbo, J., and De Lepeleire, G. 1979. L'Amelioration des Foyers pour ['Utilisation Domestique du Bois de Feu: Ses Possibilites et Son Impact au Sahel. Comité Inter-état pour la Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel and Club du Sahel, Niamey, Niger.
+Little, E.C.S. 1978. The mini-cusab kiln for rapid small-scale manufacture of charcoal from scrub, coconut wood, and coconut shells. Appropriate Technology 5(1):12~14.
+Little, E.C.S. 1972. A kiln for charcoal making in the field. Tropical Science 14(3):261-270.
+Martin, L.H. 1977. The Ecology and Economics of Cooking Fuels in Ghana. M.A. Thesis, American University, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Milhayi, L. 1972. On the Investigation Into Nature, Economic and Social Significance of the Charcoal Industry in Zambia. Department of Geography, University of Zambia.
+Winslow, A. 1979. Charcoal (Annotated Bibliography). Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oxford, England.
+GASIFICATION
+Breag, G.R., and Chittenden, A.E. 1979. Producer Gas: Its Potential and Application in Developing Countries. Tropical Products Institute, London, England. (PubIication G-130.)
+Doroteo, N.B., and Carrillo, V.H. 1980. Producer gas: energy from rice husk, charcoal, wood. Pipeline 1(1):4-7.
+Eoff, K.M., and Post, F.M. 1980. How to Power a Gasoline Engine with Wood. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
+Goss, J.R., and Coppick, R.H. 1980. Producing gas from crop residues. California Agriculture 34(5):4-6.
+Groenveld, M.J., and Westerterp, K.R. 1980. Social and economical aspects of the introduction of gasification technology in the rural areas in developing countries. Chemical Age of India 31:185-193.
+Onaji, P.B., Adelfila, S.S., and Beenackers, A. 1980. Economic feasibility of gasification in Nigeria. Chemical Age of India 31:194-197
+Rogers, K.E., ed. 1979. Technology and Economics of Wood Residue Gasification. Proceedings of the Tenth Texas Industrial Wood Seminar, 13 March 1979, Lufkin, Texas, USA.
+COOKSTOVES
+Anonymous. 1980. Des cuisinières à bois et à charbon pour la survie du Sahel. Le Soleil 4 August.
+Anonymous. 1979. The Tungko earth stove. Earthman 3-4 December.
+Brown, J. 1977. Technical Summary of the Lime Kiln Project in Honduras. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Centro de Desarrollo Industrial. Programa de Tecnologias Rurales. 1980. La Estufa Lorena. Servicio de Informacion y Recursos Técnicos, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
+Corillon, C., and Gritzner, J. 1981. Discussions in the West African Sahel concerning renewable energy technologies, with particular emphasis upon efforts to evaluate and introduce more efficient wood-burning stoves. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+deSilva, D. 1981. A charcoal stove from Sri Lanka. Appropriate Technology 7(4):22-24.
+Dutt, G.S. 1981. Field Evaluation of Wood Stoves (with Special Reference to West Africa). Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Dutt, G.S. n.d. Efficient wood burning cooking stove literature. Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
+Edwards, S.S. 1979. Central America: the Lorena cookstove. In: Appropriate Technology for Development, edited by D. Evans, and L. Adler. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+Elmendorf, C.L. 1980. Case Study on Fechovil's Program of Improved Stove Diffusion in Honduras. Foundation for Cooperative Housing, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Evans, I. 1979. Lorena Owner-Built Stoves. Volunteers in Asia, Stanford, California, USA.
+Evans, I., Gern, E., and Jacobs,1980. Improved Cookstoves for Rural Senegal. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Geller, H.S. 1981. Comparison of Efficiency Between Traditional and Hyderabad Cookstoves. Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
+Geller, H.S. 1981. Cooking in the Ungra Area: Fuel Efficiency, Energy Losses, and Opportunities for Reducing Firewood Consumption. Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
+Geller, H.S. 1981. Experiments with Modified and New Woodburning Cookstoves--Efficiency Test Results. Centre for the Application on Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
+German Appropriate Technology Exchange. 1980. Helping People in Poor Countries Develop Fuel-Saving Cookstoves. Aprovecho Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
+Instituto Centroamericano de Investigacion y Tecnologia Industrial. 1981. Guia Para la Construccion, Uso v Mantenimiento de Estufas Domésticas de Lena. ICAITI, Guatemala
+Joseph, S., and Shanahan, Y. 1981. Laboratory and Field Testing of Monolithic Mud Stoves. Intermediate Technology Development Group, Ltd., London, England.
+Joseph, S., and Trussell, J. 1981. Report on Advisory Visit to the VITA Wood Stove Project in Upper Volta, 16 February to 2 March, 1981. Prepared for Volunteers in Technical Assistance. Intermediate Technology Consultants, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
+Ki-Zerbo, J. 1980. Improved Woodstoves: User's Needs and Expectations in Upper Volta. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Ki-Zerbo, J., and De Lepeleire, G. 1979. L'Amelioration des Foyers pour ['Utilisation Domestique du Bois de Feu: Ses Possibilités et Son Impact au Sahel. Comité Inter-etat pour la Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel and Club du Sahel, Niamey, Niger.
+Knowland, W. 1980. Better stoves and forests in Indonesia. Open letter to Peter B. Martin, Executive Director, Institute of Current World Affairs, Wheelock House, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
+Micuta, W. 1981. Modern Stoves for All. Fondation de Bellerive, Geneva, Switzerland.
+Ministerio de Agricultural Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. n.d. Estufa de Carbon (o lena). Servicio Nacional de Planos, Seccion de Infraestructura, Colombia.
+Norman, H.R. 1980. Proposed Project to Develop Woodstoves in Upper Volta. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Prasad, K.K., ed. 1981. A Study on the Performance of Two Metal Stoves. Woodburning Stove Group, Eindhoven University of Technology and Divisions of Technology for Society, TNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
+Roggeman, J.B. 1980. Les Fourneaux Ameliorès dans le Sahel. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.
+Singer, H. 1961. Report to the Government of Indonesia on Improvement of Fuelwood Cooking Stoves and Economy in Fuel Wood Consumption. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
+South Pacific Commission. Community Education Training Centre. n.d. How to Build a Smokeless Stove.South Pacific Commission, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia.
+Strehlke, B. 1979. Intermediate technology for forestry in developing countries. Forstarchiv 40(9):203-204.
+Volunteers in Technical Assistance. l980. Wood Conserving Cookstoves: A Design Guide. VITA, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, USA.
+Walton, J.D., Jr., Roy, A.H., and Bomar, S.H., Jr. 1978. A State of the Art Survey of Solar Powered Irrigation Pumps, Solar Cookers, and Wood Burning Stoves for Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Georgia Instltute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
+Weir, A., and Richolson, J. 1980. The Nasinu Wood-Burning Stoves: A Preliminary Report. Fiji Forestry Department/University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
+Wood, T.S. 1981. Laboratory and Field Testing of Improved Woodstoves in Upper Volta. Paper prepared for Panel on the Introduction. and Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies. National Academy of sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+BIOGAS
+Barnett, A., et al. 1978. Biogas Technology in the Third World. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
+Bhatia, R. 1977. Economic Appraisal of Biogas Units in India: A Framework for Social Benefit Cost Analysis. Institute for Economic Growth, New Delhi, India.
+Fuller, R. 1980. Bangladesh big-gas developments. ADAB News (Dacca) 3(7):8-9.
+Ghate, P. B. 1979. Biogas : a decentralized energy system. Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay), India, July 7:1132-1136.
+Khandelwal, K.C. 1979. Implementation of biogas programme at village level--a case study. Abstracts, National Symposium on Biogas Technology and Usage. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
+Loehr, R.D. 1978. Methane from human, animal and agricultural wastes. In: Renewable Energy Resources and Rural Applications in the Developing World, edited by N.L. Brown. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+McGarry, M.G., and Stanforth, J., eds. 1978. Compost, Fertilizer, and Biogas Production from Human and Farm Wastes, in the People's Republic of China. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
+National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Methane Generation from Human, Animal, and Agricultural Wastes. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
+Openshaw, K. 1980. The fuel problem grows larger as African forests get smaller. VITA News July:11-13.
+Roberts, R.S., Jr. 1979. Tanzania: biogas generator. In: Appropriate Technology for Development, edited by D.D. Evans and L.N. Adler. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
+Ray, P. 1977. Social Aspects of Biogas Plants. Paper presented at the Workshop on Bio-Gas Systems, Management Development Institute, New Delhi, India.
+Sathianathan, M.A. 1975. Bio-gas Achievements and Challenges. Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development, New Delhi, India.
+Singh, K.H. 1979. Extension aspects of cow dung gas plant. Abstracts, National Symposium of Biogas Technology and Usage, New Delhi, 29-30 November. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
+Surahmanian, S.K. 1977. Bio-gas Systems in Asia. Management Development Institute, New Delhi, India.
+Van Buren, A., ed. 1976. A Chinese Biogas Manual. Intermediate Technology Publications Limited, London, England.
+ALCOHOL FUELS
+Adams, R.I. 1979. Agricultural Adjustments to Brazil's Alcohol Program: A Regional Economic Analysis. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
+Anonymous. 1980. Ethanol project to be set up to improve the income of farmers. Indonesian Observer September 12.
+Bhatia, R.K. 1980. Fuel Alcohol from Agro Products: A Conceptual Framework for a Study in India and Papua New Guinea. Department of City and Regional Planning, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
+Carmo, A.T. 1978. O Programa Nacional do Alcool: Balanços e Perspectivos. Brasil Acucareiro, 17-24 October.
+Chancellor, W.J. 1978. The role of fuel and electrical energy in increasing production for traditionally based agriculture. Technical Paper of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 78-5529. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA.
+DaSilva, J.G., et al. 1978. Energy balance for ethyl alcohol production for crops. Science 201:903-906.
+Hammond, A.L. 1977. Alcohol: a Brazilian answer to the energy crisis. Science 195:566-567.
+Jones, J.L., et al. 1978. Alcohol Fuels Production Technology and Economics. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Californla, USA.
+Kuhner, J. 1980. Impact of biomass-derived energy programs. In: IV International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology, 5-8 October, Guaruja, S.P., Brazil.
+Weisz, P.B., and Marshall, J.F. 1979. High-grade fuels from biomass farming: potentials and constraints. Science 206:24-29.
+World Bank. 1980. Alcohol Production from Biomass--Potential and Prospects in the Developing Countries. World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b48aqe.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b48aqe.key
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+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b48aqe.key
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+FISH CULTURE
+SCHISTOSOMIASIS
+HUMAN DISEASES
+SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM
+HOSTS
+VECTORS
+GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
+AFRICA
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b48aqe.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/bostid_b48aqe.txt
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+<title>Aquaculture and schistosomiasis</title>
+Proceedings of a network meeting
+held in Manila, Phillipines
+August 6-10, 1991
+Board on Science and Technology for International Development
+National Research Council
+<section>Preface</section>
+Inland aquaculture has been vastly underdeveloped in the tropics and subtropics and now there are high hopes for its future expansion to benefit farmers and consumers of aquatic products. The prospects of generating food and profit from well-managed waters are exciting and responsive to the normal developmental trends of high population growth, overstretched natural resources, and environmental degradation. There are, however, serious biotechnical, socioeconomic, and environmental constraints to aquaculture development. Aquaculture, like agriculture, has environmental costs and risks, including the possibility of increased transmission of waterborne diseases to those who work on fish farms and to others who use, or live near, the waters used for, or influenced by, aquaculture. Where fishponds and associated watercourses provide good habitats for the aquatic snail intermediate hosts of schistosomes, the risks of increased transmission can be great, especially in Africa.
+Therefore, there is a need for increased interaction among researchers working in support of aquaculture development and among those working in public health, disease control, sanitation, and environmental conservation. These proceedings describe an attempt at such interaction by the juxtaposition of researchers in aquaculture and schistosomiasis in a network meeting that provided an opportunity for presentations, discussion, and interaction of mutual benefit to the attendees.
+The aquaculture contributions show the diversity of current research in progress. This reflects the rather backward status of aquaculture science compared with agricultural science. Aquaculturists have yet to develop a well-founded science akin to agronomy and will need many years to build that science from a combination of disciplinary, specific problem-oriented, and broader systems research, including intersectoral studies with such groups as agriculturalists and foresters. The contributions of schistosomiasis research are also wide ranging and reflect the many imaginative approaches toward lessening or eliminating its continuing toll on the human population.
+It is hoped that these papers and the accompanying recommendations on future work and research priorities will be seen as modest but useful steps toward supporting the safe and sustainable expansion of aquaculture in developing countries and the effective control of schistosomiasis. Much more research is needed and this will require an increased commitment of resources.
+The International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), as the newest center to be accepted for membership in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), welcomed the opportunity to host this network meeting and looks forward to being of further service to assist similar efforts involving researchers for development who have diverse backgrounds but work toward interdependent objectives.
+Roger S.V. Pullin
+Director, Aquaculture Program
+ICLARM
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+The staff of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development deeply appreciates the assistance of Kenneth T. MacKay, Jay L. Maclean, Roger S. V. Pullin, and Belen Acosta, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), Manila, for hosting the network meeting and for the arrangements that made this meeting a success.
+We also extend special thanks to Patrick Carney, George T. Curlin, James McVey, and Gary Pruder for providing important contributions through their role as external expert reviewers for this proceedings.
+The Office of Research, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), is gratefully acknowledged for their support of the network meeting and the publication of this proceedings.
+National Research Council Staff
+Bruce A. Harrison, Senior Program Officer and Scientific Editor
+E. Griffin Shay, Senior Program Officer and Scientific Editor
+F. R. Ruskin, Editor
+Maria Griener, Assistant Editor
+Yauthary Keo, Program Assistant
+Mary Frances Schlichter, Program Assistant
+How to cite this report:
+National Research Council. 1992. Aquaculture and Schistosomiasis: Proceedings of a network meeting held in Manila, Philippines, August 6-10, 1991. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+The idea of mixing aquaculture and schistosomiasis researchers in a single meeting was prompted by the need to emphasize the importance of the interface between these two fields. A network meeting was held in Manila, Philippines, from August 6 to 10, 1991, and involved U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) grantees working in aquaculture or schistosomiasis. The meeting was organized and sponsored jointly by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington, D.C., and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), Manila, and was funded by the Office of Research at USAID. The participants' grants were funded through USAID's Program in Science and Technology Cooperation (PSTC) or the U.S.-Israel Cooperative Development Research (CDR) Program. The meeting consisted of two days of grantee presentations of individual research projects and two days of visits to field research
+sites in nearby areas.
+The 25 papers presented during the meeting are included here. One additional paper is included from a grantee who could not attend the meeting. The 15 aquaculture papers cover a wide field of topics, ranging from three on technology, four on propagation, two on nutrition, and four on DNA and genetics, to two on ecology and the environment. Likewise, the 11 papers on schistosomiasis cover diverse topics, including four on immunology, two on epidemiology or biology, and four on biocontrol. None of the papers address both aquaculture and schistosomiasis (except for Loker et al., in passing), because the grants did not overlap both study areas. However, the participants formulated and compiled a list of 35 recommendations relevant to future research, including four that specifically propose work involving both study areas.
+Aquaculture, an ancient human practice, has become an increasingly important farmer-oriented industry for protein production in many countries, both developing and developed. The technologies required for large- and small-scale farm aquaculture of major or supplemental crops of various fish species, frogs, crayfish and prawns, and mollusks are now in place and are being widely distributed. The development of these technologies has not come about spontaneously, but as a result of three basic trends: (1) the need for more protein production to feed the growing human population; (2) increased pollution in, or destruction of, many of the world's natural fishery habitats and the subsequent decline in fish populations; and (3) poorly managed or unmanaged harvest systems that have permitted the overexploitation of natural fisheries. Realistically, a slowing and reversal of these trends will require considerable education, policy and managerial changes, effort, and time. Thus,
+aquaculture technology will continue to grow at a rapid rate and it should be anticipated that many other aquatic species will be "domesticated" and disseminated for mass production of protein.
+One of the main organizations involved in the enhancement of fisheries techniques and aquaculture is the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. Currently, there are several ICLARM regional centers in the Eastern Hemisphere that have been very successful in initiating small-farmer-oriented aquaculture programs based primarily on various cichlid species. One of these centers is located in Manila. Accordingly, the participants of this network meeting had the opportunity to visit the Freshwater Aquaculture Center and the Freshwater Fish Hatchery and Extension Training Center at Central Luzon State University and to learn about the project in Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias.
+The parasitism of humans by schistosomes is almost certainly more ancient than the development of aquaculture and is still a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Schistosomiasis is one of the six priority vector-borne diseases targeted for control by the World Health Organization. The disease (also called bilharziasis) is caused by any one of five species of the genus Schistosoma that parasitize humans through direct contact in water. At present, it affects an estimated 200-250 million people in approximately 75 countries, primarily in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Schistosomiasis normally has a low mortality rate; however, it is typically chronic, extremely debilitating, and causes a very significant loss in work productivity. Thus, the annual impact of lost work in some developing countries with high prevalence rates can amount to hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars.
+Human schistosomes develop through a complex life cycle involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts. The stage infecting humans develops in the snail and is released into the water, where it swims until it dies or comes in contact with, and penetrates, human skin. Once in the human the parasite migrates, matures, and develops large numbers of eggs, some of which pass out in the urine and/or feces. If the eggs are deposited in fresh water, another stage of the parasite hatches and swims around until it locates and infects the snail intermediate host. Only a select few species of snails actually function in the intermediate host role, and most are specifically susceptible to only one or two of the schistosome species. Thus, the schistosome cycles are dependent on: (1) an infected human (in Asia other animals can also serve as vertebrate hosts for the parasite, and these enhance the transmission of parasites to humans); (2) the depositing of eggs into fresh water and their
+hatching; (3) the location and infection of the correct snail species and further development of the parasite for release into the water; and (4) human skin exposure in water to the infective stage of the parasite that came from the infected snails, and a subsequent infection.
+Why the concern about schistosomiasis when efforts to develop a vaccine are progressing well and a medication, praziquantel, is now available for treatment of the disease? Although these developments are promising, and in the case of praziquantel very successful, the disease is continuing to spread and case numbers are increasing annually. There is also some evidence of praziquantel resistance developing in the parasite. Furthermore, there is no realistic expectation that the eventual vaccine will be available, costwise, to many infected rural populations in tropical countries. It is imperative, therefore, that non-vaccine control methods and programs be continued and public awareness and education enhanced through local sources.
+As mentioned earlier, schistosomiasis is a tropical and subtropical disease that primarily affects rural populations. In this scenario the focus for infection is continued contact with water through activities such as fishing, farming (for example, rice culture), bathing, washing clothes and cooking utensils, personal hygiene, and recreation. Thus, water development projects in developing countries where the disease occurs offer likely sources for new foci or epidemics of the disease. The need for increased education and local awareness about schistosomiasis is particularly important when considering the current water resources situation. Many of the countries with high prevalence rates of this disease are the same countries experiencing serious water shortages. And, wherever water occurs there are usually large concentrations of humans, which encourages the transmission of waterborne disease. Recently, a number of the countries experiencing such water shortages have
+embarked on large-scale dam projects and irrigation schemes. Sadly, most have resulted in large-scale schistosomiasis epidemics in the settlers who come to work the newly habitable lands. These water development schemes are also the very same areas where aquaculture efforts are likely to be initiated; often the persons involved in these projects, like the other settlers, are unaware of the risk of schistosomiasis.
+When considering this problem, there are at least four future trends that seem certain: (1) human populations in most developing countries will continue to increase at a rapid rate; (2) freshwater resources will become increasingly scarce, which will result in more water development projects in developing countries; (3) aquaculture will become increasingly important in developing countries as a source for protein and will be linked to the water development projects; and (4) waterborne diseases such as schistosomiasis will continue to spread so that large-scale epidemics will be a common public health problem in humans associated with water development projects. Therefore, the meshing of aquaculture and schistosomiasis researchers in a network meeting seems timely and has resulted in an increased awareness on both sides of the interrelatedness of the two fields. Hopefully, this meeting will inspire future research efforts that encompass both aquaculture and the study of
+schistosomes and schistosomiasis.
+<section>Recommendations</section>
+During the four-day network meeting, the 25 USAID aquaculture and schistosomiasis grantees intermingled well and participated in a vigorous exchange of information and ideas. Their wide range of expertise enhanced the development of a list of recommendations. On the last day they formulated and compiled a total of 35 recommendations for future research in both fields. These recommendations are listed below and are divided into priorities for three categories: (1) the aquaculture and schistosomiasis interface, (2) aquaculture; and (3) schistosomes and schistosomiasis. Of particular importance are the four recommendations involving the aquaculture and schistosomiasis interface. These recommendations stress the need for future coordinated efforts that will consider both nutrition and waterborne diseases in promoting human health.
+I. Priorities At The Aquaculture And Schistosomiasis Interface
+1.Develop common goals and interaction among aquaculture, public health, engineering,ecology, and environmental workers in planning, constructing, and monitoring water development projects such as aquaculture, potable water sources, dams, irrigation, and chemical and organic waste effluent ponds.
+2.Develop and use preliminary public health risk assessment methods before initiating projects that involve water development, such as aquaculture, potable water sources,dams, irrigation, and chemical and organic waste effluent ponds.
+3.Ensure that those involved in aquaculture projects are educated in the risks and dangers of schistosomiasis and other waterborne diseases, as well as in the methods for preventing their transmission.
+4.Promote and conduct the search for and use of molluscivorous fish and crustacean species that could play an important role in snail control, and potentially be of aquaculture value.
+II. Priorities For Aquaculture
+Resource Allocation
+1.Resource allocation in aquaculture should be studied through modeling of various systems including integrated farming. Subsistence farming could be examined with and without an aquaculture component to identify and predict inputs and outputs, and to project expenses and income. Protocols could be developed for individual farmers based on their resources.
+2.More information is needed on micronutrients in fish nutrition. This would be useful to commercial producers in optimizing their yields and to subsistence aquaculturists in allowing the most effective use of available feeds.
+Conservation of Genetic Resources
+3.Increase research on indigenous species that have been neglected in research and introductions. Research is also needed on remediation in aquaculture as, for example, in the elimination of harmful introduced species. The reintroduction of species that were displaced by unsuitable introductions should also be examined. The reproductive biology of crustaceans, mountain stream fishes (e.g., mahseer), and slow maturers are all worthy of study.
+Aquaculture and the Environment
+4.The interrelationships of aquaculture and the environment need to be quantified. Although there are aquaculture systems that are environmentally benign or beneficial, the potential exists for negative impacts from disease vectors, pesticide residues, and the like. These risks should be assessed and minimized. The effects of industrial and agricultural pollutants on aquaculture can be severe. More information is needed on the tolerances of various species to pollutants.
+Miscellaneous
+5.The suitability of marine fish species for farming should be investigated. Reduced profitability in the shrimp farming industry seems likely and substitute crops should be identified. Integrated culture of fish with shrimp should also be investigated.
+6.Increase understanding and predictability of ecological processes in eutrophicated lakes and reservoirs to enhance water quality and fish protein production.
+III. Priorities For Schistosomes And Schistosomiasis
+Control
+1.Promote and increase efforts to control schistosomes in a sustainable way using integrated pest management techniques directed at the host snail. Such techniques could combine a number of disciplines (e.g., herbal extracts, molluscivorous fish and crustaceans, pond and stream modification, chemicals, competitive or predator snails, competitive trematodes, snail repellent aquatic plants).
+2.Increase the search for, and research efforts directed toward, new biological control agents or organisms of the host snails (e.g., microbial pathogens, Endod, Marisa, Thiara, Helisoma, Echinostoma).
+3.Develop cheap, deliverable community-based biocontrol methods.
+4.Monitor the resistance of snail hosts to chemical control compounds.
+5. Develop slow release compounds targeting cercariae and miracidia that have little or no effect on non-target organisms.
+6. Develop methods to destabilize snail habitats and eliminate or reduce host snail populations.
+7. Conduct ecotoxicological studies of molluscicidal plants to ascertain their safety and toxicity.
+8. Develop practical sanitation techniques and safe water supply systems for rural populations.
+Treatment and Disease Prevention
+9. Understand the basic aspects of granuloma formation and regulation.
+10. Understand the basic aspects of fibrogenesis, resorption, and fibrosis.
+11. Develop an anti-pathology vaccine.
+12. Develop quantitative non-invasive methods for assessing liver function and pathology.
+13. Develop quantitative specific tests for antigens in humans (field ready, rapid, for use in rural areas where microscopes are not available).
+14. Increase studies of patient treatment failure and incipient drug resistance of the parasites.
+15. Develop alternative drugs for treating schistosomiasis.
+Basic Parasitology
+16. Support more research gathering information about the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and their snail hosts (in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia) and how they might be influenced by massive deforestation and the construction of new dams and irrigation schemes.
+Design and Planning
+17. Develop strategies separating control and prevention, based on the premise that "control" = treatment + snail control + containment of spread through environmental modification, whereas "prevention" = vaccines, antipenetrants, protective clothing, prophylactic drugs, and behavior modification.
+18. Determine rate-limiting points in disease transmission.
+19. Develop rapid techniques for surveying water sites (including aquaculture sites) to determine if they are transmission foci (determine if snails or people are infected).
+20. Develop methods for determining the cost/benefits of community-level schistosomiasis control, and determining how the benefits of control programs can continue after the formal intervention has concluded.
+Vaccine Development
+21. Identify relevant conformational antigens.
+22. Develop non-invasive measures of resistance.
+23. Understand mechanisms of immune regulation.
+24. Determine influence of genetics and gene usage.
+25. Address how the vaccine will be delivered and what will be the optimum mode of
+vaccination.
+<section>Presentation: Aquaculture</section>
+<section>Technology</section>
+<section>Aquaculture Technology Research For Smallholder Farmers In Rural Malawi</section>
+R.P. Noble And B.A. Costa-Pierce
+International Center for Living Aquatic Resources
+Management (ICLARM)-GTZ Africa Project
+Zomba, Malawi
+Abstract
+In order to develop aquaculture systems and technologies relevant to the maize-based farming system in rural Africa, the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) is conducting farmer-participatory research in Malawi. This involves farmer-researcher interaction throughout the aquaculture program, thus enabling researchers to: (1) assess farmers' agroecological resources and the extent of their traditional agricultural knowledge to provide information on the constraints to adoption of aquaculture; (2) develop on-station research to test technologies relevant to rural farmers and their farming systems; and (3) monitor and evaluate, in collaboration with farmers, the performance and impact of new technologies and integrated agriculture-aquaculture models on farming systems.
+The research process involves a continuing transfer of information and ideas between farmers and researchers so that research agendas can be adjusted to meet changing needs as indigenous aquaculture systems evolve.
+Malawian aquaculturalists generally have one pond of approximately 300-400 m² in which they polyculture Oreochromis shiranus and Tilapia rendalli, sometimes with Cyprinus carpio. Yields from fish ponds are low (1 t/ha/yr). The major pond input is maize bran, which is used for human and animal food and is scarce during the rainy season.
+On-farm bioresource assessments have shown that there are agricultural residues such as maize stover (2.5 t/ha/yr), grasses (>4 t/ha measured at the end of the wet season) and wood ash (400 kg/farm/yr), which could be used as pond inputs. Experiments have demonstrated that application of napier grass and maize bran together can improve fish yields up to 3 t/ha/yr. Wood ash from household cooking fires can improve water fertility and raise pH.
+Low-cost technology transfer is accomplished by showing farmers a "basket" of technologies at the research station where they are encouraged to critically assess the available technologies. Farmers who have seen and critically evaluated these technologies are more likely to adopt them. In a farmer survey, 76% of those who had visited the research station were using more than one technology compared with only 32% of a control group. Using the "shopping basket" approach to technology transfer has resulted in rapid adoption of rice-fish culture. This has never been practiced in Malawi before. Farmers achieved rice yields of 2-2.4 t/ha/yr and fish yields of 1.5-2.4 t/ha/yr from rice-fish ponds. Farmers who usually grow only one crop of rice per year are now starting second crops during the dry season.
+Introduction
+Aquaculture has not been adopted widely in rural Africa, primarily because the technology has no traditional base in smallholder agriculture. Most rural households operate outside the cash economy, and thus have little expendable income to purchase the feeds and fertilizer that make aquaculture economically viable.
+Malawi's population is 8.2 million (NSO 1987), of which 80% are directly involved in agricultural production. The International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR 1982) stated that smallholder farming accounted for 84% of the agricultural GDP. However, only 25% of that contribution entered the cash economy in the early 1980s. Current figures are not available, but demographic and economic indicators suggest there has been little change since ISNAR's report.
+Malawi government policy has favored estate development rather than smallholder agriculture, resulting in further limitations on participation in the cash economy (Kydd and Christiansen 1982, Peters and Herrera 1989). Malawi's high population growth (3.7% per annum, NSO 1987) further exacerbates this situation and is leading to a shortfall in food supply among rural communities.
+Production of smallholder food crops has been falling since the mid-1970s. This reduction has been due to increasing shortage of arable land. Average per capita landholdings are expected to decline to 0.26 ha by the year 2000 in Malawi (World Bank 1989). With such severe land constraints it will be necessary to use marginal lands and improve the utilization of existing land.
+Fish is the major source of animal protein for human consumption (60-70%, Satia 1989) but is quickly becoming a scarce and expensive food commodity in Malawi. Msiska (1985) noted that between 1972 and 1984, per capita consumption of fish fell by 53 %, from 17.9 kg to 9.5 kg per year. Malawi's lake fisheries have reached their productive limit in terms of fish supply (60,000-70,000 t/yr) and cannot meet the demands of a rapidly growing population (Msiska 1985). The Malawi government is now attempting to expand smallholder aquaculture to help relieve the shortfall in fish supplies and raise rural incomes.
+The introduction of aquaculture to farmers in Malawi started in the early 1950s but has not been particularly successful. This is reflected in the low production figures for the 1980s of approximately 100 t/yr for the whole country, just 0.1% of capture fisheries production (Balarin 1987).
+Kalinga (1991) suggests that lack of capital, suitable fish species and feeds, appropriate management techniques, and extension capacity all contribute to Malawi's poor performance in aquaculture. Balarin (1987) suggests that the lack of an integrated development approach is also a major problem.
+Aquaculture projects often fail to address the problems and needs of smallholder and subsistence farmers and too often treat aquaculture as a stand-alone enterprise in the farming system. For example, many aquaculture projects in Malawi have presented farmers with technological packages designed to operate only as an independent commercial operation (GOPA 1987).
+With farm sizes of usually less than 1 hectare, many Malawian farmers are operating at, or close to, subsistence and have very low cash incomes. Under these circumstances, they cannot afford
+to purchase the formulated feeds and chemical fertilizers that are demanded by commercial aquaculture. Therefore, such technology packages will only be appropriate for a very small, restricted group of households with relatively high incomes.
+If aquaculture is to have a wide impact on nutrition, farm incomes, and rehabilitation of resource systems in rural Malawi, it is necessary to have flexible aquaculture technologies that fit into a wide range of traditional farming practices and farm resources.
+Aquaculture Research
+In 1987, ICLARM, funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), initiated a farmer-participatory research project with the Malawi Department of Fisheries (FD), the objective being to develop aquaculture technology appropriate for rural Africa (ICLARM and GTZ 1991). The target group of research efforts are rural smallholder farmers with access to, or tenure rights over, water resources.
+Studies are directed toward integrating aquaculture technologies into the smallholder maize-based farming systems. This is achieved by continual farmer-researcher interaction throughout the research program, thus enabling researchers to:
+- Assess the agroecological resources of farmers and the extent of their traditional agricultural knowledge, thus providing information on the constraints to adoption of aquaculture;
+- Develop on-station research to test technologies relevant to rural farmers and their farming systems; and
+- Monitor and evaluate, in collaboration with farmers, the performance and impact of new technologies and integrated agriculture-aquaculture models on farming systems.
+A report of the ICLARM-GTZ/FD collaborative research program is presented in Costa-Pierce et al. (1991).
+On-Farm Bioresources Assessments and Current Status of Aquaculture
+A large survey of farmers practicing aquaculture in Zomba District, Southern Malawi, was conducted to establish baseline data on pond sizes, number of ponds per farm, species of fish reared, etc. Table I summarizes this information.
+A smaller survey of farmers was carried out to establish cropping and land use patterns. Biomass and production of crop and weed residues were measured wherever possible. Livestock wastes were estimated for some farms, as well as inputs of agricultural residues into fish ponds. Tables 2, 3, and 4 show land use patterns and availability of crop residues.
+Data from bioresource assessments established that certain materials were often underutilized and had the potential for use in ponds. These were maize stovers, fallow land grasses, and wood ash from household cooking fires.
+TABLE 1 Vital Statistics of 209 Smallholder Fish Ponds on 128 Farms in Zomba District, Malawi
+Quartiles
+Mean
+Median
+Pond area (m²)
+338 (SE=34)
+Total area of land under ponds on each farm (m²)
+537 (SE=80)
+Pond number/farm
+1.8 (SE=O. 1)
+Total number of hatchery ponds: 36 (17%)
+Total number of production ponds: 173 (83%)
+For example, maize stover production was 2.5 t/ha/yr, all of which was composted directly into the ground. There were enough stovers on farms for a proportion to be converted to high-quality compost as a pond input. Therefore, one potential research study was to look at the suitability of converting maize stover into a high-quality compost for use as a pond input.
+Fallow land grasses and weeds were in relative abundance. The values in Table 4 are end-ofseason biomass, so turnover rates and grass production could be increased by cropping grass regularly for use as a pond input. Edwards et al. (1988) has shown that fish yields can reach as high as 5-6 t/ha/yr with vegetation as a sole pond input.
+Availability of grass and its use by most farmers as a pond input for growing Tilapia rendalli (macrophytic feeder) led to studies of grass as a direct feed (Chikafumbwa 1990). The most common food input for fish ponds is "madeya" (maize bran), which is seasonally scarce. Maize bran is also sometimes used as food for humans in periods when maize meal is scarce. Therefore, grass has the potential to be a cheap substitute and possibly a more suitable food source for a macrophytic feeding fish such as T. rendalli.
+TABLE 2 Pattern of Land Use Areas (ha) on 10 Smallholdings with Fish Ponds in Zomba District, Malawi
+Mean
+Standard Deviation
+Range
+Holding size
+Crop land
+Fallow land
+Total pond area
+TABLE 3 Average Production of Maize Residues on Farms with Fish Ponds, April-May 1989
+Local Maize
+Hybrid Maize²
+kg/ha/yr
+kg/farm
+kg/ha/yr
+kg/farm
+Stovers
+Sheaths
+Cobs
+Bran
+'Sample of 17 farms
+²Sample of 3 farms
+Farmers' ponds are nutrient poor in the Zomba district of Malawi. The main cause is the low nutrient status of the underlying ferrous soils and the resulting acidic waters, which lead to very low fertility (alkalinities 5-10 mg/1). Wood ash is a resource that is discarded in most households and has been demonstrated to improve the pH of pond waters and act as a phosphorus source (Jamu 1990). More than 400 kg wood ash/farm/yr was produced on the few farms that were sampled, and most was unutilized.
+In the examples just noted, it is obvious that there are materials on farms that could be used as potential feeds and fertilizers in ponds. These on-farm assessments provide researchers with information that enables them to rank research objectives and also establish personal contact with farmers. This interaction helps sensitize farmers to the research program and the importance of their role in helping researchers to adjust their study objectives.
+Farm Management and Integration
+Coupled with the resource assessment above, farmers were asked to explain their calendar of agricultural activities and why these activities were organized in a particular way. Figure 1 shows a seasonal calendar for a farmer with a moderate level of integrated farm enterprises, and Figure 2 shows a calendar for a farmer with a high diversity of integration. These calendars enable researchers to see seasonal changes in bioresource management.
+TABLE 4 Average Terrestrial Weed Biomass on Farms with Fish Ponds, June-July 1989
+Herbaceous Plants
+Grasses
+kg/ha
+kg/farm
+kg/ha
+kg/farm
+Maize fields'
+Fallow land²
+'Sample of 6 farms
+²Sample of 5 farms
+A further step in this process is for researchers to encourage farmers to draw pictorial models of their farm systems (Lightfoot and Tuan 1990). These models show the bioresource flows between farm enterprises, thus providing a picture of the dynamics of the system and its level of integration. These pictures allow farmers to visualize their whole farm and see where new enterprises and linkages can improve farm integration, efficiency, and productivity. The process of pictorial modeling is described in a booklet and accompanying video by Lightfoot et al. (1991).
+Smallholder Fish Production
+Harvest yields of smallholder ponds were assessed to provide baseline data for comparisons with on-station experimental results. Table 5 shows the harvest yields for farmers practicing polyculture, and Table 6 shows the sizes of fish obtained from harvests (Noble and Chimatiro, unpublished). Yields are generally poor and fish small.
+Results of On-Station Research
+Results of on-station experimentation with on-farm bioresources and other low-cost materials are shown in Table 7. What is clear is that fish yields can be increased significantly using resources already available on most smallholder farms. In addition, farmers could mix resources, depending on their seasonal availability, and raise production well above that of maize bran input alone.
+For example, a mix of grass and maize bran raised mean yields from ponds by a factor of 3 (approximately 3 t/ha/yr) compared with farmers ponds (approximately 1 t/ha/yr) using maize bran. Fish yields from ponds receiving pumpkin leaves (1 t/ha/yr) (Chimatiro and Costa-Pierce 1991) are similar to farmers' ponds. Pumpkin leaves are available when maize bran is not, so it could prove a valuable substitute.
+TABLE 5 Harvest Summary for Polyculture of Oreochromis shiranus, Tilapia rendalli, and Cyprinus carpio in 14 Ponds in Zomba District (June-August 1989)
+Oreochromis shiranus
+Tilapia rendalli
+Cyprinus carpio
+Harvest biomass (kg/pond, kg/ha)
+Mean
+Median
+Range
+Harvest production (kg/halyr)
+Mean
+Median
+Range
+Mean number of days between harvests: 345 (range: 177-448); mean pond size: 565 m² (range: 70-1,564 m²).
+Identification of locally available materials as pond inputs has proved an important and successful element of the research program. Examples shown above indicate how sustainable aquaculture at smallholder levels could develop.
+TABLE 6 Growth Summary for Oreochromis shiranus, Tilapia rendalli, and Cyprinus carpio in Polyculture Ponds in Zomba District (June-August 1989)
+Oreochromis shiranus
+Tilapia rendalli
+Cyprinus carpio
+Fish sold (g)
+Mean weight
+Median weight
+Range
+Fish not sold (g)
+Mean weight
+Median weight
+Range
+All fish (g)
+Mean weight
+Median weight
+Range
+Note. The mean weights of each fish species in 16 ponds were averaged to get the overall means, medians, and ranges above. Hence, these figures are showing between-pond variations.
+TABLE 7 Mean and Ranges of Net Yields of Fish Ponds, Costs, and Incomes of Fish Farmers in
+Malawi Using On-Farm Resources (Chikafumbwa et al., Unpublished)
+Mean Yields
+Cost of Input
+Income
+Inputs
+Input Rates
+(kg/hatyr)
+Range
+(US$)
+(US$)
+Napier grass (NG)
+100 kg DM/ha/day
+Maize bran (MB)
+3% MBWD
+NO/MB
+As above
+Waste pumpkin leaves*
+50 kg DM/ha/day
+Maize stover compost/FWA**
+3% MBWD; 2.5 t/ha
+Smallholder farmers using MB
+When available
+NA
+Smallholder farmers using MB
+When available
+*Cost of waste pumpkin leaves based on labor input to harvest waste leaf **FWA= Fuelwood ash and agricultural limestone combination
+NA=Data not available
+MBWD= Mean body weight per day
+[1] Cost of fresh fish, 1991 retail prices @ US $1.21
+[2] Cost of maize bran @1 US $0.04/kg dry matter @10% moisture
+[3] AL= Agricultural limestone @ US $0.04/lcg
+[4] FWA (Fuelwood ash) = No cost: a waste resource from household cooking fires
+[5] Cost of maize compost based on labor input @US $0.81/day to construct compost heap; purchase of bamboos for pile aeration @US $0.13/bamboo
+[6] Napier grass cost based on labor input to cut grass @US $0.81/day
+[7] Costs of inputs are per kg/yr per 200 m² pond (2 fish crops/yr; 1 ha pond)
+[8] Income is per 200 m² pond (2 fish crops/yr; 1 ha pond)
+Other Potential Research Areas
+In the current situation of high population densities and land shortage, more marginal land will have to be brought into production by using it for enterprises such as aquaculture. Lightfoot (1990) points out that new ways of utilizing land to help regenerate environments is urgently needed. He suggests that biological diversification of farms and improved nutrient cycling by incorporating aquaculture could help achieve this objective.
+Integration of aquaculture on smallholder farms might help to create sustainable, regenerative farming systems (Lightfoot 1990). Most farmers practicing aquaculture in Malawi have vegetable gardens and rice fields adjacent to ponds. It would require very little effort to interlink these enterprises for mutual benefit.
+On-station research and demonstrations have been directed to look at the potential of integrating fish with crops (rice, vegetables, maize) and animals (goats, chickens). Malawian farmers also have difficulty harvesting fish. Appropriate harvesting technologies must be suitable to the income and labor resources available to farmers. One research area for focus was harvesting tools and techniques such as reed seine, basket traps, plunge baskets, and recruit removal (Kaunda 1991).
+Another important aspect that has led to low yields is the poor growth performance of the two major cultivated species, O. shiranus and T. rendalli. Research studies have started on utilization of the large Lake Malawi tilapias, particularly O. karongae ("chambo") and catfishes, such as Bathyclarius sp. (Msiska 1991).
+The research program is attempting to develop new indigenous systems of aquaculture based on the existing farming system and resource base of the Malawian rural farmer. The combination of new inputs, new fish species, and new systems of integration based on local resources has the potential to produce a more productive, indigenous, and sustainable aquaculture for smallholder farmers.
+Farmer Participatory Research
+A major problem facing any research project attempting to improve smallholder farming systems is encouraging farmers to adopt new enterprises and modify and integrate existing ones. The ICLARM/FD project has avoided presenting technology packages to farmers. African agroecosystems are highly complex and no one enterprise or technology is going to be applicable over a wide range of farming systems. To ensure that research priorities meet the farmer's agenda, the farmer must be able to assess the technologies and systems being designed by researchers.
+Exposure of Farmers to New Technologies
+Part of the ICLARM/FD program has been focused on the methodology required to engender farmer participation in the research. One approach has been to encourage farmers to visit and assess on-station experiments and comment on the range of aquaculture options on offer. Farmers are given freedom to express their feelings about the technologies and make suggestions for new lines of research, or modifications to existing research. Farmers are able to explain to project personnel which technologies are most appropriate for their farming system.
+On-station open days with farmers are organized with a workshop where farmers lead the discussion and help researchers to reformulate research objectives. This occurs after the farmers have viewed a "basket" of technologies on offer. Showing respect for farmers' opinions and knowledge helps to win their confidence and makes it easier for both researchers and farmers to work together to develop appropriate aquaculture technologies and systems.
+The effect of open days on technology research and transfer has been documented by Noble and Rashidi (1990). In May 1990, the first open day was held at the National Aquaculture Center (NAC) with 29 farmers. Six months later, 54 farmers were interviewed: 29 who had been to the open day, and 25 who had not, and 76% of the former were operating more than one technology in their ponds, but only 32% of the latter. Exposure to technologies and a variety of pond management strategies enables farmers to pick options that suit their local circumstances.
+However, the open days are only one aspect of farmer-researcher interaction. Farm visits to evaluate bioresources, technology performance, and impact are all part of an on-going dynamic, which has led farmers to adopt new aquaculture technologies more readily and new entrants coming into aquaculture.
+Rice-fish Integration
+A particularly effective example of this type of process and farmer-researcher interaction is with rice-fsh integration. In December 1990, farmers were shown an experimental rice-fish pond at the NAC. Until that time, farmers had never seen rice and fish grown together. They were shown harvests of both crops on the same day. At a workshop to discuss rice-fish, the farmers were excited by the idea, but heavily critical of the experimental setup. The researchers encouraged them to draw their own designs (Figures 3a, 3b, and 4). These were very sophisticated and demonstrated that farmers were capable of contributing effective ideas even in an area where they had no experience.
+Farmers quickly realized that the most effective arrangement was to be able to easily decouple rice and fish and have an efficient means of concentrating fish in deeper waters away from rice. They had come, in one day of exposure, to the same conclusions reported by dela Cruz (1990) in a large collaborative research program by IRRI and ICLARM in the Philippines.
+In response to farmers' criticisms and suggestions, a second rice-fsh pond has been built to their design at NAC. This incorporation of farmers' ideas in the on station research program has helped to forge a strong collaborative link between researchers and farmers.
+In February 1991, a field survey showed that of the 17 farmers that came to the rice-fish day, eight (47%) had started rice-fsh ponds. Yields were good (ranges: 2.4-4 t/ha/yr for rice, 1.5-2.4 t/ha/yr for fish) and farmers stated they were higher than normally expected. Nutrient-rich pond muds and reduction of water and weed constraints probably contributed to the high rice yields. Four farmers were so impressed that they have started a dry season crop of rice.
+We are seeing the evolution of an indigenous rice-fish farming system. Farmers have adopted a technology that is new, but very relevant to their farming environment. They have modified the technology to make it more efficient and started to operate new management strategies that have never before been tried (i.e., two crops of rice per year).
+It is particularly exciting that farmers who have not been to open days at the NAC are starting to adopt indigenous technologies that have been developed by farmer-researcher interaction. Some of the new rice-fish farmers are in a large rice-growing area where farmer-to-farmer diffusion of technology can occur rapidly. This is resulting in new entrants to aquaculture through rice-fish integration as well as existing fish farmers adopting this new system for their ponds.
+What is evident is that the success of the research program with regard to rice-fish has been aided by the sensitivity and understanding researchers have shown for what is feasible in agriculture-aquaculture integration on Malawian farms. The researchers presented these ideas to farmers and allowed them to decide the applicability of rice-fish integration to their farming situation.
+Monitoring and impact assessment of rice-fish and use of other technologies by farmers is now being carried out. Farmers are modifying technologies they have seen at the NAC to suit their own circumstances. Part of the on-farm research program will be to determine if such changes are effective in leading to sustainable aquaculture systems and whether they have wider applicability across the broad spectrum of Malawian farming systems.
+Conclusion
+The core of the ICLARM/FD research program is farmer-participation, emphasizing on-station research and implementing on-farm experiments. Lightfoot (1990, 1991) points out that this is essential if sustainable aquaculture systems are to be developed.
+As most farmers in Malawi operate their smallholdings at, or close to, subsistence level, farmer participation is essential for aquaculture development to be fully integrated into the farming system. The diversity of farming strategies and agroecosystems in Malawi precludes the use of general aquaculture packages. Success in aquaculture development will be achieved by taking a flexible, evolutionary approach to production of appropriate technology for smallholders. This can be achieved only by farmer collaboration in modifying new and existing aquaculture systems to suit a variety of local farming conditions.
+Farmer participation in the research program has many facets ranging from farmer visits to on-station experiments, to farmer workshops both on-station and on-farm, and farmer-researcher experiments on farm. This dynamic interchange helps to ensure that research objectives are in line with the needs of farmers.
+It is hoped that this farmer-first approach in the research program will lead to indigenous sustainable aquaculture systems for Africa that not only produce fish, but enhance the productivity of the whole farming system.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the ICLARM research staff and technicians who assisted in field research and with the farmer open days, particularly Sloans Chimatiro, Fredson Chikatumbwa, and Daniel Jamu; Brian Rashidi and his staff of the National Aquaculture Center, Malawi Department of Fisheries, for their collaboration in the research program; and Clive Lightfoot, Roger Pullin, and Jay Maclean for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This research program is funded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Balarin, J.D. 1987. National reviews for aquaculture development in Africa. 12. Malawi. FAO Fish. Circ. No. 770.12, FIRI/C770.12. 89 pp.
+Chikatumbwa, F.J.K.T. 1990. Studies on napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schumach) as a pond input for the culture of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger) and Oreochromis shiranus (Boulenger). Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi. M.Sc. thesis, 177 pp.
+Chimatiro, S. and B.A. Costa-Pierce. 1991. Pumpkin and cabbage leaf as alternative inputs to maize bran in polyculture of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger) and Oreochromis shiranus in tanks. Paper presentation at the Third International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, 11-16 November. 1991, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
+Costa-Pierce, B.A., C. Lightfoot, K. Ruddle, and R.S.V. Pullin. 1991. Aquaculture research and development in rural Africa. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 27. 71 pp.
+dela Cruz, C.R. 1990. The pond refuge in rice-fish systems. Aquabyte 3:6-7.
+Edwards, P., R.S.V. Pullin, and J.A. Gartner. 1988. Research and education for the development of integrated crop-livestock-fish farming systems in the tropics. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 16. 53 pp.
+GOPA. 1987. Malawi fisheries development strategy study. GOPA Consultants, 6380 Bad Homberg, Hindenburgring 18, Federal Republic of Germany. 41 pp.
+ICLARM and GTZ. 1991. The context of small-scale integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Africa: a case study of Malawi. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 18. 302 pp. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines and Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany.
+ISNAR. 1982. A review of the agricultural research system of Malawi. Report to the Malawi Government. International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague, Netherlands. 88 pp.
+Jamu, D. 1990. Studies on ash as a liming agent in fish ponds. Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi. M.Sc. thesis. 173 pp.
+Kalinga, O.J.M. 1991. Fish farming in Malawi from the 1940s to the 1960s: a socioeconomic study. p.7. in Costa-Pierce, B.A., C. Lightfoot, K. Ruddle and R.S.V. Pullin. (ed.). Aquaculture research and development in rural Africa. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 27. 71 pp.
+Kaunda, E.K.W. 1991. Catchability estimates for simple fishing gears in smallscale fishponds. Aquabyte 4:4-5.
+Kydd, J. and R.E. Christiansen. 1982. Structural change in Malawi since independence: consequences of a development strategy based on large-scale agriculture. Development 10:355-375.
+Lightfoot, C. 1990. Integration of aquaculture and agriculture: A route to sustainable systems. Naga, ICLARM Q. 13:9-12.
+Lightfoot, C. 1991. Participatory methods for integrating agriculture and aquaculture: examples of farmers' experiments in rice-fish integrated farming. p. 19. in Costa-Pierce, B.A., C. Lightfoot, K. Ruddle and R.S.V. Pullin. 1991. Aquaculture research and development in rural Africa. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 27. 71 pp.
+Lightfoot, C. and N.A. Tuan. 1990. Drawing pictures of integrated farms helps everyone: an example from Vietnam. Aquabyte 3:5-6.
+Lightfoot, C., R.P. Noble, and R. Morales. 1991. Training resource book on a participatory method for modelling bioresource flows. ICLARM Educ. Ser. 14. 30 pp.
+Msiska, O.V. 1985. Fish farming for rural development in Malawi. Paper presented at the Commonwealth Secretariat Consultative Workshop on Village-Level Aquaculture Development In Africa, 14-20 February 1985, Freetown, Sierra Leone. 20 pp.
+Msiska, O.V. 1991. The potential for aquaculture of the Lake Malawi tasseled Oreochromis, subgenus Nyasalapia. Paper presented at the Asian Regional Workshop on Tilapia Genetics, 29-31 August 1990. Central Luzon State University, Philippines.
+Noble, R.P. and B. Rashidi. 1990. Aquaculture technology transfer to smallholder farmers in Malawi, southern Africa. Naga, ICLARM Q. 13:14-16.
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+Peters, P.E. and M.G. Herrera. 1989. Cash cropping, food security and nutrition: the effects of agricultural commercialization among smallholders in Malawi. Final Report to United States Agency for International Development, Project PDC-0082-G-6213-00, Harvard Institute for International Development. 108 pp.
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+<section>Low-Input Technologies For Rural Aquaculture Development In Bangladesh</section>
+M.V. Gupta
+International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM)
+Makati, Manila, Philippines
+Abstract
+Fish is the main animal protein source for the people of Bangladesh. In spite of vast water resources, fish production is in decline, resulting in protein-energy malnutrition. Farmers participating in on-farm research developed low-input sustainable aquaculture practices that benefit the poor farmers, who constitute the bulk of the population.
+Farmer-oriented studies have confirmed the viability of culturing silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) and nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in seasonal ponds. Productions of 1,2052,156 kg of P. gonionotus per ha were obtained in 3-6 months using rice bran as supplementary feed. While a production of 2,138-3,554 kg/ha/6 months was obtained in on-station experiments with cultures of O. niloticus, using various supplementary feeds and fertilizers, studies rearing O. niloticus were undertaken in farmers' seasonal ponds, resulting in production of 1,441-2,343 kg/ha in 4-6 months, using rice bran as supplementary feed and fertilizers. Results of a survey conducted to study the socioeconomic impact and farmers' assessment of culturing nile tilapia in seasonal ponds revealed that 70 % of the fish produced were consumed on-farm, and only 23 % of the fish sold was enough to meet operational costs. The overall return on investment was 334%.
+Integration of poultry rearing (500 chicken/ha) with carp culture in perennial ponds proved to be economically feasible and resulted in the production of 5,044 kg of fish and 6,676 kg of chicken (live weight) per ha in one year.
+Introduction
+Fish is the main and cheapest animal protein source for the 110 million people of Bangladesh. Besides nutritional value, fisheries play an important role in the economy of Bangladesh in terms of employment, income generation, and foreign exchange earnings. It is estimated that about 8% of the population depend on fisheries for their livelihood (Planning Commission 1978). The number of households engaged in subsistence fishing is about 10.8 million (DOF 1990).
+Despite its importance in nutrition, per capita consumption of fish is low -- about 7.9 kg/yr at present (World Bank 1990). In recent years, there has been a decline in per capita availability of fish, resulting in protein-energy malnutrition because of the increasing human population and decreasing yields from wild capture fisheries due to overexploitation of stocks and environmental degradation. Rural people, who depend on fish catches from the wild, have been most affected. Moreover, average fish consumption figures do not reflect the situation in rural areas: per capita consumption among the rural poor is about 4.4 kg/yr, and for the urban elite is about 22.1 kg/yr (World Bank 1990).
+Against this backdrop of declining fish availability, the country has vast water resources: for example, ponds, oxbow lakes, floodplains, rivers, and reservoirs. There are more than 1.3 million ponds covering 146,000 hectares. In addition to these official figures, there exist vast numbers of small ponds and ditches (< 600 m² in area). A majority of rural households have backyard ponds or ditches that have high potential for aquaculture.
+Realizing the need for increased fish production and the limitations from marine and inland capture fisheries, the government of Bangladesh is stressing increased production through freshwater aquaculture. The government has set a target production of 308,000 tons by 1994-1995 (an annual growth rate of 10.9%), as compared to a production of 153,000 tons from pond aquaculture during 1988-1989.
+The International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), with funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), is assisting the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) and the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) in developing low-input aquaculture technologies. Resource-poor small-scale farmers constitute the bulk of the population in Bangladesh, and hence the major emphasis in project activities is on farmer-participatory on-farm research for developing aquaculture practices that would optimize resource use and maximize production. The project actively involves non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the on-farm research activities and undertakes impact studies. Some of the activities undertaken and the results obtained are presented here.
+Short-Cycle Species Culture in Seasonal Ponds
+Many seasonal ponds, ditches, burrow pits, and roadside canals exist in the country. Most of these are lying fallow, covered with obnoxious aquatic weeds, and represent health hazards. At present, the yield from these waters is only 100-200 kg/ha of fish. Two of the reasons for their underutilization are: (1) farmers believe that seasonal waters are not suitable for aquaculture; and (2) the traditional culture species, viz., Indian carp (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala) do not grow well in these seasonal waters. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a hardy fish that can survive under poor water conditions, is resistant to disease, is a good converter of organic wastes into high quality protein (Stickney et. al. 1979, Balarin and Haller 1982, Pullin and Lowe-McConnell 1982), and is suitable for culture in derelict ponds of Bangladesh. Puntius sp. is in much demand in Bangladesh, but the locally available P. sarana is not a good species for culture because of
+its poor growth. Puntius gonionotus, with faster growth, would be suitable for culture in seasonal waters. Hence, the need for introducing short-cycle species into the culture system was identified. Oreochromis niloticus and P. gonionotus were introduced into Bangladesh in 1974 and 1977, respectively, but have not been established as cultured species until recently, since there were no developed management practices. Research undertaken in the last two years has revealed that these species could give high production with low-value inputs (mostly agricultural residues and by-products) and are suitable for culture in seasonal waters.
+Culture of P. gonionotus in Seasonal Ponds
+On-station studies were undertaken for culture of P. gonionotus in six ponds of 360 m² each. Pond preparation included draining, application of lime at the rate of 200 kg/ha, filling with water, and releasing fingerlings of average size 8-10 g, at a density of 16,000/ha. The ponds were divided into two groups, each with three ponds. The first three ponds were fertilized with cattle dung at the rate of 1,500 kg/ha, and triple super phosphate (TSP), with 46% N and urea with 42% P (2:1 ratio) at the rate of 50 kg/ha/fortnight. Organic manure was alternated with the inorganic fertilizers. No supplementary feed was given. The second group of ponds did not receive fertilization, but the fish were fed daily with rice bran at the rate of 5% of the standing fish biomass. The fish were harvested from the ponds after five months of culture. While an average production of 1,953 kg/ha was obtained from ponds where supplementary feed without fertilizers was given, ponds that received
+fertilizers, but no supplementary feed, only produced an average of 689 kg/ha.
+During these on-station studies, discussions were held with farmers and local NGOs who showed keen interest in participating in research. They felt that their near-zero return from underutilized water resources could be improved with on-farm resources. Eight farmers having homestead ponds of 160-600 m² in size, and with an average depth of 0.9 m, were selected as cooperators for the culture of P. gonionotus.
+Pond preparation included liming at the rate of 200 kg/ha, three days after which cattle dung was applied at the rate of 1,500 kg/ha. Five days after application of cattle dung, the ponds were stocked with P. gonionotus fingerlings of 7.5 - 10 g size, at a density of 15,000/ha. The farmers were asked to feed the fish daily with rice bran at the rate of 5% of standing crop and fertilize the ponds at fortnightly intervals with cattle dung at the rate of 1,500 kg/ha. However, it was observed during the culture period that fertilization of ponds was irregular, and on certain days they could not feed the fish due to lack of rice bran in the household. The fish were sampled at monthly intervals and the ponds were harvested after 4-6 months of rearing, depending on the water availability in the ponds. The production for 4-6 months rearing ranged from 1.2 to 2.1 t/ha (Table 1). The cost of production worked out to Tk.13/kg (US $ 1 = Tk. 36) of fish against a market price of Tk.
+50/kg. These studies have shown that production can be increased by as much as 10 times with very low investment, and that the system can be managed easily by poor farmers.
+TABLE 1 Culture and Production Details of Puntius gonionotus in Farmers' Seasonal Ponds
+Pond no.
+Pond Size (m²)
+Stocking Density
+Size at Stocking (g)
+Size atHarvesting (g)
+Culture Period (month)
+Gross Production(kg/ha)
+Culture of O. niloticus in Seasonal Ponds
+Studies were undertaken at the FRI, Mymensingh, in ponds of 280 m² each, to evaluate the production potential of O. niloticus under different feeding and fertilization regimes. Ponds were stocked with fingerlings of 10-11 g size, at a density of 20,000/ha. Production of 2,739 kg/ha/6 months was obtained with rice bran as supplementary feed but without pond fertilization, while production was 2,128 kg/ha/6 months when ponds were fertilized with 1,500 kg/ha/fortnight of cattle dung, alternating with 50 kg of TSP and urea (2:1 ratio)/ha/fortnight. However, all fish were undersized (average size 52 g + 19) when raised only with fertilization (Table 2). When 40% of the rice bran in supplementary feed was substituted by mustard oil cake, the production increased to 3,554 kg/ha/6 months, with 11.2% undersized fish (Table 2).
+TABLE 2 Details of Oreochromis niloticus Production under Different Management Systems
+Stocking Density
+Size at Stocking
+Feed
+Fertilization
+Production(kg/ha/6 months)
+Total
+(fingerlings/ha)
+(g)
+Undersize
+Market
+Fish
+Size Fish
+(<80 g)
+(>80 g)
+Rice bran TSP and urea
+Cattle dung,
+Rice bran 60%
++ mustard oil
+cake 40%
+These on-station studies indicate the potential for culturing O. niloticus in seasonal ponds, but studies under farmers' conditions were also felt necessary. For this purpose, six derelict seasonal ponds were selected that were adjacent to homesteads. These ponds had not been used for fish culture previous to this study. The size of the ponds ranged from 80 to 320 m², with a maximum water depth of 1 m. The ponds were cleared of weeds before the onset of rains and lime was applied at the rate of 200 kg/ha. After filling with rainwater, the ponds were stocked with fingerlings of 5-10 g size at a density of 20,000/ha. The farmers were advised to feed the fish daily with rice bran at the rate of 5% of the standing crop. Three farmers were asked to fertilize the ponds with cattle dung at the rate of 1,500 kg/ha at fortnightly intervals and the other three farmers were asked to fertilize the ponds with TSP and urea (2:1 ratio) at the rate of 50 kg/ha/fortnight. However, the
+farmers could not adhere to these feeding and fertilization regimes due to lack of resources and inputs during certain days. The culture period ranged from 4 to 6 months, depending on the availability of water in the ponds.
+The ponds were harvested when the water level went below 30 cm. Gross production ranged from 1,500 to 2,343 kg/ha in 4-6 months from ponds that received inorganic fertilizers, while production ranged from 1,441 to 1,925 kg/ha in 4-6 months from the ponds that received organic manure (Table 3). It is difficult to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on production, as the farmers did not adhere strictly to the suggested fertilization schedules. However, the study indicated an average net benefit ranging from Tk. 38,250 to 72,750/ha (US $1,062 - 2,020/ha) in 4
+months.
+TABLE 3 Culture and Production Details of Oreochromis niloticus in Farmers' Seasonal Ponds
+Pond Size
+Fertilization
+Stocking Density
+Size at Stocking
+Size at Harvesting
+Culture Period
+Gross Production
+(m²)
+(g)
+(g)
+(month)
+(kg/ha!)
+TSP + urea
+TSP + urea
+TSP + urea
+Cattle dung
+Cattle dung
+Cattle dung
+These results created wide interest among farmers and extension agents. An NGO, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), with technical assistance from the project, extended the technology to 309 farmers (32% women) in one district. Subsequent to implementation of the program, the project undertook a survey of 113 farmers to assess the production and economics of the operation. The study revealed Table 4) that the inputs (feeds and fertilizers) applied by the farmers were much lower than had been suggested and even then, they obtained a gross average production of 1,391 kg/ha/6.5 months. While cost of production amounted to Tk. 9,223/ha (US $256), average net return was Tk. 30,860/ha (US $875.23/ha), showing the economic viability and high returns from resources that formerly gave near-zero returns.
+Integrated Livestock-Fish Farming in Perennial Ponds
+In rural Bangladesh, a majority of the households raise chicken or ducks for either meat or eggs. In recent years the government of Bangladesh has taken up programs to introduce high yielding varieties of poultry to replace low productive native varieties. Studies were undertaken at the FRI to study the economic viability of integrating poultry raising with fish farming under Bangladesh conditions.
+Experiments were conducted in ponds of 1,000 m² in area. Broiler chickens were raised over ponds at a density of 500 chickens/ha. Three species combinations of carps, catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and grass carp (Ctenopharyagodon idella), were stocked in the ponds, at a density of 6,000/ha, each treatment with three replications (Table 5). The ponds were neither fertilized nor given supplementary feed, except for the chicken manure and some spilled chicken feed falling into the ponds. The chickens reached a marketable size of 1.4-1.8 kg each (live weight) in 7-8 weeks. It was possible to raise seven batches of chicken and one crop of fish in one year. Fish production ranged from 4,265 - 4,893 kg/ha/year. While gross biomass production was higher with 40% silver carp in treatment 1 (Table 5), gross economic returns were higher with 30% catla and 10% silver carp in treatment 2, due to the higher
+market price for catla in Bangladesh.
+TABLE 4 Details of Cost of Production and Benefit of Oreochromis niloticus Culture in Seasonal Ponds by 113 Farmers
+Average per Pond (169.38 m²)
+Per Hectare
+Average Water Depth (m)
+Inputs:
+Fingerlings (number)
+Lime (kg)
+Urea (kg)
+TSP (kg)
+Cattle dung (kg)
+Rice bran (kg)
+Costs:
+Fingerlings (Tk.)
+Lime (Tk.)
+Urea (Tk.)
+TSP (Tk.)
+Cattle dung (Tk.)
+Rice bran (Tk.)
+Total: (Tk.)
+Production:
+Fish (kg)
+Gross return (Tk.)
+Net return (Tk.)
+1 US$ = Tk. 36.00
+These on-station studies have proved the economic viability of integrated chicken-fish farming, but have also raised some issues regarding its adoption by farmers. Will raising poultry over ponds be socially acceptable? Will the farmers be able to manage the high-yielding varieties of chicken? Will there be marketing problems for the chickens? Will the system prove economically viable under farm conditions? Will the financial resources of farmers restrict the purchase of chicken feeds?
+To find answers to these questions, studies were initiated with three farmers to whom BRAC provided credit. Details of costs and returns of one of the farmers are presented in Table 6. As can be seen, a farmer could get a net benefit (excluding interest on working capital), of Tk. 12,519 (US $348) from a pond of 680 m². This study indicates that raising chickens over ponds is socially acceptable; farmers would be able to manage high-yielding varieties of chicken; the practice has proved economical; and extension agencies are willing to provide credit to farmers.
+TABLE 5 Fish Production under Different Species Combinations in Integrated Poultry-Fish Farming
+Species Combination
+Stocking Density
+Culture
+Production
+(fingerlings)
+Period
+(kg/ha)
+(month)
+Silver carp 40 %, rohu 20 %, mrigal 30%, and grass carp 10%
+Silver carp 10 %, catla 30 %, rohu 20%, mrigal 30%, and grass carp 10%
+Silver carp 30 %, catla 10 %, rohu 25 %, mrigal 25 %, and grass carp 10%
+Involvement of Extension Agencies in Farmer-Participated Research
+One of the constraints for aquaculture development in the past has been the poor links among farmers, extensionists, and researchers. The technology packages developed through on-station research are technically feasible and economically viable, but often fail to make an impact on the farmers because on-station research has failed to consider the resources of the smallholder farmers for whom these technologies are being developed. Therefore, extensionists also showed little interest in on-station research results. Hence, the project has been trying to involve farmers and extensionists (mostly NGOs, who play an active role in Bangladesh) in the process of problem identification and implementation of programs. This has many advantages: (1) it creates confidence among extensionists since they have witnessed successful adoption by farmers; (2) it reduces the time gap between technology development and dissemination; and (3) having been convinced of the economic viability of the
+operation, extension agencies are more willing to extend credit and other inputs to farmers. One example of such successful collaboration could be cited here. BRAC has been involved in farmer participatory research for culture of P. gonionotus and O. niloticus. Having been convinced of the viability of the culture operations, BRAC now extends the technology to a large number of smallholder farmers. During 1991, more than 2,000 rural women were involved in the culture of P. gonionotus alone. The project, in collaboration with extension agencies, also organizes Farmer's Days, when the operations and results of the research are demonstrated to farmers in the area.
+Impact Studies
+After the development of a culture system and its transfer to farmers by the extension agencies, the project undertakes studies to assess socioeconomic impact and farmers' assessment of the technology. These surveys are revealing: (1) the benefits the farmers are getting through the implementation of the technology; (2) the constraints, if any, in practicing the culture system; (3) refinements and improvements needed in the technology; and (4) the policy issues involved.
+TABLE 6 Costs and Returns of One Year's Production in Integrated Broiler-Fish Farming, from a
+Pond of 0.068 Hectares.
+Costs
+A. Fish Culture
+Inputs
+Quantity
+Costs(Tk.)
+Pond lease value
+Fingerlings
+408 no.
+Lime
+15 kg
+Labor costs for harvesting
+Total
+B. Chicken
+Chicken shed (total cost
+Tk. 1,200; longevity 2 yrs)
+Chicks (8 batches)
+325 no.
+Feed
+1,224 kg
+Vaccines
+Fuel
+Labor
+Total
+TOTAL COSTS
+Returns
+A. Fish
+343 kg
+B. Chicken
+454 kg
+NET PROFIT
+*Total costs for 8 batches of broiler. cost per batch is only 1/8 of total.
+**Excluding interest on working capital.
+A survey of 113 farmers of the total 309 farmers who have taken to O. niloticus culture in their homestead ponds and ditches has revealed that: (1) a pond of 170 m² (average size of tilapia ponds) can produce on an average 23.5 kg of fish, which is almost equivalent to the national annual consumption of low-income rural households with six family members; (2) 70% of the fish produced is consumed on-farm, thus improving the nutrition of farming families; (3) revenue from 23 % of fish sold was enough to meet the operational costs; and (4) return on investment was 334% indicating economic viability of the operation. Ninety percent of the farmers surveyed indicated that they were happy with the technology and wanted to continue, while 10% favored discontinuing. The farmers pointed out several economic, technical, and social benefits as encouragement factors Figure 1). One common observation made by all of the farmers was the small average size of O. niloticus at harvest. They
+would like to know ways to control breeding in O. niloticus and have larger fish. As a consequence, studies are in progress to control fry production through introduction of a carnivore, Gariepinus lazera, into the production system.
+Acknowledgments
+The author thanks the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Balarin, J.D. and R.D. Haller. 1982. The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks, raceways and cages. pp. 265-355. in Muir, J.F. and J.J. Roberts. (ed.). Recent advances in aquaculture. Westview Press.
+Department of Fisheries (DOF). 1990. "Fish Catch Statistics of Bangladesh," 1987-88.
+Planning Commission. 1978. The Two-Year Plan: 1978-80. Planning Commission, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
+Pullin, R.S.V. and R.H. Lowe-McConnell. 1982. The biology and culture of tilapias. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biology and Culture of Tilapias. Bellagio, Italy. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines.
+Stickney, R.R., J.H. Hesby, R.B. McGeachin, and W.A. Isbell. 1979. Growth of Tilapia nilotica in ponds with differing histories of organic fertilization. Aquaculture 17: 189-194.
+World Bank. 1990. Bangladesh Fisheries Sector Review. Report no. 8830-BD.
+<section>Hungarian Integrated Aquaculture Practices</section>
+Z. Jeney
+Fish Culture Research Institute
+Szarvas, Hungary
+Abstract
+Increased production costs, environmental impact problems, and utilization of poor quality soils were the main reasons for the development of integrated aquaculture in Hungary. Fish-cum-duck culture, aquacultural rotation, and the use of different sources of manure in aquaculture systems are the typical forms applied.
+In monoculture, 300-500 ducks/ha can increase common carp production by 140-175 kg/ha. In polyculture utilizing silver and bighead carps, a fish yield of 2 t/ha can be achieved without supplemental feeding, and 1,000-1,200 kg of ducks (2.0 to 2.4 kg each) can be produced simultaneously.
+A three-phase aquacultural rotation has been developed for areas with poor quality sodic soils. The first phase, lasting 2-3 years, is the double meat production. It is a kind of fish-cum-duck culture with a polyculture of fishes, and results in an approximately 300% increase in total meat production (duck and fish). The second phase is the "forage-crop production on pond-bottoms," lasting 4-5 years. A mixture of alfalfa and red clover proved to be the most economical when raised on the dried bottoms of the same ponds. In the third phase, rice is produced on pond bottoms, resulting in 50-100% higher yields than the average for the country. After three years of rice culture the rotation system starts again.
+The use of manure in fish ponds has the "lowest level" of integration with fish culture. Solid and liquid pig manure, fermented chicken manure, as well as domestic sewage water have been tested and are partly applied in Hungary.
+Introduction
+Asia has been the cradle of different forms of integrated crop-livestock-ftsh farming systems (I:)elmendo 1980, Dela Cruz 1980, Sinha 1986). Although there have been attempts to utilize these systems around the world (North America -- Buck et al. 1979, Latin America -- Pretto 1985, Western Europe -- Muir 1986), probably only the Israeli (Schroeder 1980, Hepher and Pruginin 1981, Sinha 1986) and the Eastern European practices (Muller 1978; Woynarovich 1979, 1980a,b; Kintzly and Olah 1981; Kintzly et al. 1983; Olah 1986; Varadi 1990) are comparable to the Asian version.
+The aim of this review is to characterize Hungarian integrated aquaculture practices and briefly to compare them With the Asian practices.
+Integrated Aquaculture Systems
+In general, integrated aquaculture systems have several advantages and disadvantages, as listed in Table 1.
+TABLE 1 Integrated Aquaculture: Advantages and Disadvantages (Muir 1986)
+Advantages
+Disadvantages
+Shared use of resources
+Mismatch of production cycles
+Elimination or reduction of waste problems
+Possible overloading or undersupply
+Reduced cost of production
+More complex, less definable systems
+Improved operation of components
+Divided management goals
+Wider opportunities
+Limitations in potential sites
+Low-cost heating and growth
+Public health problems
+Use of chemicals
+The different systems show great variety in size and complexity. Several attempts have been made to classify the integrated aquaculture systems. Muir (1986) grouped them into three main types, depending on where the aquaculture is integrated (Table 2).
+TABLE 2 Integrated Aquaculture Systems (Muir 1986)
+Agricultural
+Industrial
+Sanitation
+Vegetable
+Space
+Sewage
+Rice, cassava, wheat, crop leaves, palm, rubber, ipil-ipil
+Use of land, shelter, security
+Nutrients, floc, organic matter
+Animal
+Water
+Waterways
+Pigs, ducks, chickens, sheep, goats, cows, buffalo, rabbits, geese
+Reservoirs, process water irrigation channels
+Aquatic vegetation
+Heat
+Power stations, furnaces and ovens, breweries, distilleries
+By-products
+Breweries, distilleries, agricultural processors
+Further divisions have been made according to the level of integration (Barash et al. 1982), the basic components of integration (Dela Cruz 1980), and whether integration is direct or indirect (i.e., if the components are some distance apart, or if intermediate processing is required to integrate them), or whether the integration is parallel or sequential (i.e., if components run at the same time or if, e.g., fish crops run alternately with agricultural crops). Sinha (1986) grouped these according to the site of integration (Table 3).
+TABLE 3 Main Types of the Integrated Aquaculture (Sinha 1986)
+A.
+Integration in the water body:
+B.
+Integration on the water:
+1. Paddy-cum-carp culture
+1. Pig-cum-fish
+2. Integration with irrigation
+2. Duck-cum-fish
+C.
+Integration near the water
+D.
+Fish and sewage
+Varadi (1990) differentiated integrated aquaculture based on the size and complexity of integrated animal husbandry:
+1. The small-scale, Asian type of integrated fish farming means the aquaculture activity is directly linked to one or more activities (Figure 1). The possible advantages of integrated aquaculture as cited above (Muir 1986), can really be recognized in these systems. Small-scale integration, however, does not necessarily mean complex integration. In many of the small farms, livestock are raised separately from the fish ponds and the manure is transported to the ponds.
+2. In large-scale integrated fish farming, integration usually means only the use of manure (liquid manure) in aquaculture systems. The simple integration scheme of a fish and an animal production farm is shown in Figure 2.
+Aquaculture In Hungary
+Aquaculture in natural waters is one of the oldest activities in Hungary. Pond fish farming became more common with the regulation of rivers in the nineteenth century. About 140,000 ha of water currently are under fishery production; 23,000 ha of that are pond surfaces. Aquaculture in
+Hungary is based exclusively on freshwater, and is somewhat unusual in that freshwater fish production per capita is one of the largest in Europe (34,000 tons in 1990), while fish consumption in Hungary is only 4.2 % of the total meat consumption, and is one of the lowest in Europe (3.2 kg/per capita in 1989).
+Fish farms in Hungary are using semi-intensive methods on poor soils (not suitable for other agricultural activities). The typical culture system is the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)-dominated polyculture, with "herbivorous" fishes, such as silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyagodon idella Val.). In such systems the average total yield is 1 ton/ha.
+The more valuable fishes cultured in Hungary are the European catfish or sheatfish (Silurus glands L.), the pike-perch (Stizosteidon lucioperca L.), pike (Esox lucius L.), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walb.), and the eel (Anquilla anguilla L.). For pike, pike-perch, and sheatfish, special Hungarian methods of propagation and culture have been developed. The Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) and hybrids of crosses of the Siberian sturgeon with the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) are the newest and most promising fish for intensive systems. Development of culture technologies for endemic crayfishes (Astacus astacus L. and Astacus leptodactylus L.) also is a new direction in aquaculture. Meanwhile, the largest challenge met by Hungarian aquaculture is privatization. The domination of state ownership is changing. In 1989, 70% of pond surface belonged to state farms, 28% belonged to agricultural and fishery cooperatives, and less than 1% was private. Among the
+"users of natural waters" the ratio of the private sector is even lower. However, in spite of a general recession in Hungarian aquaculture in the last 2-3 years, in 1990, the private sector increased its production five times.
+Integrated Aquaculture In Hungary
+Increased production costs (primarily water and energy), environmental impact problems, and utilization of poor quality soils were the main reasons for the development of integrated aquaculture in Hungary. Fish-cum-duck culture, aquacultural rotation, and the use of manure from different sources in aquaculture systems are the typical programs.
+Thus, Hungarian fish culture was integrated mainly with agricultural activities, namely vegetable culture (fish-duck-rice-alfalfa-red clover), and animal husbandry (fish-cum-duck) to include the use of manure (pig, chicken, sheep). In addition, experiments with industrial integration were initiated to utilize the heated effluents of power stations for fish culture, as well as the utilization of by-products of slaughterhouses and pharmaceutical factories for feeding fish. As an example of the integration of aquaculture with sanitation, the utilization of domestic sewage waters in fish culture was also attempted.
+Fish-Cum-Duck Culture
+Raising ducks on fish ponds in Europe was developed as a large-scale integration system after the Second World War when there was a serious protein shortage, and the lack of mineral fertilizers became a bottleneck to further development of pond fish culture (Woynarovich 1980b). Hungary initiated such large-scale experiments as early as 1952. The main advantages of fish-cum-duck culture compared to integration with other animals (Barash et al. 1982) include the following:
+- Duck culture can be introduced easily without any substantial changes to the environment
+and the facilities.
+- The nutritional value of the manure is preserved because losses of N and energy due to
+fermentation, evaporation, and non-reversible coagulation are eliminated.
+- Feed residues are eaten directly by fish.
+- Costs of collecting, storing, and transporting the manure are eliminated.
+- Land area, otherwise needed for manure-producing livestock is saved.
+- A solution is provided to problems of environmental pollution by animal wastes.
+- The environment for manure-producing livestock is improved.
+- Ducks eat natural feeds that develop in the pond.
+Three major duck rearing methods can be differentiated:
+o Embankment rearing;
+o Platform rearing; and
+o Enclosure rearing, or their combination. The schemes of these systems are shown in Figure 3 (after Varadi 1990).
+In Hungary, 300-500 ducks can be raised on 1 ha of water during one summer. The vegetation season (when the water temperature is higher than 15° C) is about 150 days. According to the estimation of Woynarovich (1980b) 100 kg of duck manure distributed continuously in pond water increased common carp production in monoculture by 4-S kg/ha. That means 500 ducks can increase common carp production by 140-175 kg/ha. If polyculture of fishes is applied, 1,000-1,200 kg of ducks are produced, in addition to the yields of marketable fish (common carp -- 1,000-1,200 kg/ha; silver carp -- 500-600 kg/ha; bighead -- 150-200 kg/ha). With a decrease in ratio of common carp and an increase in ratio of herbivorous fishes (silver carp and bighead) fish yields of 2 t/ha can be achieved without supplemental feeding (Woynarovich 1980b).
+Trials to introduce fish-cum-goose aquaculture into Hungary were limited.
+Aquacultural Rotation
+Aquacultural rotation was developed for unproductive sodic soils in Hungary by Muller (1978). Aquacultural rotation is a kind of sequential integration and may be adapted for any flat area where the soil is suitable for fish and rice culture. The optimal size of ponds is 30-50 hectares. Inner sides of the dams are to be constructed with a moderate slope (1 :5, 1 :4), thus assuring their protection. The filling and drainage system of each pond must be independent, using irrigation water and a drainage system by gravity. The pond bottom should be large enough for rice fields of 2-3 hectares. Within the rice fields the bottom-level differences should not exceed + 5 cm.
+Three Phases of Aquaculture Rotation
+1. Double meat production. This is similar to fish-cum-duck culture. On a fish pond of 30-50 ha, 10,000-12,000 ducks may be raised at the same time, and this can be repeated 3-4 times a year. Average weight of marketable ducks 48-50 days old is between 2,600 and 3,000 g. Natural fish yields doubled where duck rearing had been practiced for 2-3 years Table 4, after Muller 1978). Total meat production (duck and fish) of a pond with fish-cum-duck culture was 3.2 times higher than a traditional pond using a polyculture of carp and silver carp.
+2. Forage-crop production on pond-bottoms. Organic matter and mud deposited during the first phase of the aquacultural rotation for 4-5 years offers an opportunity for agricultural crop production on the dry pond bottom. Muller (1978) found that leguminous plants and a mixture of alfalfa and red clover gave yields up to 85.05 t/ha of green weight. With irrigation, polyploid red clovers provided the highest yields. The soil is enriched in nitrogen and calcium by the alfalfa.
+TABLE 4 Increase in Weight (kg/ha) of Fish and Ducks Raised Together (After Muller 1978)
+Year 1
+Year
+2Year 3
+Year 4
+Increase in weight of fish
+Natural yields
+Increase in weight of ducks
+Total increase in weight
+3. Rice production on pond bottoms. Pond bottoms are considerably improved during the first two phases of aquacultural rotation, significantly increasing organic matter and nitrogen level. This nutrient enrichment can be favorably utilized for rice production. The third phase lasts for three years. Highest yields of rice were obtained following production of alfalfa, with mixtures of red clover. Yields were 0.7-1.0 tons higher using this combination, than those following sunflower, sorghum, and maize production. Muller (1978) achieved 50-100% higher yields using this technique than the average yields of rice in Hungary, with a maximum at the level of 5 t/ha. After three years of rice production, the dams of the rice fields are levered and fish-cum-duck production starts again.
+Use Of Manure In Fish Ponds
+In this case integration strictly means the application to fish ponds of manure produced elsewhere. Animals like chickens, pigs, and cows are raised in special cultural units that are not integrated into the fish farm. Since Hungary is a large pig producer, the application of pig wastes in fish ponds could be the best example of this type of integration. The utilization of pig manure in fish ponds started in the 1950s, when only common carp were stocked. At that time, a disagreeable side effect of heavy manuring often occurred, in the form of algae blooms. Since the 1970s, Chinese carp have been stocked in polyculture with the common carp (Table 5), and this problem was eliminated.
+In early studies, a critical question was how much pig waste could be utilized per unit of fish pond without running the risk of a fish kill from oxygen depletion. Experience has shown that usable quantities of pig wastes in fish ponds depend on the delivery and distribution methods: 1,500-2,000 kg/ha/yr can be used when pig manure is placed in the pond in localized heaps. When a carbon manuring method is applied, however, it is possible to distribute 300-600 kg/ha of manure, 1,000-1,500 kg/ha of the thick liquid phase of the manure, or 1.2-2.5 m²/ha of commercial pig waste, over the pond surface, on a daily basis. The maximum possible waste loading in fish pond was determined to be two to three times higher than the above quantities. The total manure loading per hectare of pond surface was calculated between 40 and 80 pigs/ha (Woynarovich 1980a).
+Later studies (Kintzly and Olah 1981, Kintzly et al. 1983) addressed the optimal level of the used liquid pig manure as well as the optimal polyculture structure. Biculture of silver carp with common carp (2,500 p/ha + 1,000 p/ha) gave higher yields than both the monoculture and polyculture, with a maximum yield of 2.06 t/ha/year. In monoculture the fish did not reach the 1 kg body weight that is the marketable size in Hungary. Good results were obtained when tench (Tinca tinca L.) were introduced into the polyculture.
+Advantages of the methods used in Hungary are:
+- Pig waste can be placed into the fish ponds during the vegetation period, while on the fields the application is possible only during late autumn.
+- Fish had low levels of fat.
+- The discharged water from these fish ponds met the requirements of environmental protection standards.
+- Investigations of fish meat quality gave positive results.
+Disadvantages of the methods used in Hungary are:
+- The bottom of the ponds accumulate organic materials.
+- Transport costs of liquid manure became the limiting factor for the application of this method.
+- When using the drainage system, only the gravitation method was economically reasonable under Hungarian conditions (Kintzly 1991, personal communication).
+TABLE 5 Typical Hungarian Polyculture Technology
+Stocking Density
+Harvesting
+Yield
+(p/ha*)
+weight/g
+t/ha/year
+Year 1
+Common carp
+Chinese carp
+Year 2
+Common carp
+Chinese carp
+same (20-30)
+Year 3
+Common carp
+Chinese carp
+same
+* p/ha = piece/hectare
+Some Basic Differences Between Asian And Hungarian Integrated Aquaculture
+Reasons for integration. Economic as well as environmental aspects dominate in Hungary. In Asia, a dominant reason is the increased production of animal protein for the improvement of the economic condition of farmers.
+Forms of integration. In Asia, integration has a higher level of complexity, and is scattered among small-scale agricultural activities.
+Future of integration. There is less prospect for integration in the near future in Hungary than in
+Asia, due to current economic changes. After the ongoing changes in ownership in Hungary,
+environmental issues will probably impact strongly on integrated aquaculture.
+Acknowledgments
+The author thanks the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and
+publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Barash, H., I. Plavnik, and R. Moav. 1982. Integration of duck and fish farming: experimental results. Aquaculture 27: 129-140.
+Buck, O.H., R.J. Baur, and S.R. Rose. 1979. Experiments in Recycling Swine Manure in Fishponds. pp. 489-492. in Pillay, T.V.R. and W.A. Dill. (ed.). Advances in Aquaculture, Fishing. News Book, London.
+Dela Cruz, G.R. 1980. Integrated farming with fish as major enterprise. pp.22-33. in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Fish Farming Food and Fertilizer Technology Centre Taiwan, Republic of China, May, 1980.
+Delmendo, M.N. 1980. A review of integrated livestock-fowl-fish farming systems. pp.59-71. in Pullin, R.S.V. and Z.H. Shehadeh (ed.). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. Proc. ICLARM-SEARCA Conference 4.
+Hepher, B. and Y. Pruginin. 1981. Commercial Fish Farming with Special Reference to Fish Culture in Israel. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 261 pp.
+Kintzly, A. and J. Olah. 1981. Utilization of liquid pig manure in fish ponds. 6th Symposium of Fish-farming. pp. 37-38. Szarvas, Hungary. (in Hungarian.)
+Kintzly, A., Gy. Kovacs, J. Kepenyes, and I. Toth. 1983. Environment saving technology of large-scale pig production. Fish Culture Research Institute. pp. 1-28. Szarvas, Hungary. (in Hungarian.)
+Muir, J.F. 1986. Integrated carp farming in Western Europe. pp. 392-399. in Billard, R. and J. Marcel. (ed.). Aquaculture of Cyprinids, INRA, Paris.
+Muller, F. 1978. The aquacultural rotation. Aquacultura Hungarica (Szarvas) 1: 73-79.
+Olah, J. 1986. Carp production in manured ponds. pp. 295-303. in Billard, R. and J. Marcel. (ed.). Aquaculture of Cyprinids. INRA, Paris.
+Pretto, L. (ed.). 1985. Manual de fertilizzacion organica pare extangues de piscicultura. Cuaderno de Acuicultura No. 6. pp. 1-16. Direction Nacional de Acuicultura - Panama.
+Schroeder, G.L. 1980. Fish farming in manure-loaded ponds. pp.73-86. in Pullin, R.S.V. and Z.H. Shehadeh. (ed.). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. Proc. ICLARMSEARCA Conference 4.
+Sinha, V.R.P. 1986. Integrated carp farming in Asian country. pp. 377-390. in Billard R. and J. Marcel. (ed.). Aquaculture Cyprinids, INRA Paris.
+Varadi, L. 1990. Integrated animal husbandry, EIFAC/FAO Symposium on Production Enhancement in Still Water Pond Culture. pp. 1-17. Prague, Czechoslovakia.
+Woynarovich, E. 1979. The Feasibility of Combining Animal Husbandry with Fish Farming, with Special Reference to Duck and Pig Production. pp. 203-208. in Pillay, T.V.R. and W.A. Dill. (ed.). Advances in Aquaculture, Fishing. News Book, London.
+Woynarovich, E. 1980a. Utilization of Piggery Wastes in Fish Ponds. pp. 125-128. in Pullin, R.S.V. and Z.H. Shehadeh. (ed.). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. Proc. ICLARM-SEARCA Conference 4.
+Woynarovich, E. 1980b. Raising Ducks on Fish Ponds. pp. 129-134. in Pullin, R.S.V. and Z.H. Shehadeh. (ed.). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. Proc. ICLARM-SEARCA Conference 4.
+<section>Propagation</section>
+Gonad Stimulation In Crustaceans: An Interspecies Approach
+A. Sagi, E. Snir, D. Cohen, H. Laufer, And Y. Milner
+Abstract
+Macrobrachium rosenbergii, a prawn that is continuously reproductive, was used as a source for factors to stimulate gonad activity in females of the reproductively stringent shrimp, Penaeus vannamei.
+An in vitro bioassay was developed to test the activity of the prospective factors prior to their administration into the recipient. An organ culture of pre-vitellogenic, early-vitellogenic and late-vitellogenic ovaries of M. rosenbergii females was established. The ovaries were cultured in the presence of both ³H-Thymidine and 35S-Cysteine, which showed a linear incorporation (up to 8 hr) into DNA and proteins, respectively. The ratios of ³H to 35S incorporated decreased in the order: pre-vitellogenic > early-vitellogenic > late-vitellogenic.
+One of the factors tested during the in vitro bioassay was methyl farnesoate known to be synthesized by the mandibular organ of crustaceans. This molecule is the unepoxidated form of the insect juvenile hormone III, which is a gonadotropin in insects. To study the presence and synthesis of methyl farnesoate in M. rosenbergii, the mandibular organ was identified and cultured in the presence of methyl-³H-methionine. Radiolabelled methyl farnesoate was extracted and quantitated from cultured glands and a culture media made of females. The concentration of methyl farnesoate in the hemolymph was determined using normal phase HPLC. Hemolymph from females contained 24 + 13.1 ng/ml of methyl farnesoate.
+Introduction
+In recent years the mariculture industry has experienced an increasing shortage in gravid females of several panaeidae shrimp species (NOAA, NMFS 1988). This shortage is noticeable in particular species of importance to the industry, such as Penaeus vannamei (Liao 1990). This problem could be solved by the establishment of a method for the stimulation of gonad maturation in captive females. Several sources for crustacean gonad stimulating factors are suggested in the literature. The aim of this study is to establish a primary in vitro bioassay that will enable the extraction of active substances from the continuously reproductive prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, to be later administrated into the stringently controlled shrimp, P. vannamei.
+In vitro gonad culture has been established for many crustacean species (Lui and O'Connor 1976; Berreur-Bonnenfant and Lawrence 1984; Sagi et al. 1988; Quackenbush 1989 a,b; Rankin et al. 1989; Browdy et al. 1990). Most of the researchers used a short-term incubation and studied de novo protein and DNA synthesis. The kinetics of the incorporation of ³H-Leucine into the crab Pachygrapsus crassipes lipovitellin (Lui and O'Connor 1976) and the incorporation intensity in different developmental stages of the ovaries of P. semisulcatus (Browdy et al. 1990) were described. Ovary culture was used as a bioassay for the effects of active substances on macromolecular synthesis in crustacean gonads (Berreur-Bonnenfant and Lawrence 1984). Incubations of early and full-vitellogenic ovaries of the crab, Carcinus maenas, and the amphipod, Orchestia gammarellus, served as a bioassay for the effects of farnesylacetone on protein synthesis. Quackenbush (1989 a,b) demonstrated that extracts of
+P. vannamei eyestalk inhibited protein synthesis in ovary culture. An in vitro incubation system was established also for M. rosenbergii testes by Sagi et al. (1988).
+Vitellogenin synthesis in crustacea is performed either in the ovary or in different sites such as the hepatopancreas and adipose tissue. Vitellogenin is found in the developing oocytes in the form of egg yolk, and vitellin (Quackenbush 1986). During vitellogenesis, the oocyte diameter constantly increases until ripened eggs are formed. The diameter of the oocytes can serve as a parameter for the vitellogenetic stage (O'Donovan et al. 1984, Browdy et al. 1990).
+Various hormones were found to effect vitellogenesis. Gonad Inhibiting Hormone (GIH) is a small neuropeptide found in shrimps and crabs that inhibits gonad maturation (Fingerman 1987, Quackenbush 1986). Another gonad-stimulating factor was extracted from the thoracic ganglions of vitellogenic U. pugilator females (Eastman-Reks and Fingerman 1984). In certain amphipods, ecdysteroids are present which are essential for vitellogenesis, although their role is not yet known (Quackenbush 1986).
+The first substance to be tested using the above bioassay was methyl farnesoate, a secretory product of the mandibular organ of crustaceans identified by Laufer et al. (1987) and suggested to be a gonadotropin. Methyl farnesoate is the unepoxidated form of the insect juvenile hormone (JH III). In insects, juvenile hormones play several regulatory roles, including that of gonadotropins (Herman and Bennett 1975). In crustaceans, mandibular organ implants into immature females L. emarginata caused noticeable enlargement of the ovaries accompanied by several morphological and tiltrastructural signs of active vitellogenesis (Hirsch 1980). When injected into reproductively active crab females, methyl farnesoate caused a small, but significant, increase in blood vitellogenin levels (Vogel and Borst 1990). The identification of the mandibular organ and its product, methyl farnesoate, in reproductive females M. rosenbergii are described here.
+Materials And Methods
+Animals
+Adult females of M. rosenbergii were obtained from earthen ponds in Ginossar Research Station, Israel, and from Aquaculture Enterprises in Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. The prawns were acclimated for at least one week before experiments were undertaken. Acclimation was done in a 500 gal freshwater tank. The water was recirculated through a gravel biofilter and temperature was kept between 25-28°C. The prawns were fed frozen Daphnia or squid and commercial prawn pellets daily. Females were selected as ovary donors according to their reproductive state. Females possessing mature ovaries (late-vitellogenic) were distinguished by their orange carapace coloration (Sagi and Ra'anan 1985). Pre- to early-vitellogenic ovaries were selected according to their dark carapace coloration or the color of the eggs carried by the females (O'Donovan et al. 1984). Molt stages (Peebles 1977) and oocyte diameter (O'Donovan et al. 1984) were determined for each dissected female. The latter was
+measured by means of an objective micrometer.
+Gonad Culture In Vitro
+The ovaries were dissected into a sterile petri dish containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS), adjusted to the osmolarity of M rosenbergii hemolymph at pH = 7.4 (Stern 1985). Both lobes of the ovary were sliced into fragments of 2-4 mm in length. The fragments were incubated in Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM) adjusted to M. rosenbergii osmolarity (Sagi et al. 1991a), supplemented with 40,000 units penicillin per 100 ml of 1 % BSA and 35S-Cysteine and ³H-Thymidine (3 uci/ml, each isotope). Incubations were carried out at 30°C with gentle shaking under an oxygen enriched atmosphere. At the end of the incubation period the tissue fragments were removed and homogenized on ice with 0.05 m Tris-HCI buffer at pH 7.2, supplemented with ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) 4 mM, Benzamidine 1 mM, Epsylon Amino Caproic Acid 1 mM, and the proteases inhibitors: Leupeptine 10 ~g/ml, PMSF 0.2 mM (in dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) and Pepstatin 10 ~g/ml (in DMSO). The
+homogenate was centrifuged at 14,000 RPM for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatent was separated and kept at -20°C. Total protein precipitation was performed by 59 trichloroacetic acid (TCA) on Whatman No. 3 paper discs. The discs were washed with 500 ml 5% TCA (twice), 500 ml acetone and 500 ml of petrol ether, dried and submerged in scintillation fluid (Toluene) and counted. The level of incorporation was expressed in CPM/~g total protein. Total protein in each sample was determined by a mini assay based on the Lowry method (Lowry et al. 1951) in a 96 well-plate, using an ELISA reader. Samples were also taken from the incubated medium at each time. These samples went through the same treatment as described above for the tissue fragments. The level of radioactivity incorporated into protein in the medium was expressed in CPM/,ul medium, and was then compared with control wells containing medium but no tissue fragments.
+Mandibular Organ Culture In Vitro
+Mandibular organs were dissected and cultured attached to the mandibular tendon. Similarly sized fragments of muscle, connective tissue, and androgenic glands were cultured as controls. Each tissue was cultured in 400 ~l of media for 2 hr at 30°C with slight agitation. Culture medium was M. rosenbergii saline (Nagamine et al. 1980) containing 20 mM HEPES (pH= 7.6), 3.8 mM dextrose and 0.2 % BSA. Methyl-3H-methionine (ICN) served as a radiolabelled methyl group donor for methyl farnesoate synthesis. The specific activity was 200 mci/mmole, and total activity in the culture media was 40 uci/ml (Laufer et al. 1987). Following incubation, the tissues were processed as described in Sagi et al. (1991b) and the hexane phase loaded onto a Waters HPLC equipped with a 5 ~ silica column, and the percentage of radioactivity which co-eluted with the methyl farnesoate standard was determined.
+Methyl Farnesoate in the Hemolymph
+Hemolymph samples (2 ml) were taken from the cephalothorax using a 3 cc syringe and 18 ga needle prerinsed with 0.019 EDTA. The samples were transferred to 15 ml Kimax culture tubes, on ice, containing 5 ml acetonitrile and 2 ml 4% NaCl. Twenty-five ng of the cistrans (non-biological)
+isomer of methyl farnesoate was added to each tube as an internal standard. Hemolymph titers of methyl farnesoate were determined according to the method developed by Laufer et al. (1987) and modified by Borst and Tsukimura (1991) using a Waters HPLC equipped with a 5 ~ silica gel column. Peak areas were calculated using omega software (Version 1.4 Perkin Elmer/Nelson) and hemolymph methyl farnesoate titers were determined with reference to the known amount of internal standard in the sample.
+Results
+Long-term incubations (Figure 1) were attempted to establish a reliable bioassay using cultured ovary fragments from M. rosenbergii. The levels of incorporation of both labeled compounds were higher in early-vitellogenic ovaries. After 13 hr of incubation, the incorporation rate of 35S-Cysteine was 45 and 10 cpm/~g protein in early and late-vitellogenic ovaries, respectively. Incorporation of ³H-Thymidine at the same time was 14 and 4 cpm/~g protein in early and late-vitellogenic ovaries, respectively. The level of 35S-Cysteine incorporation into both early and late-vitellogenic ovaries was higher than the ³H-Thymidine incorporation. Pre-vitellogenic ovaries incorporated both 35S-Cysteine and ³H-Thymidine in rates close to, but somewhat below, early-vitellogenic rates. All curves show a saturation pattern occurring after approximately 10 hr of incubation. The linear phase of incorporation seems to be approximately 6 hours. Based on these results, further experiments of
+short-term incubations (up to 8 hr) were performed and showed a linear pattern similar to that of the long-term incubation (Figure 2).
+Figure 3 illustrates the ratio of 35S-Cysteine/³H-Thymidine that was incorporated into pre-, early-, and late-vitellogenic ovaries. This ratio is the highest (14) in late-vitellogenic ovaries and the lowest (8.4) in pre-vitellogenic ovaries. Early-vitellogenic ovary shows an intermediate value (12).
+A comparison of medium from wells that contained ovary fragments with control wells that did not contain tissue fragment shows that the level of radioactivity does not differ significantly. 35SCysteine and ³H-Thymidine levels in high molecular weight material in both incubation medium and medium without a tissue fragment remained close to the level of a zero-time medium sample, showing that no licks of biomolecules occur in these organ cultures.
+The mandibular organ of M. rosenbergii females was identified in dissected animals. In vitro culture of this structure resulted in the synthesis of a radiolabelled product that was extracted by hexane and upon HPLC analysis proved to be predominantly methyl farnesoate. The mandibular organ from a reproductive female produced as much as 175.8 pmol methyl farnesoate within a 2 hr incubation period (n=7 average production rate for females 57.8 + 60.6 pmol). The amounts of methyl farnesoate in the hemolymph were calculated using relative peak areas and were as high as 40 ng/ml in reproductive females (n=6 average concentration 24 + 13.1 ng/ml).
+Discussion
+Testing ovaries from different vitellogenic stages proved that pre- or early-vitellogenic ovaries will be the best organs exhibiting maximal synthetic activity for the bioassay. Early-vitellogenic ovaries were also big enough to provide several fragments per tissue. Similar results were reported by Berreur-Bonnenfant and Lawrence (1984) in which farnesylacetone had a stronger inhibitory effect on immature ovaries than on mature ovaries of Carcinus maenas. On the other hand, our results are not in agreement with those of Browdy et al. (1990). These last authors reported that P. semisulcatus ovaries, with small-diameter oocytes, show low levels of protein synthesis, while ovaries with oocytes at the last stage of vitellogenesis show a higher rate of synthesis. A possible explanation for this contradiction could be that at the crypt formation stage, the proteins synthesized in the ovary are those forming the egg jelly precursor (Browdy et al. 1990). The eggs of Palaemonidae
+prawns may not contain similar egg jelly, due to differences in maternal care patterns between the two families.
+Our results show a saturation-pattern of the incorporation of the labelled compounds, with a linear phase of up to 8 hr of incubation. To establish a bioassay for active substances the linear phase may be preferred. Eastman-Reks and Fingerman (1985) showed 24-hr linear-kinetics for ³H-Leucine incorporation into total TCA-precipitable ovarian proteins of Fiddler Crab. Browdy et al. (1990)
+incubated P. semisulcatus ovaries as long as 8 hours. An oxygen-enriched atmosphere caused a 30% increase in organ activity (Dr. M. Tom, personal communication).
+The low incorporation ratio in pre-vitellogenic ovaries, in comparison with late-vitellogenic ovaries, suggests that the de novo synthesis of nucleic acids is more intensive in the first stages. One should note that even though total protein synthesis is obviously lower in late-vitellogenic ovaries, its incorporation ratio is the highest, suggesting a sharp reduction in nucleic acid synthesis as vitellogenesis proceeds. Using the double-labeling of both proteins and nucleic acids seems to widen the ability of the bioassay system to detect the distinct effects of hormones and growth factors.
+The role of JH as a gonadotropin in insects (Herman and Bennett 1975) and the supporting evidence for such a role for methyl farnesoate in crustaceans (Hirsch 1980, Vogel and Borst 1990) suggested that such a substance should be abundant in the hemolymph of the continuously fecund M. rosenbergii female. Synthetic rates in M. rosenbergii were lower than the rates reported for L. emarginata (Homola 1989), and slightly higher than those reported for crayfish (Landau et al. 1989) and several other crustacean species (Laufer and Borst 1988). However, the last researchers were measuring only the amounts secreted into the incubation media. Methyl farnesoate secretion by L. emarginata was estimated to be 10% of the total synthetic methyl farnesoate produced in vitro in a 2 hr period by a mandibular organ (Homola 1989).
+The wide differences that were found between females in both synthesis rates and hemolymph titers of methyl farnesoate could reflect differences in reproductive states, as was shown for female spider crabs (Laufer et al. 1987). The effect of methyl farnesoate on M rosenbergii ovaries in the culture system described above is currently being investigated in our laboratory. The effect of methyl farnesoate on our target organism, P. vannamei, will be addressed in future studies.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number DHR-5544-G-000075, the network meeting, and publication of this paper.
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+Sagi, A., E. Homola and H. Laufer. 1991b. Methyl farnesoate in the Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii: In vitro synthesis by the mandibular organ and titer in the hemolymph. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99B:879-882.
+Stern, S. 1985. Osmoregulatory mechanisms in the euryhaline crustacean Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). Ph.D. thesis, Life Sciences Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. 74 pp
+Vogel, J.M. and D.W. Borst. 1990. Spider crab yolk protein: molecular characterization and the effect of methyl farnesoate (MF) on its hemolymph levels. Am. Zool. 30:49A.
+Woynarovich, E. 1979. The Feasibility of Combining Animal Husbandry with Fish Farming, with Special Reference to Duck and Pig Production. pp. 203-208. in Pillay, T.V.R. and W.A. Dill. (ed.). Advances in Aquaculture, Fishing. News Book, London.
+Woynarovich, E. 1980a. Utilization of Piggery Wastes in Fish Ponds. pp. 125-128. in Pullin R.S.V. and Z.H. Shehadeh. (ed.). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. Proc. ICLARM-SEARCA Conference 4.
+Woynarovich, E. 1980b. Raising Ducks on Fish Ponds. pp. 129-134. in Pullin, R.S.V. and Z.H. Shehadeh. (ed.). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems. Proc. ICLARM-SEARCA Conference 4.
+<section>Cryopreservation Of Sperm Of The Mekong Giant Catfish, Pangasianodon Gigas Chevey</section>
+K. Mongkonpunya, T. Pupipat, S. Pholprasith, M. Chantasut,
+R. Rittaporn, S. Pimolboot, S. Wiwatcharakoses, And M. Chaengkij
+Abstract
+Spermatozoa of an individual male giant catfish, Pangasianodon gigas Chevey, were successfully cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (LN), retaining fertilizing capacity for up to 18 months. Spermatozoa were extended ( 1:3 milt:medium ratio) in extender "Sl6 " (1.25 g KHCO3 8.55 g sucrose, and 0.30 g reduced glutathione in 100 g distilled water combined with dimethylsulfoxide [8 % final concentration]) within two types of containers (1 ml glass ampules, and in half broken artificial insemination [AI] catheters) and then frozen by suspending the containers of extended milt for 15 minutes in the vapor above LN before immersion. After 2, 360, and 540 days of storage, samples of cryopreserved sperm were thawed (20 seconds in 70°C-80°C water bath) and tested with fresh eggs of Pangasianodon gigas, Pangasius sp. (Mekong origin), and Pangasius sutchi to determine fertilization rates. Mean fertilization rates of sperm cryopreserved in AI catheters were comparable to those of controls,
+fresh sperm, but significantly greater than those preserved in ampules. Fertilization rates (%) using sperm preserved in AI catheters were (mean _ SE), 67.7 _ 7.1, 67.7 + 0.8 and 34.7 + 5.7 (controls were 79.0 :: 1.4, 64.6 + 0.6 and 59.2 + 9.8) for eggs of Pangasianodon gigas, Pangasius sp., and Pangasius sutchi, respectively).
+Introduction
+Cryopreservation techniques offer considerable potential for fish culture and have been explored for a variety of species (Horton and Ott 1976, Mounib 1978, Erdahl et al. 1984, Kerby 1983). However, most of the work was done on a small-scale experimental basis. Recently, Kerby et al. (1985) designed their experiments to expand the scope of investigation. They examined the growth, survival, and health of larval striped bass hatched from eggs fertilized with cryopreserved sperm. They produced and harvested thousands of normal fish 43-47 days after stocking. In Thailand, a monsoon country, spermatozoa preservation has not been practiced in fish hatcheries because high quality milt is available almost year-round. However, there has been an increasing awareness of the benefits of cryopreserved sperm, which would contribute to the controlled breeding and husbandry of some uncultivated fishes, e.g., Pangasius snithwongsei and Pangasianodon gigas. Hatchery production of P. gigas has
+been obstructed by the death of males and/or females while being kept alive waiting for the opposite sex. Preservation of spermatozoa with relatively high viability should be an excellent solution for this problem. Thus, techniques of chilled storage (0-5°C) and cryopreservation have been developed in Puntius gonionotus (Markman 1984) and in Pangasius sutchi (Pupipat 1988, unpublished data). It was found that by using medium "S16" (Table 1) with 0.25 ml straws and 1-ml glass ampules, fertility of the cryopreserved spermatozoa was maintained. However, 0.25 ml straws are too small for large-scale production. We also found that frozen glass ampules containing cryopreserved sperm often explode dangerously during the thawing process.
+TABLE 1 Ingredients of Extenders
+EXT
+KHCO3
+SUC
+GLUT
+MP
+DMSO
+CH3OH
+S16
+S17
+S18
+S19
+S20
+Notes: SUC= sucrose, GLUT= reduced glutathione, MP= milk powder.
+In this study, we examined the use of 1 ml sterile AI catheters (by cutting them into two pieces of equal length), in comparison with 1 ml glass ampules. We also used fresh ova of Pangasius sp. for testing of fertilizing capacity of P. gigas cryopreserved spermatozoa.
+Materials And Methods
+Fresh milt (about 100 ml) used for cryopreservation in this study was collected from an individual male Mekong giant catfish, which weighed 173 kg and was caught in the 1989 spawning season (April-May). Abdominal stripping was done 20 hr after an injection of Domperidone (5 mg/kg), plus Ovaprin (5 mg/kg). Only creamy white semen was collected into a 250 ml beaker. Motility or mass movement of the whole sperm was examined immediately after activation with an equal volume of distilled water. It was found that motility of the milt sample was excellent. Then, every 100 ml of semen was diluted in a milt:medium ratio of 1:3 with an extender (Table 1) of 1.25 g KHC03, 8.55 g sucrose, and 0.30 g reduced glutathione in 100 g distilled water. The final concentration of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in extended milt was 8%. This extender was chosen based on our previous work, which indicated that it provided the best result.
+Approximately 0.8 ml of extended semen was placed into 1 ml glass ampules or into half-broken AI catheters. Then, all samples were frozen by suspending them in the vapor above liquid nitrogen for 15 minutes before immersion.
+After varying periods of storage (2, 360, and 540 days), samples of cryopreserved sperm were thawed rapidly by swirling for 20 sec in a 70-80°C water bath and tested with fresh eggs to determine fertilization rates.
+For fertilization testing, fresh eggs from a female P. gigas were available two days after sperm preservation and were used for this purpose. Since fresh eggs of P. gigas were not available during the 1990 spawning season, or for about 360 days after the sperm preservation, we used fresh eggs of a female Pangasius sp. of Mekong origin for the fertilization test. Another subsequent fertilization test using the same batch of cryopreserved sperm was attempted with fresh eggs from six female Pangasius sutchi at 540 days after storage. It must be mentioned that hybridization was not a purpose of this study. The Pangasius sp. eggs were used only because P. gigas eggs were not available.
+The females were induced to spawn by two hormonal injections using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (100 + 100 i.u./kg) for Pangasius sp., and Domperidone plus Ovaprim (7.5 mg/kg + 25 ug/kg) for P. gigas. These treatments resulted in spawning 6-20 hr after the second injection. Details of the investigation on hormonal-induced spawning will be reported separately.
+When a female was stripped, the eggs were split into two containers. One, used for normal production, was also used as the control and received fresh sperm from a male. The second container was further split into 0.5 ml aliquots (ca. 500 eggs) and each aliquot was fertilized by pouring 0.8 ml of nearly thawed semen into the containers, adding hatchery water, and stirring the mixture gently. The step of rinsing was repeated a few times to remove debris and excess sperm. After that, the presumptive fertilized eggs were placed in one lifer plastic bowls full of water to incubate. About 18 hr post-fertilization, the percentages of fertilization were determined. This assay of semen fertility was based on the percentage of embryos that developed to the eyed stage.
+An analysis of variance was used to test differences between control (fresh semen) and frozen semen, and also between the two types of containers. Eggs from a single female were used to compare fertility of semen between the treatment groups.
+Results And Discussion
+Spermatozoa activity (mass movement) was checked for the diluted semen left in the beaker. This was done to ensure that the sperm were still alive at the end of the 3-fur freezing procedure. Sperm motility was found to be as good as fresh whole semen.
+The motility of post-thawed sperm was also determined for those left in the ampules and catheters. However, this motility determination was done 5-10 min after thawing. Probably due to time delay, sperm motility was generally poor or unobservable. This indicated that the post-thaw quality of the sperm was deteriorating rapidly. From our experience, sperm activity lasted about 30-60 sec after being activated. Thus, in doing fertilization tests, time is a critical factor. It was our practice to swirl the ampule or the catheter containing cryopreserved sperm in hot water (70-80°C) for 20 sec and then the neck of the ampule or the end of the catheter was cut off and sperm were shaken out and mixed with fresh eggs. The time elapse between thawing and adding hatchery water was a matter of 1-2 min or less.
+Fertilization rates examined at 18 hr are shown in Table 2. Due to a limited amount of available semen in Pangasius sp. (Mekong origin), the sample was preserved only in half-broken AI catheters, and a comparison between container types was not possible.
+Fertilization percentages of cryopreserved sperm under these experimental conditions were quite inconsistent. They ranged from 8 to 14% (Table 2) for glass ampules and 26 to 77% for halfbroken AI catheters. Thus, our results are comparable to those reported by many others. However, the later set of data showed no significant difference from those of the controls (fresh semen of the same species). Of the containers tested, glass ampules provided sperm with a significantly lower fertility percentage. Besides, quite often the glass ampules exploded or broke while thawing. Therefore, using glass ampules for sperm cryopreservation is not recommended. In addition, both types of containers held approximately 0.8 ml of diluted semen. There was, however, a difference in the diameters of the containers, with the glass ampules having a greater diameter. Thus, larger diameters of glass ampules prevented an even rate of freezing and thawing of semen samples within the ampules, and
+resulted in lower sperm fertility. Half-broken AI catheters were smaller in diameter and provided higher sperm fertility. The capacity and configuration of the catheters are similar to those of 1 ml French straws. We preferred 1 ml French straws over the catheters, but the straws were not available. Since the spawning season of 1991 (Apr-May) we have been using 4.5 ml cryotubes (Nunc, Inc.) for holding 4 ml diluted semen or about 1 ml fresh semen with a dilution ratio of 1:3. This container is believed to be practical and applicable for hatchery production, since its capacity is large. However, we found that the rates of cooling and thawing used in this experiment were not suitable for the cryotubes, as the fertility of the preserved sperm could not be maintained (data not shown).
+TABLE 2 Fertilization Percentages¹ of Sperm Cryopreserved in Medium S16 Examined 18 hrs after Insemination
+Ova Source²
+Container
+Control
+Ampule
+AI Catheter
+Pangasius gigas
+79.0 i 1.4
+Pangasius sp.
+Pangasius sutchi
+¹Fertilization percentages were based on the percentage of embryos which developed to eyed stage. ²Eggs from one each of P. gigas and Pangasius sp. were used, but from six of Pangasius sutchi.
+³Eggs from a single female were used to compare fertility of semen between treatment groups. Within each treatment, there were three incubations of about 500 eggs.
+Since P. gigas is an uncultivated and endangered species, the eggs and semen, if available, are seriously needed for hatchery production. The harvesting season for this species has a very short duration of about two weeks between the end of April and May. During our study period it was not possible to obtain P. gigas eggs for intraspecies fertilization trials. Thus, interspecies fertilization, using eggs of Pangasius sp., was considered the best option for testing the fertility of the cryopreserved sperm of Pangasianodon gigas.
+The fertilizing capability of the cryopreserved sperm with Pangasius eggs was comparatively lower than those with P. gigas eggs (Table 2). However, this difference probably was not due to incompatibility of the eggs and sperm, because the control data (fresh eggs x fresh sperm of the same species) also showed the same trend. Therefore, these differences may be a reflection of poor egg quality or other unknown factors.
+The large variability in the fertilizing capability of the cryopreserved sperm in our study seems
+to be a phenomenon common to this type of research. Apparently, small alterations in the thawing process can cause highly variable results. If the potential for cryopreservation is to be realized, precise standards must be established and used consistently.
+Results from this study clearly indicated that, when working with scarce and endangered
+species of fishes, cryopreserved sperm represent a valuable tool, and interspecies/intergeneric fertilization may be a useful tool for testing the fertility of the cryopreserved spermatozoa.
+Acknowledgments
+Support for this work was provided, in part, by the Office of the Science and Technology
+Development Board offered through the Division of Inland Fisheries, and, in part, by Kasetsart University. The work was conducted, in part, at the Chainat Inland Fisheries Station and special thanks are due to Mr. Sontipun Pasukdee for his cooperation and assistance. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Erdahl, A. W., D. A. Erdahl, and E. F. Grahm. 1984. Some factors affecting the preservation of salmonid spermatozoa. Aquaculture 43: 348-350.
+Horton, H. F. and A. G. Ott. 1976. Cryopreservation of fish spermatozoa and ova. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 995-1000.
+Kerby, J. H. 1983. Cryogenic preservation of sperm from striped bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 86-94.
+Kerby, J. H., J. D. Bayless, and R. M. Harrell. 1985. Growth, survival, and harvest of striped bass produced with cryopreserved spermatozoa. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114: 761-765.
+Markman, N. 1984. A preliminary study on cryopreservation of fish spermatozoa. Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. M.Sc. Thesis. (in Thai.)
+Mounib, M. S. 1978. Cryogenic preservation of fish and mammalian spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil. 53: 13-18.
+<section>Propagation Of Mahseer In The Himalayan Waters Of Nepal</section>
+T.K. Shrestha
+Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University
+Kathmandu, Nepal
+Abstract
+The number of migratory mahseer (for putitora) is dwindling because of overexploitation, environmental pollution, habitat modification, and power dams. Conservation and management of this superior game fish requires special propagation practices. Spawning runs of the mahseer start in early September, terminate in late October, and occur at night in gravel-bottomed creeks, pools, and rapids. Eggs from the spawning beds were collected and successfully cultured in egg trays. The complete incubation period (fertilized egg to free swimming fry) was about 25 days at mean temperature of 35°C. Sexually mature migratory spawners were also caught for artificial breeding experiments. Spawners injected with hormones were stripped and the fertilized eggs were incubated in trays and aquaria. Fry were reared in several rearing ponds within 60 days and 50 % survived. Early 8-day-old sac fry were also reared in ponds, but they did not survive well. Fry were successfully raised in cloth bags
+(happa) by providing artificial food (egg yolk). Critical stages of fertilized spawn were monitored in the laboratory and field and a life table for the mahseer was constructed for use in transplantation of mahseers into new habitats.
+Introduction
+In recent years, various investigators have given considerable attention to the propagation of the seriously endangered mahseer in Himalayan waters (Badola and Singh 1984, Shrestha 1986, Nautiyal and Lal 1984, Das 1990). They have been prompted by several considerations: (1) loss of natural habitat, endangering the breeding population; (2) overfishing in natural waters and pollution, which is destroying the spawning grounds and broodfish; (3) scarcity of healthy broodfish for artificial breeding by hormone injection; (4) recognition by cold water fish culturists of the need for propagating mahseer in lakes and reservoirs to boost recreational fisheries; and (5) the realization that the mahseer can be farmed and that wild populations can be restored in natural waters.
+In developed countries, particularly in the United States, methods have been developed for the successful propagation of fish (McFarland 1960, Collins and Hulsey 1964, Anderson 1968, Webster et al. 1978, Mauri et al. 1979).
+TABLE 1. Observations on the Spawning of Mahseer in Gadkhar Creek
+Date
+Weather
+Temperature
+Interstream Migratory
+Downstream Movement
+Spawning Dens
+Spawning
+Lunar
+Movement
+Assembly
+Cycle
+(°C)
+Sun and clouds.
+Vigorous movement started
+Spawners moved
+Gravel, sand
+Possibly 3
+Two
+Rain for whole day.
+around 1 a.m. at creek
+downstream at 1 a.m.
+bar,intergravel
+males, 1
+days
+Barometric pressure 385.
+confluence and upstream in
+Fifty (38 males, 12
+shallow water
+female.Low
+before
+net across confl.
+creek. Preliminary courtship
+females) captured in gill
+current speed to
+turbidity
+full
+acts and false spawning in the
+0.5 m/sec
+gravel beds
+moon
+Temp. 31°C
+clearly vis.
+Spawners moved
+SSpawners moved
+Cloudy, heavy rain
+Mass movement of mahseer at
+downstream at 5 p.m.
+Gravel,
+Possibly 53
+Full
+(for about 6 hr.)
+about 12 p.m. Spawners
+Six females, six males
+sandbar,
+males,18
+moon relatively clear
+and wind. Sky
+travelled lOO meters upstream
+were captured in gill
+intergravel
+females. High
+first at day. night. Full moon
+from confluence site. Male
+nets.
+water with
+turbidity,
+chased the female, brief
+depth 0.5 to 1
+gravel beds not
+visible. Barometric
+courtship took place.
+m. Current
+visible.
+pressure 360.
+Spermatic fluid released over
+velocity 0.5 to
+the eggs deposited in the
+2 m/sec. Temp
+gravel. Creek water at certain
+32°C.
+spots appeared milky.
+Spawners moved
+Cloudy, drizzling
+Movement of mahseer at the
+downstream. Two
+About 500
+Full moon. with wind
+Full
+creek. Jumping, courtship and
+females, two males
+spawners
+moon. Barometric
+spawning.
+captured in gill nets.All
+Edge of deep
+congregated,
+pressure 380.
+had running eggs or
+pool, with
+peak spawning
+sperm.
+mixed stones,
+period reached
+pebbles and
+Gravel bed
+and current
+turbidity low.
+Spent spawners moved
+velocity as
+Cloudy, drizzling.
+Usual spawning movement
+downstream. Twenty
+above. Temp.
+Number of
+New
+New moon.
+followed by courtship action
+females and sixty males
+35°C.
+spawners
+moon..
+Barometric pressure
+No eggs or sperm released.
+captured in gill net. All
+decreasing
+False spawning occurred.
+were in spent condition.
+Spawners very
+sleeply. Few
+active. No
+ovulation or
+sperm
+observed
+Temp. 28°C
+As a contribution to this problem, studies were initiated in 1985 on the propagation of the mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton). Although experiments are still in progress, sufficient data have been obtained to warrant the publication of results for the four-year period 1985-1989.
+A few accounts of induced breeding of the species of mahseer have been published (Tripathi 1978, Ogale and Kulkarni 1987). Methods for artificial propagation have yet to be described in detail (Shrestha 1985). This is the first attempt at large-scale breeding and propagation of mahseer species in the ponds, lakes, and reservoirs of Nepal.
+Materials and Methods
+For the study of natural spawning and behavior, both direct-sensing and remote-sensing methods were used. Direct sensing of the mahseer habitat and behavior was made visually. Spawners were dazzled with light to facilitate the study of spawning performance. Florescent-tube lamps were also used as a light source in remote and inaccessible places. Occasionally, underwater torch lights were used to observe spawning activity and to sample freshly deposited spawn or fertilized eggs. Plankton nets of various sizes were used to collect the spawn. The physico-chemical features of the spawning grounds were recorded in situ (Tables 1 and 2). Remote sensing of the habitat was done with binoculars and a camera fitted with a telephoto lense and a video recorder. The shape and size of the spawning ground and other physical characteristics were recorded. Freshly deposited eggs were removed from the spawning beds and successfully incubated in hatchery eggs trays. Both early and advanced fry
+were reared in trays or cloth bags suspended in pond water. For stocking purposes, fry of different stages were transported to different places.
+For artificial breeding, adult fish (Figure 1) were collected from the spawning creeks by using gill and trammel nets. Captured fish were tranquilized using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). All adults were tagged with Floy tags on 15-16 September 1987. Mahseer were transported to the laboratory by truck and jeep. At the laboratory they were acclimatized, by sex, in separate plastic pools or cloth bags suspended in river water. The conditioned fishes in the plastic pools were fed with soybean and rice bran in a 1:1 proportion. Spawning was induced by injecting extracts of pituitary glands from carp, the dosage was four glands per kg body weight of fish. Females spawned after 18 hr with only one intramuscular injection. Artificial fertilization was accomplished by stripping the male and female brood fish by conventional wet and dry methods. Early fry produced as a result of artificial breeding were reared in incubation trays. Advanced fry were reared in cloth bags suspended
+in pond water. The developmental stages of fry were monitored for three years (1986-1989) and a life table was constructed.
+To study the survival of mahseer in new habitats, experimental releases were made in Trisuli reservoir and Kulekhani reservoir (Indrasarovar). About 1,044 semi-adult fish were released in the Trisuli and Tadi river confluence site. One year later, 580 of these fish were recovered.
+TABLE 2. Physical and chemical Parameters of the Tisuli River Water (1986)
+Month
+Mean
+Discharge
+Temp.
+Depth
+Color
+Odor
+Tur-
+pH
+Dis-
+Free
+Total
+Spec.
+Current
+Mean cu
+(0°C)
+(m)
+bidity
+solved
+CO2
+Alkalinity
+Conductivity Velocity
+m/sec
+Mean
+Average
+(cm)
+O2
+(ppm)
+m/sec
+(ppm)
+January
+Clear green
+Fishy
+February 0.5
+Clear green
+Fishy,
+methane
+March
+Unstable
+Methane
+green
+April
+Silty brown
+Fishy,
+methane
+May
+Silty brown
+Strong,
+methane
+June
+Red silty
+Methane
+brown
+July
+Reddish silty
+Weak
+brown
+methane
+August
+Red brown,
+Weak
+silty
+methane
+September 3.0
+Red silty
+Fishy,
+brown
+methane
+October
+Dark green
+Fishy,
+methane
+November 0.8
+Clear green
+Fishy
+December 0.7
+Clear green
+Fishy
+Results
+Natural Spawning and Physical Features of Spawning Sites
+Gadkhar Creek is located in Chokedovan, near His Majesty's Government (HMG) Fish Farm (Figure 2). The creek becomes flooded during early May and dries to a trickle during February and March. Its bed consists of gravel, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. There is a wide area where the creek enters the Tadi River. Three spawning beds, A, B, and C, were identified in the creek. Bed A, consisting of pebbles less than 10 cm in diameter, is the cleanest among the three. Bed B consists of rocks 15-40 cm in diameter, and Bed C consists of rocks from 50 to more than 80 cm in diameter. Water quality of the spawning ground is given in Table 2.
+At midnight, mature mahseers came to the creek-river confluence a few at a time. They gathered into a group numbering 10-30. While swimming together, several males would actively pursue the females, nuzzling and biting. After midnight, during the full moon period, courtship behavior was intensified and suddenly the mahseers swam rapidly in shallow zones of the creek near the bank, where they vigorously flopped and trembled. Eggs and sperm were released and fertilization took place. The fertilized eggs came to rest on, and adhering firmly to, stones and pebbles. After an interval of two hours, ejection of eggs and sperm were again noticeable when the water of the outgoing current turned milky. The majority of eggs 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter were washed away gradually by the current and the number of eggs adhering to the pebbles was very small. Hydrological and biological observations of the mahseer and its spawning habitat are given in Table 1.
+Observations of mahseer spawning activity commenced in August 1986, and active spawning was observed from August to September 1986. As evident in Table 1, there is a strong correlation between spawning days and weather conditions. Both daytime and nighttime observations were made. During the breeding season (September to October), spawning took place every evening on billowy days or stormy days with heavy rainfall. Commencement of spawning behavior also seemed to be related to the hours of high flood in the parent river and medium flood in the feeder creek. Spawning took place from midnight to early dawn. There also was a significant relationship between the hours of onset of spawning and the weather (high rainfall and low barometric pressure). Spawners selected rocks, stones, pebble, gravel, sand, and log debris as spawning substrata (Table 1). Spawning was not noticed among algae or discarded plastic bags that had drifted to the creek bank.
+Spawning of mahseer was initially observed on five evenings, during the period September 2 to October 5 (full moon September 2 and October 5). Spawning was noted to be related to flood conditions and usually began within 30 minutes after heavy flooding. The time of first spawning occurred after midnight on September 2, when there was a full moon. On November 15 no spawning was seen. During this last period, there was no moon, flood intensity was too low, and the water was relatively clear (Table 1). Mass spawning during and after floods showed that flood levels may provide a mechanism whereby fertilized eggs (Figure 3) are transported to the river bank to find suitable shallow nursery habitat to settle and develop into fry.
+High temperature accelerated hatching time when eggs were reared in incubation trays and aquaria, but caused a decrease in oxygen content. This situation was rectified in aquaria by supplying fresh river water and maintaining aeration. Laboratory observations revealed that a continuous freshwater supply, proper aeration, right start food, and regular removal of dead eggs and waste material are the best ways to reduce mortality and shorten the time required for hatching. The mahseer sac fry undergo latency for a period of two days until the yolk is fully absorbed; this phase was considered suitable for long distance transfer (Figure 4).
+Collecting Naturally Spawned Egg Fry
+The collection net (3-7 m long) devised for this purpose was conical or funnel shaped and made of coarse cloth to allow easy filtering (Figure 5). The tapered end, fitted with a ring 9-12 inches in diameter, was made of reeds. A small pocket net (0.5 m long and 2.5 cm deep) that looked like a monk's hood was attached to the tapering end. Water flow through the net was often enhanced by adding two wings at the mouth.
+The net was stretched with the mouth facing upstream in shallow bends of the creek where the flow is gentle, 1.2-2.5 m/sec. The downstream portion of the net would drift in the direction of the current and was tied in this position to poles just below the surface. The upper edge of the mouth of the net and the upper edge of the tail piece was just above the water. The collected spawn and fry were acclimatized separately in cloth bags (Figure 6) and were reared to fingerling stage. Fully grown fingerlings were released later in adult fish ponds at the Gadkhar Fish Farm (Figure 7). Hatchery bred and naturally spawned fry were transplanted to different water bodies.
+Artificial Spawning
+Induced spawning experiments during 1986-1989 utilized injected extracts of pituitary from carp, with the dosage being four glands per kg body weight of the target fish. The pituitary extracts were injected (with 0.3% saline water as carrier) into male and female breeders. Normally, they spawned after 18 hours with only one intramuscular injection. No death was caused by a higher dosage.
+Artificial fertilization, by stripping the male and female breeders, was done by both conventional dry and wet methods. These brood fish ranged from 80 to 160 cm in length and weighed 2,500-3,800 grams. The dry method was far more successful than the wet one.
+The larvae obtained by induced breeding as well as the artificial stripping process resulted in 80,000 fry. They were reared in incubation trays and aquaria for a fortnight. About 40% mortality was recorded. Dead fry were immediately preserved for development and life history studies, and live ones were reared to adulthood in the Gadkhar Fish Ponds over a three-year period (Table 3). Various stages such as sac fry, swim-up fry, and fingerlings were transferred from the Gadkhar Fish Farm to the Balaju Fish Pond, Gokarna Fish Ponds and the Kulekhani Reservoir, where the survival of young fish in new habitats was monitored.
+During the embryonic development of T. putitora, a characteristic latency period was noticed in which the sac fry became quite inactive, with only feeble motion, and congregated in dark corners of the incubator. This period lasted about 8-12 hours. The hatching period appeared to depend on temperature, with temperatures of 32-34°C accelerating the hatching process. In these experiments, hatching occurred when oxygen concentrations were 8-15 ppm. Although warm, overcast rainy days triggered spawning in T. putitora, hot and sunny days were harmful for the survival of hatchlings.
+TABLE 3 Biometric Data on Stages of the Mahseer during a Three-Year Period
+Life History Stage
+Time
+Weight
+Length
+(gm)
+(mm)
+Egg or spawn
+0 hrs
+Fertilized egg
+30 minutes
+Hatchlings
+55 hours
+Sac fry
+72 hours
+Swim-up fry
+110 hours
+Jumping fry
+180 hours
+Fingerlings
+3 months
+Young fish
+6 months
+Young fish
+1 year1
+Adolescent fish
+1.5 years
+Maturing fish
+2 years
+Mature fish
+2.5 years
+Spawning fish
+3 years
+Transfer of Hatchery Bred Fry
+During the 1986 studies it was found that 4- to 8-day-old sac fry could be handled safely and transported long distances. On 21 September of that year, 10,000 sac fry (volumetric measurement, 150 fry per cm³) were carried for a distance of 76 km without significant loss. This successful operation was repeated again on September 15, 1987, at which time 50,000 fry were moved the same distance. Each of these trips required about three-and-a-half hours to complete and the water was not changed en route. The sac fry were not advanced enough for free-swimming and settled to the bottom when placed in cans where they remained during transit. The sac fry were raised to fingerling stage in the cloth bags suspended in pond water.
+Some transfers of advanced fry (free swimming for 60 days) were made from the Gadkhar Fish Ponds to ponds at Balaju. These fry were collected by net from incubators and transported in fish cans. A total of 22,000 fry of this age were transported by truck in 10-gallon cans for a distance of 70 km without significant loss. It was concluded from these results that advanced fry can survive handling and transportation over long distances.
+Stocking of Advanced Fry
+There is little information on the relationship between the rate of stocking and the age of stocked fry, and equally little information on the rate of survival and growth. Two of the Gadkhar Fish Ponds were used for stocking 60-day-old fry in 1986. One year later, in September 1987, these two ponds were drained and the fish removed with representative samples collected and recorded. After a 360-day growing period, the fish had attained an average length of 25 cm and weight of 135 gm (Table 3).
+Two ponds in Gadkhar were also stocked with 30-day-old fry, which after 360 days had a much lower rate of survival than the two ponds originally stocked with 60-day-old fry. After 360 days, the fish originally stocked as 30-day-old fry had attained an average length of 18-22 cm and a weight of 120-130 am.
+Tagging Mahseer
+To study the migration and dispersion of mahseer, 1,044 fully grown mahseer and 2,500 young mahseer were tagged (Figure 8). Thirty percent of adults and 10% of young mahseer were recaptured. The young fish were often captured 5-10 km from the release site, but adult fish were usually captured 70-200 km downstream from the release site. This clearly showed that adult fish moved slowly to warm water feeding zones. The younger fish also converged in feeding zones downstream. The release sites in parent creeks often dried up as soon as normal floods were over. Therefore, most of the fish stayed in lower reaches where there was sufficient water for them to survive dry spells. In any case, the mahseer are very mobile. As noted, long distance movement was previously thought to be spawning migration. It is now established that mahseer need fast and relatively warm rainfed creek water for spawning, so they migrate to headwater streams like the Trisuli and Tadi for spawning. Soon
+after spawning is over, exhausted spawners move downstream as the floodwaters in creeks start to recede until they reach slow water in downstream reaches of the Narayani River. They repeat such migratory cycles year after year. The spawning and feeding areas are geographically separated between mountains and often range over great distances. Mahseer tags were recovered at different points of the Trisuli, Tadi, and Narayani rivers. The tags were returned voluntarily by fishermen, for which they received an award of a mahseer T-shirt. Most of the tags were returned during the spawning season. Tagging studies are still in progress.
+Transfer Of Adults
+Adult mahseer frequently suffer heavy mortality during transportation. This was counteracted, to some extent, when salt was added to the transport water and, in some species, by adding an anesthetic. The present study was conducted to determine the methods, concentrations, and kinds of anesthetics appropriate for use in the successful transport of mahseer for as long as 10 hours. The 20 adult males used in these experiments had mean total lengths of 50-60 cm and weights of 8-10 kg and the fingerlings were 18-20 cm in length and weighed 45-50 am.
+Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) was used as the experimental anesthetic. The anesthetized fish were subjected to a series of tests to evaluate this anesthetic at various concentrations; the stocking density was 2 fish/10 l of water. Concentrations of MS-222 were tested at 5 mg/l with increases up to 35 mg/l. At concentrations up to 15 mg/l the fish exhibited loss of equilibrium. Those exposed to 20-25 mg/l were lightly anesthetized and those exposed to 30-35 mg/l exhibited deep anesthesia. All fish quickly revived. Water quality was better at higher levels of MS-222. The deep anesthesia at 30-35 mg/l indicated the approach of lethal concentrations. Fish were also held without an anesthetic (control) in transport water containing salt at concentrations of 0.05 or 10%. The tests were made in double-lined plastic bags (Figure 9) held in boxes. Air was forced out by deflating the bags to water level; oxygen was then added and the bags were sealed and covered. Boxes were left
+unattended for 10 hours, after which the bags were opened and fish behavior (Table 4) evaluated by the criteria described by McFarland (1960), with modifications. Fish were acclimatized to 21-28°C and then released together in troughs for observation 10 hours later to evaluate their behavior after being anesthetized (Table 4).
+TABLE 4 Classification of the Behavioral Changes of Mahseer under Anesthesia
+Stage
+Anesthesia
+Fish Behavior
+Classification
+Normal or natural
+Highly excited, frantic reaction to external stimuli when caught from riverine habitat
+Drugged
+Decreased reaction to external stimuli, but swimming ability retained
+Loss of equilibrium
+Able to stay afloat, but unable to maintain body equilibrium
+Light anesthesia
+Total loss of swimming power, but able to move on the bottom (with tail movement)
+Deep anesthesia
+No movement on bottom, gill movement greatly reduced
+Death
+Gill movement ceased, fish float belly upwards
+Hauling Mahseer By Truck
+Three additional tests were conducted to determine the best method for hauling the mahseer in trucks. Anesthetized fish were put into a rectangular tank containing 5,0Q0 1 of water with the anesthetic and salt. Oxygen (3-51/min) was added through a porous pipe. Fish were hauled in the tank for 10 hours, then removed to a holding trough for a 10-hour observation period.
+Hauling Mahseer By Jeep
+The transportation of mahseer to Kathmandu in a jeep was also evaluated, using MS-222. Two fish were put into each bag containing water (25°C; 10% salinity) and anesthetic, (25 mg/l). Bags were inflated with oxygen and ice was added to the styrofoam boxes. Seventeen boxes of fish were brought to Kathmandu. Fish were acclimatized by floating the bags in a pond at the Balaju Fish Pond following the trip. Water temperature in the bags was about 18°C, whereas in the pond it was 16°C. When the fish were released into the pond they appeared to be in good condition. After one month, two mortalities were noted.
+The effectiveness of MS-222 in different species of fish is variable. The threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenese) and gizzard shad (D. copedianum) were hauled successfully in 22 mg/l of MS-222 (Collins and Hulsey 1964, Anderson 1968), whereas the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) was intolerant of a 10-mg/1 dose of MS-222 (Mauri et al. 1979).
+Adult mahseer were also transported in big earthen pots filled with water. Natural red clay rich in hematite and collected from river banks was added at the rate of 200 gm in 40 1 of water. Common salt concentration was maintained at 0.5%. Three changes of water were made during the transit, with each change made after a one-hour interval. Fresh red soil and salt were also added at each interval. The dissolved oxygen in the water was found sufficient for the transported fish. Splashing water provided good aeration while the fish were being carried in the earthen pots. This method is useful in places where manpower is cheap and access by road is poor.
+Further studies may show that stocking densities in both bags and tanks could be increased. Results of these present tests, however, confirm that every effort should be made to reduce stress and scale loss during the handling and transport of mahseer.
+The present work demonstrates the possibility of stocking mahseer in the tailwaters of dams and reservoirs in Nepal to rebuild the declining populations of this valuable fish. Only fingerlings of mahseer are recommended for transplanting and restocking using anesthetics and therapeutic oxygen-inflated bags. In this study, it was possible to transport and release mahseer over a long distance (more than 180 km), from the Trisuli River to the Kulelchani Reservoir.
+Discussion
+The ranges of mahseer within Nepalese drainage are primarily restricted to the headwaters. Poor habitat caused by man-induced disturbances have eliminated or reduced mahseer and benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The main disturbance in river and creek drainages has been surface stone-mining and siltation. Abandoned stone mines and eroded gullies in stream banks have also contributed to the overall decline in environmental quality. Other factors reported to have an impact on fish communities in these drainage systems include agricultural runoff, drilling runoff, domestic and industrial pollution, and low water discharge during dry periods. All these factors are reported to be of greater magnitude in river tributary watersheds (Shrestha 1988, 1990a,b).
+Increased environmental degradation in these drainages in the future could eliminate other allied mahseer species such as Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis, Barbus chillinoids, and B. dukai,
+especially those with rigid habitat requirements. Reduced fish communities in tributaries already heavily polluted indicate that this is a serious problem. Additional man-induced disturbances can only escalate the likelihood of the extinction of pristine golden mahseer habitat. Entire watershed control or management and faster propagation may be essential if endangered mahseer populations with limited spawning habitats are to survive. The present study provides some clues for the long-term preservation of Tor putitora by adopting ranching practices or modifying existing fish farming practices.
+It was noted that the spawning of mahseer in the Tadi River was always associated with lunar periodicity, water level, flood cycle and heavy monsoon rain, thunderstorms, some physico-chemical features, and undetected biological factors. Majumdar (1940) noted the influence of thunderstorms, rains, and cloudy weather on the spawning of carp. Patra and Azadi (1984, 1985) noted the dates of spawning in the Halda River and found that spawning occurred about the time of the full moon or new moon. The lunar periodicity in T. putitora Is similar to that of many fishes (Ross 1983).
+Bandola and Singh (1984) observed that floodwaters and the current of running water act as stimulating factors for carp spawning. It appears from the present study that the water current provided aeration, dispersion, and defense from pathogenic infections of the developing eggs.
+The function of flood in the reproductive activities of fish is not clearly known (Shrestha 1986). The turbid waters of flooded streams are apparently not a deterrent to spawning, although great turbulence due to rapid flooding, as in July and August, is unfavorable and mahseer breed with decreasing intensity at high flood periods. It appears that well-oxygenated, gently advancing floodwater over the gravel beds provides the necessary rheotactic stimulus, evoking sexual play in T. putitora. A newly inundated streambed is less likely to be inhabited by enemies and predators such as fry-eating insects and amphibians, and there is less chance of fungal and bacterial infections of the developing egg and fry. Therefore, mahseer leave their parent river for spawning grounds in feeder streams to breed. After the onset of the flood is over, they move downriver to rejoin the main river channel.
+It may be concluded from this study that the pattern of spawning behavior of the cold water game fish T. putitora appears to be adapted to reproduction in shallow water creeks and streams. The most distinctive feature is the spawning run, which serves to disperse the pelagic eggs across the current, which are then carried downstream.
+Management Consideration
+Because mahseer travel extensively, management-oriented ranching research must be conducted. The management of mahseer in relatively closed systems of ponds and reservoirs in Nepal requires very specific strategies. However, research in open water ranching and release systems must also be conducted on a long-term basis. In open river systems, a well-coordinated research effort needs to be directed toward assessing the status of mahseer populations and determining the geographic areas over which uniform management can be exerted.
+Acknowledgments
+This study (grant number 3.E30) was supported and financed by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. I am grateful to Mr. B.B. Shah, Deputy Secretary,Department of Wildlife Conservation, Royal Palace, Kathmandu, for his cooperation. I am also grateful to Mr. R.B. Thapa, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, for encouragement and support. My thanks also to Professor Douglas A. James and Mr. Robert Jenkins, University of Arkansas, for reading of the manuscript and for providing valuable suggestions. I also want to thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
+References
+Anderson,R.O. 1968. Transport of gizzard shad. Prog.Fish-Cult.30:184.
+Bandola, S.P. and H.R. Singh. 1984. Spawning of some important coldwater fish of the Garhwal Himalaya. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81:54-58.
+Collins, J.L. and A.H. Hulsey. 1964. Reduction of threadfin shad hauling mortality by and use of MS-222 and common salt. Proc. Southeast Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 18:522-524.
+Das, S.M. 1990. The mahseer fishes of India: bioecology and the problem of their rapid decline in central Himalaya. in Shaha, N.K., S.D. Batt and R.K. Pandey. (ed.). Himalaya Environment, Resources and Development, Shree Almora Book Depot. Almora, India.
+Mauri, T., J.W. Andrews and J.W. Muller. 1979. Effect of valium, MS-222 and sodium chloride on handling mortality. Prog. Fish-Cult. 41:27-29.
+Majumdar, C.H. 1940. Spawning grounds and hatcheries in the district Chittagong, Bangladesh, Science and Culture. 5:735-739.
+McFarland, W.M. 1960. The use of anesthetics for the handling and the transport of fishes. Calif. Fish Game 46:407-431.
+Nautiyal, P. and M.S. Lal. 1984. Natural history of Garhwal mahseer: racial composition. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 58:283-294.
+Ogale, S.N. and C.V. Kulkarni. 1987. Breeding of pond-raised hybrids of mahseer, Tor kudree (Sykes) and T. tor (Ham.). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 84:332-334.
+Patra, R.W.R. and M.A. Azadi. 1984. Collection and hatching of fertilized eggs of major carps. Chittagong Univ. Stud., Vol. 8.
+Patra, R.W.R. and M.A. Azadi. 1985. Hydrobiological conditions influencing the spawning of the major carps in the Halada river, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Zool. 13:63-72.
+Ross, R.M. 1983. Annual, semilunar and diel reproductivity rhythms in Hawaii in Labrid Thalassoma duperry. Mar. Biol. 72:311-318.
+Shrestha, T.K. 1985. Induced Spawning of the Himalayan mahseer T. putitora (Hamilton) by pituitary hormone stimulation. Unpublished Report. USAID, Kathmandu.
+Shrestha, T.K. 1986. Spawning ecology and behaviour of Himalayan mahseer Tor putitora (Hamilton) in the Himalayan waters of Nepal. pp. 689-692. in Maclean, J.L., L.B. Dizon and L.V. Hoslillos. (ed.). First Asian Forum, Asian Fishery Society, Philippines.
+Shrestha, T.K. 1988. Artificial Himalayan mahseer spawning.~Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 25 pp.
+Shrestha, T.K. 1990a. Behaviour of Golden Mahseer Tor putitora (Hamilton) in nature and captivity. J. Freshwater Biol. (India) 2:209-219.
+Shrestha, T.K. 1990b. Rare fishes of Himalayan waters of Nepal. J. Fish Biol. 37:213-216. Tripathi, Y.R. 1978. Artificial breeding of Tor putitora (Hamilton). J. Inl. Fish. Soc. India 9:161.
+Webster, J., A. Trandahl and J. Leonard. 1978. Historical perspective of propagation and management of cold water fishes of the United States. Am. Soc. Spec. Publ. 11:161-166.
+<section>Integrated Aquaculture System: Tilapia, Crocodiles, And Rice Culture</section>
+R.D. Haller And S. Baer
+Baobab Farm Limited
+Mombasa, Kenya
+Abstract
+In its efforts to rehabilitate and utilize a coral limestone quarry excavated for cement production, Baobab Farm has developed an economically self-sustaining ecosystem. One of its main components is an aquaculture system, where tilapia production is integrated with crocodile rearing and rice culture.
+The slightly saline water used for tilapia production is pumped into the fish farm, where it is oxygenated in a cascade system. Before entering the circular, concrete production tanks, it is utilized in a double set of raceways. The production capacity of the tilapia farm is 25-30 tons per year, which are marketed locally.
+The waste-loaded water from the fish farm is recirculated through a biofilter unit, consisting of a rice field, and a subsequent pond that is densely covered with the floating water plant Pistia stratiotes. Four rice harvests can be achieved per year, with a potential yield of 24 tons per hectare per year. The Pistia plants are removed regularly and used as green manure in fruit and vegetable culture. In order to balance the nutrient supply for the biofilter unit, the nitrogen-rich water from the fish farm is supplemented with phosphate-rich water from the crocodile-rearing pens.
+At present, Baobab Farm holds 800 crocodiles of all sizes, which convert waste fish and meat from the farm into valuable skins and meat. The aim is to produce 1,000 crocodiles of marketable size per year. The crocodiles also play their role as a tourist attraction. Tourists contribute significantly to the revenue of the system.
+Introduction
+The Baobab integrated aquaculture system is located in the exploited coral limestone quarry of the Bamburi Portland Cement Company, 10 km north of Mombasa, on the Kenya coast. It is part of a large-scale land-reclamation project that was initiated by the Cement Company in 1971, and planned and carried out by Baobab Farm Ltd, Mombasa. The project's main aim is to establish a biologically and economically self-sustaining ecosystem.
+Most of the 2.5 km² of the partially to fully excavated quarry area has been planted with the pioneer tree species Casuarina equisetifolia, to serve as a primary vegetation cover and to give a fast financial return. The humus buildup from fallen needles and the improved microclimate allowed other plant and animal species to colonize the disused quarry (Hailer 1974).
+An abundance of groundwater led to the excavation of fish ponds and to the development of aquaculture systems. More recently, the reclaimed site has been developed into a major tourist attraction, visited by 75,000 local and foreign tourists per year.
+Materials and Methods
+Site Description
+Coral limestone was excavated as deep down as 50-20 cm above the groundwater level; therefore, water is abundant. The quarry is situated only about 500 m from the shore of the Indian Ocean, and the groundwater body under the quarry floor is connected to the sea. Its level rises and falls with the tides in the sea, the water is slightly saline (2-3 ppt in undisturbed ponds, but up to 8-10 ppt where water is pumped intensively). The undisturbed groundwater has a year-round near-constant temperature of 26°C (+ 1°C) and a pH of 7.5-7.8.
+Figure l shows the general layout of the integrated aquaculture system. The fish farm is the central and original part, to which the other parts of the system were connected.
+Water Recirculation
+The water for the fish farm is pumped from a sump, where the recirculated water from the two biofilters is collected and supplemented with groundwater from a reservoir pond. From 200 to 300 m³ of water are pumped per hour; it is lifted to a height of 4 m and dropped in a cascade into a distribution channel. From there it runs by gravity through the whole aquaculture system back to the pump site.
+In the fish farm the water is utilized three times, in two sets of 12 on-growing raceways and a set of circular fattening tanks. Before entering any new step the water is re-aerated in a small cascade.
+The fish farm effluents flow into a faecal settlement pond, where heavy waste particles are removed and can be collected for conversion into biogas and fertilizer. The water leaving the settlement pond is diverted and led into either of the two biofilter units.
+The original Biofilter 1 consists of a swamp forest, which acts as a second settlement area, and a set of deeper ponds overgrown with the floating water plant, Pistia stratiotes (Nile cabbage). The settlement swamp is a forest of Conocarpus lancifolius, fig trees (mainly Ficus lutea), and some mangrove trees (Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus moluccensis, and Heritiera littoralis), as well as mangrove ferns (Acrostichus aureus). The swamp forest supports a rich bird life and is part of the nature walk through the rehabilitated quarry.
+In the subsequent Pistia ponds, the water surface is covered with P. stratiotes. Its feathery roots filter out fine insoluble waste and are also a substrate for numerous microorganisms, which mineralize the trapped organic substance. The released nutrients, together with the dissolved waste from the fish and crocodiles, are partly taken up by the Pistia plants. The large amount of biomass produced by the fast-growing Nile cabbage plants is utilized as mulch in the banana plantation (Beer 1990a).
+Three years ago a set of rice fields was installed, which act, together with a subsequent Pistia pond, as a second biofilter.
+Part of the nitrogen-rich drainage water from the fish farm flows through the crocodile rearing unit, where it is enriched with dissolved phosphates excreted by the crocodiles before it enters the rice field (Beer l990b).
+The rice paddies act mainly as a mechanical filter by sedimentation, whereas in the Pistia pond, fine insoluble waste as well as dissolved waste products are eliminated by the Nile cabbage plants and the associated microorganisms. The channel connecting the rice fields with the Pistia pond is planted with submersed water plants (Elodea sp., Ceratophyllum sp.) to oxygenate the water by photosynthesis during the daytime.
+The water recirculated through the two biofilters collects again at the sump. There, water loss through evaporation and seepage (approx. 25 m³ per day) is replaced with groundwater. The total water surface area of the two biofilters at present is approximately 4,000 m² (Hailer 1990a).
+The Tilapia Farm
+The fish farm started production in 1982 and has been described in detail (Balarin 1983, Balarin and Haller 1983, 1986).
+The farm consists of 24 on-growing raceways (10 x 1.5 x 0.5 m in size; volume 7.5 m³) and 12 circular, self-cleaning fattening tanks (diem. 6 m, depth 0.9 m, volume 25 m³). The tilapia, mainly Oreochromis niloticus and O. spilurus, are bred in the Baobab arena hatchery. They are brought into the raceway unit at a size of 4-5 g, and are graded several times before they are finally stocked into the fattening tanks at a size of 30-50 g. There they are kept for 120 days, until they reach marketable size (150-350 g).
+The fingerlings from the hatchery (Hailer and Parker 1981) are supplemented with fish caught from the surrounding channels and ponds. A special trapping system has been developed to catch fingerlings from an artificial lake where a pair of hippopotamus live. By opening the flood gates to flush the drainage water from the fish farm into the lake, the fish follow their urge to swim upstream toward the water source, and virtually swim into the fish farm, where they are trapped easily.
+Two types of food are used to feed the tilapia: (1) commercially available tilapia pellets with a total protein content of about 25%; and (2) farm-manufactured moist food consisting of meat and bone meal, fresh minced fish, wheat pollard, cotton seed cake, and a vitamin-mix.
+Every 10 days a tank is harvested and restocked. Growing time in the fattening tanks is 120 days, allowing three production cycles per year for every tank. The tilapia are marketed locally to private buyers as well as to restaurants and hotels. Slow-growing fish and mortalities make up an important part of the food for the crocodiles.
+Crocodiles
+Crocodiles were introduced originally to fill a gap in the ecosystem by making economic use of animal waste protein from the farm. At present, the farm holds 800 crocodiles, ranging in size from 40 cm to 3.8 m. The crocodile eggs are collected from the breeding pens and incubated at approximately 32 °C in styrofoam boxes in an incubator house. The hatchlings are placed in an indoor brooder tank for the first four weeks until they have hardened. Then they are moved into outside nursery tanks with controlled water temperatures (30-32°C), where the space available per animal is 650 cm². The crocodiles are graded into groups according to size to avoid food competition. The hatchlings are fed on prawns, tilapia, and red meat. At a length of 70 cm they are placed into ongrowing pens, graded every six months, and then moved on according to their size (no more than 10 cm length variation is allowed in a pen) (Hailer 1988).
+All crocodiles are numbered and individual data are collected (total length, head length, belly width, weight). The crocodiles are fed between 2% and 10% (wet weight) of their body weight per day. The food consists of waste fish from the fish farm, and mortalities from Baobab Farm's livestock section (cattle, sheep, goats, poultry). The number of crocodiles held is determined by the amount of animal protein available on the farm.
+The farm holds its own captive-bred parent stock in various specially designed breeding lakes and pens. The breeders will produce sufficient eggs to supply the farm with all the hatchlings required for the system (Hailer 1990b).
+Rice
+The rice paddy attached to the fish farm has an area of 1,200 m² and is divided into three fields. In each field the water flow is guided in a zigzag way by small, vegetable-carrying intermittent dams, in order to utilize the area more efficiently.
+The nitrogen-rich effluents from the fish farm, supplemented with phosphate from the crocodiles, flow slowly through the dense stems of rice plants. The waste particles settling between the plant stems build up sediment, which provides nutrients for the rice plants. The sediment also supports the benthic fauna, which itself provides food for predaceous organisms (Beer 1990b).
+Four salt-tolerant rice varieties (two wild and two hybrids) were obtained from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines. The original seeds were packed in bulk so that the whole paddy area could be planted with the same variety. Best results so far were obtained with Nona Bokra, one of the wild varieties. With proper management, four harvests can be obtained per year. The seeds are sown in a nursery and then after 4-6 weeks, transplanted with a spacing of 25-30 cm, when the plants reach a size of about 30 cm. The time from transplanting to harvest takes about three months.
+Results And Discussion
+Water Recirculation
+Biofilter I, the original water treatment unit through the swamp forest and Pistia-ponds, has been operating without major problems for eight years. Accumulated sediment had to be removed once from one of the Pistia stratiotes ponds to maintain the functioning of the system. Careful monitoring of the waterflow is important to avoid shortcuts of the water through the swamp, which reduces its retention time in the filter and the filtration efficiency. An unexpected problem occurred with an increasing population of catfish (Clarias gariepinus). During times when they have no access to the rice paddies, they mainly feed on the Pistia plants and, periodically, this causes severe setbacks in its growth. We assume that this affects the water quality, as the filtration capacity of a badly damaged Pistia population must be low, and an excess of decaying plant material adds an additional load of organic matter into the filter system. After reducing the feeding pressure of catfish on
+the Pistia, the plant's population recovers rapidly.
+The rice field biofilter has been functional for about three years and has markedly improved the filtration efficiency of the water recirculation system. However, the excess of nutrients deposited between the rice plants has an adverse effect on the performance of the rice. We suppose that the excessive nitrogen in the substrate is the cause of the lodging problem encountered with all of the four rice varieties. The amount of nitrogen coming out of the fish and crocodile farm could fertilize a much bigger paddy field. Baer (1990b) indicated that if all released nitrogen was channelled into the
+rice field and supplemented with other nutrients necessary for optimal rice growth, an area more than 10 times the present size could be maintained and give a potential yield of 39 tons of rice per year.
+At present, little is known of the water quality changes during the flow through the recirculation systems. This is due to lack of equipment and an infrastructure for water analysis. The buildup of fish pathogens in the system (e.g., Aeromonas sp.) has been countered by improved management, such as the removal of excessive sludge from the sump and supply channels, as well as increased water aeration.
+The Tilapia Farm
+The production capacity of the tilapia farm is 25-30 t/yr. Under good management each tank is harvested three times per year, giving a yield of 700-800 kg of fish per tank and harvest.
+At present, the tanks and raceways are aerated by gravity only; to install an energy-dependent aeration system is not economically feasible. A promising new way of improving the oxygen supply to the fish farm, i.e., by utilizing the oxygen produced during photosynthesis by planktonic algae, is being investigated. Controlled quantities of algae-rich water from the crocodile ponds are pumped into the fish farm during maximum sunshine hours to increase the oxygen levels in the tanks during peak feeding hours. Due to the short retention time of the water in the fish farm, the algae will be removed before nightfall and thus prevent depletion of oxygen.
+A second constraint on the fish farm is the food quality. Any imported food, such as fish meal, is expensive and difficult to obtain, as are food ingredients that compete with human food requirements. The quality of manufactured fish food is unreliable.
+Crocodiles
+Only recently, Baobab Farm has been registered as a captive breeding operation by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which allows them to trade internationally in crocodile skins and its by-products. The crocodile farm is laid out to incubate 1,2001,500 eggs per year, and to sell 1,000 skins per year. The markets for crocodile skins and meat are still being investigated. Therefore, the crocodile farm is now becoming an important economic part of the aquaculture system.
+Baobab Farm provides a considerable amount of waste meat through livestock mortalities and slaughter by-products (approximately 18 t/yr), and the fish farm can supply 6,000 kg of waste fish per year. Therefore, 24,000 kg of waste meat, not suitable for human consumption, are available from the farm to feed to the crocodiles.
+Crocodiles kept under optimal temperature (30-32°C), feeding and management condition, attain growth rates of approximately 1.4 mm per day and can produce a marketable skin of 35 cm belly-width within 2.5-3 years. Many of our crocodiles were growing much more slowly in the beginning, as they were not fed intensively (as long as we could not sell skins). Also, the animals displayed as a tourist attraction seemed to be stressed constantly. Even though they feed well, they only attain growth rates of 0.4 mm per day.
+No serious disease problems have been encountered.
+Rice
+The maximum yield attained so far from the 1,200 m² area amounted to 720 kg of rice, giving a potential annual production of 24 t/ha (four harvests).
+In addition to the above-mentioned problem of nutrient lodging, another problem in the paddy fields is plant damage and grain losses through birds. Minor outbreaks of rice pests (leafhoppers, rice stem borers) have occurred, but have been kept under control in the small area by biological pest control methods. An invasion by leafhoppers was kept under control by boosting the resident spider population with a variety of local spider species. As no agrochemicals are used in the integrated aquaculture system, nature's own regulation mechanisms are still functional. An increasing stem borer infestation was eventually controlled by an ichneumon wasp whose larvae were found to be parasites of the stem borer larvae.
+Conclusion
+The complexity of the Baobab Farm ecosystem needs a special management approach (Figure 2). Apart from aiming for good performance in the individual sections, the system as a whole has to be monitored constantly. For any change, its benefit for one section must be weighed against its effects on the other parts of the system. This is one of the reasons why agrochemicals and chemotherapy are not used in the system. Our experience so far shows that the described integrated aquaculture system can function economically and is manageable. Thus, a thorough scientific investigation to solve many still unanswered questions now seems feasible and appropriate.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Baer, S. 1990a. Nile Cabbage - an extraordinary plant. Habari Ya Baobab, Baobab News 57/11, Mombasa.
+Baer, S. 1990b. Rice paddy for water treatment. Habari Ya Baobab, Baobab News 58/1O, Mombasa.
+Balarin, J.D. 1983. Intensive tilapia farm developed in East Africa. Fish Farming Int. April 1983. Balarin, J.D. and R.D. Haller. 1983. Commercial tank culture of tilapia, pp. 473-483. in Fishelson, L. and Z. Yaron (ed.). Proc. Int. Symp. on Tilapia in Aquaculture.
+Balarin, J.D. and R.D. Haller. 1986. Baobab tilapia farm in Kenya (A Case Study). SADCC Workshop. Kariba, Zimbabwe. 29 September-3 October.
+Hahn, C. 1990. Baobab Farm: description of an integrated aquaculture system used as one method to rehabilitate a limestone quarry in Kenya's coastal region. Diploma Thesis, Univ. Kassel, Germany.
+Haller, R.D. 1974. Rehabilitation of a limestone quarry. Bamburi Portland Cement Company Publication. 32 pp.
+Haller, R.D. 1988. Crocodile and tilapia farming as part of an integrated aquaculture system. (A system description). 9th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, I.U.C.N. LAE, Papua New Guinea 19-21 October.
+Haller, R.D. 1990a. Integrated aquaculture. Aquaculture News. Jan. 1990. Institute of Aquaculture. Univ. of Stirling, Scotland.
+Haller, R.D. 1990b. Integrating crocodile farming into an existing livestock and tilapia farm. Habari Ya Baobab. Baobab Farm News. 59/12, Mombasa.
+Haller, R.D. and I.S. Parker. 1981. New tilapia breeding system tested in Kenya. Fish Farming Int. 8:14-18.
+<section>Nutrition</section>
+<section>Effect Of Varying Levels Of Sulfate Concentration In Saline Waters On Fish Yield</section>
+R.D. Fortes, N.R. Fortes, And I.G. Pahila
+Institute of Aquaculture,
+University of the Philippines in the Visayas
+Iloilo, Philippines
+Abstract
+Milkfish (Chanos chanos) were stocked in 12 90-lifer aquaria to determine the effect of sulfate on fish yield. Saline waters from various sources with known sulfate levels, and different food sources were used as treatments in first and second runs, respectively. The levels of sulfate (first run) decreased from 1,200, 1,380, 1,700, and 1,100 mg/l to 976.53, 840.53, 772.56, and 441.07 mg/l, respectively, after 24 days; and to 477.00, 490.79, 339.78, and 325.05 mg/l after 28 days. The concentrations of sulfide and ammonia increased (0.01140.0286 mg/l and 0.0105-0.1820 mg/l, respectively). Populations of microorganisms adhering to rice bran particles were highest (450, 570, 850/ml) where sulfate and sulfide concentrations (325.05 mg/l and 0.0192 mg/l) were lowest and ammonia concentration (0.08006 mg/l) was highest.
+The levels of sulfate and sulfide were not different among the treatments (range of 919.5-970.5 mg sulfate/l, and 0.02252-0.02542 mg sulfide/l) (second run). The levels of ammonia, however, were highest in the rice bran-sugar (II) and commercial-feed (IV) treatments compared to treatments that received fertilizers (I and III). The populations of microorganisms that adhere to substrates (tiles) were fewer in the rice bran-sugar and commercial-feed treatments than in the treatments that received fertilizers (I and III).
+In both runs, the effect of sulfate concentration on fish yield could not yet be established due to low survival (40-67 %), poor growth attributable to poor water quality, low feeding rate, and poor food quality (first run). In the second run, fish survival was very high (100%) except one replicate each in Treatments II (88%) and III (93%). The growth of milkfish in all treatments was low (4-6 % per day), apparently caused by foul water and acidity, which could have resulted from high sulfate concentration in the water. An in-depth study using stable isotope technology is in progress to identify important feeding niches and to intensify the productivity of these niches. Success in this study could lead to a new pond management strategy.
+Introduction
+This paper is an initial attempt to demonstrate the effect of sulfate concentration in saline water on fish yield with the goal of evaluating the role of sulfate-sulfide reaction and the role of sulfide as a toxin that limits the availability of natural foods in brackish and saltwater earthen ponds. The role of sulfate as a cause of mineral acidity in ponds through its reaction in water has been the object of investigations since the 1960s. There has been considerable research to help alleviate the negative influence of acid sulfate soils on fish and shrimp yields (Singh 1980); however, the problem of sulfide accumulation in the sediment interstices still exists. The effect of this accumulation on crude organic matter, which is the main source of nutrition for the target animals, needs to be properly understood. In milkfish (Chanos chanos) and prawn (Penaeus monodon) farming, traditional or extensive, modified extensive, and semi-intensive methods based on animal density,
+added food, and other inputs are in use. These provide the necessary organic matter that could be converted into nutritious food for the fish. However, the users have been unable to differentiate these methods (Fortes et al. 1989, Fortes 1991). Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in brackish-water ponds that received feed, either alone or in combination with chicken manure and/or fertilizer, exhibited better growth and higher production (Fortes et al. 1986), but the actual sources of growth are still uncertain. In fresh water, despite the presence of full rations of protein-enriched feed pellets, natural food still accounted for more than half of the growth of the target fish (Schroeder 1983).
+The goal of this study is to determine food niches in brackish-water or marine ponds that provide target animals with their nutrition. Armed with this information, a management strategy can be designed that will improve the use of fertilizers as locally available replacements for costly imported feeds. This particular component of the project was implemented (initially using milkfish as the test organism) to pursue the following objectives:
+- To determine the effect of sulfate on fish yield;
+- To determine the influence of sulfate and sulfide ions on the production of natural food; and
+- To determine the influence of sulfate on the population of microorganisms that adhere to the added organic or inorganic material in saline water.
+Materials and Methods
+Location and Facilities The site is located in Barangay Nabitasan, municipality of Leganes, Iloilo Province, Philippines. The municipality of Leganes is located N 10° 8' longitude; E 122° 5.4' latitude. The laboratory facilities included 12 glass aquaria (H= 35 cm; L= 90 cm; W= 35 cm) provided with an airlift system and a bottom filter made of 10 cm sand on perforated marine plywood (0.635 cm thick). Aeration, water delivery, and lighting systems were also installed.
+First Run
+Collection and Preparation of Water Water used during the first run of the experiment was collected from three points (Guimaras, SM area, and Gui-gui Creek) along Guimaras Strait approximately 7 km from the laboratory. This was necessary to ensure that pure seawater was collected. Seventy-five 60-1 plastic bags filled with seawater to a 40-1 line (total of three tons of seawater) were transported to the laboratory by means of a 4-ton motor boat. Water from each source was used separately or in combination with water from other sources, including freshwater, and of the four, each treatment was replicated three times, as follows:
+Treatment
+Initial Sulfate Content (ppm)
+Source of Water
+I
+Guimaras
+II
+Gui-gui Creek
+III
+SM + Gui-gui (1:1)
+IV
+SM + freshwater (1:1)
+Samples of water were also sent to the service laboratory of the Natural Science Research Institute of the University of the Philippines at Diliman, Quezon City, for the analysis for cations.
+Monoammonium phosphate fertilizer was added before fish stocking to permit microbial growth. Concentrations of sulfate, sulfide, and ammonia in the water were measured before and after stocking and every week thereafter using the methods described by Strickland and Parsons (1972). Salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were monitored every other day using an Atago refractometer, digital pH tester, and a YSI D.O. meter (model 51B), respectively.
+Fish Stocking and Feeding Sixteen milkfish fingerlings (average weights: 1.27 g, 1.26 g, 1.23 g, and 1.45 g, for Treatments I, II, III, and IV, respectively) were stocked in each of the 12 units of 90-1 aquaria (equivalent to 1 fish/6 1). The fish were fed rice bran mixed with 1% refined cane sugar given at 5% of fish biomass daily and adjusted to 10% after the first sampling. The fish were raised in these aquaria for 28 days and sampled at the midpoint and at the end.
+Sulfate, Ammonia, and Microbe Populations Finely ground rice bran was mixed with refined sugar at a ratio of 100:1 (rice bran: refined sugar). Two grams of the mixture were added into a 2-1 plastic jar filled with seawater collected from different sources with known levels of sulfate concentration. The mixtures were analyzed for nitrogen after 1, 2, 12, and 24 hours; and after 7, 14, and 30 days of contact with water. Nitrogen content of the water was determined by the use of a micro-kjeldahl apparatus, which converts the nitrogen from small samples into ammonia, which is then measured volumetrically. The changes in the nitrogen content in the feed substrate during each time of exposure was taken to represent the microbial processing that could take place if rice bran were not immediately consumed by the fish and remained in the water or sediments to serve as food substrate. The water was observed for visual changes, especially the occurrence of detritus in the container.
+Water samples and detrital material or organic residues were taken and examined under the microscope. Organisms were counted using a hemacytometer.
+Second Run
+Due to the difficulty of maintaining the desired level of sulfate concentration in water, the treatments were changed. Instead of using the levels of sulfate concentrations as treatments, different sources of fish food were used as treatments, then the levels of sulfate concentrations in water were monitored. This new experimental design is consistent with the tank experiments of our collaborators in Israel and a tilapia experiment in aquaria. The new treatments with the initial weights of the fish are as follows:
+Treatment
+Initial Weight (g)
+I
+Rice bran + cane sugar + fertilizer
+II
+Rice bran + cane sugar
+III
+Natural food + fertilizer
+IV
+Commercial pelleted feed
+Each treatment had three replicates (aquaria) that were stocked with 15 milkfish fingerlings each. The rate of feeding for the three different food sources was 10% of the fish biomass given every day. Natural food in the form of a benthic mat composed of lower forms of microflora and microfauna (lab-lab) and filamentous algae were added to the aquaria. The natural food was given at the rate of 20% of fish biomass and was later increased to 40%.
+A total of 16 tiles (equivalent to 16 samplings) were scattered over the bottom of each aquarium. One tile was then randomly picked every sampling and samples of the microorganisms were taken by scraping off the brownish-whitish substance adhering to the tiles. The scrapings were then weighed. The wet weight of the organisms was estimated using the following equation:
+OW = WTBS--WTAS
+where:
+OW - weight of organisms (g)
+WTBS - weight (g) of tiles before scraping
+WTAS - weight (g) of tiles after scraping
+The samples were then fixed in formalin and the organisms were enumerated and identified. Population counts of minute organisms were made using a hemacytometer; for larger ones, the Sedgewick rafter counting chamber and cell were used.
+Results and Discussion
+First Run
+The initial sulfate concentrations of seawater from the different sources were 1,200 mg/l, 1,380 mg/l, 1,700 mg/l, and 1,100 mg/l for Treatments I, II, III, and IV, respectively. These were
+TABLE 1 Sulfate Concentration of the Different Treatment used in Aquarium Experiment No. l and No. 2
+Treatment
+Sulfate (ppm)
+Salinity (ppt)
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the theoretical concentration of seawater of 2,657 mg/l (Church 1975). These initial concentrations decreased to 976.98 mg/l, 840.53 mg/l, 772.56 mg/l, and 441.07 mg/l after 24 days of storage, and were the initial sulfate concentrations of the various treatments at the start of the experiment (Table 1). They decreased further to 477.00 mg/l, 490.79 mg/l, 339.778 mg/l, and 325.05 mg/l, respectively, 11 days after the fish were stocked. However, an increase was observed a few days before the experiment was terminated.
+The values of different water parameters that were monitored (sulfate, sulfide, ammonia, pH, DO, temperature, and salinity) are discussed as follows and are given in Table 2.
+TABLE 2 Physicochemical Properties of Water and Sediment (Milkfish Aquarium Experiment -- First Run)
+Sulfate (mg/l)
+Sulfide (ml/l)
+A. Treatment:
+Dec. 27
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 17
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 17
+Jan. 24
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Ammonia (mg/l)
+Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)
+B. Treatment:
+Dec. 27
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 17
+Jan. 24
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 16
+Jan. 24
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Salinity (ppt.)
+pH
+C. Treatment:
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 16
+Jan. 24
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 16
+Jan. 24
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Temperature (C°)
+Organic Matter (%)
+Soil Sulfate (mg/l)
+D. Treatment:
+Jan. 7
+Jan. 10
+Jan. 16
+Jan. 24
+Dec. 27
+Jan. 28
+Dec.27
+Jan.28
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Sulfate An analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.01) in sulfate concentrations in water among the treatments. The sulfate concentration in Treatment IV (mixture of seawater and rainwater) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those of Treatments I, II, and III. The significant reduction in the sulfate concentration could be attributed to the anoxic condition at the bottom as detected in the decreasing dissolved oxygen level of the water (Table 2). Sulfate was found to be positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and salinity (P < 0.01). As the dissolved oxygen level
+increased, sulfate concentrations subsequently increased in all treatments. Sulfate concentrations were relatively higher in water with higher salinity levels. This observation is corroborated by the fact that seawater with higher salinity levels actually contains higher sulfate ions than freshwater (Church 1975). A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was also found between the concentration of sulfate and ammonia. The presence of small amounts of ammonia in the sediment could have been contributed by the accumulated unconsumed feed (rice bran), which contained 5.7%-10.9% crude protein.
+Initially, the washed and dried sand bottom in all the treatments were free of sulfate, but after harvest, significant amounts of sulfate (3,337.0 mg/l-3,983.71 mall) (Table 2) were recorded from the sand bottom. The sulfate concentration of the sediment was higher than the sulfate concentration found in the water. Statistical analysis showed that sulfate in the sediment is highly correlated (P < 0.01) with sediment organic matter. It was also possible that sulfur contained in protein (e.g., methionine) from the accumulated unconsumed food could also have contributed, to some degree, to the level of sulfate in the sediment.
+Sulfide Sulfide contents of waters collected from the different treatments were significantly different (P < 0.01) among each other. Hydrogen sulfide was relatively higher during the latter part of the experiment and may have been contributed by decomposing unconsumed food and enhanced by the breakdown of the aeration system. This phenomenon was highly possible because hydrogen sulfide is formed by heterotrophic bacterial metabolism; thus, unionized hydrogen sulfide usually does not occur in well-oxygenated water (Chiu 1988). Sulfide was also found to be positively correlated with salinity, (P < 0.01), pH (P < 0.05), and temperature (P < 0.01).
+Ammonia Ammonia concentrations were relatively high three days after stocking. This could be attributed partly to inadequate aeration, as evidenced by the low dissolved oxygen (Table 2). From the sixth day onward, ammonia concentrations decreased, especially after water exchange, but an increase was observed toward the end of the experiment. Again, unconsumed food was noted on the bottom of the aquaria. Correlation analysis showed that ammonia was negatively correlated with temperature (P < 0.01) and dissolved oxygen (P < 0.05), which indicated that ammonia accumulates in the water column in lower dissolved oxygen and temperature.
+TABLE 3 Changes in the Total Count of Organisms in Different Treatments (Water Sources) with Rice Bran
+Treatment
+2 Days
+7 Days
+14 Days
+I (Guimaras)
+II (Gui-gui)
+III (SM + Gui-gui)
+IV (SM + freshwater)
+Sediment Organic Matter Initially, the sand bottom had practically no organic matter. After 28 days, an appreciable amount of organic matter was recorded from the samples taken from the sand bottom (0.81%, 0.97%, 0.85%, and 0.85% in Treatments I, II, III, and IV, respectively) (Table 2). This indicated that organic matter was formed from the different inputs, particularly the rice bran, which, even when put in at a relatively low rate, was not completely utilized by the fish.
+Sulfate Concentration and Microbe Populations A whitish film developed on the water and spread across the surface after six days. This film was composed mostly of round and filamentous bacteria and protozoans. The total counts of these microorganisms on the second day were 4,210,000, 1,160,000, 6,650,000, and 5,343,000 for Treatments I, II, III, and IV, respectively. These populations continued to increase until day 7 and finally decreased on day 14 (Table 3). There were indications that the populations of microorganisms were higher in the treatments with lower sulfate concentration (Table 4).
+TABLE 4 Population of Organisms (org/ml x 10³) in Seawater with Different Sulfate Concentrations
+January
+Treatment
+Number of Organisms
+I
+(Guimaras)
+Mean
+II
+(Gui-gui)
+Mean
+III
+(SM + Gui-gui)
+Mean
+IV
+(SM + fresh water)
+Mean
+Obviously, the particles of rice bran harbored microorganisms and became food substrates. An organic fraction of the food was apparently converted into an assemblage of microorganisms that could serve as fish food. Schroeder (1978) and Hobbie and Lee (1980) pointed out that the relative contribution of supplied foods and fertilizers to the growth of the fish is attributable to the sunlit pond ecosystem in which minerals and organic fractions of the food and fertilizers are converted into a complex of algae, bacteria, protozoans, and their mucopolysaccharide exudates, which can be used as food for fish growth.
+Changes in the nitrogen content of water from the first hour to day 30 are shown in Table 5. A build-up of nitrogen in all treatments was observed between days 2 and 7, and then decreased tremendously between days 14 and 30. Fluctuations in the number of microorganisms followed the increase and decrease of the nitrogen content of the water. Increases in the nitrogen content could be due to the organisms that adhere to the food substrate and enrich the protein source of the substrate within the one-week period of time (observed in this run). After 14 days, however, the nitrogen content abruptly decreased, probably due to the observed decrease in the microorganisms in the water.
+TABLE 5 Changes in the Nitrogen Content (mg/l) of Seawater with Varying Sulfate Concentration with Rice Bran as the Organic Residue
+Exposure Time
+Treatment I
+Treatment II
+Treatment III
+Treatment IV
+0 hour
+1 hour
+2 hours
+12 hours
+24 hours
+7 days
+14 days
+30 days
+Survival and Fish Yield The mean survival of milkfish on a per treatment basis ranged from 40% to 67%, although a general decrease in the average body weight was observed in all treatments (Table 6). An inverse relationship was recorded between the average body weight (ABW) of milkfish at harvest and the levels of sulfate concentration in water. The following are the means of sulfate concentrations and the average body weights of milkfish.
+Treatment
+ABW(g)
+Sulfate (mg/l)
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Although there was a slight negative effect of sulfate on the growth and yield of milkfish, other parameters also could have affected the fish. Salinity, pH, and temperature were all within tolerable limits, but the dissolved oxygen contents were all in the lower range of tolerance.
+TABLE 6 Sampling Weights of Milkfish Raised in Seawater in Aquaria for 28 Days
+Treatment
+Weights in Grams Sampling
+Survival
+Initial
+1st
+2nd
+Final (%)
+I
+Mean
+II
+Mean
+III
+Mean
+IV
+Mean
+Number of milkfish stocked in each aquarium -- 16.
+Second Run
+The different feeding treatments started on April 10, 1991. Based on our data, the fish in Treatment IV (commercial feed) were observed to have a significantly higher growth rate than the fish in other treatments. Statistical analyses were run on the water and sediment parameters to determine treatment differences, and are summarized below.
+Sulfate An analysis of variance showed that the amounts of sulfate in the water of each treatment were significantly different. Treatment IV, which received commercial feed, had the highest range of sulfate concentrations (787.96-1155.99 mg/l) (Table 7). The average sulfate concentrations showed lower sulfate, over time, in the treatments that received rice bran (Treatments I and II). Fluctuation in the sulfate concentrations could be due to the water change and other factors that affect the sulfate
+TABLE 7 Physiochemical Properties of Water and Sediment (Milkfish Aquarium Experiment -Second Run)
+Sulfide (ml/l)
+Treatment
+April 10
+April 17
+April 24
+April 29
+May 9
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Sulfate (mg/l)
+Treatment
+April 10
+April 17
+April 24
+April 29
+May 9
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Ammonia (mg/l)
+Treatment
+April 10
+April 17
+April 24
+April 29
+May 9
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Phosphorus (mg/l)
+Treatment
+April24
+April 29
+May 9
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+Soil Sulfate (mg/l)
+Soil pH
+Organic Matter(%)
+P(mg/l)
+N (%)
+Treatment
+Feb. 1
+May 10
+May 10
+Feb. 1
+May 10
+Ma 10
+May 10
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+* Significant based on SYSTATS
+levels in water. Correlation analysis showed that sulfate in water is negatively correlated to
+phosphorus and temperature (P< 0.01). Also, a slight correlation was observed with soil organic
+matter (P < 0.10). However, sulfate levels in soil were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among treatments, when based on analyses made before stocking and after harvest.
+Sulfide An analysis of variance showed no differences among the treatments in terms of sulfide concentrations in water. Mean concentration of sulfides ranged from 0.0225 mg/l to 0.0254 mg/l. Sulfide concentrations, in general, tended to increase in time in all of the treatments (Table 7). This could be due to the accumulation of decomposing organic material from unconsumed food on the bottom and an increase in the metabolic wastes of the fish during the latter part of the experiment. Sulfides were found to be highly correlated (P < 0.01) with ammonia, pH, soil organic matter, soil phosphorus, and soil nitrogen.
+Ammonia No differences in ammonia concentrations were found among the treatments. The concentration of ammonia in water followed a fluctuating trend from one sampling period to another (Table 7), wherein ammonia was seemingly influenced by certain parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, and organic or nitrogen input. An analysis for this run showed significant correlations of ammonia with dissolved oxygen (P < 0.05), soil nitrogen (P < 0.01), and sulfide (P < 0.01).
+Sediment Organic Matter The amounts of organic matter in the sediment increased a*er each experimental run (Table 7), obviously because of the unconsumed food that accumulated as a white precipitate on the sand. The organic matter contents of the sediment ranged from 0.69% to 1.31% (Table 7). Treatment I was supplied with rice bran mixed with 1% cane sugar plus fertilizer, while Treatment III had no food supplement except fertilizer. It seems evident that the unconsumed food contributed significantly to the organic matter in the sediment. Correlation analysis between organic matter and the different parameters showed significant relationship (P < 0.05) with sulfide, soil and water phosphorus, and soil nitrogen. It is a fact that upon decomposition, organic matter will release sulfide and phosphorus as well as inorganic nitrogen.
+Phosphorus An analysis of variance for water phosphorus showed significant differences among treatments. The highest mean phosphorus concentration in the water was found in Treatment I (1.59 mg/l P) and the lowest in Treatment IV (1.19 mg/l P), which was not significantly different from Treatment III (Table 7). Phosphorus in water was found to be correlated with sulfate, water pH, sediment organic matter, and soil phosphorus. Sulfates could affect water pH, which in turn determines the solubility of phosphorus in water. Thus, the amounts of organic matter and soil phosphorus are directly related to soluble phosphorus in water.
+Sulfate and Microbe Population The total population counts for the microorganisms, mostly protozoans and bacteria, are significant. Highest population counts were obtained in Treatment IV (commercial feed) (Table 7) where the sulfate concentration of seawater was recorded as 523.94 mg/l. Total population counts of organisms were significantly different from each other (P < 0.01). Based on the mean of sulfate concentration (accumulated values in time), total counts of organisms were greater in the treatments with lower sulfate concentrations. There is an indication that the sulfate-sulfide concentrations in seawater negatively affected the total populations of the microorganisms. This is likely, because of the negative effect of acidity on the organisms resulting from high sulfate concentrations in water. The other measured parameters, ammonia (P < 0.05), salinity (P > 0.10), pH (P > 0.10), dissolved oxygen (P > 0.10), and organic matter did not affect the total population.
+The density of the microorganisms in terms of the total population counts for the two sampling periods in the aquaria are shown in Table 8. Mean counts show the highest density (26,610,000) in Treatment III (natural food), followed by Treatment IV (commercial feed) and Treatment I (rice bran + refined sugar + fertilizer). In terms of population counts, the treatments were not significantly different from each other, but numerically the treatments that received fertilizers exhibited more microorganisms. Average population counts of 313,000 organisms/1 and 266,150 organisms/1 were recorded from Treatments I and III, respectively, compared to 133,400 organisms/1 and 191,250 organisms/l, respectively, in Treatments II and IV. The positive effect of fertilizer on the development of organisms is consistent with the findings of Hepher (1962) that the primary productivity of chemically fertilized ponds is about 4-5 times greater than ponds that do not receive fertilizer. In terms of
+the weight of microorganisms that adhered to the tiles, Treatment I produced significantly greater biomass than the rest of the treatments, possibly due to microbial organisms associated with the organic matter (rice bran). Schroeder (1978) reported that large increases in sediment-related microbial protein are regularly associated with the deposition of organic matter. An aerobic environment rich in coarse organic matter can produce large communities of bacteria and protozoans in small straw-like particles that serve as substrate for microbial growth (Schroeder 1978).
+TABLE 8 Total Population Count (org./1 x 104) and Weight (g) of Microorganisms on Tiles (Milkfish Aquarium Experiment Second Run)
+April 9
+April 26
+Treatment/Replicate
+Population Count
+Weight
+Population Count
+Weight
+Treatment I
+Mean
+Treatment II
+Mean
+Treatment III
+Mean
+Treatment IV
+Mean
+Fish Survival and Yield The survival of milkfish in all treatments was very high (100%) except in one replicate each of Treatments II (83%) and III (93%) (Table 9). Fish in all treatments registered
+a daily growth rate of 4%, 4%, 4%, and 6% for Treatments I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Such growth rates were very low, but they provide information about the indirect effect of sulfate on the growth and yield of fish under the conditions of the experiment. The expectation that Treatment IV would have the highest yield was realized. This is mainly because this treatment used commercially formulated food given at 10% of total fish biomass. The highest yield, however, coincided with the highest level of sulfate, lowest level of sulfide, and a higher level of ammonia (Table 7).
+TABLE 9 Sampling Weights of Milkfish Raised in Seawater in Aquaria for 30 Days
+Treatment
+Weights in Grams Sampling
+Survival
+Initial
+1st
+Final
+I
+Mean
+II
+Mean
+III
+Mean
+IV
+Mean
+Treatments: I - Rice bran + cane sugar + fertilizer
+II - Rice bran + cane sugar
+III - Natural food + fertilizer
+IV - Commercial feed
+Conclusion
+A negative influence of sulfate on milkfish yield and on the production of natural food (phytoplankton and other algal forms, bacteria, and protozoa) in seawater was found in this preliminary study. The duration of the experiment was not sufficient to draw concrete conclusions; however, a trend can be gleaned from the results. This experiment needs to be replicated several times to obtain consistent results.
+Several experiments addressing the same objectives and overall goals of the project are in
+progress. These are being done in glass aquaria, concrete tanks, and brackish-water earthen ponds.
+Identification of important feeding niches with the use of stable isotope technology is also in progress.
+The results of these new studies should strengthen the findings of this study.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number DHR-5544-G-SS
+9068-00, the network meeting, and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Chiu, Y.N. 1988. Water quality management for intensive prawn ponds. pp. 79-92. in Chiu, Y.N., L.M. Santos and R.O. Juliano. (ed.). Technical considerations for the management and operation of intensive prawn farms. Univ. Phil. Aquac. Soc. Coll. Fish., Univ. Phil., Iloilo City, Philippines. 172 pp.
+Church, T.M. (ed.). 1975. Marine chemistry in the coastal environment. ACS Symposium Series 18. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC, U.S.A. 710 pp.
+Fortes, R.D. 1991. Utilization of selected prawn farming technologies in Western Visayas. Paper presented during the Regional Symposium on R & D Highlights, WESVARRDEC-Central Phil. Univ., May 28, Iliolo City, Philippines. 11 pp.
+Fortes, R.D., V.L. Corre, and E. Pudadera. 1986. Effects of fertilizers and feeds as nutrient sources on Oreochromis niloticus production in Philippine brackishwater ponds. pp. 121-124. in Maclean, J.L., L.B. Dizon, and L.V. Hosillos. (ed.). The First Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fish. Soc., Manila, Philippines.
+Fortes, R.D., B. Posados, R. Cajilig, L. Baylon, E. Pudadera, and I. Belleza. 1989. Technology assessment of prawn, milkfish and mussels in Western Visayas. Terminal Report.
+Brackishwater Aquac. Center, Coll. Fish., Univ. Phil. Visayas, Leganes, Iloilo, Philippines. 128 pp.
+Hepher, B. 1962. Primary production in fishponds and its application to fertilization experiments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 7:131-136.
+Hobbie, J. and C. Lee. 1980. Microbial production of extracellular material: importance in benthic ecology. in Tenore, K. and B. Coull. (ed.). Marine Dynamics. Bell Baruch Symp. on Benthic Ecology. Carolina Press, U.S.A.
+Schroeder, G. 1978. Autotrophic and heterotrophic production of microorganisms in intensely manured fishponds and related fish yields. Aquaculture 14:303-325.
+Schroeder, G. 1983. Natural food web contributions to fish growth in manured ponds. J. World Mariculture Soc. 14:505-509.
+Singh, V.P. 1980. Management of fishponds with acid-sulphate soils. Asian Aquacult. 3:4-6. (SEAFDEC Aquac. Dept. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines).
+Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbookfor seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Board Can., Ottawa.
+<section>Feeding Value Of Fresh Perennial Leguminous Shrub Leaves To Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.)</section>
+M.A.G. Castanares,¹ D.C. Litile,¹ A. Yakupitiyage,¹
+P. Edwards,¹ And L.L. Lovshin²
+¹Division of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Asian Institute of
+Technology
+Bangkok, Ihailand
+²Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture, Auburn University
+Auburn, Alabama
+Abstract
+The feeding value of fresh pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia septum), and sesbania (Sesbania grandifloraJ leaves to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was evaluated in an outdoor recirculating water system comprising 15 5 m³ concrete tanks for 56 days. Commercial catfish pelleted feed was used as a control diet. The protein content of all green fodder was within the limits of the required dietary protein level for Nile tilapia. Average green fodder intake of fish fed ad libitum ranged from 0.2 to 0.4% body weight/day, but fish lost weight during the experiment. Results of this experiment indicate that there is no value in feeding the leguminous fodders tested here to fish.
+Introduction
+Legume fodder is considered cheap nutritious feed for terrestrial farm animals (NRC 1984). Pigeon pea, gliricidia, leucaena, and sesbania are four common perennial forage legumes that are often used by Asian farmers as animal feed or as green manure for conventional crops. Although some perennial legume fodders have been found to have deleterious effect to farm animals, gliricidia, leucaena, and sesbania are frequently used as ruminant feed in the tropics (Williamson and Payne 1978). Pigeon pea, which is also a food crop for humans, is usually cut 50-75 cm from the ground for forage when the pods begin to ripen (Bogdan 1977).
+The nutritive value of these fodders as nonconventional feed for livestock suggests that they are a potential source of herbivorous fish feed for small-scale fish farmers. There have been several studies, especially on the inclusion of leucaena leaf meal in the diet of finfish (Jackson et al. 1982, Ferraris et al. 1986, Wee and Wang 1987a) and Penaeus monodon (Vogt et al. 1986, Penaflorida 1989). However, there is no information on the nutritive value of the fresh leaves of these plants as the major nutritional source for fish.
+The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate the potential use of these fresh legume leaves as the main dietary source for Nile tilapia. This species is primarily a microphagous feeder (Colman and Edwards 1985), but it is also known to ingest plant leaves.
+Materials and Methods
+This study was conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok, Thailand, from March 28 to May 23, 1991. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments, in triplicate, was utilized. Treatments consisted of fish fed the four different legumes and a control diet. The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system that consisted of 15 outdoor concrete tanks (2 x 2 x 1.2 m) and a biofilter. A flow rate of recirculating water was maintained to provide sufficient oxygen and to circulate the total volume of water through the biofilter unit at least once a day. A rotating octahedron plastic net cage was placed in each tank. The cage had a frame of painted steel and wood and the sides of the cage were covered with a black plastic net (2 cm mesh size). Each cage unit was rotated daily to expose the submerged half to the air to minimize fouling. The experimental cages were stocked with sex-reversed male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with an
+initial weight of approximately 25 g, at a density of 15 fish per cage.
+Pigeon pea, gliricidia, leucaena, and sesbania were cultivated on the AIT campus. Fresh leaves of the four legumes were collected daily from the field and a known weight of fodder was presented to the fish once a day to feed to satiation. A bundle of fodder was tied to a floating PVC frame (0.5 x 0.5 m) in each cage at 0900 hr and the uneaten materials were collected 24 hr after. The dry matter content of offered and uneaten fodder from each tank was determined for two successive days, at biweekly intervals, to obtain the average daily dry matter intake by the fish. A commercial catfish pellet (Charoen Pokphand Company Ltd., Thailand) was the control diet, fed at 3% body weight per day.
+Experimental fish were sampled biweekly to record their survival and batch weight, and the feed ration of commercial pellets was adjusted accordingly. All fish were counted and weighed individually at the end of the experiment. Samples of initial and final experimental fish were sacrificed and dried in an oven at 100°C for 24 hours. Green fodder, commercial catfish pellets, and fish carcasses were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash. The crude fiber content of experimental feeds was also determined (AOAC 1975).
+Results
+The average approximate compositions of the four green fodder types and the commercial pellets are presented in Table 1. The mean body weights of the experimental fish during the feeding trial are shown in Figure 1. The mean final body weights of the fish fed the four legumes decreased compared to their initial mean body weights (Table 2). However, the fish fed commercial pellets grew from approximately 24 g to 93 g during the feeding trial.
+More than half (approximately 60%) of the experimental fish fed leucaena fodder developed eye cataracts. Gross morphological disorders were not observed in the other treatments.
+TABLE 1 Average Proximate Composition of Green Fodder and Commercial Pelleted Feed
+Percent, Dry Matter Basis
+Feed
+Dry Matter
+Crude Protein
+Crude Lipid
+Crude Fiber
+Ash
+Nitrogen Free Extract
+Pigeon pea
+Gliricidia
+Leucaena
+Sesbania
+Pellet
+The dry matter intake of fish fed the experimental fodders was markedly low throughout the experimental period Cl able 3). The body lipid contents of experimental fish fed fodder were extremely low compared to their initial body lipid contents and that of the fish fed the control diet (Table 4).
+Discussion
+Chemical analysis of the tested fodders indicated that their protein contents were within acceptable limits for Nile tilapia (Tacon 1987). Crude protein contents ranged from 24.2 to 32.5% on a dry matter basis, with pigeon pea the lowest and leucaena the highest. In contrast, the crude lipid contents were relatively low. The crude fiber contents of the fodders was relatively high, ranging from 12.1% for sesbania to 19.4% for pigeon pea. The low lipid and high fiber content of these plants may pose a problem for their use as fish feed.
+There was a reduction in the body weight of fodder-fed tilapia. Low feed intake indicated the unpalatability of the tested fodders since the highest estimated total dry matter consumption among the fodders was only 5.5 g for gliricidia-fed fish in 56 days. The corresponding protein intake of fish fed gliricidia was therefore only 1.5 g, which may not be sufficient to maintain the nitrogen balance of the fish. However, fish fed commercial pellets containing 36% crude protein at 3% body weight/day grew by 75.1 g within 56 days. This resulted from 27 g of protein ingested over the same period.
+It can be concluded, therefore, that fish growth was hindered by poor fodder intake by the fish. Direct feeding on these fodders could not supply sufficient nutrition for normal growth of Nile tilapia. The relatively low body lipid content of the fodder-fed fish reflects the utilization of stored body fat as an energy source for metabolism during the experimental period, which resulted in weight loss.
+The observed low dry matter intake of fodder-fed fish may be attributed to the presence of potential anti-nutritional factors in leguminous fodder. However, a gross morphological disorder resulting from an anti-nutritional factor was only detected among leucaena-fed fish, i.e., eye cataracts.
+TABLE 2 Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia Fed with Leaves of Four Legume Species and Commercial Catfish Pelleted Feed for 56 Days + 1 Standard Error)
+Initial Weight
+Final Weight
+Weight Gain
+Relative Growth
+Percent
+Feed
+(g)
+(g)
+(g)
+Rate (mg/g/day)
+Mortality
+Pigeon pea
+Gliricidia
+Leucaena
+Sesbania
+Pellet
+No feed
+Sallmann et al. (1959) reported that a reduction of the mitotic index in lens epithelial cells of rats fed leucaena indicated a mimosine induced eye cataract. However, inclusion of leucaena leaf meal (LLM) in the diet of Nile tilapia, with or without pretreatment by soaking, did not cause eye cataracts in previous nutritional studies, although there was growth retardation with an increased inclusion of LLM in the ration (Wee and Wang 1987a, Santiago et al. 1988). The results of the present experiment indicate that it may be necessary to pretreat fresh leucaena leaves to reduce the detrimental effect of mimosine to Nile tilapia. Pretreatment of leucaena fresh leaves by soaking at room temperature for 48 hr has been reported to reduce the mimosine content (Wee and Wang 1987b).
+Recirculated water in the tanks had a brown color, probably due to the diffusion of tannins and other pigments from the leaves. Krishnamurthy et al. (1972) and Rao and Mariappan (1972) reported that tannin as low as 6.5 mg/l is lethal to freshwater fish, and that 320 mg/l of tannin was toxic to Catla catla, respectively. However, direct toxicity by water soluble tannins could not be a major influencing factor in the present study because water was recirculated through all five treatments, including the control treatment wherein fish grew at 1.3 g/day. Further research on tannin toxicity is required. It may be possible to reduce the water soluble fraction of tannin in a pretreatment by submerging the fodder in water for a longer duration.
+In addition to tannins, pigeon pea fodder was possibly deleterious to fish due to the presence of other toxic factors. Pigeon pea leaves, like the pods, may also contain haemaglutinins, protease inhibitors, cyanogen, and physic acid, which depresses appetite (IDRC/ICAR 1988).
+TABLE 3 Feed Utilization Indexes of Nile Tilapia Fed with Four Legume Leaves and Commercial
+Catfish Pellet for 56 Days
+Feed
+Average Total Dry Matter (g)
+Average Feeding Consumed Per Fish (% Body Weight) per Day
+Pigeon pea
+Gliricidia
+Leucaena
+Sesbania
+Pellet
+The results of the present experiment suggest that it is not possible to use the four tested leguminous fodders as direct feed for Nile tilapia. If toxic components were the major factors affecting low dry matter intake, it is highly unlikely that other more voracious macrophagous fish such as grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy), and silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) would be able to utilize these fodders efficiently. It is known that non-ruminants have a lower toxicity tolerance to mimosine and other toxic factors than ruminants (IDRC/ICAR 1988).
+TABLE 4 Initial and Final Carcass Composition of Experimental Fish
+Percent
+Percent, Dry Matter Basis
+Treatment
+Dry Matter
+Crude Protein
+Crude Lipid
+Ash
+Initial Fish Sample
+Pigeon pea
+Gliricidia
+Leucaena
+Sesbania
+Pellet
+No feeding
+However, before generalizations are made, further research should be conducted to verify the
+feeding value of these fodders for other herbivorous species. Identification of the anti-nutritional
+factors and the development of a cheap pretreatment for these fodder may be necessary to improve their potential as fish feed. As an alternative, however, the relatively high nitrogen content of legume leaves suggests that they may have potential as green manure and serve as a source of nitrogen for fertilizing fish ponds.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number 493-5600-9-44
+0075-00, the network meeting, and the publication of this paper. Peter Edwards and David Little are
+seconded to AIT by the Overseas Development Administration (ODA), London.
+References Cited
+Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1975. Official Methods and Analysis. 12th Edition. Washington, D.C.
+Bogdan, A.V. 1977. Tropical Pasture and Fodder Plants (Grasses and Legumes). Tropical Agriculture Series. Longman Inc., New York, U.S.A.
+Colman, J.A. and P. Edwards. 1985. Feeding pathways and environmental constraints in waste-fed aquaculture: balance and optimization. Paper presented at the Bellagio Symposium on Detritus and Aquaculture. August 1985. Bellagio, Italy. 42 pp.
+Ferraris, R.P., M.R. Catacutan, R.L. Mabelin, and A.P. Jazul. 1986. Digestibility in milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): effects of protein source, fish size and salinity. Aquaculture 59:93-105.
+International Development Research Centre/Indian Council of Agricultural Research (IDRC/ICAR). 1988. Non-conventional Feed Resources and Fibrous Agricultural Residues. Strategies for expanded utilization. Devendra, C. (ed.). Proceedings of a consultation. 21-29 March 1988. Hissar, India.
+Jackson, A.J., B.S. Capper, and A.J. Matty. 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteins in complete diets for the tilapia Sarotherodon mosambicus. Aquaculture 27:97-109.
+Krishnamurthy, V.S., C.A. Sastry, and R. Bhaskaran. (ed.). 1972. Treatment and disposal of tannery and slaughterhouse waste. CLRI, Madras, India.
+National Research Council (NRC). 1984. Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crops for the Tropics. Second Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
+Penaflorida, V.D. 1989. An evaluation of indigenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for firer prawn, Penaeus monodon, using EAAI. Aquaculture 83:319-330.
+Rao, A.V.S.P. and M. Mariappan. 1972. Toxicity of tannery waste and their components to fish. in Krishnamurthy, V.S., C.A. Sastry and R. Bhaskaran. (ed.). Treatment and disposal of tannery and slaughterhouse waste. CLRI, Madras, India.
+Sallmann, L.V., P. Grimes, and E. Collins. 1959. Mimosine cataract. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 47:107117.
+Santiago, C.B., M.B. Aldaba, M.A. Laron, and O.S. Reyes. 1988. Reproductive performance and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock fed diets containing Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal. Aquaculture 70:53-61.
+Tacon, G.J. 1987. The Nutrition and Feeding of Finned Fish and Shrimp. A Training Manual. FAO, Brazil.
+Vogt, G., E.T. Quinitio, and F.P. Pascual. 1986. Leucaena leucocephala leaves in formulated feed for Penaeus monodon: a concrete example of the application of histology in nutrition research. Aquaculture 59:209-234.
+Wee, K.L. and S.S. Wang. 1987a. Nutritive value of leucaena leaf meal in pelleted feed for Nile tilapia. Aquaculture 62:97-108.
+Wee, K.L. and S.S. Wang. 1987b. Effect of post-harvest treatment on the degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric. 39: 195-201.
+Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1978. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London.
+<section>DNA and Genetics</section>
+<section>Applications Of Dna Fingerprints In Fish Genetics For Species Determination And Conservation Of Indigenous Tilapiine Genetic Resources In Zimbabwe</section>
+J.M. Gopo
+Biological Sciences Department, University of
+Zimbabwe
+Harare, Zimbabwe
+Abstract
+Tilapiine fish samples were collected from tributaries and rivers of the six independent river basin systems of Zimbabwe. For the DNA fingerprinting experiments, gonadal tissues were removed from fresh fish, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and transported to the laboratory for genetic analysis. High molecular weight genomic DNAs were extracted, isolated, and purified.
+The purified genomic DNAs from each suggested species were digested with restriction endonuclease (Meganuclease l/See D, Boehringer Mannheim GMbH, according to the manufacturer's conditions. The digests were fractionated on agarose gel-electrophoresis, using the Bio-Rad Pulsed-Field gel-electrophoresis system, model Cheff-Dr. II. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide, viewed under the Fotodyne transillumination U.V. system, and the DNA fragments were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters by the southern blotting method in preparation for DNA-DNA hybridization. The hybridizations were carried out using appropriate multi-locus fish DNA probes supplies by Cell-Mark diagnostics, United Kingdom. Bacteriophage M.13 - DNA was also used as a probe. Arbitrarily chosen DNA primers in Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP/PCR) will be used to analyze the number and size of the different fragments generated through the use of the endonuclease (meganuclease l/Secl) digestion.
+Preliminary results have shown that the isolation, punfication, and restriction digestion of the DNAs are quite successful. Genetic analysis is now in progress.
+Introduction
+Studies on molecular biology in the last decade have brought about an explosion of new and elegant techniques in research methods that are expected to be of great significance to biomedical sciences in areas such as biology, cell biology, cell physiology, biochemistry, biotechnology, classical genetics, and medical genetics. These developments have, on one hand, led to the cloning of specific genes with which commercial lines can be transformed (Solter and Beckmann 1986, MacLean et al. 1987, Salter et al. 1987). On the other hand, molecular biology techniques can be applied to classical genetic analysis such as plant and animal breeding to increase their efficiency. One of the most elegant molecular biology techniques developed is DNA fingerprinting (DFP). DNA fingerprinting may well revolutionize genetic analysis of population-level variation, particularly the assessment of parentage and paternal settlement. DNA fingerprinting will contribute to studies of sexual selection,
+mating behavior, gene introgression and genome selection for breeding programs, population ecology, sire evolution in animal husbandry, molecular taxonomy, and forensic studies. The major policy issue that will affect the application of biotechnology in agriculture is the management of intellectual property. Lack of patent protection is and will continue to be a major disincentive to both local private sector companies and transnational corporations. The use of DNA fingerprints can protect plant and animal breeders' rights. DNA fingerprint methods can be applied in fish genetics in the identification and conservation of indigenous tilapiine genetic resources in Zimbabwe.
+The use of cichlid fishes in Africa as an alternative source of cheap protein is very significant. However, the demand to develop the aquaculture industry in Zimbabwe to meet this need had led to introductions of new and exotic species. Many Zimbabwean tilapiine species, previously not sympatric, are now found in sympatry due to these introductions. The tilapiine species represent the best hope for developing strong aquaculture programs based on indigenous fishes. Introductions of new exotic species and the possibility of hybridizations between the indigenous fishes and the newly introduced species may lead to losses of indigenous fishes. This, in turn, will lead to a significant decline in aquatic biodiversity in the region. Our project aims at the use of DNA fingerprints and isozyme gene-loci analysis to: (1) unambiguously identify all tilapiine species native to Zimbabwe and estimate and characterize the genetic variation within and among species; (2) assess the threat to
+the integrity of Zimbabwean tilapiine species from hybridization with the introduced new exotic species; and (3) develop a conservation plan to mitigate against potential future losses.
+DNA fingerprinting
+DNA fingerprinting may be defined as the generation of individually specific DNA-band patterns that are revealed when minisatellite DNA sequences from the hypervariable gene loci of the genomic DNAs of different organisms are used as DNA probes in DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. Such simple reproducible band patterns (fingerprints) may also be generated by using single, arbitrarily chosen DNA primers in the Polymerase Chain Reaction technology (AP-PCR). The AP-PCR can produce both intraspecies and interspecies DNA fingerprints.
+What Are DNA Fingerprints?
+Previous studies have shown important genetic information about the structural organization of the genomic DNAs of various organisms.
+1.The genomes of most eukaryotes possess regions with hypervariable DNA sequences (HS). Each hypervariable DNA sequence is present in these genomes in low-copy number. The HS generally include a series that is itself dispersed throughout each genome (Jeffreys et al. 1985a,b; Jeffreys and Morton 1987).
+2.The hypervariable DNA sequences that have been described so far are not well conserved and come from several unrelated minisatellite gene families (Jeffreys et al. 1985 a,b; Jeffreys and Morton 1987; and Nakamura et al. 1987).
+3.Some hypervariable loci contain a DNA sequence similar to the one found in the phage M.13 DNA, making the phage M.13 DNA a possible universal DNA probe in DNA fingerprinting (DFP) studies (Vassar" et al. 1987).
+4.Epplen (1988) described hypervariable loci (HVL) that were revealed by hybridization to an oligonucleotide probe (GA/CT). Further study demonstrated that the mutation rates at these hypervariable loci vary widely and that these mutation rates may be as high as 10-3 per gamete per generation with numbers of alleles and the heterozygosity approaching the number of individuals and one, respectively (Jeffreys et al. 1988). This extensive variation is mostly due to the differences in copy number of the tandem repeats. This may be generated by a combination of unequal crossing over and replicative slippage (Jeffreys et al. 1985a).
+5.The alleles at these extremely polymorphic loci are inherited as codominant Mendelian traits.
+6.The most important finding of these studies is that alleles at any such polymorphic loci can be detected simultaneously by minisatellite probes based on the tandem repeats of the core-sequences, shared by many minisatellites. These probes reveal DNA band patterns specific to each individual genome on organisms tested that are called DNA Fingerprints (Jeffreys et al. 1985b).
+DNA fingerprints of complex genomes may also be generated by using single arbitrarily chosen DNA primers and the polymerase chain reaction system (Welsh and McClelland 1991). Using the arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR), which involved two cycles of low stringency amplification followed by one PCR at higher stringency, Welsh and McClelland showed intraspecies patterns (fingerprints) of AP-PCR products from six strains of S. aureus. In the same study, they also showed interspecies AP-PCR products when genomic DNA strains of five different species of Staphylococcus were each amplified at two different DNA concentrations. In general, this AP-PCR method may be used to generate both intraspecies and interspecies DNA fingerprints.
+Uses Of DNa Fingerprints
+DNA fingerprinting will become useful in genetic analysis of population-level variation, particularly the assessment of parentage. It will contribute to studies of sexual selection for both animal and plant breeding, biodiversity strategy programs, species conservation, and molecular taxonomy (Jeffreys et al. 1985a,b; Jeffreys and Morton 1987; Wetton et al. 1987; Dallas 1988; Burke et al. 1989; Burke 1989). It will be particularly useful in protection of breeders' property rights by enabling them to develop particular introgression breeding programs when a general similarity of the recipient line is sought. This similarity would be too general to be measured by the level of resemblance in one of several defined quantitative traits. When such breeding programs are conducted, it is expected that the genome of the organism under investigation is considered in its entirety. It therefore requires an infinitely large number of backcross generations to achieve any meaningful
+results. The number of such backcross generations can be reduced by the use of polymorphic markers that are scattered in the genomes of most organisms (Tanksley and Rick 1980, Tanksley et al. 1981, Beckmann and Solter 1986). Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the alleles of minisatellite loci be used in genomic selection (G.S.) studies as the best genetic markers suited for tagging the entire genomes. This would substantially reduce the number of backcross generations required in any meaningful breeding program. Genomic selection, employing DNA fingerprinting techniques, can be used in gene introgression breeding programs to hasten the recovery of the recipient line genome from the backcross population with the introgressed trait included in it.
+If this method is adopted, the individuals that carry the desired introgressed trait can be selected for the genome (positive G.S.) or against the undesired one (negative G.S.). More analytical and comparative studies can also be made by use of both negative and positive G.S. In all of these studies, the selection criterion is the degree of resemblance between the DNA fingerprint of the selected candidate and that of the desired or undesired genome. The basis of genome selection is the condition that the genomes can be tagged by use of minisatellite tandem repeats of DNA probes to reveal DFP bands that are specific to each individual genome under investigation. The efficiency of the G.S. is proportional to the faithfulness of the tagging. Large numbers of DFP loci have been identified (Jeffreys and Morton 1987, Hillel et al. 1989). Studies have also shown that part of these DFP loci are scattered throughout the genomes (Jeffreys and Morton 1987, Royle et al. 1988, Hillel et
+al. 1989). The level of similarity between two individual organisms is measured by band sharing. Band sharing level is defined as the ratio of common bands in two individuals to the sum of all their bands (Hillel et al. 1989).
+It seems clear that our attempts to preserve biodiversity must be based on an understanding of the genetic resources before biodiversity is lost, especially in the tropical countries. Genomes of organisms, eukaryotes and prokaryotes, plants, and animals can be better understood through the use of RFLPs and DNA fingerprints. The establishment and development of DNA fingerprints in crop and animal breeding can be used to protect the intellectual property rights of plant and animal breeders by using the fingerprints in the registration of their new hybrids.
+Applications Of DNA Fingerprints
+The DNA fingerprints may be used in several ways, such as the analysis of genetic variation at population levels, studies of species determination and molecular taxonomy, the assessment of parentage and paternal settlements in civil courts, mating behavior, population ecology, genetic selection for breeding programs by gene introgression, sire evaluation in animal breeding and improvement, forensic studies, and protection of property rights by plant and animal breeders. There are four distinct strategies that may be employed.
+1.Use minisatellite probes that reveal variation in a large number of hypervariable gene loci (Jeffreys et al. 1985b). This results in multifragment patterns that are usually unique to each individual organism. This method is extremely powerful in testing parentage, in sire evaluation in animal husbandry, and in genomic selection. Putative parents are lined up next to the individual in question for use in cases of paternity settlements and in forensic cases.
+2.Use the phage M.13 DNA as a universal probe. This would provide similar and simpler probe penetration.
+3.Assay the hypervariable loci one at a time, using synthetic oligonucleotide probes (Nakamura et al. 1987). This method is more labor intensive but has the major advantage that alleles can be assigned to specific loci and genotypes can be identified.
+4.Use arbitrarily primed PCRC (AP-PCR) products that can reveal interspecies and intraspecies DNA fingerprints.
+It seems clear that DNA fingerprinting can yield more reliable results than classical genetics in such areas as population, species, and higher level comparisons, and also in the analysis of hybrid zones and molecular taxonomy. DNA fingerprinting has already been used in case studies to demonstrate the application of this new technology (e.g., Palmer et al. 1988, to detect the intron and gene losses during angliosperm cp.DNA evolution).
+Applications Of Dfp In Fish Genetics: Identification And Conservation Of Indigenous Tilapiine Genetic Resources In Zimbabwe
+The use of cichlid fishes in Africa as a source of relatively cheap protein has grown substantially over the past several decades and the demand for fish protein is expected to increase. The development of aquaculture projects to meet these demands in Zimbabwe has led to accidental and intentional releases of exotic species. Many Zimbabwean species not previously sympatric are now found in sympatry due to these manipulations. Recently, the government of Zimbabwe, through the Department of National Parks and Wildlife, expressed concern over the long-term consequences of these release programs on the native fauna.
+Tilapiine fish represent the best hope for developing strong aquaculture programs based on the use of indigenous species. However, many of these species will freely hybridize with introduced species. Introductions of new and exotic species may represent a significant threat to the genetic integrity of many native species. Their loss would not only represent a significant decline in aquatic biodiversity in the region, but would severely hamper future development of aquaculture. In response to this, a project funded by USAID was recently initiated on the identification and conservation of indigenous tilapiine genetic resources in Zimbabwe. Initially, populations of the fish species that are unlikely to have been disturbed by introductions of new and exotic species have been sampled. These fish populations are now being characterized by isozyme analysis DNA fingerprints. The results obtained from each experiment will be compared. Previously, meristic and morphometric analysis
+have proved unsuccessful because of the phenotypic plasticity characteristic of each species. This analysis will determine the extent of hybridization among the native Zimbabwean species and enable us to develop a strategy to preserve our species and maintain their genetic integrity.
+Specific project objectives are: (1) to unambiguously identify all tilapiine species native to Zimbabwe using enzyme loci and DNA fingerprints as genetic markers, and also to estimate the population level variations; (2) to establish enzyme assays and appropriate DNA probes (M.13 DNA as a universal probe or hypervariable minisatellite-tandem repeat loci-probes) for large-scale sampling in areas where introductions have occurred to assess the degree of hybridization; and (3) to develop a conservation plan based on those areas where genetically intact species still exist.
+Acknowledgments
+The author thanks the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number COM-5542-G-000016-00, the network meeting, and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Beckmann, J.S. and M. Solter. 1986. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in plant genetic improvement. Oxf. Surv. Plant Mol. Cell Biol. 3:225-227.
+Burke, T. 1989. DNA fingerprinting and other methods for the study of mating success. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:139-144.
+Burke, T., N.B. Davis, M.W. Bruford, and B.J. Hatchwell. 1989. Parental care and mating behavior of polyandrous dunnocks, Pounella modulanis, related to paternity by DNA fingerprinting. Nature (London) 338:249-251.
+Dallas, J.F. 1988. Detection of DNA "fingerprints" of cultivated rice by hybridization with a human minisatellite DNA probe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6831-6835.
+Epplen., J.T. 1988. On sample repeated CAC/TA sequences in animal genomes: a critical appraisal. J. Hered. 79:409-417.
+Hillel, J., Y. Plotzky, H. Haberfeld, U. Lavi, A. Cahaner, and A.J. Jeffreys. 1989. DNA fingerprints of poultry. Anim. Genet. 20:25-35.
+Jeffreys, A.J., V. Wilson, and S.L. Thein. 1985a. Hypervariable "minisatellite" regions in Human DNA. Nature (London) 314:67-73.
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+Jeffreys, A.J. and D.B. Morton. 1987. DNA fingerprints of dogs and cats. Anim. Genet. 18:1-15.
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+<section>Genetic Profiles Of Pure Strains Of Cultivable Cichlid Species In Nigeria And The Identification Of Premium Quality Broodstock And Fry</section>
+A.O. Anyanwu, T.O. Ajayi, And P.E. Anyanwu
+Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research 7,agos, Nigeria
+Abstract
+As in most of Africa, cichlids are the primary cultivable fish in Nigeria, but dependence on fingerlings from the wild is heavy because hatchery production is inadequate. Predictably, wide growth differentials result, and often runts predominate in harvests after 6-12 month grow-out periods, jeopardizing production economics. Hatchery-bred fingerlings are only marginally better because indigenous broodstocks are also "recruited" wholesale from the wild. Screening these wild recruits is mere guesswork. Consequently, the intensification of fish culture to reduce domestic fish production shortfalls is perpetually constrained by a short supply of superior quality fingerlings. Accordingly, research into reliable field and laboratory methods for differentiating tilapia strains with desirable growth characteristics for producing premium quality indigenous hatchery parent stocks is overdue.
+Electrophoresis is exceptionally useful in genetic studies for fish production. Its potential contribution to cichlid systematics, genetics, and strain separation in Nigeria have to be explored because some of the cultivable cichlid species in Lake Kainji, Nigeria, exceed a weight of one kilogram.
+Progressive hatchery selection of the wild stock to produce cross-breeds ultimately comparable to "red tilapia" in growth rates also appears desirable and inevitable. At the very core of this proposed research, and a prelude to hybridization studies, is the establishment and documentation of the genetic profiles of pure and uncontaminated strains of all local cichlid species, emphasizing intra- and interspecies genetic distances or compatibility.
+Introduction
+The need to bridge the huge annual deficit (greater than 0.5 million tons) between food fish demand and local production in Nigeria is very urgent. Whereas capture fisheries are approaching full exploitation, Nigeria's 1.75 million hectares of swamp, creek, and brackish-water habitats (Tobor 1984) that are suitable for fish farming lie fallow. Aquaculture, therefore, offers the surest opportunity for the economic expansion of the fisheries industry, and for increases in local fish production in Nigeria.
+African cichlids of the genus Tilapia have become cosmopolitan and prevalent in warm water aquaculture throughout the world, but, regrettably, have remained poorly developed in most African countries (Pullin 1988). One of the main constraints to the increased production of these species in Nigeria is an inadequate supply of good quality fingerlings. There is a heavy dependence on fry and fingerlings from the wild, and fish farmers are usually confronted with the problem of identification of good strains of tilapia "seeds" for cultivation. Improvement in the methodologies of screening of cultivar stocks is clearly needed, given the increased interest in fish farming and its potential contribution to the food fish supply in Nigeria.
+Electrophoresis is a very useful technique for documenting the "purity" status of wild fish cultivars. It can establish a set of markers to delineate stocks, indicating genetic distances (Cruz et al. 1982). It can also be useful in the identification and selection of potential wild strains of tilapia for culture purposes in Nigeria.
+This paper proposes the establishment of a reference collection and strain registry of cultivable cichlids. The long-term goals are the identification of the more important cichlid genetic resources, the preservation of their pristine genetic status by protecting them from introgression and hybridization with introduced species, and the conservation of their natural habitats.
+Cichlid Culture In Nigeria
+Although aquaculture in Nigeria has been practiced for 40 years, it is still practiced largely at subsistence levels because of a tradition for capture fisheries rather than fish husbandry. However, an awareness of the potential of aquaculture has been growing because of the priority recently placed on attaining self-sufficiency in food production.
+Among the indigenous fish groups that are cultivable the following cichlids rank high: Tilapia guineensis, T. zilli, T. mariae, Sarotherodon melanotheron, S. galileaus, Oreochromis niloticus, and O. aureus. In freshwater culture practice, O. niloticus and S. galileaus are preferred, whereas T. guineensis and S. melanotheron are preferred in brackish-water systems; but overall, O. niloticus is the most widespread. In an attempt to improve the yield per hectare, "pure" strains of O. niloticus (broodstock) and "red" tilapia hybrids were introduced into Nigeria in the last 10 years. Unfortunately, most of these transfers were neither recorded nor monitored rigorously, and the performance of only a few of these introduced strains are being evaluated.
+Mixed-sex tilapia culture and polyculture in combination with other species, including Lates niloticus, Tarpon atlanticus, Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Gymnarchus niloticus, and Lutjanus sp., are therefore predominant in Nigeria. These predators control the over-reproduction of tilapia species and their overcrowding in earthen ponds. In many fish farms, these predators become the primary target fish, relegating tilapia to prey status, which has a negative impact on total production.
+More often than not, the supply of tilapia fry is heavily dependent upon wild collections and fry quality is not guaranteed. After 6-12 months of extensive or semi-intensive culture, tilapia attain average weights varying from 80 to 200 g. In most cases, 35% or more of the harvested fish may be small (less than 60 g) and of low economic value. Because the few large tilapia are promptly selected for the table in the few fish farms producing their own fingerlings, only smaller stunted fish are unwittingly recruited for hatchery production. Thus, credible selection and breeding programs are rare.
+Identification And Cultivation Of Good Quality Cichlid Broodstock
+The circumstances in Nigeria notwithstanding, cichlids (tilapias) are the most farmed fish in the tropics and are second only to carps, globally. In Southeast Asia, annual production of tilapia is quite high. In Nigeria, farming is handicapped by poor pond management, resulting in poor production, which seriously hinders the development of aquaculture. The growth of tilapia farming in Nigeria is predicated upon the resolution of the problems of over-reproduction and stunting, partly through all-male monosex tilapia culture or the use of fast-growing hybrids. However, the production of all-male progeny requires that the parents be pure strains.
+Excluding Lakes Kainji and Chad, there are about 323 lakes and reservoirs in Nigeria ranging from 0.5 to 29,000 ha in size and totalling 275,534.91 ha (Ita et al. 1985). There is also an extensive network of rivers, including the Niger-Benue river system. Most of these water bodies harbor indigenous tilapia populations. Oreochromis niloticus and O. aureus, which are very important for aquaculture worldwide, are native to the country, but the genetic profiles of the Nigerian populations have not been investigated. This is most important since the Ivory Coast and Ghana strains of O. niloticus are acknowledged as fast growers and were probably derived from the River Niger complex, which also feeds Nigeria. Populations of O. niloticus from Lake Kainji have a high index of growth when compared to other populations in Africa (Moreau et al. 1986). Oreochromis aureus is important for culture in Israel and some other countries but is rarely used in Nigeria, where it has not been
+investigated.
+In Nigeria, habitat modification through land reclamation for industrial growth, damming of rivers for irrigation purposes and fish transplantation for aquaculture, are on-going and large scale. There is also an upsurge in the number of fish ponds in the country and therefore more fish transfers, especially recruitment of broodstock from the wild. As a result, different populations inhabiting different water bodies or different parts of the same water body that rarely hybridize in nature may cross-breed rather easily when enclosed in the same pond (Pullin 1988). Transplanted fish may also escape from the ponds into local river systems and may interbreed with the resident stocks. This ultimately may result in genetic instability of fish populations through nonbeneficial modifications. There is an urgent need to survey, evaluate, and document tilapia genetic resources in Nigeria as a first step toward conservation before their "purity" is compromised.
+Tilapia Farming Problems
+Stock management and genetic improvement of fish stocks require some reliable means of identification of different species and the delineation of hybrids. This helps in distinguishing strains of the same species and facilitates selection. To date, there have been no assessments of strain differences in tilapia in Nigeria. Thus, investigations of the genetic similarity and variability of the wild and cultured tilapia stocks in Nigeria are urgently needed to elucidate or document their potential growth status. Biochemical methods, especially electrophoresis, can indicate polymorphism and estimate genetic distances and heterozygosity levels in sympatric and allopatric fish species. Avtalion (1982), Cruz et al. (1982), McAndrew and Majumdar (1983), and Taniguchi et al. (1985) have demonstrated the utility of electrophoresis in cichlid identification. At present, it is being used successfully in the taxonomy of Nigerian marine fish.
+Electrophoresis will therefore be used to label different tilapia species native to Nigeria, and premium quality tilapia strains will be identified for subsequent use as broodstock based on the following criteria:
+- Ability to produce 100% male F1 progeny
+- High fry production
+- Growth rate greater than 1.0 kg in a 12-month growth-out
+- Ability to adapt to pond conditions and handle stress.
+Using these techniques and criteria, the all-male monosex culture and mass selection of tilapia for a faster growth rate and larger size would facilitate the improvement and expansion of the tilapia culture industry and annual fish production in Nigeria.
+Conclusion
+The location of pristine tilapia populations and their genetic evaluation for culture performance and breeding programs are a matter of urgency in Nigeria. Strains of O. niloticus, O. aureus, T. guineensis, and S. galilaeus shall be screened for production traits such as fast growth rate and high percentage male progeny. During this process, the genetic adequacy, or otherwise, of indigenous strains shall be scientifically proved and documented. The establishment of a cichlid (tilapia) culture reference collection and strain registry resulting from this work would be the scientific basis for discouraging or legislating against introductions of genetically "contaminated" fish strains.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Avtalion, R. R. 1982. Genetic markers in Sarotherodon and their use for sex and species identification pp. 269-277. in Pullin, R.S.V., and R.H. Lowe-McConnell. (ed.). The biology and culture of tilapias. International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. ICLARM Conference Proceeding 7. 432 pp.
+Cruz, T. A., J.P. Thorpe, and R.S.V. Pullin. 1982. Enzyme electrophoresis in Tilapia zilli: a pattern for determining biochemical genetic markers for use in tilapia stock identification. Aquaculture 29:311-329.
+Ita, E.O., E.K. Sado, J.K. Balogun, A. Pandogari, and B. Ibitoye. 1985. A preliminary checklist of inland water bodies in Nigeria with special reference to ponds, lakes, reservoirs and major rivers. Kainji Lake Research Institute, Tech. Report Series No. 14.
+McAndrew, B.C., and K.C. Majumdar. 1983. Tilapia stock identification using electrophoretic markers. Aquaculture 30:249-261.
+Moreau, J., C. Bambino, and D. Pauly. 1986. Indices of overall growth performance of 100 tilapia (Cichlidae) populations. pp. 201-206. in Maclean, J.L., L.B. Dizon and L. V. Hosllos. (ed.). The first Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.
+Pullin, R.S.V. (ed.). 1988. Tilapia genetic resources for aquaculture. International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 16. 108 pp.
+Taniguchi, N., J.M. Macaranas, and R.S.V. Pullin. 1985. Introgressive hybridization in cultured tilapia stock in the Philippines. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52:1219-1224.
+Tobor, J.G. 1984. A review of the fishing industry in Nigeria and status of fish preservation methods. Nigerian Inst. Oceanogr. Marine Res. Technical Paper No. 17.
+<section>Sex Heredity Of Tilapia Hybrids From Stable Female Line Parents</section>
+E. Lahav And Z. Raanan
+Abstract
+Males from various Oreochromis aureus ecotypes were cross-bred with O. niloticus females in Nir David Fish Breeding Farm. One of the test crosses produced the desired 100% F1 male progeny. The parents that yielded the all-male hybrids were repeatedly interbred within their respective families to produce genetically stable O. aureus and O. niloticus lines for use as broodstock for the commercial production of male hybrids.
+Following the same methodology, two additional stable female lines (different from the original O. niloticus) were identified, which consistently produced 100% male progeny when crossed with O. aureus males from the stable line. When males and females from the newly identified lines were cross-bred with each other, their F1 progeny included both males and females. However, when F1 females obtained from this cross were mated with O. aureus males, the result was 100% F2 male hybrids.
+Until now it was believed that only pure parental lines were capable of producing allmale progeny. Based on our results, however, it should be possible to use selected F1 hybrids (as opposed to pure lines only) as broodstock for the production of all-male progeny. This opens a new avenue for tilapia genetic selection programs by which desired traits can be transferred from pure line parents to their F1 hybrids, that can, in turn, transfer those traits to their all-male progeny.
+Since most red tilapia mutants known today are hybrids, the main objective of our research is to identify red tilapia hybrids that can be used for the production of all-male red tilapia.
+Introduction
+Tilapias are becoming an important component in tropical and subtropical aquaculture, mainly due to the hardiness, rapid growth rate, and adaptability of the fish to a wide range of environmental conditions.
+The factor that has most inhibited growth of the tilapia industry, in spite of its great potential, is early sexual maturation, which often results in uncontrolled spawning in the production ponds, overcrowding, and cessation of growth before market size is reached. Another limiting factor is that males usually grow faster than females, especially when the fish approach adulthood and females begin reproductive activity.
+Production of all-male tilapia populations is the ideal solution to both problems. All-male populations are obtained either by genetic hybridization (Wohlfarth and Hulata 1983) or by sex-reversal of the females through exposure to male hormones (Berger and Rothbard 1987). The latter method, although well-established, is less favorable for several reasons: (1) the treatment causes temporary growth retardation; (2) the treatment requires special facilities; (3) breeding of generations of fish originating from the same stock causes depression of good traits; and (4) consumers are increasingly wary of hormonally treated foods.
+All-male hybrids are obtained from certain interspecific crosses. At least six such crosses of mouth brooding tilapias have been found that produce almost 100% male progeny, i.e., a female Oreochromis mossambicus crossed with a male O. hornorum (Chen 1969) or O. macrochir (Majumdar and McAndrew 1983), a female O. niloticus crossed with a male O. aureus (Pruginin 1967), O. hornorum (Pruginin 1967), O. variabilis (Pruginin 1967), or O. macrochir (Jalabert et al. 1971).
+In 1980-1981, pure stocks of O. aureus and O. niloticus were isolated in the Nir David Fish Breeding Farm. The crossing of a male O. aureus with a female O. niloticus from these stocks produces 100% male hybrids repeatedly and consistently (Lahav and Lahav 1990). These stable lines were used to find new stocks that would produce all-male progeny. Females of the new stocks were crossed with males of the stable O. aureus line and males of the new stocks were crossed with females of the stable O. niloticus lines. Any stocks that produced all-male progeny were identified as new male or female lines, according to which sex was used in the cross. In this way, two additional stable lines (different from the O. niloticus line) were isolated, the females of which, when crossed with O. aureus males, produce all-male progeny (Lahav unpublished).
+The genetic mechanism of sex determination in tilapias has been the subject of many studies (Wohlfarth and Hulata 1983, McAndrew 1989, Lester et al. 1989). Several models have been proposed in the attempt to explain sex ratios of progeny of different crosses between various "pure" lines. These models are based on either sex chromosomes alone, such as the dual system of sex-determining chromosomes in different species of mouthbreeding tilapias, XX/XY and WZ/ZZ (proposed by Hickling 1960, and by Chen 1969), or on the presence of several sex-determining factors located on autosomes, operating together with the sex chromosomes, to determine the sex of the fish (Majumdar and McAndrew 1983). Other models attribute a significant effect of environmental factors on the determination of sex (Lester et al. 1989).
+A distinction is made between "female lines" and "male lines." Female lines are defined as lines whose females, when crossed with males from a male line, produce all-male progeny. Likewise, the males of a male line, when crossed with a female of a female line, produce all-male progeny. Correlated to the simple model presented by Chen (1969), females in the female lines are homogametic (XX) and males in the male lines are homogametic (ZZ). Crosses between females of a female line and males of a male line result in heterogametic (XZ) all-male progeny (McAndrew 1989).
+In all cases, all-male hybrids result only in the first generation (F1) cross between stable, pure line parents. This presents severe difficulties to producers because: (1) the number of crosses that yield the desired result (100% male) is very limited; (2) most of these crosses are not suitable for commercial production either because of difficulties in mass producing fry or because of the inferior growth of the hybrids, (3) and it is, so far, impossible to preserve the all-maleness and improve other, yield-associated traits of the hybrids (e.g. red color, McAndrew 1989).
+The goal of our study was to examine sex-determining characteristics in first generation female offspring of a female from a female line crossed with a male from another female line. If the F1 female inherited the tendency to produce all-male progeny, then the number of female lines would, in effect, be increased and, along with it, the possibilities of genetically improving yield-associated traits of the hybrids without relinquishing the all-male trait.
+Methods And Materials
+Males and females from the three female lines isolated at Nir David were crossbred. The three lines include ND2 (the stable O. niloticus population, which was among the first two "stabilized" populations) and ND3 and ND4 (the two lines discovered later). Judging by their phenotypic appearance, neither ND3 nor ND4 is O. niloticus. ND3 has orange skin with dark spots or grey skin and, although ND4 has silver skin similar to that of O. niloticus, both lines lack the typical O. niloticus stripes on the tail fin. Moreover, electrophoretic tests showed clear differences between these three lines (Avtalion, A. 1991, personal communication). We would like to stress that for the purpose of this study species identification is not necessary. The original fish used to establish ND3 and ND4 were purchased from a private collector in 1983 and the lines were stabilized by 1988.
+On March 5, 1987, a sexually mature female of one line was placed in a 20 mm net spawning cage (0.8 x 2.5 x 0.8 m) with a sexually mature male of another line. Females weighed more than 200 g and males weighed more than 400 g. Fish were randomly chosen.
+The cage was surrounded by mosquito net (3 x 5 m) and placed in a 5 x 20 m earthen pond, protected by net against birds in the summer and by plastic for warmth in the winter. The water exchange rate in the pond was maintained at 1.0 m³ per hour. The parents were not fed while in the spawning cage.
+Three combinations were tested: a female of ND4 with a male of ND2, a female of ND3 with a male of ND2, and a female of ND4 with a male of ND3. Table 1 shows the mating combinations and the course of the experiment.
+After the female had spawned and released the fry from her mouth, the cage with the parents was removed, leaving the fry in the mosquito net. Fry were fed fishmeal containing 70% protein and remained in the mosquito net for another 40-45 days until they reached approximately 1 gram.
+At the size of 1 gram, the fry were transferred to round fiberglass tanks (2.5 m diameter, 0.6 m deep) and stocked at a density of approximately 500 per m³. Fry from each mating were stocked separately. Clean water flowed through the tanks at a rate of 1 m³/hour. The water temperature was maintained at 25-28°C. Tanks were aerated by blower and cleaned through an opening in the center of the tank floor. Fry were fed 25% protein pellets according to Nir David's standard feeding table and weighed every 10 days.
+When the fingerlings were more than three months old and weighed at least 10 g, sex was identified by microscopic examination of the gonads. At least 50 fingerlings of each spawn were examined. Following the sexing of the hybrids, a random sample of 29 fingerlings were stocked at a density of 10 per m³ in separate tanks for further growout. Sex of sexually mature fish was determined by external examination of the sex organs.
+On March 20, 1988, F1 females (averaging 60 g) from each cross were placed with males from the stable O. aureus male line (ND1) into spawning cages. Each cage contained one F1 female and one male (a total of nine cages). Two weeks after spawning was observed, the cages with the parents were removed. The fry remained in the mosquito nets for an additional 65-80 days, at which time samples of at least 50 fingerlings weighing more than 10 g from each group were randomly selected for sex examination.
+Results
+Results of the first spawning (by fish of the stable lines) are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. The pairs containing an ND3 female and ND2 male spawned approximately 30 days later than the other two combination. In all cases, the sex ratio of the F1 hybrids did not differ significantly from 1:1.
+TABLE 1 Mating of Female Tilapia from Stable Female Lines with Males from Stable Female Lines (Parents Stocked in Spawning Cages on March 5)
+Cage #
+Female
+Male
+Days until
+Parents'
+Fry Reached
+Parent
+Parent
+Spawning
+Removal
+1 gram
+ND4
+ND2
+April 5
+May 16
+April 5
+May 16
+April 5
+May 16
+ND3
+ND2
+May 5
+June 20
+May 5
+June 20
+May 5
+June 20
+ND4
+ND3
+April 10
+May 20
+April 10
+May 20
+April 10
+May 20
+Results of the spawning of F1 females with O. aureus males from the stable male line ND1 are summarized in Table 3. There was a significant difference in the number of days until spawning, depending on the female parent. Thus, ND4 x ND2 females spawned after 14-16 days, whereas ND3 x ND2 females and ND4 x ND3 females spawned after 54-59 days and 72-84 days, respectively. In all cases, the F2 progeny were 100% males.
+Discussion
+The results of our study demonstrate that F1 females obtained by crossing a female from a stable female line with a male from another stable female line maintain the sex heredity characteristics
+of their parents. In all cases examined, the F1 females of such crosses produced 100% males when crossed with males from the male line.
+These results support the chromosomal sex-determining mechanism proposed by Chen (1969). Assuming that females of the three female lines are homogametic (XX), crossing a female from one female line with a male from another female line (XY) would produce an F1 hybrid population with a sex ratio of 1:1. Our results were indeed in accordance with this expectation. The percentage of males in the F1 populations ranged from 46% to 54%. According to Chen's model, F1 females are also homogametic (XX) and, therefore, when bred with homogametic males (ZZ) from a male line, can be expected to produce an all-male F2 population. Again, our results show that, without exception, all F2 progeny examined were male.
+TABLE 2 Growth After ~60 Days and Sex Ratio in Hybrid Progeny
+Tank #
+Hybrid
+Size at
+Size at
+Number
+Definition
+Stocking
+Harvest
+of Males
+(g)
+(g)
+ND4 x ND2
+ND3 x ND2
+ND4 x ND3
+These results do not necessarily prove the model. The involvement of additional autosomal factors in sex determination as proposed by Majumdar and McAndrew (1983), or environmental factors as proposed by Lester et al. (1989), cannot be ruled out. However, our results indicate that hybrids of two parents from stable female lines maintain the sex heredity mechanism of their parents and therefore could serve as mothers for the production of all-male F2 progeny.
+This finding may be useful in genetic selection programs that are working on improvement of other economically important traits such as color, growth rate, temperature resistance, and salinity resistance. Fish can be selected for inherited characteristics without losing the all-male trait by breeding F1 hybrid females instead of females from the stable line.
+In addition, our method can be used for solving the problem of mass producing all-male hybrids. Such difficulties are often encountered with some of the all-male producing crosses due to reproductive barriers between some of the pure lines (Wohlfarth and Hulata 1983). For example,
+whereas breeding ND1 males and ND4 females is often unsuccessful, the F1 female from the ND4 x ND2 cross readily produced fry when crossed with the ND 1 male Table 3). Thus, the F1 female that carries desired traits from the ND4 line may transmit these traits to the F2 all-male hybrids.
+TABLE 3 Mating of Female Tilapia Hybrids from Stable Female Lines with Males from a Stable Male Line (Parents Stocked in Spawning Cages on March 20)
+Cage #
+Female Parent
+Male Parent
+Days until Spawning
+Fry Examined
+Percentage of Males
+ND4 x ND2
+ND1
+June 20
+June 20
+June 20
+ND3 x ND2
+July 21
+July 21
+July 21
+ND4 x ND3
+August 15
+August 15
+August 15
+Our study shows that the sex heredity characteristics of females from the stable female lines examined are inherited by their female F1 progeny. It is still important to examine whether this phenomenon is valid for other crosses between female lines. It is also important to know whether a similar phenomenon occurs when crossing different male lines and testing the cross between an F1 male hybrid and a female from a female line. The prospect of producing F1 male and female lines, capable of producing 100% F2 male progeny, opens a wide range of new possibilities in tilapia genetic selection programs.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Berger, A., and S. Rothbard. 1987. Androgen-induced sex-reversal of red tilapia fry stocked in cages within ponds. Isr. J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh 39:49-57.
+Chen, F.Y. 1969. Preliminary studies on the sex-determining mechanisms of Tilapia mossambica Peters and T. hornorum Trewavas. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 17:719-724.
+Hickling, C.F. 1960. The Malacca Tilapia hybrids. J. Genet. 57:1-10.
+Jalabert, B., P. Kannacher, and P. Lessent. 1971. Determinisme de sexe chez les hybrides entre Tilapia macrochir et T. nilotica. Etude de la sexe-ratio dans les recroisements des hybrides des premier generation par les especes parentes. Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochim. Biophys. 11:155165.
+Lahav, M., and E. Lahav. 1990. The development of all-male tilapia hybrids in Nir David. Isr. J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh 42:58-61.
+Lester, L.J., K.S. Lawsom, T.A. Abella, and M.S. Palada. 1989. Estimated heritability of sex ratio and sexual dimorphism in tilapia. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 20:369-380.
+Majumdar, K.C. and B.J. McAndrew. 1983. Sex ratios from interspecific crosses within the tilapias. pp. 261-269. in Fishelson, L. and Z. Yaron. (ed.). Proc. of the Internat. Symp. on Tilapia in Aquacult. in Nazareth. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
+McAndrew, B. 1989. Sex determination and its manipulation in tilapia. pp. 199-210. in Proc. Satellite Symp. on Applications of Comparative Endocrinology to Fish Culture, Granada, Spain, May 22-23, 1989. Published by Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
+Pruginin, Y. 1967. Report to the government of Uganda on the experimental fish culture project in Uganda, 1965-66. Rep. FAO/UNDP (TA) (2446). 16 pp.
+Wohlfarth, G.W. and G. Hulata. 1983. Applied genetics of tilapias. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 6. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila. 26 pp.
+<section>Identification And Conservation Of Indigenous Tilapiine Genetic Resources Of Zimbabwe</section>
+F. Shonhiwa And J.H. Howard
+Department of Biology, Frostburg State University
+Frostburg, Maryland
+Abstract
+Use of tilapiine fishes for aquaculture in Zimbabwe has increased greatly in recent years. Unfortunately, many allopatric species of tilapias will freely hybridize when placed in sympatry. The common practice for fisheries officers has been to collect broodstock from a variety of locations, pool them, allow them to breed, and distribute the fry throughout the country for stock ponds and reservoirs. There is a concern, therefore, that some indigenous tilapias may disappear as a direct result of hybridization.
+Previously, the only method of identifying tilapias was morphology. However, that method has proven unreliable, especially for tilapias, due to overlap and variation in the taxonomic characteristics of the fish. Now, the utilization of biochemical techniques provides a means of unambiguous species and hybrid identification. In this study, starch gel electrophoresis was used to detect enzyme loci that are useful as diagnostic characters.
+Introduction
+Although the use of tilapiine species for aquaculture in Zimbabwe, and Africa as a whole, has greatly increased in recent years, it must continue to grow to keep pace with the demand for fish protein. In Zimbabwe it is estimated that catches should increase from the current 20,000-30,000 t/yr to perhaps as much as 160,000 t/yr by the end of the century. This growth is necessary to offset increased demand for fish protein from a population that is expected to double by the year 2000. Much of the technology necessary for such aquacultural programs is both simple and inexpensive. Imports do not represent a reasonable possibility because of a severe foreign currency problem. While more than 30 exotic fish species have been introduced into Zimbabwe, none have the production potential of the indigenous tilapias.
+Programs to culture and release fish into non-native habitats to supplement or replace the harvest of natural populations have no significant parallel in terrestrial systems. A common practice for fisheries officers is to collect broodstock from a variety of locations, pool these stocks, allow them to breed, and distribute the fry throughout the country for release in stock ponds and reservoirs. Unfortunately, many allopatric species of tilapias will freely hybridize when placed together.
+Therefore, we are concerned that some indigenous tilapias may disappear as a direct result of hybridization.
+Although there is some confusion about the actual number of tilapias indigenous to Zimbabwean waters, the best current estimate is eight (five in the genus Oreochromis and three in the genus Tilapia) (Table 1).
+TABLE 1 Distribution of Tilapias in Zimbabwean River Systems (After Bell-Cross and Minshull 1988)
+Species
+River Systems
+UZ
+LK
+MZ
+LZ
+N
+L
+P
+B
+USR
+LSR
+O. andersonii
+o
+O. macrochir
+o
+i
+i
+i
+i
+O. mortimeri
+o
+o
+O.mossambicus
+o
+o
+o
+o
+o
+O. placidus
+o
+i
+o
+T. sparrmanii
+o
+o
+o
+o
+o
+o
+T. rendall rendalli
+o
+o
+o
+o
+i
+o
+T. rendalli swierstrae
+o
+T. ruweti
+o
+River system: UZ -- Upper Zambezi, LK -- Lake Kariba, MZ -- Middle Zambezi, LZ -- Lower
+Zambezi, N -- Nata, L -- Limpopo, B -- Budzi, P -- Pungwe, USR -- Upper
+Save/Runde, LSR -- Lower Save/Runde
+Other: o -- collected in the past, i -- fish introduced into the system, * -- new records from
+this study.
+In addition to occasional disagreements regarding the number of species, hybridization of
+existing species makes it even more difficult for fisheries officers to identify fish stocks with certainty. Over the past 30-40 years, extensive introductions and translocations of both exotic and indigenous tilapia species have occurred. According to Bell-Cross and Minshull (1988), Oreochromis andersonii, O. mortimeri, and O. mossambicus may hybridize freely when they occur together. Philippart and Ruwet (1982) report extensive transfers of O. macrochir, O. placidus, O. mossambicus, and O. mortimeri into new reservoirs within Zimbabwe. This complex situation is worsened further by the introductions of exotics from other parts of Africa.
+Hybridization between indigenous and introduced fish species can result in local extinctions, and over a broader range, threaten species with extinction. Among introduced populations of O. macrochir and O. niloticus in Madagascar, introgression ultimately resulted in the disappearance of O. macrochir (Moreau 1981). Other studies demonstrating the potential for introgression and such losses in African cichlids are Macaranus et al. (1986), using O. mossambicus and O. niloticus in the Philippines, and Elder et al. (1971), working with O. spiturus and O. leucosticus in Kenya. The difficulty of obtaining pure stocks in Zimbabwe has already been commented on by several investigators (e.g., McAndrew and Majumdar 1984, Beattie 1986, Van der Bank et al. 1989).
+Some interspecific hybridizations result in nearly all-male populations. Exploitation of this event in aquacultural practices can mean that most of the biomass consumed by all-male fish will be converted to flesh rather than reproduction, resulting in much higher farm-pond production. Preliminary research has shown that indigenous male O. macrochir and female O. mossambicus produce 100% male hybrid progeny (Thompson 1984). This work has also shown that tilapia species from different river systems do not yield similar results. In addition, some hybrids grow faster than the parental species and are superior in converting food or exhibit greater cold tolerance. These potentials make it imperative that controlled experiments be conducted on indigenous Zimbabwean tilapias and hybrids of known ancestry. Without unambiguous stock identification of these resources at the outset, it is probable that such experiments could not be duplicated. The utilization of biochemical techniques
+provides a means for the unambiguous identification of hybrids and species.
+With this background in mind, the following two objectives were established:
+1. To unambiguously identify all tilapiine species native to Zimbabwe using enzyme loci as species-specific genetic markers and once so identified, develop a key based on morphological characteristics; and
+2. To ascertain the degree of hybridization where introductions are known to have occurred.
+Materials and Methods
+Sample Collection
+Samples consisting of 25 fish per sample were collected from the major river systems of Zimbabwe (Figure 1). Collections were made in the native ranges of the various species and in areas where introduction of other species were unlikely. Over a period of one-and-one-half years, the following populations were sampled: 16 Tilapia rendalli, 13 Oreochromis mossambicus, 9 O. mortimeri, 3 O. macrochir, 2 O. andersonii, 3 T. sparrmanii, and 2 O. placidus. In addition, five fish each of O. niloticus and O. aureus were collected from the Edwards and Son Farms located just outside of Harare. These two species are not indigenous to Zimbabwe, but are currently being farmed there. The strains at the Edwards farm were imported from Stirling, U.K., in 1985 and are believed to have come from cultures in Israel. Tilapia ruweti was not collected, probably due to its scarcity in the Upper Zambezi system.
+Collecting Techniques
+Specimens were collected using seine nets and gill nets. Muscle, liver, eye, heart, and brain tissues were dissected from freshly killed fish, labelled, placed in Eppendoff tubes, and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen at the collection site. The tissues were then taken to the University of Zimbabwe and were stored in an ultra freezer at 80°C. The tissues were shipped on dry ice to Frostburg State University, Maryland, for analysis. The carcasses were preserved in 10% formalin and stored in 50% alcohol. These were also shipped to the United States.
+Sample Preparation
+In the laboratory, tissues were prepared for electrophoresis by adding equal amounts of water (1: 1 v/v) to tissue and homogenized with a tissue grinder for one minute. The homogenized tissue was then centrifuged at 12,800 x g for 3 minutes and the supernatant was absorbed onto 1.5 x 0.3 cm strips of Whatman No. 3 filter paper.
+TABLE 2 Buffer Systems Used in the Study
+System
+Reference
+Gel Buffer
+Electrode Buffer
+Gel Composed
+RW
+Ridgway, Shelborne,
+0.03M Tris
+0.06m Lithium
+of 99% gel
+and Lewis (1970)
+0.005m Citric acid
+hydroxide
+buffer, 1 %
+pH 8.5
+0.3 M Boric acid
+electrode
+pH 8.1
+buffer
+AC
+Clayton and
+1:20 dilution
+0.04 M
+pH was adjusted
+Tretiak (1972)
+of electrode: H2O
+Citric acid
+with N-(3
+pH 6.1
+pH 6.1
+aminopropyl)
+morpholine.
+MF
+Markert and
+1:20 dilution of
+1.5 dilution
+Stock
+Faulhaber (1965)
+stock: H2O pH 6.1
+of stock: H2O
+0.9M Tris
+0.5M Boric acid
+0.02M Na EDTA
+pH 8.7
+TC
+Shaw and Prasad
+1:14 dilution of
+56.4g Tris
+Undiluted stock
+electrode H2O
+27.0g Citric acid
+pH 7.5
+3,000 ml H2O
+pH 7.5
+Gel Preparation
+Gel preparation procedures followed those outlined in Selander et al. (1971) and May (1975), employing the use of 9.5 x 20 x 1 cm and 9.5 x 20 x 2 cm molds. Gels consisted of 13% Sigma hydrolyzed starch and one of the buffer solutions listed in Table 2. Two-thirds of the gel buffer was heated in a microwave oven for two minutes. The last third was mixed thoroughly with the starch in a 1,000 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The heated buffer was then added to the starch/buffer mixture and heated for three minutes in a microwave. This mixture was swirled every 15 seconds to ensure a smooth, lump-free gel mixture as the end product.
+The mixture was then aspirated for approximately one minute with constant swirling to remove air bubbles. At the end of this period, the starch solution was poured in the plexiglass mold, formed, and allowed to cool at room temperature. The gels were kept covered with plastic wrap overnight.
+Electrophoresis
+Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was carried out following procedures outlined in Selander et al. (1971), May (1975), Allendorf et al. (1977), and Abersold et al. (1987), employing the use of Model 1P-17 Heath Kit power supplies. Voltage was maintained at 300 mv for gels made with RW and MF buffers and those made with TC and AC buffers were maintained at 200 mv (Table 2). Gels were run over a duration of 3-5 hr until the dye marker had moved to a distance of 6 mm. The resulting gel was sliced into 1.5 mm replicates and each was stained with specific histochemical solutions as outlined by Allendorf et al. (1977) and May (1975).
+Data Analysis
+The electrophoretic data were analyzed using the BIOSYS-I program (Swofford and Selander 1981). This program allows for the computation of allele frequencies and associated measures of genetic variability, determination of conformance to expected genotypic frequencies based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and calculation of F-statistics. The F-statistics developed by Wright (1978) were useful in the analysis of population structure. In addition, BIOSYS-I was used to calculate similarity and distance coefficients as developed by Nei (1978). BIOSYS-I was also used in constructing distance Wagner trees (Ferris 1970) and UPGMA phenograms.
+Assay
+A laboratory enzyme assay for the Zimbabwean tilapias was developed using two fish each from O. mossambicus and T. rendalli populations. Initially, all five tissues, eye, muscle, heart, and brain, were run on the same gel and on each of the four buffer systems.
+PRELIMINARY Results
+Collections
+Bell-Cross and Minshull (1988) did not list the presence of any tilapias in the Nata River system. However, specimens that could be classified as O. mossambicus or O. mortimeri were collected in the Nata system at three sites (Table 1). Tilapia rendalli was also collected in the Budzi system, although no prior tilapia records exist in this system. A search for tilapias in the Pungwe system was unsuccessful. No T. ruweti were collected, probably because they are scarce.
+Currently, data have been gathered on the activity and resolution of 64 enzymes on four buffer systems and five different tissues. Of these systems, 28 provide reasonable resolution and activity in three of the tissues: the muscle, liver and eye, and should provide data on over 38 loci (Table 3). Although the assay is essentially complete, we expect it will become refined as we proceed. We have now started the analysis of some experimental populations collected in Zimbabwe. No diagnostic loci were found between O. mossambicus and O. mortimeri from the loci used in the study.
+TABLE 3 Enzyme Loci Among Tilapiine Fish Species of Zimbabwe that are Diagnostic Between at Least One Species Pair¹
+Enzyme
+Tilapia
+Oreochromis
+Indigenous
+Exotics
+rendalli
+sparrmanii
+placidus
+mortimeri
+mossambicus
+macrochir
+andersonii
+niloticus
+aureus
+sAAT-2
+c²
+a
+b
+b
+a
+AK-1
+a
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+CK-B
+c
+d
+b
+a
+b
+a
+a
+c
+EST-1
+d
+e
+a
+a
+c
+a
+c
+GDA-1
+c
+c
+a
+b
+PROT-2
+a
+b
+a
+b
+a
+b
+b
+GPI-B
+b
+d
+b
+b
+a
+c
+GPI-A
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+G3P-1
+c
+d
+e
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+mIDHP
+a
+c
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+b
+LDH-C
+b
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+LDH-B
+a
+a
+a
+a
+b
+a
+a
+a
+LDH-A
+a
+c
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+sMDH-A
+a
+a
+b
+a
+sMDH-B
+b
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+mMDH
+c
+a
+a
+b
+a
+a
+a
+sMEP
+a
+a
+b
+a
+a
+b
+a
+a
+a
+mMEP
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+b
+a
+a
+PEP-B
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+PEP-D
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+PGM-1
+a
+d
+a
+a
+a
+a
+c
+a
+sIDDH-1
+d
+c
+c
+PGD-1
+b
+c
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+a
+sSOD-1
+b
+b
+a
+b
+b
+TPI-1
+b
+a
+b
+a
+a
+a
+a
+* SAAT-1, MAAT-1, ADA-1, FBALD-I, ADH-1, CK-A, FBP-1, GAM-1, GAP-1, PROT-1, MPI-1, PEP-A AND PEP-F did not exhibit diagnostic
+mobilities.
+2** mobilities are based on "a~ as the fastest, and decreasing as you go down the alphabet.
+3 (-) indicates multiple alleles.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number COM-5542-G-00
+0016-00, the network meeting, and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Abersold, P.B., G.A. Winans, D.J. Teel, G.B. Milner, and F. Utter. 1987. Manual for starch gel electrophoresis: a method for the detection of genetic variation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Tech. Rep. National Marine Fisheries Service 61:20 pp.
+Allendorf, F.W., N. Mitchell, N. Ryman, and G. Stahl. 1977. Isozyme loci in brown trout (Salmo trutta): detection and interpretation from population data. Hereditas 86: 179-190.
+Beattie, I.H. 1986. The Development of Pure Strains. pp. 35-38. in Proc. of Fish Forum held at Henderson Research Station, 21 March, 1986. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Zimbabwe.
+Bell-Cross, G. and J. Minshull. 1988. The Fishes of Zimbabwe. National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe, Harare.
+Clayton, J.W. and D.N. Tretiak. 1972. Amino-citrate buffers for pH control in starch gel electrophoresis. J. Fish Res. Bd. Can. 29: 1169-1172.
+Elder, H.Y., D.J. Garrod, and P.J.P. Whitehead. 1971. Natural hybrids of the African cichlid fishes Tilapia spirulus nigra and Tilapia leucostrica: a case of hybrid introgression. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 3:103-146.
+Farris, J.S. 1970. Methods of computing Wagner trees. Syst. Zoo. 19:83-90.
+Macaranus, J.M., N. Taniguchi, M. Pante, J.B. Capili, and R. Pullin. 1986. Electrophoretic evidence for Oreochromis niloticus (L.) stocks in the Philippines. Aquacult. Fish Manag. 17:249-261.
+Markert, C.L. and I. Faulhaber. 1965. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns of fish. J. Exp. Zool. 159:319-332.
+May, B. 1975. Electrophoretic variation in the genus Oncorhynchus: the methodology, genetic basis, and practical applications to research and management. Master of Science Thesis, Washington State Univ., Dept. of Fisheries.
+McAndrew, B.J. and K.C. Majumdar. 1984. Evolutionary relationships within three Tilapiine genera (Pisces: Cichlidae). Zoo. J. Linn. Soc. 80:421-435.
+Moreau, J. 1981. Application trial of a model to study the fisheries in tropical floodplains: the Alaotra Lake (Madagascar). Hydrobiologia 13:83-92.
+Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetica 89:583-590.
+Philippart, J-CI. and J-CI. Ruwet. 1982. Ecology and distribution of tilapias. pp. 15-59. in Pullin, R.S.V. and R.H. Lowe-McConnell. (ed.). The biology and culture of tilapias. ICLARM Conference Proceedings. Manila, Philippines.
+Ridgway, G.J., S.W. Shelborne, and R.D. Lewis. 1970. Polymorphism in the esterases of the Atlantic herring. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 99:147-151.
+Selander, R.K., M.H. Smith, S.Y. Yang, W.E. Johnson, and J.B. Gentry. 1971. Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. I. Variation in the old-field mouse Peromyscus polionotus). Studies in Genetics IV. Univ. Tex. Publ. 7103:49-90.
+Shaw, C.R. and R. Prasad. 1970. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes - a compilation of recipes. Biochem. Gen. 4:297-320.
+Swofford, D.L. and R.B. Selander. 1981. BIOSYS-I: a FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic d$a in population genetics and systematics. J. Heredity 72:281283.
+Thompson, P.J. 1984. Hybridization of indigenous Oreochromis species in Zimbabwe and the production of all-male offspring. pp. 1-11. in Aquaculture in southern Africa. Joint Symposium of CSIRO and SAAU. Cathedral Peak. 34 May 1984.
+Van der Bank, F.H., W.S. Grant, and J.T. Ferreira. 1989. Electrophoretically detectable genetic data for fifteen southern African cichlids. J. Fish Biol. 34:466-483.
+Wright, S. 1978. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. IV. Variability Within and Among Natural Populations. Univ. of Chicago, Illinois.
+<section>Ecology and Environment</section>
+<section>Ecological Changes In Lake Victoria After The Invasion Of Nile Perch (La Tes Niloticus):The Catchment, Water Quality,And Fisheries Management</section>
+P.B.O. Ochumba, M. Goshen, And U. Pollingher
+Abstract
+Lake Victoria, the second largest lake in the world, has undergone dramatic changes since the 1920s. Some of these include: intensive non-selective fisheries; severe alteration of the drainage basin through agricultural, vegetational, and industrialization changes; introduction and invasion of exotic fish species that has led to the elimination of native species; and a progressive buildup of physico-chemical changes in the lake environment. Current studies of Lake Victoria have identified substantial increases in chlorophyll concentration and primary productivity, as well as decreases in silica compared to values measured 30 years ago. Present sulphate concentrations (0.1 mg/l) are lower than the lowest values reported from other large lakes in the world. There has been a shift in the phytoplankton community toward a dominance of blue-greens. The zooplankton densities are relatively low and the body sizes of the organisms are small. Anoxic waters have recently been found at
+shallower depths than previously reported in Lake Victoria, suggesting significant increases of oxygen demand in the seasonally formed hypolimnion. Algal blooms have also become more extensive in Lake Victoria. Fisheries management in Lake Victoria has led to a shift from relying on a multi-species stock (400-500 haplochromids) to one relying on only two major exotic species, Lates niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus and the endemic Rastrineobola argentea. The present practices of lake management have not improved water quality.
+Introduction
+Lake Victoria (100 m maximum depth), located in the Syrian-African Rift Valley was created after tectonic activity that formed westward-flowing rivers in the lake basin (Talling 1966, Serruya and Pollingher 1983, Bugenyi and Balirwa 1989). The catchment area (193,000/km²) (Figure 1) and the wet drainage basin is covered by grassland savanna, agricultural crops, and the forested mountains of Rwanda and Burundi. The Kagera and Nzoia are the main inflowing rivers and the outflow is the River Nile. The lake is the second largest in the world and a major source of protein for 10 million people in Kenya (Ochumba 1984). The lake is seasonally stratified (Fish 1957) and wind is the major factor that determines the annual thermal cycle and water column mixing (Newell 1960, Talling 1969).
+The long water residence time (23.4 years) increases vulnerability to long-term changes caused by environmental modification in the catchment area.
+Lake Victoria has undergone successive disruptions since the early 1920s. Major changes in the ecosystem are: intensive nonselective fisheries, modification of the vegetation in the drainage basin, Nile perch (Lates niloticus) invasion and introduction of other exotic fish species, and the progression of physico-chemical changes in the lake. One of the dramatic changes is the development of a seasonal and lake-wide anaerobic hypolimnion which now threatens the integrity and biodiversity of this ecosystem. The endemic fish community of haplochromids has undergone a reduction in abundance and species diversity. The exotic Nile perch currently dominates the commercial catch together with the exotic Oreochromis niloticus and the small endemic cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea. Periodic fish kills in the lake raised serious concern about the environment of Lake Victoria and the impact of developmental activities in the lake basin (Ochumba 1987). Pollution from industrial,
+agricultural, and urban sources has increased significantly and the physical alteration of the lake shores through construction is proposed.
+Changes In The Fish Community And Fisheries
+The nearshore fisheries have been dramatically altered since 1920 in term of species composition and reduction of fish stocks. At the beginning of the century, fishing efforts were determined by subsistence requirements using traditional gear (Acere 1988), which was subsequently replaced by the introduction of cotton, nylon, and multifilament gill nets. The Lake Victoria fisheries, as presented by Graham (1929) and Fryer and Iles (1972), described Oreochromis esculenta and O. variabilis, over 250 species of haplochromine species, mormyrids, catfish, and cyprinids as major contributors to the commercial landings. The introduction of gill nets resulted in a drop in catch per unit effort and initiated overfishing conditions (Acere 1988). It was accompanied by the introduction of four species of exotic tilapias, Ti1apia zilli, O. niloticus, O. Ieucostictus, and O. mossambicus. The objectives of these introductions were to increase fish production. Nevertheless, since then the
+fisheries, in terms of catch per effort, has fluctuated (Garrod 1961).
+TABLE 1 Fish Landings in the Kenya Waters of Lake Victoria from 1969 to 1989 (Percents of Total Tons)
+Genus
+Lates
+Haplochromis
+Rastrineobola
+Tilapia
+Clarias
+Bagrus
+Protopterus
+Schilbe
+Alestes
+Barbus
+Labeo
+Mormyrus
+Synodontis
+Small mixed
+Prior to the introduction of the Nile perch (early 1960s), haplochromine fishes were the economic basis for the local fishery, as well as the dominant protein resource for human consumption. Detritivore and planktivore fishes were major prey species for the piscivore Nile perch (Fryer 1973, Ogari and Dadzie 1988). In 1976, only 0.5% of the commercial catch in the Kenya waters of Lake Victoria was Nile perch; by 1983 it was up to 67.7%. Haplochromines in the catches varied between 21.6 and 36.8% during 1968-1979 and 0.8% in 1985 (Table 1) (Ogutu-Ohwayo 1985). The landings of other native nearshore species like Tilapia, Protopterus, and Clarias declined as well (Okemwa 1981, FAO 1987). The present drastic reductions in nonpredatory commercial fishes (Table 1) predictively will be accompanied by a decline in Nile perch (Ssentongo and Welcomme 1985) due to its cannibalistic behavior (Barer et al. 1985, Ogari 1985).
+Trawl surveys during the 1970s in Lake Victoria (Kudhongania and Cordone 1974, Benda 1981, Muller and Benda 1981) indicated large stocks of haplochromines and several endemic fishes in the nearshore and offshore (Table 2). Trawl fishing during the 1980s (Asila and Ogari 1988, Okemwa 1984) indicated that endemic cyprinids, catfishes, lungfishes, and mormyrids were too scarce to support a significant fishery (Table 2). Consequently, it was concluded that both haplochromines and tilapiines in Lake Victoria were commercially extinct (Balon and Bruton 1986, Ribbink 1987, Les Kaufman, personal communication). The decline of haplochromine and tilapiine fishes resulted not only in a reduction of commercial catch, but also in a disruption of trophic dynamics in the Lake ecosystem. These fishes were consumers of the dominant and bloom-forming algae and detritus and their high feeding capacity prevented water quality deterioration. Their absence was partly responsible for recent algal
+blooms (Ochumba and Kibaara 1989) and detritus accumulation in the deep layers, followed by an increase in anoxia.
+TABLE 2 Trawl Catches of Dominant Species from 1969 to 1990 (Kg per Haul)
+Species
+(19 hauls)
+(69 hauls)
+(167 hauls)
+(54 hauls)
+(41 hauls)
+Bagrus docmac
+Clarias gariepinus
+Haplochromis spp.
+Labeo victorianus
+Lates niloticus
+Protopterus aethiopicus
+Schilbe mystus
+Synodontis spp.
+Oreochromis variabilis
+Oreochromis niloticus
+Rastrineobota argentea
+x
+x
+x
+x
+x -- not recorded, or not available in trawl.
+The stocking of the exotic species in Lake Victoria increased the total catch (Welcomme 1966, Fryer 1973), but had negative impacts on the lake ecology. The increase of stocked species populations and catches caused a decline in the haplochromine, tilapiine, and catfish landings Table 1), with which several of the exotic species compete for food resources. We know of no previous comprehensive study of the impact of exotic fish introductions on the ecosystem like that of Lake Victoria Fryer 1973). However, environmental changes caused by the introduction of exotic species have been observed in several lakes after the occurrence of irreversible changes in the food web, as reported from Laurentian Great Lakes (Smith 1968, 1972), various Scandinavian lakes (Svardson 1976), Lake Tahoe (Morgan et al. 1978), and Lake Kinneret (Gopher et al. 1983).
+Changes In The Catchment Area
+Changes in the Lake Victoria catchment basin (Bugenyi and Balirwa 1989, Kendall 1969) include the construction of a drainage system, vegetation removal, soil erosion, increased livestock, and recreational and industrial developments. The most severe threat is the vegetation removal by tree cutting (Harking 1987) for agricultural land development and for charcoal and firewood production. The Kenyan part of the catchment area is populated by 42% of the country's population and is drained by several rivers. Pollutants and wastes from urban centers, industries, and agricultural farmland (Ochumba 1984) are flowing into Lake Victoria via these rivers and direct runoffs (Allabaster 1981).
+Natural conditions in the catchment provide high river discharges. Therefore, the impact of pollutants on the aquatic communities in the rivers and the lake itself are not effectively nullified (LBDA 1984). The degree to which these pollutants might be harmful cannot be adequately assessed because of the absence of long-term water-quality data. There are several localized parts of Lake Victoria where pollution impacts are significant and fish kills, as well as algal blooms, have been recorded (Ochumba and Kibaara 1989, Ochumba, 1990). Chabeda (1982) pointed out that loads of drained pollutants from wheat fields contain higher levels of nutrients compared to those from sugar-producing areas. River studies (LBDA 1984) indicated a general decrease of water quality from the upper catchment areas to downstream sections. The average annual nutrient input from the catchment of the Kenyan pan is 20 kg/km²/yr for total phosphorus and 400 kg/km²/yr for total nitrogen.
+Present Kenyan water management legislation is administered by several governmental institutions (Moore and Christy 1978) with relatively low levels of coordination:
+-The Ministry of Water Development controls water use permits and pollution prevention.
+-The Ministry of Health is responsible for traditional nuisance abatement, water supply protection, and pesticide control.
+-The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for soil erosion control, provision of food, and chemical and toxic substances utilization.
+-The Chief's Authority coordinates the local administrations to issue instructions for a reforestation program and the prevention of stream pollution.
+-The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for watershed management. Efforts are under way at present that focus on pollution control, and on achieving the statutory basis for environmental impact assessments.
+The influence of modifications in the catchment area on fish stocks in Lake Victoria is difficult to estimate. Nevertheless, these effects are apparently significant (Marten 1979, Benda 1979, Barel et al. 1985). Early studies show that the potamodromous fish species were more abundant in the rivers, but their densities are very reduced at present. Ancient commercial fisheries in Lake Victoria were based on migratory species that moved upstream to spawn during the rainy season when rivers were flooded (Whitehead 1958, 1959, Corbet 1961). The abundance of these fish has declined dramatically and this fishery has effectively been destroyed (Whitehead 1958, Balirwa and Begenyi 1980). The construction of dams, unrestricted dumping of industrial and agricultural wastes and other pollutants in the catchment area, reduced flows and increased sediment accumulation accompanied by deforestation, and draining of marshes and swamps has brought about the decline of this fishery. Soil
+erosion and increased concentrations of suspended matter also reduced algal photosynthesis and consequently fish productivity (Meadows 1980). The stocks of riverine fish populations are now at their lowest levels since the early 1960s (Rabuor 1989). Consequently, fishing potential has declined significantly, accompanied by a direct negative impact on fishermen's families, who rely on fisheries for their livelihood from Lake Victoria. There is an urgent need for effective efforts aimed at conservation of the native fish communities, accompanied by stocking operations of the endemic species (Evans et al. 1988).
+Eutrophic Status Of Lake Victoria
+Studies on the water quality of Lake Victoria revealed many uncertainties (Ochumba 1987). The lake is acting as a sink for most of the imported contaminants from inflowing waters that accumulate in the ecosystem, by increasing concentrations in the lake water, in the sediments, and in the biota, especially fish. About 85% of inflowing water into Lake Victoria evaporates (Talling 1966). A few comprehensive studies of water quality were carried out 30 years ago focusing on substances, but not on organic matter and heavy metal contamination. The chemical composition of lakes and rivers in Africa is predominantly controlled by atmospheric conditions (Kilham 1990). Studies of Lake Victoria's trophic status are scarce, whereas studies of fishery biology (mostly in bays) are more numerous. Recent fish kills have brought to the attention of the authorities the possible increased eutrophication of Lake Victoria.
+TABLE 3 Summary of Comparative Limnological Data from Various Authors on Lake Victoria
+(Range Given)
+Feature
+Author
+Talling
+Akiyama
+Melack
+LBDA
+Ochumba/
+Hecky/
+et al. 1977
+Kibaara 1989
+Mungoma 1990
+Phosphate phosphorus(PO4P) ,ug/l
+Nitrate nitrogen(NO3N) ~g/l
+Sulphate sulphur(SO4S) mg/l
+Silicate silica(SiO2Si) mg/l
+Secchi disctransparenc y m
+Primary productivity mg O2/m3
+Chlorophyll concentrations ~µg/l
+Algal dominance
+diatoms
+diatoms
+diatoms
+cyanophytes
+cyanophytes
+cyanophytes
+Zooplankton dominance copepods
+Thermocyclops
+Recent comparative studies on the limnology of Lake Victoria (Table 3) emphasized the eutrophication processes (Akiyama et al. 1977, Hecky and Mungoma 1990, Ochumba and Kibaara 1989). We identified substantial increases in chlorophyll (3-10) and primary productivity (2-3) and substantial decreases in silica concentration (5-10). Sulphate concentrations are 10 times lower than the lowest concentrations measured in other large lakes in the world (0.1 mg/l). There has been a shift in the phytoplankton community towards nitrogen fixing blue-green species, fewer green algae, and the diatomid Stephanodiscus (Kitaka 1971). The zooplankton community is currently dominated by small-bodied species of copepods and cladocerans with low densities (Gopher et al., unpublished data).
+TABLE 4 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations (ppm) in "Bottom" Waters at Open Lake Locations
+Date
+Location
+Depth
+Total
+DO2
+Reference
+Sampled (m)
+Depth (m)
+(ppm)
+Jan. 61
+deep north sta
+Talling 1966
+Feb-May 54
+deep north sta
+Fish 1957
+Feb. 58
+fake transect
+Newell 1960
+Feb. 61
+deep north sta
+Talling 1966
+Feb. 69
+N-S lake transect
+Kitaka 1971
+Mar 61
+deep north sta
+Talling 1966
+Mar 67
+N-S lake transect
+Kitaka 1971
+Mar 85
+"open"
+Ochumba & Kibaara 1989
+Mar 89
+Sta 32
+NURP 1989
+Mar 89
+Sta 33
+NURP 1989
+Mar 89
+Sta 100
+NURP 1989
+Mar 89
+Sta 103
+NURP 1989
+Apr 61
+deep north sta
+Talling 1966
+May 61
+deep north sta
+Talling 1966
+May 86
+Sta 32
+Ochumba & Kibaara 1989
+May 86
+Ochumba & Kibaara 1989
+Jun61
+deep north sta
+Talling 1966
+Jun-Aug 84
+Sta 32
+Ochumba 1984
+Jun-Aug 84
+Sta33
+Ochumba 1984
+Table 4 represents anoxic cases measured in Lake Victoria (see also Fish 1957). In Kenya, anoxic waters have recently been found at shallower depths than before, suggesting an increase of oxygen demand in the hypolimnion. A eutrophication process, whose causes need to be determined, is now clearly evident. The decimation of the haplochromine fishes and endemic tilapias following the introduction of Nile perch may have profoundly altered the trophic status of the lake.
+Conclusion
+Lake Victoria exhibits unquestionable symptoms of eutrophication, including decreased water transparency, increased blue-green phytoplankton blooms, elevated nutrient concentrations, and hypolimnetic deoxygenation. Changes in the phytoplankton community altered the availability of food sources to primary consumers, although these grazers were considerably suppressed by higher trophic levels. However, the most important impact on water quality came about through fish introductions that modified the phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish assemblages in Lake Victoria. Lake Victoria fish species are threatened by the worsening conditions in the lake itself and from the rivers in the catchment basin. Urban, agricultural, and industrial pollution, as well as the introduction of predatory Nile perch and competitive tilapiine species are suggested as the major factors for the deterioration of Lake Victoria's ecosystem. Oreochromis esculentus is almost extinct and many other
+haplochromid species are endangered. Current fisheries legislation and efforts aimed at reduction of soil erosion and sedimentation in the inflowing rivers in the catchment basin are insufficient for significant improvement of the present deterioration of the lake's water quality. Also, localized manual harvest of papyrus, shoreline dredging, and sand mining have not improved lake conditions.
+Stocking the lake with large-bodied plant-grazing cichlids that are less vulnerable to predation by Nile perch is recommended to increase forage pressure on algae and detritus and reduce their densities. In addition, long-term monitoring of the lake and its tributary rivers will be required to enable administrative agencies to make decisions with regard to protecting the Lake Victoria fisheries resources.
+Acknowledgments
+We thank Messrs E. Okemwa and J. Ogari who provided facilities for fieldwork. Background information was provided by Les Kaufman and W. Cooper. Funding was provided by USAID Grant No. DPE-5544-G-SS-7075-00. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
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+Percid Fish As A Tool For Restoration Of Reservoir Ecosystems, Improvement Of Water Quality, And Optimization Of Fishery Yield
+M. Zalewski
+Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz
+Lodz, Poland
+Abstract
+In temperate lowland reservoirs, percid fish are one of the most important components of the ecosystem. They control the density of the large filter-feeders, such as Daphnia, which in turn eliminate algae and thus improve water quality.
+Over a six-year period, the density of young of the year (YOY) perch was studied in a lowland reservoir. Yearly densities were established in correlation with late spring water levels when littoral zone resources were available. In years of high YOY perch densities, there were sharp reductions in large zooplankton and increases in phytoplankton. These conditions were detrimental to water quality and reduced the growth of YOY perch and pike-perch, which in turn reduced their winter survival rates. Further, the elimination of YOY pike-perch reduced their predatory control of pelagic plankton-feeding cyprynids and negatively influenced the zooplankton:phytoplankton ratios in the reservoir.
+This study demonstrated that water quality and fish yields in eutrophicated lowland reservoirs can be restored, to a large extent, by the control and enhancement of percid fish.
+Introduction
+From a historical perspective, three overlapping stages can be distinguished in the development of ecology as a science. The first was focused on a description of ecosystems. The second began when a certain amount of knowledge was acquired about the structure of ecological communities and different levels of their organization. This stage focused on analysis of ecosystem dynamics in terms of the density of plants and animals and their biomass and energy content. Progress in the first two stages gave ecologists a certain predictive ability, which allowed them to start attempts at the third stage, i.e., the manipulation of the biotic structure of ecosystems for the purpose of directing the ecological process in ways that enable optimal utilization of the resources of that ecosystem by humans.
+An example of such a sequence of events is a biomanipulation theory, pioneered by Hrabacek et al. 1961. This concept is based on the assumption that large filter-feeders (Daphnia) in most situations are able to maintain the biomass of phytoplankton at a low level, thus maintaining water quality. However, the drawback of this process is that Cladocerans are a most attractive food for many fish species.
+The potential improvement of the water quality by biomanipulation is especially important in the case of reservoirs, which are the main sources of drinking water for large human communities. In the case of reservoirs, two groups of fish are supposedly the most efficient in eliminating filter-feeders and nektonic zooplanktivores, such as Alburnus alburnus, and juvenile perch and cyprinids. In most temperate reservoirs, the juvenile fish play the prevailing role in this process because there usually exists a strong population of efficient pelagic predatory pike-perch, which efficiently control the density of planktivorous pelagic species. The juvenile fish are less vulnerable to predation at some stages because their preferred habitat is in the shallow littoral zones with dense vegetation (e.g., flooded terrestrial vegetation not easily accessible for pike-perch). Biomanipulation can improve water quality by the "top down effect" (Northcote 1988). This means that through the
+introduction of predators, planktivorous fish pressure on large filterfeeders (Cladocerans) is reduced. Until now this has been done mostly in lakes; however, experimental evidence exists that it can be successful in some types of reservoirs. Fish fry may be the most important factor in reducing Daphnia density (Holcik 1977, Zalewski et al. 1990a) and the density of fish fry (reproductive success) is dependent on water level (Martin et al. 1981, Zalewski et al. 1990b), i.e., through shoreline habitat and food resource utilization (Ploskey 1986).
+From the trophodynamic point of view, efficiency of biomanipulation increases when the number of trophic levels between the level manipulated and phytoplankton decline (McQueen 1990). Also, biomanipulation has a greater chance of success at low and intermediate levels of eutrophication, and with the physically unstable epilimnion which drives algal communities into the early successional stages (Reynolds 1987). At this stage, algae are usually characterized by small forms such as Chlorococcales and Bacillariophyceae (Puchalski 1990), which are easily filtered by Cladocerans.
+All three of the conditions cited above can be fulfilled to a greater extent by reservoirs than by lakes. This is because in reservoirs the density of zooplanktivorous fish fry can be controlled by water level manipulation. Eutrophication can, to a certain extent, be slowed down by release of nutrient-rich hypolimnic waters. In addition, the physical instability of the epilimnion may be enhanced not only by wind action, which can be amplified by reduction of shoreline ecotone complexity, but also by pulsing water release.
+PERCID FISH AS POTENTIAL TOOL FOR
+RESTORATION OF RESERVOIR ECOSYSTEMS
+Reservoirs are traps for nutrients carried down by the river; thus, they possess an inherent tendency to eutrophicate. The biomanipulation technique of restoring water quality by manipulating biotic components increases the density of large efficient filtrators such as Daphnia, thereby reducing manyfold the concentration of phytoplankton. To achieve this effect, the planktivorous fish (cyprinids and perch) densities must be reduced by predators, such as pike-perch or walleye. This process, in terms of energy flow through the trophic structure of an ecosystem, can be described as reconstruction (restoration) (Figure 1).
+In oligotrophic systems (good water quality, low production) the largest portion of energy is diverted from primary producers (algae) to subsequent trophic levels (planktivorous and predatory fish). In eutrophic systems, characterized by high primary productivity, most of the phytoplankton production is not consumed by filtrators (Figure 1). This is because large Daphnia are eliminated by dense populations of juvenile percid and cyprynid fishes (Zalewski et al. 1990b).
+The dead algae nutrients are recirculated by the "microbial loop" and a continuing high nutrient supply maintains concentrations of algae, resulting in deterioration of water quality. Benthic detritivores may be stimulated in the system as long as the bottom oxygen supply of the reservoir is sufficient. In such a system (Figure 1) the large part of the energy is accumulated in bottom sediments leading to a decrease of the aquatic habitat quality. Figure 1 demonstrates the restoration of a reservoir by enhancing the predatory pike-perch, which reduce pelagic, zooplanktivorous fish populations (in this case perch, Perca fluviatilis). In reservoirs, pike-perch or walleye is the most important biomanipulation tool because the second important predator of temperate zone lakes, the northern pike, Esox lucius, needs a diversified littoral zone as an optimal habitat. This rarely exists in reservoirs due to water level fluctuations.
+On the basis of initial research (Zalewski et al. 1990a,b) and other published data (Gulati et al. 1990), it can be hypothesized that, in reservoirs, the most efficient way to restore water quality and fish yield would be to enhance pike-perch populations to control pelagic zooplanktivorous fish. From a dynamic point of view, such restoration can be described in terms of changes of the energy flow pattern from detrital food chain characteristics of eutrophic ecosystems (Figure 1A) to mesotrophic, high water quality and high fish yield ecosystems (Figure 1B). Using pike-perch or walleye as a biomanipulating tool, it may be possible to restore conditions of the ecosystem. If true, the advanced stage of eutrophication in many reservoirs can be reversed, or at least seriously reduced. Restoring aquatic habitat quality should provide time to create strategies for the conservation of the catchment area. These strategies should include sewage treatment plants and the reduction of
+aerial pollution.
+Perch Recruitment, Water Quality, And Predator Dynamics
+Some of the assumptions discussed above were confirmed in practice at a lowland reservoir in central Poland. The Sulejow Reservoir is situated in the middle course of the Pilica River, a tributary of the Vistula River. Its area is approximately 20 km² and the average depth is 3.3 m.
+Galicka and Penczak (1989) evaluated annual nutrient loadings at the beginnings of the eighties at a level of 30 g N (total) and about 5 g total P per m³. Detrital sedimentation occurs mostly in the upper eutrophic part of the reservoir and is separated from the main part by a kind of bottleneck. The oxygen level is usually high due to water mixing by wind and algal photosynthesis. In 1984, a stable high water level during spring and summer was responsible for the demographic explosion of perch and cyprinids, which are major components of the fish community. Analysis of data on perch fry densities in the littoral zone and in changing water levels during the spawning and post-spawning periods (May, June, July) demonstrated a correlation between an "area stability index" (As) (Zalewski et al. 1990b) and perch fry density (Figure 2).
+During the year of the highest and most stable water level (1984), a high density (mean 37 per m²) of perch fry was observed in the shoreline zone. At that time the zooplankton density was drastically reduced compared to former years (1982, 1983) when perch density did not exceed 5 per m² (Zalewski et al. 1990 a,b). This reduction of zooplankton, mostly large Cladocerans, was reflected in the stomach contents of the perch and in their foraging strategy. During the year of low perch density, when Cladocerans were abundant, a distinct feeding peak (stomach contents [weight] measured as a percentage [4%] of perch fry body weight) occurred in the evening when Cladocerans migrate to the surface and to the littoral zone (Figure 3). But during the year of very high perch fry density, they fed continuously, almost 24 hours a day, and drastically reduced the density of Cladocerans (Figure 4b). At that time, the perch fry were eating fewer Copepods and perch stomachs were only
+approximately 1% full (Figure 3).
+The drastic reduction of Cladoceran biomass was reflected in water quality. During the year of high density of filter feeders (1983), the amount of suspended matter doubled, despite the fact that Cladoceran biomass decreased almost eight times. Consequently, the ratio of zooplankton changed from 2:1 (1983) to 1 :15, because of an intensive algal bloom. Obviously the sharp reduction in the availability of optimal food was reflected in the perch growth rate (Figure 3). In years when average density was below 8 perch specimens per square meter of littoral zone (e.g., 1983), the Cladocera population was not severely reduced (Figure 4a) and served as a main food component, and helped maintain a high juvenile perch growth rate. When the perch fry density exceeds approximately 10 specimens per m², a sharp decline in the instantaneous coefficient of growth was observed. This phenomenon was a result of a break in the dynamic equilibrium of Cladoceran population density and a shift in
+perch fry diet to non-optimal prey, Copepods and benthos. These bad feeding conditions were confirmed by broad size ranges of juvenile perch and cannibalism observed among the O+ age group.
+The sharp reduction in large zooplankton density was reflected in a greater pike-perch fry growth than that in perch. In mid-July 1982, they achieved 5.5-8 cm, but in 1984 only 3.3-4.2 cm. In both years the temperature ranges and patterns during late spring and early summer were similar. The fry sizes always decreased upstream in the more eutrophic part of the reservoir. The very poor growth of juveniles in 1984 was due to lack of optimal prey, Cladocerans. As a result, pike-perch were late in achieving the size at which they become piscivorous (3.8 cm). The potential prey-fry of perch and cyprinids were too large at that time; consequently, 43% of the pike-perch had empty stomachs, and all were in poor condition. It is a well-known phenomenon that poor fry growth during summer can lead to low winter survival. Loss of one generation of this easily overexploited, short-lived species seriously reduced its populations for many years. The elimination of predator control in the
+fish community of a reservoir, due to intraspecific competition at the early fry stages, may have great effect on the dynamics of pelagic planktivorous fish, which in normal years are at very low densities because of efficient pike-perch predation. Pelagic zooplanktivores may react to a sharp decline in predator numbers by a rapid increase in density and increased feeding pressure on zooplankton. In addition, such-fast growing populations of pelagic fish, in contrast to perch fry communities, will be impossible to control by water level changes. These results are summarized in Figure 5, and clearly show that in a lowland reservoir it is possible to achieve concordant maintenance of water quality and fishery yield by control of water level. However, it should be expected that this regularity will be disturbed when the structure of upper trophic levels is sharply modified (e.g., by the drastic reduction of the main predator) and a shift occurs in the main mechanism regulating
+zooplanktivorous fish pressure on filter feeders in the shoreline ecotone and open water areas.
+Discussion
+Looking at this process in a broader context, one can say that the general mechanisms described can be expressed in terms of general ecological theory. Fish tend to be "r" selected organisms, which means they have an ability to provide large numbers of offspring when environmental conditions are favorable.
+Usually, in ecosystems where abiotic control mechanisms prevail (Zalewski and Naiman 1985) biotic structure is simple and feedback control mechanisms, such as predation and intraspecific competition, are not well balanced.
+In the case described above, the perch population took advantage of the high water level, and with its opportunistic reproductive style (Baron 1975) it dominated energy flow and nutrient distribution, which put the shoreline ecotone in an early succession stage of an aquatic ecosystem. These data demonstrate that the explosion of one species may occur when even part of an ecosystem is modified. Such a warm, highly diversified, trophically rich ecotone, without specialized predators, is created periodically in reservoirs as a result of water level changes. This is especially true in lowland reservoirs where a relatively small water level increase creates large inundated areas rich in food that are warm and safe from limnetic predators. The above data confirm the hypothesis of Naiman et al. (1989) about the importance of land-water ecotones in landscape process dynamics.
+This process also supports the view of Patten and Odum (1981) concerning the cybernetic nature of ecosystems, that is, an advantage achieved by one species in a relatively mature system (10-year-old reservoir) may occur only when abiotic factors are changing the dimensions of the resources. Thus, this would be an ecotone without predatory pressure, and with a diversified and rich food supply (Ploskey 1986). An analogous reaction of species to the extension of resources has also been described for another species, Perca flavescens (Thorpe 1973).
+Despite the great reproductive success of perch in 1984, which was a rather catastrophic event from the point of view of the homeostasis of an ecosystem, the ecosystem still possesses a tendency toward equilibrium. This was expressed by a sharp reduction in growth that usually results in a mass winter mortality of any cohort that exceeds the carrying capacity of the given environment. In a stable and trophically limited ecosystem, such as Scottish lakes, the perch population demonstrates a feedback control of its own population density by cannibalism. The juvenile perch form 14-30% of the adult fish diet (Thorpe 1977).
+The sharp reduction of basic food resources by one species, described above, that resulted in densities exceeding the carrying capacity of its environment, also impacted on the predators' recruitment and long-term population density. Under natural conditions, pike-perch occur as a multigenerational population and thus, presumably, do not react sharply to a population reduction in one generation. However, in the Sulejow Reservoir, intensive angling pressure seriously reduces the life span of the predator population. Thus, human impact amplifies the ecological effect of the resource's reduction by competing species.
+Juvenile pike-perch are especially vulnerable to a decline in food resources, because juvenile
+percids consume up to 32% of their body weight in food a day. Thus, a reduction in the density of
+crustaceans below 100 per lifer stimulates high percid mortality (Li and Mathias 1982). That is why
+stocking of good quality pike-perch, above 4 cm in length, that can feed on cyprinid fry might be of
+great importance for enhancement of this species and controlling the density of plankton-eating fishes.
+Finally, does the relation described above, involving water level, fry density, and water quality, occur in all types of reservoirs and make the manipulation of the biotic structure of reservoir ecosystems a future management tool for water quality and optimization of fishery yield? Obviously, the answer depends on the type of reservoir. The shape of the reservoir valley, complexity of ecotonal vegetation cover, and eutrophication stage will be the major factors. These will determine the shift in resource dimensions during water level changes that affect fish community dynamics, as well as the "top down" effect resulting from water quality.
+Acknowledgments
+The author thanks the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and the
+publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Balon, E.K. 1975. Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:821-864.
+Galicka, W. and T. Penczak. 1989. Total nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in lowland Sulejow Reservoir. Arch. Hydrobiol. 117: 177-190.
+Gulati, R.D., E.H.R.R. Lammens, M.-L. Meijer, and E. van Donk. (ed.). 1990. Biomanipulation, tool for water management. Proceedings of an international conference held in Amsterdam. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 1-628.
+Holcik, J. 1977. Changes in fish community of Klicava Reservoir with particular reference to Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), 1957-72. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 34:1734-1747.
+Hrabacek, J., M. Dvorakova, V. Korinek, and L. Prochazkova. 1961. Demonstration of the effect of the fish stock on the species composition of the zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 14:192-195.
+Li, S. and J.A. Mathias. 1982. Causes of high mortality among cultured larvel walleyes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111:710-721.
+Martin, D.B., L.J. Mengel, J.F. Novotny, and C.H. Walburg. 1981. Spring and summer water levels in a Missouri River reservoir. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110:370-381.
+McQueen, D.J. 1990. Manipulating lake community structure. Where do we go from here? Freshwater Biol. 23:613-620.
+Naiman, R.J., H. Decamps, and F. Fournier. (ed.). 1989. The role of land/inland water ecotones in landscape management and restoration: a proposal for collaborative research MAB Digest 4. Unesco, Paris. 93 pp.
+Northcote, T.G. 1988. Fish in the structure and function of freshwater ecosystem: a "top-down" view. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:361-379.
+Patten, B.C. and E.P. Odum. 1981. The cybernetic nature of ecosystem. Am. Nat. 118:886-895.
+Ploskey, G.R. 1986. Effects of water-level changes on reservoir ecosystems with implications for fisheries management. pp. 86-97. in Hall G.E. and M.J. Van Den Avyle. (ed.). Reservoir Fisheries Management: Strategies for the 80s. Reservoir Committee, Southern
+division. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland.
+Puchalski, W. 1990. Eutrophication and stress in physically stable and unstable lakes: Effects on phytoplankton structure and seasonality. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 24:909-912.
+Reynolds, C.S. 1987. The response of phytoplankton communities to changing lake environments. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 49:220-236.
+Thorpe, J.E. 1973. Synopsis of biological data on the perches Perca fluviatilis L. and P. .flavescens Mitchill. FAO. U.N., Rome.
+Thorpe, J.E. 1977. Daily ratio of adult perch, Perca fluviatilis L. during summer in Loch Laven, Scotland. J. Fish. Biol. 11:55-68.
+Zalewski, M. and R.J. Naiman. 1985. The regulation of riverine fish communities by a continuum of abiotic-biotic factors. pp. 3-9. in Alabaster, J.S. (ed.). Habitat modification and freshwater fisheries. Butterworths, London.
+Zalewski, M., B. Brewinska-Zaras, and P. Frankiewicz. 1990a. Fry communities as a biomanipulation tool in a temperate lowland reservoir. in Lind, O.T., V. Sladecek and V. Staskrabova. (ed.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Reservoir Limnology, eutrophication, water quality and its prediction. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih., Ergebn. Limnol. 33:763-774.
+Zalewski, M., B. Berwinska-Zaras, P. Frankiewicz, and S. Kalinowski. 1990b. The potential for using fry communities in a lowland reservoir: concordance between water quality and optimal recruitment. pp. 549-556. in Gulati, R.D., E.H.R.R. Lammens, M.-L. Meijer and E. van Donk. (ed.). Biomanipulation, tool for water management. Proceedings of an international conference held in Amsterdam. Hydrobiologia 200/201:1 -628.
+<section>Presentation: Schistosomiasis</section>
+<section>Immunology</section>
+<section>Schistosomiasis: An Immunological Disease</section>
+S.M. Phillips
+University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
+Abstract
+Schistosomiasis, a helminth infection, affects an estimated 200 million people. The complex life cycle is reflected by equally complex clinical manifestations. However, in this context, it is reasonable to regard schistosomiasis as an immunological disease. The four major stages of the life cycle: skin penetration; transpulmonary migration; initial mating and egg deposition in the vascular space; and chronic infection, are associated with discrete cutaneous, pulmonary, vascular, and hepatosplenic forms of disease.
+Skin penetration is associated with a variety of immuno-inflammatory responses, but the pathology is dominated by acute IgE or Type I immunological reactions. The pulmonary migratory phase is associated with both Type I and Type III immunological reactions involving acute IgE mediated responses as well as interactions contingent on the formation of circulating and in situ immune complexes. Acute gastrointestinal schistosomiasis is primarily a Type III or immune-complex vasculitis. The chronic form of schistosomiasis, or hepatosplenic disease, is characterized by granuloma and chronic fibrosis. This form of the disease, responsible for principal morbidity in schistosomiasis, is primarily contingent on Type IV or cell mediated T cell dependent immune responses. Teleologically, the wide spectrum of immunologic responses to the parasite may be interpreted as representing the body's attempt to optimize protective immunity and immunopathologic responses to the parasite.
+Introduction
+Schistosomiasis is a disease of tremendous international significance affecting an estimated 200 million individuals. The study of schistosomiasis has addressed many basic immunological questions including immune evasion mechanisms, eosinophil function, and granuloma formation (Phillips and Fox 1984a). It is of interest that, reviewed mechanistically, one may explain the clinical manifestations of disease based on precisely defined immunological phenomena (Phillips and Pox 1984b). Moreover, immunologic techniques have been used to illuminate many of these reactions.
+The Cell And Coombs Classification
+Classically, immune effector mechanisms have been divided into four categories (Brostoff et al. 1991, Male et al. 1991).
+1. Hypersensitivity. The first form of immune reactivity is an acute immunoinflammatory reaction caused by the interaction of IgE antibody, bound to the surface of mast cells, and specific ligands or allergens. As a result of this surface interaction, the mast cell is triggered to release a wide variety of mediators including histamine and products of the arachadonic acid pathways. This, in turn, results in the classic manifestation of the wheel and flare reaction, an acute inflammatory response, which characterizes ailments such as asthma, hay fever, and hives.
+2. Cytotoxic antibody reactions. Antibodies possessing cytotoxic or Iytic activity interact with the surface of living cells, which results in their death. A number of mechanisms are postulated; however, common to all of these is an informational bridge between target and effector cells or molecules that is formed by the antibody. Immunologic specificity rests in the Fb fragment and an executive cell binding capability on the Fc fragment.
+3. Circulating immune complex reactions. When an immunogen is introduced into the body it results in the production of antibodies. These antibodies combine with the circulating antigen to produce circulating immune complexes. These complexes, in turn, fix vasoactive amplifying proteins (such as complement) and result in the activation of a number of inflammatory reactions of the level of the endothelium. This reaction produces a variety of clinical diseases, loosely classified as vasculitis.
+4. Cell mediated immunity. T cells bearing receptors for specific antigens migrate to the site of these antigens and are stimulated to undergo blast transformation, division, and subsequent differentiation. As a consequence of this differentiation the cells produce a number of recruiting Iymphokines or cytokines. These molecules then activate other mononuclear cell populations and result in the generation of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction or granuloma.
+Schistosomiasis: Clinical Spectrum
+As illustrated in Table 1, the clinical manifestation of the migratory cycle of the schistosome can be divided into four phases: (1) skin and penetration phase; (2) intermediate pulmonary/hepatic migratory phase; (3) acute intermediate phase, associated with ova position; and (4) chronic stage, characterized by tissue proliferation and fibrosis. In light of the classification of immunological effector mechanisms described above, it is useful to look at these stages as forms of immunopathology.
+1. Invasion: Schistosome Dermatitis. Schistosomiasis begins initially with penetration of the skin by cercariae. On initial exposure, awareness of the event is usually minimal. However, in the case of multiple exposures, sensations of pruritis and local erythema may occur within 15 minutes to 2-3 hours of penetration. When non-human schistosomes (that is, those which normally complete their life cycles in other animals) enter the skin of humans, a significantly greater dermal reaction is observed. A high percentage of these heterologous cercariae are quickly destroyed in the skin of the host. A local dermatitis that becomes increasingly severe may occur following recurrent exposure to the parasite. Papules appear in sensitized individuals within 5-15 hours post-entry. A wide variety of clinical manifestations, including erythema nodosum, arthus-like reactions, and exfoliation, may occur. Histologically, there is tissue edema with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells that
+invade the dermis and epidermis. Although the mechanisms of this intense reaction are not clear, a number
+TABLE 1 Spectrum of Schistosomiasis.
+Stage of Infection
+Clinical Manifestations
+Pathologic Manifestations
+Immunologic Mechanisms
+Invasion:
+Swimmer's itch
+Cutaneous
+IgE, IgG,ADCC,
+Skin penetration and dermatitis
+inflammation
+CM
+Migration:
+PIE, cough, fever
+Pulmonary/hepatic inflammation
+IgE, IgG,ADCC
+Transpulmonary
+Maturation:
+Initial oviposition
+Katayama fever, serum sickness
+Intense local and generalized vasculitic reaction
+CIC, ADCC
+Chronic: Initial
+Intense oviposition with maximum egg production and excretion
+GI, symptoms, hematuria, vasculitis
+Large granulomata
+CIC
+Initial deposition of matrix proteins
+CMI (S.m.) B cell (S j.)
+Chronic: Progressive
+Prolonged infection with decreased egg production and excretion
+Chronic disease, portal hypertension nephropathy CNS cor pulmonale
+Modulated granulomata, Symmer's fibrosis hepatosplenomegaly
+CMI (S.m.) B cell (S.j.)
+'Abbreviations: ADCC, antibody dependent cell-mediated; CIC, circulating immune complexes; CMI, cell-mediated immunity; CNS, central nervous system; GI, gastrointestinal; PIE, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia; S.j., Schistosoma japonica; S.m., Schistosoma mansoni.
+of possibilities have been suggested. First, high titers of IgE and IgG antibodies have been described in humans with experimental acute dermatological reactions. These may result in an eosinophil-rich inflammatory response to the subsequent invading cercariae. The ability to block this initial reaction with antihistamines and the observation of mast cell degranulation in situ further support the implication of these mechanisms. However, subsequent skin biopsies have also demonstrated deposits of immune complexes and basophils along the capillary loops of the skin. Arthus-like lesions have also been observed. Cercarial extracts possess the ability to activate, complement directly, and produce chemotactic substances. In addition, the cellular infiltrate, the chronicity of the response, and the clinical response of corticosteroids suggest that there is a cell-mediated component as well.
+2. Migration: Acute Pulmonary Schistosomiasis. Schistosome pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (PIE) syndrome: 7-10 days after initial exposure, when the parasites are actively migrating through the lung, transient symptoms of cough, fever, and mild wheezing are sometimes observed. These events usually follow extremely heavy re-exposures to schistosomes. Chest x-rays at this time have demonstrated occasional transient pulmonary infiltrates and the patients manifest a peripheral blood eosinophilia. Thus, this syndrome qualifies as an additional cause of the PIE syndrome. Although extensive studies in humans are not available, studies in primates and mice have indicated that schistosomes migrating through the lung are associated with accumulations of significant numbers of eosinophils, granulocytes, and small numbers of mononuclear cells. A number of parasites are actually trapped in the lung where they are destroyed.
+Recent evidence suggests that much of this destructive process is mediated through ADCC mechanisms involving a variety of immunoglobulin isotypes and effector cell subpopulations. Radiobiologic techniques have been used to trace parasite migration, quantitate antigen binding, and assess effector activation.
+3. Maturation: Acute Gastrointestinal Schistosomiasis. The next clinical phase of schistosomiasis begins 20-40 days after exposure. This syndrome was originally described as Katayama Fever in Japan in the 19th century. This syndrome was often observed in newly arrived immigrants ("non-immures") to the fertile Katayama valley and indeed was responsible for such significant morbidity that customs on "non-migration" developed to obviate this occurrence. In later years the connection between this condition, "Katayama fever," and Schistosoma japonicum was established. The syndrome can occur with any schistosome infection, but is most common with S. japonicum, and perhaps is related to the higher number of infecting organisms and the greater metabolic activity, egg deposition, and antigen production of this parasite. The condition is occasionally seen with exposure to S. mansoni and rarely with S. haematobium.
+Patients develop an acute onset of fever, chills, sweating, anorexia, headache, diarrhea, and cough. Clinically, the acute onset of hepatosplenomegaly, generalized Iymphadenopathy, and urticaria are also observed. A mild leucocytosis, associated with eosinophil counts of up to 50%, is expected. The fever may last for many weeks, at which point it will spontaneously subside. In severe cases, death has been recorded. In those cases, extremely high levels of parasites have been observed.
+Although the etiology of Katayama fever is not clear, the overwhelming evidence would suggest that it is related to the sudden production and release of large quantities of parasite antigens at the onset of egg deposition. A number of studies have clearly shown that, although the immune response against schistosomes can begin very early, the levels of antibodies and circulating antigens are low until the eggs are deposited. These studies in humans are analogous with observations in animals. At this time, there is a progressive increase in the level of a number of antibody classes (IgM, IgE, IgG) as well as a circulating antigenaemia. It is postulated that the production of increasing amounts of antigen-antibody complex results in the production of a serum-sickness-like syndrome. The rapid release of antigen may produce immune complexes in slight antigen excess, which is the prerequisite for the generation of immune complex disease. Consistent with this hypothesis is the
+observation that serum complement levels may fall during this syndrome. In addition, studies in humans and experimental animals have indicated that a significant number of individuals, infected both acutely and chronically with Schistosoma, had immune complex deposits within the kidney and associated nephropathy, most commonly with membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis. These complexes are composed of schistosome-specific antigens, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and a variety of complement components. It is of interest that, although the deposition of the circulating immune complexes in the kidney is a nearly ubiquitous phenomenon, the pathological consequences are relatively mild. Only 3-7% of the primates and certainly less than 10% of humans infected with S. mansoni develop clinically significant proliferative glomerulonephritis. In addition, the antibodies deposited in the capillary loops are not often found intimately associated with discrete parasite antigens, perhaps
+indicating that the phenomenon is secondary to local membrane activation of the immunoglobulins. Perhaps even more interesting is the evidence for C3b activation, that is, local tissue activation of the complement sequence leading to augmentation of local pathology. The observation of a high incidence of local necrotic, egg-associated lesions is compatible with a mechanism that implicates the local activation of immunoinflammation and/or the release of toxic materials. Finally, the observation of anti-DNA antibodies and reactivity against collagen in schistosomiasis suggests the possibility of secondary "auto-immune" phenomena.
+4. Chronic Schistosomiasis. Patients with chronic schistosomiasis experience subjective fatigue, abdominal pain, intermittent diarrhea, and dysentery. Histopathologically, the local deposition of embolized eggs within the vessels and an associated granulomatous reaction are observed. The distribution of the eggs determines the nature of the pathology. For example, S. mansoni tends to inhabit the mesenteric vessels; hence, the vast majority of eggs are embolized to the liver. Schistosoma haematobium inhabits the pudendal vessels; thus, eggs embolize preferentially to the organs of the lower pelvis. There is compelling evidence to suggest that the granulomatous reaction and resulting fibrosis in chronic S. mansoni schistosomiasis is the result of a T cell mediated immune response to the products of the egg. Histologically, the lesions resemble delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Moreover, immunosuppressants in humans and animals show decreased granulomatous hypersensitivity.
+Additional studies have indicated that the formation and regulation of granuloma formation is highly contingent upon multiple subpopulations of cells that participate in a delicately orchestrated immunological battle. Although the stimulating epitopes, participants, and modes of interactions of the cells responsible for the generation and regulation of granulomatous hypersensitivity are not yet clear, T cell dependence of the phenomena is firmly established. As a result of this pathologic response, hepatosplenic pulmonary, urinary tract, and CNS pathology will ensue progressively. The chronic phase of schistosomiasis culminates in liver failure, hydronephrosis, and other complications of fibrosis.
+Summary
+Schistosomiasis represents a broad spectrum of clinical disease. Although many questions still exist as to the basis of the proposed immunopathologic reactions, it is clear that antibodies, antigens, circulating immune complexes, and cellular mechanisms are germane to the development of a wide variety of pathology. Current studies are investigating the subpopulations of cells and humoral factors that can pertubate the expression of immunopathology, and it is hoped that an increased knowledge of the basis of immunopathology will provide a possible source for future medical exploitation. For example, active immunization to produce reduced reactivity against antigens of the parasite has been suggested as a possible approach to limit pathology.
+As yet, no specific immunological manipulations have been shown to be of definitive value in humans. Indeed, the tremendous variation of the clinical manifestations of parasitic diseases with pathology resulting from contributions of both the parasite and host makes these approaches difficult.
+It would be useful also to view this variable host-parasite relationship and subsequent morbidity in a conceptual mode. In this theoretical construct of disease manifestation, certain hypotheses are required:
+1. The total immune response ranges from hyper- to hypoergic poles. The spectrum is determined by the relative dominance of "helper" versus "suppressor" modulatory phenomena. The relative salience of a given parameter is contingent upon unique aspects of the host and parasite.
+2. The hyperergic state tends to be dominated by the immunopathological consequences of host-dependent mechanisms with relatively good containment of the parasites. The hypoergic state is associated with relatively uncontrolled parasite growth and the pathological consequences are related to this phenomenon.
+3. The total immune response may be divided loosely into two categories: those that control disease and thus minimize parasite-associated pathology, and those that produce pathology per se. These two aspects need not be consonant kinetically or mechanistically. The clinical disease is most salient when these two aspects of the immune response are most dissonant or when effective control of parasite growth is not attained.
+Teleologically, the body ought to seek that homeostatic balance of immunological responses that will maximize resistance and minimize morbidity. Unfortunately, the optimal protective immunity and total immune reactivity, which includes immunopathological reactions, may not be consonant, thereby resulting in "unnecessary" immunopathology. Moreover, even if consonant, the protective immunological response may contribute to the spectrum of disease. If an intense immune response is required to contain disease, then this reaction may lead to associated tissue destruction (e.g., an "innocent bystander" effect). For instance, although there is generally good correlation of disease control and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) competence in leprosy, large nerve damage will occur in polar Tuberculoid Leprosy (TL) and indeterminate or intermediate forms may actually show less morbidity than either polar form. Antibody titers rise progressively during conversion to the lepromatous
+form and are actually negatively correlated with organism-associated pathology. A similar picture emerges in the spectrum of leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis. Conversely, protective variant-specific antibody appears to be more important than competent DTH in controlling African trypanosomiasis. Thus, although the dominant mechanisms of immunological response may vary, the ratio of protective versus pathological potential remains critical in determining diseases (Phillips and Fox 1984a,b).
+The mechanisms that determine the relative efficiencies of these seemingly contradictory immunological mechanisms are largely enigmatic at present. They include: (1) unique genetically determined host immune responses; (2) the virulence of the parasite and relative effectiveness of initial host defense mechanisms; and (3) the development of secondary or modulating phenomena.
+In summary, the immune response to the schistosome or any other parasite and its subsequent modulation is a two-edged sword. If the immune system reduces the consequences of parasite invasion, the response is beneficial and potentiation of that response would be desirable. However, if the immune response produces pathology, attenuation would be preferable. There is a growing realization that the factors which combine to orchestrate the immune response, ultimately determining both resistance and pathology, display a delicate balance of internal self-modulation. With the growing understanding of these modulating factors, there is every reason to hope that the therapeutic control of parasite-associated morbidity and mortality will be realized.
+Acknowledgments
+The author thanks the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number DHR-5600-G 00
+1042 00, the network meeting, and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Brostoff, J., G.K. Scadding, D. Male, and I.M. Roitt. (ed.). 1991. Clinical Immunology. Gower Medical Publishing, New York.
+Male, D., B. Champion, A. Cooke, and M. Owen. (ed.). 1991. Advanced Immunology. Second Edition. Gower Medical Publishing, New York.
+Phillips, S.M. and E.G. Fox. 1984a. The immunopathology of parasitic diseases. Clin. Immunol. Allergy 2:667.
+Phillips, S.M. and E.G. Fox. 1984b. The immunopathology of parasitic diseases. p.421 in Marchalonis, J.J. (ed.). Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology. Vol. 12. Plenum Press, New York.
+<section>Anti-Embryonation Immunity As A Granuloma Modulating Mechanism In Schistosomiasis Caused By Schistosoma Japonicum</section>
+E.G. Garcia, G.F. Mitchell, W.U. Tiu And P.T. Rivera
+Abstract
+In a recent hypothesis we proposed that one of the key events in granuloma modulation is the inhibition of maturation or embryonation of the egg and its destruction at an immature (i.e., pre-miracidial) stage of development. One consequence of this anti-embryonation immunity is the failure of the egg to mature and produce immunopathologic antigens responsible for T-cell dependent granuloma formation. This hypothesis focuses on immune effects on the egg rather than on immunoregulation as the central factor in granuloma modulation.
+The more important observations that support anti-embryonation immunity are: (1) maturation of fresh uterine eggs injected into the pulmonary vasculature of chronically eggsensitized mice, with modulated granuloma response, was inhibited; (2) sera taken from humans with chronic schistosomiasis injected into BALB/c mice reduced the rate of maturation of eggs deposited in the liver and intestines and reduced the size of granuloma in mice sensitized for accelerated granuloma formation; (3) BALB/c mice sensitized by repeated injection of viable immature eggs and challenged with few cercariae had at D+42 of infection significant increase of dead eggs and a decrease in the proportion of mature eggs to immature eggs in the liver and intestines; and (4) infected mice sensitized with immature viable eggs prior to the onset of egg-laying had at D+75 of infection lesser and smaller granuloma relative to controls with portal pressure and relative spleen weight comparable to uninfected
+controls. We consider these findings as sufficient basis for the development of a vaccine to prevent hepatosplenic disease. An anti-embryonation vaccine will also be anti-transmission.
+Introduction
+Manifestations of disease from Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni result from granulomatous and fibrotic responses to antigens released from eggs entrapped in the liver, intestines, lungs, and other organs (Warren 1982). The more common and more serious clinical manifestations of hepatosplenomegaly, increased portal pressure, ascites, and collateral circulation are readily ascribed to obstructive granuloma formation around eggs with subsequent fibrosis and impedance to blood flow through the liver. In S. japonicum infection, as in S. mansoni infection, it is generally accepted that CD4 T-cells of the delayed hypersensitivity type are the principal initiators of these reactions. It has also been demonstrated that the mature or embryonated egg containing a miracidium is the source of the immunopathologic antigen {Hang et al. 1974, Hamburger et al. 1976, Mitchell et al. 1982). The speed and size of the granulomatous response is dependent on the duration and intensity of
+sensitization with egg antigens. After initial sensitization, there is an accelerated formation of larger and more destructive granulomas. However, as the infection becomes chronic, or with prolonged sensitization, the size of granuloma formed is reduced or modulated (Domingo and Warren 1968, Olds et al. 1982, Garcia et al. 1983).
+This phenomenon of granuloma modulation, previously called endogenous desensitization (Domingo and Warren 1968), opened the prospects for vaccination against disease. Immunization to promote modulated granuloma response could lead to a reduced likelihood of severe hepatosplenic disease in infections with S. japonicum or S. mansoni. The principal mechanisms involved in granuloma modulation, probably operating singly or in combination, include: (1) reduced efficiency of maturation or embryonation of eggs in tissues, thus preventing them from secreting immunopathologic antigens, i.e., anti-embryonation immunity (Garcia et al. 1983, Mitchell et al. 1991); (2) suppressor T cell mediated inhibition of CD4 T-cells or their products responsible for granuloma formation (Stavitsky 1987, Olds 1989, Boros 1986); and (3) antibody mediated inhibition of anti-egg-response, probably by diversion of antigens from T cells or inhibition of antigen recognition by anti-idiotype antibodies
+(Pelley and Warren 1978, Olds et al. 1982, Garcia et al. 1985).
+It is not the intent of this brief review to discuss in detail the different postulated mechanisms of granuloma modulation, but to recount the series of observations made in our laboratory on antiembryonation immunity that indicate that it may be the principal mechanism involved in granuloma modulation, at least in S. japonicum. Anti-embryonation immunity focuses on the effects of the immune response on the egg rather than on immunoregulation as the central factor in granuloma modulation.
+TABLE 1 Evidence for Maturation Arrest of Eggs of Schistosoma japonicum in BALB/c Mice* Sensitized by Weekly Intraperitoneal Injections of Eggs for 28-33 Weeks
+Mice
+No. of Mice
+No. of Mice with
+Percentage of Mature
+< 25 Mature Eggs
+Eggs in Lungs
+Egg-sensitized
+p < 0.025**
+Age-matched controls
+* Mice were injected intravenously with 50-100 uterine eggs from S. japonicum adult worms and lungs examined for mature eggs (as distinct from immature and egg shells) at days 12-16. Mean, numbers of eggs examined in each mouse of the egg-sensitized and control groups were 46.4 + 18.9 and 58.7 + 20.0, respectively. Examination was made by compressing the lungs between glass slides and microscopy.
+** P values determined by the Mann-Whitney U statistics (Sokal and Rohlf 1969).
+Evidence Of Anti-Embryonation Immunity
+Of the postulated mechanisms of granuloma modulation, reduced embryonation of eggs in the tissues or anti-embryonation has more attractive features in terms of disease prevention. If egg maturation can be halted, the release of immunopathologic egg products is curtailed and both the sensitization and expression for immunopathology should be reduced (Garcia and Mitchell 1982, 1985; Garcia et al. 1985, 1987, 1989). The continuous deposition of immature eggs in the tissues and their destruction results in continuous reboosting of anti-embryonation immunity.
+The initial suspicion that S. japonicum eggs in the liver are inhibited from maturing in chronic infections was aroused in connection with our attempts to standardize intact eggs as antigen for the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) (Oliver-Gonzales 1954, Garcia et al. 1981). We wanted to determine at what point, during infection, donor rabbits should be killed for eggs (recovered by digestion of livers) so as to have an optimal proportion of mature eggs that are the more suitable antigen for the COPT. (In the course of this study it was also demonstrated that immature and dead eggs are less suitable as antigens for the test.) It was observed that egg batches recovered from livers of infected rabbits at time points earlier or later than 55th to 60th day of infection were less suitable for the performance of COPT. Differences presumably reflected immaturity of eggs at early time points and loss of viability at later time points (after D+60). Thus, the possibility was
+entertained that embryonation of maturation of eggs was retarded or inhibited in addition to the previously reported observation of accelerated egg destruction in long-term infected animals (James and Colley 1976, Olds and Mahmoud 1980).
+Inhibition Of Embryonation In Modulated Mice
+Chronically egg-sensitized mice (28 weekly injections) with modulated granuloma response inhibited the maturation of intravenously injected freshly recovered immature uterine eggs (Table 1). On D+12 after immature egg challenge (based on the fact that the S. japonicum ovum needs 10-12 days to mature), in the chronically egg-sensitized mice, only 25.8% of the eggs were mature compared to 59.8% in the lungs of the unsensitized controls. This led us to infer that reduced embryonation of 5. japonicum eggs results in chronically egg-sensitized mice of infected hosts and anti-embryonation may be a granuloma modulating mechanism (Garcia et al. 1983).
+Inhibition Of Maturation Or Embryonation Of S. Japonicum Eggs In Infected Mice By Injection Of Sera From Humans With Chronic Infection
+The preceding observations prompted us to determine if anti-embryonation immunity is induced in humans with chronic infections (Garcia et al. 1985).
+Sera from humans with clinically defined chronic S. japonicum infections and classified by the nature of precipitates formed when reacted with eggs in the standardized COPT were injected from D+24 to D+38 of infection into BALB/c mice exposed to four cercariae. The start of injection at day 24 coincides with the earliest period that S. japonicum oviposits in mice. Control mice were injected with COPT-negative sera following the same dosage and schedule. The mice were killed at D+41 of infection. At this time point there should be none or very few dead eggs in the control mice
+injected with COPT negative sera. Schistosoma japonicum starts ovipositing from day 24 to day 27 after cercarial penetration and the eggs need 10 days to mature or embryonate and survive another 1014 days in the tissues.
+TABLE 2 Maturity of Eggs in Livers of BALB/c Mice Injected with Schistosoma japonicum* and Injected with Human Sera Between Days 24 and 38 After Infection
+Mouse No.
+No. of
+No. of
+Ratio of Immature
+Immature Eggs
+Mature Eggs
+to Mature
+Injected with COPT-positive sera
+Injected with COPT-negative sera
+*Numbers of adult worms in mice nos. 1-5 were 4,4,4,4, and 2, respectively (mean + SEM = 3.6 + 0.4) and in mice nos. 6-10 were 8,6,4,3, and 4, respectively (mean + SEM = 5.0 + 0.9). ** p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test.
+Tables 2 and 3 show the number and maturity of eggs in the livers and intestines of the mice injected with human sera. As these tables demonstrate, there is significant inhibition of maturation of eggs in the infected mice injected with sera from humans with chronic S. japonicum, which form large segmented (LS) precipitates in the standard COPT. This is evidenced by the much higher proportion of immature eggs to mature eggs in the livers and intestines of the mice that received COPT-positive sera. This indicates that some serum factor, probably antibody, inhibited maturation (of the eggs).
+Evidence Of Anti-Embryonation Immunity And Egg Destruction In Mice Sensitized With Immature Eggs Of S. Japonicum
+The next experiment undertaken demonstrated that anti-embryonation immunity is induced by injections or sensitization with viable immature S. japonicum eggs (Garcia et al. 1987). Mice were
+sensitized by injections of viable intact immature eggs recovered by the digestion of livers of infected rabbits killed from D+25 to D+29 of infection. In experiments 1 and 2, five weekly injections of 10,000 eggs were given to mice and infected with four cercariae I and 4 days, respectively, after a second injection of eggs. In experiment 3, the mice had 23 injections of a mixture of mature and immature eggs at 1 to 3-week intervals followed by three weekly injections of immature eggs. They were infected with four cercariae after the last injection.
+TABLE 3 Maturity of Egg Clusters in Intestines of BALB/c Mice Infected with Schistosoma japonicum and Injected with Human Sera Between Days 24 and 38 of Infection
+Mouse No.
+No. of Clusters
+No. of Clusters
+No. of Clusters
+Ratio of
+of Immature Eggs
+of Mixed Eggs
+of Mature Eggs
+Immature to Other Egg Clusters
+Injected with COPT-positive sera
+Injected with COPT-negative sera
+* p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U-test.
+The results of the assessment of egg development in the intestines and livers of the eggsensitized mice and unsensitized controls killed at day 40-42 of infection are shown in Figure 1. In the analysis of the data, mice that had no eggs in the liver and intestines (uninfected mice) as well as those with less than 50 eggs in either intestinal wall or in liver samples were excluded. This was done to limit the potential sampling error (in the case of the liver) and distortion brought about by too few eggs. This excluded 9 of 53 mice in the three experiments. The notable aspects of these data follow.
+·There is a very obvious increase in dead eggs, particularly in the intestines in most of the immunized mice.
+·Ten of the 29 immunized or egg-sensitized mice had no mature eggs either in the liver or intestines, although they had both dead and immature eggs. In contrast, all of the 15 unsensitized mice had mature eggs.
+· When expressed as a ratio, the percentage of immature to mature eggs is clearly shifted to a deficiency of mature eggs in tissues of egg-sensitized mice.
+The fact that 10 of the infected egg-sensitized mice had no mature eggs strongly suggests that the eggs were killed before maturation, in which case it would be most probable that secretion and excretion of the immature and maturing eggs were responsible for the induction of anti-embryonation immunity. One implication of the data is that anti-embryonation could reduce export of mature eggs with the feces and consequently contribute to reduction of transmission as well as amelioration of intestinal pathology.
+Efects Of Induction Of Anti-Embryonation Immunity On Liver Granulomas, Relative Spleen Weight, And Portal Pressure Of Infected Mice
+This experiment was undertaken to determine if mice sensitized for the induction of antiembryonation immunity prior to egg deposition will develop hepatosplenic disease (Garcia et al. 1989).
+In this study, BALB/c mice received five weekly injections of 10,000 viable immature eggs by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. On the tenth day of the sensitization regimen, the mice were infected with four cercariae in anticipation of egg-laying commencing after the last of the egg injections. The mice were sacrificed on day 75 of infection for determination of number and size of granulomas in the liver, portal vein pressure, and relative spleen weight as well as evidence of antiembryonation immunity. Controls included an equal number of unsensitized infected mice and unsensitized uninfected mice of corresponding ages for determining normal values of portal vein pressure and relative spleen weight. No count of eggs in the liver was made. However, serial sections were made for assessing granuloma formation. Each egg or granuloma was followed up serially to identify the section with maximum dimensions that was used for calculating granuloma volume and amount of
+reaction. "Granuloma" were classified as having no reaction (0), minimal reaction (+) (i.e., size 1-3 x 10(-4) mm³ and usually involving 1-2 layers of inflammatory cells) and positive (+) (i.e., size greater than 3 x 10(-4) mm³). The only error in such classification is likely to be either overestimation or underestimation of granulomas around unusually large or small eggs. The observations on the state of development of eggs in the intestines, assessment of granulomas in the liver, portal vein pressure, and relative spleen weight are presented in Figures 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The notable aspects of these observations follow.
+-At D+75 of infection only one of the egg-sensitized mice had mature eggs, with the remaining eight mice having only dead or immature eggs in the intestines. In contrast, there were fewer dead eggs but a greater proportion (40-64%) of mature eggs in the unsensitized group (Figure 2).
+-The egg-sensitized mice had a much higher (61%) number of eggs without granulomatous reaction in contrast to the unsensitized controls where only 8% had no reaction (p < 0.001) (Figure 3).
+-The mean portal venous pressure (207 mm of H2O + 76.31) of the unsensitized group was significantly higher (p < 0.005) than that (122.3 + 54.19 mm of H2O) of the egg-sensitized group (Figure 4).
+-The mean relative spleen weight in the unsensitized group is much greater (p < 0.001) than that of the sensitized group.
+-The portal vein pressure and spleen weight of the egg-sensitized group were comparable to normal uninfected mice of similar age (Figure 4).
+The observations above demonstrated that the induction of anti-embryonation immunity prior to infection, through sensitization by injection of viable immature eggs, has resulted in reduced number and size of granuloma in the liver of the infected mice with prevention of portal hypertension and its consequences. The number of adult schistosomes from four cercariae, extrapolated for a 60-kg human would mean a worm burden of 3,000 flukes, which is much higher than the usual worm burden in infected humans.
+Discussion And Conclusions
+The observations reported here provide unequivocal evidence that an anti-embryonation vaccine can prevent the development of hepato-splenic disease, the more serious consequence of schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum. The fact that S. japonicum, which is deposited in the multicellular stage, requires 10-12 days to embryonate and develop a miracidium, provides ample time for anti-embryonation immunity to act. The observation of no mature eggs in many of the sensitized mice suggests that anti-embryonation immunity may be the principal granuloma modulating mechanism in chronic infections.
+An alternative strategy of altering disease susceptibility in cases of schistosomiasis by promoting suppressor T-cell mediated immunoregulation may not only be difficult to achieve but may also be associated with some changes. Defective anti-egg antibody responses or granulomatous encapsulation of eggs and sequestering of egg products may lead to a hepato-toxic effect, at least in schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni.
+We have yet to investigate the molecular basis of anti-embryonation immunity to determine how to: (1) identify the antigen responsible for its induction; (2) isolate and produce said antigen(s); and (3) determine how the immune response inhibits embryonation.
+Inhibition of the establishment or persistence of infection is clearly a more desirable consequence of vaccination than inhibition of disease (but consider tetanus and diphtheria immunoprophylaxis). However, if the former is difficult to achieve through "conventional" vaccination (and this seems certain to be the case with regard to schistosomiasis), then vaccination against severe disease may have a place in disease control. This is especially so if the strategy also leads to reduced transmission of infection in locations where nonhuman reservoirs of adult worms are not of epidemiological significance. Anti-embryonation responses directed towards immature eggs in the intestinal wall should lead to a reduction in the transmission of infection. Accelerated destruction of eggs should also reduce the export of eggs to the environment via the feces.
+Acknowledgments
+The studies on schistosomiasis reported herein were supported principally by a grant from the Program for Science and Technology Cooperation, U.S. Agency for International Development, and also from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the Australian Development Assistance Bureau. The authors also wish to thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
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+Domingo, E.O. and K.S. Warren. 1968. Endogenous desensitization. Changing host granulomatous to schistosome eggs at different stages of injection with Schistosoma mansoni. Am. J. Pathol. 52:369-374.
+Garcia, E.G., G.F. Mitchell, F.P. Tapales, and W.U. Tiu. 1981. Attempts to standardize the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) for S. japonicum schistosomiasis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 12:384-395.
+Garcia, E.G. and G.F. Mitchell. 1982. Vaccination against severe hepatosplenic disease: a hypothesis. Acta. Med. Philipp. 18:107-112.
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+Olds, G.R. 1989. Immunopathology and resistance in helminths infection. pp. 61-80. in Leech, J.H., M.A. Sande and K.K. Roots. (ed.). Parasitic Infection. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
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+<section>Identification And Localization Of Surface Antigens In Adult Schistosoma Japonicum And Schistosoma Mekongi</section>
+P. Sobhon, E.S. Upatham, V. Viyanant, T. Kusamran, V. Mohthong, And S. Anantawara
+Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
+Bangkok,Thailand
+Abstract
+When the tegument glycoproteins of adult Schistosoma japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. mansoni are separated by SDS-PAGE and electroblotting and stained with biotinylated lectins, the binding patterns and the numbers of positive bands shown by Con A, WGA, SBA, and UEA I are generally similar, but with slightly different staining intensities: the intensity is strongest with Con A, moderate with SBA and UEA I, and weakest with WGA. This may imply that most tegument glycoproteins contain similar proportions of D-mannose/D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/sialic acid, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and L-fucose. In contrast, there are significant differences in the binding patterns of RCA I and PNA among the three species of schistosomes. Schistosoma japonicum (Philippine and Chinese strains) appear to be more intensely stained than S. mekongi and S. mansoni, and the binding of RCA I is most pronounced on the bands at MW of 86,000 to 56,000 Daltons and at MW of 42,000 to 32,000 Daltons.
+Thus, it can be concluded that both strains of S. japonicum probably contain much larger amounts of D-galactose and D-galactose-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in their tegument glycoproteins than other species, particularly with reference to glycoproteins within the ranges mentioned above.
+Treatments of freeze-thawed tegument proteins separated by SDS-PAGE and electroblotting with mouse antisera against S. japonicum (Chinese strain) (ISCH), Philippine strain (ISPH), S. mekongi (ISME), and S. mansoni (ISMA) reveal similar numbers of major immunogenic bands among all three species of adult schistosomes. In both strains of S. japonicum, there are at least 15 major antigens at MW of 205,000, 116,000, 110,000, 97,000, 86,000, 68,000, 64,000, 56,000, 54,000, 47,000, 45,000, 38,000, 28,000, 27,000, and 26,000 Daltons. The immunogenic bands at MW of 28,000, 27,000, and 26,000 Daltons are prominent in S. japonicum and may be abundant antigens in this species. There are 15 major immunogenic bands in S. mekongi at MW of 116,000, 105,000, 97,000, 86,000, 76,000, 68,000, 64,000, 56,000, 52,000, 50,000, 47,000, 45,000, 43,000, 38,000, and 30,000 Daltons. The band of MW 43,000 Dalton is very prominent in S. mekongi even though it is also weakly stained with ISPH. In S.
+mansoni, there are 17 major immunogenic bands at MW of 105,000, 97,000, 80,000, 76,000, 68,000, 64,000, 56,000, 52,000, 47,000, 45,000, 38,000, 37,000, 34,000, 32,000, 30,000, 28,000, and 27,000 Daltons, of which the bands at MW of 37,000, 34,000, and 32,000 appear to be specific for this species. In all three species of schistosomes, the strongest staining intensities are shown by bands at MW of 97,000 and 68,000 Daltons, indicating that they are the most prominent of the common antigens. Comparison of immunogenic bands from immunoblotting and lectin-binding bands snows that almost all bands are labeled by at least two lectins, which makes it probable that all of them are glycoproteins.
+Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopic studies show that mouse antisera resulting from natural infection principally contain antibodies against antigens residing on the adult surface membrane. Judging from the similarity between the patterns of antibody and pectin binding, these antigens may be mainly glycoproteins and/or other carbohydratebearing glycoconjugates in the surface membrane.
+Introduction
+The chemistry of the schistosome surface membrane and its glycocalyx coating is increasingly being studied to further understanding of the host-parasite interaction and the mechanisms of the parasite evasion from the hosts' immune responses. Murrell et al. (1978) showed that lectins, concanavalin A (Con A), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) bind to the surface of adult S. mansoni, whereas Ulex europeus (WEA) and soy-bean agglutinins (SBA) do not. In a similar study, Simpson and Smithers (1980) found very strong binding of Con A, Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), and WGA, limited binding of SBA and peanut agglutinin (PNA), but no binding of UEA. Furthermore, Stein and Lumsden (1973) also showed that Con A binds to similar sites on the surface membrane of fixed worms as colloidal iron, which provides strong evidence that the membrane-bound anions are probably residing in sugar residues on the surface. These sugar residues may be part of glycoproteins and/or glycolipid molecules
+that constitute the surface membrane (Simpson and Smithers 1980). Caulfield et al. (1987), using phenol-water extraction and gel chromatography, reported that glycocalyx on the surface of S. mansoni cercaria is composed mostly of carbohydrates and proteins; and Hayunga et al. (1982, 1983) and Hayunga and Sumner (1986b,c) also reported that major Con A binding surface materials from adult S. mansoni are glycoproteins. Biochemical studies have revealed that glycoproteins are the major components of the tegument surface membrane. Employing lectin affinity chromatography, Bennett and Seed (1977) found that immobilized Con A binds to three radio-iodinated surface membrane proteins of S. mansoni, and using a similar technique, Strand et al. (1982) and Aronstein and Strand (1984) have shown up to 35 bands of glycoproteins from the adult tegument. More recently, Hayunga and Sumner (1986a), using column chromatography containing Con A, Lentil lectin, WGA, SBA, and RCA and Helix
+promatia agglutinin, found 15 ¹²5I-labeled glycoproteins with molecular weights of >300,000, 125,000, 168,000, 152,000, 134,000, 122,000, 108,000, 83,000, 58,000, 53,000, 46,000, 41,000, 34,000, 30,000, and 23,500, and many of these glycoproteins react with more than one lectin.
+It has also been demonstrated that surface glycoproteins, especially their carbohydrate moieties, are major epitopes of schistosome antigens that can elicit antibody production in the naturally as well as artificially infected hosts (Omer-Ali et al. 1986, Weiss et al. 1986, Grzych et al. 1987). By radio-labeling surface proteins and glycoproteins with ¹²51 or ³H, most investigators generally agreed that in S. mansoni there are between 7 and 15 bands of surface proteins and glycoproteins, ranging in molecular weights from 12,000 to 200,000 Daltons, that could be immunoprecipitated with antisera from patients and infected animals. Consequently, these may be antigens that are released into the host circulation and stimulate the antibody production.
+In contrast to S. mansoni, there is only limited information to date on the surface glycoproteins and antigens of S. japonicum and none on another Oriental schistosome, S. mekongi. Therefore, in this study we have: (1) identified the surface protein and glycoprotein antigens by immunoblotting, and (2) localized these antigens on the surface and in the tegument of adult parasites by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.
+Materials and Methods
+Maintenance of S. japonicum and S. mekongi Life Cycles
+Collection of Cercariae Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi cycles have been maintained at the Center for Applied Malacology and Entomology, Department of Biology, Mahidol University. Miracidia were obtained by hatching the eggs recovered from the liver of infected Swiss Albino mice. Specific snail hosts that were used consisted of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis (hosts for Chinese strain), O. hupensis quadrasi (hosts for Philippine strain), and Tricula aperta (for S. mekongi). The snails for S. japonicum were collected from fields in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, and Mindoro Island, Philippines, while those for S. mekongi were collected from the Moon River, northeast Thailand. Each snail was infected with approximately 6-8 miracidia. Eight to nine weeks after the infection, cercariae were shed naturally from the snails by placing them into aquarium water under warm light for 2-3 hours. Cercaria were then concentrated in a small volume of water and used for
+further experiments.
+Collection of Adult Schistosomes Swiss Albino mice were infected with approximately 20-30 cercariae per mouse by the intraperitoneal route. Eight weeks later, adult worms were obtained by portal perfusion via the right ventricle with 0.15 M sodium chloride and 0.05 M sodium citrate. Before use, the worms were washed 5 times with Minimum Essential Medium (MEM). In addition, adult S. mansoni were collected from mice kept in cycle similar to S. japonicum and used for comparative studies.
+Collection Of Antisera Immune mouse antisera were obtained by heart puncture from Swiss Albino mice, each infected with 30 cercariae for 8 weeks. Animals were bled and the blood was allowed to clot at 25°C for 3 hours. The clot was removed and the antisera were centrifuged at 1,000 x g for 5 minutes to obtain a clear supernatant. Normal mouse serum was obtained in a similar manner from uninfected mice. In addition, both pooled and individual human antisera from S. japonicum (Philippine)-infected patients were graciously supplied by Professor Edito Garcia, Institute of Public Health, University of the Philippine System, and Dr. Biyani Blas, Director, Schistosomiasis Control and Service Center, Ministry of Health, Manila, The Philippines.
+Identification and Comparison of Tegument Antigens of Adult S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. mansoni by Immunoblotting
+In this experiment, the tegument antigens of parasites were obtained as follows: the parasites' tegument were extracted by freeze-thawing on dried ice in Tris-buffer for 20 cycles, and the shed pieces of tegument in the supernatant were collected after centrifugation of the mixture at 100 x g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was solubilized in the SDS-PAGE sample buffer and applied onto 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels. Then, electrophoresis was performed at 100 volts for 4 hours, and the proteins on gel were blotted onto nitrocellulose (NC) paper using a blotting apparatus with a setting at 0.5 mA for 1 hour. Antigenic proteins on the nitrocellulose paper were detected by incubating NC strips in mouse immune sera and followed by rabbit anti-mouse Ig labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The antigen-antibody complexes that bind with anti-mouse Ig-HRP were visualized by incubating the nitrocellulose strips in 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and H202. In addition, similar nitrocellulose
+strips were also stained with biotinylated lectins-avidin-biotinylated HRP, in order to identify glycoprotein bands.
+Indirect Immunofluorescence
+Freshly obtained adult worms were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4, for 2 hours at 4°C. The fixed worms were washed with the same buffer, then they were frozen and cut into 4-6 m thick sections in a cryostat. These frozen sections were picked up on gelatin-coated slides and allowed to thaw at room temperature for 30 minutes. The sections were covered with 10% normal sheep serum in 0.1 M PBS for 30 minutes and followed with the appropriate dilution of mouse immune sera for 2 hours at room temperature. After being washed with PBS buffer, the sections were incubated with secondary antibody (sheep anti-mouse IgG conjugated with FITC) for 1 hour at room temperature. At the end of the incubation period, the sections were washed with double distilled water 3 times for 10 minutes at each washing. The sections on slides were mounted in buffered glycerol and covered with glass coverslips. The completely stained sections were examined by UV light using the incidence
+illumination in the Leitz Orthoplan microscope. The controls were carried out simultaneously by replacing the immune serum with a normal mouse serum.
+Immunoelectron Microscopy
+Parasite samples were briefly fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.5 M cacodylate buffer at 4°C for 10 minutes. They were then rinsed 3 times in the buffer and incubated in 0.1% NaBH4 for 30 minutes to block free aldehyde groups. The specimens were pre-incubated in normal mouse serum and then overnight in immune mouse sera against S. japonicum (Chinese) and S. mekongi. Subsequently, they were washed thoroughly and incubated in rabbit anti-mouse Ig labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The antibody binding sites were demonstrated by incubation with DAB and H2O2 for 10 minutes, and specimens were prepared for TEM by the conventional method and examined without electron staining.
+Results and Discussion
+Tegument Glycoproteins in Adult Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese and Philippine Strains) and S. mekongi Compared with S. mansoni as Detected by Electro-blotting and Lectin Staining.
+In S. mansoni, several previous studies have shown the presence of specific carbohydrate moieties in the side chains of tegument glycoproteins. Rumjanek et al. (1979) demonstrated that the major monosaccharide components in the freeze-thaw isolated tegument of adult worms are mannose, glucose, and galactose residues. By using radiolabeled hexose precursors to metabolically labeled glycoproteins, Hayunga and Sumner (1986a) found that the radiolabeled saccharides were incorporated into at least 10 tegumental glycoproteins of S. mansoni with MW ranging from 30,000 to < 300,000. Furthermore, by employing direct radioiodination of adult surface membrane and lectin affinity chromatography with Con A, lentil lectin, WGA, SBA, RCA I and II, and Helix promatia to fractionate membrane proteins, Hayunga and Sumner (1986a) also revealed 14 glycoproteins in the eluated fractions from these lectin columns. From these studies, it was suggested that D-mannose, D-glucose,
+N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galactose, D-galactose-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine conjugate, and L-fucose residues are the major carbohydrate moieties of the adult S. mansoni tegument glycoproteins.
+In our study, the tegument of adult S. japonicum (Chinese and Philippine strains), S. mekongi, and S. mansoni were obtained by repeated freeze-thawing of the adult parasites. This treatment usually
+resulted in a fairly clean separation of the tegument from the body of the parasite, leaving the basement membrane and the underlying connective tissue and muscle layers intact (Figure 1A,B). Hence, it is believed that there is very little leakage of the content from tissues underneath the basement membrane. The shed tegument was then solubilized and its protein and glycoprotein contents were separated in 12.5% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue. In general, the number and pattern of protein bands in all three species are quite similar, with molecular weight (MOO) ranging from 300,000 to 14,000 Daltons. There are nine regions of major bands at MW 205,000; 97,000 and 90,000; 68,000, 64,000, 58,000, 56,000, and 54,000; 52,000; 48,000; 46,000, and 45,000; 42,000, 38,000, and 37,000; 33,000, 32,000, 30,000, 29,000, 28,000, and 27,000; and 14,000. Schistosoma japonicum has a total of 42 bands, whereas S. mekongi and S. mansoni have 36 and 29 bands, respectively (Figure
+1C,D). It is believed that since the basement membrane is still intact after the freeze-thaw (as revealed under TEM), most of the glycoproteins shown in the gels are probably derived from the parasite tegument with little contamination of proteins from tissues Iying underneath the basement membrane.
+TABLE 2 Comparison of Surface Antigens of Adult Schistosomajaponicum (Chinese and Philippine),Schistosoma mekongi, and Schistosoma mansoni as Revealed by Immunoblotting with Corresponding Mouse Immune Sera
+S japonicum
+S japonicum
+S mekongi
+S mansoni
+(Chinese)
+( Philippine)
++ISCH
++ISPH
++ISME
++ISMA
+Major bands=15
+Major bands = 20
+Major bands=15
+Major bands=17
+The number of resolved tegument proteins in 12.5% SDS-PAGE were further characterized by electrophoretic transfer onto nitrocellulose sheets and then stained with biotinylated lectins (Con A, WGA, RCA I, PNA, SBA, and UEA I). The results show that most bands bind to at least two lectins except bands at MW < 25,000, which only bind weakly to SBA, and therefore most, if not all bands, are glycoproteins. These positive bands are more likely to be glycoproteins than glycolipids because the latter are usually lost very rapidly from the gel due to their fast migration as a result of their much smaller molecular weight.
+Based on the staining intensities, the bindings of lectins to tegumental glycoproteins in all three species of adult schistosomes appear to have four different patterns. Con A uniformly stains most bands in all three species with fairly high intensity, except in the regions between MW 42,000-32,000 and 28,000-26,000 where there appear to be more bands in S. japonicum that are intensely stained by Con A than in other species (Figure 2A). WGA and UEA show the weak staining of most bands (Figure 2B,C). RCA I shows moderate staining of most bands, but in S. japonicum it shows two regions of very intense staining at MW of 56,000-86,000 and 32,000-42,000 (Figure 2D). PNA shows moderate staining of most bands, but in S. japonicum it shows very intense staining at MW 56,00064,000 (Figure 2E). SBA also stains most bands with moderate intensity, but in Oriental schistosomes it also shows two regions of fairly intense staining like RCA at MW 32,000-42,000 and 56,000-68,000 (Figure 2F).
+These staining patterns imply that the tegument glycoproteins in all three species contain similar basic sugar residues: i.e., D-mannose/D-glucose (Con A), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/sialic acid (WGA), D-galactose (RCA), D-galactose-N-acetyl-D-galacto-samine (PNA and SBA), and L-fucose (UEA), but probably with slightly different quantity as indicated by the varied staining intensity, the most striking of which are in S. japonicum, which exhibits heavy bindings of RCA I and PNA and SBA to glycoproteins in two regions at MW of 56,000-86,000 and 32,000-42,000, and in S. mekongi, which exhibits heavy bindings to PNA at MW 56,000-64,000 (Figure 2E). When compared with Oriental schistosomes, S. mansoni shows only weak binding to both RCA and PNA in these regions. These results confirm the lectin-labeling studies in TEM, which show that the surface membranes of both Oriental schistosomes are more intensely stained by RCA- and PNA-labeled horseradish peroxidase, and that therefore they
+may contain a larger amount of D-galactose and D-galactose-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues than S. mansoni. Between the two species, the tegument of S. japonicum may contain a larger amount of galactose-bearing glycoproteins than that of S. mekongi.
+Immunogenic Glycoproteins in the Tegument of Adult Sehistosoma japonicum (Chinese and Philippine Strains), S. mekongi, and S. mansoni.
+The immunogenic glycoproteins in the tegument of Oriental schistosomes were characterized and compared with those of S. mansoni by immunoblotting technique in which proteins/glycoproteins in the freeze-thawed tegument were separated in 12.5% SDS-PAGE and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose (NC) papers. Then NC strips were incubated sequentially in mouse antisera against S. japonicum (Chinese strain) - ISCH, against S. japonicum (Philippine strain) - ISPH, against S. mekongi - ISME, against S. mansoni - ISMA, and human antisera from patients infected with S. japonicum (Philippine) - IHPH. The immunogenic bands that bind to these antisera were detected with rabbit-antimouse Ig- and goat antihuman Ig-labeled with HRP. To verify which immunogenic bands are glycoproteins, the nitrocellulose strips of electroblotted tegument proteins were also stained with biotinylated lectins (Con A, WGA, RCA I, PNA, SBA, and UEA I) and avidin-HRP.
+Immunoblotting by Mouse Antisera
+Both strains of S. japonicum showed almost identical patterns of immunogenic bands against all antisera being used, but with slight differences in staining intensity of some bands. Against ISCH and ISPH, there are at least 15 major common antigens in both strains that show comparable intensity; the most intense bands are at MW 205,000, 116,000, 110,000, 97,000, 68,000, 47,00O, 45,000, 28,000, 27,000, and 26,000; the moderately intense bands are at MW 86,000, 64,000, 56,000, 54,000, and 38,000; while major antigens at 105,000, 76,000, 50,000, 46,000, and 25,000 appear to be more intense in ISPH then ISCH treatment (Tables 1 and 2; Figure 3A,B). In addition, there are at least 24 faintly stained minor bands (Table 1). The treatment of S. japonicum antigens with ISME shows intense staining of most major bands except at MW 205,000, 28,000, 27,000, and 26,000-19,000. On the other hand, ISMA reacts weakly with most major bands of S. japonicum except at MW 116,000, 105,000, 97,000,
+86,000, 54,000, 45,000, and 38,000, where the cross reactions are strong; furthermore, it shows particularly strong cross reaction to MW 76,000, 37,000, and 32,000, which are only faint bands when treated with ISCH and ISPH (Table 1, Figure 3C,D). When compared to lectin stainings of freeze-thawed tegument proteins, all immunogenic bands except the lower MW at 27,000, 25,000, 19,000, and 14,000, are labeled with at least two lectins. However, another prominent group of immunogenic bands at MW 97,000, 68,000, and 64,000 are stained intensely by RCA I, PNA, and SBA, but not with Con A and WGA. These glycoproteins may contain especially large amounts of galactose residues. In adult S. mekongi, when tegument proteins/glycoproteins react with ISME there appear to be at least 15 major immunogenic bands; the most intense are at MW 97,000, 86,000, 68,000, 64,000, and 43,000, and the moderately intense are at MW 116,000, 105,000, 76,000, 56,000, 52,000, 50,000, 47,000, 45,000,
+38,000, and 30,000. Band 43,000 appears to be particularly intense in S. mekongi, while it is only a faint band in S. japonicum and S. mansoni (Tables 1 and 2; Figure 3C). In addition, there are about 21 minor bands that are mostly similar to those of S. japonicum (Table 1). When reacted against ISCH and ISPH the immunogenic bands of adult S. mekongi show similar patterns to those of S. japonicum, except band 43,000, which is particularly intense when treated with ISPH (Table 1; Figure 3A,B). ISMA also reacts with most major immunogenic bands of S. mekongi, except bands 68,000, 64,000, 56,000, 52,000, 50,000, and 47,000, which become very weak (Table 1, Figure 3D). When compared to lectin stainings, all immunogenic bands of S. mekongi are labeled by at least two lectins except the major band at 47,000, which binds to only one lectin (PNA). Like S. japonicum, a group of major antigens at 97,000, 68,000, 64,000, 52,000, and 47,000 in S. mekongi are stained by RCA I, PNA, SBA,
+and UEA I, but not Con A and WGA, even though the staining is not as intense as in S. japonicum. Therefore, it can be concluded that all tegument antigens of S. mekongi are glycoproteins, and that the glycoproteins at MW 98,000, 68,000, 64,000, 52,000, and 47,000 may contain especially large amounts of D-galactose, D-galactose-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and L-fucose residues.
+In S. mansoni the treatment of tegument proteins/glycoproteins with ISMA reveals 17 immunogenic bands: the most intense are at MW 76,000, 68,000, 56,000, 45,000, and 37,000, and the moderately intense bands are at MW 105,000, 97,000, 80,000, 64,000, 52,000, 47,000, 38,000, 34,000, 32,000, 30,000, 28,000, and 27,000. The bands at MW 37,000, 34,000, and 32,000 appear to be particularly intense in S. mansoni, while they are either absent or very faint in S. japonicum and S. mekongi. In addition, bands at MW 28,000 and 27,000 also appear intense though not as much as in S. japonicum, while they are absent in S. mekongi (Table l and 2, Figure 3D). ISCH and ISPH react with most major immunogenic bands of S. mansoni but usually with lower intensity than corresponding bands in S. japonicum; however, a band at MW 56,000 exhibits higher intensity than in S. japonicum (Table 1; Figure 3A,B). ISME reacts with only nine major immunogenic bands while the remaining appear very faint
+(Figure 3C, Table 1). Despite a slight shift in molecular weights, most of the major immunogenic bands in S. mansoni appear to correspond to those reported by Hayunga et al. (1979a,b), who used immuno-precipitation to reveal surface antigens at MW 110,000, 78,000, 68,000, 60,000, 43,000, 36,000, 30,000, 26,000, and 12,000. When compared with lectin-binding patterns, almost all immunogenic bands of S. mansoni are also labeled by at least two lectins. Like S. japonicum and S. mekongi, bands at MW 97,000, 86,000, 76,000 68,000, 56,000, 47,000, and 45,000 are stained by RCA I, PNA, SBA, and UEA I, but not Con A and WGA; however, the staining is weaker than in Oriental schistosomes. Even the band at 68,000, which shows the most intense staining with RCA I and PNA, is rather weak when compared to the same band in Oriental schistosomes.
+IHPH1 is the first lot of pooled serum; IHPH2 is the compilation of results from individual antisera from 5 patients.
+IHPH2 antisera were kindly given by Dr. Bayani Blas, Director, Schistosomiasis Control and Service Center, Ministry of Public Health; IHPH1 by Prof. E. Garcia Institute of Public Health, University of the Philippine System, Manila, Philippines.
+Immunoblotting by Human Antisera
+In this experiment, both pooled and individual antisera from patients infected with S. japonicum (Philippine) were used. Immunoblotting patterns of tegument antigens of both Chinese and Philippine strains of S. japonicum vary slightly from one antiserum to another (Figure 4A to F). However, when results from all individual antisera (IHPH2) are analyzed together with the pooled antiserum (IHPH1) that was used to detect antigens (Table 3), positive bands correspond in range and molecular weights with those detected by mouse antisera already presented in Tables 1 and 2. Both strains of S. japonicum show similar immunoblot pattern against IHPH1 and individual antisera; when all results are compiled together there appear to be 22 bands that are consistently detected at MW 180,000, 150,000, 116,000, 97,000, 68,000, 64,000, 62,000, 58,000, 54,000, 52,000, 50,000, 48,00Q, 47,000, 45,000, 43,000, 39,000, 38,000, 28,000, 27,000, 25,000, 23,000, and 19,000. Among these the most
+prominent bands are 116,000, 97,000, 68,000, 64,000, 62,000, 50,000, 45,000, 28,000, and 27,000 (Table 3, Figure 4A to F). Fewer S. mekongi antigens are detected by IHPH and the prominent ones are at MW 116,000, 97,000, 68,000, 64,000, 62,000, 48,000, 45,000, and 38,000. Schistosoma mansoni generally shows more positive bands against IHPH than S. mekongi, but not as many as those of S. japonicum, and the major bands appear at MW 97,000, 68,000, 64,000, 52,000, 48,000, 39,000, 38,000, 37,000, and 27,000 (Figure 4A to F, Table 3).
+Localization of Surface Antigens
+Attempts were made to localize antigens of circulating adult Oriental schistosomes by using naturally infected mouse antisera against S. japonicum and S. mekongi by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic methods.
+Indirect Immunofluorescence In control specimens, the autofluorescence is strong in the gut lumen and possibly also in the gut epithelium. The tegument and muscle layers do not fluoresce, but the interior of the parasite bodies show small, scattered weak fluorescent spots (Figure 5A,B). In adult male S. japonicum (Chinese strain) treated with ISCH, apart from the autofluorescence gut, strong fluorescence due to specific binding of antibodies is present over the whole thickness of the tegument of the dorsal and lateral aspects, but only weak fluorescence is observed on the tegument of the gynaecophoral canal (Figure 5C,D). At high magnification, the whole width of the tegument from the ridges down to the level of the basement membrane shows strong fluorescence, while the muscle layer is completely black. However, in some areas underneath the muscle layer a row of fluorescent tegument cells can be observed. Each cell has fluorescent cytoplasm surrounding a completely black
+nucleus (Figure 5D inset). In adult male S. mekongi treated with ISME, the pattern of fluorescence is similar to that of S. japonicum; however, in and around bubble-like structures, which may be pleomorphic papillae, the fluorescence appears weaker than the rest of the tegument (Figure 5E,F).
+Immunoelectron Microscopy At TEM level, the binding of antibodies in adult S. japonicum appears only on the surface membrane, and no reaction product is detected within the tegument cytoplasm or tegumental bodies (Figure 6). This, however, could be due to the limited penetration of primary and secondary antibodies in the preembedding technique. Therefore, the postembedding technique should also be tried to verify the immunofluorescence study and to determine whether membrane antigens are already present in Mb granules, or whether they become "completed" only at the surface membrane level. The similarity between the binding of lectins and the binding of natural antibodies to the surface of the tegument in adult schistosomes suggests that the receptor sites for these two groups of ligands may be the same. This, together with evidence from immunoblotting, strongly suggests that the lectin receptor sites are antigenic glycoproteins that constitute major portions of the surface
+membrane of adult parasites.
+Acknowledgments
+This work was supported financially by USAID/PSTC grant no. 936-5542-G-00-6076-00 and UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
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+Bennett, J.L. and J.L. Seed. 1977. Characterization and isolation of concanavalin A binding sites from the epidermis of S. mansoni. J. Parasitol. 63:250-258.
+Caulfield, J.P., C.M.L. Cianci, S.S. McDiarmid, T. Suyemitsu, and K. Schmid. 1987. Ultrastructure, carbohydrate, and amino acid analysis of two preparations of the cercarial glycocalyx of Schistosoma mansoni. J. Parasitol. 73:514-522.
+Grzych, J.M., C. Dissous, M. Capron, S. Torres, P.H. Lambert, and A. Capron. 1987. Schistosoma mansoni shares a protective carbohydrate epitope with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. J. Exp. Med. 165:865-878.
+Hayunga, E.G., K.D. Murrell, D.W. Taylor, and W.E. Vannier. 1979a. Isolation and characterization of surface antigens from Schistosoma mansoni. 1. Evaluation of techniques for radioisotope labelling of surface proteins from adult worms. J. Parasitol. 65:488-496.
+Hayunga, E.G., K.D. Murrell, D.W. Taylor, and W.E. Vannier. 1979b. Isolation and characterization of surface antigens from Schistosoma mansoni. II. Antigenicity of radiolabelled proteins from adult worms. J. Parasitol. 6S:497-506.
+Hayunga, E.G., M.P. Sumner, and M. Stek, Jr. 1982. Isolation of concanavalin A binding glycoprotein from adult Schistosoma japonicum. J. Parasitol. 68:960-961.
+Hayunga, E.G., M. Stek, Jr., W.E. Vannier, and R.Y. Chestnut. 1983. Purification of the major concanavalin A binding surface glycoprotein from adult Schistosoma mansoni. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 50:219-235.
+Hayunga, E.G. and M.P. Sumner. 1986a. Characterization of surface glycoproteins on Schistosoma mansoni adult worms by lectin affinity chromatography. J. Parasitol. 72:283-291.
+Hayunga, E.G. and M.P. Sumner. 1986b. Characterization of surface glycoproteins of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms by metabolic labelling using hexose precursors. J. Parasitol. 72:350-354.
+Hayunga, E.G. and M.P. Sumner. 1986c. Evidence for mannose as a terminal saccharide in the lectin binding site of a surface membrane glycoprotein of Schistosoma mansoni. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 53:282-283.
+Murrell, K.D., D.W. Taylor, W.E. Vannier, and D.A. Dean. 1978. Schistosoma mansoni: Analysis of surface membrane carbobydrates using lectins. Exp. Parasitol. 46:247-255.
+Omer-Ali, P., A.I. Magee, C. Kelly, and A.J.G. Simpson. 1986. A major role for carbohydrate epitopes preferentially recognized by chronically infected mice in the determination of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum surface antigenicity. J. Immunol. 137:3601-3607.
+Rumjanek, F.D., K.E. Broomfield, and S.R. Smithers. 1979. Schistosoma mansoni: glycosyl transferase activity and the carbohydrate composition of the tegument. Exp. Parasitol. 47:24-35.
+Simpson, A.J.G. and S.R. Smithers. 1980. Characterization of the exposed carbohydrates on the surface membrane of adult Schistosoma mansoni by analysis of lectin binding. Parasitology 81: 1-15.
+Stein, P.C. and R.D. Lumsden. 1973. Schistosoma mansoni: Topochemical features of cercariae, schistosomula and adults. Exp. Parasitol. 33 :499-514.
+Strand, M., A. McMillan, and X.Q. Pan. 1982. Schistosoma mansoni: reactivity with infected human sera and monoclonal antibody characterization of a glycoprotein in different developmental stages. Exp. Parasitol. 54:145-156.
+Weiss, J.B., J.L. Magnani, and M. Strand. 1986. Identification of Schistosoma mansoni glycolipids that share immunogenic carbohydrate epitopes with glycoproteins. J. Immunol. 136:4275-4282.
+<section>Human Immune Responses During Infection With Schistosoma Haematobium: Cell Mediated Immunity</section>
+P.D. Ndhlovu, S.K. Chandiwana, P. Taylor, S.M. Phillips, P. Mason P.S. Sola, K.K. Kaondera, G. Mandaza, And E. Kubara
+Abstract
+The role of cell mediated immunity in relation to infection with Schistosoma haematobium in different age groups was investigated in an endemic community in Zimbabwe. Cell mediated immunity was measured in vitro by the granuloma index (GI). Results from the study showed that the mean GI of 1.402 +_ 0.386 in infected people < 20 years old was significantly higher than in infected people > 20 years old (GI = 1.199 +_ 0.237, t = 2.22, p = 0.043.
+Introduction
+Studies conducted in schistosomiasis endemic areas show an age-related decline in prevalence and intensity of infection that is indicated by a decrease in the number of eggs detected in urine and feces. The age-related decline in infection was ascribed to the development of immunity (Fisher 1934, Clarke 1966, Kloetzel and da Silva 1967, Wilkins et al. 1984, Butterworth et al. 1985). However, no specific part of the immune system has been shown to contribute to the acquired immunity noted in older age groups.
+Initial immune-mediated pathologic responses to schistosomiasis occur around the egg The egg-focused pathology is due to a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, which results in an egg granuloma and is T cell dependent (Colley 1981). The reaction benefits the host in that it insulates the liver cells from toxic products secreted by the worm and eggs (Roitt et al. 1989). These events result in stabilization of the relationship between the host and parasite (Phillips and Colley 1978). However,
+if the egg granuloma is not limited, irreversible fibrotic changes may occur that may inhibit egg passage through the bladder wall in S. haematobium infections (Warren 1973). The morbidity resulting from egg granulomas in the affected organs was reported in experimental animals (Murare 1983) and in both in vivo and in vitro studies by Bentley et al. (1985). Neither of the two studies showed whether the capacity to form an egg granuloma contributed to the resistance to S. haematobium observed in older individuals residing in endemic areas. The present study was designed to investigate whether natural resistance to S. haematobium infection can be related to granuloma activity.
+The technology to study in vitro granuloma reactions that occur in vivo was pioneered by Doughty et al. (1984) and improved by Bentley et al. (1985), who worked on S. mansoni and designed the bead-coated model. The model uses a soluble egg antigen chemically bonded to a polyacrylamide bead as the nidus. Phillips and Lammie (1986) considered reactions occurring in vitro to be analogous to granuloma formation in vivo. A similar model was used in this study to investigate whether the observed age-related prevalence and intensity patterns in human S. haematobium can be related to changes in cell mediated immunity and to relate morbidity indexes to cell mediated immunity.
+Materials and Methods
+Study Area and Population
+The study population was selected from Chikwaka Communal Lands, which are situated in the Goromonzi district of Mashonaland East Province of Zimbabwe. The area is approximately 200 km² and has a population of 21,000.
+Interventions for schistosomiasis control in this area were limited to mollusciciding that was carried out between 1974 and 1978. Mollusciciding had a marginal effect on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren, which has remained at about 60% (Shiff et al. 1979, Taylor and Makura 1985). Schistosoma mansoni infections occur uncommonly (Shiff et al. 1979).
+Initially, urine and stool samples from 600 people of all ages were examined for schistosome eggs. For each individual, samples were collected on three consecutive days. Urine specimens were examined by the filtration technique (Most et al. 1982), while stool samples were examined using Kato smears (Peters et al. 1980). Only persons infected with S. haematobium in the absence of S. mansoni were included in the study population. Controls were those individuals not excreting eggs.
+Preparation of Antigen Beads
+Polyacrylamide beads of 45 in diameter (Biorad in UK) were swollen in sterile distilled water for 48 hours at room temperature. The swollen beads were washed in sterile bicarbonate buffer using a sintered glass funnel and then suspended in 100 ml of sterile bicarbonate buffer for four hours at 63°C. Beads were washed in distilled sterile water before being mixed with soluble egg anitigen (SEA) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl carbodiimide HCI) (EDAC) in proportions of 20 mg beads, 2 mg antigen 10 mg EDAC and 10 ml slightly acidic distilled sterile water. This mixture was rotated for at least 18 hours at 4°C. Thereafter, the beads were washed with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS, pH 7.4) to remove excess antigen, unreacted EDAC, and the urea by-product of the reaction.
+Blood Sample Collection and Cell Separation
+Twenty ml of blood were collected from each subject into a heparinized syringe and mixed gently. Samples were transported to the laboratory within two hr of collection. The heparinized blood was gently layered onto leucoprep cell separation tubes and centrifuged at 1900 x g for 15 minutes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) were removed, washed three times using RPMI 1640, with the last wash being in RPMI 1640 containing 10% AB+ human serum.
+Cell Bead Cultures
+Cell bead cultures were carried out using a modified method of Bentley et al. (1985). Briefly, 200-300 SEA coated beads in 100 ,ul PBS were added to RPMI 1640 containing 10% heat inactivated AB+ human serum, 1.6% L-glutamine, and 3% antibiotic (penicillin and streptomycin) in RPMI 1640. PBMN beads, 1x106 - 5x106 were added to each culture well to bring the final volume to 2 ml. Each test and control group was set up in triplicate and maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air for five days.
+Cell bead reactions were observed using a phase contrast microscope and the reaction was scored following the scales of Doughty et al. (1984) and Patrick et al. (1985).
+1. No cells adhering to bead
+2. One to five cells adhering to bead
+3. Six to 20 cells adhering to bead
+4. More than 20 cells accompanied by circumoval mononuclear cell migration and blast transformation
+5. A complete cell layer attached to bead accompanied by circumoval mononuclear cell migration
+6. Multiple cell layers surrounding the bead accompanied by mononuclear cell migration
+At least 100 beads were examined and scored per well. The mean reaction score of granuloma index (GI) was computed for each well and data reported as the mean GI + S.D.
+Blast Transformation Assays
+To determine the viability and functional integrity of cells, a blast transformation assay was set up in parallel to the granuloma index. One ml of RPMI containing 10% heat inactivated AB+ serum, 1.6% L-glutamine, and 3% antibiotic was mixed with 5X106 cells in 50 ul RPMI and 50 u1 phytohaemagglutin (PHA) mitogen. Aliquots (200 ,ul) of the mixture were then dispensed into a microtitre flat-bottomed well plate and cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air. Controls for each test sample comprised the cells from the same subject, but without adding mitogen. On day 3, 1.0 ,uCi tritiated thymidine (Amersham UK) was added and incubation continued for an additional 18 hours. Cells were harvested using a semi-automated cell harvester and the uptake of thymidine was measured in a liquid scintillation spectrophotometer. Data were expressed as mean counts per minute (cpm) which was calculated as follows: mean CPM = reading from cells minus reading from control (unstimulated) cells.
+Measurements of Morbidity
+Haematuria was determined using the Ames reagent strip. Bladder and kidney fibrosis was determined using ultrasonography following ingestion of about 300 mls of orange drink to ensure a stretched bladder. Results were recorded as normal if no abnormalities were found; abnormalities were recorded as follows: 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe.
+Data
+Data obtained from each assay were stored on computer and analyzed using the SPSS program. Egg counts were transformed and results expressed as mean log counts. Blastogenesis results were recorded as counts per minute; the log of the mean counts per minute were used in analysis.
+Results
+Stool and urine specimens were initially collected from 600 people. Of these, 27% had S. haematobium infections, 4% had S. mansoni infections, and 5% had mixed infections. Other helminths detected in the stool samples included H. nana, but these were rare, with low worm loads, and thus were ignored. People excreting eggs of S. mansoni at the beginning of the study were excluded.
+The age prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infections followed a typical pattern with a peak prevalence and intensity in children up to the age of 20 years (Figure 1). In all, 112/272 (41.2%) of people under 20 years were excreting S. haematobium ova, compared with 9/78 (11.5%) of people 20 years or older.
+There was significant difference in the mean GI of people excreting ova and controls living in the same endemic area (1.38 i 0.377 versus 1.486 + 0.387, t = 1.99, p = 0. 047) when they were compared as a group (Figure 2). However, comparing infected people and controls in each age group independently showed that the mean GI of the age groups up to 29 years was not significantly different. The mean GI for those over 30 excreting ova (1.144 + 0.182) was significantly lower than that of the controls of that age group (mean GI = 1.572 + 0.491), t = 2.10, p = 0.001. Among the controls, the mean GI remained more or less constant with age while the mean GI of the infected people decreased with age.
+The relationship between intensity of infection and the mean GI is shown in Figure 3. Where the intensity of infection was high (mean log egg counts 1.3), the mean GI was 1.480 + 0.312. On the other hand, where the mean log egg count was low (0.671), the mean GI was lower (1.140 + 0.182). Individuals under the age of 20 excreted more eggs and their mean GI of 1.402 + 0.386 was significantly higher than individuals over the age of 20 (mean GI = 1.200 + 0.237, p = 0.043).
+Phytohaemagglutin induced blastogenesis of Iymphocytes was not related to either age or infection status (Figure 4). A one-way anova analysis among all the groups showed that there was no significant difference between any two groups. However, infected people tended to have marginally higher blastogenesis than those who were not excreting eggs (Figure 4), and the infected older individuals had greater blastogenesis than the younger individuals.
+Bladder wall abnormality was detected in only 5/192 (2.6%) of people excreting S. haematobium ova. For people with no abnormality, the mean GI was 1.453 + 0.401, while the mean GI of those with bladder wall abnormality was slightly higher (mean GI 1.520 + 0.342). The difference, however, was not significant (p > 0.05). No abnormality was noted in any of the kidneys.
+Discussion
+In this paper we present baseline data on responses to S. haematobium SEA of cells, from those who are infected (people excreting S. haematobium ova) and controls (those not excreting S. haematobium ova) living in an endemic area of Zimbabwe. It should be noted that the chronicity of the infections and degree of exposure were unknown. Future aspects of this study will examine responses to reinfection following treatment.
+People with schistosome infections other than S. haematobium were excluded from the study because of extensive cross reactions, which may have confounded our findings. Previous studies on cell mediated immunity in schistosomiasis have focused on S. mansoni infections, and to our knowledge, this is the first time that in vitro granuloma responses have been measured in S. haematobium.
+The prevalence and intensity of infection in the study population was typical of an endemic area of Zimbabwe (Chandiwana et al. 1991), where the intensity and prevalence is highest in young adults, and thereafter decreases with increasing age. There was no evidence in the community as a whole that this correlated with changes in in vitro granuloma responses to SEA coated beads at the 95% confidence limit (Figure 2). The interaction between infection and immune response is exceedingly complex, and quite a few factors such as intensity of infection, chronicity of infection, induction of suppressor cell activity, and many others may play a role.
+In vitro granulomatous responses to S. mansoni egg antigens have previously been recorded as not correlating with the intensity of infection as measured by egg excretion, but correlated with duration of infection (Doughty et al. 1984). Greater responses were observed in the acute stage of infection. Feldmeier et al. (1981) also recorded that responses to schistosome antigens of people infected with schistosomiasis did not correlate with the intensity of infection. Gazzinelli et al. (1985) reported that in vitro responses to schistosome infections were greater in acutely infected individuals. It is therefore important to know the duration of infection if the responses obtained in this study are to be accurately interpreted. In this study, the duration of infection was not known, but it could be that patients < 20 years old had a recent infection and those > 20 years old had a long-standing infection. This was reflected by the fact that the granulomatous responses of those <
+20 years old (1.402 + 0.386) was significantly higher than that of individuals > 20 years old (mean GI = 1.120 + 0.237, p < 0.05).
+Although there were no significant differences in the GI of infected versus control groups, the age-related GI was different in the two groups. In the infected group, mean GI decreased with age (Figures 2, 3) and this could be explained in terms of suppression of responses to SEA, which reduce activity in chronic infection (Rocklin et al. 1981), perhaps resulting from activation of specific suppression by CD8+ Iymphocytes (Feldmeier et al. 1985).
+The persistence of a high GI in the control population in the older aged individuals is worthy of comment. Since our studies on schistosome antigens (unpublished) have shown that there are many similarities between egg antigens and schistosomular antigens, it may be that those who were able to exert a strong GI response in vitro to SEA were also capable of mounting an effective immune attack to the schistosomula in vivo. Hence the lack of infection in that group, despite having been exposed to infection. The granulomatous immune response of an individual from a non-endemic area (Denmark) was significantly lower (GI = 1.035, p < 0.05) than that of our controls in the endemic area, confirming that the controls had been exposed to schistosome infection. These speculative suggestions will be investigated in future planned studies that will examine responses of people over a long period.
+There was no evidence of different responses to mitogens of PBMN cells in infected and uninfected people (Figure 4). Similar results were recorded in S. mansoni infected patients by Colley et al. 1979. Both findings imply that uninfected people living in endemic areas are primed and this priming occurs early in life (Camus et al. 1976).
+The level of morbidity (2%) in the study area was low and the mean GI of these few individuals was slightly higher than that of those without morbidity. There is need for further studies in an area with higher levels of morbidity in order to elucidate the possible relationship between CMI and morbidity.
+The finding that in vitro granulomatous activity in individuals over 20 is significantly higher in controls than in infected people suggests that people who have lived in an endemic area for at least 20 years have the ability to form granulomas, and may also be able to mount a better immune response against invading schistosomulae, and are therefore less susceptible to schistosome infection. However, the failure to find a very close association between CMI and intensity of infection suggests that the granuloma index on its own may not be sensitive enough to measure CMI responses in humans infected with S. haematobium, but that additional analysis of T cell subpopulations and immunoregulating activities may produce a better picture. Using PBMN cultures, conditions can be better suited to examine immuno regulating activities that may develop during schistosome infections (Todd et al. 1981).
+Summary
+The role of cell mediated immunity in relation to infection with Schistosoma haematobium in different age groups was investigated in an endemic community in Zimbabwe. Cell mediated immunity was measured by the granuloma index, whereas infection to S. haematobium was measured by excretion of eggs in urine and by morbidity indices, namely haematuria and ultrasound examination. The study showed that the mean granuloma index (GI = 1.402 + 0.386) in infected people < 20 years old was significantly higher than in infected people > 20 years old (GI = 1.1999 0.237, t = 2.22, p = 0.043). The mean GI of 1.573 + 0.494 in controls of individuals > 20 years old, that is, those not excreting S. haematobium ova, was significantly higher than that of the infected individuals, p < 0.05. There was no difference in the mean GI of younger infected and control individuals.
+Relating intensity of infection to granulomatous activity showed that where the intensity of infection was high, (mean log egg counts = 1.140), the mean GI of 1.480 + was significantly higher than in individuals with low egg intensity (mean GI = 1.140 + 0.182). Individuals excreting more eggs were under 20 years old.
+These results suggest that in an endemic area, young individuals with granuloma forming capacity excrete more eggs, whereas the ability of older individuals to form granulomas in vitro may imply the presence of an immune response that is capable of making the individuals less susceptible to S. haematobium infection.
+Individuals with bladder wall abnormality had marginally higher mean GI (1.52 + 0.342) than those without bladder wall abnormality where the mean GI was 1.453 + 0.4013.
+Acknowledgments
+We are grateful to the Secretary for Health, Zimbabwe, for permission to publish this article. This investigation received financial support from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Schistosoma haematobium soluble egg antigen was kindly donated by Dr. Liang through the World Health Organization. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number DHR-5600-G-00-1042-00, the network meeting, and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Bentley, A.G., M.S. Phillips, R.J. Kaner, V.J. Theodorides, G.P. Linette, and B.L. Doughty. 1985. In vitro delayed hypersensitivity granuloma formation development of an antigen-coated bead model. J. Immunol. 134:4163-4169.
+Butterworth, A.E., M.-Capron, J.S. Cordingley, P.R. Dalton, D.W. Dunne, H.C. Kariuki, and D. Koech. 1985. Immunity after treatment of human schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Identification of resistant individuals and analysis of their immune responses. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79:393-408.
+Camus, D., Y. Carlier, J.C. Bina, R. Borojevic, A. Prata, and A. Capron. 1976. Sensitization to Schistosoma mansoni antigens in uninfected children born to infected mothers. J. Infect. Dis. 134:405-408.
+Chandiwana, S.K., M.E.J. Woolhouse, and M. Bradley. 1991. Factors affecting the intensity of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following treatment with praziquantel. Parasitology 102:73-g3.
+Clarke, V. de V. 1966. The influence of acquired resistance in the epidemiology of bilharziasis. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 12:1-30.
+Colley, D.G., C.W. Todd, F.A. Lewis, and R.W. Goodgame. 1979. Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. VI. In vitro nonspecific suppression of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness induced by exposure to certain schistosomal preparations. J. Immunol. 122: 1447-1453.
+Colley, D.G. 1981. Immune responses and immunoregulation in experimental and clinical schistosomiasis. Parasitic Dis. 1: 1-83.
+Doughty, B.L., E.A. Ottesen, T.E. Nash, and S.M. Phillips. 1984. Delayed hypersensitivity granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs in vitro. III. Granuloma formation and modulations in human schistosomiasis. J. Immunol. 133:993-997.
+Feldmeier, H., P. Kern, and G. Niel. 1981. Modulation of in vitro Iymphocyte prolification in patients with schistosomiasis haematobium, schistosomiasis mansoni and mixed infections. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 32:237-242.
+Feldmeier, H., G.A. Gash, U. Poggensee, C. Kortmann, A.A. Daffalla, and H.H. Peter. 1985. Relationship between intensity of infection and immunomodulation in human schistosomiasis. I. Lymphocyte subpopulations and specific antibody responses. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 60:225233.
+Fisher, A.C. 1934. A study of the schistosomiasis of the Stanleyville district of the Belgian Congo. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28:277-312.
+Gazzinelli, G., J.R. Lambertucci, N. Katz, R.S. Rocha, M.S. Lima, and D.G. Colley. 1985. Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. XII. Immunologic status of patients with acute infections and after treatment. J. Immunol. 135:2121-2127.
+Kloetzel, K. and J.R. da Silva. 1967. Schistosomiasis mansoni acquired in adulthood: behaviour of egg counts and the intradermal test. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16: 167-169.
+Murare, H.M. 1983. Studies on the host parasite relation of S. bovis in the mouse. PhD Thesis, University of London.
+Mott, K.E., B.J. Baltes, and B. Baldassen. 1982. Field studies of a reusable polyamide filter for detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs by urine filtration. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 33:227228.
+Patrick, J., G.P. Lammie, L. Phillips, and M.S. Phillips. 1985. Characterization of Schistosoma mansoni antigen-reactive T-cell clones that form granulomas in vitro. J. Immunol. 127:41704175.
+Peters, P.A., M. El Alany, K.S. Warren, and A.A.F. Mahmoud. 1980. Quick Kato smear for field quantification of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Afr. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29:217-219.
+Phillips, S.M. and D.G. Colley. 1978. Immunologic aspects of host responses to schistosomiasis: resistance, immunopathology and eosinophil involvement. Prog. Allergy 24:49-182.
+Phillips, S.M. and P.J. Lammie. 1986. Immunopathology of granuloma formation and fibrosis in schistosomiasis. Parasitol. Today 2:296-302.
+Rocklin, R.E., J.W. Tracy, and A. Eilholy. 1981. Activation of antigen-specific suppressor cells in human schistosomiasis mansoni by fractions of soluble egg antigens non adherent to Con A Sepharose. J. Immunol. 127:2314-2318.
+Roitt, I.M., J. Brostoff, and D. Male. 1989. Immunology. 2nd Edition. Gower Publications.
+Shiff, C.J., W.G.C. Coutts, C. Yiannakis, and R.W. Holmes. 1979. Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Rhodesia and its control by winter application of molluscicide. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:375-380.
+Taylor, P. and O. Makura. 1985. Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79:287-299.
+Todd, C.W., D.G. Colley, R.M. Ramcy Colley, M. Babibi, and M.A. El Alamy. 1981. Comparison of the whole blood cultures and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures for evaluation of Iymphocyte reactivity during chronic schistosomiasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:783-787.
+Warren, K.S. 1973. Regulation of the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in man. Immunology or ecology? J. Infect. Dis. 127:595-609.
+Wilkins, H.A., P.H. Goll, T.F. de C. Marshall, and P.J. Moore. 1984. Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium infection in a Gambian community. III. Acquisition and loss of infection. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78:227-232.
+<section>Epidemiology and Biology</section>
+<section>Epidemiology And Control Of Schistosomiasis In The Philippines: A Review</section>
+B.L. Blas, P.F. Velasco, O.B. Alialy, E.S. Erce, J.C. Basas, And E.S. Bautista
+Schistosomiasis Control Service, Department of Health
+Manila, Philippines
+Abstract
+Schistosomiasis, or snail fever, is a serious disease problem in the Philippines. Primarily rural in distribution, schistosomiasis has grave socioeconomic ramifications as it largely affects farmers and their families, and thus hampers agricultural productivity.
+The success of praziquantel as a chemotherapy for schistosomiasis has revitalized the campaign for case detection and treatment. A logical result of an effective campaign will be fewer human cases and, consequently, the surveillance and maintenance phase will follow. In this phase, the medical, malacological, and public health engineering staff can then intensify their role as coordinators in controlling the snail intermediate hosts and in the alteration of the snail habitats or the environment. Such roles are necessary in maintaining or further enhancing whatever gains have been achieved in the chemotherapy phase of the schistosomiasis control program.
+Distribution And Extent Of The Problem
+Schistosomiasis, or snail fever, is one of the more severe disease problems in the Philippines. Primarily rural, schistosomiasis has socioeconomic ramifications because it affects mostly farmers and their families, and thus hampers agricultural productivity.
+There are about half-a-million endemic cases of Schistosoma japonicum distributed in 24 endemic provinces including: Oriental, Mindoro; Sorsogon, Luzon; the 3 provinces in Samar; Leyte and Bohol in the Visayas; and all the provinces of Mindanao except Misamis Oriental and Sulu (Figure 1). In these provinces, the human population at risk is 5.1 million and there are 2,987 known snail colonies with an approximate area of 28,731 hectares (Table l). The exposed human population in the 1,160 barangays (villages) is about 1.5 million (Table 2).
+Climatic Factors
+There is a definite relationship between geographical distribution of the disease and the annual rainfall pattern. This is supported by the observation that the affected provinces are limited to areas that fall under either Type II or IV of the PAGASA classification of climate in the Philippines. The Type II does not have a dry season but has a very pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January, while Type IV has a rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. The type of rainfall is a contributing factor to the existence of the snail intermediate host (Figure 2).
+Health Status
+The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis as of 1990 in the 24 affected provinces is 6.6% (Table 3). According to studies in Leyte, the annual mortality rate due to schistosomiasis is 1.78% of the estimated positive cases.
+TABLE 1 Schistosomiasis Endemic Places and Snail Areas in the Philippines as of 1990
+Province
+No. of Endemic
+Population
+Snail Colonies
+Towns and Cities
+Number
+Areas (ha)
+Oriental Mindoro
+Sorsogon
+Bohol
+Leyte
+West Samar
+North Samar
+East Samar
+Zamboanga del Norte
+Zamboanga del Sur
+Bukidnon
+Misamis Occidental
+Agusan del Norte
+Agusan del Sur
+Surigao del Norte
+Surigao del Sur
+Dayao del Norte
+Dayao del Sur
+Oriental Dayao
+South Cotabato
+Lanao del Norte
+Lanao del Sur
+North Cotabato
+Sultan Kudarat
+Maguindanao*
+Total
+*Province of Maguindanao was just recently discovered endemic.
+Prevalence According to Age, Sex, and Occupation
+The prevalence of S. japonicum in the Philippines, with respect to age, sex, occupation, and environment, follows a pattern that can be explained on the basis of contact with parasite infection (Pesigan et al. 1958). It was observed that infection during childhood and adolescence builds up rapidly until adulthood is reached, then a general downward trend follows. As far as age and sex distribution of infected individuals are concerned, there are significant sex differences between age groups past childhood, with the rates being higher for males than for females. Children of both sexes run an equal risk, but the differences begin to show up after 14 years, when males become more active working in the rice fields and run greater chances of acquiring infection.
+TABLE 2 Exposed Population in Schistosomiasis Endemic Villages (Barangays) as of 1990
+Endemic ProvinceNo. of Endemic Villages (Barangays)
+Exposed Population
+Oriental Mindoro
+Sorsogon
+Bohol
+Leyte
+West Samar
+North Samar
+East Samar
+Zamboanga del Norte
+Zamboanga del Sur
+Bukidnon
+Misamis Occidental
+Agusan del Norte
+Agusan del Sur
+Surigao del Norte
+Surigao del Sur
+Dayao del Norte
+Dayao del Sur
+Dayao Oriental
+South Cotabato
+Lanao del Norte
+Lanao del Sur
+North Cotabato
+Sultan Kudarat
+Maguindanao
+Total
+Farmers, as an occupational class, have the highest infection rate (74.1%). When not planting or harvesting rice, they work as fisherman, unskilled laborers, or tuber gatherers, which would explain the next highest prevalence (more than 60%) among this group of professions. The occupations that most often brings people in contact with infected waters are farming and inland fishing. Seagoing fishermen who live mostly in the coastal division, would naturally be the people less exposed to infection in rivers, swamps, and streams. The class of workers with the lowest rates (exclusive of preschool children) are, for obvious reasons, office workers and the professional group, with an overall infection rate ranging between 16 and 26%. The rest (students, housekeepers, and "jobless" persons) occupy an intermediate position between the above two groups, with a range of approximately 51-58%. There are significant differences in the general prevalence of infection in the three
+environments (cities, coastal, and inland), with the highest prevalence rate (61.1%) in the inland division. The differences, as one would expect, are due to the chances of infection and the general sociological makeup of the population (Pesigan et al. 1958).
+Age is also a significant factor in schistosomiasis infections, i.e., there is a reduction in infection with increasing age after the peak prevalence is reached. This may be explained on the basis of a host's reaction arising from a humoral response to infection with a possible immunity mechanism coming into play, or from host-cell reactions around infiltrated eggs that tend to wall them off in the intestinal tissues, or from both.
+Reservoir Host of Transmission
+The disease is not limited to man. It also affects domestic animals (pigs, dogs, goats, cats, carabaos, cows) and even wildlife (field rats and monkeys), which serve as reservoirs of infection. Cross infection studies of the Philippine parasite from man, cow, dog, pig, and rat in the Leyte Pilot Project have shown that only one Schistosoma species is involved. This indicates that transmission of the disease could be attributed to all of these sources. Studies on the relative role of man and the reservoir hosts in transmission have shown that man contributes 75%, whereas animals only contribute 25%.
+Socioeconomic Importance
+Schistosomiasis should be considered a serious menace to the inhabitants of rural areas, especially farmers, for it causes not only a tremendous reduction in their work efficiency but also suffering and death. In a study carried out by Blas et al. (unpublished) an average of 45.4 man days per year per infected person is lost. Since the farmers are the mainstay of the country, this disease adversely affects the agricultural economy. Infected people cannot produce crops in quantities sufficient for their needs because they are sick.
+This disease is identified as one of the major health problems in the Philippines today (Blas et al. 1986). The annual economic loss due to cost of treatment, and the manpower loss due to disability and death, is estimated to be about 375 million pesos, or about 14 million U.S. dollars per year.
+Methods Of Control And Prevention
+Based on our knowledge of the life cycle of the parasite, the methods of approach to the prevention and control of schistosomiasis are fourfold, and all are targeted at the weak links in the cycle. These are:
+·Case finding and treatment with praziquantel.
+·Environmental sanitation. This consists of: (1) proper waste or excrete disposal and control of animal reservoirs to prevent schistosome eggs from getting into snail infested areas; (2) a safe source of water for laundering and bathing to prevent exposure to cercaria-laden waters in streams, rivers, or creeks; (3) construction of foot bridges to avoid contact with the cercaria-infested waters; and (4) control of stray animals.
+·Snail control. Control of the snail intermediate host includes: (1) drainage of water logged areas by stream channelization, seepage control, diversion, and intercepting channels together with irrigation schemes; (2) ponding; (3) filling; (4) modern methods of farming; and (5) chemical control or mollusciciding as a terminal measure on remaining small pockets of snails remaining after agroengineering measures.
+·Health education.
+Problems With The Targeted Control And Preventive Measures
+In the area of case fading and treatment, there is: (1) insufficient manpower in terms of microscopists; (2) relatively poor community participation in submitting stools and in treatment of cases; and (3) inadequate manpower for rapid treatment of cases discovered during surveys.
+Difficulties encountered in the environmental sanitation aspects are: (1) a slow change in personal habits, attitudes, and practices in the use of toilets; (2) low priorities placed on the maintenance of toilet housing; and (3) problems with the costs of providing and maintaining safe water sources and coping with local traditions of laundering among rural women.
+Snail control has presented several special problems, for example: (1) it is beyond the Department of Health's capabilities because snail control is considered a non-medical approach. (2) the large number of vehicles needed in snail control requires frequent maintenance; and (3) chemicals are expensive and practically useless without preliminary agroengineering measures.
+Public health education has also experienced problems. Educating the public on proper sanitation and health procedures is a slow process and requires persistence and continuous use of information, education, and communication materials.
+Present Program Thrust
+Considering the huge expense needed for stopping the transmission of schistosomiasis, control measures by the Department of Health are now directed more toward (1) morbidity or disease control mainly through case finding and treatment of cases (following the encouraging results of Santos et al. (1979), and the WHO (1983) publication on the role of chemotherapy in schistosomiasis control), and (2) health education through the use of information, education, and communication materials. Whenever possible, monitoring of activities by other government agencies that will affect transmission control will be carried out. These government agencies include the National Irrigation Administration, the Department of Public Works and Highways, and the Department of Agriculture and Food.
+Resources, particularly the number of microscopists, were extremely limited in the Integrated Provincial Health Office through 1990. Instead of spreading the manpower too thinly in all of the endemic municipalities in 24 provinces, only 50% of the endemic villages or municipalities in 16 of the provinces were covered in 1988, and the other 50% were covered in 1989. This alternating pattern of coverage continued through 1990. In the eight endemic provinces with less than four endemic municipalities (Bohol, Zamboanga Norte, Davao Sur, Davao Oriente, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudurat, Lanao Sur, and Maguindanao) 100% coverage was targeted for case finding and treatment.
+In 1991, with additional manpower, 100% of the eligible population was covered by mass stool examination and treatment. Where manpower and logistics was, and still is, a problem in provinces with higher endemicity, coverage will be carried out based on the level of prevalence. Areas with the highest endemicity will be covered for a number of years until schistosomiasis ceases to be a major public health problem.
+Program Impact On Prevalence Of Disease
+The results of the schistosomiasis efforts during the last five years (from 1986-1990) have displayed an encouraging trend, with the prevalence dropping from the weighted 5-year average baseline of 10.4% to 7.4% in 1986, to 6.6% in 1987, to 6.2% in 1988, 7.5% in 1989, and 6.6% in 1990 (Table 3).
+Apparently, after obtaining a 28.8% reduction in prevalence in 1986, compared to the 5-year average of 10.4% for 1981-1985, the prevalence levered off at 6-7%, probably due to the 50% coverage strategy. Starting in and throughout 1991, a World Bank loan permitted a full (100%) implementation of the case finding and treatment program. We hope to see the prevalence of disease reduced below the 5% level in all endemic areas by the end of 1994.
+TABLE 3 Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum Infections from 1981 to 1990
+year
+Number Examined
+Number +
+*Five-year average.
+Using a continuous and effective campaign for case finding and the treatment of cases with praziquantel, it is reasonable to predict that there will be fewer human cases of schistosomiasis and, consequently, a surveillance and maintenance phase will follow. At that time, the medical, malacological, and public health engineering staff could then intensify their role as coordinators in controlling the snail intermediate host, domestic and wild animal reservoirs, and the alteration of the snail habitat or the environment. These roles are necessary for maintaining or enhancing whatever gains have been achieved in the chemotherapy phase of the schistosomiasis control program.
+Prospective Research Areas
+There are a number of prospective research areas that could significantly enhance the control of schistosomiasis in the Philippines, and elsewhere. They are:
+Chemotherapy
+· Drug Resistance
+- Observation on possible development of drug resistance to praziquantel.
+- Search for alternative drug (herbal or synthetic) in case drug resistance develops.
+· Drug Delivery System
+- Effect of targeted vs. selective mass treatment on the prevalence of disease.
+- Cost benefit analysis (targeted vs. selective mass treatment).
+- Socioeconomic studies.
+· Effect on Morbidity
+- Development of more practical procedures for detecting liver size and portal hypertension before and after treatment.
+· Drug Metabolism
+- Determination of severity or reaction in relation to morbidity, liver and spleen enlargement, and serum drug levels.
+Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices
+- Development of teaching materials for the elementary and high school levels.
+Service Delivery
+- Organizational management for cost effectiveness.
+Diagnosis
+- Antigen detection on body fluids, especially urine.
+Vector Control
+- Cost analysis of environmental and ecological control measures.
+- Biological methods of control.
+Prophylaxis
+- Use of slow release niclosomide rubberized clothing as cercarial repellent.
+- Effects of small doses of praziquantel in the development of schistosomula.
+Vaccine Production
+- Vaccine for protection against infection.
+- Vaccine for disease modulation (reduction of pathology).
+Concluding Remarks
+In the Philippines, the present program thrust is selective mass treatment with IEC support.
+In provinces receiving foreign assistance, coverage includes monitoring of snail control and environmental sanitation, or interagency collaboration.
+It is anticipated that interagency collaboration will be given more weight once the prevalence of the disease reaches a point where significant reduction can no longer be achieved. Other policyrelated concerns will be formulated subject to the results of further research activities directed toward more effective control and prevention of the disease.
+References Cited
+Blas, B.L., B.D. Cabrera, A.T. Santos, Jr., and J.S. Nosenas. 1986. An attempt to study the case fatality rate of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 17: 67-70.
+Pesigan, T.P., M. Farooq, N.G. Hairston, J.J. Jauregui, E.G. Garcia, A.T. Santos, B.C. Santos, and A.A. Besa. 1958. Studies on Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. I. General considerations and epidemiology. Bull. WHO 18:345-455.
+Santos, A.T., Jr., B.L. Blas, G.P. Portillo, O.M. Ortega, M. Hayashi, and K. Boehme. 1979. Preliminary clinical trials with Praziquantel in Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. Bull. WHO 57: 793-799.
+World Health Organization. 1983. The role of chemotherapy in schistosomiasis control. WHO/Schisto/83.70.
+<section>Aspects Of The Epidemiology Of Schistosoma Haematobium In Morocco</section>
+K. Khallaayoune, H. Laamrani, And J. Mahjour
+Abstract
+Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium has been recognized in Morocco for a century. Extension of the irrigation network in the last 30 years has increased the distribution of freshwater snails and snail-transmitted diseases such as schistosomiasis. The irrigation system is composed of cement lined canals and distribution boxes ("puisards" or "regards") that remain filled with water throughout the year. These puisards are snail habitats and transmission sites of schistosomiasis, particularly to schoolchildren who use them for bathing.
+In the Attaouia area, where schistosomiasis was recently introduced, the density of Bulinus truncatus, the only intermediate host in Morocco, was monitored for a period of one year in correlation with weather variations. Snails were active throughout the year, with two overlapping generations, and particularly abundant by the end of spring and the summer. The infection rate of B. truncatus reached 3.5% in the summer, when human water contact was frequent.
+A survey conducted in the village of Lamyayha showed that the prevalence of infection with S. haematobium was 21.2 % among the local population, who were passing from 10 to 80 eggs per 10 ml of urine.
+Introduction
+Although urinary bilharziasis has been known in Morocco since the time of ancient trade with the Middle East, the first clinical cases were first reported by Job (1915). The hypothesis of its introduction to Morocco is still controversial, but an Egyptian-Sudanese origin appears the most probable. Until 1959, schistosomiasis was restricted to palm groves in southern Morocco, where traditional irrigation was practiced. The extension of irrigation into arid zones in Morocco has created an increase in freshwater snail populations, corresponding schistosome transmission sites, and a large increase in snail-transmitted infections such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Actually, Schistosoma haematobium occurs in most irrigated agricultural areas where extensive irrigation networks have promoted the development of suitable habitats for the snail intermediate host. The primary transmission sites in Morocco are: (1) natural snail habitats -- temporary swamps (merja), marshy
+plains, and residual water along pre-Saharan palm groves in the south; and (2) artificial snail habitats - newly created sites represented by so-called "regards" or "puisards," which are water distribution boxes in the irrigation system that hold water permanently and are commonly used for bathing by schoolchildren, and as a water supply for households.
+After the National Schistosome Control Program was created in 1978, the number of reported cases of schistosomiasis decreased in some endemic areas (Figure 1), but remained high in newly irrigated zones (Attaouia and Beni-Mellal) and pre-Saharan regions (Tata and Errachidia). However, from 1982 to 1989, schistosomiasis was reported in 28 provinces (M.S.P. 1989). According to data published by the Ministry of Public Health, schistosomiasis was reported in all age groups and was particularly prevalent among schoolchildren whose ages ranged from 7 to 14 (Figure 2).
+In endemic areas, control of the snail intermediate hosts remains a promising means to reduce schistosome transmission. However, despite molluscicide treatments, snail control in Morocco has failed to achieve the desired results because treatments were applied without considering epidemiological data pertaining to the seasonal activity of the snail, which is intimately linked to weather variations and water availability (Babiker et al. 1985, Lwambo 1988, Woolhouse and Chandiwana 1989). Successful snail control can only be achieved if based on detailed data for snail ecology in each area.
+During the period January-December 1987, a preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of Bulinus truncatus populations and the transmission patterns of S. haematobium to initiate the development of a control strategy for the snail intermediate host that would reduce the prevalence of infection. Since this was only a preliminary study, a more comprehensive study has been planned to obtain an accurate description of seasonal transmission patterns in Morocco. Such patterns require long-term epidemiological investigations over several successive years to reduce the effects of annual weather variations.
+Materials and Methods
+Study Area
+The Attaouia area is about 50 miles northeast of Marrakech. It is located in a large plain, which was recently provided with a large irrigation system. This study site was chosen because of the recent introduction of S. haematobium and the comparatively high prevalence of schistosomiasis. The climate is a sub-arid type with an annual rainfall not exceeding 300 mm. The cold rainy season extends from November to March, followed by the hot and dry period. The 1987 study period was relatively rainy compared to preceding years (Figure 3).
+Irrigation System
+The irrigation scheme is composed of cement lined open canals. The water is provided from the Moulay Youssef Dam and distributed successively to the primary, secondary, and tertiary canals. The tertiary canals are usually above ground and connected by concrete distribution boxes (puisards), where water remains stagnant throughout the year.
+Snail Sampling Method
+Four puisards were monitored for snail density (abundance of B. truncatus), closeness to human habitations, and usage for bathing, particularly by children. Snail abundance was monitored monthly for one year using a drag-scoop as a sampling tool for snails of at least 1 mm shell length. The dredge was pulled along the four sides of the puisard from the bottom to the edge. Snails collected were measured along their axis to the nearest millimeter and screened for schistosome infection by exposing each snail to artificial light for 24 hours. The cercariae shed by the snails were exposed to mice to induce infections and for subsequent identification of the schistosome. Snails were then returned to their habitats within 48 hours. Egg packets collected were sorted to species and counted. Snail density was given as the mean number of snails collected from the four puisards.
+Survey
+In the village of Lamyayha, midday urine specimens of 85 people age 5-48 years were examined for S. haematobium egg counts by the filtration method. This village is known for its high prevalence of schistosomiasis.
+Weather Data
+Records of daily minimum and maximum air temperatures and monthly rainfall of the closest station to the study sites (Kalaa des Sgharna) were obtained from the National Meteorological Center, Casablanca.
+Results
+Snail Activity
+The snail population data for B. truncatus for the period from January 1987 to December 1987 are shown in Figure 4. Snails were active throughout the year in the Attaouia area. There were two major peaks in snail numbers, one that occurred in July at the onset of summer and another in September, after which a definite drop occurred in the numbers of snails. The first peak represented the first generation and was associated with increased egg production in August (Figure 5). A high mortality rate was observed in snail populations during November-December, with the majority of deaths among aged snails. A low snail recovery rate was recorded throughout the winter of 1987.
+In surveyed habitats the freshwater snail fauna was composed of B. truncatus, Lymnaea truncatula, L. peregra, Physa acuta, Ancylus fluviatilis, Melanopsis praemorsa, and Mercuria confusa. Among these snails, B. truncatus was the only snail found infected with S. haematobium.
+Snail Infections
+Snails infected with S. haematobium were encountered throughout the four seasons of the year. The monthly snail infection rate ranged from 0 to 3.5% (Figure 6).
+Prevalence of Infection
+Of the 85 urine specimens examined, 18 (21.2%) were positive (Table 1). The prevalence of schistosomiasis was particularly high in schoolchildren age 7-14 years, who were passing from 32 to 80 eggs per 10 ml of urine.
+Discussion
+This study demonstrated that B. truncatus was active throughout the year. Snail populations followed a cyclical pattern where high density occurred in summer. A similar pattern was observed in the same area in Lymnaea truncatula, the snail intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (Khallaayoune and Elhari 1991). Apart from water availability, temperature was considered to be the main factor that influenced the fluctuations in snail populations. Because the mean daily temperature was above 10°C throughout the year, snails remained active during the four seasons. These findings are in agreement with those of Moussa and Abou El-Hassan (1972) who found that the development of B. truncatus can only occur within a temperature range of 10-37 °C. Moreover, embryonic development of the snail was shown to be accelerated when the temperature was increased up to a limit of 37 °C. The considerations suggested that the life span of B. truncatus did not exceed one year, depending on when the
+eggs hatched, because of the intensive breeding activity resulting from environmental conditions in the habitat. In fact, in the summer, when the prevailing temperature was high, puisards provided an ideal environment for the survival of the snails.
+One factor that may have had considerable effect on snail activity was the relative decrease in temperature in winter. This resulted in low egg production and a drop in snail density. The relative resistance of B. truncatus to low temperatures (Appleton 1978) may have contributed to the population of the habitat from early ovipositions that occurred in midwinter. The second peak of egg numbers observed in August and the variations in snail size over the study period led to the assumption that two snail generations overlapped during this year.
+Observations on the pattern of snail infection rates showed that maximum snail infection was recorded in the summer when the mean daily air temperature was high and human contact with water was frequent, particularly for children. A similar pattern was described by Woolhouse and Chandiwana (1990) in B. globosus in Zimbabwe. The potential for carry-over infections into the winter may occur because of the relative resistance of B. truncatus to low temperature, as revealed by the occurrence of observed infections in 10 snails during the winter. Schistosome eggs can be excreted by the host throughout the year, but only a few of them will complete their full development within the snail. Shiff et al. (1975) demonstrated that in cold seasons low development of intra-molluscan stages may result in the accumulation of pre-patent infections, which will become patent when adequate temperatures are restored. Moreover, a significant correlation between monthly snail infection rates and
+S. haematobium incidence in schoolchildren occurred in endemic areas (Lwambo 1988).
+TABLE 1 Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in the Village of Lamyayha, Attaouia
+Age (years)
+Number examined
+Number positives
+Prevalence (%)
+Mean No. eggs/10 ml
+Range
+Based on the results of this preliminary study, the main transmission season of urinary schistosomiasis in Attaouia occurs during the summer, so that most clinical cases should be detected in the fall and winter. Although cercariae shedding can occur throughout the year, the risk of infection for schoolchildren is mainly restricted to the summer season when they bathe in the puisards. However, for farmers and young girls assisting in housework there is risk of infection in the Attaouia area throughout the year.
+In Attaouia, canals and puisards located near villages remain the major sources of water for households. Therefore, control of the disease can only be achieved if it is based on well-founded snail control and chemotherapy. Molluscicides could be applied in May and June to reduce snail populations before the peak of schistosome transmission occurs. Furthermore, puisards located at the end of tertiary canals are heavily populated with B. truncatus, because of a continual drift of snails and mud from upstream breeding pockets. Locating and treating these snail-breeding pockets are essential to prevent repopulation of these puisards. Dazo et al. (1966) demonstrated that B. truncatus can double its population in 14-16 days when optimum field conditions are established. Similarly, a rapid increase in snail density associated with an increase in temperature (Mousse and Abou El-Hassan 1972) was also observed in our snail habitats during the hot season.
+It can be concluded that the cyclical activity of the snail and the seasonal transmission patterns
+of schistosomiasis in our study area were entirely dependent upon the occurrence of favorable temperature and presence of water. The great expansion of irrigation systems in Morocco has created ideal biotopes for B. truncatus and other freshwater snails, which may have a serious impact on the health of the exposed populations.
+According to the National Agricultural Program, one million hectares will be under irrigation
+by the year 2000. This will certainly increase the risk of the spread of schistosomes and introduction of bilharziasis to newly irrigated areas. Prospective physical changes of the landscape may also create favorable biotopes for snail invasion and establishment. It is imperative that appropriate measures be implemented to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis and the possible introduction of other snail-transmitted diseases. A large-scale epidemiological survey using parasitological tests and possibly urine dip-stick tests should be organized to assess precisely the incidence of schistosomiasis in Morocco and to assist the National Control Program in devising a new approach in their control strategy.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors would like to thank the medical staff of Attaouia and Kalaa des Sgharna (SIAAP)
+for their technical assistance. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Appleton, C.C. 1978. Review of literature on biotic factors influencing the distribution and life cycles of bilharziasis intermediate host snails. Malacol. Rev. 11: 1-25.
+Babiker, A., A. Fenwick, A.A. Daffalla, and M.A. Amin. 1985. Focality and seasonality of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in the Gezira irrigated area, Sudan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88:57-63.
+Dazo, B.C., N.G. Hairston, and I.K. Dawood. 1966. The ecology of Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina and its implications for the control of bilharziasis in the Egypt-49 Project area. Bull. WHO 34:339-356.
+Job, F. 1915. Bilharziose au Maroc. Soc. Med. Hopitaux de Paris, 31: 1283-1285.
+Khallaayoune, K. and M. Elhari. 1991. Variations saisonnieres de ['infestation par Fasciola hepatica chez la chevre dans la region du Haouz (Maroc). Ann. Rech. Vet. 22:219-226.
+Lwambo, N.J.S. 1988. Transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in Sukumaland, Tanzania. 1. Snail infection rates and incidence of infection in school children. J. Helminthol. 62:213-217.
+M.S.P. (Ministere de la Sante Publique). Programme de lutte contre la bilharziose, Etat d'avancement, Situation Annee 1989, Rapport No. 9, pp. 27.
+Moussa, A.H. and A.A. Abou El-Hassan. 1972. The effect of water temperature on the snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Egypt. J. Egypt. Med. Assoc. 55: 148-165.
+Shiff, C.J., A. Evans, C. Yiannakis, and M. Eardley. 1975. Seasonal influence on the production of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni cercariae in Rhodesia. Int. J. Parasitol. 5:119-123.
+Woolhouse, M.E.J. and S.K. Chandiwana. 1989. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and the epidemiology of their infection with schistosome. Parasitology 98:21-34.
+Woolhouse, M.E.J. and S.K. Chandiwana. 1990. Temporal patterns in the epidemiology of schistosome infections of snails: a model for field data. Parasitology 100:247-253.
+<section>Biocontrol</section>
+<section>Thiara (Tarebia) Granifera (Lamarck): An Agent For Biological Control Of Biomphalaria</section>
+W.A. Sodeman, Jr.
+Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Ohio
+Toledo, Ohio
+Abstract
+Thiara (Tarebia) granifera is a Prosobranch snail with a native range from Madagascar to Hawaii, including most countries in Southeast Asia and the Philippines. It is found as far north as the Ryukyu Islands. It has been widely transported and is now widely distributed in the New World. Spontaneous introduction of T. (T.) granifera into Puerto Rico in water containing Biomphalaria glabrata, a Neotropical intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, was noted to cause suppression of the intermediate host snail. A reported trial of T. (Melanoides) tuberculata to control B. glabrata in St. Lucia showed similar suppression of this intermediate host snail. The published reports of these studies indicate that the snail used was T. (T.) granifera obtained on the island of Dominica. However, subsequent information suggests that the snail used was T. (M.) tuberculata, not T. (T.) granifera. Studies reported here suggest that this suppression is competitive, not predatory. The
+competitive mechanism is unknown. Thiara (T.) granifera is environmentally safe. It is a first intermediate host for Haplorchis taichui, but not for Paragonimus westermani. Early reports identified the association between T. (T.) granifera and P. westermani and this has been incorporated into parasitologic folklore in spite of the subsequent retraction of this association.
+Suppression is time limited and has been best demonstrated in partially impounded water. In selected sites this is an effective snail control technique.
+Biology
+There has been some interest in the use of Thiara (T.) granifera as a biologic agent in the control of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis. However, little information has been published concerning the field use of this snail.
+Diagnosis
+Thiara (T.) granifera (Lamarck) is an ovoviviparous, parthenogenetic, melaniid snail native to the Indo-Pacific radiation. The shell is turreted with the body whorl in the adult snail more than half the height of the entire shell. The sculpture of rectangular knobs follows a spiral pattern. Sutures are distinct and the whorls are flat sided. This snail can be distinguished from closely related Thiaridae by the anatomy of the female reproductive tract. The seminal receptacle is lengthened to join the diverticulum and the connecting duct midway between the seminal receptacle and the oviduct. Comparative diagnosis of the Thiaridae has been reviewed by Pace (1973).
+Geographic Distribution
+Thiara (T.) granifera inhabits the Indo-Pacific radiation. It can be found from Madagascar through India and Southeast Asia. In the Pacific basin it is found in the Philippines and the Society Islands as well as Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, and Hawaii. In 1935, T. (T.) granifera was introduced into the United States and sold widely as an aquarium snail. Permanent colonies became established in the United States in Florida and Texas. Both of these were in constant temperature springs, which provided protected overwintering for this cold-sensitive snail. As reported in Ferguson (1977) and Prentice (1980), the snail subsequently spread from Florida to Puerto Rico (1953), Vieques (1964), Dominican Republic (1967), Grenada (1970), Venezuela (1970), Haiti (1972), Antigua (1980), and Costa Rica (1983) (Figure 1). Colonies have also been reported from Guadeloupe and Martinique. The mechanism for most of this spread is unknown.
+One study (Sodeman, unpublished) of the spread within Haiti, demonstrated that over two decades the snail was seen to spread widely, eventually involving almost all suitable habitats.
+Environmental Impact
+Thiara (T.) granifera is a detritus feeder. It browses on algae and diatoms and does not feed on vegetation. Rice and other water-grown plants are not damaged by snail feeding. These snails are adapted to fast-moving water by their streamlined shape and hold their station well during sudden changes in current velocity, a feature that enhances the utility of these snails in environments subject to sudden inundation. In the optimum environment it is prolific. Sand bars in free-running streams are often coated with shoals of Thiara. There have been no reports or field observations of these snails proliferating to the point where they would plug water intakes or irrigation equipment. Stable populations in still water environments are at much lower densities. However, high densities, as a result of temporary overpopulation, can be forced in still water environments.
+Parasitology
+Thiara (T.) granifera came to medical attention in 1917 when it was identified as a first intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert) by Nakagawa (1917). Nakagawa was working in Taiwan searching for the then unknown intermediate stages of P. westermani. He erroneously identified cercaria shed from T. (T.) granifera as P. westermani. He quickly established that this association was erroneous and published a correction. The initial error was published in English in the Journal of Experimental Medicine and received wide circulation. The subsequent correction appeared in a paper in Tokyo Iji Shinshi No. 2062 (Nakagawa 1918) in Japanese and apparently was overlooked. The error has become imbedded in parasitologic folklore. I can find no authentic reports of T. (T.) granifera identified as a first intermediate host for P. westermani or of successful laboratory infection of this snail by P. westermani.
+Thiara (T.) granifera has also been listed (Abbott 1952) as a first intermediate host for Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurda). However, I cannot find this substantiated by any reported field collection or laboratory report of infection. There is a well-substantiated report of finding T. (T.) granifera infected with the Heterophyid Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori), an occasional parasite of man (Faust and Nishigori 1926), as well as a number of flukes that do not regularly parasitize man (Ito 1964, Malek 1962, and Sodeman 1991). Transfer of T. (T.) granifera to new areas would seem to pose a small, if any, parasitologic risk for man.
+Role In Snail Control
+Ferguson et al. (1968) in the discussion of a paper on the control of schistosomiasis on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, mentioned the possibility that the encroachment of T. (T.) granifera might be a factor in the fall in prevalence of schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico, which they had noted at that time. Murray (1970), made an anecdotal observation during a discussion of a paper by Taylor that Elimia comalensis (Pilsbry.) was displaced from much of its habitat in Texas by introduced T. (T.) granifera. Ferguson, working in Puerto Rico with a series of collaborators, noted displacement of B. glabrata (Say) from a number of river, stream, pond, and lake habitats by naturally introduced T. (T.) granifera. He performed a number of ecologic studies of this snail, all of which remain unpublished. A summary of his observations on competitive displacement in Puerto Rico was published in 1977. While B. glabrata was suppressed or displaced from a number of sites, this coincided with other
+environmental changes and it was not clear that the introduction of T. (T.) granifera was the responsible factor.
+In an attempt to clarify the role that T. (T.) granifera might play in displacing B. glabrata, Prentice (1983) and Prentice in Jordan (1985) initiated controlled trials of T. (T.) granifera in St. Lucia. The published reports of these studies indicate that the snail used was T. (T.) granifera obtained on the island of Dominica. However, subsequent information suggests that T. (M.) tuberculata, not T. (T.) granifera, was the snail used. The snails pictured in the publications by Prentice (1983) and by Jordan (1985) have the shell characteristics of T. (M.) tuberculata rather than T. (T.) granifera. Thiara (M.) tuberculata, but not T. (T.) granifera, is reported from the island of Dominica. On a recent visit to St. Lucia only T. (M.) tuberculata were found at 13 sites examined. Two of these sites are part of the studies described by Prentice (1983). Prentice's studies involved five controlled trials and one uncontrolled trial. Five sites consisted of marshy areas drained by
+small streams. The sixth testing site involved banana drains. All sites were successfully colonized by introduced T. (M.) tuberculata. The periods of observation varied from 6 to 36 months. Biomphalaria were eliminated at four of the six sites. Biomphalaria persisted $ one of the marshy sites and in the banana drains, but at lower densities in both areas. Population densities of T. (M.) tuberculata about twice the density of Biomphalaria were necessary to observe an effect.
+Several additional observations and qualifications may be made. The observation periods were short and the long-term relationship between T. (M.) tuberculata and B. glabrata was not evaluated. Several sites desiccated then refilled, with a resurgence of Biomphalaria in some and of Thiara in other sites. Desiccation was a feature of both sites where elimination of Biomphalaria was incomplete. Ferguson (1977) made similar observations on the effect of environmental changes on population balance in Puerto Rico. Environmental changes, particularly desiccation, can result in reversals in the balance between these two snails.
+Robart et al. (1976) reported the presence of T. (T.) granifera in Haiti with all of the snails found east of 72°15'. Subsequent studies (Sodeman unpublished) show an extension of the range of the snail throughout the country. Many of the sites now colonized by Thiara also contain Biomphalaria, either Biomphalaria havenensis (Pfeifferi), B. helophila (Orbigny) or B. glabrata. Stable colonies of Thiara and Biomphalaria coexist.
+A similar coexistence of a Biomphalaria species and T. (T.) granifera was observed at a fish farm outside of San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1983 (Sodeman, unpublished). Here native B. obstructa (Morelet) were abundant in rearing ponds, while T. (T.J granifera, thought to be brought in when Tilapia were introduced to the farm, share ponds and outflow ditches. What is missing is data that could identify whether this coexistence represents a response to a particular environment, a stable longterm balance into which the snails settle, or in fact a much reduced and partially controlled population of Biomphalaria.
+Mechanisms
+There is no clear understanding of how or why Thiara causes displacement of Biomphalaria. They do compete for food? but do not share the same preferred habitat. Prentice (Jordan 1985) was unable to demonstrate an effect of Thiara conditioned water on the fecundity or development of B.
+glabrata. In similar experiments I have been able to demonstrate a short term effect on adult B. glabrata of shared residence with Thiara in small aquaria. I have set up isolated tanks with balanced numbers of Biomphalaria and Thiara (5/5) and find that after thirty days the Biomphalaria had all died. There is no evidence of predation by Thiara on Biomphalaria. There was no apparent explanation for the mortality of the Biomphalaria. Too few trials were performed to permit statistical analysis. All Biomphalaria placed in tanks with Thiara died (100% mortality) while the controls all survived through day 42. Thiara in control and trial tanks all survived through day 42.
+A single trial was done with conditioned water. Thiara and Biomphalaria were each placed in separate tanks for 30 days. The snails were then removed and five Biomphalaria were placed in the tank conditioned with Thiara and five Thiara were placed in the tank conditioned with Biomphalaria. The test Biomphalaria had all crawled out of the tank by day four and died. The Thiara remained unaffected and alive.
+Prentice (1983) noted that there seemed to be a mass effect. When the density of Thiara about doubles that of Biomphalaria then the effect on the Biomphalaria population becomes apparent.
+Thiara (T.) granifera is parthenogenetic and ovoviviparous. Eggs are laid into a brood pouch opening just beneath the edge of the mantle. Abbott (1952) described the release of one or two juvenile snails daily by mature adults. I have been able to confirm that these high reproductive rates are obtainable in a laboratory setting. Four plastic tanks were set up as follows. Each tank was 1 m square and 20 cm deep. Each tank was prepared with a pea gravel (0.5 cm diameter avg.) slant and filled to a depth of 5 cm with conditioned water. Pumps circulated the water from the bottom of the slant to a trough above the top of the slant (Figure 2). Water flow was adjusted to cascade a continuous running stream down the slant. Thiara is best adapted to rapidly running water. Tanks were permitted to run until a visible film of green algae formed on the gravel. Then 10, 1, and 0.5 cm T. (T.) granifera were introduced into each tank. Tanks were harvested at the end of a 30-day interval.
+More than 600 juvenile snails were found in each tank.
+Over the past five years I have carried out studies on the ability of T. (T.) granifera to colonize various sites on the north coast of Haiti. In the field in Haiti results have been variable. Five sites were selected along the Port Margot River on the north coast of Haiti. This river has a resident population of Thiara and the sites selected were free of colonies of this snail. Adult Thiara (1.5 cm) were seeded into the site. Each seeding involved 1,000 adult snails. These were followed over nine months. At four sites small colonies of Thiara were found on subsequent visits, but there was really no assurance that these snails were related to the seeding. The rainy season caused the river to go into spate and Thiara from other sites in the river could easily have been washed into these locations. Five control sites with established colonies of Thiara were selected in the River Limbe. This river ran parallel to the Port Margot in the adjacent valley. Marked seasonal
+fluctuation was seen in the snail populations at these control sites. Snail density fell as the rainy season progressed.
+Careful surveys at each visit showed that there were always some areas of the river with shoals of Thiara blanketing a sand bar but the location of these shoals varied seasonally. While Biomphalaria are found in rivers, it is not a favored location. Rivers are a favored location for Thiara. Riverine colonies of Biomphalaria and Thiara have little overlap in their preferred habitats within the river bed, and it seems unlikely that Thiara would be effective in playing any role in competitive displacement in this setting.
+Biomphalaria do favor ponds, swamps, irrigation ditches, and flooded fields. Five sites involving irrigated fields on the flood plain of the River Port Margot were selected. Similar control sites were selected on the flood plain of the River Limbe. One thousand adult (1.5 cm) Thiara were released at each site on the Port Margot. At Port Margot two of the sites were irrigated fields that were diked and held standing water with no visible flow. Fewer than 25 Thiara were found at these sites at subsequent visits. Two of the sites were small pools adjacent to the road and to irrigated fields. Each pool was 5 m in diameter and 1 m deep. There was no visible flow of water at either of these sites. The maximum collection of Thiara at these sites on any subsequent visit was four snails. The last Port Margot site was an irrigated field traversed by a slowly flowing stream 2 m wide. Snails were released at the stream edge. The population of Thiara slowly rose and levered off
+suggesting the establishment of a resident population. The control sites on the River Limbe included four with established Thiara populations. One of these four became inundated in the rains and the Thiara density fell. The other three sites were small (2 m) sluggish streams, not inundated during the rains. Here the Thiara population remained at a stable density throughout the study.
+Prentice (1983) and Jordan (1985) on St. Lucia released Thiara in several environments. He reported excellent results in swampy fields that were drained by small streams. He noted rapid population expansion and subsequent displacement of Biomphalaria. Thiara also did well in semipermanent environments (banana drains), but the effect on Biomphalaria was not clear. These results, in terms of establishing Thiara populations, do not differ from the experience in Haiti.
+Incidental observations were also made at a site on the Plaine du Nord, also on the north coast of Haiti. This rice field harbors Biomphalaria glabrata and Thiara (T.) granifera. The snails were first reported in 1977 (Robert et al. 1976) and both have remained, coexistent, through 10 years of observation (Raccurt et al. 1985). This field is alternately flooded and dried with wet rice cultivation. Thiara survive in an adjacent pool and Biomphalaria aestivate in the mud in the rice field during the intervals when standing water is not present. During the wet periods the two populations remain balanced and tolerant of one another.
+Conclusions
+A great deal remains unknown concerning the interactions of Thiara and Biomphalaria. The most important unknown is the mechanism of this interaction. The long term interactions between these two snails, especially in environments where sites are periodically dry, is unknown. There is little information concerning the response of snails other than B. glabrata to the introduction of Thiara (T.) granifera. With the limited information in hand, several observations can be made.
+1. Thiara (T.) granifera is an effective agent for the control of B. glabrata in environments with slowly moving water. Thiara (T.) granifera and B. glabrata do not share optimum environments. Biomphalaria do best in still water, while Thiara do best where there is a substantial current. Where the current flow is light, both snails are capable of establishing substantial populations but they are not capable of sharing this environment. The more Thiara "friendly" the environment, the smaller need be the initial inoculum size. Natural population expansion will reach the size necessary to provoke suppression.
+2. Population density seems to be a key factor. Introduced adult Thiara will begin to release young immediately. One thousand snails theoretically are capable of producing a population of 20,000 in 10 days and 60,000 in a month. Thiara are easily harvested in rivers in the tens of thousands. It represents "low tech" snail control. There are limits to the growth that a given environment will support but this does not preclude initial expansion of the population at a site well beyond these limits. Even in less favorable habitats for Thiara if the inoculum is large enough, the snails in the brood pouch at the time of the release will permit the initial expansion of a Thiara population to the point where it could displace Biomphalaria, but at the price of a later fall to the stable density that the site can support. Reintroduction of Biomphalaria or adjustment of density ratios because of seasonal change or drying may allow reemergence of Biomphalaria and balanced survival of
+both snails. Effective control at semipermanent sites will need repeated refreshing of the Thiara population.
+3. Relatively few Thiara are needed to establish a growing colony in flowing water, however, Thiara are not effective agents for control of Biomphalaria in rivers. In theory, since there are relatively fewer Biomphalaria in rapidly flowing water, critical population densities that can provoke suppression of Biomphalaria are more easily reached. Actually an overlap in the two populations at densities that would provoke suppression of the Biomphalaria is relatively uncommon. If suppression depends on something released by the Thiara, adequate concentrations are less likely in rapidly flowing water. If snail to snail contact is the important feature, then Biomphalaria have the option to just move on in a flowing water environment.
+4. Thiara are less effective for control of Biomphalaria in still water, where it probably will take much larger numbers of added Thiara to be effective. It may be that these still water sites will support, only transiently, a density of Thiara sufficient to suppress Biomphalaria.
+5. The effect of Thiara on Bulinus species is unknown.
+Acknowledgments
+The author thanks the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number PDC
+5542-G-SS-5088 00, the network meeting and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Abbott, R.T. 1952. A study of an intermediate snail host (Thiara granifera) of the Oriental lung fluke (Paragonimus). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 102:71-116.
+Faust, E.C. and M. Nishigori. 1926. The life cycles of two new species of Heterophyidae, parasitic in mammals and birds. J. Parasitol. 13:91-128.
+Ferguson, F.F. 1977. The Role of Biological Agents in the Control of Schistosome-Bearing Snails. U.S. Department of HEW/PHS.
+Ferguson, F.F., J.R. Palmer, and W.R. Jobin. 1968. Control of schistosomiasis on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 17:858-863.
+Ito, J. 1964. A monograph of cercariae in Japan and adjacent territories. in Morishita, K., Y. Komiya and H. Matsubayashi. (ed.). Progress of Medical Parasitology in Japan. Vol. I. Meguro Parasitological Museum, Tokyo.
+Jordan, P. 1985. Schistosomiasis: The St. Lucia Project. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
+Malek, E.A. 1962. Laboratory Guide and Notes for Medical Malacology. Burgess, Minneapolis.
+Murray, H.D. 1970. Discussion of Dr. Taylor's paper. Malacologia 10:33-34.
+Nakagawa, K. 1917. Human pulmonary distomiasis caused by Paragonimus westermani. J. Exp. Med. 26:297-323.
+Nakagawa, K. 1918. Further notes on the study of the human distome, Paragonimus westermani. Tokyo Iji Shinshi, No. 2062. (in Japanese.)
+Pace, G.L. 1973. The freshwater snails of Taiwan (Formosa). Malacol. Rev. Supplement 1:1-118.
+Prentice, M.A. 1980. Schistosomiasis and its intermediate hosts in the Lesser Antillan islands of the Caribbean. Bull. Pan Am. Health Organ. 14:258-268.
+Prentice, M.A. 1983. Displacement of Biomphalaria glabrata by the snail Thiara granifera in field habitats in St. Lucia, West Indies. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 77:51-59.
+Raccurt, C.P., W.A. Sodeman Jr., G.L. Rodrick, and W.P. Boyd 1985. Biomphalaria glabrata in Haiti. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79:455-457.
+Robart, G., G. Mandahl-Barth, and C. Ripert. 1976. Inventaire, repartition geographique et ecologic des mollusques dulcaquicoles d'haiti (caraibes). Department de L'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement Rural 2(4)20:63.
+Sodeman, W.A. Jr. 1991. Mollusks involved in disease transmission. pp.963-970. in Strickland, G.T. (ed.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine. 7th edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
+<section>Controlling Transmission Of Schistosomiasis Using Phytolacca Dodecandra (L'herit) Berries In Zimbabwe</section>
+J. Ndamba And S.K. Chandiwana
+Blair Research Laboratory
+Harare, Zimbabwe
+Abstract
+Molluscicidal efforts using synthetic compounds are very expensive. Accordingly, molluscicidal potency tests on several strains of the plant known as Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), that grows in Zimbabwe, were performed and the most potent local strain identified. A pilot field trial using domestically produced berries was undertaken. A single application of the berries suppressed snail population numbers for several months. The successful introduction of the Ethiopian type 44 strain, as well as the local strain in various parts of Zimbabwe where the plant does not grow naturally, has paved the way for studies to evaluate the efficacy of Endod in reducing schistosomiasis in the human population. Recently completed Tier I toxicological studies have also facilitated implementation of more elaborate field studies.
+Introduction
+Due to the high cost of synthetic molluscicides used in controlling schistosomiasis transmitting snails, there is a growing interest in plants with molluscicidal properties. The most extensively studied plant molluscicide is one derived from the berries of Phytolacca dodecandra (commonly known as Endod), a plant indigenous to East, Central, West, and Southern Africa. Its molluscicidal properties were first reported in Ethiopia where the berries were traditionally used as soap and as a medicine (Lemma 1965). The active molluscicidal ingredients of the berries are several derivatives of oleonolic acid of triterpenoid saponin (Parkhurst et al. 1974).
+Although the berries are lethal to small fishes at molluscicidal concentrations that are required for snail control (Lemma 1970), unlike chemical molluscicides, the berry extract rapidly biodegrades in water and this reduces the possible accumulation of the toxic residues in the environment (McCullogh et al. 1980).
+In Zimbabwe, P. dodecandra is commonly called "gopo" and is a shrub or semi-climber often found growing on termite mounds. Chandiwana et al. (1985) have established a rough distribution for the plant in Zimbabwe. However, no efforts have previously been made to determine the actual
+distribution of the plant throughout the country and no studies have been done to evaluate the molluscicidal potency of the local varieties. Further, P. dodecandra has only been tried under field condition in Ethiopia, and because of the recently completed toxicological studies, interested countries should carry out independent laboratory and field trials to determine the most appropriate method of using the plant molluscicide. This paper summarizes studies that have been carried out in Zimbabwe to facilitate the use of P. dodecandra for wide-scale schistosomiasis control.
+Materials and Methods
+Natural Distribution of P. dodecandra in Zimbabwe
+The search for P. dodecandra was conducted in places where the plant had previously been reported (Chandiwana et al. 1985) and on termite mounds and other sites where the plant is likely to grow. To facilitate the search, local people were asked to assist in the location of the plant after they had been shown a specimen. The local name of the plant, its traditional uses (medicinal or otherwise), if any, and its location were recorded.
+A kilogram of green berries was collected into pre-labeled transparent plastic bags from plants whose racemes had reached the unripe green fruit stage of development (Lugs 1981). These were brought back to the laboratory where they were oven dried for three days at 30°C. The dried berries were crushed into tiny particles by an electric blender. The particles were standardized by passing them through a 0.5 mm mesh after which they were stored in screw top glass bottles until bioassays were performed.
+Molluscicidal Potency Tests
+Bioassays to determine the molluscicidal activity of the berries were performed using adult Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, the most important intermediate host of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe (Taylor and Makura 1985). A stock solution of 50 parts per million (ppm) was prepared using dechlorinated water. Four replicates of five laboratory-bred snails each were exposed to molluscicide concentrations of 30, 20, 15, 10, 8, and 5 ppm in a total volume of 200 ml for 24 hours. In each experiment, five snails were exposed to 200 ml of dechlorinated water for 24 hours as a control. After exposure, snails were washed, provided with food, and allowed a recovery period of 24 hours, after which mortality was assessed. This was done by probing the snails to elicit typical withdrawal movements. If no withdrawal movements were evident, such snails were considered to be dead.
+Pilot Field Trial of P. dodecandra for Snail Control in a Rural Area
+A pilot field trial was conducted in the Chiweshe communal lands where snail intermediated hosts of schistosomiasis were found in large numbers in two streams that passed through the village. The snail populations in the streams were monitored by dipping with an aquatic net along the margins of the streams at monthly intervals for 12 months before beginning the snail control exercise (Shiff et al. 1979). The snails recovered were examined for infection and returned to their respective sites on the same day. In addition, land was requested and received from the local people, where 550 plants of high molluscicidal potency were planted.
+Application of P. dodecandra Berries
+Before application of the molluscicide, the volume, as well as the flow rate, of the study streams were determined. Application was carried out in May when the water levels were low. A stock solution made from ground berries that had been harvested from the plot and sundried was prepared at least eight hours before application. Application was designed to achieve a concentration of 100 ppm. Efficacy of the molluscicide was assessed by exposure of sentinel snails to treated water for 24 hours. Due to the non-ovicidal nature of P. dodecandra berries, molluscicide application was repeated two weeks after the initial treatment. Snail population studies were carried out as before for both the study and the control streams for a further period of 12 months.
+Results
+Distribution and Molluscicidal Tests
+The areas where P. dodecandra berries were collected are shown in Figure 1. Twenty-seven of 103 plants located in the eastern region (E) of the country, 15 of 21 plants in the central region (C), 6 of 13 plants in the northern region (N), 10 of 15 in the southern (S), and 16 of 32 plants in the southeastern region (SE) had berries. Crude extracts from the crushed berries from all the plants killed all or some of the snails at concentrations of 20 ppm or above.
+Table 1 shows the mean percentage mortalities that were recorded when B. globosus were exposed to a molluscicide concentration of 15 ppm. For comparative purposes, 15 ppm was preferred, as this was the minimum concentration at which at least one snail died. The table also shows the mean altitude of the places from which P. dodecandra berries were collected.
+TABLE 1 Mean Percentage of Snail Mortalities Recorded When Bulinus globosus were Exposed to a Molluscicide Concentration of 15 ppm. The Number of Plants Collected in Each of the Districts (n), the Average Altitudes, Average Annual Mean Temperatures, and Average Annual Rainfalls are also Shown for Each District from Which Berries were Collected. Mean ± SEM.
+District
+n
+Average Altitude
+Average Annual Mean Temperature
+Average Annual Rainfall
+Mean % Snail Mortalities
+(m)
+(°c)
+(mm)
+Eastern (E)
+Central (c)
+Northern (N)
+S Eastern (SE)
+Southern (S)
+n = number of plants from which P. dodecandra berries were collected and bioassay tests performed. Source: Ndamba and Chandiwana 1987, in part.
+From 74 crude berry extracts used in the bioassay tests, berries from eight plants were lethal to 83.8 + 5.3% of snails at a molluscicide concentration of 10 ppm. The extracts resulted in markedly high snail mortality even at lower concentrations.
+Of the eight plants from which berries of high potency were collected, seven were found growing in places in the southern region (S) of the country at an altitude of 989 + 30 m, with annual rainfall figures of 760 i 1.58 mm and annual mean temperatures of 19.30 + 0.13°C. The only other plant with berries of equally high potency was found growing in the eastern region (E) of the country at an altitude of 960 m, and with an annual rainfall of 700 mm and an annual mean temperature of 19.50°C.
+Field Trial
+All the sentinel snails died after 24 hours of exposure to the treated water. No snails were recovered from the treated stream one week after treatment. Further, during the monthly snail population studies, snails were not recovered from the study stream until the onset of the rainy season (November). However, snails were recovered from the control stream throughout the study (Figures 2 and 3).
+Sociological Evaluation
+Knowledge about schistosomiasis was restricted to 78.9% of the respondents. Only 44.2% of the people interviewed had prior knowledge of P. dodecandra, while 55.8% said they had never seen the plant before. People residing in areas where the plant does not grow naturally only knew the plant was used for floor polish. (Tables 2 and 3.)
+TABLE 2 Number of People Interviewed and Percentage of Those Having Previous Knowledge of Phytolacca dodecandra
+Females
+Male
+Total
+Area of respondents
+n per area
+% of total
+n per area
+% of total
+Total
+% of
+responses
+total
+(A)
+(B)
+(C)
+(D)
+n = number of people interviewed. (A) and (D) -- areas where plant is known to grow. (B) and (C) -- areas where plant is not known to grow.
+After a brief explanation of the intended use of the plant, 27% of the people interviewed were willing to cultivate the plant for snail control. However, 23% of the respondents had reservations about the idea. The reasons for reservations ranged from scarcity of land (47.7%), lack of knowledge about the plant (21%), lack of confidence in the use of a wild plant to control an important disease like schistosomiasis (11.2%), and lack of interest (20%) (Ndamba et al. 1989b).
+TABLE 3. Use of Phytolacca dodecandra in Areas (A) and (D) by Sex
+Area (A)
+Area (D)
+Total % (A + D)
+Females
+% total
+Males
+% total
+Females
+% total
+Males l
+% tota
+Females
+Males
+(n = 78)
+(n = 66)
+(n = 45)
+(n = 37)
+(n=123)
+(n=103)
+Use of P. dodecandra*
+Floor polish(leaves)
+Medicine for
+unspecified
+human ailments
+(roots and leaves)
+Disinfectant for
+domestic
+animals (leaves)
+Emetic
+(roots, berries,
+leaves)
+Lightning protector
+(plant)
+Snake repellent
+(plant)
+Abortifacient
+(leaves and berries)
+Flea repellent
+(leaves)
+Don't know
+n = total number of people interviewed.
+* An additional 2.7% and 10.8% females from areas (B) and (C), respectively, reported P. dodecandra used only as a floor polish.
+Discussion
+The results of this study show that P. dodecandra is widely distributed in Zimbabwe and that there are marked differences in the molluscicidal potency of plants from different regions of the country (Table 1). The study also showed that a small proportion of plants yielded berries with very high molluscicidal activity. This finding clearly suggests that extensive work on the natural distribution of P. dodecandra plants is essential before proceeding to set up test plots to serve as gene banks for further agrobotanic and breeding requirements. It is desirable that plants with high molluscicidal activity and high berry yield be selected for propagation.
+Data from Table 1 suggest that variation in molluscicidal potency of P. dodecandra is associated with altitude, rainfall, and temperature. The most potent berries were generally from low altitude and poor rainfall areas and may be attributable to a high concentration of the active ingredients in the berries due to the limited amount of water available to plants in such areas. In Zimbabwe, the most poisonous plants are found in the lower and drier parts of the country (Shone and Drammond 1965), a factor that might have some bearing on our findings.
+As a result of these findings, test plots of selected local varieties of the plant with high molluscicidal potency and high berry yield, as well as the Ethiopian type 44, have been set up in different climatic regions of Zimbabwe. These were initiated to study the effects of soil types, altitude, rainfall, and temperature on molluscicidal activity and hence define regions of the country where the better plants can be grown for snail control purposes. Data on this part of the study are still being analyzed.
+It is clear from Figures 2 and 3 that a single application of P. dodecandra berries can significantly reduce the snail population. Shiff et al. (1979) have shown that a single winter application of a molluscicide results in a significant reduction in the transmission of schistosomiasis. Our findings seem to support Shiff's conclusions. These preliminary results suggest the need for further studies to explore ways and means of incorporating P. dodecandra into our national schistosomiasis control programs. Further, unlike synthetic molluscicides, P. dodecandra can be used at a community level in self-help programs.
+In view of the recently completed toxicological studies (Lambert et al. 1991), a study has been initiated in Zimbabwe to demonstrate the efficacy of P. dodecandra in reducing schistosomiasis in the human population. Further, laboratory studies to determine the effectiveness of P. dodecandra formulated as a slow release are being undertaken at the Johns Hopkins University. The slow release formulations will be field tested in Zimbabwe.
+Acknowledgments
+This paper is published with the kind permission of the Secretary for Health, Zimbabwe. The study was supported by funds from "Old Mutual" - Zimbabwe Ltd. The authors are very grateful to Miss G. Mandisodza for her excellent secretarial services. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number DHR-5600-G-SS-0058-00, the network meeting, and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Chandiwana, S. K., S. Mavi, and J. Ndamba. 1985. A preliminary report on the distribution of P. dodecandra in Zimbabwe. Zimb. Agric. J. 83: 1-2.
+Lambert, J.D.H., J.H.M. Temmink, J. Marquis, R.M. Parkhurst, Ch.B. Lugt, E. Lemmich, L. Wolde-Yohannes, and D. De Savigny. 1991. Endod: safety evaluation of a plant molluscicide. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 14:189-201.
+Lemma, A. 1965. Preliminary Report on the Molluscicide Properties of ENDOD (Phytolacca dodecandra). Ethiop. Med. J. 3:187-190.
+Lemma, A. 1970. Laboratory and field evaluation of the molluscicidal properties of Phytolacca dodecandra. Bull. WHO 42:597-617.
+Lugt, Ch.B. 1981. Phytolacca dodecandra berries as a means of controlling bilharzia-transmitting snails. Institute of Pathobiology, Litho Printers, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
+McCullogh, F.S., P. Gayral, J. Ducan, and J. Christie. 1980. Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control. Bull. WHO 58:681-689.
+Ndamba, J. and S.K. Chandiwana. 1987. Appendix I. Paper 7. A report on the geographical variation in the molluscicidal potency of Phytolacca dodecandra berries in Zimbabwe. pp. 88-95. in Makhubu, L., A. Lemma and D. Heyneman. (ed.). Endod: Towards the use of Endod as a plant-derived molluscicide for control of schistosomiasis on a community self-help basis. Second International Workshop on Endod, Phytolacca dodecandra, Mbabane, Swaziland, April 1986. Council on International and Public Affairs, New York. 162 pp.
+Ndamba, J., S.K. Chandiwana, and N. Makaza. 1989a. The use of Phytolacca dodecandra berries in the control of trematode-transmitting snails in Zimbabwe. Acta Trop. 46:303-309.
+Ndamba, J., S.K. Chandiwana, and N. Makaza. 1989b. Knowledge, attitudes and practices among rural communities in Zimbabwe in relation to Phytolacca dodecandra - a plant molluscicide. Soc. Sci. Med. 28:1249-1253.
+Parkhurst, R.M., D.W. Thomas, W.A. Skinner, and L.W. Cary. 1974. Molluscicidal saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra. Lemmatoxin. Can. J. Chem. 52:702-705.
+Shiff, C.J., W.C.C. Coutts, C. Yiannakis, and R.W. Holmes. 1979. Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Rhodesia and its control by winter application of molluscicide. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73:375-380.
+Shone, A.K. and R.B. Drammond. 1965. Poisonous plants of Rhodesia. Rhod. Agric. J. 62:4.
+Taylor, P. and O. Makura. 1985. Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79:287-299.
+<section>Testing Of Echinostoma Liei As A Biocontrol Agent Against Schistosoma Mansoni Under Simulated Natural Conditions In Egypt</section>
+F. Yousif, M. El-Emam, N. Haroun, S. Mohamed, And G. Kamel
+Abstract
+Echinostoma liei was evaluated as a biological control agent of Schistosoma mansoni under simulated natural conditions by obtaining data on the effect E. liei may have on the population density of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the snail host of S. mansoni in Egypt, and the effect E. liei may exhibit on the infection of the snail with S. mansoni. Five experiments, of 22 replicates, were carried out between 1988 and 1990 in similarly controlled ditches at the "Snail Research Station" near Cairo. In each experiment, five treatment groups of snails were introduced into ditches as well as into submerged cages: group (C) without infection, group (S) exposed to Schistosoma, group (E) exposed to Echinostoma, group (S +E) exposed to Schistosoma and less than two weeks later to Echinostoma, and group (S' +E') to Schistosoma and after 2-3 weeks to Echinostoma. Samples of ditch snails and all caged snails were examined twice weekly until all snails died and the infection rate, duration of
+cercarial shedding (i.e., period of infection risk), and periodic cercarial output were determined.
+Results obtained show that the infection rate of snails with S. mansoni was significantly lower in group (S + E) and was marginally significantly lower in group (S'+E') than in group (S). Including the zero values, duration of cercarial shedding (i.e., infection risk) was significantly shorter in groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') than in group (S). However, no significant difference was found in cercarial output of S. mansoni per shedding snail between various groups. The population density of snails became significantly lower in groups (S + E) and (S'+E') than in the control group (C), even though the original densities of snails were similar in these groups.
+Introduction
+Echinostoma lied Jeyarasasingam, Heyneman, Lim, and Mansour (1972) utilize Biomphalaria alexandrina, the vector of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt, as first natural intermediate host. There is considerable evidence demonstrating the value of E. liei as a biocontrol agent against S. mansoni under laboratory conditions. Thus, Heyneman et al. (1972) proved that E. liei is a strong dominant competitor over S. mansoni in B. glabrata. Echinostoma revolutum (possibly the same parasite as E. liei) proved to have marked antagonistic effect against S. mansoni in the shared natural snail host B. alexandrina (Barus et al. 1974). Nevertheless, no field tests have been carried out in Egypt to evaluate E. liei as a biocontrol agent against S. mansoni and its snail vector.
+In other countries, field evaluation of echinostomes has been restricted to a few trials in ponds performed in Malaysia, Thailand, and Guadeloupe (Lie and Owyang 1973; Heyneman and Umathevy 1967; Lie et al. 1970, 1971, 1974 a,b, Nassi 1978; Nassi et al. 1979; Pointier 1989). In some of these tests, Echinostoma malayanum, Schistosoma spindale, and the snail host Indoplanorbis exustus were utilized. In Guadeloupe, Ribeiroia marini guadeloupensis, S. mansoni, and B. glabrata were used.
+In the present study, E. liei was tested against S. mansoni and its vector, B. alexandrina, in controlled experimental ditches similar to those common in the irrigation system in Egypt. Data on effects of Echinostoma, Schistosoma, cercarial output, and duration of infection risk were obtained. These data should be of considerable value in the final evaluation of E. liei as a biocontrol agent against S. mansoni.
+Materials and Methods
+Experimental Ditches
+Ten experimental ditches (Figures 1-3) in the Snail Research Station of the Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, 25 km north of Cairo, were utilized in this study. These ditches are parallel, with muddy bottoms and sloping banks, each 30 m long, 150 cm wide at water level, and 50 cm wide at the bottom. The water depth was about 50 cm. The ditches are each divided into three sections by special partitions, which allow complete separation of sections and water flow without snail mixing. Two channels at right angles to the ditches served as common feeding and draining channels. At the inner side of either channel there is a base in which a series of levered tubes is installed opposite the ditches. The tubes of the common feeding channel act as water inlets and are located a few centimeters higher than those of the common drainage channel, which act as outlets to allow the flow of water in one direction. All outlet tubes were guarded by plastic sieves to prevent loss of snails.
+This system of experimental ditches is supplied with underground water (40 m deep). The ditches have about 60% of water surface shaded equally. Ditches were originally supplied for two years with surface water from a nearby canal and maintained for natural balance before changing to the underground water source. Vegetation was allowed to grow in all ditches, but partial clearing was necessary to maintain almost equal vegetation density.
+Ecological Data
+The major abiotic and biotic components were examined. The chemical analysis of the underground and ditch water are presented in Table 1. This analysis shows that both types of water were suitable for the snails and the free-living stages of both parasites. The temperature of surface
+water at midday and weekly means of temperatures at the middle and the bottom of ditches were determined using a thermograph (Figure 4). The mean water temperature was 16-26°C during the period of experiments (March-November). The period from December to February was avoided because water temperatures are low and the development of S. mansoni and E. liei stops at 14°C and 13°C, respectively (Pfluger 1980, Yousif et al., unpublished). In the cool season, December-February, the mean water temperature at the bottom of the ditches (14-16°C) is higher than at the middle by about 2°C. The reverse occurs during the rest of the year when the mean temperature at
+Fauna and Flora in Ditches
+Insects
+Lethocerus sp.
+Dolomedes sp.
+Anisops sp.
+Anisoptera nymph
+Amphihians
+Tadpoles of Bufo sp.
+Fish
+Tilapia nilotica
+Aquatic Plants
+Eichhornia crassipes
+Cyperus dives
+Phragmites australis
+Phragmites communis
+Typha domingensis
+Paspalum paspaloides
+Ceratophyllum demersum
+Chara sp.
+Mollusks
+Bulinus truncatus
+Physa acuta
+Lanistes carinatus
+Cleopatra bulimoides
+Lymnaea caillaudi
+Bellamya unicolor
+Filamentous algae
+TABLE 1 Chemical Analysis of Underground and Ditch Water
+Parameter (ppm)
+Underground Water
+Ditch Water
+Sulfides (S)
+Dissolved oxygen (O2)
+Biochemical oxygen demand(B.O.D.)
+Chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.)
+Total dissolved solids (T.D.S.)
+Ash of dissolved solids
+Suspended solids
+Ash of suspended solids
+Ammonia (N)
+Nitrites (N)
+Nitrates (N)
+Oils and fats
+Nil
+Iron (Fe)
+Manganese (Mn)
+Total alkalinity (CaCO3)
+Total hardness (CaCO3)
+Calcium hardness (CaCO3)
+Magnesium hardness
+Calcium (Ca)
+Magnesium (Mg)
+Chlorides (Cl)
+Silicates (SiO2)
+Phosphates (P04)
+Copper (Cu)
+Nil
+Lead (Pb)
+Fecal coliforms/100 c.c.
+the bottom of the ditches is 1-3 °C lower than that at halfway to the bottom. Surface water temperature at midday was about 3°C lower than the mean temperature at the bottom during January. This temperature was higher by up to 5°C than the bottom temperature in December and February. In the warm season, March-November, the temperature of water surface at midday was higher than the mean at the bottom by 7-12°C in June-August. The fauna and flora in various ditches (see below) were generally similar both in species and density.
+Specimens required for this research were B. alexandrina snails, E. liei eggs, and S. mansoni eggs. Snails were collected from canals and drains near Cairo, examined successively for natural infection, and shedding snails were discarded. In each experiment, batches of collected snails were randomly distributed in equal numbers between different sections of the ditches. Only medium-sized snails (5-8 mm in diameter) were used.
+Echinostoma lied and S. mansoni were maintained in the laboratory for the production of eggs. Both parasites originated from naturally infected B. alexandrina snails collected from the irrigation scheme near Cairo. Echinostoma lied was maintained in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) as definitive host, and B. alexandrina and Physa acuta as first and second intermediate hosts, respectively. Egg production of both parasites was optimized and a technique was refined for egg extraction by passing a fecal suspension or tissue homogenate through a number of sieves of descending mesh sizes. Eggs were incubated and only fully embryonated eggs ready to hatch were used. Schistosoma mansoni was maintained in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and B. alexandrina snails. An extra source for Schistosoma eggs from human origin was also utilized.
+Five experiments, of 22 replicates each, were set up during 1988-1990 (Table 2). In each experiment, five treatments were used. These groups are: group (C) snails without infection, group (S) snails exposed to Schistosoma eggs, group (E) snails exposed to Echinostoma eggs, group (S + E) snails exposed to Schistosoma and to Echinostoma after less than two weeks, group (S'+ E') snails exposed to Schistosoma and to Echinostoma after 2-3 weeks. Thus, in each experiment (except those
+TABLE 2 Intervention by Echinostoma lied Against Schistosoma mansoni Under Simulated Field
+Conditions
+Experiment no.
+Date
+Snails
+Number per Ditch Section
+Schistosoma Eggs (1,000)
+Echinostoma Eggs (1,000)
+I
+May '88
+May '88
+May '88
+II
+Aug. '88
+Sept. '88
+Sept. '88
+Oct. '88
+III
+Mar. '89
+Mar. '89
+Apr. '89
+Apr. '89
+May '89
+June '89
+IV
+Aug. '89
+Aug. '89
+Sept. '89
+V
+May '90
+May '90
+May '90
+May '90
+June '90
+July '90
+of experiment 3) five equal groups of snails were introduced into five similarly controlled ditch sections. Simultaneously, 150 or 300 snails were placed in three cages and submerged in each ditch section. A rotation technique for the distribution of groups in various sections was applied (Figure 1). Therefore, the effect of the position of the section within the ditch was eliminated. In the replicates of experiment 3, equal numbers of snails were introduced into the ditch sections during the previous autumn and maintained until the next spring. Before Schistosoma and Echinostoma eggs were introduced, the snail population in each ditch section was assessed by counting the number of snails obtained by 12 dips, using the standard dip net. This assessment showed that the snail populations in ditch sections of replicates 4 and 6 were considerably lower than in replicates 1, 2, 3, and 5. Therefore, 2,000 and 500 snails, respectively, were added to the sections of replicates 4 and
+6 (see Table 9).
+Eggs were introduced into ditches at midday, using shallow pots hung 5 cm under the water surface and left for five days in the case of Echinostoma, and one day in the case of Schistosoma.
+Ditch sections were separated from each other by impermeable screens during periods of exposure to miracidia to prevent miracidial contamination between sections. Samples of ditch snails (12 dips per ditch section and all caged snails) were examined twice weekly until the death of all the introduced snails. These snails were examined individually for cercarial shedding every two hours. Positive snails were marked according to parasite species, and all snails were replaced into their original sites. The infection rate, duration of cercarial shedding in each group (i.e., period of infection risk), and periodic cercarial output per shedding snail were determined in each case.
+TABLE 3 Infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina with Echinostoma lied Under Simulated Field Conditions (in Ditches)
+Experiment no.
+Echinostoma (E) alone
+Schistosoma + (E)
+Schistosoma + (E)
+(< 2 weeks)
+(2-3 weeks)
+Examined
++ve
+Examined
++ve
+Examined
++ve
+I
+Total
+II
+Total
+III
+Total
+IV
+Total
+V
+Total
+Grand total
+Statistical Analysis
+The primary analysis methods used for this project were multiple logistic regression and multiple regression. Additionally, the non-parametric median test was used for certain comparisons of highly skewed data. All analyses were conducted using the statistical software package "Statistix" for personal computers. In all analyses, evaluating factors related to infection of Schistosoma or Echinostoma in snails, multiple logistic regression was used. When making comparisons across treatment groups (or allowing for differences among experiments, experiment and replicates and/or treatment groups), the appropriate dummy variables were created.
+In determining whether there was a correlation between the infection rates of snails in ditches with those in cages in the same treatment group, multiple regression was used; in some cases, the data were skewed, so that a logarithm transformation was first made. (In such cases, zero values were recoded to one-half the lowest positive value.) When the non-parametric median test was employed, it is indicated in the appropriate place of the paper.
+Results
+Echinostoma Infection
+Snails in Ditches (Table 3) After allowing for differences in the shedding rates of Echinostoma in snails, among the five experiments, this rate in group (S'+ E') was significantly lower than in group (S + E) (one-tailed p = 0.006). The probability of infection in group (S + E) was not significantly different from that in group (E). However, the probability for group (S'+ E') was significantly lower than for group (E) (one-tailed p = 0.027).
+When data from all three snail groups exposed to Echinostoma were combined, the probability of infection was significantly and positively related to the number of Echinostoma eggs introduced (one-tailed p = 0.006); the number of eggs remained significant (one-tailed p = 0.01) after allowing for differences in infection across the three groups. However, when the three groups were analyzed separately, the number of eggs was a significant factor only for group (E) (one-tailed p = 0.006).
+Snails in Cages (Table 4) As with the data from ditch snails, the prevalence of infection (cercarial shedding) in caged snails was significantly lower in group (S'+ E') than in group (S + E) (one-tailed p < 0.0002). The probability of infection for group (S + E) was not significantly different from that in group (E), but was significantly lower in group (S' + E') compared with group (E) (one-tailed p = 0.0004).
+For snails in cages, (cf. ditch snails), the numbers of Echinostoma eggs introduced were negatively correlated with the probability of infection, after controlling for differences across groups (p < 0.0001). When the three treatment groups were analyzed separately, these inverse relationships were significant for groups (S + E) and (S'+ E'), but only marginally for group (E) (two-tailed p = 0.13).
+There were 17 replicates in which snails from both ditches and cages were examined in sufficient numbers for Echinostoma infection. The infection rates (as well as their logarithms, to account for non-normality) were positively correlated (one-tailed p = 0.026).
+TABLE 4 Infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina with Echinostoma lied Under Simulated Field Conditions (in Cages)
+Experiment no.
+Echinostoma (E) alone
+Schistosoma + (E)
+Schistosoma + (E)
+(< 2 weeks)
+(2-3 weeks)
+Examined
++ ve
+Examined
++ ve
+Examined
++ ve
+I
+Total
+II
+Total
+III
+Total
+IV
+Total
+V
+Total
+Grand total
+Schistosoma Infection
+Snails in Ditches (Table 5) In the five experiments, the percentage of infected (shedding) snails in group (S'+ E') was statistically higher than in group (S + E). Therefore, the two groups cannot be combined. In these analyses, data from experiment I, replicate 3 were deleted; it was judged that too few snails were examined in group (S) and (S'+ E').
+TABLE 5 Effect of Echinostoma lied on Infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina with Schistosoma mansoni Under Simulated Field Conditions (in Ditches)
+Experiment no.
+Schistosoma (s) alone
+(s) + Echinostoma
+(S') + Echinostoma
+(< 2 weeks)
+(2-3 weeks)
+Examined
++ ve
+Examined
++ ve
+Examined
++ve
+I
+Total
+II
+Total
+III
+Total
+IV
+Total
+V
+Total
+Grand total
+1,98s
+Differences across the five experiments as well as across replicates were allowed. Results were nearly identical regarding differences across groups. Because there were clear differences across replicates within some of the experiments, differences across experiments and replicates were appropriate. After allowing for these replicate differences, the percentage of infected snails was significantly lower (47%) in group (S + E) than in group S (one-tailed p = 0.0005) and was marginally significantly lower in group (S'+ E') than in group (S) (one-tailed p = 0.65).
+When all three groups were combined, the number of eggs introduced was a highly significant factor in the probability of infection in snails (p < 0.0001). When the three treatment groups were analyzed separately, the number of eggs was either significant as in groups (S) and (S'+ E'), one
+tailed p-values < 0.01) or marginally significant group as in (S + E), (one-tailed p = 0.056). In all cases, the probability of infection increased with increasing number of eggs. Because of the small number of snails counted in either one or both of the treatment groups, the data from experiment I, replicate 2 and experiment II, replicate 2 were not included in these analyses.
+Snails in Cages (Table 6) The same approach was used as with the snails in the ditches; that is, differences in infection rates across experiments and replicates were allowed for before the effect of the treatment group was assessed.
+TABLE 6 Effect of Echinostoma lied on Infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina with Schistosoma mansoni Under Simulated Field Conditions (in Cages)
+Experiment no.
+Schistosoma (S) alone
+(S) + Echinostoma
+(S') + Echinostoma
+( < 2 weeks)
+(2-3 weeks)
+Examined
++ ve
+Examined
++ ve
+Examined
++ ve
+I
+Total
+II
+Total
+III
+Total
+IV
+Total
+V
+Total
+Grand
+total
+The probability of infection for snails in group (S + E) was significantly lower (32%) than those in group S (one-tailed p < 0.0001), but was not significantly lower in group (S'+ E') compared with group S. In these analyses of snails in the ditches and in cages, the coefficients for group (S + E) were very similar: 0.79 for ditches, and 0.80 for cages. Using the value of 0.80, the ratio of the odds of infection for snails in group (S + E) relative to group (S) is 0.45. Thus, for an odds ratio of 0.45, if the prevalence of infection among group (S) is, for example, 4%, then the prevalence among group (S + E) would be estimated as approximately 1.8%.
+When data from all three groups were combined, the probability of infection was significantly and positively related to the number of Schistosoma eggs introduced (one-tailed p = 0.024); the number of eggs remained significant (one-tailed p = 0.036) after allowing for differences in infection across the three groups. However, when the three groups were analyzed separately, the number of eggs was a significant factor only for group (S + E) (one-tailed p = 0.014). There were 17 replicates in which snails from both ditches and cages were examined in sufficient numbers for Schistosoma infection. The infection rates (as well as their logarithms, to account for non-normality) were highly correlated (p <0.0001, r = 0.42).
+Effect of Echinostoma on Periodic Cercarial Shedding by Snails: (Table 7)
+Because of the very small number of positive snails for some replicates, results within replicates of the same experiment were combined. Data from experiment III were not included in the analyses since only one snail from the treated groups for this experiment were observed to be positive. Multiple regression, both unweighted and weighted by the number of infected snails, was used to compare the numbers of cercariae per snail in the treated groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') with the Schistosoma group (S). Because the means of each experiment had differing precision because of the different numbers of snails contributing to these means, the weighted regression was more appropriate.
+For snails in the ditches, when averaged across the four experiments, the mean number of cercariae per shedding snail per 2 hr was lower in group (S'+ E') than for the Schistosoma alone in group (S). However, this difference was not statistically significant; moreover, for two of the experiments the mean was higher in group (S'+ E') than group (S). There was also no significant difference between group (S + E) and group (S).
+For snails in cages, the mean numbers of cercariae per shedding snail per 2 hr were significantly lower in both groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') than in group (S) (one-tailed p-values 0.015 and 0.026, respectively) for unweighted regression. However, when the number of snails was considered, using weighted regression, the difference did not approach statistical significance. The great majority of infected snails were observed in experiments IV and V. For these two experiments, the means across treatment groups are similar (with the exception of experiment IV, treatment group 4, which also was based on the smallest number of snails).
+Thus, since the unweighted results are considered more reliable, it is concluded that for both ditches and cages there were no differences in the periodic cercarial output per shedding snail in various treatment groups.
+TABLE 7 Effect of Echinostoma lied on Cercarial Output of Schistosoma mansoni Under Simulated Field Conditions
+Experiment no.
+Schistosoma (S)
+(S) + Echinostoma
+(S') + Echinostoma
+alone
+< 2 weeks
+2-3 weeks
+Cercariae/Snail/2hr
+Cercariae/Snail/2hr
+Cercariae/Snaail/2hr
+Ditches
+Cages
+Ditches
+Cages
+Ditches
+Cages
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+V
+Mean
+Duration of Schistosoma Infection Risk (Table 8)
+The data concerning days of cercarial shedding for various snail groups (days of infection risk) in ditches and cages were highly skewed, with many zero values. Therefore, in comparing each of the treatment groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') with group (S), the non-parametric median test for paired data was used. In this, the number of times the duration of shedding in group (S) exceeded the other groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') was noted for 20 replicates; based on the binomial distribution, the exact p-value was calculated. (Note: under the null hypothesis of no difference in the number of shedding days, for approximately half the replicates, the number of days for group S should be larger than for the other groups and for half the replicates it should be smaller.)
+For both ditches and cages, both groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') were found to have significantly fewer days of cercarial shedding, i.e., shorter period infection risk. In the ditches, the duration of Schistosoma infection risk is 49% in group (S + E) and 57% in group (S'+ E') of that of group (S). The respective one-tailed p-values were: group (S + E) ditches 0.048; group (S'+ E') ditches 0.0004; group (S + E) cages 0.004; group (S'+ E') cages 0.0008.
+TABLE 8 Effect of Echinostoma lied on Mean Period in Days of Schistosoma Infection Risk
+Exper- iment no.
+Schistosoma (S)
+(S) + Echinostoma
+(S') + Echinostoma
+alone
+< 2 weeks
+2-3 weeks
+Ditches
+Cages
+Ditches
+Cages
+Ditches
+Cages
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+V
+Mean
+Effect of Echinostoma on the Population Density of Snails (Table 9)
+Data obtained from experiment III is used here since the snail populations were more natural than in other experiments (see Materials and Methods). In order to assess the original conditions for each treatment group (E, S + E, S'+ E'), the original snail densities estimated by the number of snails recovered in 12 dips, were compared with the control group (C). Because of non-normality of the data, the non-parametric median test was used. None of the three treatment groups differed significantly from the control.
+TABLE 9. Effect of Echinostoma liei on the Population Density of Biomphalaria alexandrina Under Simulated Field Condition
+Exper-
+Observation
+Control
+Echinostoma (E)
+Schistosoma + (E)
+Schistosoma
+iment no.
+period
+alone
+(< 2 weeks)
+2-3 weeks
+Original
+Number
+Original
+Number
+Original
+Number
+Original
+Number
+density
+of
+density
+of
+density
+of
+denity
+of
+(snails/
+collected
+(snails/
+collected
+(snails/
+collected
+(snails/
+collected
+12 dip)
+snails
+12 dip)
+snails
+12 dip)
+snails
+12 dip)
+snails
+III
+* Number of snails added to each ditch section at start of experiment.
+For comparing the population density of snails, two measures were considered: the number of snails collected during the experiment and the ratio of the number of snails collected to the original density. For groups (S + E) and (S'+ E') the results were identical for the two measures. The control group (C) exceeded group (S + E) for all six experiments and exceeded group (S' + E') for all five experiments in which data were collected for both. These differences were statistically significant; one-tailed p = 0.02 and p = 0.03 for groups (S + E) and (S'+ E'), respectively. The numbers collected for group (E) tended to be lower than for group (C); the mean number of snails collected for groups (E) and (C) were, respectively, 166.0 and 235.7, and the number collected in the control group exceeded that for group (E) in five of the six experiments. However, these differences were not significant (p = 0.11). When the ratios of collected snails to original densities were considered,
+the values for group (E) again tended to be lower than group (C) (mean ratios of 4.9 and 5.8, respectively with the ratio in the control group exceeding that in group (E) for four of the six experiments, but these differences were not significant.
+Discussion
+Echinostoma lied was tested here for the first time against S. mansoni and the shared snail host B. alexandrina under simulated natural conditions and in controlled experimental ditches similar to those common in the irrigation schemes in schistosomiasis areas of Egypt. Previous field trials with echinostomes for control of schistosomes are limited to those performed in Malaysia, Thailand, and Guadeloupe using E. malayanum against S. spindale, and the snail host ludoplanorbis exustus and Ribeiroia mariru against S. mansoni and B. glabrata, respectively. Some of these trials proved that echinostomes are generally dominant over schistosomes, are effective in reducing mollusk populations, and will almost eliminate schistosomes from the ponds (Heyneman and Umathevy 1967, Lie et al. 1970, 1971, 1974a,b; Nassi 1978; Lie and Owyang 1973; Nassi et al. 1979; Pointier 1989).
+Schistosoma mansoni, E. liei, and the shared snail vector B. alexandrina used in the present study were originally obtained from the same locality. This was meant to avoid any effect of strain difference on susceptibility of the snails to either parasite. Snails used in experiments were always of the same medium size to neutralize the effect of snail size on susceptibility to infection. Echinostoma eggs were incubated before being used in the experiments. Fully embryonated readily hatchable eggs were placed in pots and not simply thrown into ditch water. This avoided the settling of eggs on the bottom of the ditches and their being buried in mud or ingested by other organisms.
+Conditions in the experimental ditches were kept as uniform as possible, especially water flow, depth, and quantity; type and density of vegetation; and shade. Meanwhile, the number of replicates were numerous (22), including negative and positive controls, to allow for statistical analyses of the results.
+The results show that the infection of snails with Echinostoma was significantly lower in group (S'+ E') than in groups (E) and (S + E) in both ditches and cages. Infection of snails with Echinostoma in the last two groups was not different. This lower infection rate with Echinostoma in group (S'+ E') was expected since Echinostoma eggs were introduced into this group about 10 days later than into the other groups. Infections with Echinostoma in caged snails was found to be significantly negatively correlated to the number of introduced eggs of the parasite, while positively correlated in ditch snails. This may be explained on the basis of the higher exposure of cage snails to echinostome miracidia leading to a higher mortality of infected snails when compared to ditch snails. Such effects have not been observed in the case of Schistosoma because of the much less pathogenic effect of this parasite on vector snails in comparison with Echinostoma.
+The results also show that the infection rate of ditch snails with Echinostoma or Schistosoma ranged between 5.7 and 11. 1% (7.5%) and 1.5 and 11. 1% (3.2%) in positive control groups, that is, groups (E) and (S), respectively. These averages are somewhat higher than the averages of natural infection rates for both trematodes in Egypt. Much higher infection rates of snails with these parasites may be obtained under laboratory conditions, but this appears not to be the case under simulated natural conditions.
+Intervention with Echinostoma should be by introduction of completely developed eggs into foci where Schistosoma is transmitted. It appears from the results of this study that the timing of this intervention with echinostomes is an important factor to consider. Thus, a period less than two weeks between schistosome infection of snails and echinostome intervention was necessary to demonstrate a significant effect in the present study. The optimization of this factor still needs further studies.
+This study has demonstrated that a single application of E. liei eggs can have a significant reducing effect on B. alexandrina populations that were previously exposed to S. mansoni. Moreover, this application can significantly suppress the schistosome parasite in snails and shorten the period of infection risk if it occurs less than two weeks from the exposure of the snails to the schistosome. These effects are additive, and consequently, E. lied can provide a biological method of schistosomiasis control with some advantages over the present chemical methods, especially if applied repeatedly. It could be especially useful in aquacultures where molluscides are not allowed.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors express their deep thanks and gratitude to Dr. Emile Malek, Professor of Parasitology, Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA for his interest and valuable advice throughout this research work and for reading the manuscript. They are also deeply grateful to Dr. lanes Hughes, Acting Chairman, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, for the statistical analysis of the results. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number 936-5542, the network meeting, and publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Barus, V., F. Moravec, B. Rysavy, and F. Yousif. 1974. Antagonism of Echinostoma revolutum against Schistosoma mansoni in the snail Biomphalaria alexandrina. Folia Parasitol. 21:143194.
+Heyneman, D., H.K. Lim, and U. Jeyarasasingam. 1972. Antagonism of Echinostoma lied (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) against the trematodes Paryphostomum segregatum and Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 65:223-233.
+Heyneman. D, and T. Umathevy. 1967. A field experiment to test the possibility of using double infection of host snail as a possible biological control of schistosomiasis. Med. J. Malays. 21:273.
+Jeyarasasingam, U., D. Heyneman, H.K. Lim, and N. Mansour. 1972. Life cycle of a new echinostome from Egypt, Echinostoma lied sp. nov. (Trematode: Echinostomatidae). J. Parasitol. 65:203-222.
+Lie, K.J., E.El. Kwo, and C.K. Owyang. 1970. A field trial to test the possible control of Schistosoma spindale by means of interspecific trematode antagonism. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1:19-28.
+Lie, K.J., E.H. Kwo, and C.K. Owyang. 1971. Further field trial to control Schistosoma spindale by trematode antagonism. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2:237-243.
+Lie, K.J. and C.K. Owyang. 1973. A field trial to control Trickobilharzia brevis by dispersing eggs of Echinostoma audyi. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 4:208.
+Lie, K.J., C.R. Schneider, S. Sornmani, G.R. Lanza, and P. Impand. 1974a. Biological control by trematode antagonism. I. A successful field trial to control Schistosoma spindale in Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 5:46-59.
+Lie, K.J., C.R. Schneider, S. Sornmani, G.R. Lanza, and P. Impand. 1974b. Biological control by trematode antagonism II. Failure to control Schistosoma spindale in a field trial in Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 5:60-64.
+Nassi, H. 1978. Donnees sur le cycle biologique de Ribeiroia marini guadeloupensis n. ssp. trematode sterilisant Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe. Entretien du cycle en vue d'un controle eventuel des populations de Mollusques. Acta Trop. 35:41-56.
+Nassi, H., J.P. Pointier, and Y.J. Golvan. 1979. Bilan d'un essai de controle de Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe a l'aide d'un trematode sterilisant. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54: 1 SS-192.
+Pfluger, W. 1980. Experimental epidemiology of schistosomiasis 1 - The prepatent period and cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria snails at various constant temperatures. Z. Parasitenkd. 63:159-169.
+Pointier, J.P. 1989. Comparison between two biological control trials of Biomphalaria glabrata in a pond in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. J. Med. Appl. Malacol. 1:83-95.
+<section>Control Of Natural Populations Of Schistosome-Transmitting Snails By The Crayfish, Procambarus Clarkii In Temporary Man-Made Ponds In Kenya</section>
+G.M. Mkoji, B.V. Hofkin, B.N. Mungai,J.H. Kihara, F.K. Mungai, J.H. Ouma, D.K. Koech, And E.S. Loker
+Abstract
+A study was conducted to assess the ability of the Louisiana red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to control the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi in small, rain-filled quarry pits near Kangundo, Machakos, Kenya. This area is within the known geographic range of crayfish in Kenya and these man-made habitats are far removed from other water bodies. In six control sites where crayfish were not introduced, populations of B. pfeifferi, Bulinus (Physopsis) or Bull forskali persisted and in three of the sites, B. pfeifferi populations remained abundant. Crayfish were introduced into four experimental sites that initially had snail populations. In two of these sites, snails disappeared within one month and have not reappeared, and crayfish populations have persisted. In the remaining two sites, snails also quickly disappeared following crayfish introduction, but the habitats subsequently dried, interfering with long-term establishment of crayfish. In one
+additional site originally selected as a control habitat, a sharp reduction in snail abundance was correlated temporally with the unexpected appearance of crayfish. The results are in agreement with earlier studies implicating P. clarkii as a potential biological control agent for schistosome-transmitting snails in selected habitats in Kenya and indicate that additional study of this possibility is warranted.
+Introduction
+Freshwater habitats play an integral role in the life cycle of the parasitic flatworms responsible for causing schistosomiasis, one of the most common infectious diseases of humanity (Walsh and Warren 1979). Infections are acquired in freshwater when free-swimming schistosome cercariae penetrate human skin. Following the development of adult schistosomes in humans, their eggs are
+passed in feces or urine. If deposited in water, the eggs will hatch and release miracidia, which penetrate and initiate larval development in certain species of freshwater pulmonate snails. This culminates in the production and release of cercariae into water. These parasites, therefore, take advantage of the need for people to contact water and are also favored by the contamination of water bodies by human wastes. (For a review of schistosome biology, see Rollinson and Simpson 1987.)
+Within major endemic regions, it is very difficult to reduce morbidity and mortality to acceptable levels over sustained intervals of time; except in a few unique circumstances, eradication is not a feasible goal (Jordan 1977, WHO 1985, Mott 1987). The task of schistosomiasis control is rendered more difficult by water-development projects such as dams, irrigation schemes, and aquaculture projects that create new, and often favorable, habitats for snails, and that offer new opportunities for human water contact (Heyneman 1979).
+Various strategies for control include chemotherapy to treat infected people, improved sanitation, public health education programs, and snail control. Each of these approaches have advantages and drawbacks (e.g., Combes and Cheng 1986, Mott 1987, Madsen 1990) and it is generally acknowledged that a combination of methods is required to achieve success.
+The focus of our work is to investigate alternative methods of snail control that offer increased hope for sustained control and that deemphasize dependence on the use of relatively nonspecific, expensive molluscicides. We have concentrated on elucidating the potential of other freshwater invertebrates to control the pulmonate snails in Kenya that transmit not only the human schistosomes Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, but also schistosomes and liver flukes of domestic animals.
+In the early stages of our investigations, our efforts concentrated on species of ampullariid snails indigenous to Kenya that might function as effective competitors and/or predators of disease-transmitting pulmonates (Hofkin et al. 1991a, Stryker et al. 1991). While defining the geographic ranges and patterns of coexistence of ampullariids and pulmonates, we encountered several habitats that contained the North American crayfish Procambarus clarkii (see Loker et al. in these proceedings). Further study indicated that habitats containing crayfish were significantly less likely than crayfish-free habitats to support pulmonate species (Hofkin et al. 1991b). A possible explanation for this phenomenon was provided by laboratory experiments, which showed that crayfish readily consumed pulmonate snails, and by field experiments demonstrating that crayfish were capable of eliminating pulmonates in enclosures and that snails protected by cages were able to survive in crayfish
+habitats (Hofkin et al. 1991b). Further field and laboratory studies showed that crayfish could significantly reduce the abundance of macrophytes used by snails for food and oviposition sites (Hofkin et al. 1991c). It was also documented that crayfish could effectively block the build-up of pulmonate populations in laboratory aquaria (Hofkin et al., unpublished observations).
+Given the encouraging results obtained in both laboratory and field experiments, we were interested in determining if P. clarkii could displace natural populations of pulmonate snails. This represents an important step in determining the potential utility of P. clarkii as a possible biological control agent of schistosomiasis in Kenya. In conjunction with the Division of Vector Borne Diseases of the Kenya Ministry of Health, small, isolated, man-made habitats containing target snail species were selected for a preliminary trial of this possibility. Although P. clarkii is an introduced species in Kenya, it is now widely distributed in the country and is present in areas immediately adjacent to the sites selected for study. The results of this pilot study are outlined below.
+Materials and Methods
+Study Sites
+This study was conducted near Kangundo, Machakos District, in Kenya. The study sites consisted of man-made pits excavated to obtain stone blocks used in building construction. During the rainy season, these pits fill with water and, at maximum water volume, measure about 60-70 m² in area and 1-1.5 m in depth. Water volumes fluctuate seasonally, and many of the pits dry completely during the dry season. In spite of such fluctuations, many of these sites support thriving populations of pulmonate snails including Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus (Physopsis) spp., important schistosome-transmitting species in Kenya. The pits contained clear water, had rocky substrates, and some emergent vegetation was found near their margins.
+Crayfish were not known to occur here, but the sites are within the known geographic range of crayfish in Kenya, and are far removed (at least 10 km) from other waterbodies. Eleven sites were selected for the present study, seven of which served as controls and received no crayfish, and four of which were designated as experimental sites and received P. clarkii. These particular sites were chosen because they contained populations of pulmonate snails and their shorelines were easily accessible for sampling. In July 1990, just prior to crayfish introductions, snail searches on the shorelines of the sites were conducted (see below), and snails were identified and enumerated. Three control and three experimental habitats contained relatively small numbers of snails (< 20 snails per 5 minutes searching) and were designated as "low-density" habitats; four control and one experimental site typically contained > 50 snails per 5 minutes searching and were designated as "high
+density" sites.
+Crayfish Introductions
+Procambarus clarkii (carapace size 3.5-4.5 cm) were obtained from a dam near Thika, 35 km away, and were transferred the same day into the sites selected to receive crayfish. Each experimental site received 80 crayfish.
+Sampling of the Sites Regular sampling was initiated at the time of crayfish introductions. During sampling, a systematic five-minute search for snails was conducted along the shoreline of each site. As the water was relatively shallow and clear, the relative abundance of snails on the surfaces of submerged rocks was enumerated directly, and disturbance to the habitat resulting from the use of other sampling procedures was avoided. Presence and relative abundance of crayfish was assessed by counting crayfish caught in meat-baited minnow traps held in each site overnight.
+Results
+The three pulmonate species recorded in the 11 study sites were B. pfeifferi, Bulinus (Physopsis) spp., and Bull forskali, with the first species comprising > 95% of all collected snails. To simplify presentation, the counts for all three species are combined in the results. Relative abundance of pulmonates in the three low-density control sites are shown in Figure 1. Snails were found in low numbers in each site, with the number recovered per site varying considerably between sampling dates. In some months no snails were found in some of these habitats; however, snails were found in each control site for up to at least seven months after initiation of sampling. These sites dried by 12 months.
+In the first low density experimental site, crayfish clearly became established and exhibited a pattern of increasing abundance for the 11 months of study (Figure 1). Snails were not found after crayfish had been placed in the habitat. In the two remaining low density experimental sites, snails quickly disappeared following the introduction of crayfish. However, crayfish did not become established and small numbers of snails later appeared. Snails could be found in these sites for up to eight months (data not shown).
+The three high density control sites supported vigorous snail populations throughout the five-month period of observation (Figure 2), and although sampling was discontinued after this time, these habitats continued to support viable snail populations. In contrast, in the one experimental site, no snails were ever found after crayfish had been introduced (Figure 2). Crayfish persisted in this location and increased in abundance after six months.
+An additional high density control site was of particular interest because crayfish appeared there unexpectedly (Figure 3). During the first five months of study, the snail population was
+abundant, but by month six had started to decline, and by month nine had disappeared. This decline was correlated with the appearance of crayfish, which were first detected by month six. Crayfish subsequently disappeared, also by month nine of the study.
+Discussion
+Schistosome-transmitting snails were apparently eliminated within one month from both experimental quarry pits in which crayfish became well established. Snail surveys, conducted monthly at these sites for up to 12 months, were consistently negative, suggesting that snails were unable to recolonize these sites. Snails also rapidly disappeared in the two experimental sites where crayfish did not persist, but subsequently reappeared following the disappearance of crayfish. Snails were also eliminated within four months of the unexpected appearance of crayfish in a control site. In the three sites where crayfish persisted, their numbers began to increase after about 5-6 months, indicating they were capable of successful reproduction in the quarry pits. In the remaining control sites, snail populations persisted for at least four months after the disappearance of snails from crayfish introduction sites.
+The unexpected arrival of P. clarkii in one control site, apparently after having migrated from an experimental site approximately 12 miles away, illustrates the dispersal ability of this crayfish species. In conjunction with earlier results (Hofkin et al. 1991b), the results indicate that P. clarkii can rapidly eliminate and/or control B. pfeifferi and other snails of public health significance, at least in certain habitat types.
+The Kangundo quarry pits are small and man-made. They are completely dependent on rain water and they experience large seasonal fluctuations in volume. Many of the pits dry completely for up to three months of each year. Because of these considerations, it is unclear if the results obtained here can be extrapolated to larger, more permanent water bodies, or to lotic habitats that serve as important transmission foci. Nevertheless, the results obtained in the quarry pits are encouraging as well as relevant to public health because these sites are important transmission foci. Contact by local people with these sites is frequent, and human feces is commonly observed near the pits. We have also observed large numbers of snails recovered from the pits to be shedding schistosome cercariae (unpublished observations).
+It will be of particular interest to learn if crayfish will persist through the dry season in Kangundo, and whether snails will recolonize the introduction sites. Procambarus clarkii is capable of surviving dry periods by constructing burrows and is well adapted to temporary habitats (Huner 1988). Whether it can survive in quarry pits with limited opportunities for burrowing requires further investigation. Also, B. pfeifferi is capable of rapid population growth when conditions become favorable (Teesdale 1962, Woolhouse and Chandiwana 1989), and it remains to be seen if surviving crayfish are able to prevent such population expansion.
+The ultimate goal of snail control is to reduce morbidity and mortality in the human population. Should P. clarkii prove capable of long-term snail control, studies should be initiated to determine if the presence of crayfish can be associated with lower disease incidence. The Kangundo quarry pits may be especially suitable for such an epidemiological study. The quarry pits are appropriately isolated and schistosomiasis is an important public health concern in this area. For many local inhabitants, these sites represent the only available source of water. Should such a study indicate that the presence of P. clarkii can be associated with lower disease incidence and prevalence, further study of its potential for achieving control in other habitat types would be warranted.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank Mr. Jonathan K. Koske for technical assistance. This paper is published with the approval of the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The authors also thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding grant number DPE-5542-G-55-6018-00, the network meeting, and the publication of this paper.
+References Cited
+Combes, C. and T.C. Cheng. 1986. Control of biomedically important molluscs. Arch. Inst. Pasteur
+Alger. 55:153-193.
+Heyneman, D. 1979. Dams and disease. Hum. Nat. 2:50-57.
+Hofkin, B.V., G.A. Stryker, D.K. Koech, and E.S. Loker. 1991a. Consumption of Biomphalaria glabrata egg masses and juveniles by the ampullariid snails Pila ovata, Lanistes carinatus and Marisa cornuarietis. Acta Trop. 49:37 44.
+Hofkin, B.V., G.M. Mkoji, D.K. Koech, and E.S. Loker. 199 lb. Control of schistosome-transmitting snails in Kenya by the North American crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 45:339-344.
+Hofkin, B.V. D.K. Koech, J. Ouma, and E.S. Loker. l991c. The North American Crayfish Procambarus clarkii and the biological control of schistosome-transmitting snails in Kenya: Laboratory and field investigations. Biol. Control 1:183-187.
+Huner, J.V. 1988. Procambarus in North America and Elsewhere. pp. 239-261. in D.M. Holdich and R.S. Lowery (ed.). Freshwater Crayfish. Croom Helm, London.
+Jordan, P. 1977. Schistosomiasis - research to control. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 26: 877-886.
+Madsen, H. 1990. Biological methods for the control of freshwater snails. Parasitol. Today 6:237-241.
+Mott, K.E. 1987. Schistosomiasis control. in D. Rollinson and A.J.G. Simpson (ed.). The Biology of Schistosomes. Academic Press, London.
+Rollinson, D. and A.J.G. Simpson, (ed.). 1987. The Biology of Schistosomes. Academic Press, London.
+Stryker, G.A., D.K. Koech, and E.S. Loker. 1991. Growth of Biomphalaria glabrata populations in the presence of the ampullariid snails Pila ovata, Lanistes carinatus and Marisa cornuarietis. Acta Trop. 49:137-147.
+Teesdale, C. 1962. Ecological observations on the molluscs of signif~cance in transmission of bilharziasis in Kenya. Bull. WHO 27:759-782.
+Walsh, J.A. and K.S. Warren. 1979. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N. Engl. J. Med. 301:967-974.
+Woolhouse, M.E.J. and S.K. Chandiwana. 1989. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and the epidemiology of their infection with schistosomes. Parasitology 98:21-34.
+World Health Organization. 1985. The control of schistosomiasis. Technical Report Series No. 728, Geneva. 113 pp.
+<section>Procambarus Clarkii In Kenya: Does It Have A Role To Play In The Control Of Schistosomiasis?</section>
+E.S. Loker, B.V. Hofkin, G.M. Mkoji, J.H. Kihara, F.K. Mungai, B.N.Mungai, And D.K. Koech
+Abstract
+The Louisiana red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, introduced into Lake Naivasha, Kenya, about 1970, has become well established and now supports a small but thriving aquaculture industry. This crayfish has since dispersed over a wide area in Kenya, giving rise to concerns about its ability to disrupt natural ecosystems both in Lake Naivasha and elsewhere. In addition, P. clarkii may adversely affect fin fisheries in Lake Naivasha, and has been implicated as a pest in rice cultivation schemes outside of Africa. In contrast, our investigations indicate that P. clarkii can effectively control or eliminate certain freshwater snail species, including those involved in the transmission of human schistosomiasis. As such, P. clarkii appears to offer hope as a biological control agent of snail-transmitted diseases in selected habitats in East Africa. In this paper, we present details regarding the currant distribution of P. clarkii in Kenya and discuss possible approaches to the
+use of crayfish in snail control operations. Furthermore, concerns regarding the impact of P. clarkii on non-target species and on Kenyan freshwater habitats are discussed, and areas in need of additional investigation are highlighted.
+Introduction
+The Louisiana red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is the most widely distributed of all crayfish species, having been introduced into 24 countries on five continents (Hobbs et al. 1989). In the United States, P. clarkii supports a thriving aquaculture industry. Elsewhere, this species is now harvested commercially in countries as diverse as Spain, Turkey, and Kenya (Hobbs et al. 1989).
+Africa represents a unique situation regarding such introductions in that it lacks an indigenous crayfish fauna (Hobbs 1988). Procambarus clarkii is now present in the Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa (Hobbs et al. 1989). Details regarding the original introduction of P. clarkii into Kenya remain unclear, but the first individuals were probably imported from Uganda into small ponds in the Rift Valley in the mid-1960s (Oluoch 1990). In 1970, P.clarkii was introduced into Lake Naivasha, apparently in an attempt to develop a fishery for this species (Lowery and Mendes 1977a, Parker 1974, Oluoch 1990). Actually, there is an unconfirmed report that P. clarkii may have been introduced into the lake as early as 1952 for the purpose of leech control, but this claim needs verification. Since its original introduction, P. clarkii has become well established in Lake Naivasha and has supported a viable aquaculture industry. Crayfish are now considered to be one
+of four important commercial species harvested from the lake, with an annual average catch of approximately 60,000 kg (live wet weight) over the past 10 years. More than 80% of this catch is exported, primarily to western European countries (Kenya Fisheries Department, personal communication). The remainder is consumed locally, mostly in restaurants in Nairobi; crayfish have not been readily adopted by most Kenyans as a preferred food item. Other large freshwater habitats in Kenya, for example, the Masinga dam complex to the south and east of Mt. Kenya, may have potential for crayfish aquaculture. In Kenya, crayfish are not harvested commercially from the numerous small dams and ponds they occupy at present, and it seems unlikely that this will change in the future, owing to excessive transportation costs.
+Current Distribution Of Procambarus Clarkil
+In the estimated 20-30 years since its first introduction into Kenya, P. clarkii has expanded its range and its known distribution now includes a large portion of the country (Figure 1). Besides Lake Naivasha, its presence in the Rift Valley has been confirmed in freshwater habitats near Lake Nakuru (Lowery and Mendes 1977b) and from streams and ponds in the western highlands (near the towns of Eldoret and Kitale), which form part of the Lake Victoria drainage basin. Procambarus clarkii is especially abundant in the Athi River basin in and around Nairobi. It extends through the Muranga District in the central highlands and has been collected as far north as Nanyuki. Its presence has also been confirmed in the upper basin of Kenya's largest river, the Tana. We have also recovered P. clarkii in Machakos District, near the town of Tala. It has apparently not colonized habitats on the tropical coastal plain. The town of Matuu, approximately 300 km from the Indian Ocean,
+represents the easternmost site from which we have collected this species. Reports of its presence in Lake Victoria (Lowery and Mendes 1977b) have recently been discounted by local fisheries experts, and our own recent efforts to locate crayfish in Lake Victoria and in inflowing streams have not been successful. Of considerable interest are possible future extensions of its range in East Africa, either through natural or human-assisted dispersal.
+Snail-Transmitted Parasites Of Medical And Veterinary Significance
+Our interest in P. clarkii stems from our investigations into the biological control of schistosomes and other snail-transmitted parasites in Kenya. Schistosomiasis, a debilitating, chronic infection of the tropics and subtropics, is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is estimated that between one and two million Kenyans are infected with either the intestinal or urinary forms of the disease, or both (Highton 1974, Diesfeld and Hecklau 1978, Iarotski and Davis 1981, Butterworth et al. 1984, Ouma et al. 1985, King et al. 1988). Pathology, especially in children, can be severe (Wilkins 1987). The life cycle of schistosomes is complex and involves humans (and potentially other mammals) and particular species of freshwater snails as hosts for adult and larval worms, respectively (see review by Rollinson and Simpson 1987). Humans are exposed to infection by entering bodies of water containing infected snails. Infective stages, termed cercariae, released from the
+snails penetrate human skin to initiate infection. Infected humans facilitate transmission by urinating or defecating in water, thereby ensuring passage of parasite eggs into the environment of the snail intermediate hosts.
+Snails of the genus Biomphalaria serve as intermediate hosts for Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis. Snails within the genus Bulinus fulfill this function for S. haematobium, the parasite responsible for urinary schistosomiasis. Other snail-transmitted trematode parasites commonly infect domestic ruminants in Kenya and include the blood flukes S. bovis and S. mattheei, the common liver fluke Fasciola gigantica, and paramphistome flukes (see Brown 1980 for a comprehensive review of freshwater snails and associated trematode parasites in Africa).
+The distribution of human schistosomes in Kenya is widespread (Figure 2) and is dictated ultimately by the distributions of the associated snail species (Brown et al. 1981, Loker et al. unpublished data). It is noteworthy that the present geographic ranges of the relevant snails and of P. clarkii are broadly, but not completely, overlapping (Figures 1 and 2). Owing to a rapidly increasing human population, unabated pollution of freshwater habitats by human excrement, construction of dams and irrigation schemes that favor the growth of snail populations, and the lack of a comprehensive national control program, it is likely that the prevalence of human schistosomiasis will remain high, or even increase. Although effective chemotherapeutic agents are available and are capable of reducing morbidity and mortality resulting from infection, they are expensive, and unless repeatedly applied to infected individuals are unlikely to diminish transmission significantly. A schistosome
+vaccine is a laudable goal, but remains elusive (Skier et al. 1989). Snail control, in conjunction with other control measures, offers hope for interrupting the transmission cycle, but traditional methods for controlling snails have primarily relied on molluscicidal chemicals that are also expensive. Moreover, because of their lack of selectivity, molluscicides pose environmental concerns and can only be condoned for use in focal applications (Klumpp and Chu 1987). New approaches to the control of schistosomes are needed (Most 1987, Madsen 1990).
+Crayfish-Snail Interactions
+In the course of snail survey studies of Kenyan freshwater habitats, it was observed that schistosome-transmitting snail species rarely, if ever, were found in habitats containing P. clarkii. A more formal analysis of the extent to which crayfish and medically important gastropods occurred at the same time revealed a highly significant (p < 0.001) negative association between the presence of snails and P. clarkii (Hofkin et al. 1991). Of the 53 sites examined, snail-crayfish co-occurrence was recorded in only four; the snail species recovered from these four sites do not transmit human schistosomes. All 53 sites were within the known distribution of both medically important snails and crayfish and were considered, a priori, as suitable snail and crayfish habitats.
+Subsequent experiments indicated that both juvenile and adult P. clarkii were able to significantly reduce Biomphalaria abundance in both laboratory aquaria and field enclosures in as few as five days (Hofkin et al., unpublished data). Crayfish consumed large numbers of snails even when alternative foods were available and frequently eradicated Biomphalaria populations within the five-day experimental period.
+Furthermore, P. clarkii was able to significantly reduce the abundance of the aquatic plant, Nymphaea caerulea, in experimental aquaria and field enclosure cages (Hofkin et al., unpublished data). The presence of this common water lily has been positively correlated with the presence of both Biomphalaria and Bulinus snails (Woolhouse and Chandiwana 1989), which use them for food, oviposition sites, and refuge. By feeding on, and reducing the abundance of such plants, P. clarkii may also serve as a competitor of snails of medical and veterinary significance.
+These research results have led us to believe that P. clarkii is effective in controlling and/or eliminating certain snails of relevance to human public health. As such, this crayfish may represent a viable option as a biological control agent of schistosomes and other snail-borne diseases. Some of the potential advantages offered by P. clarkii as a control agent are: 1) its impact on target species is likely to be long-lasting and, unlike chemically based methods of control, would not have to be repeatedly applied; 2) the expense involved in its use would be minimal, 3) it could simultaneously reduce transmission of all snail-transmitted parasites, including species relevant to both humans and domestic animals, and 4) because P. clarkii is able to withstand habitat drying, it could be used in both permanent and seasonal transmission sites. Enthusiasm for the use of P. clarkii in snail control operations must, however, be tempered by the realization that biological control,
+in and of itself, is probably only rarely sufficient for bringing about a complete cessation of transmission. Moreover, the use of P. clarkii in particular poses certain environmental risks (see below) that must be carefully considered before their widespread use as putative control agents can be advocated.
+Environmental Concerns
+Perhaps the most immediate concern regarding the presence of P. clarkii in Kenya is its impact on fin fisheries in Lake Naivasha and, potentially, in other waterbodies with commercially viable fisheries. Because of its voracious feeding habits, P. clarkii is thought to pose a risk to nest-breeding, commercially important species such as Tilapia (Lowery and Mendes 1977a). For example, crayfish might interfere with the breeding of Tilapia zillii (itself an introduced species in Lake Naivasha) either by consuming its eggs or by disturbing its nest sites. Also, because of its omnivorous nature, P. clarkii can reduce the abundance of aquatic plants (Lowery and Mendes 1977a, Feminella and Resh 1989, Hofkin et al., unpublished) and therefore might restrict the available nursery areas for young fish. For example, crayfish are thought to be at least partially responsible for the dramatic decline of indigenous water plants in Lake Naivasha. Tilapia zillii catches have declined in the
+lake since the introduction of P. clarkii, to the point that fewer than 3,100 kg of this species have been harvested since 1980 (Kenya Fisheries Department, personal communication).
+Crayfish might adversely affect commercial fisheries in Lake Naivasha in other ways. Fish taken in gill nets are often attacked and partially consumed by crayfish before the nets are recovered, resulting in a lower market price for the damaged catch. Crayfish also become entangled in the nets, necessitating both their removal and repair of the nets. It is interesting to note, however, that fishermen in Lake Naivasha are legally required to place their nets at least 100 m from the lakeshore. The vast majority of P. clarkii in the lake are found in shallow water near the shore, meaning that most net fishermen who suffer crayfish-related damage are actually fishing illegally (Kenya Fisheries Department, personal communications).
+The exact role that crayfish may have played in the decline of lake fisheries is complex and unclear, owing in part to simultaneous man-made habitat modifications, natural climatic fluctuations, and introductions of several other exotic species. For example, a section of Lake Naivasha known as "Small Lake" was cut off from the main lake basin when a causeway was constructed in 1982. This now isolated part of the lake was regarded as a prime breeding area of T. zillii, so the decline in catches for this species may, in part, reflect this loss of breeding habitat. In addition, fish populations in the lake tend to fluctuate naturally as increasing or decreasing water levels either add to, or subtract from, the amount of suitable inshore breeding habitat. Lake Naivasha has experienced relatively dry conditions in recent years, which partially explains reduced T. zillii catches (Kenya Fisheries Department, personal communications).
+The effect of P. clarkii on the other two important fisheries species in Lake Naivasha, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and a second tilapia species (Oreochromis leucostictus), seems more likely to be neutral or even beneficial. Oreochromis leucostictus is a mouth breeder and is therefore not subject to egg predation by crayfish. Largemouth bass nest along rocky shorelines where crayfish are uncommon. Additionally, P. clarkii comprise more than 70% of the largemouth bass diet, which, in turn, relieves predation pressure by bass on other potential prey, including Tilapia (Kenya Fisheries Department, personal communications).
+A second concern regarding the further introduction of P. clarkii in Kenya involves its potential as a pest in rice cultivation schemes. Rice is grown in Kenya both for domestic consumption and for export. Procambarus clarkii is known to consume rice seedlings and to damage dikes as a consequence of its burrowing activities (Miltner and Avault 1980, Huner 1988). To date, P. clarkii has not been considered a problem for Kenyan rice farmers (Kenya National Irrigation Board, personal communication). In all major rice growing schemes in Kenya, seedlings are cultivated in nurseries for one month prior to transplantation into the paddies. At the time of transplantation, Furadan®, a carbamate insecticide and nematicide, is applied to the paddies at a concentration of 4 kg/acre. The effects of Furadan®, as used in Kenya, on crayfish are not known, but its use may explain the apparent absence of P. clarkii from rice schemes. For example, crayfish are absent from the Mwea scheme but
+are present in the Makuyu area, approximately 15 km away.
+Thus, the potential impact of P. clarkii on rice cultivation remains unclear and deserves additional consideration. If crayfish are indeed excluded from rice fields through the routine use of Furadan®, it is encouraging that a widely used, commercially available pesticide may have value in preventing the spread of crayfish into habitats where their use in snail control might be contraindicated.
+Another concern pertaining to P. clarkii that deserves consideration relates to its possible involvement in transmission of parasites of medical significance. Crayfish can serve as second intermediate hosts for lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus, including species known to infect humans (Sogandares-Bernal 1965). Paragonimus uterobilateralis and P. africanus are known from West Africa but have not been reported in Kenya or other parts of East Africa, presumably because the appropriate species of snail first intermediate host is absent (Brown 1980). In any case, it seems unlikely that lung fluke transmission in Africa would be substantially altered by the introduction of P. clarkii as several species of freshwater decapods are already present and are probably as likely as P. clarkii to serve as efficient second intermediate hosts. Because P. clarkii are sometimes frozen and usually cooked thoroughly before consumption, it is unlikely that they would serve as a significant
+source of parasitic infection for humans.
+In addition to its possible impact on species of direct relevance to human commerce and health, the effect of P. clarkii on other non-target organisms and on natural ecosystems in general should be considered as well. Crayfish are voracious omnivores and are often able to significantly alter the structure of natural aquatic communities (Carpenter and Lodge 1986, Lodge and Lorman 1986). This might be achieved by direct depredation of indigenous aquatic invertebrates or vertebrates, or by vigorous consumption of macrophytes and detritus used by other organisms as food sources or as cover from predators. Its escape into large natural habitats such as Lake Victoria, or the other African great lakes, with their large numbers of endemic animal species, might have particularly drastic consequences.
+Possible Sites Appropriate For Use Of P. Clarkii In Biological Control
+Thousands of small man-made impoundments or rain-filled pools exist throughout rural Kenya and are heavily used as a source of water for domestic purposes and for watering livestock. These habitats are often heavily polluted by human or domestic animal wastes, and are frequently populated with disease-transmitting snails and/or mosquitoes (Ripert and Raccurt 1987, Jewsberry and Imbevore 1988). Insofar as such habitats are already extensively modified by intense usage, often in ways that promote disease transmission, they may be ideal candidates for receiving crayfish in schistosomiasis control operations. Another category of habitat that should be considered as possible introduction sites are polluted streams that are located within drainage basins in which crayfish are already abundant (for example, the upper basin of the Athi River).
+Additional research addressing the points raised below should be undertaken before any introductions are contemplated, with both appropriate local and national authorities involved in the decision-making process. In general, experience should be gathered regarding the desirability of crayfish introductions in candidate habitats in regions within Kenya in which crayfish already are present. Particular attention should be given to the effects of crayfish activities such as burrowing on the structural integrity of dams and on the suitability of water for human consumption. Based on these experiences, decisions should then be made regarding possible introduction in suitable habitats within areas such as the coastal lowlands where crayfish are not known to be present. We presently do not advocate the introduction of crayfish for snail control into countries where they are not already found.
+Conclusion And Priorities For Future Study
+The potential environmental ramifications of further P. clarkii introductions that have been highlighted here underscore the need for additional study. Current concerns regarding the protection of natural ecosystems, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the protection of rare endemic species should give pause to anyone contemplating additional introductions of this exotic species into East Africa. These very real concerns must, however, be balanced by the realization that a species such as P. clarkii offers the potential of increased economic opportunity and improved public health. Furthermore, P. clarkii is, for better or worse, already firmly established in Kenya and may well increase its present range, irrespective of human activity. Bearing this in mind, further studies should focus on how to best manage this resource, and how to take maximum advantage of its positive attributes while keeping its environmental effects to a minimum.
+Potential Avenues For Further Study
+1. The ability of P. clarkii to reduce actual schistosome transmission. Although P. clarkii can control schistosome-transmitting snails in the laboratory and in field enclosures, this by no means ensures that it can actually reduce schistosomiasis transmission in complex natural foci of infection. That P. clarkii can actually reduce incidence and prevalence of both S. mansoni and S. haematobium in human populations in an endemic area should be clearly demonstrated before any decision to use P. clarkii in large-scale control programs. Such field trials might best be conducted in small man-made impoundments or quarry pits, for reasons specified above.
+2. Effects of P. clarkii on the abundance and species composition of mosquito larvae. It is intriguing to consider what effect crayfish, used to control schistosomes, might have on the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, and arboviral infections. Because it has the capacity to alter aquatic habitats by consuming macrophytes, P. clarkii has been suggested as a means of controlling mosquitoes in California marshes (Feminella and Resh 1986). In tropical Africa, the effect on mosquito breeding might be positive or negative, depending on the tendency of a particular mosquito species to breed in open or shaded water.
+3. Are commercially available pesticides used in rice cultivation effective in controlling the spread of P. clarkii? Crayfish are absent from major Kenyan rice growing schemes, possibly due to the use of certain pesticides such as Furadan® to control insect pests. Even if P. clarkii should prove highly successful as a means of controlling schistosomes, its presence in rice fields would probably be counterproductive, owing to its ability to consume rice seedlings. Studies should be initiated to determine whether Furadan® or other pesticides that are routinely used for agricultural purposes can be used to eliminate crayfish from areas where they pose economic or environmental risks.
+4. Assessment of the effects of P. clarkii on other components of the aquatic environment. Careful studies are required to ascertain how P. clarkii introductions might effect non-target species. With such information available, decisions about the use of crayfish for snail control can be better evaluated. Special care should be taken to elucidate how crayfish introductions might affect endangered aquatic species.
+5. What factors control the present distribution of P. clarkii in Kenya? Is its distribution likely to expand? Procambarus clarkii is absent from large areas of Kenya, and it is unclear to what degree various biotic and abiotic factors interact to explain this distribution. A clearer understanding of these factors would ensure a greater likelihood of success in snail control operations and would make predictions about its capacity for environmental damage more valid.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank Dr. John H. Ouma, Director, Division of Vector Borne Diseases for his valuable comments. We also thank Mr. N. Odero, Director, Mr. R. Kundu, Mr. J.W. Kariuki, Mr. J. Arunga, Mr. B. Ogilo, and Mr. H. Murunga, all of the Kenya Fisheries Department, and Mr. A.A. Mohdhar, Kenya National Irrigation Board, for providing helpful insights. Dr. Rene Haller and Ms. Sabine Baer of Baobab Farms Ltd., in Bamburi, also provided helpful comments. This paper is published with the approval of the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The research was supported under Grant No. DPE-5542-G-SS-6018-00, Program in Science and Technology Cooperation, Office of Research, U.S. Agency for International Development. The authors also wish to thank the Office of Research, USAID, for funding the network meeting and the publication of this paper.
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+Highton, R.B. 1974. Schistosomiasis. pp.347-355. in Vogel, L.C., A.S. Muller, R.S. Odingo, Z. Onyango, and A. De Gues (ed.). Health and Disease in Kenya. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi.
+Hobbs, H.H. 1988. Crayfish distribution, adaptive radiation, and evolution. pp.52-82. in Holdich, D.M. and R.S. Lowery (ed.). Freshwater Crayfish. Croom and Helm, London.
+Hobbs, H.H., J.P. Jas, and J.V. Huner. 1989. A review of global crayfish introductions with particular emphasis on two North American species (Decapoda, Carnbaridae). Crustaceana 56:299-316.
+Hofkin, B.V., G.M. Mkoji, D.K. Koech, and E.S. Loker. 1991. Control of schistosome-transmitting snails in Kenya by the North American crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 45:339-344.
+Huner, J.V. 1988. Procambarus in North America and elsewhere. pp.239-261. in Holdich, D.M and R.S. Lowery (ed.). Freshwater Crayfish. Croom and Helm, London.
+Iarotski, L.S. and A. Davis. 1981. The schistosomiasis problem in the world: results of a WHO questionnaire survey. Bull. WHO 59:115-127.
+Jewsberry, J.M. and A.M.A. Imbevore. 1988. Small dam health studies. Parasitol. Today 4:57-59.
+King, C.H., G. Lombardi, C. Lombard, R. Greenblatt, H. Kinyanjui, J.H. Ouma, O. Omondi, P.J. Bryan, J. Muruka, P. Magak, D. Weinert, W. MacKay, D. Ransohoff, H. Houser, D. Koech, T.K. Singok, and A.A.F. Mahmoud. 1988. A chemotherapy based approach to control of infection and morbidity in Schistosoma haematoblum. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39:295-305.
+Klumpp, R.K and K.Y. Chu. 1987. Focal mollusciciding: an effective way to augment chemotherapy of schistosomiasis. Parasitol. Today 3:74-76.
+Lodge, D.M. and J.G. Lorman. 1986. Reductions in submersed macrophyte biomass and species richness by the crayfish Orconectes rusticus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:591-597.
+Lowery, R.S. and A.J. Mendes. 1977a. Procambarus clarhai in Lake Naivasha, Kenya and its effects on established and potential fisheries. Aquaculture 11:111-121.
+Lowery, R.S. and A.J. Mendes. 1977b. The Louisiana red swamp crayfish in Kenya. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bull. Jan.-Feb. :9-11.
+Madsen, H. 1990. Biological methods for the control of freshwater snails. Parasitol. Today 6:237-241.
+Miltner, M. and J.W. Avault. 1980. Rice and millet as forages for crawfish. Louisiana Agric. 24:8-10.
+Mott, K.E. 1987. Schistosomiasis control. in Rollinson, D. and A.J.G. Simpson. (ed.). Ihe Biology of Schistosomes. Academic Press, London.
+Olouch, A.O. 1990. Breeding biology of the Louisiana red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 208:85-92.
+Ouma, J.H., J.D.B. Wijers, and T.K. Siongok. 1985. The effect of repeated targeted mass treatment on the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and the intensity of infection in Machakos, Kenya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79:431-438.
+Parker, I.S.C. 1974. The Status of the Louisiana Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii in Lake Naivasha. Wildlife Services, Nairobi.
+Ripert, C.L and C.P. Raccurt. 1987. The impact of small dams on parasitic diseases in Cameroon. Parasitol. Today 3:287-289.
+Rollinson, D. and A.J.G. Simpson (ed.). 1987. The Biology of Schistosomes. Academic Press, London.
+Sher, A., S.L. James, R. Correa-Oliveira, S. Hieny, and E. Pierce. 1989. Schistosome vaccines: current progress and future prospects. Parasitology 98:61-67.
+Sogandares-Bernal, F. 1965. Parasites from Louisiana crayf~shes. Tulane Stud. Zool. 12:79-85.
+Wilkins, H.A. 1987. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in man. pp. 379-397. in Rollinson, D. and A.J.G. Simpson (ed.). The Biology of Schistosomes. Academic Press, London.
+Woolhouse, M.E.J. and S.K. Chandiwana. 1989. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalariapfeifferi and the epidemiology of their infection with schistosomes. Parasitology 98:21-34.
+<section>Attendees And Contributors</section>
+Patricia E. Anyanwu Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research P.M.B. 12729, Victoria Island Lagos, Nigeria
+Bayani Blas Schistosomiasis Control Service Department of Health, San Lazaro Compound
+Rizal Ave., Santa Cruz Manila, Philippines
+M. Alma G. Castanares Division of Agricultural and Food Engineering Asian Institute of Technology G.P.O. Box 2754 Bangkok 10501, Thailand
+Romeo Fortes Institute of Aquaculture College of Fisheries University of the Philippines in the Visayas Miag-ao Iloilo 5024, Philippines
+Edito Garcia Department of Parasitology College of Public Health University of the Philippines Manila 625 Pedro Gil St., Ermita P.O. Box EA - 460 Manila 1000, Philippines
+Joseph M. Gopo Biological Sciences Department University of Zimbabwe Box MP 167 Harare, Zimbabwe
+Modadugu V. Gupta International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (lCLARM)
+MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati Manila 1299, Philippines
+Rene Haller Baobab Farms Limited P.O. Box 81995 Mombasa, Kenya
+Bruce A. Harrison Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID)
+National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 USA
+Zsigmond Jeney Fisheries Research Institute P.O. Box 47 Szarvas, H5541, Hungary
+Khalid Khallaayoune Department of Parasitology Agronomics and Veterinary Institute, Hassan Il
+B.P. 6202 Rabat, Morocco
+Eran Lahav Aquacultural Production Technology Ltd. P.O. Box 4330 Jerusalem 91042, Israel
+Hiram Larew POL/SP, Room 3889 N.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. 20523 USA
+Eric S. Loker University of New Mexico Department of Biology 167 Castetter Hall Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
+Gerald M. Mkoji Biomedical Sciences Research Center Kenya Medical Research Institute
+P.O. Box 54840 Nairobi, Kenya
+Krit Mongkonpunya Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University
+Bangkok 10900, Thailand
+Jerikias Ndamba Blair Research Laboratory Josiah Tongogara/Mazoe Street P.O. Box 8105, Causeway Harare, Zimbabwe
+R.P. Noble International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) P.O. Box 229 Zomba, Malawi
+Peter Ochumba Kenya Marine & Fisheries Institute P.O. Box 1881 Kisumu, Kenya
+S. Michael Phillips University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 518 Johnson Pavilion 36th and Hamilton Walk Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
+Roger S.V. Pullin Aquaculture Program International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati Manila 1299, Philippines
+Amir Sagi Department of Biological Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904, Israel
+E. Griffin Shay Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID)
+National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 USA
+Fortune Shonhiwa Department of Biology Frostburg State University Frostburg, Maryland 21532-1099 USA
+Tej Kumar Shrestha Department of Zoology Kirtipur Campus, Tribhuvan University Kathmandu, Nepal
+Prasert Sobhon Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama VI Road
+Bangkok 10400, Thailand
+William A. Sodeman, Jr. Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine Medical College of Ohio P.O. Box 10008 Toledo, Ohio 43699-0008 USA
+Priscilla Sola Blair Research Laboratory Josiah Tongogara/Mazoe Street P.O. Box 8105, Causeway Harare, Zimbabwe
+Fouad Yousif Medical Malacology Department Theodor Bilharz Research Institute P.O. Box 30
+Embaba, Egypt
+Maciej Zalewski Laboratory of Applied Ecology Institute of Environmental Biology University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, ul St. Banacha 12/16 Lodz, Poland
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+BANANAS
+PLANT ANATOMY
+PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
+VARIETIES
+PLANT BREEDING
+PLANT PRODUCTION
+ECONOMIC SITUATION
+PLANT DISEASES
+CULTURAL METHODS
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/faobetf_fb18be.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/faobetf_fb18be.txt
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+<title>Bananas</title>
+Published by arrangement with the
+Institut africain pour la développement économique et social
+B.P. 8008, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
+FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
+Rome 1977
+FAO Economic and Social Development Series No. 3/18
+Reprinted 1984, 1992
+P-69
+ISBN 92-5-100149-9
+© French edition, Institut africain pour le développement économique et social (INADES) 1971
+© English edition, FAO 1977
+<section>Preface</section>
+The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in the Ivory Coast by the Institut africain de développement économlque et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.
+Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give the farmer more general information which can help him to understand why he does what he does, so that he will be able to do it better.
+Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati and Turkish, an indication of the success and usefulness of this series.
+Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
+<section>Why bananas are grown</section>
+The banana plant is grown for its fruit.
+Bananas to be eaten raw are grown in commercial plantations, chiefly for export.
+These bananas are soft, sweet, and not very mealy. Two main kinds are planted:
+- Varieties of the so- called Chinese banana, or Canary banana, such as Lacatan (chiefly in Jamaica), Poyo, Big Dwarf, Little Dwarf.
+- Varieties of the fig banana, such as Gros Michel.
+Around houses you often see another variety which produces very small bananas called "sweet figs."
+The kind of banana called plantain is grown as a food crop in forest regions. Its fruits are very large, not sweet and very mealy. They are cooked for eating.
+There are two main types of plantains:
+- French plantains, with heavy bunches containing many fruits;
+- horn plantains, with very big fruits, few in number, shaped like a horn.
+<section>Where bananas are grown</section>
+The banana needs heat, humid air, plenty of water, light.
+It dislikes wind.
+It likes soils rich in organic matter.
+It likes soils that drain quickly.
+Once picked, bananas should not be left long in the plantation.
+Banana plants are planted along roads, tracks, railway lines or lagoons so that the fruits can be quickly moved away.
+In the world as a whole, Central and South America produce most bananas nearly 20 million tons a year. Asia produces 10.2 million tons and Africa 4.2 million tons.
+In Africa, the chief producers of bananas are:
+Angola
+320 000 tons
+Madagascar
+280 000 tons
+Ivory Coast
+230 000 tons
+Central African Empire
+170000 tons
+Somalia
+140 000 tons
+Cameroon
+90 000 tons
+Guinea
+90 000 tons
+The above Figures (for 1974) are from the FAO Production yearbook 1974.
+The production of plantains is often not counted.
+<section>Description of the banana plant</section>
+The banana plant is not a tree.
+<section>Apparent trunk</section>
+It is a giant herbaceous plant with an apparent trunk that bends without breaking (see Booklet No. 2, page 10).
+<section>Underground stem and roots</section>
+The banana has an underground stem with adventitious roots (see Booklet No. 1, page 25). It is full of food for the plant.
+Alongside the main stem, it has other stems called suckers. These stems grow into banana plants.
+The banana plant produces its fruit and dies.
+Another sucker replaces it.
+<section>Leaves</section>
+The banana plant has large leaves closely rolled up one over the other. Together they look like a trunk, but they form only an apparent trunk.
+Inside it there is a bud which produces leaves.
+After 7 or 8 months, when some 30 leaves have grown, the bud produces flowers.
+<section>Flowers</section>
+The flowers of the banana plant form a large spike (see Booklet No. 3, page 6).
+It turns downward to the soil and opens. It hears male and female flowers.
+You can see:
+- the female flowers pressed closely together in the shape of hands.
+- a red bud at the end of the spike containing the male flowers; the male flowers die quickly and the bud slowly becomes smaller.
+<section>Fruit</section>
+The banana plant yields fruits. These fruits are long in shape, with yellow or green skin.
+The spike produces many bananas. The bananas on one spike are called a bunch.
+On this bunch, the bananas are clustered in several hands.
+The flesh of a banana is light in color, sweet and soft.
+In the middle of the fruit you can see little black specks; these are the seeds, but they will not germinate (see Booklet No. 1, page 8).
+For example:
+In southern Ivory Coast, Poyo bananas are planted 2 metres apart in rows that are 2 metres apart. This gives about 2 500 banana plants to the hectare.
+In Cameroon Gros Michel bananas are planted 2.85 metres apart in rows 2.85 metres apart.
+In plantations where bananas are grown with other crops, bananas may. be planted 5 metres apart in rows 5 metres apart.
+<section>Digging the planting holes</section>
+One or two months before planting, make a hole at the places where the pieces of wood were stuck in the ground.
+Make the holes 60 centimetres deep, 60 centimetres wide and 60 centimetres long.
+Put the soil from the top on one side and the soil from the bottom on the other side.
+Fill the holes with compost and manure (see Booklet No. 6. pages 5 - 7).
+Bananas dislike wind. To shelter them, plant bamboos on the edges of the plantation.
+These bamboos will also provide stakes for the bananas (see page 15).
+<section>Planting the suckers</section>
+For planting, use suckers (see page 4). Take them from banana plants that are between 3 and 6 years old. These suckers should be between 50 centimetres and 1 metre high and broad at the base. Let them dry in the shade for 3 or 4 days before planting them.
+Just before planting them, trim them at a point 50 centimetres from the base of the plant and dip them in water in which potassium permanganate is mixed.
+Plant at the end of the dry season, so that roots grow before the rainy season begins, and the suckers do not rot.
+Two months earlier, you made the planting holes. You separated the soil at the bottom from the soil at the top. You put compost in the holes.
+At planting time, take the compost out of the holes. Put the soil from the top into the bottom of the hole, place the sucker in the earth. The base of the sucker is now 10 centimetres from the surface of the ground. Put compost round the young plant. Put the bottom soil on the ground surface.
+<section>Looking after the plantation</section>
+For a fine plantation, you must:
+- keep the soil clean;
+- apply fertilizers;
+- prune the plants;
+- prevent the plants from falling;
+- look after the fruit;
+- protect the plants from diseases and insects.
+<section>Keeping the soil clean</section>
+The grass grows a lot when the banana plant is small.
+When the banana has grown up, the grass dies, because it has no light.
+There is no need to sow a cover plant.
+If the grass does not die, apply Gramoxone. Mix 0.4 litres of the product with 400 litres of water to treat one hectare. Add a spreader to the mixture to make it stick to the grass better.
+You can put down a mulch (see Booklet No.5, page 18) of dry grass and leaves at the end of the rainy season.
+This vegetation will rot, and make humus; it will help to keep the soil moist during the dry season.
+In low- lying ground there is too much water. It must be drained (see page 9).
+In other places, the bananas do not get enough water. So you must give the bananas water by irrigating them (see Booklet No. 6, pages 18- 19).
+Look for a stream where there is water all the year. Dig ditches between the rows of bananas.
+Lead the water from the stream with dams and ditches, so that the soil of the plantation is always moist.
+<section>Applying fertilizers</section>
+You added organic matter in the form of the compost that you put into the planting holes.
+The leaves and stalks cut from banana plants rot on the soil and add more organic matter.
+But the plantation still needs mineral salts (see Booklet No. 1, page 19).
+Bananas like potassium (see Booklet No. 6, page 11).
+You can give a banana plant each year the following:
+- Nitrogen (see Booklet No. 6, page 10) 750 grammes of ammonium sulphate or 300 grammes of urea.
+- Phosphorus (see Booklet No. 6, page 10) 300 grammes of dicalcium phosphate or 500 grammes of Thomas slag (Bessemer basic slag).
+- Potassium (see Booklet No. 6, page 11) 600 grammes of potassium chloride.
+Give also 500 grammes of dolomitic limestone per plant once a Year' in one application.
+The nitrogen and the potassium are given in several applications (four or five times).
+The phosphorus and the lime are applied at the end of the dry season or at the end of the rainy season. The fertilizer will not be washed away by the rain.
+If the banana plants are irrigated, fertilizer may be given during the dry season.
+Instead of applying several different fertilizers, you can use one compound fertilizer (see Booklet No. 6, page 11).
+For young plants you can give 1.5 kilogrammes of 10- 10- 20 fertilizer per plant per year, in several applications.
+For bananas in production, you can give 1.5 kilogrammes of 5- 12- 24 fertilizer per plant per year, in several applications.
+In addition, give 500 grammes of dolomitic limestone in one application per plant per year.
+<section>Pruning</section>
+Pruning banana plants is called suckering.
+There are several ways of doing this.
+We shall deal with only one way.
+The offshoot that you planted is called the parent plant.
+Four months after planting, cut away all the suckers that have sprouted except one.
+Cut the suckers off at ground level or below the surface of the ground.
+Keep the best sucker, the one that is best placed.
+The plantation is laid out in rows, so that if the suckers are in the same line, the plantation rows are unchanged.
+Four months after this first suckering, the parent plant is 8 months old and the one remaining sucker is 4 months old. Once again, cut off all the other suckers except one.
+About 10 months after planting (taking Poyo bananas as an example), the parent plant produces fruits.
+Harvest these fruits, and cut down the parent plant. The first generation sucker is now 6 months old and the second generation is 2 months old.
+You can use a machete or axe to cut out the suckers vou do not want to keep.
+<section>Supporting the plant</section>
+The fruit of banana plants is very heavy. The plant bends under the weight, and the wind may blow it down. You must prevent it from falling.
+To do this, cut thick bamboos about 3 metres long.
+Tie two bamboos together with a piece of wire 40 centimetres long.
+Put the bamboos in place, as shown in the drawing, when the flowers have appeared and turned down to the earth.
+The bamboos hold up the banana plant.
+It rests on the wire between the two bamboos.
+<section>Looking after the fruit</section>
+When the plant has flowered, the male flower bud is a long way from the lowest hand of female flowers.
+Twist the bud to break it off, and cut off the lowest hand of the bunch.
+Cover the whole bunch with plastic when the hands turn upward.
+See that there are holes in the plastic so that the bunch can breathe.
+The plastic protects the bunch from sun and rain and from sprays for leaf spot disease (see page 17).
+If you do not cover the bunch with plastic, the bananas will get black patches and will not be fit to sell.
+<section>Protection against insects and diseases</section>
+The banana is attacked by many insects and diseases.
+- Banana weevil
+This insect makes holes in the base of the banana plant and lays its eggs in these holes.
+The eggs turn into little weevils.
+They eat out the heart of the banana plant.
+You do not see the weevils, but if the fruit bunch does not develop, or if the bunch is small and badly shaped, there may be weevils.
+To find out if there are weevils in the plantation, cut pieces of the plant's apparent trunk lengthwise. Put two pieces on the ground near each plant. Look every day at these pieces. If there are weevils in the plantation, they will hide under the pieces of "trunk."
+To control the weevils, use BHC. Put 25 to 30 grammes of BHC round each plant.
+- Banana eelworm or nematode
+These are tiny worms that are found in the soil.
+They eat the roots, and once the banana has no roots, it cannot feed, and may be blown over by the wind.
+Make sure the bananas have no eelworms when they are planted.
+Before planting, dip the suckers in lukewarm water, or in water mixed with Némagon.
+If there are eelworms in the plantation, put Némagon in the soil.
+- Other pests
+There are other pests that attack bananas such as thrips, aphids, scale insects, etc. They are controlled with BHC, with the latest insecticides, or through integrated pest management.
+- Panama disease
+This disease is caused by a tiny fungus in the soil.
+It makes the leaves break.
+If you cut the banana plant, the apparent trunk is colored brownish red.
+To control the disease, plant resistant dwarf varieties such as Poyo or Lacatan. These bananas are very resistant to Panama disease. The Gros Michel variety is not resistant.
+- Leaf spot disease (see page 15)
+This disease is caused by a fungus.
+The leaves show grey spots ringed with dark yellow.
+The banana plant cannot breathe and the yield falls greatly.
+The disease appears when the temperature is high and the air is very humid.
+It is treated by spraying with mineral oil, using 12 to 20 litres per hectare.
+- Bunchy top
+This disease is carried by an aphid.
+Dark green streaks appear on the leaves.
+The leaves do not grow long and are wavy at the edges.
+Dig up the diseased banana plants.
+The aphid can be controlled with Malathion
+- "Cigar- end" rot
+The fruits go rotten. The disease begins at the tips of the bananas.
+To control this disease, cut off the last hand that does not grow and break off the male flower bud (see page 15).
+- Mosaic disease
+Small yellow patches appear on the leaves toward the midrib (see Booklet No. 2, page 14).
+You can see them easily by holding the leaf up to the sun.
+You can also see little holes in the leaf- stalk.
+To control the disease, dig up the plants and wait a long time before planting again in the same place.
+- false mosaic disease
+Light spots of varying color can be seen on the leaves.
+This is not a serious disease.
+It may be caused by lack of copper in the soil.
+- Lack of zinc
+The plant's leaves do not grow very long, and are pale, narrow and pointed.
+The disease is cured by sprinkling on the ground 50 grammes of zinc sulphate per plant.
+- Lack of magnesium
+The disease is cured by applying dolomitic limestone.
+<section>Harvesting and use of bananas</section>
+<section>Harvesting</section>
+Bananas must not ripen on the plant.
+The bunch of fruits finishes ripening tied to a rope, in the shade.
+If the bunch ripens on the plant, the bananas split and become mealy.
+Bunches can be kept longer if they are harvested unripe.
+<section>Output of a plantation</section>
+A well- cared- for plantation has a big output.
+The third harvest on any one plantation is the biggest,of all.
+From the fourth harvest, the output begins to go down.
+The yield of a plantation may vary between 30 and 50 tons per hectare.
+<section>Use of bananas</section>
+Bananas are a strength- giving food.
+The sweet banana, eaten raw when it is ripe, is as rich as other raw fruits.
+It contains a lot of vitamins.
+It should be eaten very ripe.
+Plantains, when prepared, give more energy than prepared cassava.
+They contain more protein (see Booklet No. 8, page 14) than cassava, but less mineral salts (see Booklet No. 1, page 19).
+It is better to eat plantains than cassava.
+Food crop bananas such as plantains and certain fig bananas are eaten cooked. The greener they are when harvested, the less sweet they are.
+Large quantities of plantains are eaten in all the forest regions of west Africa. Ivory Coast produces about 1 100 000 tons of plantains, Cameroon about 850 000 tons, and Gabon about 80 000 tons.
+- Cooked bananas
+To make foutou, peel plantains, cook them in water, then mash them and roll them into balls.
+Plantains are also eaten grilled over the fire, or fried in oil.
+- Dried bananas
+- Bananas can be dried, if you cannot sell them all. Peel them, then slice them into rounds and dry them in the sun. When they are dry they can be made into powder or flour.
+- Banana flour is made with plantains or with green fig bananas. It is eaten in forest regions.
+- Banana powder is sweet. It is made from ripe bananas. Mash the bananas and dry the paste in the oven. Banana powder should be stored in metal boxes and kept in a dry place.
+- Making banana beer
+The bananas must be very ripe.
+In the rainy season let them finish ripening laid on a hurdle over the fire where the cooking is done.
+During the dry season make a pit in the ground. On one side of it, dig a little ditch. Cover all the sides of the pit with green banana leaves. Pack the bunches of bananas in the pit. Cover them with banana leaves and earth. Light a fire in the ditch and let the warmth and smoke into the pit.
+Keep the fire going every day until the bananas are quite ripe. This takes about six days.
+Then take away the leaves and earth. Peel the bananas. Half- fill a hollowed- out tree trunk with banana pulp. Cover with fine grass. Knead the pulp with a little water. Press it and let the juice run out.
+Then put the juice in a vat or earthenware jar with germinated millet and a little beer.
+Cover the vat or the jar with grass to act as a filter.
+The beer can be drunk the next day through a straw or wooden tube.
+This beer will not keep for very long.
+Banana beer is made chiefly in Rwanda and Burundi with special varieties of bananas.
+- Other uses of the banana plant
+Bananas can be given to animals to eat especially to pigs.
+The skins and the male flower buds can also be used as fodder.
+Oxen like the chopped- up apparent trunk and leaves mixed with oil cake.
+If you leave the remains of the plants (such as apparent trunk, leaves, flower buds) on the ground of the plantation, they will become organic matter in the soil.
+If you take these remains away from the plantation to give to animals, you will not add organic matter to the soil. But a banana plantation needs plenty of organic matter. So if you remove the banana plant remains, you must give the plantation dried herbage, manure or compost.
+Banana leaves contain fibre. Sacks and ropes are made with this fibre.
+It is obtained chiefly from a variety of banana called abaca.
+The fibres of abaca leaves are called "Manila hemp."
+<section>Running a commercial banana plantation</section>
+This example of a commercial banana plantation comes from near Akoupé in southern Ivory Coast:
+Every day, new flowers appear on the plants.
+On the 5th and 20th of each month, the new flowers are counted. They are marked with a little button tied on with wire.
+Buttons of a different color are used each time the flowers are counted.
+In this way, the number of new flowers is known. In about 3 months these new flowers will yield a bunch of bananas for harvesting.
+The planter knows the number of bunches that will ripen and can arrange for transport by banana boat.
+A banana boat comes about twice a week. Each time a little of the harvest is sent
+It works like this: Suppose the planter has ordered transport for 40 tons of fruit during the month.
+Then he sees that the fruit will ripen before the 15th of the month. He asks for transport for 25 tons during the first 2 weeks of the month, leaving 15 tons for the rest of the month.
+All the plantation owners belong to a cooperative, COFRUCI (Compagnie fruitière de Côte d'lvoire). It organizes transport in banana boats.
+Bananas must be graded by size. In the plantation they use an instrument called a gauge to measure the thickness of bananas.
+Bananas are graded from 40 to 45 millimetres thickness There are two grading systems, one with the odd numbers {41, 43 or 45 millimetres) and the other with the even numbers (40, 42 or 44 millimetres)
+When the planter gives his orders for the shipment he can state which system he wants
+For grading, three bananas in one hand are chosen and each is measured.
+The thickness of the bananas on a bunch is related to the number of hands on the bunch.
+If the bunch has 5 to 7 hands, the size of the three bananas measured should be 40 or 41 millimetres, depending on the chosen grading system. If the bunch has 7 to 10 hands, the size of each of the three bananas measured should be 42 or 43 millimetres. If a bunch has more than 10 hands, the size of each of the three bananas should be 44 or 45 millimetres.
+The bunches ready for harvesting are known by the color of the buttons with which the bunches were marked 3 months earlier.
+The planter says what size fruit he wants picked.
+A worker goes through the plantation and counts the number of hands on each bunch with a button of the right color, measures three bananas on each of the bunches, makes sure that the bunch is ready for harvesting, and marks the bunch for cutting.
+The bunches are cut early in the morning.
+This is done one day, at most, before the boat leaves.
+Men carry the bunches out of the plantation on a pad on their backs.
+The bunches are tied to long poles supported by trestles. The string used for tying is soaked in copper sulphate.
+The bunches are weighed.
+The colored buttons are taken off the bunches.
+The buttons of one color, let us say green, are then counted.
+Three months earlier, 1 600 green buttons were fixed to the plants in the plantation.
+Now, for example, 360 green buttons are counted.
+So the planter knows that he still has 1240 bunches marked green (1600 less 360).
+These bunches marked with the green buttons will ripen in the course of the month.
+Transporting and packing bananas
+The goods lorry arrives.
+Inside, it has pads along the sides to protect the bunches.
+On the floor of the lorry there is a thick layer of dry leaves.
+Each bunch is wrapped and a cover is put over each row of bunches.
+The lorry drives to the packing station.
+There, the size of the bananas is measured again.
+All the bunches which do not measure up to the required size are thrown out
+Stained or rotten bunches are also rejected.
+The bunches are cut info hands of bananas and these hands are cleaned and washed.
+The hands of bananas are packed in cartons.
+Some countries still send out complete bunches, but this wastes a lot of space and weight.
+The cartons are then taken to the banana boat.
+<section>Suggested question paper</section>
+ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
+Why are bananas grown?
+The banana is not a tree, what is it?
+How are the female flowers arranged?
+What is the name for the fruit produced by one spike of flowers?
+What is suckering?
+Why do you put bamboos up against the banana plants?
+Why do you wrap the bunch of bananas in plastic?
+What does the banana weevil do to the banana plant?
+What are the different parts of a banana plant?
+How can you tell when a banana plant has mosaic disease?
+When do you apply fertilizers to a banana plantation?
+Read carefully what follows and reply in the words you use when speaking to a friend.
+One of your friends has a banana plantation. He does not take much trouble over it. He always says that bananas look after themselves. He has heard that you have studied a course on how to grow bananas, and he comes to ask your advice, because his plantation does not produce much. What do you tell him? What do you advise him to do?
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/faobetf_fb38be.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/faobetf_fb38be.key
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+FRESHWATER FISHES
+FISH CULTURE
+CAGE CULTURE
+EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/faobetf_fb38be.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/faobetf_fb38be.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+<title>Better freshwater fish farming: raising fish in pens and cages</title>
+FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
+Rome 1990
+P-69
+ISBN 92-5-102743-9
+© FAO 1990
+<section>Preface</section>
+The first 26 titles in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in Cote d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de développement économique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to create a basic model that can be modified or expanded according to local conditions of agriculture.
+Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give farmers more general information that can help them to understand why they do what they do, so that they will be able to do it better.
+Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish. This volume has been prepared by the Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division.
+Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
+Booklets 27 to 38 in the FAO Better Farming Series were written and illustrated by Tom Laughlin, working closely with the technical divisions responsible.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+<section>Raising fish in pens and cages</section>
+1. In booklet No. 30, Better freshwater fish farming: the fish you were told that you can put your baby fish in a pen or a cage in one of your fish ponds until you are ready to use them.
+2. Pens and cages can also be used for raising fish from the time they are babies until the time they are big enough to eat or sell.
+3. If you have a stream, over lake or reservoir nearby, you may want to build a pen or a cage and raise fish there.
+4. If you already have a fish pond you may want to put in a cage or two so that you can raise more fish than you could in one pond alone.
+5. Raising fish in pens and cages is somewhat different from raising fish in ponds. Let us begin by looking at some of the differences.
+Feeding
+6. One of the biggest differences, and perhaps the most important, between raising fish in ponds and raising fish in pens and cages is feeding them.
+7. As you know, with a pond you fertilize the water. That is, you add compost, animal manure or plant materials so that there will be natural food for the fish to eat.
+8. In addition, fish in ponds must be given other kinds of food each day. This is to make them grow quickly.
+9. With well- fertilized water and enough of the other kinds of food, the fish can swim about and find food anywhere in the pond.
+10. However, with a pen or a cage built in a stream, lake or reservoir, there may be little natural food and the movement of water may carry the food that you give the fish outside the pen or cage where the fish cannot get it.
+11. So, with pens and cages you must take greater care that the fish have enough to eat, that me food Is very rich and that it does not float away before the fish can eat it.
+Place
+12. It is always a good idea to put a fish pond near where you live so that you can easily take care of it and watch that people do not try to steal the fish.
+13. You can usually find a place near your house with the right kind of soil to build a pond.
+14. If there is no water there, you can dig a water supply ditch and bring water to the pond.
+15. However, with a pen or a cage you must find a place where there is water already.
+16. So, you may have to go quite far from your house to find a stream or a lake which would be good for a pen or a cage.
+17. This may make it hard to take care of the fish and watch that people do not steal them.
+18. Remember, it is very easy to steal fish from a cage because all of the fish are in a very small space and they can be taken quickly with a net while you are not watching.
+19. To dig a pond is hard work, and the bigger the pond the longer it takes. If you dig a pond all by yourself it will take a very long time.
+20. However, to dig a pond you do not have to spend very much money.
+21. The only building materials that you need for a pond are for the inlet and outlet and for the overflow.
+22. To build a pen or a cage is less work than digging a pond. It is easier to do by yourself and it takes less time.
+23. However to build a pen or a cage may cost you more money. Pens and cages are built of bamboo or wood and closed with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh.
+24. You may have to buy some of these materials if you decide to build a pen or a cage.
+Loss of fish
+25. With a pond, if you are careful to cover the outlet and the overflow with screens there is little danger of losing fish.
+26. However, with a pen or a cage that is covered with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh you must be more careful.
+27. A pen or a cage can be easily damaged by animals in the water or rubbish such as logs or tree branches. So, there is greater danger of losing fish.
+<section>The baby fish</section>
+28. The first time you stock a pen or a cage you will need some baby fish.
+29. If you have raised fish in ponds and have built your own nursery pond you may already have baby fish.
+30. If you do not have your own baby fish perhaps you can get them from another fish farmer or from a fish culture station.
+31. After you have built either a pen or a cage you can raise baby fish in it as well. You will learn more about this later in this booklet.
+32. Now let us begin to learn how to build pens and cages and how to raise fish in them.
+<section>Pens</section>
+33. You can build a pen in the shallow water of a stream, a river, a lake or a reservoir.
+34. The water in a pen should be no more than 1.5 metres in the deepest part.
+35. You must also be sure that the water in a pen will never be less than 1 metre even during the dry season.
+36. A pen should be put in a place where the flow of water is gentle, not fast.
+37. It should be protected from wind so that the surface of the water will be calm, not rough.
+38. The water should be clean. You should not build a pen too near an inlet where the water may be muddy or full of rubbish.
+39. Choose a place in the stream or lake where the bottom is firm. It is not so easy to build a pen if the bottom is too soft and where the water may become muddy when you have to work in the pen.
+40. In addition, try to find a place where you can build a pen using very few materials, such as the corner of a reservoir or an angle in a stream.
+<section>Building a pen</section>
+41. A pen can be small or large depending on how many fish you want to raise.
+42. However, when you first begin, start by building a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.
+43. You can begin with a pen that has about 100 square metres (10 by 10 metres). Later, when you have learned more, you can build bigger ones.
+44. A pen is closed by a fence. So, start by driving a row of posts. Posts can be made either of bamboo or wood.
+45. If you are using wood, choose wood that does not rot quickly when it is in the water.
+46. The posts should be long enough to be driven firmly into the bottom. They should also be long enough to reach at least 50 centimetres above the highest water level.
+47. Posts should be 1 to 2 metres apart depending on the material that you use to close the pen.
+48. The best material for the fence of the pen is ordinary fish net. You can also use plastic mesh, or woven material made from split bamboo or wooden strips.
+49. If you are using fish net to close your pen, the posts can be further apart. If you use woven material or plastic mesh, the posts may have to be closer together.
+50. The openings in the material that you use to fence in a pen must be small enough to keep the smaller fish from getting out.
+51. However, if the openings are too small they may become filled with dirt or with the very small plants that grow in the water.
+52. If the openings in the material become filled with dirt, fresh water will not flow through to clean out the pen and the fish may not have enough air.
+53. So, be sure to use material with openings of 1.5 by 1.5 centimetres. This is the right size to keep in the smaller fish and also to let fresh water flow through.
+54. Whatever material you use for the fence, it should be high enough to be buried in the pen bottom at least 30 centimetres deep.
+55. It should also reach to the top of the posts which, you were told in Item 46, should be at least 50 centimetres above the highest water level.
+56. This will keep your fish from getting out of the pen along the bottom or jumping out over the top.
+57. Now you will be shown how to build two kinds of pens, how to attach the fence material and how to bury the material in the bottom.
+mark the place where you will put the fence using wooden stakes or poles and a piece of heavy line
+check the bottom along the line with a long pole to see how far you will have to drive in the posts so that they will stand firmly
+measure the depth of the water every 2 metres along the line
+remember, all posts must be at least 50 centimetres above the highest water level
+so, each post must be long enough to reach 50 centimetres above the water, plus the depth of the water, plus the depth that each post must be driven into the bottom
+now you can cut all of the posts to the proper length
+drive in the posts along the line 1 to 2 metres apart, depending on the kind of fence material that you are going to use (see Items 47 to 49)
+be sure to use material that is high enough to be buried at least 30 centimetres in the pen bottom and that can also reach the top of the posts
+if you use fish net for the fence, tie the edge- line of the net to the top of the posts using strong cord
+if you use woven material for the fence, tie it to the posts with strong cord or you can use strong vines
+if you use plastic mesh for the fence, fasten it to the posts with wire
+when the fence material is well fastened to the posts, you are ready to bury the material in the pen bottom
+you can bury fence material by pushing it into the pen bottom and putting a row of stones on either side to keep it in place
+you can also bury fence material by fastening it to straight poles and pushing the poles into the pen bottom with wooden stakes to keep it in place
+note: to bury fence material you may have to work under the water
+58. When your pen is finished, cut the weeds and grass on the banks clean out most of the plants in the water and take away any rubbish that you find.
+59. Then, remove the unwanted fish, crabs or other water life in the pen. You can do this using a fine- mesh net.
+60. When you have done this, you are ready to stock your pen with baby fish.
+<section>Carrying small fish</section>
+61. Small fish can be hurt easily. So, you must be very careful when you handle them or carry them from place to place.
+62. If you collect small fish using a seine net Carry them in a container such as
+o clay pot with a cover
+o a bucket with a lid
+o a plastic bag.
+63. When you carry small fish you must be careful to
+o use only clean water
+o keep the fish out of the sun or cover the container with a well cloth 10 keep it cool.
+64. If you carry small fish in plastic bags, carry the bags in a box so that they will not break. Cover the box and the plastic bags with a wet cloth to keep them cool
+65. When you are carrying small fish, if you see that they are gasping for air pull some air into the water by
+o splashing the water gently with your hand
+o forcing air into the water with a tire pump.
+<section>Putting baby fish into your pen</section>
+66. If you are raising Tilapia nilotica you will need to put in two baby fish for each square metre of pen. So, if you have built a small pen of 100 square metres you will need 200 baby fish.
+67. The baby fish that you use should be at least 8 to 10 centimetres long or weigh about 15 to 20 grams each.
+Note If you need any help or want to raise a different fish, your extension agent or fishery officer will be able to give you good advice.
+68. Just before you put the baby fish in your pen, be sure that the water they are in is not hotter or colder than the water in the pen.
+69. You can find this out by putting one of your hands in the water with the fish and the other in the pen.
+70. If one is hotter or colder, slowly put water from the pen in the water with the fish until they are both the same.
+71. If you do not do this the fish may die when you put them into the pen.
+72. Do not pour the fish Into the pen. Gently put the container into the water, tip it a little, and let them swim out by themselves.
+<section>Feeding fish in pens</section>
+73. You have already been told that there may be very little natural food in a pen. So, you must be sure to give your fish very rich foods.
+74. Here are some rich foods that fish like to eat. You can give them
+o termites
+o grain mill sweepings
+o rice bran
+o beer wastes
+o cottonseed or groundnut cake.
+75. Prepare all of the food for one day's feeding at one time. Give the fish part of this food at two or three different times during the day.
+76. Always try to feed your fish at the same time each day.
+77. The bigger your fish grow, the more food they will need.
+For each 100 square metres of pen feed them
+o 150 to 200 grams of food every day during the first month
+o 200 to 275 grams of food every day during the second month
+o 275 to 350 grams of food every day during the third and fourth months
+o 350 to 450 grams of food every day from the fifth month until the time you are ready to harvest.
+Note
+100 grams of rice bran is about one handful. Use a small tin to measure this amount.
+78. It is not easy to know exactly how much to feed your fish. You must watch them carefully to learn how much food they need.
+79. Feed your fish in the shallow part of the pen so that you can see them eat.
+80. If you see that the fish do not eat all of their food, give them a little less.
+81. If you see that the fish eat all of their food quickly, give them a little more.
+82. If you feed your fish in the same places each day you will be able to see whether they are eating well. If you give them too much, the food that is not eaten will stay on the bottom.
+83. Too much uneaten food on the bottom of the pen will make me water bad for the fish.
+84. To make it easier to see if your fish are eating well, choose several places in your pen and always feed them there.
+86. When you feed the fish, put the food inside the square farming. That way you can easily see uneaten food collecting on the bottom and you will know that you are giving your fish too much.
+<section>Taking care of the fish and pen</section>
+The fish
+87. You must always watch you fish to see that they are healthy and swimming strongly.
+88. If the fish in your pen are not well, they will stop eating.
+89. It this happens, stop feeding your fish for a day or two.
+90. When you begin to feed them again, at first give them small amounts of food and then slowly more and more. When your fish begin to eat as before you will know that they are well again.
+91. If you find any dead fish floating in the pen, take them out right away.
+92. Then, stop feeding your fish and watch them very carefully during the next days.
+93. If no more fish die you can begin to feed them after a day or two.
+94. If fish continue to die take them out as soon as you can and ask your extension agent or fishery officer for help.
+The pen
+95. You have already been told that a pen can be easily damaged. If this happens your fish may get out.
+96. So, check the pen fence every day to be sure that there are no holes. At the same time, you should check that the fence is well buried in the pen bottom.
+97. If you find any places where your fish can get out, repair them right away.
+98. In addition, you must be sure that the openings in the fence are free of dirt and plants so that fresh water can flow into the pen.
+99. You can clean the fence of a pen using a brush or a broom. However, do it very gently so that you do not damage the fence material.
+<section>Harvesting fish in pens</section>
+100. If you have used baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long and have fed them well, they will be ready for harvest in about six to seven months. At this time the fish will weigh 100 to 150 grams each.
+101. If you want to harvest only some of your fish you can use a seine net with a large mesh.
+102. A seine net with a mesh size of 3 to 3.5 centimetres will catch only the biggest fish and allow the medium and smaller fish to escape.
+103. To harvest with a seine net you will need several people. Start at the deep end of the pen and pull the seine net slowly toward the shallow end. The drawing below shows you how.
+104. If you want to harvest only part of your fish, you can also use a cast net or a lift net.
+105. If you use a cast net or lift net you will catch both big and small fish. Keep the fish that you want and put the others back in the pen.
+106. With a cast net or a lift net it is easier to catch the fish while they are eating and they are all together. So, feed them some food first.
+107. If you want to harvest all of the fish you can use a seine net with a fine mesh of less than 1 centimetre.
+Now if you do not need all of the fish harvest only what you need and leave the rest in the pen. Fish can be left in a pen as long as you continue to feed them.
+<section>Now you must begin again</section>
+108. After you have harvested, clean and repair your pen as quickly as you can so that you can begin again. You must
+o cut the weeds and grass on the banks
+o clear out most of the plants in the water and take away all rubbish
+o clean and repair the fence and make sure that it is still buried in the pen bottom
+o remove unwanted fish, crabs and any other water life using a fine- mesh net.
+109. If you have harvested using a large- mesh seine net there will be many baby fish left in your pen.
+110. So, to begin again you will not need to put in more baby fish. However, you will have to be careful not to let the baby fish escape when you clean and repair the pen.
+111. If you have harvested using a fine- mesh seine net you will catch all of the baby fish.
+112. You can hold the baby fish that you catch in a pen or in a cage for small fish (see Item 114 and Item 184) until you have finished cleaning and repairing the pen.
+Note
+The faster you can do all of these things, the sooner you will be able to raise another crop of fish.
+113. When you are ready, put in two baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long for each square metre of pen. However, be sure to choose your biggest and best baby fish to put back into your pen.
+<section>Raising your own baby fish in pens</section>
+114. You can build a small pen in a corner of your big pen and raise your own baby fish there. You can also use a small pen like this to keep the baby fish that you catch when you harvest.
+115. The small pen should be about 2 by 2 metres and at least 50 centimetres deep. Build the small pen just as you built your large pen.
+116. However, the material that you use for the fence of a small pen should have smaller openings to keep in the baby fish. So, be sure to use material with openings of 0.5 by 0.5 centimetres.
+117. Material with such small openings will get dirty more quickly. You must be sure to clean it often enough so that fresh water can flow into the small pen.
+118. You can put up to 500 baby fish 1 to 2 centimetres long in a small pen this size. However, do not put in more than you need to use or sell.
+Note
+If you have more baby fish that you can use or sell you can dry them in the sun. After you have dried the baby fish, grind or pound them and mix them with crushed cottonseed, groundnut cake or rice bran to feed to your big fish, your poultry or your pigs. You can also use the baby fish to fertilize your farm garden.
+119. Feed your baby fish two or three times each day just as you do with your big fish. You can give them
+o termites
+o rice bran
+o cottonseed or groundnut cake.
+120. Feed your baby fish carefully. Break their food into very small pieces and sprinkle it little by little on the surface of the water. Watch very carefully that they eat well and stop giving them food as soon as they stop eating.
+121. With a small pen, it is important to give the baby fish only what they can eat and no more. Uneaten food on the bottom of a small pen is very bad for baby fish.
+122. In 30 to 40 days the baby fish will grow to 8 to 10 centimetres long and you can let them into the big pen. To do this open a part of the fence. However, do not take out the posts.
+123. The baby fish can then swim into the big pen through the open fence. Later, when you need to raise more baby fish or keep small fish you have caught, you can use the small pen again.
+<section>Cages</section>
+124. You can build a cage and put it in a stream, a river, a lake or a reservoir.
+125. In addition, as you have already been told, you can put a cage in a fish pond.
+Note If you have a fish pond and decide to put in some cages, you will raise many more fish. For example, a pond of 20 by 20 metres (400 square metres) will hold 800 fish. If you also put in 3 cages of 1 cubic metre each, you can raise 450 to 600 more fish. So, in this case you can raise as many as 1400 fish in the same pond.
+3 cages
+1 x 1 x 1 m
+= 450 to 600 fish
+800 + 600 = 1 400 fish in all
+126. The water should be deep enough so that when the cage is in place it will be at least 50 centimetres from the bottom.
+127. A cage should be in a place where the flow of water is gentle and not fast. In addition, it should be protected from the wind.
+128. The water should be clean You should not put a cage too near an inlet where the water may be muddy or full of rubbish.
+<section>Building a cage</section>
+129. A cage can be any shape. It can be round, square or long.
+130. A cage can be small or large depending on the number of fish that you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start by building a small cage. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.
+131. You can begin with a cage that has about 1 cubic metre (1 metre by 1 metre by 1 metre) of space for the fish. Later, when you have learned more, you can build bigger ones.
+132. The best material to cover a cage is ordinary fish net. If you cannot get fish net you can use either plastic mesh, woven material made from split bamboo or wooden strips.
+133. The openings in the material that you use to cover a cage must be small enough to keep the smaller fish from getting out.
+134. However, if the openings are too small they may become filled with dirt or with the very small plants that grow in the water.
+135. So, be sure to use material with openings of 1.5 by 1.5 centimetres. This is the right size to keep in the smaller fish and also to let fresh water through.
+136. You can build a simple cage by driving four or more posts into the bottom under the water and hanging a fish net inside.
+137. You can also build a simple cage by putting a square float on the water and hanging a piece of fish net inside.
+138. If you want a better floating cage, you can build a frame with floats and close it with fish net, woven material or plastic mesh.
+139. You can use either bamboo or wood for the posts, floats or frame. However, if you are using wood, choose one that does not rot quickly when it is in the water.
+140. The drawings on pages 50 to 66 show you how to build these cages. You will also be shown how to close the tops of cages and how to fix cages in the water.
+A simple post cage
+you can build a simple post cage using bamboo or wooden posts and fish net
+find a place where the water is at least 1.50 metres deep even during the dry season
+drive 4 posts into the bottom to form a square 1.25 m x 1.25 m
+the posts should be about 50 cm above the water
+tie a rope around the top of the posts to hold the fish net at least 25 cm above the water
+hang a piece of fish net over the rope inside the posts and make sure that it is at least 1 m under the water at the deepest part tie the net to the rope all the way around the cage using strong cord
+you can put in the fish now (but first see Items 141 to 145)
+if you have enough fish net stretch a piece over the top of the cage and tie it to the rope using strong cord
+when you feed the fish, do not remove the cover
+however, you may have to open part of the cover from time to time to take out any dead fish
+A simple floating cage
+you can build a simple floating cage using any wood that floats well, such as bamboo or banana stalks, and covered with either fish net, woven material or plastic mesh
+tie 4 pieces of wood together using strong cord or rope to form a float 1 m square
+hang the float about 1.50 m above the ground so you can work on it easily
+cut 1 long piece of material for the sides of sides of the cage and one square piece of material for the bottom
+depending on the material that you are going to use, tie or wire the long side piece arround the outside of the cage
+then, tie or wire the square bottom piece to the lower edges of the sides in the same way
+if you have used fish net or woven material, tie a length of rope to the bottom of each corner to be used for weights when the cage is in the water
+carefully pull the cage into the water
+make sure that there are at least 50 cm of water under the cage and tie it firmly in place
+to do this, tie a piece of rope to one comer at the float and anchor the other end to a stake in the bottom
+if you have used fish net or woven material, tie a weight to the rope on each comer
+note: if the that sinks below the water, tie on more pieces of wood until it floats on the surface
+now you can put in the fish (but first see Items 141 to 145)
+after the fish are in, you can cover the cage with fish net
+if your cage is built of woven material or plastic mesh you can use this material for a cage cover
+depending on the material that you have used for the cover tie or wire it in place just as you did the sides and the bottom of the cage
+however, you may have to open part of the cover from time to time to take out any dead fish
+A better floating cage
+you can build a better floating cage by making a light frame from bamboo or straight pieces of wood cut from trees and covered with either fish net, woven material or plastic mesh
+tie 4 pieces of wood together using strong cord or rope to make one side of the frame, which should be about 1 m by 1.25 m
+make another side the same as the first
+using 4 more pieces of wood, tie the two sides together 1 m apart
+cut 1 long piece of material for the sides of the cage and 1 square piece of material for the bottom
+depending on the material that you are going to use, tie or wire the long side piece around the inside of the float
+then, turn the cage on its side and tie on the bottom piece in the same way
+for floats you can use bamboo, banana stalks, wooden blocks or, if you can get them, plastic containers, pieces of styrene plastic or used tyre inner tubes.
+carefully put the cage into the water
+make sure that there is at least 50 cm of water below the cage and tie it firmly in place
+to do this, tie a piece of rope to one corner at the float and anchor the other end to a stake in the bottom
+the cage should float so that 25 cm of it is above the water and 1 m of it is below the water
+note: if the cage does not float 25 cm above the water tie on more floats until it does
+now you can put in the fish
+(but first see Items 141 to 145)
+after the fish are in, you can cover the cage with a fish net
+if your cage is built of woven material or plastic mesh you can use this for a cage cover
+when you feed the fish do not remove the cover however, you may have to open part of the cover from time to time to take out any dead fish
+you can build an even better floating cage using pieces of squared, rough- cut wood.
+you can build this kind of cage with a door that can be locked and with a special opening for feeding the fish
+with a locked door it is more difficult for people to steal your fish however, you may need more floats for a cage with a heavy wooden door
+141. When your cage is finished and in place in the water, you are ready to stock it with baby fish.
+<section>Carrying small fish</section>
+142. You have already been told that small fish can be hurt easily. So, you must be very careful when you handle them or carry them from place to place. Items 61 to 65 in this booklet will tell you how.
+<section>Putting baby fish into your cage</section>
+143. If you are raising Tilapia nilotica you will need to put in 150 to 200 baby fish for each cubic metre of cage.
+144. The baby fish that you use should be at least 8 to 10 centimetres long or weigh about 15 to 20 grams each.
+Note If you need any help or want to raise a different fish, your extension agent or fishery officer will be able to give you good advice.
+145. Put the fish in your cage just as you were told to do in a pen. Items 68 to 72 in this booklet will tell you how.
+<section>Feeding fish in cages</section>
+146. You have already been told that there may be very little natural food in a cage. So, you must be sure to give your fish plenty of very rich food.
+147. Here are some rich foods that fish like to eat. You can give them
+o termites
+o grain mill sweepings
+o rice bran
+o beer wastes
+o cottonseed or groundnut cake.
+148. Prepare all of the food for one day's feeding at the same time and give the fish part of the food at two or three different times during the day.
+149. Always try to feed your fish at the same time each day.
+150. The bigger your fish grow the more food they will need. For each cubic foot of cage feed them
+o 150 to 200 grams of food every day during the first month
+o 200 to 350 grams of food every day during the second and third months
+o 350 to 450 grams of food every day from the fourth month until the time you are ready to harvest.
+Note 100 grams of rice bran is about one handful. Use a small tin to measure this amount.
+51. It is not easy to know exactly how much to feed your fish. You must watch them carefully to learn how much food they need.
+152. Put the food for your fish near the centre of the cage so that they can eat it before it floats away through the holes in the sides.
+153. Put in the food little by little so that you can watch the fish and see that they are eating.
+154. If you see that the fish do not eat all of their food, give them a little less.
+155. If you see that the fish eat all of their food quickly, give them a little more.
+156. Remember, that if you give your fish too much food to eat it will collect on the bottom and make the water around the cage bad.
+157. So, check the cage often. If you see too much uneaten food on the bottom, you will know that you are feeding too much. When this happens, move the cage to a clean place.
+<section>Taking care of the fish and cage</section>
+The fish
+158. You must always watch the fish to see that they are healthy and swimming strongly.
+159. If the fish in your cage are not well, they will stop eating.
+160. If this happens, stop feeding your fish for a day or two.
+161. When you begin to feed them again, at first give them small amounts of food and then slowly more and more. When your fish begin to eat as before, you will know that they are well again.
+162. If you find any dead fish floating in your cage, take them out right away.
+163. Then, stop feeding your fish and watch them carefully for the next few days.
+164. If no more fish die, you can begin to feed them after a day or two.
+165. If fish continue to die, take them out as soon as you can and ask your extension agent or fishery officer for help.
+The cage
+166. You have already been told that a cage can easily be damaged. If this happens you may lose fish.
+167. So, it is very important to check your cage every day to be sure that there are no holes where your fish can get out.
+168. If you find any places where the fish can get out, repair them right away.
+Note If your cage is in shallow water you may be able to repair any holes in it as you were shown on page 33. However, if the water is deep it may be easier to completely cover the damaged side of the cage with a new piece of material.
+169. In addition, you must be sure that the openings in the cage material are free from dirt and plants so that fresh water can flow into the cage.
+170. You can clean the material of a cage using a brush or a broom. However, do it very gently so that you do not damage the cage material.
+171. Also, do not forget to check for uneaten food on the bottom under the cage from time to time.
+172. If you have put your cage on posts in the water, make sure that the posts are firmly in place so that the cage cannot float away.
+173. If you have a floating cage, make sure that the floats and that the cage is firmly tied in place so that it cannot float away.
+<section>Harvesting fish in cages</section>
+174. If you have used baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long or weighing about 15 to 20 grams and have fed them well, they will be ready for harvest in about five months. At this time the fish will weigh 100 to 150 grams each.
+175. If you want to harvest only some of your fish, use a small hand net and collect what you want without moving the cage.
+176. If you want to harvest all of your fish and your cage is small enough, pull it into shallow water and begin to collect the fish using a small hand net.
+177. When you have collected most of the fish, you can lift the cage out of the water and collect the rest.
+178. If your cage is too big to lift out of the water, pull it into shallow water as far as you can and collect the remaining fish.
+Note If you do not need all of your fish, harvest only what you need and leave the rest in the cage. Fish can be left in a cage as long as you continue to feed them.
+<section>Now you must begin again</section>
+179. After you have harvested, clean and repair your cage as quickly as you can so that you can begin again.
+180. If your cage is small and you took it out of the water when you harvested the fish, clean and repair it before you put it back into the water.
+181. If your cage is too big to take out of the water, you will have to clean it and repair it in the water.
+Note
+The faster you can do this, the sooner you will be able to raise another crop of fish.
+182. You can hold the baby fish you catch in a small pen or in another cage for small fish (see Item 1 14 and Item 184) until you have finished the cleaning and repairing.
+183. When you are ready to begin again, put in 150 to 200 baby fish 8 to 10 centimetres long for each cubic metre of cage. However, be sure to choose your biggest and best baby fish to put back in your cage.
+<section>Raising your own baby fish in cages</section>
+184. You can raise baby fish in a cage. To do this build a cage just like one of the ones shown on pages 50 to 66.
+185. However, the material you use to cover the cage should have smaller openings to keep in the baby fish. So be sure to use material with openings of 0.5 by 0.5 centimetres.
+186. Materials with such small openings will get dirty more quickly. So, you must be sure to clean it often enough so that fresh water can flow into the cage.
+187. You can put up to 1 000 baby fish 1 to 2 centimetres long in a cage of 1 cubic metre. However, do not put in more than you need to use or sell.
+Note
+If you have more baby fish than you can use or sell you can dry them in the sun. After you have dried the baby fish, grind or pound them and mix them with crushed cottonseed, groundnut cake or rice bran to feed to your big fish, your poultry or your pigs. You can also use the dried baby fish to fertilize your farm garden.
+188. Feed your baby fish two or three times each day just as you do with your big fish. You can give them
+o termites
+o rice bran
+o cottonseed or groundnut cake.
+189. Feed your baby fish carefully. Break their food into very small pieces and sprinkle it little by little on the surface of the water. Watch very carefully that they eat well and stop giving them food as soon as they stop eating.
+190. With a cage, it is important to give the baby fish only what they will eat and no more. Uneaten food under a cage is very bad for baby fish.
+191. In 30 to 40 days the baby fish will grow to 8 to 10 centimetres long and you can put them in a pond or another cage.
+192. To do this take them out carefully using a smooth plastic containers.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/foodfirst_ff05te.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/foodfirst_ff05te.key
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+DEMOGRAPHY
+POPULATION DYNAMICS
+DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
+FERTILITY
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/foodfirst_ff05te.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/foodfirst_ff05te.txt
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+<title>Taking population seriously</title>
+Frances Moore Lappé
+Rachel Schurman
+A Food First Book
+The Institute for Food and Development Policy
+San Francisco
+Copyright © 1988, 1990 The Institute for Food and Development Policy.
+All rights reserved.
+First published in 1988 by the Institute for Food and Development Policy as "The Missing Piece in the Population Puzzle," Food First Development Report No. 4, September 1988.
+Printed in the United States of America
+ISBN: 0-935028-53-6
+Design: Constance King
+Cover Design: Susan Galleymore
+Typesetting: Access Typography
+Printing: West Coast Print Center
+FOOD FIRST
+The Institute for Food and Development Policy (FOOD FIRST) is a nonprofit research and education center, which, since its founding in 1975, has been dedicated to identifying the root causes of hunger, poverty, and environmental degradation in the United States and around the world. Financed by thousands of members, with modest support from foundations and churches, FOOD FIRST speaks with a strong, independent voice, free of ideological formulas and vested interests.
+In over 50 countries and 20 languages, FOOD FIRST provides a wide array of educational tools - books, articles, films, and curricula for elementary schools and high schools - to lay the groundwork for a more democratically run society that will meet the needs of all.
+For more information about Food First publications, please write or call:
+The Institute for Food and Development Policy
+145 Ninth Street
+San Francisco, CA 94103
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+Our colleagues at the Institute for Food and Development Policy deserve our special thanks for their excellent counsel and careful assistance in the development of this analysis: Walden Bello, Medea Benjamin, Marilyn Borchardt, Becky Buell, Joseph Colt fins, Kevin Danaher, Andrea Freedman, Susan Gallymore, Audee Kochiyama-Holman, Marshall McComb, and Ann Kelly. We also appreciate the research assistance of Heidi Beirich and Michele Mattingly.
+Many others with special knowledge in this field also provided valuable comments and criticism. Our special thanks go to Will Alexander, Leon Bouvier, John Caldwell, Ansley Coale, Phillips Outright, Joel Dirlam, Joan Gussow, Betsy Hartmann, V. Parker Mauldin, Thomas Merrick, Alberta Palloni, John Ratcliffe, Robert Repetto, and Bernard Schurman. Of course our gratitude in no way suggests that our reviewers agree with our analysis.
+<section>The population puzzle</section>
+What do you see in this picture?
+If what you see is a population "explosion," you are not alone. That's precisely what biologist Paul Ehrlich dubbed these trends in his eye-opening 1968 book, The Population Bomb. Population growth rates in the third world are historically unprecedented. The world population has doubled since 1950, with 85 percent of that growth occurring in the third world.
+But what set off the population bomb? What problems does it present ? And how can we defuse it to help bring human population into balance with the natural environment? In the past twenty years, this graph of population trends has become almost a "Rorschach test" in which people have seen strikingly different answers to these critical questions.
+In this report, we briefly critique several current interpretations of the population puzzle and point beyond them to an emerging alternative framework for understanding - one that incorporates unmistakable historical lessons.
+We first consider the perspective of the biological determinists - those who see human population overrunning the carrying capacities of their ecosystems. We suggest why this view has been largely discredited and describe a milder version that dominates public perceptions of the population crisis is that growing numbers of people are overwhelming finite resources; the answer is obvious - reduce births.
+Over the last two decades a much more useful analysis has emerged among social scientists, replacing both of these narrow views. It describes the realities of poverty and premature death that keep birth rates high. While we incorporate many of its invaluable insights here, we must dig substantially deeper to seriously confront the population problem.
+In this report we seek to probe beneath the descriptive social perspective in order to examine the relationships of social power - economic, political, cultural - that influence fertility. We construct what we call the power-structures perspective, referring to the multilayered arenas of decision-making power that shape people's reproductive choices or lack of them. We use this framework to show how the powerlessness of the poor often leaves them little option but large families. Indeed, high birth rates among the poor can best be understood, we argue, as a defensive response against structures of power that fail to provide, or actively block, sources of security beyond the family. From this perspective, rapid population growth is a moral crisis because it reflects the widespread denial of essential human rights to survival resources - land, food, jobs - and the means to prevent pregnancy.
+It follows from our power-structures perspective that far-reaching economic and political change is necessary to reduce birth to many children. Social arrangements beyond the family - jobs, health care, old-age security, and education (especially for women) - must offer both men and opportunity. Most important, the power of women must be augmented through expanded opportunities for both men and women. At the same time, limiting births must become a viable option by making safe and acceptable birth control devices universally available.
+In seeking solutions to the population problem, we examine critical lessons from the handful of third world countries that have been exceptionally successful in reducing fertility. In each, we find our thesis reinforced: far-reaching social changes have empowered people, especially women, and provided alternative sources of income, security, and status to child bearing.
+Humanity ignores such lessons at great peril. Unless we are honestly willing to confront the roots of people's powerlessness, we cannot hope to halt population growth in the future - with dire consequences for human well-being and for the biosphere itself. But the consequences are immediate as well: unwillingness to address the social roots of high fertility leads almost inexorably, we argue, to coercive, even hazardous population control strategies, jeopardizing the goal of enhanced human well-being.
+Moreover, lacking an approach that addresses the problem of social power, we can expect no relief to the misery of hunger and the stress of environmental decline, regardless of success in cutting birth rates.
+Finally, we challenge everyone alarmed about rapid population growth to be fully concerned not just about its impact on humanity but on nonhuman life as well.
+Learning the Population Lingo
+Reading the population literature, it's easy to become confused by technical terms. We hope a simple explanation of some of the more commonly used terms can help.
+Crude Birth Rates. The crude birth rate, or CBR, literally measures the number of live births for every thousand women. The C1NR refers to a country as a whole or to a particular subgroup within a country. "Crude" refers to the fact that it does not take into account the age structure of a population, which greatly affects the number of births in any given year. For example, if two countries have the same number of people, but one has twice as many women of childbearing age, it will have a much higher crude birth rate. For this reason, the CBR is not directly comparable across countries, or even across time. It is often used by demographers when better measures are lacking.
+Total Fertility Rates. This rate, often abbreviated as TFR, can be thought of as the average number of children that a woman will have over her reproductive lifetime. It is hypothetical in the sense that it does nor represent the lifetime experience of any particular woman or group of women, but represents a composite measure. The TFR is calculated as the sum of birth rates specific to each age group of women and assumes that each cohort's fertility will hold during the lifetime of the "hypothetical woman."
+Population Growth Rate. The population growth rate is the rate at which a particular population is growing each year. It is calculated relative to a base population size (say, the population size in the preceding year), and reflects the effects of births, deaths, and migration. The current growth rate in the United States is about 1.0 percent per year.
+Replacement Level. A population that is at replacement level will exactly replace itself over the course of a generation with no growth and no decline. In the industrialized countries, replacement level usually corresponds to a TFR of 2.1; in other words, each woman would bear two children, one to replace herself and the other to replace her mate. (The additional .1 births is necessary to offset a small number of infant deaths and childless women. ) In the third world, replacement levels are somewhat higher - about 2.5 - because of the higher infant death rates.
+<section>The population debate</section>
+<section>What set off the population explosion?</section>
+The widely accepted explanation of what tripped the population wire in the third world is that a rapid drop in death rates occurred without a parallel drop in birth rates. With more people living longer, but as many babies still being born, populations began to grow fast.
+While a similar shift was typical of the first stage of a transition to slow population growth in the now industrial countries, what has happened in the third world is different. The mortality decline there has been sharper than that which occurred in Western Europe and the United States, and it happened against a backdrop of higher initial birth rates.^1
+What accounts for this sharp drop in deaths? Here, demographers hardly agree. Some point to the introduction of vaccines, antibiotics, and pesticides from the industrial countries; others stress improvement in education, sanitation, and nutrition.
+And why haven't birth rates declined, too? They have, but not nearly enough to prevent rapid population growth in most third world countries.
+But don't be too alarmed, many population experts tell us. It is only a matter of time before a decline in birth rates will mimic the decline in death rates. The world's population will thus level off or plateau, they predict, about a century from now at about 10 billion, double the world's current population.^2
+We're not so sanguine. While death rates may be brought down, at least somewhat, by imported technologies or public health initiatives, birth rates are not so easily affected. They reflect intensely personal choices in response to a host of economic, social, and cultural forces. Until the forces underpinning high birth rates start to change, we doubt that it is possible to predict the timing of a human population plateau.
+Some demographers share our concern. "Forget plateaus," says population specialist Phillips Cutright. Such projections are likely to be "wishful thinking," he warns.^3 And recent data confirm Cutright's skepticism. Global population is growing faster than expected because many of the most populous nations - China, India, Pakistan, Egypt, and Iran to name a few - are not following the expected pattern of a smooth and continuous fertility decline.^4
+<section>Population: what's the problem?</section>
+To make our own analysis most clear, let us begin with a brief outline of the main schools of thought concerning the nature of the population problem. We present three alternative perspectives and then our own.
+More people - no problem perspective. To some, population growth is no threat at all. To the contrary, it may actually contribute to economic development and higher living standards.
+Julian Simon, author of The Ultimate Resource, is perhaps the heat-known advocate of this position. Writing in Science, Simon argues that in industrial countries, additional people stimulate higher productivity.^5 Growing populations in third world countries also "have a positive net effect on the general standard of living," apparent only in the long term.^6 Simon and his supporters marshal largely historical evidence. If improvements in technology and productivity have surpassed growth in population so far, why not indefinitely, they ask.
+While Simon's view is not widely accepted, his influence can be easily detected in recent mainstream pronouncements on population. In 1986, a report by the National Academy of Sciences downplayed population as a problem, stating that "concern about the impact of rapid population growth on resource exhaustion has often been exaggerated."^7
+In our view, Simon's perspective must first be rejected on ethical grounds. It implies that the impact of population growth can be judged solely as to how it affects human well-being, ignoring any responsibility toward the integrity of the larger ecosphere. Second, its presumption that population growth isn't a problem because of infinite human ingenuity to discover replacements for any depleted resource is blind to the fact that the natural world is a delicate, interacting system, not merely an emporium of separate, replaceable parts. Simon fails to consider the possibility that our efforts to support ever larger numbers is destroying that delicate environmental balance. Because we reject this perspective's first premises, we do not examine it in depth.
+People-versus-resources perspective. The much more widely held view, that which has shaped popular understanding since the 1960s, stands Simon's position on its head: people are pitted against finite resources and we're fast overrunning the earth's capacity to support us. In fact, current environmental degradation and hunger suggest that in some places we've already pushed beyond the earth's limits.
+This conceptualization of the problem came vividly into popular consciousness with Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb, first published in 1968. Ehrlich convinced many people that fast-growing populations meant that we had reached the earth's limits to feed people. Ehrlich wrote:
+The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970's the world will undergo famines - hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death in spite of the crash programs embarked upon now.^8
+In Famine 1975, published the year before Ehrlich's book, William and Paul Paddock warned that catastrophe was imminent.^9
+By the 1980s, emphasis within the people-versus-resources perspective was less on the danger of humanity simply running out of land to feed itself than on the destruction of the environment by expanding populations. Ehrlich's underlying assumptions have continued to hold sway in the popular consciousness. Perhaps the most widely read expression of this view today comes from the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C. In a 1986 Worldwatch publication, Lester Brown and Jodi Jacobson describe the threat of continuing high rates of growth:
+Our contemporary world is being divided in two by demographic forces.... In the... half where birth rates remain high, rapid population growth is beginning to overwhelm local life-support systems... leading to ecological deterioration and declining living standards.^10
+According to Brown and Jacobson, in many third world countries, this process is already well under way.^11
+An extreme version of this perspective is found in the work of biologist Garrett Hardin. He takes the answer to the question "What is the population problem?" a further step toward strict biological determinism. As the influential economist Thomas Malthus argued in the early nineteenth century, Hardin claims that our biology drives us to reproduce at a rate faster than our resources can sustain. Without government policies to prevent it, we are destined to overrun our resource base, with hunger the tragic outcome.^12
+For Hardin, of immediate concern is not the threat of global food shortage, but population caused food shortages at the national and local levels. In his view, the populations of some countries have already overrun their biological "carrying capacities." To Hardin, Ethiopia's repeated famines clinch his case.^13 His views are now echoed by some hard-line environmentalists, like Earth First! founder Dave Foreman.
+This extreme neo-Malthusian view is generally discredited. But a soft-pedaled version - still posing people against resources as the essential problem - captures considerable media attention and dominates the popular understanding of the problem today.
+Much of our prior work, especially Food First and World Hunger: Twelve Myths, is a refutation of this still-influential resources-versus-people perspective. We demonstrate the illogic of seeing population as a root cause of hunger when in so many cases population density and hunger are not demonstrably related. China, for instance, has only half as much cropped land per person as India, yet Indians suffer widespread and severe hunger while the Chinese do not. Sri Lanka has only half the farmland per person of Bangladesh, yet when effective government policies kept food affordable, Sri Lankans were considerably better fed than Bangladeshis. Costa Rica, with less than half of Honduras' cropped acres per person, boasts a life expectancy - one indicator of nutrition - fourteen years longer than that of Honduras, and close to that of the industrial countries.^14 And Cuba, which leads the third world in life expectancy, low infant mortality rates, and good nutrition, has a
+population density similar to Mexico's, where hunger is rampant.
+This lack of a clear link between population density and hunger (highlighted in table 1) is a strong rebuttal to the people-versus-resources conception of the problem. Many other factors beyond sheer numbers obviously determine whether people eat adequately; among them are whether or not people have access to land to grow food, or have jobs providing them with money to buy it.
+The same simplistic formulation must be rejected when it comes to environmental destruction. An obvious example is the ecological havoc now being wrought in the Brazilian Amazon. The slash and-burn agriculture of Brazilian peasants often gets the blame. But if land in Brazil were not the monopoly of the few - with 2 percent of the landowners controlling 60 percent of the arable land - poor Brazilians would not be forced to settle in the Amazon, destroying the irreplaceable rain forest. And surely the logging and cattle ranching, also destroying rain forests, reflect not population pressure but market demand for meat and wood by better off consumers, largely in the industrial countries.
+The social perspective. Fortunately, over the past two decades, an outline has emerged of a strikingly different answer to the question, "What is the problem?" It draws on the research of scores of anthropologists, sociologists, and economists. This newer perspective has taken hold in such varied institutions as the World Resources Institute, the Population Reference Bureau, the UN Fund for Population Activities, and the World Bank. In the 1980s, some from the food-versus-resources perspective, including the Worldwatch Institute, have acknowledged the findings of the social scientists.
+The social perspective takes a look beneath the threat of populations overrunning resources to ask why third world populations are growing so fast, pointing to a complex interaction of economic, social, and cultural forces that keeps third world fertility high. They include the low status of women, the high death rates of children, and the lack of old-age security.
+This perspective presents a powerful challenge to the people-versus-resources view in which growing populations deplete per capita resources, leading to hunger and environmental degradation. In the social perspective it is the realities of poverty that lead to both rapid population growth and hunger. High fertility becomes an effect more than a cause of poverty and hunger.
+The power-structures perspective. Building on the previous work of the Institute for Food and Development Policy, in this report we seek to synthesize crucial insights emerging from this social perspective, while pushing its analysis still further.
+Peeling away another layer, we ask what lies behind the poverty and insecurity keeping birth rates high. In answering, we add a critical dimension without which we believe it is impossible to understand population patterns: power. By this we mean, very concretely, the relative ability of people to have a say in decisions that shape their lives, from those decisions made at the family level to those that are international in scope.
+How society distributes power determines which human rights are acknowledged and protected. We find it most fruitful to view the varied forces keeping birth rates high as aspects of a systematic denial of essential human rights - understood to include not only political liberties, but access to life-sustaining resources and to educational and economic opportunity.
+In our common search for solutions, we challenge all who are beginning to grasp the true social - rather than biological - roots of rapid population growth to follow through on the logical consequences of this deeper analysis. Unfortunately, it is in defining solutions that the promising social perspective falls flat. It describes the link between poverty and high fertility, but it fails to confront the forces that generate and perpetuate poverty.
+The consequences are momentous. Ignoring the social roots of hunger while still trying to reduce birth rates leads almost inexorably to more coercive birth control technologies and programs that jeopardize people's health and self-determination.
+Finally, we call for a shift in the entire debate about the population problem to incorporate insights emerging from environmentalists and from the land stewardship movement. Drawing on ancient insights from diverse cultures, they point to our much larger responsibility. We must halt human population growth not just to insure the well-being of humanity but to restore the interdependent biotic community in which we human beings must learn to see ourselves as members not masters.
+<section>A power-structures perspective</section>
+To understand why populations are exploding in the third world, one must come to see how choices open to people about their reproduction - those most personal, intimate choices - are influenced by structures of decision-making power. These structures include the distant arena of international finance and trade and extend downward to the level of national governments, on through the village, and, ultimately, to relationships within families.
+"Power structures" is not a mysterious concept. We use it simply to refer to the rules, institutions, and assumptions that both determine who is allowed to participate in decisions and in whose interests decisions are made. The decisions most relevant to the population question are those governing access to and use of life-sustaining resources - land, jobs, health care, and the education needed to make the most of them - and contraceptive resources. (See figure 2 for a schematic representation of some of the many arenas of human relationships in which decisions are made that directly and indirectly influence fertility.)
+Decision-making structures fall along a continuum from democratic to antidemocratic. By democratic we mean decision-making structures in which those most affected by the decisions participate or - at the very least - structures that include consideration of the interests of those affected. Of course, in no polity or other social institution is power shared in completely equal measure. But in our view, democratic organization exists to the extent that power is dispersed and no one is left utterly powerless. Antidemocratic structures, by contrast, can therefore be described as nonparticipatory - because those most affected have no say - or unequal.
+In Western societies one tends to think of democracy as a political concept; we think of power primarily as being exercised in the political arena. Many Westerners also assume that in Marxist theory, power is perceived differently - as largely an economic struggle over control of productive resources. And we in the West also assume that because the communist state is the antithesis of political democracy, any use of the term democratic is utterly inappropriate when describing communist societies.
+But why restrict the use of the concepts of power and democracy ? We find it most helpful to understand power as a critical variable in both political and economic affairs as well as in social and cultural life. And we find the terms democratic and antidemocratic - describing structures of decision-making power in a multiplicity of social institutions - most usefully applied not to societies in toto, but to the many arenas of life within societies.
+It follows that we do not presume that within a society a uniform structure of power exists from the political to the economic to the social. While these varied aspects of community life interact and influence each other, asymmetry is more the norm. A society might be highly antidemocratic in the way political power is wielded but allow considerable sharing of economic control over essential resources. China comes to mind here. In contrast to most third world countries where the majority of rural people are denied control over basic resources, in China most rural people control enough land to secure their basic food needs. Even under the former collectivized system, everyone had the right to participate in economic life and share in the fruits from the land. At the same time, political leadership has not been freely chosen and people's right to political expression has not been protected.
+The opposite imbalance is probably more common. In a number of societies - the United States is an example - political participation and expression are protected, but citizens' rights to economic resources essential for livelihood and healthcare are not protected. So a significant share of the population goes without enough income to provide adequate food, housing, and health care.
+And while structures of economic and political power may be relatively participatory at, say, the national political level, they may remain grossly unequal at another level - for example, when it comes to relations between men and women within the family.
+In what follows we apply this power-structures perspective to the population problem. Power becomes the critical variable in explaining population growth patterns. Without it, it is possible to describe conditions like poverty associated with high fertility, but not to understand them or to arrive at workable solutions. In a report of this length, however, we can only sketch how structures of power - interpersonal to international - can influence reproductive choices.
+In largely agrarian societies, the most clear-cut evidence of the economic power structure is who controls farmland and who does not. Access to land determines a family's survival and security. "Without land to feed my family, I go hungry, no matter how much food the country produces," one Indian peasant explained to us.
+So, we must ask what are the consequences for fertility when at least 1 billion rural people in the third world have been deprived of farmland? In many countries, including Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines, India, and most of the Central American countries, land-holdings have become increasingly concentrated in the hands of a minority during a period of rapid population growth. When the more powerful have an incentive to expand - say, to grow lucrative export crops - and have military backing, it is quite easy for them to seize the land of the less powerful. They might do it legally by calling in the loan of a heavily indebted peasant family, or, not so legally, by simply bulldozing the peasant's land and laying claim to it. The peasant family has no legal title nor lawyer to back up its claim in court.
+In this context, without adequate land or secure tenure, and with no old-age support from the government or any other source outside the family, many poor people understandably view children as perhaps the only source of power open to them. For those in extreme poverty, children can be critical to one's very survival.
+<section>Children: poor people's source of power</section>
+Living at the economic margin, many poor parents perceive their children's labor as necessary to augment meager family income. By working in the fields and around the home, children also free up adults and elder siblings to earn outside income.
+One study on the island of Java, Indonesia, for example, found children to be an extremely important asset in the rural economy. As early as age seven, a boy assumes responsibility for his family's chicken and ducks. At nine, he can care for goats and cattle, cut fodder, and harvest and transplant rice. And as early as twelve, he can work for wages. And by his fifteenth birthday, a Javanese boy has, through his labor, repaid the entire investment his family has made in him.^15 Similarly in Bangladesh, by age six a son provides labor and/or income for his family. By twelve, at the latest, he contributes more than he consumes.^16
+The labor of girls is equally important. In Tanzania, one study found that girls between the ages of five and nine spend an average of three and a half hours a day working on economic activities and in the home.^17 In Peru, as in many other third world countries, girls of six and seven can be seen carting younger brothers and sisters around while their mothers are selling wares in the marketplace And on tea plantations in India, girls as young as twelve rise at 4 a.m. to help their mothers prepare breakfast and then spend up to ten hours a day in the herds picking tea during harvest time.^18
+John Caldwell, a foremost theorist in population studies, criticizes his colleagues for underrating the importance of children to the village economy:
+The analysis of the value of children in the village household economy often completely fails to understand the subsistence nature of village services... [In Western] societies, most... expenditure is on goods... which merely occupy space while providing services. Vacuum cleaners pick up the dust; mowers keep down the grass; washing machines clean up the dishes; hot water systems provide hot water... In a society where nearly all these consumer durables are vastly expensive and difficult or impossible to maintain, the services are largely provided by either cheap labour or more frequently by family subsistence labour.... In terms of the availability of cheap or ostensibly free labour, the farmer would be irrational who forced himself and his family to produce ever more crops for sale to buy expensive gadgets to supply the services he could get directly [from his children].^19
+And children aren't assets only for people living in the countryside, Caldwell points out. Among the Yoruba in Nigeria, urban white collar families rely on many children to enhance their position through "sibling assistance chains." As one child grows up and completes school, he or she (most often he!) can help younger siblings climb up the educational ladder. Each successive child is thus in a position to get a higher-paying job. The family gets added income, status, and security.^20
+Moreover, the "lottery mentality" is associated with poverty everywhere. With no reliable channels for advancement in sight, third world parents can always hope that the next child will be the one clever and bright enough to get an education and land a city job, despite the odds. In many countries, income from just one such job in the city can support a whole family in the countryside.
+In nearly all third world societies, those rendered powerless by unjust economic structures also know that without children to care for them in old age, they will have nothing.^21 According to a 1984 World Bank report, 80 to 90 percent of the people surveyed in Indonesia, South Korea, Thailand, and Turkey expect to rely on their children for support in their old age.^22
+In addition to providing old age security, children represent insurance against risk for many rural families, argues Mead Cain, a researcher at the Center for Population Studies in New York. Drawing on extensive experience in South Asia, Cain notes that children's financial help provide "an important means of insuring against property loss" to families for whom a bad crop year or unexpected expense can spell catastrophe, forcing a distress sale of their land. Only when other forms of economic security become available to impoverished families, posits Cain, will the transition to smaller families be instigated.^23
+Of course, the value of children to their parents cannot be measured just in hours of labor or extra income. The intangibles may be just as important. Influence within the community is one. In community affairs, bigger families can carry more weight. And for most parents, children offer incomparable satisfaction, fulfillment, and joy. For the poor - whose lives are marred by much more grief and sacrifice than is true of the better-off - the role children play in fulfilling these very real human needs cannot be underestimated.
+The question of children's economic contributions to the family is not a settled one among population researchers, however. Recently some have begun to argue that the economic advantages children offer may be diminishing in ways that will reduce fertility. As primary and secondary education becomes more widespread, for instance, children have Less time to contribute to their families.^24 Also, as more people lose or are unable to acquire land and migrate to the cities, they will take wage-paying jobs. For wage laborers, children come to represent a cost rather than just a benefit.
+The Population Reference Bureau's Thomas Merrick uses this argument to help explain recent fertility declines in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. In each case, he argues, the economic squeeze reflected in declining real wages has made consumer aspirations more difficult to attain. In order to maintain their standard of living, however low, families react by limiting births.^25
+While the shift to wage labor and the simultaneous growth in third world cities may change the economic value of children for some families, we wonder whether it will have as dramatic an effect on fertility as Merrick and others assume. Before children can become a net drain on their wage-earning parents, those parents must have jobs. Yet in third world countries, vast numbers of urban people have not been able to find paid employment. So people find other ways to survive, and in many of these desperate strategies children are still assets. Children can engage in petty commerce, selling trinkets or snacks on the street. In the shantytowns of metropolitan Manila, whole families survive by collecting and selling scrap material from dumps. Children begging from tourists is another source of family income. And in the absence of alternatives, children also become prostitutes to support themselves and often their parents as well. Bangkok and Sao Paolo are both notorious for child
+prostitutes, many of whom are the sole supporters of their families.
+When people are made powerless to provide for their children, children will continue to provide a primary way for parents, themselves, to survive.
+<section>When many babies die</section>
+But to achieve any of the potential benefits of children, the third world poor realize that they need to have many. Where food resources and health care are the monopoly of the better-off, as many as one in every four children dies before the age of five (see table 2). Seeing their babies dying or their children in such poor health that the threat of death is ever present, parents naturally are motivated to have more children. In India, of the six or seven births women average, only four can be expected to survive.^26 One Sudanese doctor angrily described the problem
+In a country like ours where the infant mortality rate is 140 per 1,000 births, where infectious diseases kill so many children, where malnutrition affects about 30-50 percent of the people, where measles is a killer disease although it could be stopped by immunization, how can you tell us to stop having children? When a mother has twelve children, only three or four may live.^27
+Studies by the World Heath Organization confirm that both the actual death and the fear of death of a child will increase the fertility of a couple, regardless of income or family size.^28
+The positive impact of infant death on fertility rates is also a biological fact. Breastfeeding tends to prolong the period during which a woman cannot become pregnant, so that when her infant dies this infertile period is cut short. And this is no insignificant phenomenon. Lactation has been a primary means of birth spacing in many cultures, especially in Africa where babies have typically been breastfed for two years or longer.
+<section>Women: powerlessness and high birth rates</section>
+High birth rates reflect not only the labor income-security needs of the poor, but the disproportionate powerlessness of women. Excluded from many decisions that determine their role in the family, as well as in the society at large, many women have little opportunity for pursuits outside the home. Perpetual motherhood becomes their only "choice."
+Perhaps the best proof that the powerlessness of women undergirds high fertility comes from extensive research on the effect of women's education. In one study after another, women's education turns out to be the single most consistent predictor of lower fertility. As women's schooling increases, fertility typically falls.
+Of course, few would interpret these findings literally that women learn how to limit births. Rather, demographers surmise that the fact that women are getting educated reflects a multitude of changes in society that allow women greater power.
+All this cuts to the core of the population issue because women's subordination to men within the family often translates into a direct loss of control over their own fertility. It has been widely documented that after several births many third world women want to avoid or delay pregnancy. But women simply do not have the power to act on their desire. As one doctor in a Mexican clinic explained:
+When a wife wants to... [try] to limit the number of mouths to feed in the family, the husband will become angry and even beat her. He thinks it is unacceptable that she is making a decision of her own. She is challenging his authority, his power over her - and thus the very nature of his virility.^29
+Women who do try to limit their pregnancies - either with or without the consent of their partners - often receive little or no help from the state. Poor women have particularly limited access to health services, including birth control devices. In desperation, many resort to illegal, and often fatal, abortions. A major cause of maternal death in the third world,^30 complications from illegal abortions are estimated to kill over 200,000 women a year, most of them poor and illiterate third world women.^31
+Where a woman's choices are severely limited - where, for example, women are discouraged from working outside the home - children often represent her only source of power. In Kenya, population researchers note that the low status of women pushes them into early marriage and frequent childbearing.^32 "If society impedes other avenues to power such as pursuit of economic activity," point out two African scholars, "then women may compensate by having large numbers of children."^33 Sally Mugabe, writing in Popline, underscores the point:
+For a [Zimbabwean] woman, bearing and rearing children is the primary source of status in the family and the community. The larger number of children a woman has, the higher the status she enjoys.^34
+Other cultural forces severely limit a woman's freedom to choose fewer births. The influence of the Catholic church is significant in many countries. This is particularly true in Latin America. In the Institute for Food and Development Policy book Don't Be Afraid, Gringo a Honduran peasant woman talks in intimate detail about the many forces depriving her of the power to provide for her family. She reflects on why Honduran women have so many children:
+Not many campesina women use birth control. They just keep having babies, babies, and more babies.... I've thought a lot about why we have so many children....Part of the reason might be the Catholic church. Most of us are Catholics, and the church tells us that it's natural to have children and that going against nature is going against God.^35
+One can well imagine how difficult it is for Catholic women to use birth control if it means having to confess to a central authority figure in your community, the priest, that you have sinned. For many poor women, whose self-esteem is already low, challenging church authority can be virtually unthinkable.
+<section>The fertility consequences of son preference</section>
+Patriarchal family and community attitudes also pressure a woman to keep having children until she gives birth to a son, regardless of her own wishes or even possible jeopardy to her health. Male attitudes and power over women are critical As we just noted, many women do not resist family planning, but as an Egyptian woman explains, it's the men "who are sometimes against it.... They want children until they get a boy.''^36 In India, a preference for sons on the part of both parents is so strong that amniocentisis is now being used in many areas to determine the sex of the fetus. According to population researcher Betsy Hartmann, Indian women found to be carrying females are often pressured to abort by husbands and in-laws.^37 A study in Bombay of 8,000 abortions following amniocentisis found that all but one of the aborted fetuses were female.^38
+Son preference is not only linked to enhanced social status; it often has financial implications as well. China is a good example. A daughter offers her parents much less security than a son. Upon marriage, she leaves to live in her husband's home, whereas a son's wife comes to live with his parents, providing security and companionship in their old age. In Bangladesh, where many women are subject to the Islamic Custom of Purdah (forbidden to leave, much less work, outside the home), the incentive is strong to bear sons for future social and economic support.^39 Sons can also better protect rights to the land, especially important to widows.^40
+<section>Not only women are made powerless</section>
+While the power-structures perspective helps explain the high birth rates of women subordinated within the family and society, it recognizes that often the men who hold power over women are themselves part of a subordinate group - those with little or no claim to income-producing resources. This, too, has important implications for fertility.
+As long as poor men are denied sources of self-esteem through productive work, and are denied access to the resources they need to act responsibly toward their families, it's likely they will cling even more tenaciously to their superior power vis-à-vis women. For many men, this may mean showing their virility through siring large numbers of children. Men who are forced to migrate for work, for example, may decide to start up a second family, further increasing the number of children.
+In many cultures, men unable to bring in enough income to support dependents feel inadequate to maintain a permanent household. The sad irony is that self-blame for this failure, lowering self-esteem, can result in a behavior pattern of moving in and out of relationships and the fathering of even more children.
+<section>Summarizing the power-structures perspective</section>
+In our view, this varied evidence drawn by anthropologists and sociologists working in the third world - about why the poor have many children, suggests that high fertility can best be understood as a response to antidemocratic structures of power within which people are often left with little choice but many births.
+To recap, freedom of choice in fertility is nonexistent where:
+o one's financial security depends entirely or largely on one's surviving children
+o many births are necessary to ensure that even several children live to maturity
+o health services, including birth control, are available almost exclusively to the better-off in urban areas, not to the poor
+o a woman has no choice other than marriage and her only source of power is derived from her children, especially sons
+o few opportunities for education and employment exist for women outside of homemaking
+Thus the power-structures analysis - particularly in recent years^41 - stresses the impact on fertility of women's subordination to men, a condition that contributes to the social pressure for many births. But it places this problem within the context of unjust economic structures that deny people realistic alternatives to unlimited reproduction. Within such a framework, rapid population growth is seen to result largely from efforts by the poor to cope, given their powerlessness in the face of the concentrated economic strength of an elite.
+Thus, the narrowly constricted power of third world women can only be understood in light of relationships extending far beyond the family and even the community (again, see figure 2). From the level of international trade and finance, down to jobs and income available to men as well as women, antidemocratic structures of decision making set limits on people's choices which ultimately influence their reproductive options.
+In a report of this length, we can only offer a few examples to suggest how decisions at these many levels can affect fertility.
+At the international level, consider the debt crisis. In the 1970s, third world governments received large loans from banks in the industrial nations, investing the money in big-ticket projects - airports, arms, nuclear power plants, and so on - responding to the interests of their wealthiest citizens. In the 1980s, many of these loans came due, just as interest rates climbed and prices of raw material exports from the third world hit a thirty-year low. As a result, between 1982 and 1987, the net transfer from poor count tries to banks and governments in the rich countries totalled $140 billion, or the equivalent of two Marshall Plans.^42
+How did third world countries come up with such sums? Health and welfare budgets and food subsidies got slashed first. And to earn foreign exchange land and credit increasingly went toward export crops. But reduced health care budgets means that more babies die and fewer resources are available for comprehensive family planning care. More resources devoted to crops for export means that locally, food becomes more scarce and more expensive. Add to this cuts in government food subsidies. Understandably, nutrition and health worsen; death rates rise. The link between debt and heightened death rates is so clear that sociologists have quantified it: every additional $10 in interest paid per person per year by seventy-three poor countries means 142 days shorter life on average than would be true if life expectancy had continued to improve at pre-debt levels.^43
+Thus, the "international debt crisis" - seemingly remote from intimate reproductive behavior - ends up affecting conditions of basic family security, health, and nutrition known to influence fertility. High growth rates can in part be understood by reference to such far-reaching decisions that end up shifting resources away from the poor. From this analysis, one can surmise that in a country like the debt-burdened Philippines, the disappointing stall in the decline in birth rates is in part due to the increasing insecurity of the poor whose lives have become even less secure in the last decade.
+Government policies directly affect the poor majority's access to land, and: thus influence the peasant family's sense of security which plays a part in its child-bearing choices (see figure 2). In many countries, including the Philippines, El Salvador, and Brazil, for example, agrarian policy is beholden to the most wealthy landowners. They have made sure to block reforms bans ferring land to the poorest peasants. In Brazil, for example, 224 large farms still control as much land as 1.7 million peasant families.^44 Given what we now know about how the insecurity of landlessness affects poor families' view of their need for children, it should come as no surprise that in such countries fertility remains high.
+Honduras offers another illustration. After Haiti, it is the poorest country in the western hemisphere. In 1980, two-thirds of its national budget was devoted to economic and social programs and one-third to debt repayment and defense. But in the 1980s, Honduras became a central staging ground for U.S. military operations in Central America. Millions in U.S. military aid went to Honduras and the government was pressured to increase its own military expenditures. By 1984, Honduras' budget priorities were completely reversed: education, housing, health and other such programs received only a third of the budget. The rest went to debt and the military. Given the link between improved health and education and fertility, it is clear that the geopolitical strategy of a foreign power-diverting the Honduran government from social programs - is powerfully influencing its potential to reduce its high birth rate.^45
+We've only sketched some of the layers of decision making power shaping human reproductive life, but the reader might draw back with skepticism. Does not such a far-reaching approach confuse more than clarify - for could not virtually every economic, political, and cultural fact of life be squeezed into such a broad perspective?
+Our response is that to achieve a holistic understanding one's view must necessarily be far reaching. But this does not mean that it is without coherency. The pivot on which our perspective turns is the concept of power, a concept that we have found woefully missing in the perspectives we earlier critiqued. Without such a concept, we believe it is impossible to understand the complex and interacting problems of poverty, hunger, and population, much less act effectively to address them.
+<section>The debate about solutions</section>
+As we opened this report, we outlined four perspectives on the population problem. Because the problem is defined in such profoundly different ways, it should come as no surprise that proposed solutions vary as drastically.
+Do nothing - the market will provide. The first "solution" is simply not to perceive rapid population growth as a problem - the Julian Simon approach. According to Simon, we need no solution as long, that is, as we allow the market mechanism to operate freely. The market will spur human creativity to discover or create ever-new resources for human betterment. We reject this perspective because of its narrow focus on the human species.
+Let nature take its course. Biological determinists such as Garrett Hardin argue that if third world governments are unwilling to take the action necessary to bring birth rates down, we must let nature take its course. Where rampant hunger and environmental devastation prove that populations have overrun their carrying capacities, the only humane solution is to let them starve. Intervening to try to save lives now will only lead to greater suffering later as even more people press against a depleted resource base.
+Sending food aid is the most misguided form of altruism because it perpetuates people's suffering, according to Hardin. Populations must be allowed to die back to levels sustainable by local resources. Immigration from "overpopulated" countries must not be allowed either, lest it interfere with this natural balancing of population and its habitat.
+Largely because of the moral repugnance this view evokes, it has few adherents. But the fallacies in its logic must be challenged. Widespread hunger is no measure of overpopulation - as the biological determinist assumes - when in a Brazil or a Zaire, plentiful resources per capita exist beside severe hunger. Even Ethiopia, Hardin's favorite example of overpopulation, could feed itself if resources were equitably and wisely developed. Geographers and other social scientists also point out that linking the biological concept of carrying capacity to the boundaries of the nation-state is not particularly meaningful in the first place. What is natural about people being forced to support themselves within the limits of a humanmade and an ecologically arbitrary political unit, they ask.
+Certainly many industrial countries hardly live from their own resource bases. Japan is a particularly dramatic example of a society heavily dependent on imported foodstuffs, but few biological determinists appear ready to declare that the Japanese must die hack to the carrying capacity of their islands.
+Family planning is the only hope. In searching for solutions, the two perspectives we earlier called the "food-versus-resources perspective" and the "social perspective" merge. Both now acknowledge that poor people have many children as part of a survival strategy and that women often give birth to many children because they lack alternative sources of status and security. Yet most mainstream population organizations appear unwilling to address the roots of these problems that lie largely in the economic and political order. When it comes to action toward solutions, the focus narrows to family planning. A leading demographer can write, for example, that "98 percent of the resources and effort should be devoted to social and economic development"^46 but it's on the remaining two percent - population control - that he and his organization choose to focus their work.
+Why are the social causes downplayed or forgone when it comes to a program of action?
+For many, no doubt, an unwillingness to devote resources to attacking the underlying social causes of rapid population growth flows from feelings of impotency in face of the deeper causal forces, coupled with a sense of urgency. They have, in effect, responded: "We can't bring about societywide changes benefiting the poor and we can't wait for others to achieve this goal for themselves. All this would take too long anyway. The population bomb is exploding now. "
+Once in this frame of mind, appropriate action seems obvious. All we in the industrial countries can do is fund ever-more-stringent population control programs in the third world. In 1984, Walter I Holzhausen, Bangladesh representative for the UN Development Program wrote
+No one really doubts the need for massive direct or indirect intervention by government to limit the size of families; nor does anyone seriously believe that Bangladesh has the money or the time to establish better [mother-child health care] services and better educational facilities as a precondition for making voluntary family planning more successful.^47
+Many defending family planning as virtually the only feasible line of attack on high birth rates also imply directly or by their silence that those living outside a fast-growing country cannot address the deeper, social roots of its population problem. Outsiders cannot reform the economic and political structures of other societies, it is assumed. This position ignores the many channels - diplomatic, military, commercial, financial (detailed in our discussion of figure 2) - through which outsiders already greatly influence the structures of decision making power affecting fertility within many third world countries.
+Having rejected the possibility of addressing the underlying social roots of high birth rates - it takes too long, poor countries can't afford it, and we can't tell them what to do anyway - what is left - Family planning. All one can do is to fund family planning services and education, sponsor research on more effective contraceptives, and gently advise foreign governments about the need for family planning programs. To do this, national and international population agencies argue they need more money, more personnel, and a greater political commitment to family planning activities. In the last twenty years, the governments and organizations in the industrialized countries have spent $4 billion on third world population control.^50
+<section>The consequences of focusing narrowly on family planning</section>
+The promotion of family planning programs in the third world sounds beneficent. Indeed, we have stressed all along that access to birth control is essential both to the empowerment of women and reducing birth rates. But we observe a critical difference between those family planning programs developed as part of an overall attack on the social forces keeping birth rates high and, by contrast, programs that promote family planning as an alternative to social change.
+It is this later approach that we find both ethically questionable and self-defeating. Once the social roots of high fertility are deemed impossible to address and fewer births becomes the goal, noble ends get sacrificed to dubious means. Many women are hurt in the process, and ultimately even the end itself - halting population growth - is unattainable.
+This is a controversial statement with far-reaching implications. So let us explain what brings us to this conclusion.
+The argument that it is not possible to address the social conditions leading to high birth rates, but that it is possible to reduce growth rates anyway, starts with evidence of unmet demand for contraception. Those focusing on family planning cite data showing that in many third world countries almost half of all women of child-bearing age want no more children but lack access to birth control. Fertility rates would drop by a third if we could just meet this unmet need, they claim.^51
+This argument entails a big assumption: without altering social conditions - especially the powerlessness of women vis-à-vis men and the meager access of the poor to security resources - women will in fact be able to act on their stated desire for fewer children. But might many women indeed declare their preference for fewer children yet lack the power to act on their preference - even if the technical means of birth control were available? In other words, to believe that the mere provision of contraception will suddenly allow women to step out of their subordinate role in the family, or alter the fact that children still represent a source of security for many third world parents, is to ignore the findings of decades of fertility-oriented research.
+Moreover, if unmet demand were truly as great as it is assumed, why, we ask, have population planners had to resort to incentives and disincentives? In some cases, downright coercion has been deemed necessary to get people to accept birth control, suggesting that people must be made to override their own judgments about their need for children.
+Manipulating contraceptive demand
+As part of their single-minded effort to promote birth control in the third world, many international agencies, together with willing third world governments, have not only sought to respond to existing contraceptive demand, but have actively worked to increase it. While some strategies are relatively innocuous - television soap operas promoting new family size norms - in at least a dozen countries, mainly in Asia, a variety of incentives and disincentives are now used to induce people to undergo sterilization or to use contraception.^52 Incentives are usually material. They range from payments to the individual, family, or family planning clinic to awards of small farm animals, clothes, and even food. Disincentives also tend to be financial: tax differentials (higher taxes after a certain number of children), employment policies (restrictions on maternity leave), or limitations on social services, such as health or education.
+India. During the 1916-1977 "emergency" in which constitutional rights were suspended, the Indian government embarked on a major campaign to lower its birth rate, mainly relying on sterilization.^53 In some Indian states, civil servants were financially penalized for not meeting specified targets, and parents with three or more children who didn't undergo sterilization were denied loans, food rations, land for housing, and free medical treatment at government hospitals.^54 There were even reports of men being rounded up off the street in some villages and given vasectomies by overzealous government employees trying to meet their quotas.^55
+Under heavy attack for these harsh actions, the Indian government tried to reduce abuses by instituting financial incentives; however, abuses appear still to be common.^56 Individuals agreeing to undergo sterilization are currently compensated by an amount equal to ten to twelve days' wages; compensation for a sterilization is fifteen times as high as it is for accepting an IUD. The central government also gives each state money for every person who gets sterilized (30 rupees per woman and 40 rupees per man).^57 "Especially in tribal areas where there is widespread poverty and starvation," notes one respected Indian population specialist, "the cash incentives provided can be considered coercive."^58
+Certain state governments in India have passed some of these incentives on to local promoters. In Maharashtra, for instance, district officials and leaders who achieve unusually high contraceptive acceptance rates are sent on a foreign tour.^59
+Bangladesh. Under the government's incentive program, both men and women are given a free piece of clothing, dubbed "surgical apparel," and are paid 175 take for being sterilized, equal to two weeks' earnings.^60 As in many other countries, doctors and clinic staff also receive a payment for each sterilization they perform and until recently stood to lose wages and even their jobs for failing to meet monthly quotas. Moreover, to spread the inducements beyond the health care system, the government pays a special fee to anyone "referring" or "motivating" someone to undergo sterilization.^61
+All these programs are dubbed "voluntary" by their defenders. But when one is hungry, how many choices arc voluntary ? In Bangladesh, where the majority are desperately poor, sterilizations rose dramatically when incentives were increased in 1983. Most telling, sterilizations tend to fluctuate with the availability of food. In 1984, during the flood months of July to October, according to the Bangladesh Observer, sterilizations rose to an unprecedented quarter million, or almost one-fourth of all sterilizations performed during the entire decade 1972-1982.^62 In some cases, it was found that both a husband and wife had undergone sterilizations in order to receive the incentive payment!^63
+The system of incentives invites abuse, argues author Betsy Hartmann, who has lived and worked in Bangladesh. In 1984, for instance, donations of wheat to the poor in the aftermath of severe flooding in several areas were made conditional on women agreeing to sterilization. After the operation, each woman received a certificate signed by a family planning officer vouching for her sterility and entitling her to a sari, money, and wheat.^64
+Thailand and Indonesia. Not all incentives are targeted at individuals. In poverty-ridden, northeastern Thailand, family planning is combined with government programs offering technical and financial support for animal raising, agricultural activities, environmental projects, and home industry.^65 And in Indonesia, the government has given public recognition and prizes including public meeting halls, road repairs, and a clean water supply^66 - to communities meeting fertility targets or outdoing other locales in controlling births.^67
+But such programs raise a curious question. Why weren't government programs aimed at improving the lives of the poor adopted long ago as part of government's responsibility to its people? If it takes the threat of uncontrolled population growth to motivate attention to such concerns, we question how systemic and effective the poverty-alleviating programs will be. Such programs also raise the ethical question of whether citizens' access to such life necessities as clean water should hinge upon a community's reproductive record.
+Upping the contraceptive ante
+There are further serious implications in any strategy to slow population growth that does not at the same time ameliorate poor living conditions.
+Birth control options shrink to those that don't require sanitary conditions or even clean water, cutting out the safest type of birth control of all, the barrier methods. Moreover, without changes underway in the community to make more open and equal the relations between men and women, population planners will lean toward techniques that do not require the cooperation, or even the approval, of men. Again, under these conditions, the safest methods - condoms and diaphragms - are given short shrift or dismissed as impractical.
+Finally, without progress in providing comprehensive primary health care able to adapt contraceptives to individual women's needs and to deal with side effects, it is easy to rationalize the promotion of technologies that require no individualized application and cannot be readily rejected by women when problems do arise. Studies show high contraceptive rejection rates in the third world: 20 to 40 percent of women using the IUD or the pill discontinue use in the first year.^68 Long-term, injectable contraceptives, however, cannot be rejected between doses. Thus these long-acting contraceptives are fast gaining ground in third world population control programs. Among family planning officials, feelings of urgency about the population crisis and impotency about alternative approaches no doubt further justify the promotion of these more powerful interventions.
+In sum, if the social realities women face are not changing, family planners will be motivated to push the most long-lasting contraceptives, removing from women the option of interrupting use. And, as we explain below, these are also the least safe methods. In other words, once one accepts the position that family planning is virtually all that we can - and must - do to bring population growth rates down, it follows that ever more coercive and intrusive strategies will be designed to reduce births.
+In fact, those who strongly advocate family planning as a solution, inadvertently admit much of the argument we have just made. Once accepting as irremedial the social realities in which women are forced to live, the only alternative is long-acting birth control methods. Jacobson writes:
+In many cultures... the diaphragm is considered undesirable because women are uncomfortable using this method. It may also be impractical where water for washing is in short supply. Though the pill is relatively inexpensive, it may be a highly ineffective method where primary health care is poor and contraceptive supplies uncertain. And unexpected or unpleasant side effects can cause considerable anxiety among women in countries where medical advice is hard to come by.... Long acting, inexpensive birth control methods are more likely to serve the needs of low-income consumers in developing countries.^69
+Resigned to ever more potent birth control technologies as the only tool with which to bring birth rates down, many governments and international agencies have placed effectiveness ahead of women's safety. Arguing that poor health and sanitation conditions - as well as limited education - make it difficult for third world peoples to use barrier methods like the diaphragm, condoms, and spermicidal foams, family planning advocates have pushed for the use of longer-term, more "effective" methods like lUDs, injectable contraceptives, and sterilization.
+One example of a contraceptive whose long-term effects are unknown is the injectable Depo-provera, one dose of which can prevent pregnancy for three to six months. Although judged too hazardous for general use in the United States,^70 family planning agencies promote Depo-provera in over eighty other countries.^71 An estimated 5 to 10 million women have already used the drug; in Thailand alone, a million injections have been given.^72 Known, short-term side effects include menstrual disorders, headaches, weight gain, depression, loss of libido, abdominal discomfort, and delayed return to fertility.^73 Preliminary studies suggest that Depo-provera may also be linked to an increased long-term risk of cervical cancer.^74
+Many, including some third world women, have been quick to point out that Depo-provera has important benefits to women - preventing unwanted and possibly dangerous pregnancies - which may well outweigh its risks. But the individual user can only make such a choice once she has all the facts. Yet seldom do doctors and family planning staff give third world women the full information they need to make an informed judgment. Depo-provera also reduces a woman's options in the sense that once the shot is given she cannot change her mind for the three to six months it takes for the effects to wear off.
+In the Philippines, researcher Lynn Duggan asked the staff of one family planning clinic (funded by the International Planned Parenthood Federation) whether they routinely told their clients of the U.S. ban on the drug's use as a contraceptive. "Of course not," was the reply.^75 Nor is it unusual for women to remain uninformed about the drug's side effects, says Duggan.^76
+The South African government has commonly abused Depo-provera in its effort to control the size of the black population. According to a medical student from that country, black women are given the shot against their will, often without any explanation as to its nature or purpose.^77 Every three months, family planning teams funded by the South African government visit factories and farms just to administer the injection to women. Those who refuse may be subject to dismissal. Having a family planning card as proof of one's "protection" is mandatory for any black woman seeking a job in a factory or as a domestic worker.^78
+One of the newest long-acting contraceptives is Norplant, described as "the most effective contraceptive yet developed."^79 Implanted beneath a woman's skin, Norplant works like a time-release capsule preventing pregnancy for five or more years. Though Norplant has not yet been approved for use in the United States, it is legally available in ten countries, including Colombia, China, Finland, Sweden, Thailand, Indonesia, and Ecuador.^80 One likely advantage, at least from a family planning agency's perspective, is its price tag: Norplant costs as little as $2. 80 per year of protection, a figure that is expected to fall as production increases.^81
+According to its promoters, Norplant's hormonal dose is smaller than the pill's or Depo-provera's; it has shown no adverse effect on future fertility and has a very low failure rate.^82 Yet the list of short-term side effects are not unlike those we noted for Depo-provera.^83 Moreover, because Norplant should only be implanted and removed by trained medical personnel under sterile conditions, a woman who changes her mind about getting pregnant is at the mercy of her country's health care system. For third world women, finding qualified medical help can be a tough challenge. In Jakarta, Indonesia, for example, a city of 12.8 million people, only one facility is equipped to remove Norplant.^84
+Family planners defend long-lasting contraceptives because they are said to be cost-effective and carefree, demanding little attention from the user. But precisely because of these factors, the new technology can actually reduce instead of enhance a woman's choice if reversal depends on scarce medical personnel or if the new technology delays the return of a woman's fertility, even after disuse.
+Sterilization, because it is usually irreversible in women, is the final step in removing choice. And it is becoming increasingly popular among population agencies. In India, for instance, fully 90 percent of the couples practicing contraception have now been sterilized;^85 and Mexican sterilization rates have jumped over 300 percent in only six years.^86 (In fact, as of 1982, over half of all married Mexican women practicing birth control had been sterilized, given injectables, or fitted with an IUD.)^87
+Puerto Rico, however, may he the most extreme example of government programs restricting rather than expanding choice. Worried by rising unemployment as Puerto Rico moved toward a capital-intensive, export economy, the government began promoting sterilization as early as the mid-1940s.^88 A major propaganda campaign, using radio, television, and other forms of media sought to convince women to get "la operacion." In one poster put out by the Puerto Rican National Planning Institute, a mass of people are tangled together fighting to get out. "Let's Plan Today in Order to Avoid This Disaster in the Future" reads the caption.^89
+By 1965, Puerto Rice had the highest sterilization rate in the world: one-third of all ever-married women had been sterilized, two-fifths of them before the age of 25.^90
+The Puerto Rican government has never actively supported birth control clinics supplying other methods.^91 So today contraceptive choice remains limited to sterilization or the pill. Barrier methods such as the diaphragm, condoms, and foam are difficult to obtain.^92
+Women's organizations attack the Puerto Rican sterilization program as the most abusive in the world. Not only were many Puerto Rican women never told that the operation was essentially irreversible, but some were even unknowingly sterilized while under anesthesia for another operation.^93
+Health risks and third world realities
+These long-lasting methods also entail more health risks. Al' though sterilization is usually considered relatively safe for both men and women, given the lack of sterile conditions for surgery in many third world clinics, sterilization can be dangerous. Alarmed by an avoidable 1987 death of a woman from infection following sterilization, a women's health group in Bangladesh called on the government to put concern for women's health first. Shareen Hoq, a leader of the organization, told the press:
+While health care is hard to come by for most third world women and completely out of reach for many, the side effects of contraceptives may affect third world women more severely than they typically affect women in the industrial countries. The overall health of third world women is likely to be much poorer, with lower resistance to infection and higher incidence of anemia, making loss of blood more serious. Thus safe use of contraceptives may require even more health care attention for third world women than would be needed by women in the industrial countries. Earlier we quoted Elvia Alvarado, a Honduran peasant. Again she describes her own experience:
+My daughters take birth control. I told my daughter Clara that her husband is too poor for her to have another child right now. But to tell you the truth, I don't like my daughters using birth control, because of all the problems it causes. Those pills do a lot of harm to women here. Maybe they don't affect the gringos [North American women] so much, because they are more resistant than we are. They are stronger and better fed. But not Honduran women; many of them get sick.
+Methods like the IUD give lots of infections. And you have to remember that when we get sick it's hard for us to get to a doctor. The nearest clinic is far away. And even if we could see a doctor, we can't afford to buy the medicine. I know a woman who had to pay $60 to get rid of an infection in her vagina. That's more than most of us make in a month!^95
+A final point about safety: the availability of safe and legal abortion helps to make possible birth control alternatives with fewer health risks. That is, if abortion is available as a last resort if birth control fails, women are more likely to feel they can opt for the safer barrier methods of contraception which nonetheless entail a greater risk of pregnancy. Thus the U.S. government's position of denying support for family planning programs that offer abortion, directly undercuts women's ability to choose safer birth control methods.
+The ethical issues raised here are extremely difficult to sort out. But before going on, let us summarize the questions we have touched on. While we advocate family planning, we believe that critical questions must be raised in evaluating population programs:
+o Do they enhance the self-determination and well-being of women, or do they remove control of fertility from women, placing it in the hands of health care - or more accurately, birth control - providers?
+o Do they offer ongoing, village-level care needed to assist people in choosing appropriate methods and in dealing safely with side effects ?
+o And answers to these questions in large part turn on another all important one: Does a government view population control as a means of reducing social pressures resulting from economic and political inequities that it is unwilling to confront? In other words, is population control a substitute for economic and political reform responsive to the needs of the poor?
+<section>How far can birth control alone take us?</section>
+Even if population control advocates are willing to ignore the wealth of evidence showing why fertility rates remain high and plunge ahead with ever more intrusive and coercive methods of family planning, we ask, what will this buy the third world country or the world community? Are birth rates likely to fall to replacement levels, and if so, what is the price - the ethical and human costs - we must pay ?
+First, how much are birth rates likely to drop in the absence of other changes leading to more democratic power structures?
+A number of demographers have sought to isolate the impact of family planning programs on fertility, independent of what we would consider key indicators of poor peoples' relative power, i.e., literacy and educational levels, life expectancy, and infant mortality rates. But virtually all have run into a similar snag: family planning programs and these social realities are almost nowhere independent. Sociologist Phillips Cutright explains:
+The very question of whether a family planning program can produce fertility declines in the absence of development is a straw man, since. . . socioeconomic development - in the form of health and educational development - is a prerequisite for the creation of a strong family planning program.^96
+The experience of the Indian state of Kerala confirms the importance of socioeconomic change in reducing fertility. Kerala has had a family planning program since the mid-1960s, which certainly aided in its fertility decline. But not until social conditions were ripe did people turn to modern eontraception.^99 "In Kerala," notes K. C. Zachariah, population analyst at the World Bank, "the steps came in the right order - a reduction in infant and child mortality, accompanied or followed by an increase in female education, followed by redistributive policies and finally by the official family planning program."^100
+Kerala's success with family planning is especially striking when compared to the rest of India. As we noted earlier, the Indian government launched its most comprehensive nationwide family planning campaign in the mid-1970s. Interestingly, however, the fall in Indian fertility doesn't appear to have been hastened by the program; in fact the decline in India's total fertility rates between 1975 and 1985 was virtually the same as it was a decade earlier - about 15 percent over each ten year period.^101 And, according to the latest figures, the downward trend in Indian fertility seems to have slowed considerably.^102
+While a number of poor countries have achieved major reductions in fertility without significantly improving the security of the majority of citizens - Thailand, Indonesia, and Mexico being three examples none has come close to halting population growth. Nor is there much likelihood, given current trends, that they can do so in the near future. In fact, among low-income countries, aside from some small island populations, only China and Cuba have reached or nearly reached an annual increase as low as 1 percent. China has had a government sponsored family program for some time; Cuba has not. The Cuban government provides contraceptives, including abortion, through its free health care system, but has never undertaken an organized family planning campaign. However, both countries have addressed the structural roots of insecurity and opened opportunities to women outside the home.
+Highlighting the fact that family planning programs in and of themselves have not had a dramatic impact on reducing fertility does not mean that we belittle their value. Making contraceptives widely available and helping to reduce inhibitions against their use are critical to the goal of greater human freedom - especially the freedom of women - as well as essential to halting population growth.
+<section>Can reducing population growth alleviate hunger and other social problems?</section>
+The power structures analysis poses one additional question to those advocating family planning as a means of enhancing human well-being and alleviating stress on the environment: Can reducing births reduce poverty, hunger, and environmental degradation? Since rapid population growth is not the cause of these closely intertwined problems, we doubt that simply slowing growth can alleviate them.
+Consider a few of the countries that have managed to reduce birth rates without significantly redistributing access to survival resources - land, jobs, and health care.
+In Mexico, for example, despite a 37 percent decline in fertility rates since 1960, there is little evidence that the people are any less hungry.^103 Data on malnutrition indicate that fully a fifth of all Mexicans are malnourished, with the estimates ranging as high as 40 to 60 percent for children under four in Mexico's rural areas.^104
+The estimates refer to the late 1970s - well after Mexico's fertility decline was underway^105 and at a time when the country was still experiencing an economic boom from oil exports. The economic crisis of the 1980s has made life harder for many Mexicans and falling fertility has provided no measurable relief for Mexico's poor.^106
+Thailand's experience is similar. In part because of an effective family planning program, Thailand's fertility rates have been cut in half since 1960. But according to a 1984 survey conducted by the Thai Ministry of Health, over half of all children under five suffer from malnutrition - equivalent to 3.3 million children.^107 Malnutrition has been increasing despite both lowered birth rates and improved agricultural production.^108 Thailand is not only a major net exporter of rice, the country's main staple food, but of meat, corn, cassava, beans, sugar cane, and many fruits and vegetables, all of which could be used for domestic consumption. ^109 Most of Thailand's hunger results from highly skewed farmland ownership, especially in the central plain, where land is most productive.^110
+India is yet another example. India's fertility rates - while still comparatively high - have declined 32 percent in twenty-five years.^111 Yet is the Indian population any better fed? Despite the country's dramatic economic and industrial development of the last several decades, the majority of the population has not benefited economically. Nearly half the population lacks the income necessary to buy a nutritious diet.^112 Its own people's widespread hunger notwithstanding, India actually exports food; in 1984, its net agricultural exports were worth almost $1 billion.^113
+It could be argued, of course, that without a slowdown in population growth in such countries, the poor majorities would be still worse off. Even more people would be going hungry, and more families would be without jobs or land.
+Stepping back for a minute to consider the deeper implications of this argument - that all we can do is to reduce the rate of population growth today so things won't be worse for even more people tomorrow - we see that it leads to an untenable moral stance. Can we ethically claim success if we hold the number of hungry people in the world to 700 million? Obviously not. The moral imperative is clear. We cannot let ourselves get sidetracked from addressing the undemocratic power structures that give rise to the problems of poverty, environmental destruction, and population growth by "solutions" which at best can only limit the numbers hurt.
+An analogy may be useful. Imagine that you have a disease, which is slowly getting worse. You approach your doctor for help. After examining you, the doctor offers some not-very-comforting news. "I can offer a treatment that will stop the spread of the disease, but I can't prescribe the cure." He openly admits that the cure is well-known, but unfortunately for you, it is only approved for use in certain countries and yours is not among them. Besides, he is not licensed to give it to you anyway - it's not in his specialty.
+Given the seriousness of the population problem for our whole planet, we cannot rationalize dispensing a less effective medicine in the presence of a known cure. Yet such a course is in effect what is being promoted by those who claim that in certain countries there is no hope for social and economic change.
+<section>Solutions from the power-structures perspective</section>
+An alternative approach to solutions flows from what we have called the power-structures perspective on the population problem.
+In this perspective, rapid population growth is a moral crisis because it reflects the widespread denial of essential human rights to survival resources land, food, jobs - and the means to prevent pregnancy. A power structures perspective therefore holds that far- reaching economic and political change is necessary to reduce birth rates to replacement levels. Such change must enhance the power of the poorest members of society, removing their need to cope with economic insecurity by giving birth to many children. Social arrangements beyond the family - jobs, health care, old age security, and education (especially for women) - must offer both security and opportunity.
+In this process, education is key to opportunity. As the opportunity for primary and secondary education becomes more widespread, taking children away from family support activities, the immediate economic value of children to the family will diminish.
+Second, the power of women must be augmented through expended opportunities for both men and women.
+Third, limiting births must become a viable option by making safe and acceptable birth control devices universally available.
+Family planning cannot by itself reduce population growth, though it can speed a decline; it best contributes to a demographic transition when integrated into village-and neighborhood-based health systems that offer birth control to expand human freedom rather than to control behavior.
+To test this thesis as to the cause of rapid population growth and its implied prescriptions, we have looked critically at population trends over the last twenty years. The historical evidence appears to bear it out. Consider the implications of the following statistics covering three-fourths of the world's people who live in some seventy-odd countries the World Bank designates low and lowers middle income.^114
+Lessons from seven successful societies
+While average annual population growth rates in all industrial countries have been below 2 percent a year for decades, among the more than seventy poor countries only six had both reduced their population growth to less than 2 percent by the period 1980-1985 and cut total fertility rates by a third or more since 1960. They are China, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Chile, Burma, and Cuba (see table 3).^115 Although not a country, and therefore not listed in the World Bank statistics, the Indian state of Kerala also meets these criteria.^116
+Population growth in these six countries plus India's Kerala state has slowed at a much faster rate than in the current industrialized countries during their transition from high to low growth.^117 What do these exceptions tell us? What could societies as different as those of China, Sri Lanka, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Burma, and Kerala have in common?
+Is it that they have carried out the most aggressive family planning programs? In general, no. Some have and some have not.
+A 1985 study rated most third world countries according to what demographers call "family planning effort," the prevalence and strength of organized family planning programs. The study included six of the countries we are focusing on here, Kerala was not included because it is not a country. It found that Chile and Burma had weak or very weak family planning efforts; Cuba showed moderate effort; and China, Sri Lanka, and Colombia showed strong effort.^118
+Our thesis suggests, moreover, that even those three societies in which family planning effort has been strong could not have succeeded nearly as well as they have without social changes allowing people to take advantage of their birth control programs. Thus the striking parallels among these disparate societies lie in just such social changes.
+First, four of the seven have assured their citizens considerable security through access to a basic diet. They have had more extensive food guarantee systems than exist in other third world societies.
+China. Since the early 1950s, every rural family has had access to land and its fruits, and city dwellers were assured a minimum food allotment. At least until very recently, families unable to earn enough through their own labor were assured the "five guarantees," which included a grain ration.^119
+Kerala. Eleven thousand government-run "Fair Price" shops keep the cost of rice and other essentials like kerosene within the reach of the poor. This subsidy accounts for as much as one-half of the total income of Kerala's poorer families.^120 Three-quarters of all school children and most attend school - receive free meals daily.
+Sri Lanka. From the postwar period to 1978, the Sri Lankan government supported the consumption of basic foods, notably rice, through a combination of free food, rationed food, and subsidized prices.^121 Since the late 1970s, however, this elaborate food security system has begun to be dismantled.^122
+Cuba. Rationing staple foods and setting price ceilings on them has kept basic food affordable and available to the Cuban people for nearly twenty-five years.^123 Under Cuba's rationing system, all citizens are guaranteed enough rice, beans, oil, sugar, meat, and other food to provide them with 1,900 calories a day.^124
+Burma we do not discuss here because its demographic data are considered unreliable and little research exists on the reasons for its slowing growth rate. We take up Colombia and Chile below, following a more detailed look at Kerala and China.
+Kerala. Of these seven societies the most intriguing demographic case study - highlighting the several intertwined questions raised in this report - is that of Kerala state in India. Its population density is three times the average for all India,^125 yet commonly used indicators of hunger and poverty - infant mortality, life expectancy, and death rate - are all considerably better in Kerala than in most low-income countries as well as in India as a whole. Its infant mortality is less than one-third the national average.^126
+Other measures of welfare also reveal the relatively better position of the poor in Kerala. Besides the grain distribution system mentioned above, social security payments, pension and unemployment benefits transfer resources to the poorest groups. Expenditures on public health in Kerala, critical to any effort to reduce fertility, have historically been high. Health facilities are spread evenly throughout the state, not concentrated in the capital as in most third world countries. While land reform left significant inequality in land ownership, it did abolish tenancy, providing greater security to many who before were only renters.
+These are all descriptive measures of what makes Kerala so different. But why Kerala? From the 1950s onward, political organization among the poor led to their greater self-confidence. The poor came to see health care as their right, not a gift bestowed upon them. An Indian researcher noted how this affected the delivery of health services:
+In Kerala, if a Public Health Center were unmanned for a few days, there would be a massive demonstration.. . [where people] would demand to be given what they knew they were entitled to.^127
+And among agricultural workers, grassroots political organization has also been the key to making land reform meaningful, to keeping wages relatively high, and to securing old-age pensions. Demographer John Caldwell notes that Kerala is one of the two societies in all of Asia where one finds the greatest grassroots determination and mobilization to secure such rights. The other is Sri Lanka - also among our list of countries exceptionally successful in reducing birth rates.^128
+Centrally important to the thesis being tested here, women's status and power in Kerala are greatly enhanced compared to other Indian states. The female literacy rate in Kerala is two-and-a-half times the all-India average.
+With these few facts about life in Kerala, we can begin to understand how one of a poor country's poorest states could have achieved a population growth rate not much higher than Australia's.^129
+China. While more complex, China's recent demographic history is equally telling. From 1969 to 1979, China achieved a dramatic transition from high to low rates of fertility. Since China's population is one-fifth of the world's total and its birth rate has fallen even more rapidly than its death rate, China accounts for virtually all of the decrease in global rates of population growth in the past two decades. How was this accomplished?
+Those who focus narrowly on family planning as the answer to high rates of population growth credit China's success to its aggressive family planning programs that began in the late 1960s. Through a network of "barefoot doctors" in the countryside, family planning programs reached into every village. They relied not only on making birth control freely available - including the newly developed pill - but group persuasion to change attitudes toward childbearing and family size.
+Unarguably, such a concerted effort helps explain the dramatic fall in China's fertility rate in the 1970s. But viewed from the power-structures perspective, one must probe deeper. How was it possible that such a far-reaching program - unique in the world - was conceived and implemented in the first place?
+China's family planning program did not arise out of thin air. It reflected prior, massive political change bringing a government to power whose ideological orientation was toward advancement for the whole society, not merely the narrow elite to whom the former government, as most governments, feel themselves accountable. We can unequivocally condemn China's totalitarian features while also recognizing that such a shift in power, from leadership long ignoring the needs of the Chinese peasantry to one attempting to address these needs, was a prerequisite to China's population success record. Indeed, its extensive rural health care system - a precondition for its family planning effort - would have been inconceivable without profound prior political change.
+Changes in Chinese society also allowed people to respond to the family planning initiatives. Far-reaching redistribution of access to land and food, along with an assurance of old-age security allowed the Chinese people to opt for fewer children. China's family planning motivators stressed birth planning as a way to increase prosperity for all, and, as researcher John Ratcliffe puts it, the "clearly visible redistribution of economic resources and increased opportunities for women," made that link believable.^130 Note that virtually all of China's dramatic drop in fertility occurred before 1979, that is, before implementation of its notorious one-child policy.
+It was in 1979 that China's family planning policies took a new tack. Despite the dramatic success in lowering fertility, the Deng Xiaoping government believed that population growth was still hindering modernization. It instituted the world's most restrictive family planning program. Material incentives and penalties began to be offered to encourage all parents to bear only one offspring. According to Ratcliffe, "Enormous pressure - social and official - is brought to bear on those who become 'unofficially' pregnant; few are able to resist such constant, heavy pressure, and most accede to having an abortion. While coercion is not officially sanctioned, this approach results in essentially the same out come."^131
+At the same time, China's post- 1979 approach to economic development began to undercut both guaranteed employment, and old age and medical security. Whereas in 1978, close to 90 percent of rural people were covered by a collective medical system, by 1984 less than half were included.^132 In agriculture, the "individual responsibility" system replaced collective production; private entrepreneurialism is now encouraged. The erosion of social security and widening income disparities have important consequences for fertility.
+Thrown back on their own family's resources, many Chinese again see having many children especially boys as beneficial, both as a substitute for lost public protections and as a means of taking maximum advantage of the new economic system.^133
+In part as a result of these changes, China may be defeating its own population goals. China's birth rates have risen since 1980.^134
+We're not suggesting that these economic and social changes are the sole reasons for the rise. Demographer Ansley Coale of Princeton University believes that another explanation is the Chinese government's 1980 decision to relax its stringent policy governing age at marriage. And recently, enforcement of the one-child policy has been relaxed somewhat. But whatever the future of state population policies, surely these underlying economic and social changes add to pressure for higher fertility.
+Chile. Until 1973, Chileans could proud1y claim to live in the oldest political democracy in Latin America. From that system arose one of the most extensive public health and social security programs in the region - the key to explaining Chile's exceptional decline in population growth. Not only did these social protections contribute to an early and swift decline in infant death rates, commonly viewed as a prerequisite for reduced fertility, but they also improved the financial security of the entire population, particularly in old age. Under Chile's public health system, free or subsidized medical care, including pre-and postnatal care as well as contraceptive supplies, is made widely available through public clinics.^135
+Other factors, which are not so positive, also appear to have been at work in Chile's fertility reduction, at least in recent years. First was the tremendous social upheaval of the 1970-1973 period, when the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende was destabilized and ultimately overthrown by rightist forces aided by the U.S. government. Since then the economic policies followed by the military junta led by General Augusto Pinochet have led to such economic hardship and dislocation for the Chilean working class that having children has become increasingly unaffordable.^136 (See our earlier discussion of the role of children among the employed and unemployed poor in urban settings. )
+Colombia. Of these seven societies, Colombia, not known for its government interventions on behalf of the poor, appears to defy the preconditions of security and opportunity. But not entirely. Colombia's health service sends medical interns to the countryside for one year's free service, unlike many third world countries, where medical services barely reach outside the capital city. Colombia's infant mortality is well below most lower-middle-income countries. It has also achieved high literacy rates, and an unusually high percentage of girls attend secondary school. According to the World Bank, over half of all Colombian women aged fifteen to forty-nine were at some point enrolled in primary school - even more than the comparable proportion for men (45 percent) !^137
+Colombia's record also demonstrates that shifting resources toward women, expanding their opportunities and particularly their education, has a much bigger impact on lowering birth rates than an overall rise in income - a general pattern, according to Yale University's T. Paul Schultz.^138 Colombia's women appear to be achieving greater economic independence from men and therefore are becoming better able to determine their own fertility. They are entering the paid work force at a rapid pace.^139 Income from the coffee boom of the 1970s reportedly contributed to new economic independence for many rural women.^140
+Other telling examples
+Thailand. Here is another country that has come very close CO the achievement of those discussed above. Between 1960 and 1985, Thailand's total fertility rate fell by 50 percent; its population growth rate is currently 2.1 percent a year.^141 What factors have contributed to this decline?
+The changing status of Thai women appears significant. Proportionately more women work outside the home than in other third world countries.^142 Education and wealth have been replacing motherhood and matrilineage as status markers for women, according to the University of Washington's Majorie Muecke.^143 At the same time, as education has become a societal norm, the cost of raising and educating children has risen substantially, reducing their potential economic contribution to the family.^144
+Negative changes in Thailand have also no doubt affected people's reproductive behavior. A shift from peasant to commercial agriculture, encouraged by Thailand's integration into the world market, has increased landlessness and indebtedness in the countryside. The result is greater financial insecurity for many rural Thais.^145
+Throughout our report we have linked insecurity with pressures keeping fertility high, but in Thailand (and now in Chile, too) a worsening situation appears to he contributing to fewer births, or at least not preventing the decline. An extensive government family planning program no doubt plays a part. It has made contraceptives free and easily available in rural and urban areas alike. But other aspects of Thai life must also contribute to this different reaction to economic distress. The elevated position of women, compared to most third world countries, suggests that they may have greater autonomy in making reproductive decisions.
+Costa Rica. While Costa Rica has not reduced its overall population growth rate as much as the other countries highlighted here, including Thailand,^146 its fertility rates have declined a striking 53 percent between 1960 and 1985. It has managed to achieve this drop with what demographers call a weak "family planning program effort.^147 Yet the proportion of Costa Rican women using contraception is extremely high - 66 percent, or three times the rate for the rest of Central America.^148
+Why are so many Costa Rican women practicing birth control, without the strong urging of the state ? The answer again seems to lie in Costa Rica's social structures, which have generated more democratic, responsive governments that have long promoted the health and education of the entire population. Costa Rica's health service is free and universal, and since the 1970s, has extended out to even the most remote rural areas. As John Caldwell describes it,
+Costa Ricans were already sufficiently well educated and egalitarian for these [health] facilities to be used fully as soon as they were provided; there was by the 1970s little need for a political revolution to teach them their rights, for that learning process had been underway for decades.^149
+Social security legislation and liberal labor codes were also introduced early on in Costa Rica, with government expenditures on social welfare getting a strong boost in the 1950s.^150 Moreover, most of Costa Rica's social welfare programs are funded by various taxes on employers, making its tax system one of the most progressive in Latin America.
+The experience of Costa Rica brings Up the issue of income distribution more generally, an important measure of how power is shared in any society. Where income is highly skewed, many are cut out of participation in the economy altogether and left jobless and landless. Thus our analysis predicts that those societies with highly unequal distributions of income will typically have higher fertility as well, and vice versa. So it is not surprising to us that in several of the societies exceptionally successful in reducing growth rates, income distribution is less skewed than in the rest of the world. The distribution of household income in Sri Lanka, for example, is more equitable than in India or the United States.^151 Colombia is one of the few Latin American countries in which income distribution has actually become more equal over the last several decades.^152
+An empirical investigation also suggests a positive link between fertility decline and increased income equity. While one might question the possibility of such neat precision one World Bank study of sixty-four different countries indicated that when the poorest groups' income goes up by one percentage point, the general fertility rate drops by almost three.^153 Adding literacy and life expectancy to the income analysis, these three factors explained 80 percent of the variation in fertility among these eountries.^154 Higher literacy rates and longer life spans suggest societywide change toward greater opportunity and security.
+<section>Reflections and implications for action</section>
+<section>Adding the missing piece to the population puzzle</section>
+The varied and complex histories of the societies highlighted here offer powerful lessons for all those trying to piece together the population puzzle.
+They bear out our essential thesis that the population puzzle is impossible to solve without employing the concept of social power. Earlier we suggested that continued high fertility and growth reflect undemocratic power structures that deny people essential human rights. "Democratic" we defined as more than a political concept, for it applies in social, economic, and cultural life as well. Democracy can be seen as a measure of the distribution of power, existing to the degree that those affected have the power to participate in decisions or, minimally, to have their interests considered.
+As the demographically successful societies we have just discussed demonstrate, the concept of power can most usefully be applied within societies, rather than to societies. The very great diversity of these societies underlines our earlier point that power is not a monolithic concept, moving uniformly through the many sectors and levels of a society. It is diverse, characterized by uneven development.
+We have suggested that within each of these societies, shifts in power relations in key aspects of family, community, and national life have made lowered fertility possible: the enhanced power of women - through basic literacy, education, and employment; the heightened power of peasants to provide food and income for themselves because reforms have widely dispersed access to land; the bolstered power of consumers to secure adequate nutrition where deliberate policies have been implemented to keep basic food staples within the reach of all; the enhanced capacity of people to protect their health as medical care is accessible for the first time; and the heightened power of women to limit their births through birth control. These are some vital measures of changes needed for people to be able to choose fewer children.
+In sum, convincing historical evidence suggests that when individuals and families are gaining power because their rights are protected - particularly the rights to education, medical care including contraception, old-age security, and access to income-producing resources - they no longer have to depend only on their own families for survival. Understandably, without such change, choosing smaller families remains beyond people's reach.
+<section>A country's poverty is no excuse</section>
+A final point deserves attention before broadening our vision to build on the implications of this report.
+Earlier we quoted those who suggest that many third world countries are just too poor to address rapid population growth through economic and social development, so they must take the bargain route: family planning. Surely the examples given here demonstrate the fallacy of this easy out. Of the seven societies cited for their exceptionally rapid drop in fertility and population growth, four arc among the world's poorest: China, Sri Lanka Burma, and the Indian state of Kerala. The political, economic, and cultural changes that allowed population growth to slow dramatically did not depend upon first achieving high per capita income. Poverty is therefore no excuse for the continuing violation of basic human rights to essential resources.
+<section>Broadening the vision</section>
+We believe that the power-structures perspective outlined in this report has much to offer, but we are also aware of potential pitfalls in its conceptualization and application. Stressing that it is the relationships among people that lie at the root of the interrelated problems of hunger, poverty, and rapid population growth, those taking this perspective - including ourselves at the Institute for Food and Development Policy - easily risk being misunderstood. We can be heard to say that humanity faces no resource limitation - that as long as people have enough to eat, the nation (or the world) cannot be considered overpopulated.
+On a deeper level, the very fact that the power-structures analysis focuses on human rights may lead some to assume that it is blind to humanity's wider moral obligations. It might appear to reinforce, or at least fail to take us beyond, a human-centered lack of concern for nonhuman members of the community of all living beings.
+These could he serious shortcomings; we see them rather as valuable challenges to strengthen the power-structures perspective.
+First, a power-structures perspective need not make actual or potential resource availability the test of overpopulation. Since the 1960s, those operating from the people-versus-resources perspective have linked the specter of famine to overpopulation, and in challenging this view, structural analysts have understandably focused on food, too. They have documented clearly that hunger is not caused by inadequate resources. (Our earlier works, Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity and World Hunger: Twelve Myths, are examples of this documentation.)^155 Those using the power structures perspective must now clarify that although hunger is not caused by too many people, for many other reasons one might well judge a nation to have too many people.
+Even focusing strictly on human development, surely more than adequate nutrition is necessary to ensure the quality of life. Japan's 123 million people live in a land area the size of California. Bangladesh has over 100 million in an area the size of Wisconsin. Even though both have the capacity to feed themselves Japan through imports and Bangladesh by developing its own agricultural potential - might not these countries be considered overpopulated on any number of criteria?
+To thrive, human beings need a pollution-free environment to protect health and enough physical space to allow for intellectual and spiritual growth. And certainly, human well-being, in the eyes of many, is enhanced by the opportunity merely to enjoy an environment undefaced and untransformed by human manipulation. In attempting to show that hunger does not result from per capita resource limits, the power-structuralist need not lose sight of these important values. The power-structures perspective emphasizes the quality of human relations and can well be broadened to include the quality of our lives within the larger natural world we inhabit.
+This analysis can therefore serve all those concerned about the quality of life for yet unborn generations and their need for resources. At the same time, it can incorporate the insights of environmental philosophers, ecologists, ethicists, and religiously attuned people who are now challenging humanity's assumption that if people are thriving, then everything is all right. The accelerating destruction of irreplaceable rain forests, the historically unprecedented obliteration of species, the erosion of plant genetic diversity, and the depletion of the earth's protective ozone layer represent a moral crisis beyond humanity's well-being alone. Many people are coming to realize that the infinitely rich biosphere itself must be considered of innate worth.^156
+In other words, the power-structures analysis need not imply that solutions lie simply in making fairer and more democratic access to the fruits of a narrowly human-centered economic development model. The analysis can show how the same antidemocratic structures keeping fertility high also play a central role in environmental destruction. But it can go still further - incorporating insights of those questioning any model of development that perceives the environment merely as a pool of resources for human use.
+<section>Effective responses to the population problem</section>
+Now, decades after the population explosion first went offend with considerable experience in trying to defuse it, we must look unflinchingly at the lessons to be learned. The realization that the population explosion is a complex social fact is not enough; we will have to do more than pay lip service to its roots if we are serious about meeting the crisis.
+To continue to focus narrowly on birth control strategies is to imply that regardless of what we know about the real roots of the problem, better birth control is all we in the industrial West can offer. We do not accept this view, especially as U.S citizens. As a major world power, the United States government directly and indirectly shapes the behavior of many foreign governments. It is inconceivable that the United States would ever stop using its foreign policy to aid those governments it deems supportive of its own interests. Thus it is by becoming citizen activists that Americans who are troubled by the dire consequences of high population growth rates can make their most effective contribution.
+Working to change our own government's perception of the kind of foreign governments it can support may be the single most important way American citizens can help address the population problem. Until our government transcends its deep fear of redistributivc change abroad, our tax dollars will continue to go to support governments blocking the very changes we outline in this report, those necessary to allow people the option of smaller famines..
+U.S. policy toward the Philippines illustrates this point. The population growth rate in the Philippines is among the highest in Southeast Asia, while its people are among the poorest and hungriest. Seventy percent of the rural people either lack land altogether or lack secure tenure to the land they farm; and they must turn over much of what they produce to absentee landowners. The United States supplied billions of dollars to maintain the former martial law government of Ferdinand Marcos, which not only refused to reform this gross imbalance in access to resources, but furthered economic concentration. Since 1986, the Philip' pines has had a new government, but one still unwilling to seriously confront the underlying insecurity at the root of hunger and high birth rates. It, too, receives enormous U.S. military, economic, and diplomatic support.
+Ever since the Philippines was a colony of the United States, our government has played a central role in shaping that country's domestic policy. But the emphasis of that attention has been on military buildup to defeat internal uprising and on economic development favorable to the interests of wealthy Filipinos and U.S. investors. Never has the United States made its economic and political support conditional on domestic policies addressing the undemocratic economic structures that stand in the way of a significant drop in birth rates.
+Such a change cannot come about until U.S. citizens reorient their government's understanding of what is in our own interests. For detailed support for this position, see our previous work Betraying the National Interest.^157 There we argue that maintaining structures denying majorities the essentials for survival and dignity is not serving U.S. interests. The same argument can be made about U.S. policies toward Central American countries, which have among the highest birth rates in the world. Simply funding a family planning initiative in the Philippines or in Honduras, for example, is woefully inadequate. U.S. citizens must be willing to do something much more controversial explicitly identify the link between U.S. policies and the very reasons why birth rates are high to begin with and use one's voice as a citizen to alter those ties.
+Taking population seriously means incorporating the concept of power as an indispensable tool of analysis and facing the logical consequences. It means learning from the clear historical evidence. Without more democratic structures of decision making power, from the family to the global arena, there is no solution - short of dehumanizing coercion - to the population explosion.
+Because we have no time to waste with approaches that cannot work, we must face the evidence telling us that the fate of the world - whether it becomes miserably overcrowded - hinges on the fate of today's poor majorities. Only as they are empowered to achieve greater security and opportunity can population growth halt.
+<section>Notes</section>
+1. Michael S. Teitelbaum, "Relevance of Demographic Transition Theory for Developing Countries," Science 188 (2 May 1975): 420-425.
+2. UN Fund for Population Activities, 1986 Annual Report (New York: UNFPA, 1986), 7.
+3. Personal communication, January 1988. Cutright is with the Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington.
+4. News Release from the Population Reference Bureau, 28 April 1988.
+5. Julian Simon, "Resources, Population, Environment: An Oversupply of False Bad News," Science 208 (27 June 1980): 1434. According to Simon, productivity will be raised not only through economies of scale and larger markets, but also through the addition of more people's contributions to knowledge and technical progress. See also Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981 ).
+6. Simon, "Resources, Population, Environment," 1434.
+7. National Academy of Sciences, Working Group on Population Growth and Economic Development, Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions (Washington: National Academy Press, 1986), 17.
+8. Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (NewYork: Ballantine Books, 1968), prologue.
+9. William and Paul Paddock, Famine 1975! (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1967;renamedTimeuJFamines, 1976).
+10. Lester R. Brown and Jodi L. Jacobson, "Our Demographically Divided World," Worldwatch Paper no. 74 (Washington: Worldwatch Institute, December 1986), 5.
+11. Ibid.
+12. Garrett Hardin, "Living on a Lifeboat," BioScience 24 (October 1974): 561-568.
+13. View expressed in televised debate with Frances Moore Lappé, July 1987.
+14. Per capita cropland from Francis Urban and Thomas Vollrath, Patterns and Trends in World Agricultural Land Use, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Foreign Agricultural Economic Report no. 198, Washington, D.C., 1984, table 2, 1984. Life expectancy from World Bank, World Development Report 1985 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), table 1, 174. According to the Kissinger Commission report, off-cially the Report of the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, Washington, D.C., 1984, "57 percent of Honduras' families live in extreme poverty, unable to pay the cost of the basic basket of food."
+15. "Children: A Cost to the Rich, A Benefit to the Poor," The New Internationalist (June 1977): 16-17, cited in Morley and Lovel, My Name Is Today, 34. For more detail on this particular study, see Population and Development Review, September 1977.
+16. M. T. Cain, "The Economic Activities of Children in a Village in Bangladesh, " Population and Development Review 3 ( 1977 ): 201- 2 28, cited in W. Murdoch, The Poverty of Nations, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 26.
+17. C. Lwechungura Kamuzora, "High Fertility and the Demand for Labor in Peasant Economies: The Case of Bukoba District, Tanzania," Development and Change 15, no. 1 (January 1984): 105-123.
+18. "Hundred Dollar Slaves, " The New Internationalist (October 1986): 9.
+19. John C. Caldwell, Theory c-f Fertility Decline (New York: Academic Press, 1982), 37, cited in Betsy Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 7.
+20. John Caldwell, Theory of Fertility Decline, 69.
+21. M. Nag, B. White, and R. C. Peet, "An Anthropological Approach to the Study of the Economic Value of Children in lava and Nepal," Current Anthropology 19 (1978): 293 306.
+22. World Bank, The World Development Report 1984 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 52.
+23. Mead Cain, "Fertility as an Adjustment to Risk," Population and Development Review9, no.4 (December l983): 688-701, especially 699.
+24. A recent study of Thailand, for instance, found that large families arc increasingly perceived as an economic burden in part because the cost of educating children has risen substantially. See Knodel er al., "Fertility Transition in Thailand: A Qualitative Analysis," Population and Development Review 10, no. 2 (June 1984): 297-328.
+25. Thomas Merrick, "Recent Fertility Declines in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico," World Bank Staff Working Paper no. 692 (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1985).
+26. India's Sixth Five Year Plan, 374, cited in Sheila Zurbrigg, Rakku's Story: Studies of III-Health and the Source of Change (Madras: George Joseph Printing Company, 1984), 70.
+27. Interview with two women doctors on family planning, Connexions, Summer/Fall 1985, 49.
+28. Murdoch, Poverty of Nations, 45.
+29. Perdita Huston, Message from the Village (New York: The Epoch B Foundation, 1978), 119, cited in Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 48.
+30. Jodi L. Jacobson, "Planning the Global Family," Worldwatch Paper no. 80, Washington D.C., Worldwatch Institute, December 1987, 20.
+31. Ibid., 21.
+32. Faruqee and Gulhati, Rapid Population Growth in Sub- Saharian Africa, Issues and Policies, World Bank Staff Working Paper no. 559, Washington D.C., World Bank, 1983, 48-52.
+33. Ibid., 54.
+34. Sally Mugabe, "High Fertility Hampers Women's Status," Popline (June 1987): 2. Popline is a publication of the World Population News Service.
+35. Medea Benjamin, ea., Don't Be Afraid, Gringo: A Honduran Woman Speaks from the Heart (Food First Books, 1987), 47.
+36. Huston, Message from the Village, 38.
+37. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 247-248.
+38. Charlene Spretnak in "The Population Bomb: An Explosive Issue for the Environmental Movement," Utne Reader (May/June 1988): 86-87.
+39. World Resources Institute, World Resources 1986 (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 21.
+40. Betsy Hartmann, personal correspondence, January 1988.
+41. Hartmann's Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, as well as chapter 3 of our own Institute's book, World Hunger: Twelve Myths, are only two of the most recent expressions of this attempt to incorporate a gender-based analysis of power within a larger structural framework.
+42. Susan George, "Debt: The Profit of Doom," Food First Action Alert, Institute for Food and Development Policy, San Francisco, 1988. See also George, Fate Worse than Debt (New York: Grove Press/Food First Books, 1988).
+43. Ralph R. Sell and Steven J. Kunitz, "The Debt Crisis and the End of an Era in Mortality Decline," Studies in Comparative International Develop' meet, 1987, cited in George, Fate Worse than Debt, 134.
+44. Alan Riding, "In Northeastern Brazil Poverty Cycle Goes On," New York Times, 3 May 1988, A4.
+45. Kevin Danaher, Phillip Berryman, Medea Benjamin, "Help or Hindrance: United States Economic Aid in Central America," Food First Development Report no. 1, September 1987, 19-21.
+46. Personal communication, 31 December 1987.
+47. Mary Kay Magistrad, "Family Planning Program Under Fire in Bangladesh," Christian Science Monitor, 2 June 1988, 11.
+48. Jodi L. Jacobson, "Planning the Global Family," 5.
+49. Ibid., 5-6.
+50. Ibid., 45.
+51. Ibid., 13.
+52. Judith Jacobsen, "Promoting Population Stabilization: Incentives for Small Families,'' Worldwatch Paper no. 54, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., June 1983, 8.
+53. During this period, an estimated 83 percent of all contraceptive users were sterilized (see Jacobson, "Planning the Global Family," 41).
+54. J. S. Satia and Rushikesh M. Maru, "Incentives and Disincentives in the Indian Family Welfare Program," Studies in Family Planning 17, no. 3 (May/June 1986): 142.
+55. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights, 237-8.
+56. Hartmann, personal correspondence; also see New York Times, 11 January 1988, 4.
+57. Satia and Maru, "Incentives and Disincentives," 136-145.
+58. Interview with an Indian researcher who wishes to remain anonymous, August 1987.
+59. Ibid., 138.
+60. Betsy Hartmann, personal correspondence. Note also that women tend to, earn less than the average, and few Bangladeshis have steady employment at any wage.
+61. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights, 214.
+62. Ibid., 218.
+63. Ibid., 216.
+64. Betsy Hartmann, Food, Saris and Sterilization: Population Control in Bangladesh ( London: Bangladesh International Action Group, 198 5 ), 17.
+65. More specifically, the Community-Based Integrated Rural Development program, as it's called, offers loans, direct credit, and farm inputs to rural families. See John Stoeckel et al., "Maintaining Family Planning Acceptance Levels through Development Incentives in Northeastern Thailand," Studies in Family Planning 17, no. I (January/February 1986): 36 43.
+66. S. Surjaningrat and R. H. Pardoko, "Review of Some of the Management Aspects of the Indonesian Population and Family Planning Programme," Technical Report Series of the National Family Planning Coordination Board, Monograph no. 37, Indonesia, 1983, 3.
+67. World Bank, World Development Report 1984, 125.
+68. Linda Atkinson et al., "Prospects for Improved Contraception," Family Planning Perspectives, July/August. 1980, cited in Jacobson, "Planning the Global Family," 30.
+69. Ibid., 30-31.
+70. Despite the fact that the Food and Drug Administration has not approved its use, several articles in the New York Times recently reported that Depo-provera is being administered as a contraceptive by the Indian Health Service. Although only 35 Native American women are currently being given the drug. at least 200 were prescribed it in the past. See "Indian Agency Using a Banned Contraceptive," New York Times, 7 August 1987, 8; and "Depo-provera and the Indian Women," Editorial, New York Times, 17 August 1987, 18.
+71. Lynn Duggan, "From Birth Control to Population Control," Southeast Asia Chronicle 96 (January 1985): 28-31.
+72. Duggan, "From Birth Control," 28-29; Linda Golley, "Health Care in Southeast Asia," Southeast Asia Chronicle, (June 1982): 7.
+73. Duggan, "From Birth Control," 29; Also see World Health Organization, Injectable Hormonal Contraceptives: Technical Aspects and Safety (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1982), 17-23.
+74. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives, "Invasive Cervical Cancer and Depot-medroxyprogesterone Acetate," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63, no. 3 (1985): 508; L. C. Powell and R. J. Seymour, "Effects of Depot-medroxyprogesterone Acetate as a Contraceptive Agent, " American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1 l 0 ( 1971 ): 36-41. Another preliminary study by the WHO Collaborative Group suggests that Depo-provera is not linked to increased risk of breast cancer, as originally suspected (WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives, "Breast Cancer and Depot-medroxyprogesterone Acetate," Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 63, no. 3 (1985): 513 - 519).
+75. Duggan, "From Birth Control," 29.
+76. Ibid.
+77. UN Economic and Social Council, cited in Caroline Pratt, "Whose Right To Choose ? State Control of Fertility in South Africa and Namibia" (Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1988).
+78. Pratt, "Whose Right To Choose ?, " 21, citing a number of studies and reports.
+79. Jacobson, "Planning the Global Family," 31.
+80. Ibid.; see also Hartmann, Reproductive Rights, 196.
+81. Jacobson, "Planning the Global Family," 31.
+82. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights, 197.
+83. These include disruption of the menstrual cycle, headache, depress sign, loss of sex drive, weight change, nausea, and acne. Norplant is also not recommended for lactating women. See Ibid., 197.
+84. Firman Lubis et al., "One Year Experience with Norplant Implants in Indonesia," Studies in Family Planning, 14 (June/July 1983): 183.
+85. Satia and Maru, "Incentives and Disincentives," 14546.
+86. The proportion of married Mexican women who were sterilized in 1976 was 7 percent; by 1982, it had risen to 29 percent. (During the same period, the use of all other methods fell. ) Note that these figures refer to married women using contraception, not to all women. See Francisco Alba and Joseph Potter, "Population and Development in Mexico Since 1940: An Interpretation," Population and Development Review 12, no. 1 (March 1986), table 5.
+87. Alba and Potter, "Population and Development in Mexico," table 5.
+88. Lincoln Bergman et al., Puerto Rico: The Flame of Resistance (San Francisco: People's Press, 1977), 117. It should be noted, however, that the government did not establish an official sterilization program until 1974; when it did, the program came under the jurisdiction of the Division of Family Planning in the Department of Health. See Harriet B. Presser, "Puerto Rico: Recent Trends in Fertility and Sterilization," International Family Planning Perspectives 6 (March 1980): 20-25.
+89. Bergman et al, Puerto Rico: The Flame of Resistance, 118.
+90. Presser, "Puerto Rico: Recent Trends," 20.
+91. Ibid., 22.
+92. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights, 232.
+93. Ana Maria Garcia, La Operacion (film), 1980.
+94. Magistrad, "Family Planning Program Under Fire in Bangladesh."
+95. Benjamin, ea., Don't Be Afraid Gringo, 48-9.
+96. Phillips Cutright, "Family Planning Programs or Development: The Debate Continues," Intemational Family Planning Perspectives 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 105.
+97. W. Parker Mauldin, Bernard Berelson, and Zenas Sykes, "Conditions of Fertility Decline in Developing Countries, 1965-1975," Studies in Family Planning 9, no. 5 (May 1978): 121. See also, Robert J. Lapham and W. P Mauldin, "Contraceptive Prevalence: The Influence of Organized Family Planning Programs," Studies in Family Planning 16, no. 3 (May/June 1985) for a more updated, though slightly different, analysis.
+98. Lapham and Mauldin, ''Contraceptive Prevalence," 124.
+99. It is in Kerala that India's first "family planning camps," criticized as extremely coercive, were held in 1970 and 1971. See J. K. Satia and Rushikesh M. Maru, "Incentives and Disincentives in the Indian Family Welfare Program," Studies in Family Planning 17, no. 3 (May/June 1986): 136- 145. Our point, however, is that this effort did not "take" until social conditions were right.
+100. K. C. Zachariah, "The Anomaly of the Fertility Decline in India's Kerala State," World Bank Staff Working Paper no. 700 (Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1984), 6.
+101. Rates of change in Indian fertility were calculated using data provided by Bruce Fuller of the World Bank's Population Division.
+102. News Release of the Population Reference Bureau, 28 April 1988.
+103. Data provided by Bruce Fuller of the World Bank's Population Division.
+104. Hector L. Dieguez, "Social Consequences of the Economic Crisis: Mexico" (Unpublished paper by the world Bank, Washington, 1986), 4.
+105. See, for instance Francisco Alba and Joseph Potter, "Population and Development in Mexico Since 1940: An Interpretation," Population and Development Review 12, no. I (March 1986), especially table 4.
+106. In the "Social Consequences of the Economic Decline: Mexico," Dieguez refers to a 1983 survey done by Mexico's National Consumer Institute, which shows a significant decline in the consumption of oil, meat, sugar, eggs, beans, fruits, legumes, milk, bread, and fish. Not surprisingly, these declines were concentrated among the poorest house-holds.
+107. The Thai-American Project, "The Role of the State in the Problem of Malnutrition Among the Children of Thailand" (Unpublished paper, Santa Monica, California, February 1986), 2.
+108. The Thai-American Project, "The Role of the State," 1.
+109. FAO Trade Yearbook 1983 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1984), tables 10, 41, 48, 66, and 175.
+110. Kraisak Choonhavan et al., United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Thailand Country Report, prepared for the UNITAR International Conference on "Alternative Development Strategies and the Future of Asia," New Delhi, 11-17 March 1980, 24.
+111. The total fertility rate for India is now about 4.5 children per woman. The 25-year period referred to is 1960 to 1985. Data from the World Bank's Population Division.
+112. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agricultural Outlook (December 1985): 14-18.
+113. FAO Trade Yearbook 1985 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1986), 39, table 169.
+114. World Bank, World Development Report 1987, table 27. Note that we've included Cuba in this list of 74 low and lower-middle income countries because it was so classified for the first period of our time series. Only in recent years has the World Bank reclassified Cuba as a "nonreporting nonmember economy." Also note that countries of a million or less in population are excluded from the bank's statistics.
+115. Statistically, twos other countries might he included in this group: El Salvador and Mauritius. The first we exclude because its slow growth results from out migration and disruption and death from war. The second, an island whose population only recently passed a million, is so dissimilar to the other countries as to make meaningful comparisons impossible. Data on growth rates are from the World Bank's World Development Report (1984 and 1987) and represent averages for the 1980-85 period. Total fertility rates also come from the World Bank and were provided to us by Bruce Fuller of the bank's Population Division. We use total fertility rates instead of crude birth rates because the former should not be affected by shifts in the size of the cohort of women who are of childbearing age that could occur over a 25-year period.
+116. According to the Indian Census, the population growth rate of Kerala averaged 1.8 percent annually between 1971 and 1981 (Census of India, Kerala State, part 2A, statements 3 and 8, pp. 28 and 32). Interview with Dr. K. C. Zachariah at the World Bank, Population and Human Resources Division, April 1986.
+117. Murdoch, Poverty of Nations, 89.
+118. Robert J. Lapham and W. Parker Mauldin, "Contraceptive Prevalence: The Influence of Organized Family Planning Programs," Studies in Family Planning 16 (May/June 1985): 177-137.
+119. See for example: Elizabeth Croll, The Family Rice Bowl: Food and the Domestic Economy in China (Geneva: UN Research Institute for Social Development, 1982).
+120. S. Kumar, The Impact of Subsidized Rice on Food Consumption in Kerala, Research Report no. 5 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1979).
+121. U.S Agency for International Development, Sri Lanka: The Impact of PL 480 Title I Assistance, AID Project Impact Evaluation Report no. 39 (Washington, D.C., October 1982), C-8.
+122. Ibid., C-13. Since the 1970s, the food consumption of the lowest income groups has fallen both in quantity and in quality (less dried fish and beans).
+123. Medea Benjamin, Joseph Collins, and Michael Scott, No Free Lunch: Food and Revolution in Cuba Today (New York: Grove Press/Food First, 1986), 26.
+124. Ibid., 92. In 1983, in fact, the Organization of American States reported that Cuba ranked second in Latin America in per capita food availability.
+125. A V Jose, "Poverty and Inequality: The Case of Kerala," in Poverty in Rural Asia, ed. Azizur Rahman Khan and Eddy Lee (Bangkok: International Labour Organization, Asian Employment Programme, 1983), 108.
+126. World Development Forum 6 (29 February 1988): 1, quoting the New Delhi Family Planning Foundation. The infant mortality rate in India is 100; in Kerala it is 30. See also John Ratcliffe, "Social Justice and the Demographic Transition: Lessons from India's Kerala State," in Practicing Health for All, ed. D. Morley, J. Rohde, and G. Williams (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983); Ratcliffe "Toward a Social Justice Theory of Demographic Transition: Lessons from India's Kerala State, "Janasamkhya (Kerala University) 1 (June 1983).
+127. Quoted in John Caldwell, "Routes to Low Mortality in Poor Countries," Population and Development Review 12 (June 1986) 198.
+128. Caldwell, "Routes to Low Mortality, 191-4.
+129. World Bank Development Report, 1987, table 27.
+130. John Ratcliffe, Population Policies Attempting to Solve the Wrong Problem?" Politique de Population, Summer 1988, in press.
+131. Ibid.
+132. Ibid.
+133. This may well explain the apparent rise in female infanticide in China since the 1979 change in policy. See "The Threat of Population Growth," World Press Review (August 1987) 59.
+134. Ratclifte, "China's Population Policies." See also News Release from the Population Reference Bureau, 28 April 1988.
+135. Personal communication with demography professor Alberto Palloni at the University of Wisconsin, December 1987. Another explanation of the decline in Chile's fertility offered by Dr. Palloni has to do with the strong European influence which still exists in Chile today. According to Palloni, this European influence has led to a relative openness in attitudes towards contraception.
+136. Note that the Pinochet government's economic policies were originally designed and overseen by conservative U.S. economist Milton Friedman and his "Chicago boys," as they are colloquially known. For more on these policies, see Elton Rayack, Not So Free to Choose (New York Praeger, 1987) and Alejandro Foxley, Latin American Experiments in Neo-Conservative Economics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983)
+137. See World Bank, World Development Report 1984, 198-199.
+138. Interview with T. Paul Schultz, an economist and population specialist at Yale University, May 1986. Studies documenting the reduction in fertility associated with women's education abound.
+139. Interview with Dr. Carmen Diana Deere, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, January 1986, and with Sherry Keith, World Bank officer, January 1986.
+140. Interview with Dr. Nola Reinhart, Department of Economics, Smith College, April 1986.
+141. Thailand's population growth rate during the 1960s averaged 3.1 percent per year, implying a 27 percent decline over the last 2 decades.
+142. U.S. Agency for International Development, Women of the World: A Chartbook for Developing Regions, Asia (Washington D.C.: Bureau of the Census, 1985) 33-34.
+143. Marjorie A. Muecke, "Make Money Not Babies: Changing Status Markers of Northern Thai Women," Asian Survey 24, no. 4 (April 1984): 459-469. Knodel et. al make a similar point in their article "Fertility Transition in Thailand: A Qualitative Analysis" noting that aspirations for consumer goods has increased greatly in Thailand, presumably motivating a greater desire for wealth. See Population and Development Review 10, no 2 (June 1984) 297-328.
+144. Knodel et al., "Fertility Transition in Thailand: A Qualitative Analysis," Population and Development Review 10, no. 2 (June 1984) 297-328.
+145. Chayan Vaddhanaphuti and Martha Winnacker, "Old Cash Structures and New Crops," Southeast Asia Chronicle 86 (October 1982): 3-9, esp. table 3. Also see M. Muceke, "Make Money, Not Babies"; Knodel et al., "Fertility Transition," 302; and Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 7. It should be noted, however, that the impact of increased landlessness could just as well have the opposite effect, i. e., of stimulating fertility. While growing landlessness may lessen the need for extra farm hands, it can simultaneously increase a family's need for income earners, since more food must now be purchased.
+146. The population growth rate in Costa Rica averaged 2.7 percent a year for the 1980-85 period.
+147. Lapham and Mauldin, "Contraceptive Prevalence," 123, table 1.
+148. The average contraceptive prevalence rate for Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua combined is 22 percent. Also note that Costa Rica shows the highest contraceptive use of 28 countries classified as having weak family planning program efforts, and a higher rate than 16 countries with moderate family planning efforts, with the notable exception of Cuba (see Lapham and Mauldin, "Contraceptive Prevalence, " 123, table 1).
+149. Caldwell, "Routes to Low Mortality," 200.
+150. Ibid., 199.
+151. World Bank, World Development Report 1984, table 28, 272.
+152. Miguel Urrutia, Winners and Losers in Colombia's Economic Growth of the 1970s (London: Oxford University Press, 1985), 86-87.
+153. The study also controlled for per capita GNP differences. "The poorest groups" here refers to the bottom 40 percent of the population by income. World Bank, Population Policies and Economic Development, A World Bank Staff Report, Timothy King, coordinating author (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), appendix A, 147. See also Robert Repetto, The Interaction of Fertility and the Size Distribution of Income, Harvard Center for Population Studies, Research Papers Series no. 8, (Cambridge, Mass., October 1974).
+154. World Bank, Population Policies, 147.
+155. Frances Moore Lappé and Joseph Collins with Cary Fowler, Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity (New York: Ballantine, 1977); Frances Moore Lappé and Joseph Collins, World Hunger: Twelve Myths (New York and San Francisco: Grove Press/Food First Books, 1986).
+156. See, for example, Baird Callicott, In Defense of the Land Ethic (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988); Holmes Ralston, 111, Philosophy Gone Wild: Essays in Environmental Ethics (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Press, 1986).
+157. Frances Moore Lappé, Rachel Schurman, Kevin Danaher, Betraying the National Interest (New York and San Francisco: Grove Press/Food First Books, 1988).
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/grain_gr02se.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/grain_gr02se.key
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+SEED
+GENETIC RESOURCES
+GERMPLASM CONSERVATION
+CROPS
+GENETIC VARIATION
+GENE BANKS
+GENE POOLS
+AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
+EUROPE
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/grain_gr02se.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/grain_gr02se.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,1690 @@
+<title>Saving the seed - Genetic diversity and European agriculture</title>
+Renée Vellvé
+GRAIN
+GENETIC RESOURCES ACTION INTERNATIONAL
+EARTHSCAN
+Earthscan Publications Ltd., London
+<section>About GRAIN</section>
+GRAIN (Genetic Resources Action International), a non-profit, non-governmental organisation, has long been active in the issues surrounding global management and control of plant genetic resources. While most of GRAIN's work is focused on the developing countries, genetic resources and local development are critical concerns in the North as well. Since 1988, 'Conservation in Europe' has been an integral component of GRAIN's agenda for action within the NGO community. Most of GRAIN's work is devoted to raising public awareness and stimulating alternatives to combat bath genetic erosion and increasing monopoly control over the first link in the food chain, through networking, lobbying, and information activities at the international level.
+For more information about how to get involved, please contact:
+GRAIN
+Girona 25, pral.
+E-08010 Barcelona SPAIN
+Tel. (34-3) 301 13 81 - Fax (34-3) 301 16 27
+Email: grain@gn.apc.org
+Fax: (34-3) 310 59 52
+E-mail: GEO2: GRAIN
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+First published 1992 by
+Earthscan Publications Limited
+120 Pentonville Road, London N1 9JN
+Copyright © GRAIN, 1992
+British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
+A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
+ISBN 185383 1506
+Typeset by Books Unlimited (Nottm) - Sutton-in-Ashfield, NG17 1AL Printed by Biddles Ltd, Guildhord and Kings Lynn.
+Earthscan Publications Ltd. is an editorially independent subsidiary of Kogan Page Ltd. and publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development and the World Wide Fund for Nature.
+<section>List of acronyms</section>
+CAP
+Common Agricultural Policy (EEC)
+CGIAR
+Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
+CMS
+cytoplasmic male sterility
+COMECON
+Council for Mutual Economic Aid
+DNA
+deoxyribonucleic acid
+DUS
+'distinct', 'uniform', 'stable'
+EC
+European Community
+ECU
+European Currency Unit
+EEC
+European Economic Community
+EUCARPIA
+European Association for Plant Breeding Research
+FAO
+Food and Agriculture Organisation
+GATT
+General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade
+HDRA
+Hendry Doubleday Research Association, UK
+IARCs
+International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR)
+IBPGR
+International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (CGIAR)
+INRA
+Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France
+IPOs
+Intellectual Property Obligations
+NGOs
+non-governmental organisations
+ONIC
+Office National Interprofessionel des Céréales, France
+PAGE PACA
+Patrimoine Génétique de Provence-Alpes-Côtes d'Azur, France
+PBR
+Plant Breeders' Rights
+PGR
+plant genetic resources
+PR
+public relations
+SADCC
+South African Development Cooperation Conference
+TAC
+Technical Advisory Committee (CGIAR)
+UN
+United Nations
+UNCED
+United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
+UPOV
+Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
+<section>About this book</section>
+The global nature of issues like biodiversity, tropical forests and climate change should not blur the fact that we all have to get our own houses in order. And in Europe, our house is in pretty bad shape. The environmental and social costs of our industrialised food system are becoming untenable in both the short and long term, and people - from consumers to policy- makers - are trying to find new ways around it. Genetic resources are at the heart of this problem. The vulnerability of our plants and animals, who controls conservation and breeding, what kind of choices people have in growing crops and raising livestock, are some of the questions we nerd to look at more seriously. At stake is the integrity of the food system upon which we all depend.
+For as long as there have been farmers and gardeners, saving seeds has been an essential part of survival. It still is. The problem is that people have been progressively stripped of this role, while our governments hardly do a good job of conserving what are in tact our only options for tomorrow. If we are to face the challenge of adapting food production to pressures like new pests and disease, climate change or the requirements of sustainable agriculture, then we need to have access to a broad range of varieties suited to different needs. Current neglect for conserving those resources must be turned around and people's role in using and maintaining a broad spectrum of locally-adapted varieties reasserted. In this book, we focus on people's control of the genetic base of crop agriculture, a heritage developed by generations of farming and gardening families throughout Europe. But obviously, the question of developing a more sustainable agriculture, integrated with
+environmental, social and political concerns, is a much broader one.
+In taking this effort to print, our thanks go first of all to the people working unasked and unnoticed throughout the regions of Europe, on their farms and in their gardens, to save diverse breeds and seeds against the onslaught of uniformity. The few people we highlight in this book have shared a lot with us, and in the process have taught us quite a bit. We are grateful to each of them: Nancy Arrowsmith, Philippe Barret, Martin Bossart and Peter Raatsie, Giovanni Cerretelli and Francesca Castioni, Jeremy Cherfas, Hans-Peter Grünenfelder, Thomas Levander, Gus Lieberwerth, Jürgen Reckin and Sylvia Schmid.
+We would also like to thank the people from Europe's genebank community - national coordinators and active scientists, too many to name - who provided information, personal perspectives and a better idea of the pressures they are up against. In particular we want to express our sincere appreciation to Jaap Hardon, who has done more than any other genebank director to try to wrest support for long-term conservation of genetic diversity in Europe, recognising that amateurs and NGOs have a critical role to play. Also, IBPGR staffers Pierre Perret and Mark Perry deserve acknowledgment for their generosity in handing over documentation and databases at all too numerous requests.
+The editing of the drafts was taken up by close colleagues long committed to grassroots conservation and use of genetic diversity as a necessary approach to local agricultural development. Henk Hobbelink, coordinator of GRAIN, took on the unenviable challenge of turning a chaotic manuscript into something readable. Jeremy Cherfas meticulously turned the English into real English and garble into logic, while Michael Flitner, Hannes Lorenzen and Michel Pimbert made critical improvements on the arguments. These people pushed and pulled the book to its delivery.
+Finally, the research, writing and production of this book would not have been possible without the financial support of those agencies which have funded GRAIN's programme over the years, of which this publication is an integral part: Catholic Fund for Overseas Development (UK), CS Fund (USA), Danchurchaid (Denmark), Dutch Ministry of Development Cooperation, Misereor (Germany), Norwegian Ministry of Environment, Novib (Netherlands), Swedish International Development Authority, Swissaid (Switzerland), Trócaire (Ireland).
+Renée Vellvé
+GRAIN
+Barcelona, August 1992
+<section>Foreword</section>
+This book reflects a growing concern that in modern agriculture people are losing control over genetic diversity and the crops and varieties they grow. It analyses what is being done in Europe to safeguard genetic diversity at the levels of citizens, governments and industry. It concludes that industry, supported by government action, increasingly controls genetic diversity and its use. It highlights what concerned citizens consider to be mismanagement of genetic diversity as a cultural heritage by the modem industrial complex. Increased uniformity in farmers' fields is furthermore seen as a threat to sustainability and a threat to the rights of people who created diversity in the first place - farmers and gardeners.
+The issues are well researched, giving evidence of a growing professionalism in non-governmental organisations concerned with the conservation and use of biodiversity. The book questions developments that seem intent on limiting - if not prohibiting - the involvement of ordinary people at the grassroots level in this important endeavour.
+The formal institutional and industrial complex must take notice of these views. It must recognise the fact that genetic diversity serves more interests than just those of industrial agriculture. In Western Europe, our record in conserving genetic diversity is modest to say the least. There are few regions in the world other than Europe where so much original landrace material has been lost through failure of both institutional and private plant breeders to accept broad responsibility for conserving such materials when replaced by modern varieties beyond the immediate requirements of on-going breeding programmes. Even today, and in spite of Europe's reasonably progressive attitude at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED 1992) where biodiversity was high on the agenda, genetic resources conservation in Europe continues to receive only marginal attention in the formal sector. Combined with the massive standardisation of our food system, this lack of priority
+has destroyed more diversity in the past few decades here than ever before.
+In the chapter aptly entitled 'Salvaging in Silence', actions undertaken by local non-governmental organisations in Europe to conserve and use old varieties are reviewed. Many of these groups found themselves up against a powerful industry intent on regulating the seed market. This was partly done to protect the interests of farmers and ensure the quality and identity of seeds offered for sale. However, at the same time, Plant Breeders' Rights and national varietal lists, strengthened by EC legislation establishing the Common Catalogue of varieties, actually outlawed conservation and use of local varieties at the grassroots level. In spite of this, concerned NGOs in many countries took it upon themselves to collect and save old varieties, to make them available to farmers and gardeners interested in more than just high yields. The argument is clear. For certain, plant breeding needs to be regulated in the interest of farmers, as a form of consumer protection. However, the
+present bias towards stimulating and protecting the commercial interests of plant breeding needs to be rectified. It must leave room for alternative approaches and options for farmers and gardeners, and at the same time stimulate the use of genetic diversity rather than restrict it.
+While this book deals essentially with the situation in Europe, inferences to the developing countries are clear. The same mistakes should be avoided.
+The formal genetic resources system, linking ex situ genebanks with institutional and private plant breeding, and ultimately farmers, is mainly relevant to those conditions where modern varieties are adopted or for those crops covered by formal plant breeding. It leaves out farmers and gardeners who rely on landraces and on-farm crop improvement and seed production. While this group may be relatively small in industrialised countries, in developing countries this is by far the large majority and includes farmers in most centres of diversity of our crops farmers who are custodians of much of the genetic diversity that still exists.
+There are numerous examples of minor crops and even major crops for limited, often more marginal and diverse, environments that will not justify - for economic reasons - costly, separate institutional breeding programmes. Under these conditions, many farmers will continue to rely on local on-farm crop improvement and seed production. This informal system should be recognised as having its own merits complementing the institutional system. It should not, as appears to be the case at present in Western Europe, be restricted by seed legislation and adverse agricultural policies.
+This book provides a strong statement critical of the institutional system. Even if one does not agree with all that is said, it does suggest that there is some imbalance in the formal system that must be adjusted.
+Higher productivity is essential to feed a growing world population and institutional and private plant breeding have an important role to play. However, this should not be achieved at the expense of a range of other approaches by monopolising the mandate to preserve and exploit genetic diversity.
+This book deserves a wide audience. It may stimulate all those concerned with the conservation and use of genetic diversity to take a broader view. It may be particularly relevant to those in government and the Commission of the European Community who seem to have difficulty in grasping the importance of genetic conservation - and the need for joint action - in spite of the political support generated by the European Parliament for an integrated conservation strategy for the EC. Europe simply cannot afford to lag behind in contributing to the conservation of plant genetic resources if we want to maintain our access to such diversity for our future food production. The message of the book is that we need to do so in a manner whereby citizens, governments and industry alike participate in complementary and even cooperative programmes. It provides constructive suggestions to develop such activities within the context of agricultural policies, legal frameworks and research
+agendas. Europe can and should take the lead in coordinated action and in providing a policy platform recognising biodiversity, and genetic resources in particular, as a global resource implying global responsibility to manage it. Time is running out. The alternative is a race to satisfy immediate needs of plant breeding and biotechnology at the expense of future options and unabated genetic erosion.
+Jaap Hardon
+Director
+Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands, Wageningen, June 1992
+<section>Introduction</section>
+If you stop and ask anyone walking down the street what 'genetic erosion' is, you are likely to get some furrowed brows as a response. To most people, 'genetic' has something to do with biology and those microscopic things called genes, while 'erosion' is what happens to soils and coastlines when they are washed or blown away. How on earth could genes get blown away? Yet if you go on to ask if anyone remembers something about an old and tasty apple or tomato that is nowhere to be found in the supermarkets any more, yes, that does ring a bell. What could these two questions possibly have to do with each other and why should anyone care?
+Genetic erosion is in fact something like genes getting blown away - it is a violent process of replacing diversity with uniformity. Where diversity means choice, contrasts, options, alternatives and competition, uniformity means sameness, dullness, limits, dictatorships and monopolies. And the problem is not just genetic. As we destroy the resources necessary for crop production - be it our water, soils, climate or plants we are losing the means to take decisions tomorrow as to how we organise ourselves as societies. And as we passively sit and watch a few mega-corporations, like Ciba-Geigy or Sandoz, turn our farms into factories and claim patent rights on plants and animals and the technologies to manipulate them, we are ceding to them control of the food chain and the life support systems that sustain us. In that sense, this book is definitely not about ecology. It's not even about plants, although it talks a lot about them. It is about people and the political
+responsibilities we have to keep options - diversity - alive.
+Seeds of survival
+Despite the tens of millions of plant species that exist, we depend on no more than thirty or so to feed us. Of those thirty, three cereals alone rice, maize and wheat - provide the basis of what most people eat each day. Our survival ultimately depends on theirs and vice-versa. One 'perfect' type of lettuce or barley will never be enough to supply a region or a country with the salad and animal feed it needs year after year. Plants have to evolve or they die. They cannot evolve without other plants to provide useful genes to tend off a new virus or withstand longer periods of drought as weather patterns change. In other words, plants depend on the availability of genetic diversity and that depends on us.
+Plants are also an important part of our cultural survival. The crops we grow did not fall out of the sky. They are a living heritage. Generation after generation, people have been tailoring plants, watching them, learning from them and passing the good results on. Be it a certain potato that could withstand late spring frosts in Sweden or a radish that wasn't so sharp that a Spaniard would find it inedible, gardeners and farming families have created, hands-on, an incredible panorama of different crop varieties to suit their needs, customs and tastes. And in so doing they lay their story down and give that story a name, often suggesting the plant's origin or qualities. Just as stories have to be told, plants have to be reproduced - or they simply fade out of existence.
+Conservation consciousness
+Pandas are cute, tropical rainforests are breath-taking, but how do you mobilise people to save a carrot? It is extremely difficult unless they see and feel what is at stake. But often enough, that doesn't happen until it is too late. It was all too easy for one single fungus to wipe out Ireland's potato harvest in the 1840s, the staple food at the time, because everyone was growing a susceptible variety. Millions of people died and countless others fled the country in search of food and a livelihood. Before and since, similar scenarios have struck other crops in other lands and afflicted other peoples the world over. The message is staring us in the face: uniformity spells big risks and we are responsible for it.
+In European agriculture, farmers are growing fewer crops. Of those crops, they are sowing fewer varieties. And within those varieties there is very little . . . variety! Not too long ago, most farmers were breeders themselves, experimenting, choosing, crossing, selecting and saving seeds for the next growing season. With the industrialisation of agriculture, people have lost that fundamental capacity to choose, create and control the basis of food production. It has been silently hijacked by those who are turning agri-'culture' into agri-'business' and farmers into assembly line workers. As industry replaces agriculture, so a handful of new, genetically similar 'super seeds' replaces the broad diversity of locally adapted farmer-saved seeds.
+The problem is that we cannot create new seeds without the old ones. And we don't know what we will want or need tomorrow. Each variety of turnip, squash, wheat or olive that disappears means the irreplaceable loss of part of our past and part of our future. We simply cannot tell when another virus or fungus or change in the weather will bring about the loss of who knows how many hectares of farmland sown to the same uniform seeds. Under these circumstances, genetic conservation is not a consideration, it is an imperative.
+Of rights and responsibilities
+In the 1960s, the scientific community woke up to the dramatic plague of genetic erosion in the world's most important regions of biological diversity; the farmers' fields of Asia, Africa and Latin America. This was where most of our crops originated and diversified. And this is where the key sources of genes for future food production lie. As an emergency response, seed stores called 'genebanks' were built and collecting missions were mounted to rescue what was still left in the fields and put it in what was meant to be safe keeping for tomorrow.
+In the 1970s, politicians and citizens' groups the world over realised just how fast the agrochemical industry of Europe and North America had taken over control of the seed supply, and with it the first link in the food chain. The chemical bias in breeding and farmers' loss of control over their production systems was leading to greater dependency and less sustainability. Worse, though, was the news that the companies were claiming and getting private monopoly rights over those seeds, in the form of Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR), despite the fact that farmers had put more sweat into developing the raw materials than any corporate lab technician putting on the finishing touches.
+In the 1980s, it became increasingly evident that the genebank system was terribly skewed. Technically, it left a lot to be desired, as many seeds were dying in storage. Politically, it was under the control of too few desires, namely those of the rich North. At the same time, industry, increasingly fascinated by the glitter and profits to be reaped from the new biotechnologies, began lobbying for even more potent forms of monopoly rights over plants. PBR was not enough; only real patents could guarantee stronger control over markets and farmers.
+As we enter the 1990s it is clear that governments and industry are doing more to create the problem than to construct the solutions. Governments use their right to destroy genetic diversity in whatever way possible. Industry claims the right legally to own whatever is left. What about people, the farmers, gardeners and consumers who created that diversity in the first place? What rights do they have? Basically none, not even the right to assume the responsibility for managing that diversity at a down-to-earth level, where it can be used and enjoyed, where it can flourish.
+This book is part of the fight for that right: the right of local organisations and motivated people to regain control over plant genetic diversity and use it to build a more sustainable future. Without it, development will be meaningless and global food security ill assured even in Europe. The price we are paying for the genetic uniformity of our agriculture - which translates into escalating chemical bills, soil erosion, water pollution and farmers' dependency on industry - is all too high.
+For the past couple of years, GRAIN has been looking closely at who is doing what in Europe to safeguard genetic diversity at all the different levels: citizens, governments and industry. Frankly, we are alarmed. Not so much by what has been lost already - it is not our point to mourn and grieve - but by the lack of seriousness and responsibility our governments are taking towards genetic resources management and the violent forces that are prohibiting ordinary people from participating in that vital endeavour at the grassroots level. Somehow, this state of affairs must be rapidly turned around.
+This journey through the birth, decline and current mismanagement of our crop heritage in Europe shows us one important thing: that people have to regain their key position as the starting point for conservation and production. It is one thing to come to grips with the failings of our government efforts to store our genetic wealth for future needs. But it is quite another thing to discover that, against all tides, there are indeed a number of people out there taking into their own hands the imperative to use and maintain our crop heritage alive. These people are not cultivating museums, as many of their governments are. Moved by the loss of what are valuable plants, they are managing diversity in day to day gardening and farming: growing it, nurturing it, working with it and enjoying it. In so doing, they are preserving what are in fact our options for tomorrow: ours as ordinary people, not as governments, with the responsibility to design a more sustainable food system.
+The farmers, gardeners and citizens' groups contributing to this unknown effort in Europe are salvaging both our past and our future in silence. Their work goes unseen, unrecognised, unsupported and unvalued. Picking up the work where the official sector is going wrong, they are the hidden but fundamental cornerstone of securing a better future for agriculture, one which doesn't just exploit but maintains and rebuilds constantly. Bringing conservation back into production and actively supporting such hands-on work with genetic diversity at the grassroots level are becoming more urgent than ever.
+<section>1. The making of a heritage</section>
+Today's gardeners cannot possibly comprehend the amount of history contained in their seeds, both what has come before and what may potentially come after their brief involvement.
+Suzanne Ashworth, seed saver, 1991 (1)
+To some, genetic diversity is a 'genepool', an immense supply of raw materials to be tapped for making crops grow, like the oil wells of Saudi Arabia make cars run. To others, it is the full spectrum of all that is different, unique, vast and interesting; the range between yellow and black potatoes. To yet others, it is a living history of what their grandparents and great grandparents grew, either on the same plot of land or half a world away. Actually, genetic diversity is all of these things at once: a moving mixture of the past and the future, a source of wealth and fertility, a coloured tableau of nature's possibilities and culture's limits. It would seem impossible to adopt one single attitude towards the complexity of life forms and forces surrounding us. Diversity simply has no face value. Depending on whatever aspect moves you most about it, you can be nostalgic, intellectual, scientific, spiritual, profit-hungry, or simply concerned about survival.
+At the bottom line, when we confront the spread and depth of the diversity of plants that have fed, housed, clothed and cured people all through our existence, we cannot escape that awesome confrontation with time and space. Over an unimaginable number of years plants have evolved and co-evolved with the people who used them; their history and ours, their destiny and ours are intertwined. The open-ended array of soils they have grown in, the hands they have been cared for by, and values they have been fashioned to serve - the diversity of our crop plants is a direct reflection of the diversity of our cultures.
+One way we like to look at it is to call it a heritage. That is a word loaded with all sorts of legal, political and ethical implications. But it is also a simple and powerful one. The ancient Romans called it patrimonium, from pater (father). It was used to designate that which was inherited from your father to be transmitted to the next generation, a chain of transmission that could not be interrupted. It was used precisely to distinguish between those goods that could be exchanged for their current monetary value, and those things that had a deeper, inalienable family and community value.
+Plants definitely fall into this category, although maybe we should rename it matrimonium, since in many societies throughout history saving seeds, nurturing wild plants and breeding new crop varieties was largely carried out by women. Plants are a fundamental part of the chain of life that keeps this planet going and the diversity within them is the key to their survival. Some of that diversity has evolved through the changing pressures of the environment, but much of it is the result of continuous generations of people tampering with it and passing it on. We will never be able to measure how much credit goes to 'either side', but there is certainly a part of both. In this sense, genetic diversity is both a natural and cultural heritage that has to be transmitted for the sake of survival. Calling genetic diversity a heritage is not only recognising the role plants play in the chain of life, but also opens up the question as to who is responsible for keeping that chain
+intact and extending it.
+<section>Taming the wild</section>
+People were not always farmers and gardeners. Agriculture, in fact, is a rather modern enterprise. Only about ten to fifteen thousand years ago did people start settling down and figuring out new ways to control their food supply. Before then, men and women sustained themselves and their families through gathering, hunting and fishing. Ten to fifteen thousand years might seem a long time ago, but if you consider that there have been people on this planet for perhaps five million years, it's clear that agriculture was historically invented yesterday.
+Most of our ancestors did not bother 'growing' plants. They picked them from their surroundings: berries, grains, vegetables, nuts and roots. Food was abundant and populations were small. Many people were nomads, roaming at their own pace to and from areas particularly rich in plant and animal diversity. Others were more sedentary fisherfolk, living on seafood and the plants that grew near watershores, estuaries and riverbanks. The move to settle down and take on the quite different task of cultivating plants did not happen overnight. It must have been a gradual process that probably took place at more or less the same time in various parts of the world: China and southeast Asia, the Middle East, the Andes and parts of Africa. In the wetter tropical zones of Asia and Latin America, the first crops to be domesticated were probably roots and tubers, such as yams or potatoes. In the arid and semi-arid regions, like southwest Asia, cereals such as barley were probably the first
+food crop grown.
+The logic of cultivating plants around a village or settlement was in most cases probably not driven by hunger. Nor did crop cultivation totally replace the art of gathering, which remained, and still remains today, a source of food for many people. At the same time, it should be recognised that not every society has taken on sowing or hoeing at all. Various groups in Australia, Africa and the Americas still get by hunting and collecting food.
+Many of the plants that people first went out of their way to nurture were useful for specific needs: religious and social ceremonies; painting, dyeing, weaving; making tools, containers and utensils; constructing fences or houses; making medicine, poison, beverages or cosmetics; extracting oils, providing animal feed, and so on. In fact, plants that could fulfil more than one purpose probably received more attention than others. Sorghum was grown early on in Africa to provide not just the dinner meal but also forage for animals, syrup for drinks, stalks to make brooms, popping seed for amusing snacks and flower heads for ornamental decorations (2). Cannabis, or hemp, was one of the first crops people cultivated in Eurasia. When it reached China around 2500 BC it was used for fibre, before its narcotic properties were exploited in India later on (3). Over in Brazil, manioc (or cassava) was used to provide toxins to poison arrowheads for game hunting and to kill fish in
+streams before people figured out how to detoxify it and cook it (4). In Europe, many of the cereals we grow for bread or fodder today were first venerated as sacred plants associated with the gods Demeter and Ceres, and had a primary role in medicine (5).
+But nurturing a plant is not the same thing as domesticating it. Many plants are 'cultivated' without being fully 'domesticated'. They may be weeds, wild plants, or crops undergoing adaptation towards domestication. They may be simply tolerated, actively protected or actually sown and harvested. Small-scale farmers and household gardeners 'work with' wild and semi-domesticated plants in many ways, even today. Truly domesticated plants are those that have been so severely pressured and harnessed to fit a habitat and production system, that many of them could not survive outside of that context. For example, maize and triticale are generally considered human creations. No wild form of maize has ever been found, although perennial relatives exist in Mexico, and the crop is dependent upon people to survive. Triticale is a forced combination of rye and wheat, that probably never would have crossed in nature.
+In fact, while all of our crops were developed from wild plants, most passed through the phase of being a weed before they were harnessed as a crop. Rice was probably a weed in the flooded taro fields of southeast Asia before it was domesticated and grown for its nourishing grain. Wild oats were introduced into Africa and the Mediterranean as a weed associated with other cereals before they were harnessed for food and fodder. The same holds for rye in Central Europe. Potatoes, carrots and onions all have weed forms that occupy territories where there is little competition.
+The differences between wild and domesticated forms of crops are often spectacular. By selecting plants and improving them through cropping techniques, farmers and gardeners have forced evolution and brought on radical changes in plants. One thing they did was focus their attention on the big and beautiful, enhancing that part of the plant that interested them most. For example, wild sunflowers look like overgrown daisies while the cultivated types we know of have the huge 'faces' loaded with rich seeds for oil or eating. Another thing they did was diversify the crop. Potatoes were selected to produce a vast range of different shaped and coloured tubers. By contrast, wild potatoes are almost invariably small, brown and nearly identical looking (6).
+But perhaps most important, for the sake of being able to grow crops on any reasonable scale, people overcame two important characteristics that are typical of wild species. The first is the tendency of wild plants to 'shatter', whereby mature fruits and seeds are released very easily into the wind or onto the ground to propagate further individuals. This is great for ensuring the plant's survival through scattered dissemination, but a nightmare for someone who wants to fill a basket and harvest the goods. So farmers had to select carefully those plants that shattered least and keep selecting and multiplying them until they could stabilise a crop that did not fall apart on them any more.
+The second major characteristic of wild plants that had to be tamed for rational cultivation was their tendency to germinate erratically. This makes it easier for some individual plants to succeed and grow if others get wiped out by cold or drought, but results in a very uneven harvest. Again, selective pressures brought these irregular germination rates under some form of control. There is a whole range of other characteristics that people focused on when harnessing wild plants for crop production. Together, they make up what is called the domestication syndrome or complex.
+But domestication, a big step in itself; was only the striking of the match that unleashed a veritable fire of crop diversification and the development of agriculture. Ever since you could rightly call a farmer a farmer, or a gardener a gardener, people have been choosing, selecting, fashioning and creating a tremendous array of different varieties of crops to suit different needs and fancies. They may not have known what 'genes' were, but they certainly took tremendous advantage of the versatility of plants and their capacity to adapt to a very wide range of environments, climates and cultures.
+<section>The geography of diversity</section>
+Agriculture was introduced into Europe sometime around 3-4,000 BC, as waves of migrants came in from Anatolia and the Middle East through to Central Europe, and from North Africa up the Iberian peninsula and into France and southern England. These people brought with them their ingenuity and know-how in, among other things, constructing tools, making pottery, raising livestock and cultivating crops. Later, the Mediterranean coastline was colonised from the east by people practising the earliest farming systems we know of in Europe, revolving around barley, sheep and goats. Wheat and rye are also early grains that were introduced into central and northern Europe from the Mediterranean southeast.
+Just as agriculture was imported into Europe, so were most of the crops we have ever grown here. Many of our cereals come from the Middle East and southwest Asia, and most of our fruits from as far away as China. Very few vegetables are actually indigenous to Europe: lettuce, onions and asparagus figure among them (see Table 1.1). In fact, the history of agriculture and the history of crop evolution shows that farming spread out from just a few regions of the world, often areas where crop diversity is really intense. Not that the two always coincide. Crops have been travelling as long as people have, whether they were conquering lands, fleeing wars or simply out exploring.
+Table 1.1: Origins of Western Europe's vegetables
+Grown in Western Europe since prehistoric times:
+Turnips, certain non-heading cabbages, faba bean, lentils and peas.
+Arrivals during the Greco-Roman times:
+Large radish, melons, cucumbers, gourds, onions, chard, parsnip, carrots and black-eyed peas (cowpea).
+Introduced by Arabs and Jews between the 10th and 15th centuries:
+Aubergine, cauliflower, watermelon, spinach, artichoke and okra.
+Brought over from the Americas after 1492:
+Tomato, potatoes, sweet potato, common beans, squashes and peppers.
+From Asia:
+Certain vegetables were already introduced through the Arabs while others couldn't adapt to our climates; the Japanese artichoke, yam, asparagus-lettuce and Chinese cabbage did not arrive until the 19th and 20th centuries.
+Vegetables developed or improved in Italy:
+Bitter chicories, lettuces, head cabbage, Milan cabbage, cauliflowers and broccoli, radishes, fennel and beet.
+Vegetables that came from central and northern Europe:
+Horseradish, rutabaga (or swede turnip), angelica and watercress.
+Recently developed vegetables:
+Corn salad (17th c.), Brussels sprouts (18th c.), dandelion (19th c.) and endive (19th c.).
+Source: Michel Chauvet, 'L'histoire des légumes' in La diversité des plantes légumières: hier, aujourd'hui et demain, JATBA, Paris, 1986, p. 10.
+As far as we know, the systematic tracking down of the origin of our crops is a 19th century phenomenon. Alexander von Humboldt was probably the first to write about it in his Essay on the Geography of Plants, published in 1807. He said:
+"The origin, the first home of the plants most useful to man and which have accompanied him from remotest epochs, is a secret as impenetrable as the dwellings of all our domestic animals. We do not know what region produced spontaneously wheat, barley, oats and rye. The plants which constitute the natural riches of all inhabitants of the tropics, the banana, the pawpaw, the cassava, and maize have never been found in wild state (7)."
+Von Humboldt's pessimistic curiosity was followed later on by several studies by the Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle, including his book The Origin of Cultivated Plants (1882). De Candolle, using botany, linguistics and archaeology, reasoned that our crops were probably domesticated in a few areas: China, tropical Asia, southwest Asia and Egypt.
+This scholarly interest in geobotany, prevalent in the days of Darwin, gave rise to yet another concern towards the end of the century: the value of the world's crop diversity for plant breeding and the need to conserve these resources. Two German scientists - Emanuel Ritter von Proskowetz and Franz Schindler - sounded the first alarm at the International Agricultural and Forestry Congress in Vienna in 1890. They spoke out at that gathering about the usefulness of local cultivars ('landraces') and warned of the danger that losing them would pose to future crop improvements. Von Proskowetz had already carried out extensive collecting of barley landraces in Moravia. He was moved not only by his conviction of their importance for breeding new varieties, but also by his concern that if no action were taken they could disappear forever (8). Von Proskowetz was certainly something of a prophet.
+Then came Vavilov. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was a Russian scientist who in the 1920s publicly brought forward the idea that crops not only had a centre of origin in specific regions of the world where agriculture commenced, but also had centres of diversity. Vavilov reasoned that these centres of diversity were linked to the areas where the crops originated. We now know that this link is not always exact. Ethiopia, one of the centres recognised by Vavilov, harbours the greatest wealth of different barley and emmer wheat varieties (9), but these crops were probably not domesticated there, as wild forms have never been found.
+What Vavilov did had never been done before: he documented the world's incredible wealth of plant genetic diversity. Many people, from Portuguese navigators to Dutch colonialists, had taken a great interest in new and exotic species, but Vavilov, even more than von Proskowetz, had a nose for genetic variation within species. He and his colleagues travelled around the world through more than 40 countries, bringing back to the Soviet Union some of the world's largest collections of crop diversity.
+As a result of his travels and studies, Vavilov postulated that the world had eight centres of genetic diversity (see map). These were areas where variation within a given crop was strongest. Since Vavilov's time, his map and theories have been worked and reworked by several other people. New centres have been added and new concepts put forward. In any event, Vavilov's point - that there are specific areas of the world that harbour intense crop diversity - still holds valid. Most of the 'Vavilov centres' are associated with the earliest forms of agriculture and very diverse climates and civilisations. And virtually all of them are in what today is called the Third World.
+Maize, the potato, pumpkin and tomato all originate from Latin America. Soybean, oranges and apricots come from China. Foods as familiar to us as lentils, rice, chickpeas, aubergine or cucumber were all domesticated in Asia. For diversity in sorghum, millet, coffee, cotton and a wide range of other crops, you go to Africa. As 'gene centres' for these crops, developing countries are our major source of breeding materials to adapt these plants to new pests and diseases, climate change and new production systems.
+Despite our relative genetic poverty, Europe does harbour two centres of diversity for cultivated crops: the Mediterranean and the European-Siberian regions. Not too many species actually originated in these zones, but they have been an important area of 'secondary' genetic diversification due to the many kinds of cultures and peoples tending these crops in various environments.
+The Mediterranean centre of diversity includes all of Southern Europe and also takes in the coastal areas of the Near East and North Africa. Turkey, a major centre of diversity in and of itself; is considered part of the Near Eastern region. Southern Europe can boast several truly indigenous crops such as the olive, grape, cabbage, beet, radish and lupin bean. The first two may seem obvious. Who, after all, could possibly imagine a Spanish or Italian meal without olive oil or wine? The cabbage family also has quite a history in Europe - and a very complex taxonomy. Wild kale probably arose on the Mediterranean shorelines in ancient times. People selected various forms for their leaves, buds, shoots and inflorescences giving rise to such different forms as the heading cabbage (red, white and Savoy), cauliflower, broccoli and swedes. Many of these were Italian creations. Savoy or Milan cabbages came from there while broccoli was developed in Italy as late as the 17th century.
+Then, of course, there is calabrese (or asparagus broccoli) from Calabria. A most recent innovation in the cabbage family was the development of the Brussels sprout, obviously in Belgium, less than 200 years ago.
+The beet family is also connected to Europe. Wild sea beets on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts were domesticated very long ago and then split into two directions. Some were selected by people for their tangy green leaves, basically as a cooking vegetable, giving rise to the chards or spinach beets that Aristotle wrote of and are still cherished today. Others were later selected for their sweet root, to become the common garden beet. Fodder beet is said to have been developed in the Netherlands. As for the sugar beet some say it derives from varieties developed in Poland while others credit the Germans for having bred it. Today, this young crop has almost outstripped traditional sugar cane and accounts for over half of the world's sugar production.
+But cabbages and beets are just a part of Europe's heritage. The Mediterranean has been home to a whole range of herbs, condiments, medicinal plants and trees. Savory, sage, rosemary, lavender, thyme, laurel, coriander, parsley, the caper bush, the saffron crocus, the cork oak, carob, and the stone pine (providing pine nuts) are just some.
+The other European centre of diversity is the Euro-Siberian one. Eastern Europe is home of the hop and certain root crops like horseradish, turnips and parsnip. Many forages and grasses, such as alfalfa, fescue, brome, clover and trefoil, diversified into a rather large spread of varieties in this region. Other crops, such as flax, carrots, sunflower, walnut and lettuce, also have broad genetic ranges in the area.
+Siberia is home to a range of fruit-bearing trees that have adapted to the extreme cold typical of Central European winters. One example is the Mongolian or Steppe cherry. It is concentrated beyond the Volga and throughout southern Siberia, where it withstands temperatures below -50° Celsius! (10) The apple also derives from this area, particularly the European zones of the former USSR From West to East, Europe is also an important centre of diversity for spelt wheat (11), peppers, currants, berries and a range of stone fruits (12).
+While the development of these relatively indigenous crops have been important to the history of our economies in Europe, a large share of our heritage was initially imported from the Third World: the tomato, potato, rice, peppers, beans, squash and so on. Over the centuries, these tropical crops were acclimatised, adapted and adopted into local farming systems throughout Europe. And in that process, farmers and gardeners created a wealth of different varieties appropriate for their own local needs and realities.
+<section>The heritage makers</section>
+People were breeding plants long before the science of genetics was given a name. Partly this was out of necessity. You can't just up and move from southern Greece to Denmark and expect your barley to perform the same way. As people travelled, as civilisations came and went, so too did a plethora of crop varieties come into existence fashioned by the hands of farming and gardening families throughout Europe. The diversity of our climates and soils, and the evolution of pests and disease, meant that permanently adapting crops was a matter of survival.
+A critical factor that made all this possible was the genetic variation generously offered by nature and astutely manipulated by people throughout time. Before plant breeding became a science and an industry, it was an art. Seeds were continuously selected and saved. Every house had its seed store and every village 'its' particular bean or barley. And year after year, generation after generation, the seeds were handed down as part of the family treasure. They were also given as wedding gifts, exchanged for different varieties across village boundaries, and placed in tombs when an elder died.
+When maize was brought from the New World after Columbus, farmers in Portugal and Italy took to the new crop and created a wide range of local 'populations' as they adapted them to their climates and cultures. These landraces were highly diverse but stable crop types, and were the backbone of farming until professional breeders started producing pure and stable forms. Today, they are more popularly known as 'folk varieties', since people fashioned them. For Portuguese farmers, the value of developing and cultivating local landraces surely lay in profiting from the very high adaptation of maize to their environment. These folk varieties are extremely well-suited to the particular soils and specific micro-climates that abound in the Mediterranean, and which farmers generally controlled very well. A hillside exposed to northern winds or a river valley offering a peculiar combination of humidity and soil nutrients will support different varieties. And as these local landraces
+co-evolve with pests and diseases, they often provide a fair level of yield security.
+Ryes, barleys, oats and wheat's were often diversified at the local level to fit technological change on the farm. Experiments in new cropping patterns to combat troublesome diseases or adapt cereals to harsh soils when forests were cleared or wetlands drained resulted in a range of local farmer varieties adapted to specific regions. A widespread practice in traditional cereal production was actually mixing different species on the same plot. For example, English farmers in the Middle Ages commonly grew barley with oats, wheat with rye, or a cereal mixed with a legume. Different regions of the country were characterised by their peculiar mixture. Farmers in East Anglia were known to cultivate oats with peas or vetches, while others specialised in wheat, barley and rye. According to Jules Pretty, the mixtures were probably meant to result in 'smother crops', whereby competition between the crops helped to minimise the growth of weeds and thus make harvests more secure. As
+records show that there was not necessarily a productive advantage to growing these mixtures in terms of higher yield, farmers obviously valued security and sustainability by averting crop failure over the quest for superior output
+During the Renaissance in France, farmers also often grow rye and winter wheat together. Their logic was that since rye grew taller, it would protect the wheat from frost damage. Later, a system of sowing oats and barley into sprouting wheat fields to manage soils and secure a stable harvest became popular (14).
+In the Alps, farmers traditionally developed and grew a range of different potatoes in the same plot. This avoided or at least limited the degeneration of the tubers' performance. Farmers knew that if you grew each variety separately to make it easier to sort them later, in a couple of years the lonely varieties started to lose certain features that made a decent yield possible. Growing them in mixtures provided protection against these breakdowns. In Oisans, a pre-Alpine region of France, farmers used to say that mixing potatoes in the field made them 'jealous' of each other and provided some competition for growth (15). Modern scientists now explain this otherwise: mixing and rotating your potato varieties makes agronomic sense, as it fends off the accumulation of viruses that build up in plots sown to one variety alone and are inevitably transmitted to the next generation.
+Throughout the ages, farmers have not only continuously innovated and experimented in farming practices, thus generating broader genetic diversity, but also diffused the results. Informal farmer-to-farmer exchange mechanisms allowed innovations - including new crops, varieties, production systems and technologies - to spread and be tested by others for adaptation and adoption. Seed exchange was particularly important for the development and maintenance of genetic diversity on the farm. In 18th century England, farmers swapped seeds not only to have access to new varieties to test them out, but also to avoid merchants who were suspected of mixing seed stocks and offering a dubious product
+While survival, through yield security and soil and water management, was surely the driving force behind the development of most folk varieties, many odd factors contribute to the creation of this diversity. For instance, the end product has to meet consumer demands. Wheat and barley were taken through many stages of diversification in Europe as they were grown in some cultures to make beer or syrup, in others to make gruel, and in yet others later on to grind into flour and produce bread or pasta. The same can be said about potatoes, a crop introduced in the 16th century from Latin America. As it slowly gained popularity on farms and in gardens, some people selected potatoes for boiling and others for frying, creating some varieties with more starch, thinner skins and other characteristics. Peoples' preferences for different foods meant perpetually designing, testing and developing crops to suit those tastes.
+Consumer demand is not just utilitarian though, limited to energy costs or cooking customs. It is eminently cultural. As the bourgeoisie rose in Belgium after the 17th century, they took on what might seem a pathological liking for pears because they were considered an 'elegant' fruit. Their mania resulted in the creation of over one thousand distinct pear cultivars being grown in the stately gardens of this tiny country by the end of the last century (17). Just to impress!
+Sometimes even religious affiliations governed the variety of potato you grew. Philippe Marchenay, a French ethnobotanist, found that in Saint-Vérain, the highest village of Europe (2,000 metres), it was customary for the Protestants to grow red potatoes, while the yellow ones were the domain of Catholics! (18) Why exactly, no one could say. This may seem a far-out example, but our food plants can and often do have strong links to our collective identities. Even today, urban gardeners often plant their own village variety of tomato to keep those links with their roots and culture intact.
+Yet, cultivated plants are not the only element of our crop heritage in Europe. People have always tended and picked wild, spontaneous or semi-domesticated plants. François Couplan's monumental work documenting the role of wild plants in our food system shows that edible semi-domesticates have played a major role in feeding people and animals throughout European history.(19) In Britain, for example, economic management of wild plants was extremely important to rural families in the Middle Ages. As half of the peasant population had holdings that were too small to assure subsistence, they had to supplement both diets and income from external sources in order to survive. Wild plants were considered a critical resource in this respect and access to woodlands and other sources were carefully and equitably managed by local communities (20). Even today, carefully monitoring and gathering undomesticated plants - be they mushrooms, medicinal plants, forages, seaweed, nuts,
+asparagus, salad greens, forest berries or wild fruits - is still an active part of our culture, leisure and perhaps even sustenance in many parts of Europe.
+Millions of anonymous rural folk - down to our parents and grandparents - throughout Europe have spent some part of their lives keeping this heritage alive, but the act of saving a seed has become threatened with extinction by the drive toward industrialisation and integrated market economies. Today we are told that seed saving is better done by others: governments are now storing the old seeds for posterity and industry is producing newer and better seeds all the time.
+The decline in ordinary people's role in managing the wealth created, managed and handed down to us from our ancestors and relatives is a very dangerous trend. Our heritage of different crop varieties adapted to different cultures and agricultures can really thrive only where it was generated: in our backyards and farms, guided by our knowledge and needs. When you take seeds away from local farmers and gardeners and their production systems, you are severing something very deep: the intimate relations of people with the history embodied in plants and their right to stewardship over a collective patrimony, their family's, their village's, their region's.
+Culturally, this is very disturbing. We see it in Europe, the United States and throughout the Third World today, as agricultures 'develop' and become more industrialised. Shifting control and management of people's crop heritage from gardeners and farmers over to State institutes and boards of corporations promotes social and ethnic alienation. But technically and politically as well, it is a trend that must be reversed. When the development, conservation and production of planting materials is taken away from farmers and monopolised by government or industry, people are losing vital control over a very important resource to shape their lives. As put so well by Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney of RAFI, 'Someone else's seeds imply someone else's nerds.' (21) Invariably so. Our crop heritage was born of the people and should remain under their control to continue fashioning change and evolution. When this link is severed, it will take a hell of a lot of work to refashion it.
+<section>2. Diversity's decline</section>
+Less than twenty years ago you could drive through the villages of Germany or France around September-October and still find a plethora of regionally-adapted apples: some were good for baking in pies, others for making cider or sauce, yet others for eating right off the tree. But consumption alone did not make the variety. Certain types favoured high altitudes, others were less resistant to the cold. Some kept exceptionally well in the attic or cellar, while others had fruit that matured unevenly over several months.
+Today, however, most supermarkets and food shops in Western Europe offer essentially three types of apples: a red one (the Starking, from the USA), a yellow one (the so-called Golden 'Delicious', also from the USA) and a green one (the Granny Smith, or pippin, from Australia). When packaged together, they look like a traffic light signaling to the consumer: this much variety, no more.
+A couple of years ago, a survey done in the southeast of France showed that until this century, the Provençal diet was rich with 250 plant species, including vegetables, fruits and condiments. Today, barely 60 are cultivated in the region, of which only 30 make up the bulk of local consumption (1). The number of species available or in use is one measure of the genetic diversity of our food system, the number of varieties within the same crop is another. Greece, which once harboured a considerable array of local landraces of wheat developed in the different climatic zones of the country, has lost all but 5 per cent of this heritage (2). Over the past few decades alone, Greek farmers have been encouraged to abandon their regionally-adapted types and grow a few ultra-modern varieties developed in Mexico. Most of what the farmers discarded through this process is gone forever.
+Four mutually reinforcing factors are pushing Europe's food and farming systems towards greater uniformity: adverse agricultural policies, the concentration of the seed sector, plant breeding research geared towards increased homogeneity and the laws governing the seed supply.
+Together, these four potent factors are part and parcel of what we generally refer to as the industrialisation of agriculture.
+Since the end of the Second World War, and the implementation of the Marshall Plan, farming in Western Europe has undergone the most profound transformation since people started domesticating plants. Keen on creating a cheaply-fed urban labour force for rising industries and achieving food security at lower consumer prices, governments and industry went to work 'rationalising' and modernising the agricultural sector. Most of this took place through the widespread introduction of farm machinery, the development of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and genetic manipulation of crops and animals to integrate them into the new production systems and ensure higher yields. At the same time, cheap credit was offered to farmers to restructure farmlands and intensify production units.
+Much has been said about these changes. On one side, we are told that Europe now feeds itself and has become an important agricultural trade partner on the world market. Politicians incessantly argue that consumers want cheaper and cheaper food and they are getting it. But this is only true in comparison to prices for industrial commodities. Food prices at the market are in fact rising: it is the percentage of their total income that people spend on food that is dropping. On the other side, people are increasingly concerned about the abuse of chemicals on the farm and the residues that contaminate their food and water supply. Others point to the disastrous impact of the European Community's (EC) price policies for developing countries and the dumping of its products on the world market. And virtually everybody has started to worry about the cost. According to a recent report on industrial farming in The Ecologist, agricultural subsidies, representing at least 60 per cent of
+the Community's entire budget, cost EC taxpayers $40 billion a year, two-thirds of which is spent on 'managing' surpluses and subsidising exports.
+While we all see surpluses and subsidies at the centre of global trade wars today, we shouldn't overlook the fact that farm prices have been steadily reduced and production progressively concentrated among the few who can make it. From 1963 to 1983, cereal prices in the EC were cut by 45 per cent. From 1983 to 1990, they dropped another 30 per cent. Consumers might have expected that this devaluation of food, compared to other commodities, would result in cheaper prices. In fact, food prices are increasing. And much of that price increase goes to the input and processing industries, the trading companies and the shops. Each time we buy a loaf of bread in Europe, only 15 per cent of its price represents the cost of the wheat grown by a farmer. The rest goes to milling, baking, packaging, transport and marketing.
+This incredible price gap between farm and supermarket prices reflects the growing distance between producers and consumers, and gives an ever growing share of the value of food to industry. Almost 90 per cent of the food we consume is processed. The power of the food industry is overwhelming. As the physical and psychological distance grows between farmers and consumers, between the land and the cities, the food industry gains more manoeuvring space and earns bigger profits from the gap between the two. Yet, the real burden of lower prices has landed on the farmers and pushed them into the spiral of raising productivity to make up for the losses. The drive for cheaper and cheaper food has brought with it incredibly high social and environmental costs that we have yet to calculate.
+What we can calculate is the concentration and intensification of the system. Today, 75 per cent of the EC's milk is produced by a quarter of our dairy farms and 60 per cent of the cereals come from 6 per cent of the grain farms. A full 80 per cent of the pork output comes from 10 per cent of the pig producers. As for poultry, 90 per cent comes from 10 per cent of the poultry farms. At the bottom line, we are left with about ten million farmers today, with nearly half a million closing down or going out of business each year. Young farmers are completely discouraged to continue farming, even if their economic situation might allow them to go on. The EC encourages this social erosion in the name of efficiency and offers early retirement measures to close down small farms where there are no sons or daughters willing to maintain them. In order to create larger holdings and highly intensive production schemes, the EC might close down more than half of the farms within the next
+five years. More than 50 per cent of EC farmers are over 55 years old and might be enticed to take the early retirement offer.
+The result of all this has been not just an ecological, but also a socioeconomic mess. Farmers are essentially told what to grow, how to grow it and what price they will be paid for it. Consumers are told that they are paying less for food at the supermarket but are never shown the bill for the astronomic production and export subsidies dished out to farmers to make up the difference between world and European market prices. For everyone, the loss of choice and of the freedom to choose has been spectacular. The mirage of products and packages in the supermarket simply conceals the enormous concentration of the food supply.
+We are fast losing control of agriculture in Europe - that is, whatever link farming bears to culture at all. Modernisation and development are perfectly noble ideas, but when they are reduced to one model or strategy for production imposed on everybody from a small group of policy-makers they can become eminently destructive forces. As regionally adapted farming systems and the farmers who fashioned them give way to a handful of high output factory farms, we are sacrificing long term alternatives to the immediate push for productivity. All the talk today about 'sustainability' has come about because short-term interests have taken over long term strategic thinking in almost every sphere of our economy.
+The tremendous pressure towards ever greater homogeneity in Europe - from the food we eat to the clothes we wear - is undermining the basis of what is left of genetic and cultural diversity. In the plant breeding sector, the myriad family seed companies that once populated our regions have almost all been bought out by a handful of chemical and pharmaceutical multinationals. Industrial agriculture needs and breeds uniformity: ecosystems stripped to their barest minimum, a farming population made up of a few specialised entrepreneurs, a consumer model easy to serve. Yet uniformity, be it in nature or society, is highly unstable and sensitive to new and potentially explosive pressures. The standardisation and concentration of the food chain and of our increasingly market-driven cultures has put the alternatives at risk. When we want or need them anew, they may no longer be available. The question society has to ask itself is whether the costs are truly worth the benefits.
+<section>Breeding uniformity</section>
+Farmers have been breeders ever since agriculture began. But breeders have been scientists only for the past two hundred years or so - a minute fraction of plant breeding's history. The whys and hows of genetic recombinations that underpin crop improvement started to be deciphered in the 18th century, in countries such as France, Germany, Sweden and England. Rich landowners, imitating the royal elite, set up special gardens where they introduced and experimented with exotic species, with a heavy emphasis on ornamentals. Other families set up special breeding operations to develop new agricultural and horticultural crops for local farming systems.
+The Vilmorin-Andrieux family in France were pioneers in Europe's burgeoning plant breeding industry. In the 1770s, they opened the first Vilmorin seed house, outside Paris, where they experimented with and sold a range of both exotic and indigenous species to French farmers: forage beets, swedes, trees and ornamentals from the American colonies. In the 1850s, Louis de Vilmorin through his work on sugar beets figured out a scheme for crossing plants. His method was later applied to wheat and other cereals and became the basis of 'pedigree' breeding, mastered in many European countries for many crops by the late 1800s. Formerly, farmers carried out mass selection of choice individuals, taking what they liked best and reproducing from there. Pedigree breeding, by contrast, arranges a marriage of two plants in order to create new kinds of offspring.
+Henry de Vilmorin made pedigree wheat breeding the family's vocation by the 1870s. His first successes were crosses of hardy English squarehead wheats and early-maturing varieties from Aquitaine, resulting in Dattel in 1883. Vilmorin's efforts were a huge success, from Bon Fermier (Good Farmer), released in 1905, through to the famous Vilmorin 27 of 1927, and most French wheats today are direct descendants of these original crosses.
+Other European breeders active in the search for new varieties included Rimpau in Germany, who was crossing American and German wheats in the 1880s, and Broekema in the Netherlands. The famous Svalöf breeding station was established in Sweden in 1886, where Nilsson-Ehle was working to understand the logic of these genetic manoeuvres and relationships. Towards the very end of the century Polish and Russian breeders were also active in the field.
+Despite this flurry of crossing and observing, it wasn't until the early 20th century that the science of genetics, based on the neglected work of the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, was given a name and the laws of genetic variation better understood. From the 1920s onwards, plant breeding became a much more widespread activity and networks of farming families increasingly became specialised in selecting, multiplying and selling seed to other farmers. This was the birth of the seed industry as an activity divorced from crop production itself. Certain zones of Europe became specialised in seed production owing to their favourable climates: Bavaria for barley, Pévèle in the north of France for sugar beet and grains, and Brabant in Belgium for several crops (4). The innovations brought forward by small family enterprises - the Cuthberts in England, Probstdorfer Saatzucht in Austria, Benoist, Desprez and Lepeuple in France, Strube and von Lochow in Germany - were the backbone of
+modern plant breeding.
+The emergence of this private, family-based professional seed sector was greatly facilitated by public research institutes and universities. Scientists collected and stored farmers' landraces to develop new breeding populations. Over the decades, they complemented the private sector by working on crops that were less profitable or more difficult to work with genetically, particularly fruit species. They also helped develop more sophisticated breeding methods. Some companies were able to make a fortune off the backs of this vigorous public sector activity. For example, the French cooperative Limagrain - the world's fourth biggest seed company today - built its whole empire around a variety called LG11, an inbred maize line publicly released by France's National Institute for Agronomic Research after the war. One of Limagrain's technicians found out that simply by increasing the sowing dose of this seed, yields could increase dramatically (5).
+The turning point came in the 1960s with the increasing use of chemical- and petrol-based products in agriculture (machine fuel, synthetic fertiliser, herbicides, pesticides and other biocides). Agribusiness started booming on a global scale. And it was not long before the chemical, food processing and pharmaceutical giants took an interest in the seed as a logical area to invest in. The grain traders and food processors, such as Cargill or Continental Grain, could get a better grip over the food chain, from seed to harvest. The chemical and pharmaceutical houses could strike a better marriage between their main product lines and specifically bred varieties. It is simply cheaper, quicker and easier to adapt a plant to chemicals than chemicals to a plant. And as if the logic of commercial control through this kind of synergy in research emphases or in distribution were not compelling enough, new laws that offered monopoly rights over seeds boosted corporate interest in plant
+breeding significantly.
+In the space of just two decades, from 1970 onward, an enormous wave of industrial concentration and corporate investment transformed the face - and orientation - of plant breeding in Europe and in the rest of the industrialised world. Worldwide, more than 500 family businesses have been bought out completely and another 300 have been the subject of financial investments (6). The old-time names such as Clause, Hilleshög or Van der Haave are still printed on the seed packets, but their owners and capital investors are now Rhône-Poulenc, Sandoz and Suiker Unie, respectively. Today, the global seed market - which represents sales of $15-17 billion a year, of which $5-6 billion are in Europe - is largely controlled by no more than 10 to 20 firms. The top 10 companies control one-fifth of the market and the top 15 nearly a quarter (see Table 2.1). This might seem little, if compared, for example, to the concentration in the pesticides industry, where the top 12 companies control
+80 per cent of the sales. However, taking into consideration the short time frame in which the takeovers took place, and the intrinsic limitation on widespread market control of a biological, site-specific input, the concentration of the seeds industry is tremendous.
+The rising control of the corporate sector over an economic field so vital to our survival, food production, is in and of itself a matter of serious concern. But what has heightened this concern is the fact that the rise of the large private sector in commanding research and development for the future of agriculture is accompanied by a precipitous decline in the public sector's role in this field. Since the 1970s, many West European governments have been slowly pulling out of critical areas of social development such as education, health care and scientific research, leaving it to the private sector to take up the responsibility.
+When the British government sold off the prestigious Plant Breeding Institute of Cambridge in 1987, it acted more like a stockbroker than a responsible civil service. The lengthy quest for the highest bid, which the government apparently fed like a fire, led to Unilever's aquisition of the institute. What to do with the genetic resources held in the public domain by PBI appeared to be a secondary consideration. Probably in fear of public dissent, which was already rumbling abroad, the government and Unilever agreed to entrust the collection to the John Innes Institute. The same thing nearly happened itself a few years later in France, when the National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA) was rumoured to have conducted two years of quiet negotiations with the French chemical giant Rhône-Poulenc to sell off all or a number of its public plant breeding stations. At the last moment, INRA apparently got cold feet and backed out.
+In the field of agricultural research, the role of the public sector is critical - one we cannot forfeit in the name of limited, short-term interests. By its very nature, the private sector will only invest where there is a quick buck to be made. In plant breeding, this is largely limited to applied research on annual crops that can be hybridised at a reasonable cost and marketed over the largest area. Who is supposed to do the basic research and development, assuming that is necessary? Who will invest in the crops that industry cannot make a profit on? Who will serve the market niches - including marginal areas and farmers that cannot afford expensive technology - that are invisible to and bypassed by the global seedsmen? A public-private balance is essential to provide options and alternatives. Pressure to let vested interests breed our crops and withdraw public funding for research is destroying that balance and compromising our range of options heavily.
+<section>Uniformity from the lab</section>
+In assessing the state of the genetic base of European farming, a first and simple factor to look at is the amount of varieties actually offered by the breeders. We are often told that the private sector, with its incentives to invest, provides more varieties for the seed market, and thus does a better service to diversity. A look at the brief history of industrial plant breeding shows that this is certainly not always the case. Take France, for example. The pioneering seed company Vilmorin-Andrieux offered, on its own, in 1925, almost as many varieties of some vegetables as the entire French national list in 1981! For specific vegetables, such as certain beans, cabbages, garden beet, melon and onion, this single family company had more varieties to offer than are now available on the entire French seed market (Table 2.2).
+While numbers can be stunning, a more complex and significant factor to consider is how genetically diverse the different varieties really are. It might be nice to have hundreds of different wheat varieties on the market, but how distinct are they from each other, genetically speaking? Do they have different forms of resistance to rusts or mildew, or identical ones? Are they built on the same yield complexes or distinct ones? What proportion of hybrid maizes or sunflowers are derived from a common inbred parental line? Only at this level can we assess true genetic diversity among cultivars. Again the picture for European agriculture is hardly encouraging.
+Generally speaking, the history of plant breeding, with its progressive concentration of actors and recycling of well-performing germplasm, is leading agriculture into a genetic downward spiral. Some call it 'the funnel effect', as illustrated by graph 2. Starting with a relatively wide selection of landraces, or folk varieties, collected from farmers and gardeners throughout Europe, institutional breeding has been an exercise in perfecting and reperfecting that material, to such an extent that almost all of the top breeders are basically using only highly purified and stable 'elite' material - which is extremely uniform. While major corporations usually do not reveal exactly what germplasm they are using, this overall impression was recently confirmed in private by a representative of Ciba-Geigy (7).
+In 1986, a survey was carried out among European breeders working with the onion family (Alliaceae, which includes onions, leeks, garlic and shallots) and with barley, to determine what kind of genetic materials they use and how useful genebank collections of varieties are to them. The results of the study are alarming. They show that for both crop groups and for the main objectives, breeders predominantly use elite materials composed of breeders' lines and advanced cultivars from breeders' collections (Tables 2.3 and 2.4). Breeders are often reluctant to use wild species and landraces, as it is difficult to transfer the right gene from a wild source into a well-adapted cultivar without transferring a lot of genetic garbage along with it. They are much happier to work with an already proven and predictable breeding base, which means they are recycling uniformity. This is exactly the kind of breeding approach that reinforces the funnel effect.
+When we look at wheat, the narrowness of the genetic base is also shocking. Annick Le Blanc and her colleagues Jean Koenig and Louis Jestin at the INRA station in Clermont-Ferrand, have been studying the pedigree of French wheats and barley down to the molecular level. Their findings confirm the general impression: 'Genetic variability of French wheat cultivars has decreased' the breeders having crossed only a few well-known progrenitors.' (8) Researchers have shown that all of France's current wheats are descendants of one folk variety called Noé (or Noah), a population developed by the villagers of Odessa, in the Ukraine, last century. However, some modern breeders still contest these findings. Michel Desprez, of the Desprez family which in the 1940s developed Cappelle, a variety that can be traced in most of today's French wheats, is hard to convince. 'I don't believe that the variability of cultivars has been reduced,' he told GRAIN. 'On the contrary,for many plants,
+such as wheat or barley, the genetic basis of the varieties marketed new is much wider than the same basis thirty years ago.' (9) But he offered no evidence to support his belief.
+In Germany, most wheat varieties carry Carsten VIII in their pedigree. Of the seven winter wheat cultivars released in Germany in 1986, five derive from Caribo, which is itself a cross between France's Capelle and Carsten (10). In all these cases we can see clearly that breeders started off with a minimal range of well-adapted landraces, stabilised some 'top performance' breeding lines geared for high yield, and have been recycling this narrow pool since. The motto has clearly been, 'Cross the best and hope for the best (11).'
+When we look at the sugar beet varieties being churned out in Germany and the Netherlands today, the narrowness of the germplasm base has breeders openly alarmed. According to Anton Zeven, of the Agricultural University at Wageningen, 'European sugar beet cultivars all carry the same genotype for beet yellow virus susceptibility,' a major threat to beet production (12). Researchers in Germany also point out that today's sugar beet hybrids also carry the same identical source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) (13). This is no minor problem: a fungus caused a 15 per cent harvest loss of American maize in 1971, due to widespread use of one source of CMS there.
+As to the cabbage family, breeders only maintain and use highly uniform inbred lines, despite the wealth of landraces developed by European farmers and gardeners over the centuries. Breeders themselves fear that large scale hybridisation of cabbage-related crops could replace these landraces if they are not collected and ultimately wipe-out a treasure chest of resources for future breeding (14).
+The point is not only that most of our crop varieties are remixtures of each other, offering little real diversity to farmers, but also that diversity has disappeared. As Anton Zeven of the Agricultural University at Wageningen puts it, 'Is the genetic variation of the present day cultivars in the Netherlands less than that of all the landraces grown here before? Nobody knows.' (15) And we may never know, for many of those landraces are gone for ever. Many people think it is likely that there was greater genetic variability among our complex old folk varieties and locally adapted landraces than among our current hybrids and highly elite seeds, which are so genetically close to each other except for a chromosome here or an enzyme there. Yet to others, that single chromosome or minute enzyme makes all the difference in the world between one tomato and another. Is this diversity?
+Breeding uniformity is not only a question of what materials you use and re-use, but what you breed for. Over the past decades, in many cases the single major focus has been yield, to the detriment of disease resistance, taste, nutrition, and other qualitative factors. In French wheat, again, the story is clear. From Table 2.5 we can see that over time, wheat breeders have focused their attention on early ripening and yield, rather than disease resistance or bread-making quality. Aside from the glaring fixation on yield, the assumption was obviously that susceptibility to disease can be compensated through chemical treatments, which indeed have become necessary with this type of breeding. The lack of focus on baking qualities, results in the current situation where France - a major bread-eating country - is obliged to import decent wheat from Germany to meet the requirements of the French baking industry (16).
+There is really very little evidence available to paint a clear picture of how diverse (and secure) or narrow (and insecure) the genetic base of our food supply really is. No serious research has been carried out to assess where crop breeding is going with respect to genetic diversity; in fact throughout GRAIN's survey on the question, many public sector scientists concerned about genetic erosion complained about this. The little information we have often seems anecdotal and there are huge differences of opinion as to what diversity really is and how you measure it. Part of the problem is that the privatisation of plant breeding has brought with it the privatisation of germplasm collections and information about breeding programmes. Another part of the problem is that no one has taken this question seriously enough to find an answer to it.
+The answer is important both for farmers and for consumers, but we can make judgements based only on general impressions. It is clear that what is coming out of today's breeding system is uniformity. Part of this is because breeders are pressured to service an increasingly homogenous and intensified agriculture, focused on gaining yield over any other factor. But another part of this is because the big breeders of today look for quick and cheap solutions to problems in the field or in their market share. This leads to a narrow fascination with single, quick-shot super genes rather than working with broad variation, obsolete or wild materials, and complex genetic structures.
+In fact, when sounding out breeders about future developments in this respect, it seems that many place their hopes on genetic engineering and other tools of biotechnology to bring more diversity into the European crop sector. Now that we can cross species barriers by genetic engineering we can create whole new combinations of genetic material. With molecular markers we will be able meticulously to locate specific genes for minute functions in plants and move them around more precisely. And, so we are told, all of this will bring novel genetic variation into our crops.
+We have our doubts, and very serious ones indeed. The current narrow focus on single gene remedies to major problems in crop production ignores the fact that plants contain tens of thousands of genes that contribute to the plant's physical make up, which itself interacts in a specific and highly variable environment. Reducing this diversity to its minute, molecular components destroys its very nature. Plants may be composed of sequences of DNA, but focusing on parts shatters our vision of the whole.
+Some scientists also have grave doubts about whether a molecular approach to crop breeding will bring diversity to European agriculture. They see the limits and even the dangers of the technology, but they also point to the economic framework within which biotechnology is being developed. Franco Lorenzetti of the Institute for Plant Genetic Improvement in Perugia is concerned about how new ways of producing seeds for farmers could result in a loss of variation on the farm. 'The manipulation of the mode of reproduction and possibility of using tissue culture and artificial seed production for agricultural crops could have great negative impacts on genetic diversity.' (17) Both of the novel approaches Lorenzetti mentions are aimed at mass producing identical clones, which could easily be wiped out by a disease epidemic if grown on large holdings. A great number of researchers point out that biotechnology can only provide a few new genes that will have to be inserted in current
+cultivars, resulting in no major introduction of diversity.
+While the technology has its limits, the economic environment will have a large role to play in determining the impact of biotechnology on crop genetic diversity in Europe. For one thing, lots of people point to the price tag attached to these high-tech approaches. In the view of Hans Doll of the Riso National Laboratory in Roskilde, Denmark, 'As biotechnology is so costly to utilise, it is very likely that only the "big crops" will he improved this way. Therefore it is very likely that biotechnology will result in a reduction in the number of cultivated species.' (18) Richard Flavell, head of the John Innes Institute in Norwich, a hothouse of plant biotech research in the UK, goes even further. 'I would expect [biotechnology] to reinforce the trends to fewer varieties created by fewer breeders.' (19) The erosion - corporate and genetic - could be tremendous.
+The true genius of plant breeding lies in the development of vast genetic complexes, such as those that constitute the landraces and folk seeds our great grandparents handed down to us. They did not know genetics as such, but they worked with whole plant populations within complex environments. Moving a microscopic fragment of DNA from one plant cell into another will not create genetic - or biological diversity. Nor will it return to millions of European farmers the stability, security and ecological dynamics that have been removed from their fields.
+<section>Erosion on the farm</section>
+In the second half of 1990, GRAIN carried out a survey among public agronomic research institutes, genebanks, conservation organisations and industry in Western Europe. We asked for concrete information on genetic erosion at the national and European levels. Response was quite high, showing a keen (and somewhat morbid) interest in the subject. The general feedback was that no one knows with any great precision what has been lost. No analytical statistics are available on genetic erosion in Europe, just a vast swamp of muddy impressions. As Louis Jestin of INRA's Cereal Genetic Resources Programme put it, 'Reliable data are simply lacking, and imagination should not replace facts.' (20) We certainly agree. But at the same time, lack of imagination should not replace the need to come to grips with the causes and magnitude of the problem.
+There are several ways to assess genetic erosion on the farm in Europe. One is to look at the number of crops or species being grown in a given region or country. Another is to look at the number of varieties per crop being planted to the fields.
+Losing crops
+Historically, farmers have continuously shifted their cropping patterns in response to changing demands from their families, environments or external markets. In the process, they have imported and adapted new crops and abandoned old ones. However, that process had never been geared towards uniformity to any great fashion until the past century. The most visible form of genetic erosion is the decline in the total number of crops we grow and live from. The range of cereals, vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants - not to mention forest and industrial crops - that form part of an ordinary farming system in Europe today has dropped vastly. As mixed cropping systems succumb to monocultures, and specialisation in only one or two crops takes over, the range of species in our food supply is dwindling more and more.
+In wheats, for example, the rustic emmers, spelts and einkorns have all but given way to the uniform soft and durum types (for making bread and pasta, respectively). Scientific expeditions throughout the Mediterranean and Central Europe, carried out jointly by Italy and East Germany since 1980, report the tremendous decline of these hardy cereals among local farmers (21). They can usually be found only in mountainous regions of Italy or Greece and the eastern zones of Moravia and Slovakia where they are grown in mixtures, that provide for enormous heterogeneity and stability of yield. In Calabria, southern Italy, once a cereal farming zone, rural emigration has been so strong that by 1986 the only relic of wheat cultivation to be found was one solitary farmer who was growing durum and bread wheat together, to improve the quality of the flour (22).
+Cultivation of oats and rye are also declining as forage grasses and legumes such as silage maize and colza take their place. Both of these cereals were the backbone of many rural economies in Europe because they were hardy, could withstand difficult environments and provided a range of outputs on the farm. But today, rare are the farms in Europe where you can still find cultivated rye growing with its wild progenitor Secale strictum lining the edge or smack in the middle of the field, to promote the natural exchange of genetic characters (23)!
+Despite the fact that many of the crops developed in Europe were valued for their health care function from the start, the regression of medicinal and aromatic plants has been marked in most countries over the past decades. Pre-war Germany was the site of 10,000 hectares devoted to the cultivation of medicinal plants. Today, that figure has dropped to 1,100 hectares of which 700 are in Bavaria 4. The situation may be similar in other European countries and valuable landraces will surely by lost if local gardeners do not pass them on. In tact, according to Vernon Heywood of IUCN, the World Conservation Union, 'IBPGR [the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources] was asked a few Years a,go to leek into the question of genetic erosion in medicinal plants and was unable to discover any. Subsequently they admitted that they had not made a very good job of this study and that there is indeed quite a lot of evidence for such genetic erosion, both in Europe and elsewhere.'
+In Spain and Portugal, as well as other Mediterranean countries, legumes such as vetch peas, cowpeas, lupin beans, favas (or broad beans), lentils and chickpeas have long been major crops alongside cereals, providing a stable diet for people and animals and fertilising the soils with precious nitrogen from the air. As well, a whole range of 'minor legumes' were a traditional part of farming systems until a few years ago. These include chickling vetch, bitter vetch and lentil vetch. Except for the common Phaseolus bean, genetic erosion has been great in most of these crops, and many species and varieties have disappeared from the farms (26).
+Hard data on what farmers and gardeners are sowing in Europe are extremely hard to come by. Until a responsible survey is done, as the European Parliament has been requesting for almost ten years now for the EC countries, we can only try to sew together the bits and pieces of information available.
+The situation in the Netherlands - one of the rare countries for which such information is available - shows that agricultural production is highly concentrated on just a few crops. Depending on the region, wheat is often sown in rotation with two root crops, sugar beet and potato, while livestock holders grow maize as fodder. This is a reflection of the high level of simplification and specialisation of Dutch agriculture. Graph 3 shows the breakdown of crop coverage in the Netherlands in 1990, whereby a full 80 per cent of Dutch farmlands were sown to merely four crops
+Few other data on crop use in Europe are available, but it is likely that the situation in the Netherlands is hardly an exception. Obviously, the fact that European farmers are sowing fewer and fewer crops has a lot to do with the agricultural policies set out in Brussels. Due to Brussels' agricultural price policies, the number of crops on which farmers can (more or less) make a living is shrinking by the day. The main reason why Dutch farmers still include wheat in their farming systems is not so much for the income they derive from it, but rather to ensure a healthy rotation with root crops such as beet and potato. The concentration on fewer crops may further increase under the new directions enshrined in the reform of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). More and more agricultural production will be moved to those areas where it is cheapest. We might end up with a situation where the Dutch provide all the milk for the EC, the French the wheat and the Germans the
+potatoes. On a regional basis, this will certainly further narrow down the variety of crops that farmers are sowing.
+Losing varieties
+If data on what crops European farmers are sowing are hard to get, information on the varieties they use is even more difficult to find. Back in 1989, we tried scanning national statistics to draw up some assessment of varietal uniformity in the EC for a study we carried out for the European Commission. We did not have too much luck. The Netherlands traditionally provides the most complete information, as their varietal market is strictly monitored and controlled. The French administration also permanently monitors the seed market, although information is available in a scattered form. For the other European countries, few comprehensive statistics are available so we could only suggest relative trends.
+The general picture, however, is devastating. For example, the Cruciferae family - including cabbage, cauliflower, radish, turnip, mustard and rape - has traditionally been one of Europe's prime sources of vegetables and oils. Yet the enormous variability of farmers' populations are ceding to the economic attraction of potentially high-yielding F1 hybrids - a one-shot offspring of two parents that yields exceptionally, but only for one generation. An inventory carried out in France in 19X6 discovered almost 300 farmer-populations of cauliflower still in cultivation (28). But many of them were on the verge of being lost as small farmers went out of business. This was particularly the case in Brittany, which along with Italy represents one of Europe's prime centres of genetic diversity in cauliflowers. Yet the biggest irony is that today the bulk of Europe's cauliflower production comes from a few specialised farms in Brittany and Italy, but using a handful of uniform hybrids.
+A tragic case of squandered wealth, especially since the old genetic complexes often carried important sources of disease resistance. Today's cauliflower grower has to use fungicide sprays to compensate for the lost characteristic.
+Among the legumes, edible lupins have a particularly long history in southern Europe. It has been estimated that rural folk in the Balkans selected white lupins for their pigment-inhibiting genes some 4000 years ago (29). North-eastern Greece - Thrace and Macedonia - has been the scene of severe genetic erosion in this once important pulse crop, mostly due to over-grazing and expanding wheat cultivation. Villagers still remember the old varieties but they are unlocatable today (30). In Spain, too, the local variation in the white and yellow lupins is on the decline as newly introduced sweet varieties, such as Tremosilla, take over (31). When the organic farming proponent Philippe Desbrosses commenced his crusade in the early 1980s to rehabilitate the cultivation of blue lupin in the Sologne region of France, the national banks refused him credit. Blue lupin, extremely rich in protein and less bitter than the others, used to be widely cultivated in the Mediterranean for
+forage and was diversified into many local folk varieties. Today, however, State circles would prefer that innovative European farmers just keep quiet about such adapted alternatives for self-sufficiency in protein crops and continue using Brazil's soya.
+In fruits, the replacement of traditional cultivars with more uniform types is rampant throughout Europe. Much of the diversity for stone fruits, nuts, apples and pears is relegated to private family gardens, as market production orchards are mostly sold on mechanical harvesting and synchronised ripening, which is characteristic of modern strains. Today, 93 per cent of France's apple production is assured by a few imported varieties, mainly from North America, of which the Golden Delicious alone represents 71 per cent. Almond production, once a source of pride and a local trademark of Mediterranean Spain and southern France, is almost totally converted there to a few high-yielding varieties from California.
+A look at the sparse data of how few varieties of the main crops are dominating the scene in European agriculture provides alarming information. Table 2.6 provides percentages of the crop areas sown to the top varieties of the main crops in the Netherlands. In many crops, Dutch farmers sow close to 90 per cent of their acreage to only three varieties. With the sole exception of fodder maize, at least three-quarters of all major Dutch crops are sown to no more than three cultivars. In some crops, such as spring barley and potato, one single variety dominates over three quarters of the area sown to that crop.
+The situation is similar in France. The Office National Inter-professionnel des Céréales (ONIC) is the only body that carries out surveys among farmers to record the varieties in use. The surveys are done at the farmgate level when harvests are delivered to cooperatives, and the data are limited to the main cereals.
+The results, reported in Table 2.7, show a somewhat lesser degree of uniformity in France than in the Netherlands, but the uniformity is still impressive. In durum wheat the top two varieties, Cando and Ambral, account for more than 50 per cent of the surface area cultivated. Ten durum wheat cultivars occupy nearly the entire sector (88 per cent). In bread wheat, France's major cereal crop, the top two varieties represent almost a third of production and the top ten just over 70 per cent. The two lead barley cultivars, Plaisant and Express, account for over 42 per cent of the crop while the top ten climb close to the 75 per cent mark.
+In the United Kingdom, the national potato crop is dependent on just a few top-selling varieties. Among the first early varieties sown, the top three cover 68 per cent of area devoted to them. Among the second earlies, the top three claim 71 per cent of the surface. In both of these cases, the number one potato variety covers nearly 40 per cent of the fields planted to this popular tuber. British farmers and gardeners growing potatoes during the main season plant nearly half (49 per cent) of their holdings to just three cultivars (32).
+These are alarming figures. French, British and Dutch agriculture depend on just a handful of different crop varieties, many of them genetically not too distinct from each other. There is no reason to believe that the situation in other European countries is substantially different. Again, the data we were able to pull together are scratchy and very incomplete. The following table provides some additional information. The conclusion remains the same. Crop production in Europe is something of a genetic timebomb, destined to explode. The vast sameness plaguing our fields is an open invitation to destruction and disaster. One bug could do it all.
+Table 2.8: Genetic poverty on the farm in Europe
+Wheat
+· More than 90 per cent of the French bread wheat varieties registered and sold to farmers over the past 30 years share at least one common parent in their pedigree; only 9 per cent are truly original types.
+· Nearly half of the German wheat varieties registered for sale in 1986 derived from the same parent, Caribo. Caribo itself is derived from the French variety Cappelle, one of the top three wheat progenitors used in France. (These top three are found in nearly half the bread wheat seed on the French market.)
+· The top four varieties cover about two-thirds of the crop's acreage in West Germany through the 1980s.
+· The top four varieties represent 71 per cent of Britain's winter wheat acreage. Barley
+· On 3 October 1990, the date of German 'reunification', East German farmers were prohibited from growing varietal mixtures of barley to produce a more uniform product for the West German brewing industry.
+Maize
+· In 1986, 60 per cent of the French maize harvest came from five varieties. Of these five, all but one were produced by one firm, France-Maïs, which is owned by the American company Pioneer Hi-Bred.
+· Some 80 per cent of the maize seed produced in France in 1979 had either F7 or F2xF7 as a parent. Both F2 and F7 were created in the 1950s from the folk population Monts de Lacanne.
+Rye
+· In the 1980s, the single variety Halo accounted for half the acreage planted to rye in West Germany.
+Sunflower
+· In the mid-1980s, two varieties, Mirasol and Frankasol, both produced by Cargill, represented more than 50 per cent of France's sunflower production.
+Potato
+· All European potato cultivars derive from two plants brought in the 15th century. Despite the introduction of wild materials, all cultivated potatoes in Europe carry genetic traces of their common ancestor, Rough Purple Chili.
+· One variety, Bintje, developed in the 1940s, covers nearly 80 per cent of the potato fields in the Netherlands.
+Sugar beet
+· All cultivated European varieties carry the same genotype for susceptibility to Beet Yellow Virus.
+· Widespread occurrence of powdery mildew in northwest Europe viewed as a 'timely warning' to broaden genetic variation in this crop.
+· All European sugar beet hybrids are based on the same source of cytoplasmic male sterility, isolated in the 1940s.
+Fruits
+· Three cultivars make up two-thirds of the newly planted apple crop in Czechoslovakia, replacing most landraces over the past 20 years.
+Vegetables
+· In 1980, more than 1,500 distinctly named varieties were banned from the EC market under the pretext that they were 'synonyms'; independent researchers showed that fewer than 40 per cent were actually different names for the same variety, while more than 60 per cent were originals, simply denigrated by the private sector as not worth the bather to maintain.
+Source: Compiled by GRAIN from a range of sources including Broadening the Genetic Base of Crops (Pudoc, 1978), P.B. Joly and M.A. Hermitte, Biotechnologies et Brevets (CNRA/INRA, 1991), M. Glachant, La Diversité Biologique Végétale: Elements d'Economie (CERNA 1991), Biological Diversity: A Challenge to Science, the Economy and Society (European Commission FAST Programme, 1987), and various issues of Semences et Progrès.
+<section>The legal frames at work</section>
+Among the most controversial forces behind the unabating decline of our crop genetic heritage in Europe are the legal and regulatory frameworks that govern activities in the seed sector. There are basically two types of law at work here: those that dictate which seeds can be sold on the market, and those that determine who owns them.
+The first set of rules are what we call marketing regulations and they go back to the 1920s, when the breeding sector was starting to organise itself and become a little bit more punchy. The initiative to set up standards for selling seeds came from the profession itself, especially flower and fruit breeders. They wanted to put some order in the marketplace and regulate competition a bit. Government judged it was in the interest of farmers and gardeners to have some measure of quality control on what they were being offered.
+From the mid-1920s, the first rules started taking shape all around Europe, providing for the official registration of superior new varieties. The laws date from 1925 in France, 1933 in Germany, 1938 in Austria, and 1941 in the Netherlands. In general, they applied first to the major crops, such as wheat, maize, potato or sugar beet, before being slowly and progressively extended to other crops. Vegetables, in particular those in which the private breeding sector was not too active, usually came last, and some not at all. Asparagus, endive, broccoli, and celeriac are still missing from many European lists. In some countries, such as Austria and Sweden, vegetable species are exempt from mandatory registration. In Switzerland, registration only applies to cereals, maize and potato.
+To be registered on a national list and certified for sale, a variety has to fulfil a set of specific criteria. These criteria differ somewhat from country to country in Europe. However they have a common denominator, referred to as the 'DUS' test. To figure on an official list and be legally marketable, a variety must be distinct, or distinguishable from all others on the market; it must be uniform, that is all the individuals of the variety must be the same; and it has to be stable, passing on its salient traits from one generation to the next. In addition, many governments set down further standards for admission on their national list. Most stipulate that the variety show some value for cultivation and use.
+The enforcement of the DUS principles and the ruling out of any variety that does not satisfy them, has caused a terrible loss of genetic diversity in our fields and gardens. As they spread from crop to crop, varietal certification laws set extremely rigid standards and marginalised a plethora of varieties, especially those developed by farmers. In particular, the strict demand for uniformity has reduced the diversity commercially available in a given crop for further breeding. Forget about trying to market heterogeneous landraces or an old cultivar. They may be interesting from an ecological perspective or be more adapted to certain farming practices, such as low external input agriculture, but their inherent variability would upset the 'thoroughbred' seed supply. J. Hutchinson, an observer of crop evolution, put it most bluntly when he stated, 'In the European Economic Community we are engaged in making sure that none but the most advanced varieties are allowed to be sold
+in the area, thereby very greatly restricting the diversity that is available to us.
+At the same time, these certification schemes narrow down the number of actors who can abide by the rules. Many a creative gardener or non-profit association may take great pleasure in selecting new crop varieties; they may even develop varieties that match the DUS standards. But to pass the certification procedure and get registered on the list costs time and money. Today in the United Kingdom, for example, it costs some $10,000 to register a new variety and keep it on the list for ten years. In France this costs you $40,000. And the fee is the same whether your new variety sells one thousand packets or one million. Obviously, it is not enough to be creative and rigorous to participate in the seed market. You must be rich and pay for the heavy administrative charges and focus on just a few best-sellers.
+The seed market crash
+Everyone seems to remember when stockmarkets crash. And rightly so, after all, when money grows scarce, so will food. But who takes any notice when seed markets crash? Are the effects not similar and probably more long-lasting? June 30 1980 will go down in the history of the EC as the day technocracy triumphed over common sense and the sense of responsibility for plant genetic diversity. That day, the bureaucrats in Brussels deleted from existence more than 1,500 plant varieties from 23 vegetable species. Our crop heritage slashed by the stroke of a pen!
+In pure single-market logic, the EC member states decided to amalgamate their national lists into a Common Catalogue and thus create a common seed supply available to all. To be sold in the Community, a variety would have to be registered either on a national list or on the EC list. But the process of amalgamating turned out to be a nightmare. As it was obvious that some varieties were being marketed in different countries under different names, there was a clear interest in rationalising this duplication in the Community. But how to go about it? Growing them all out for some kind of 'genetic sincerity' test would be physically impossible. The European Commission found no other solution than to beg the seed companies to provide a list of what they deemed to be duplicates. The companies eagerly agreed and came up with a 'hit list' of 1,547 vegetables as candidates for deletion.
+Gardening and farming organisations grew alarmed when they saw it. The UK-based Henry Doubleday Research Association took a closer look at the list of 'synonyms', and came to a startling conclusion: only 38 per cent of the proposed deletions were actually synonyms for the same variety! Nearly 1000 distinct vegetables were being earmarked for extinction simply because the industry thought of them as unwanted competitors on their common seed market. Or in the words of one observer: 'Brussels offered the new seedsmen a golden collective opportunity to not only "rationalize" their own offerings, but also to get rid of the low-profit competition offered by non-hybrid or non-proprietary varieties: Europe's traditional cultivars that belonged to no one.' 4 The companies and bureaucrats got it their way and with the stroke of a pen a thousand genetically diverse cultivars were written out of commercial existence.
+That was 12 years ago and it might happen again soon. Grumblings are being heard again among administrators within national Ministries of Agriculture and the European Commission about the excessive volume of the Common Catalogue. Despite the decline in plant breeders and the rising costs to make it on the list, the number of varieties approved for marketing today has grown to headache proportions once again and the bureaucrats want to cut it down. The question is who will set the guidelines for 'rationalization', how will they be measured and who will be warned in advance of the next crash?
+Staking ownership over seeds
+The second body of law governing the seed sector relates to what are called intellectual property rights. Starting in the 1920s, professional breeders in Europe began clamouring for some legal protection of their work. Although plants and animals could not be patented, and the food sector had to be protected from monopolies, they wanted some specific rewards and remuneration for their work. The answer took decades to draw up: a totally special form of intellectual property called Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR). PBR is something like a patent adapted to the world of agriculture: it tries to respect the needs of breeders and farmers alike. Although it provides a form of monopoly control over plants, this covers only the commercial use of the variety for seed production. The genetic code of the plant itself, and the process of manipulating it, remain part of the inappropriable universe.
+Thus, varieties protected by PBR could be freely used by breeders to develop new ones, which is how innovation in plant breeding takes place: you have to improve on an existing variety. At the same time, farmers, now obliged to pay royalties on protected varieties, were assured the right to use their harvest from the crop as new seed. After all, putting aside the best part of the harvest for next year's sowing has been the cornerstone of crop production since agriculture began.
+Together, these two derogations - called the breeder's exemption and the farmer's privilege - were meant to guarantee some form of access to genetic resources, which were the building blocks of all further innovations in the agricultural sector. Barricading that access through exclusive monopolies, such as patents provide, would undermine the future of breeding and food production. Or so it was understood in 1961, when a handful of European states signed the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention). This convention lays down the international principles of PBR and has twenty members today, all from the industrialised world. One of the basic tenets of PBR was that it should be the only form of intellectual property available for plant varieties.
+But its total overhaul fell upon us in 1991. With the March 1991 revision of the UPOV Convention, many of the specificities of PBR were eroded, to make it more like a patent right than ever. The ban on double protection was removed, leaving it open for member states to offer both patent and PBR protection on plants if they so wish. Further, the farmer's privilege and breeder's exemption have been greatly restricted. If farmers want to reuse seed now, they have to pay additional royalties. And breeders can only freely use other breeders' varieties to create new ones if they make major - not just cosmetic - changes to the plant's genome.
+But what effect has PBR had on genetic diversity to date? Again, the viewpoints diverge. Non-governmental organisations concerned with control over plant genetic resources have been arguing for two decades now that PBR does not promote innovation in the breeding sector and reduces the availability of germplasm. By providing incentives to the private sector through guaranteed commercial control over new varieties and royalty payments on seeds, it was assumed that PBR would stimulate a more active breeding industry to the benefit of farmers and consumers alike. By making seeds an attractive investment, we would have more choice offered to us than from an unstimulated, unprotected and hence lethargic public sector. We would get more and better; we would get the fruits of competition.
+Unfortunately, none of these promises have been fulfilled. PBR may have stimulated corporate involvement in the seed industry, but that involvement has resulted in there being fewer actors competing on the market. PBR may have promoted the development of more nominal plant varieties on the market, but we have no assurance that there is more genetic diversity among those varieties. Many, if not most, are slight modifications of each other. The concentration of the industry means that the genepool effectively utilised in plant breeding is all the more narrow.
+What we can regret most in Europe is the fact that thirty years of plant breeders' rights have done little to promote genetic diversity in our crops and much more to restrict it. While, technically speaking, PBR has represented a liberal 'compromise' regime of access to genetic resources, its impact on the structure of the industry has nullified many potential benefits of this set up. Worse, perhaps, it nudged open the door to the full-fledged patenting of plants and animals.
+Patenting life is not a yet a legal reality in Europe, although we are on the precipice. Much will be decided by the fate of the European Commission's proposed directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, which at the time of writing is about to be voted on by the European Parliament - an institution with no power at all against the omnipotent Commission or Council of Ministers.
+Of all the implications of this proposal (35), its impact on genetic diversity in Europe will be one of the most profound. Patents will allow for tremendous restrictions on the availability and exchange of genetic resources. Scientists and NGOs will be all the less willing to share their materials for fear they will be (mis)appropriated. Many may even be inclined to join with rather than fight the system, which could bring a final blow to the largely dwindling independence and social accountability of the public agronomic research system. Why should tax payers, starting with farmers, accept this double standard? Farmers, in fact, will be required to pay three taxes on biogenetic research, with no say in its direction: first, to the public research system, heavily exploited and manipulated by private industry; second, on the seeds they buy in the market; and third, for every consequent generation of that patented seed that they reuse. Some varieties of tomorrow may even carry
+several patents on them for several different genes.
+Also, instead of greater variability in crops, we will certainly see biotechnology corporations using the patent system to build economic fortresses around just a few genes or simple genetic constructs: those that code for herbicide tolerance, resistance to antibiotics or insects, longer shelf life. Many of these will be single gene solutions, meaning that they are easily overcome by pests and diseases, making farming a more vulnerable enterprise rather than a more secure one.
+These legal frameworks, directing the profit opportunities from research and setting the rules of the market, are perhaps one of the most powerful factors behind the decline of our agricultural diversity and, ultimately, food security. Together, rigid certification rules and strong monopoly rights do everything to keep ordinary people and their local varieties out of the seed supply that should offer alternatives and choices, rather than uniform solutions.
+<section>3. Genebank or bust</section>
+'In some cases, we may be losing as much diversity in the genebanks as we are in the fieds.'
+Participants in the Keystone International Dialogue on Plant Genetic Resources, 1991
+The threat of genetic erosion to the future of crop breeding and agriculture itself wasn't recognised until just a few decades ago. European scientists began sensing the problem at the end of the last century, when they realised that farmers' landraces constituted a precious basis for future breeding. The imperative for them was to collect these seeds and get to work on them. Later, in the 1960s, the world at large woke up to the fact that the uniform seeds of the Green Revolution were irreversibly replacing the incredible and unique diversity of local crops where that diversity was strongest, where it originated: in farmers' fields throughout the Third World. This time the imperative was not just to collect what was on its road to extinction but to conserve it indefinitely as a source of options for tomorrow's needs.
+Over the decades, the official sector developed a simple method of conserving our genetic heritage: genebanks. And they have banked most of their efforts in this approach to genetic resources management, taking seeds out of the field and putting them away in cold storage. In the past twenty years, though, the technical failings and political problems associated with the genebank system have become increasingly apparent, sparking off a wave of initiatives to mend what is going wrong and also to develop sound alternatives to this single option. Yet, in Europe and elsewhere, we are still a long way from agreeing on the problems and adopting the reforms.
+<section>Banking on diversity</section>
+In the early part of this century, a robust and indefatigable Russian botanist by the name of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov unfolded a scientific vision that no one could have put together before him. While many 19th-century Europeans wrote and thought about the origins of our crop plants, Vavilov went out to find them. What he found was perhaps not exactly what he was looking for, but infinitely more important.
+In 1916, Vavilov went out plant collecting with colleagues in northern Iran, and he did not stop until his arrest back home in 1940 - more than 50 countries and 160,000 seed samples later. These unprecedented ethnobotanical journeys allowed Vavilov to confirm that crops had been domesticated in precise regions of the world, which he called centres of origin. But the real revolution came with his evidence that the eight centres of origin he identified coincided with centres of diversity: geographical pockets of incredible genetic variation within crops. His evidence lay in the mosaic of Afghan and Ethiopian wheats, Peruvian potatoes and Japanese radishes that he and his colleagues amassed over the continents and brought back to the Soviet Union.
+The purpose of Vavilov's travels was not idle plant curiosity. It was the practical need to breed better crops for Soviet food production. Most European plant breeders were content to collect and cross already well-adapted local farmers' varieties and some had built up large and representative collections: Vilmorin's wheats in France, Weibullsholm's peas in Sweden, von Proskowitz's barleys in Germany. Vavilov, however, recognised the need to employ an even broader genetic base in breeding programmes. Under his direction from 1920-40, the Institute of Plant Industry at Leningrad became Europe's - indeed the world's - first genebank, and pioneered a whole new approach to crop improvement based on the total genepool of a crop, including weedy relatives and wild species as unique sources of important characteristics. This wider circle of ancestors and relatives of our domesticated crops provided a critical untapped wealth of genes for resistance to disease and pathogens, as well
+as breading material to broaden the adaptive range of a crop. The whole world, not just Europe, was to become a treasure chest for plant breeding.
+Vavilov's work, and his dedicated mission to collect diversity for the future of agriculture, inspired many European scientists. By the 1930s, Erwin Baur, director of the Institute for Breeding Research near Berlin, was sending out collection missions to South America, Anatolia, the Hindu-Kush, Tibet and Ethiopia. Meanwhile, Jack Hawkes led the British Empire Collecting Expedition to South America to gather wild potato species in the tuber's centre of origin.
+Vavilov's scientific creativity and ruthless energy cost him his life, but may have saved ours. The man who did more than anyone to assemble, study and safeguard a wealth of genetic variation for the long-term needs of food production was arrested in 1940 and died of hunger in a Soviet jail three years later. His genetics, which won him the respect and leadership of scientists throughout the world, were simply not Stalin's. Trofim Lysenko's more Marxist stories about acquired characteristics were far more palatable to the Soviet leader. Why bother with breeding if you can take a summer wheat and grow it in the winter so that it becomes a winter wheat? Plants (and of course people) need not be trapped by the destiny of their genes; they could become whatever experience made of them. So sang Lysenko, much to Stalin's delight. And so sang Stalin to Winston Churchill: 'We have improved the quality of the grain beyond measure. All kinds of grain used to be grown. Now, no one is
+allowed to grow any sort but the standard Soviet grain from one end of the country to another.' (2) The dictatorship of uniformity at its best.
+Twenty years later, Vavilov's scientific reputation was officially restored but by then it was almost too late. In the 1960s, Vavilov's centres of diversity were shrivelling dramatically under the high yield promises of the Green Revolution. Almost overnight, the rich wheat landraces from Pakistan through Syria were replaced single-handedly by a uniform 'miracle' strain concocted in Mexico. The same was happening to the rices of Asia and maize varieties in Latin America. While genetic erosion had been speeding up alarmingly in Europe over the past 150 years, nothing was comparable to the holocaust unleashed in the very cradles of genetic variation. But as pointed out by Christian Lehmann, then Director of the former German Democratic Republic's outstanding genebank at Gatersleben, it was easier now for scientists to ring the alarm bells than in Vavilov's time. Now, people would listen (4).
+But it was not so easy after all. Awareness was growing in various circles of the vital importance of genetic resources for plant breeding and the consequent danger of their loss. But the solution turned out to be almost worse than the problem.
+The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) started taking up work on the matter in the late 1940s and into the 1950s, and organised several major international conferences, one in 1961 and another in 1967, to get the work going on a global scale. During these meetings, the term 'genetic resources' was forged and the sinister map of genetic erosion began to be drawn.
+Meanwhile, things started to move at the European level too. The European Association for Research in Plant Breeding (EUCARPIA) started talking about conservation in the 1960s and put forward the idea of creating regional genebanks in Europe. The main concern was to set up storage units linked to the agro-ecological zones in Europe, to conserve the rapidly disappearing landraces and old cultivars. Towards the 1970s several were being established: one in Bari, Italy, for Southern Europe; one in Braunschweig, Germany, for Northwest Europe, and another in Sweden for Scandinavia. Yet none of them except the Nordic Genebank, and to a lesser extent Bari, took up a truly regional function.
+This initial regionalist approach to genebanking in Europe evidently had an influence on those concocting a genetic resources strategy for the world at large. In 1971, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was set up. The CGIAR, housed in the World Bank in Washington, was established to take over the sponsorship of the Green Revolution from its founding engines, the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations. One year later, at the second meeting of the CG's Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), FAO tabled a proposal to set up a global network of genetic resources centres. The big question was how to do it. People linked to FAO advocated the establishment of nine regional genebank centres in major areas of genetic diversity under the control of local governments. The centres would house base collections of materials, for long-term storage, associated with a series of active collections, for immediate breeding and research purposes. The centres would carry
+out regional strategies for crop improvement and agricultural development based on common agro-ecological criteria - pretty much an extrapolation of the EUCARPIA scheme.
+The CGIAR, however, had other plans. In 1974, they created their own genetic resources arm, the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), and gave it an office (and political autonomy) inside FAO. Over the following years, IBPGR went to work building an empire. Farmers' fields, seed bins and markets throughout the Third World were scoured for local varieties. Genebanks were built, national programmes were set up, and a network of some 40 heavyweight 'base collections' was put together essentially concentrated within the CG-sponsored International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) or based in the industrialised countries. This was to be the foundation of food security: storing seeds in far-off locations, reserved for the use of scientists with credentials, rather than letting farmers use and improve them.
+To some extent the originally proposed regional networks could not have made more botanical and political sense. They would have allowed countries with common crops and farming systems to work together in a cost-effective manner on relevant conservation and breeding problems. They would also have allowed the regions to build up their technical and political capacities in managing genetic resources in a dignified manner. Yet dignity was clearly not the objective. The main problem with the regional approach as stressed by Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney, was that a regionally oriented and decentralised network would not allow for centralised donor control (15).
+It did not take long before the high-tech approach towards centralised gene banking started showing its technical deficiencies. Genebanks have power failures, they are underfunded and often poorly staffed. Genetic diversity is not immutable in cold storage: seeds are under selective pressures, they decompose, they can (and often do) die in storage. Genebanks also often store what a visiting scientist can find during a brief visit to a foreign country. Hence the question of representativeness arises. What is collected may be only a minute fraction of what really exists.
+Another major problem with the genebank approach is that we know very little about the varieties stored in them, and even less about their potential uses. Divorced from their agroecological origins, rarely will we have information about the complex interactions of the variety in question with other aspects of the farming system such as the crops they were grown with and rotations they formed part of. In fact, the problem of the lack of knowledge about the material stored in genebanks is so serious that plant breeders hardly ever call on genebanks for new materials. The genebank approach is failing even the formal system itself. Conservation is effectively cut off not only from use in production, but also from improvement through breeding.
+Apart from the long list of technical problems, the political discrepancies underlying IBPGR's network became increasingly evident. When, at the turn of the 1980s, a cry of outrage rang out in Third World diplomatic circles at the FAO, it took many outsiders by surprise. The main point of contention: who controlled and, more importantly, who owned the genetic wealth of the developing countries? IBPGR no longer looked like the benign and benevolent IARC it was set up to be in the old Rockefeller style. It looked instead like a rapacious genetic colonialist. Something was quite wrong with the global conservation system it created. Duplicates from collecting missions in many a Third World country were not left behind. Germplasm earmarked for back-up storage in the United States - assumed to provide the most competent and secure genebank system - was being held hostage according to Washington's political considerations. There was no legal certainty as to who ultimately
+'owned' the genetic resources held in trust at the IARCs. And most of IBPGR's collections ended up in a few genebanks in the North (the excuse being their great technological capacity to guarantee safe genebanking), which turned out to be less competent or secure than some genebanks in the South.
+Aside from the practical and legal uncertainties, IBPGR's investment strategy also looked a bit perverse. Traditionally European countries have been IBPGR's biggest financial donors. Collectively, they provide over half of the board's budget. Yet back in 1981, when they last published such shocking information, IBPGR unabashedly made it clear that a range of European governments were not just donors to but also net recipients from IBPGR France, the Netherlands and Spain all got money back to support national activities. But Italy and the UK actually received more than they gave! (Graph 4) (6).
+In short, there was something far too political about this seemingly technical operation. IBPGR's global strategy looked like it was working far more to the benefit of the North than the South. And to make matters worse, developing countries were deeply shocked by the fact that the North was permitting their breeding companies patents or plant breeders' rights on seeds that were developed through the use of Third World germplasm - and sometimes selling them back to the Third World with a premium royalty price attached.
+The famous 'seed wars' at FAO attracted years of public attention, as a rather crude saga where the poor were fighting the rich over questions of access to their own botanical wealth and some democratic accountability to govern the global genebank system. The control and conservation of the Third World's strategic genetic resources acquired great media coverage just at the time that biotechnology was making stockmarkets bounce in the greed for new pay-offs. Genetic diversity was more than a question of food security; it was, clearly, big backs.
+The situation as it stands today is not at all bright. Global control over crop genetic resources stored in genebanks is more concentrated in the hands of the North than ever. In the early 1980s, it was calculated that Third World governments were managing 31 per cent of the world's total germplasm in storage, versus 55 per cent in the North and 14 per cent in the IARCs neatly funded and controlled by the North (7). A few years later, IBPGR defendants asserted that things were getting better: 'The increase in genebanks in developing countries is significant. IBPGR has sought to redress the former imbalance in germplasm collections when most collections were held by industrial countries. Now, the "South" has become well-endowed with genebanks as well.'
+The first and last sentences of that quote are quite correct. When IBPGR was founded in 1974, there were eight long-term seed storage units in existence, located in industrialised countries and at a few International Agricultural Research Centres (9). The developing countries today house a plethora of genebanks; they have sprung up like mushrooms and not just by IBPGR's doing. The Germans built Kenya's unit, the Nordics are launching the Southern African (SADCC) genebank, the Japanese are spending huge sums to construct those in South-east Asia. But what is in all those genebanks and who is running them? For example, IBPGR funded a fantastic genebank in Bangkok with a capacity to store no less than 40,000 accessions. Daycha Siripatra and Witoon Lianchamroon, working with a Thai non-governmental organisation (NGO), report that it presently contains only 2,600 samples, most of them winged bean from Indonesia . Too often, genebanks are set up in developing countries and the
+donors walk away, leaving no money to run the operation or train the personnel to manage the bank.
+On a global scale, the South's share in germplasm management has significantly eroded since the early 1980s - according to IBPGR's own statistics: down to 26 per cent from the 31 per cent count in the early 1980s (Graph 5) (11). The 'former imbalance' has not been redressed: in proportionate terms it has grown unmistakably worse. This is not to say that some Third World countries are not running excellent genebanks; some truly are and could serve as an example to many European institutes.
+But things may slowly be changing. The last few years have seen growing consensus over some political and technical aspects of genetic resources issues. Following heated debates at FAO about the legitimacy of Plant Breeders' Rights, the international community now recognises Farmers' Rights 'arising from the past, present and future contributions of farmers in conserving, improving, and mating available plant genetic resources.' Meanwhile, IBPGR seems to have become increasingly aware of the role of farmers in conservation and now seems to be going through a form of renaissance under the leadership of its new Director, Geoffrey Hawtin. The 'germplasm traffic cop' - as IBPGR was once labelled, because of the way it directed the flow of genetic resources from South to North - may become a doctor. Some of the staff seem to favour a more integrated approach to conservation that would mend the ills of the current system and try to get it up on its feet. They seem to be starting
+to recognise that farmers, who after all developed that diversity, have a role in conserving and using it on their farms as well.
+Yet while it is one thing to talk about involving farmers in conservation, there still remains the problem of getting the genebank system, so heavily invested in, to function really well. Massive collections of seeds are being held in storage and they might well have been wiped out if they had not been gathered by scientists. But there are two immediate problems. First, the collections are so big that they are hard to manage. And second, they are not getting to the users. On the first matter, IBPGR is promoting the idea of whittling them down to a core subset of the diversity in store and putting the rest in reserve. Yet it is hard to figure out how to sift out this core and there is every risk that the reserve will be dangerously neglected and simply die out. On the problem of use, IBPGR is turning away from promoting central storage units for base collections and to promoting crop networks where certain genebanks liaise on specific crops. This may do very little to
+strengthen national programmes that work with a broad range of crops and certainly leaves farmers out in the cold.
+Despite the controversy inside and outside the system, there is increased recognition that today's almost exclusive reliance on the high-tech genebank approach is technically vulnerable and politically problematic. But there is still a long way from theory to practice. Numerous calls to promote integrated strategies to conserve genetic resources in the farmers' fields and to upgrade the role of farmers organisations and other NGOs in the current conservation system, have until now resulted only in scarce examples of what could be done. No amount of doctoring current ills will amount to much unless governments take their political responsibilities and commitments to genetic resources conservation seriously enough to really make it work.
+<section>From the field to the fridge</section>
+How does a genebank or a genetic resources programme work? The idea of a genebank is really quite simple: you dry seeds of a specific plant variety and deposit them into a cold storage unit, with the hope of pulling them out again someday for a useful breeding programme. But the reality is a bit more complex. The cold dark shelves of the bank are only one link in a long chain of never-ending activities that go from collecting the material to the release of a new variety with the salvaged genes in it.
+1. Getting it in
+It may sound easy, but it is not. Collecting genetic diversity can be like trying to find a needle in a haystack. Vavilov set the example: success depends on good maps of plant distribution patterns and endless recording of information. You can either have a precise idea of what you are looking for, such as oats or pumpkins, or simply set out to comb an area rich in diversity but threatened by genetic erosion, like a coastal zone caving in to hotel construction or a river plain about to be dammed. Whatever the target, collecting diversity means scouring everything from the slightest leaf pushing out between two rocks on a rugged hillside to the bins in a creaky attic of an old farmers' house. Most of all, it means talking to people to get precious information on where a plant or tree is from, its history, special name or specific use. After all, the local people are the ones who will have kept the plant variety, cultivated or wild, from dying out.
+Not all programmes bother to go even that far. A genebank builds up its stock either by going into the field to collect materials or by acquiring them from another genebank or breeding programme. Most of the collections in the West European system are based on breeders' collections of local landraces that were already assembled in the earlier part of this century. In that sense, with a few exceptions, they are fairly narrow in geographic (and probably genetic) coverage. East European countries, by contrast, have traditionally led a more active collecting strategy, of which the Vavilov Institute's is unsurpassed. In 1990, the Russian institute carried out 40 collecting missions covering 55 regions of the former republics of the USSR, yielding 34,000 new seed accessions. They also went plant hunting in 13 foreign countries, from Ecuador to Vietnam, collecting 7,500 samples 2. The Gatersleben genebank in the former GDR is another that has carried out a policy of systematically
+collecting in other countries on a regular, annual basis.
+2. Storing it away
+After collecting, you take the plane back to Berlin or Birmingham and get down to work. The seeds have to be cleaned, dried to a low moisture content and packaged with a label for future reference. For a low-tech working collection, you might get away with storing the seeds in old vodka bottles or paper bags and keeping them in a cool place. Some genebanks still do. According to Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney, who visited Leningrad in 1985 and 1989, the Vavilov Institute's cereal collection there looks more like a wine cellar than a genebank. Sorghums, millets and other small grains are packed away and stored in racks of old wine bottles in the basement (13).
+Not so with the fanciest modern base collections for long-term conservation. These are the ones that conjure up the real image of a genebank: cold, grey chambers with steel shelves and hundreds or thousands of jars, boxes and vacuum-sealed aluminium packets or tins. They're basically like walk-in meat lockers adorned with red digital thermometers, electronic humidity controls, back-up generators and plenty of alarms to go off as the temperature rises when you don't shut the door quickly enough. The whole point is to put the seeds to sleep so that they hold still and don't germinate, but without killing them altogether. A tricky business indeed, particularly when you grow them out.
+There are essentially two types of collections a genebank can establish: active (or 'working') collections which arc stored at +3-5° Celsius, and base collections, for long term storage at a chilly 18-20°C below zero. The purposes of the two are quite distinct. An active or working collection is meant to be just that. The plants are used in daily research and breeding programmes and are often composed of highly uniform, 'advanced' genetic materials, to cater to immediate crop improvement needs. Base collections, by contrast, usually contain a vast range of materials from undomesticated wild species to old cultivars, and are put away for long-term security to face the needs of the future. In that sense, most of the samples in a base collection are not available for distribution or exchange; they're simply put away in storage. Ideally, they should cover the full spectrum of variation for a crop genepool.
+The national programme, if there really is one, will usually decide which kind of strategy to pursue for which crop. Of all the collections in the world, about 40 are internationally (IBPGR) recognised base collections, where the genebank accepts global or regional responsibility for a maintaining a certain crop in storage. A range of European institutes participate in this IBPGR network. Responsibility usually results from the country bring in an area of diversity for the crop, from a particular economic interest or because the collection was already built up by breeders or scientists in the past. To participate in the network, a genebank must in principle be up to par with IBPGR's technical standards. But this system of commitments is not legally binding: it works on the basis of good faith and trust. To give more weight to these arrangements, the IBPGR register of genebanks participating in the network has been merged into FAO's efforts to set up a global system of base
+collections as of 1990. Through the FAO network, governments are formally requested to make an international legal commitment to conserve their national germplasm collections (l4).
+3. Keepinig them alive
+As seeds sit in storage they are dying a slow death. When their germination capacity drops to a certain level, or when there are too few seeds left of the sample for distribution, the accession has to be grown out to produce healthy plants that will provide fresh seed for storage. In both stages, on the shelves and in the grow-out plots, the risk of losing genetic diversity is tremendous. This is particularly true in the case of landraces or populations, which are mixtures of genotypes rather than pure varieties, and doubly true if the seeds were collected from a climate and soil far different from their new home. There is not a lot of research going on with respect to genetic changes during storage in Europe, but the Polish Academy of Sciences has done some studies on their national rye collection - probably the most important in the world showing that such changes do occur (15).
+As to regeneration, the risks of genetic change through unavoidable selective pressures are very well known. Much depends on the crop's reproductive system, grow-out protocols and the quality of storage. Cereals can endure confinement on the shelf for 30 years without experiencing sunlight or rain, but some vegetables bale out much more quickly. The lettuces in the Dutch genebank, for example, have to be checked for viability every eight years. One can speculate about the genetic changes affecting the wild ancestors of our salads when they are cultivated under a slew of pesticides inside greenhouses on Wageningen campus, compared to their original habitat in the Caucasus mountains 6 Simply put, growing out Iranian lentils in a research station in Siberia is just not quite the same thing as growing them in a farmer's field south of Teheran. Plants evolve, whether in the liberty of a field or in the jail of a genebank unit. What you save is not necessarily what you get.
+4. Putting them to use
+But genebanks - at the least the better ones - don't just store seeds. That would be fairly pointless. For the genetic resources contained in the collections to be of any use as genetic resources, a lot of information has to be compiled about them: when and where they were collected (passport data), the main heritable features of the plant variety (evaluation) and its potential breeding value (characterisation). All of this data has to be put in a computer, organised, updated, and made available to other genebanks, scientists, breeders and researchers by catalogue or computer disk. Otherwise, the seeds just sit there.
+To run a genebank properly, you first of all need staff trained in at least some of the following scientific fields: taxonomy and physiology, so that plant varieties can be identified in the field or in the lab for their distinct characteristics; biology and genetics, to describe the plants and evaluate their performance in different environments; documentation and computer sciences to manage databases and get the information out to the user community (plant breeders and researchers). You also need good technicians to manage the collections and grow out seed samples periodically. To put things in perspective, a number of West European programmes (West Germany, UK, Netherlands) have no more than between five and ten scientific staff, while several Eastern programmes like the former GDR and Hungary have/had between 10 and 20. For its part, the Vavilov Institute in Leningrad has (or had) over 100 academically qualified personnel (17).
+Because there are so many activities involved, no one institute can afford and few could possibly manage - to carry out all of the necessary steps independently. International cooperation, for example on collecting missions or evaluation procedures, is often necessary. And a number of national genetic resources centres depend on the collaboration of farmers and breeders to grow out materials to regenerate the seed supply or do some of the evaluation work.
+<section>The Euro 'gene scene'</section>
+From a distance, the situation in Europe's genebanks today looks rather bleak. The political restructurings and social instability in places such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Poland and Yugoslavia have everyone questioning what will happen to their unique germplasm collections and long slaved-upon databases. Bonn's annexation of East Germany in October of 1990 left the staff at the former GDR's Gatersleben genebank nervously wondering whether they would soon be out of a job, and what would happen to their unique collection. The Bulgarian genebank is about to be closed for lack of funds during the transition to a market economy, but the results could be 'irreversible with regard to the [germplasm] collection and the staff as well.' (18) In the UK, germplasm collections never seem to sit still as they are shifted from institution to institution, and sometimes just miss being sold off to the private sector in the name of economic rationality. Meanwhile, over the
+past year and a half, the EEC genebank directors have been thrashing themselves to get so much as one ECU out of the bureaucracy in Brussels to keep the whole operation alive. No one seems to understand.
+But if we start looking inside the system, there is room for hope. Not that the genebanks are all doing a great job, far from it! Many of the seeds stored away in the laboratories of several countries probably would not germinate if you poured champagne on them. Yet against the financial uncertainties and policy changes imposed from above, Europe's formal genetic resources system is being carried forward by a group of highly motivated and dedicated individuals who are really the only basis for optimism.
+Europe certainly holds the records for the first, the biggest and some of the best in the world gene scene - but all in East Europe. In fact, many West European genetic resources programmes would rake in only booby prizes if there were an international contest to judge them. Under the list of firsts, the Vavilov Institute sponsored the first global genetic diversity hunts (early 1900s), established the world's first institutional genebank (1920s), and launched the first regional programme for international cooperation on genetic resources through the COMECON network (1964). It is also still the biggest. As to the best, you don't have to have a PhD in genetics to be convinced that the Gatersleben genebank of the former GDR was top notch in a world of mediocracy. Since the end of the war, when the institute was moved from Vienna to its home southwest of Berlin, the Gatersleben people have been doing serious, spirited and high-quality work (19).
+Many East European public genetic resources programmes were set up early on: in Czechoslovakia in 1951, Germany in the 1930s, Hungary in the 1950s, and so on. By comparison, while plant breeders and scientists in the West had built up collections of landraces in the early decades of this century, a fair share of that material was either lost during the Second World War or thrown away at the end of a breeding programme. The West's genebanks are quite recent. When Western governments began investing in genebanks in the 1970s, they started with whatever was left. The Federal Republic of Germany's genebank in Braunschweig began operations in 1971, the Nordic genebank was set up in 1979, and the Dutch genebank came into existence as late as 1985.
+Some countries have not invested in genebanks at all and are either happy enough to house some dispersed collections within universities or agronomic research institutes, or pretty much look the other way. Several small countries, such as Albania, Luxembourg and the Republic of Ireland, fall into this category but also some heavyweights, such as France and the UK. There is no genebank in France charged with the responsibility for long-term storage of crop germplasm. Yet France is one of Europe's - and the world's - strongest commercial forces in plant breeding and seed production. As for the UK, there is no national genetic resources programme or policy, and funding from the government has been an uncertain affair for most institutes committed to conserving germplasm. However, a national review was carried out in 1991 and argues for the development of a long-term national programme at last (20).
+The structures, histories and politics of the national genetic resources programmes in Europe are quite diverse. As a simplification, there are three types of national approaches to genetic resources in Europe:
+1 The centralised approach, with a very clear hierarchy of decision-making and generally one major national genebank;
+2 The decentralised approach, often consisting of a nationally coordinated network of collections and research programmes scattered throughout the country;
+3 The 'no commitment' approach, where there is no national programme, coordination or genebank.
+A very rough breakdown of 25 European countries is given in Table 3.1, showing that the centralised approach is currently the dominant one.
+No one country can possible conserve all the genetic resources for all the crops it could possibly want or need, which makes international cooperation so essential. The problem with cooperation, however, is that it demands strong partners, not weak ones. But which comes first, strength or cooperation? Networking should strengthen the participants, but they cannot participate effectively unless they are strong. For example, in the 1970s, a Mediterranean programme of cooperation tried to bring together the national genetic resources programmes of the western Mediterranean basin under the wing of IBPGR It stumbled along for a few years until it was realised that the imbalance in strength among the programmes was impeding real progress. Italy could play a fine and energetic role, but Portugal and Cyprus were not up to par.
+Since 1980, European programmes have been liaising together on a couple of priority crops. The European Cooperative Programme on Plant Genetic Resources (ECP/GR), as it was called, developed crop working groups and crop networks to bring together expert institutes and divide the tasks. Currently, all European countries with genetic resources programmes are participating in the programme except Albania and Romania. While the West puts up the cash, East European countries pay in kind and are very dynamic actors in the programme. Activities basically revolve around centralising information into common databases and rationalising collections by identifying duplicates held throughout genebanks in Europe for a few crops, like barley and oats.
+The approach in the East
+On the whole, Eastern Europe has put a lot of serious effort into building up its national programmes: conserving, researching and utilising our crop heritage. With hindsight, a certain amount of credit for this is due to the sustained efforts of the Vavilov Institute in maintaining the impetus both at home and in the COMECON network. East Germany's programme and staff were particularly well linked to the breeding community, meaning that genetic resources were actively researched, developed and used to develop new varieties to fulfil farmers' needs. For example, the development and use of varietal mixtures, rather than growing monocultures, was the mark of East German barley production. This effectively kept diseases under control and saved the East German farming community the cost of using chemicals. Gatersleben staff are known for their excellent work in collecting not just seeds but farmers' knowledge about them, and some even wrote cookbooks focusing on wild plants.
+Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary have consistently worked to document what was out in the field, what was in storage and to maintain their national collections well. In Poland, breeders, rather than scientists, manage the crop collections with the effect that the material is (or was) directed toward its use value. They also excelled in compiling European crop databases. In Hungary, farmers are directly involved in growing out the materials.
+In general, the quality of staff, the energy put into information work and the emphasis on building up sound collections and using them well has characterised a number of East European programmes. As a result, those programmes have been larger, more coherent and more genuinely useful than those of the West.
+The approach in the West
+Compared to the East, the West seems to have a perverse sense of priorities. Or at least, few West European governments seems to take genetic conservation seriously. Formal commitments to plant genetic resources management exist on paper in a few countries, such as Greece or Scandinavia. Greece, however, lacks the budget to put those words into action. The Nordics are among the few who have taken the matter to heart. France has a National Bureau for Genetic Resources but no policy or coordinated programme. West Germany has a very rigid programme. Their national collection is mainly a working collection, with no emphasis on sampling total genetic variation of the crops, and often not working at all, as interaction with breeders is limited.
+It would seem that since they realised the need to conserve genetic diversity for future breeding, many West European governments have put more effort into supporting IBPGR to collect genes in the South than into getting their own houses in order. While it is critical that rich countries participate in the global system, it is equally critical that they get their domestic act together. Altogether, Europe spends more than $4 million a year on IBPGR, covering over half the institute's budget, all in the name of 'promoting the cause'. The EC Member States provide almost three of these four million. By comparison, the same EC countries spend no more than about $6 million on their own conservation work (21). The United Kingdom has traditionally been the single largest European donor to IBPGR In 1990, it provided nearly one million dollars to the Rome-based agency. In contrast, the UK government only spends about half a million dollars on its national genetic resources work
+Facing the difference
+This East-West contrast was perhaps no more painfully clear than on the day that two genetic resources programmes, Gatersleben's in East Germany and Braunschweig's in the Federal Republic, had to look each other in the face. That was in 1990, the year of 'reunification'. For the first time ever, a joint summer gathering was held between the two genebanks. The celebration, though, was short-lived. On 3 October, when Bonn annexed the five länder of the East, Gatersleben's past was erased, and its future suspended. The challenge was to decide how to reorganise things. Braunschweig, with its reputation for being sluggish, meticulous and cut-off from breeders and germplasm donors, was simply no match for Gatersleben, with its large and precious collection, dynamic and motivated staff, good relations with developing countries and excellent output.
+The final decision took quite some time - time during which the Gatersleben programme and staff suffered financial and professional uncertainties. In the end, a compromise was reached. The inferior Brunschweig collection will be merged into the Gatersleben genebank. This way, at least 'Gatersleben's pearls', as Christian Lehmann who ran the bank until last year puts it, will be properly conserved under the directorship of Karl Hammer, long-time Gatersleben staffer and well-respected scientist (23). As a trade-off, the future research agenda will be adjusted to satisfy Bonn's yearning for leadership - not in conservation but in biotechnology.
+Bargaining in Brussels
+Lack of political will translates into scarce resources, financial and human. This is nowhere clearer today than in the European Community. In 1986, the European Parliament voted a major resolution to get the EC's genetic diversity conservation act together. It called for an assessment of the apparently grave situation and proposals for action at all levels, from the farm to the genebank. But the EC authorities never batted an eye. Choked for resources from their side, genebank leaders started trying pathetically to get funding from the European Commission to strengthen their inadequate programmes and complement whatever national funding was available. The Commission politely said they only had money to hand out for research, and it had better be biotech. Running a genebank is not research.
+At that stage, NGO activists stepped in to help win political support from the democratically elected decision-makers at the Parliament, rather than from the bureaucrats at the Commission. GRAIN and other NGOs exerted pressure, submitted reports and prepared evidence. Together with grassroots conservation groups and opportunistic genebank directors, we explained our cases and participated in public hearings - all in an effort to convince the elected Members of the European Parliament.
+And the effort paid off. At the end of 1991, the Parliament solemnly voted into existence a whole new budget line and programme for genetic conservation in Europe. Perhaps most interesting, in its proposal the Parliament stressed that the programme should embrace not only the genebank approach but also on-farm conservation, and should involve not only officials from national programmes but also NGOs. The bureaucrats at the Commission were panicked, since they know nothing about genetic resources and would have no competence in formulating or executing the proposed programme. The governments at Council were afraid that this initiative would arouse public attention and shed a negative light on their agricultural policies and the uniformity they are causing.
+The crisis in the European gene scene is an acute one. If and when money becomes available to pump up the failing genebanks, there is likely to be a major conflict of interests between Southern and Eastern Europe. The Mediterranean area houses more genetic diversity than the North, but also has less money to devote to maintaining it. At the same time, the East has better collections that are certainly worth salvaging from budget slashes in a time of political upheaval. Perhaps the irony of this crude competition for first-hand attention to save genebanks is the fact that, at the end of the day, no one really cares. Failing to support conservation, and contributing more to the erosion of agricultural diversity, few governments have any interest in creating social awareness of the issue.
+But the real problem is not the technology, the research and coordination, or the money. Those are just tools, and can be made available or not depending on who sets the agenda. The European Parliament's initiative has made that perfectly clear. The real problem is the social and political legitimacy of genetic conservation: what to do, how to do it, who should do it and for whose benefit. To some extent, the genebank officials themselves have to share some blame for this. For too long now, genebanks have been working almost in secret? and certainly outside the scrutiny of the people who are supposed to depend on them for long-term maintenance of our genetic resource base. As we will see later, NGOs, knowing the gaps and needs at the local level and trying to fill them in, have also been working in isolation and cut off from any support or recognition. Meanwhile, industry has been sitting on the side, oblivious of the whole matter.
+This social and political vacuum within which conservation is being pursued, more for the worse than for the better, is by far the largest barrier to truly effective action. Genetic resources carry not only an economic premium that governments and industry must recognise and pay for, but a political premium that calls for consultation and concerted action. Genebanks are not the only option. We have obviously steered too far in one direction and will have to get back on the right track. But for this to work, society at large must be informed of the choices and help formulate the solution.
+<section>Of numbers and nonsense</section>
+Those whose job it is to know about these things, tell us that there are about three and a half million seed samples in storage in the world today, a few more than a million of them in Europe (see Annex 1) (24). This sounds impressive, and to a certain extent it is. But don't be deluded by the numbers, or led into a false sense of security. The real picture of the genes in the bank has to be painted on the basis of the job being done: whether the seeds are alive, safe, documented and available, and whether we are really talking about conserving diversity or uniformity. Unfortunately, we do not have all that much information at our disposal. A look at what we were able to uncover on how well the job is being done on the European gene scene is not very convincing.
+Is it alive?
+Good question. What good is a genebank full of dead seeds? This is one preoccupation IBPGR does not bother with when sending out questionnaires to genebank curators. Of course, even if IBPGR asked, some people might twist the facts to look good. Rut it is also the most essential question to ask if we are to believe that genebanks arc actually making a contribution to the conservation of our plant heritage. No one really has the answer. We can make assumptions but little more.
+Many doubts have been expressed, for example, about the viability of Russia's massive collection, which may be more 'PR' than 'PGR'. Nearly half of the collection was put together in Vavilov's time, more than 50 years ago. These are by now rather old seeds, which have had to survive a range of threats to their existence - from the siege of Leningrad to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As Pat Mooney of RAFI put it recently, 'There is a major gap between data and reality for Russia.' (25)
+Seeds are subject not just to physical threats and shifting political programmes or priorities, but also to the vagaries of available funding. Where national programmes are weak and genetic erosion strong, IBPGR sometimes comes to the rescue. Yet the rescue can be short-lived. In Greece, for example, IBPGR supported some emergency collecting of forage and pasture crops twice in the 1980s. They were under threat from over-grazing, fire and the spread of urbanisation. But today, breeders at the Fodder Crops and Pastures Institute in Larissa warn us not to trust the numbers of samples being stored in their genebank. Why? Helen Ronsiotou, who works at the Institute, is perfectly honest about it. 'Some samples are not alive.' (26) Funding shortages and the sheer challenge involved in managing diversity can lead to reduced activities in regenerating samples, meaning that they risk dying on the shelves.
+Still, short of asking every genebank official for a health check on every sample in their collections, it is virtually impossible today to judge whether the seeds held in storage for the future are dead or alive. IBPGR staff put it quite bluntly: 'Many of the samples may have dead seeds or the holders may lack the funds to regenerate them before the total loss of their viability., 7 Genetic diversity is a vital resource, in every sense of the word. Yet the vitality of our government collections has a giant question mark over it.
+Is it diversity?
+Another central concern regards how much variation is held within genebank collections. There is a big difference between maintaining an old landrace or wild sample of wheat on the one hand, and a breeders' line or mutant strain on the other. Wild forms are usually excellent and unique sources of resistance to diseases, insects and environmental pressures like drought or salty water. The same holds for landraces, which are generally well adapted to a specific region, climates and soils, and are often hardier and more tolerant of stress than modern varieties. First-hand breeding material, by contrast, is usually very low in diversity and very similar across the crop profile. Different types of breeders' lines may make a difference between a few days before maturation or a little more resistance to cold, but beyond that they are of meagre interest to long-term problems of plant breeding.
+Wild relatives of crops might be the best source of disease resistance genes, but they are also the most poorly represented types of seed in our government genebanks. Worldwide, wild species typically account for less than 2 per cent of genebank accessions (28). Most of Western Europe's collections are made up of whatever landraces had not been lose and a slew of advanced breeding material. In Eastern Europe, larger amounts of old farmers' varieties tend to be conserved, but their collections also seem to be filling up quickly with modern materials. Czechoslovakia has practiced an active policy of importing advanced germplasm from the West for some years. Their thinking seems to be that the elite germplasm will be more useful to raise yields and is a better investment than the old varieties. Russia too is keen on acquiring what is perceived to be the advances of industrial farming.
+Some people are starting to complain about this. Polish genebank staff point out that the overload of homogeneous breeding material - as opposed to more diverse farmer-bred populations - is a prime disadvantage of their national system today 9. They and other East European colleagues fear the impact of the new market economy on their genetic resources systems. As privatisation intensifies, short-term immediate needs will dominate longer term strategic action, as is already the case in the West, which means that more emphasis may be put on breeding uniformity rather than conserving diversity.
+Big numbers can also hide the reality of redundancy. To what extent the European collections are duplicates of each other is widely unknown, and this bothers genebank staff quite a bit. Obviously there is useful duplication where materials are being held as a safety service for other countries. Rut there is a lot of useless duplication as well. Nobody really knows how much, though. Some research efforts on specific crops earmarked as a priority in Europe point to a substantial degree of duplication. For example, well over half of Europe's total barley and pea collections, or 60 per cent to 70 per cent, is duplicate material. Up to 20 per cent of Europe's beet samples are probably identical copies of the same varieties (30). Such duplication is of little credit to the range of diversity that could really be conserved instead.
+Is it documented?
+For genebank collections to be of any value to users - breeders, farmers, researchers and industrialists - it is absolutely necessary to develop and provide information about the samples. It is senseless to salvage a disappearing garden bean, dump it in cold storage and walk away. The interest society has in that bean is its past (where it came from and how it was used), its present (where and how it grows best, its characteristics, taste, strengths and weaknesses) and its future (the genes it harbours for improving other beans or other crops, its potential for future farming or gardening needs). Only if this information is compiled and computed can genebank collections possibly serve a useful purpose.
+However, basic information on the samples, known as passport data, is available for only half of the seeds in storage. This is very rudimentary information: where the sample is from, its name, the colour of the fruit, etc. The next type of information necessary concerns the characteristics of the varieties: the major traits that express themselves regardless of the effects of the environment. Documenting these basics is considered the vocation of a genebank, like cataloguing a library. Little of it is being systematically done, however. The third level of information, the result of evaluation trials, gives an estimate of how the sample could be used in breeding programmes. There is quite some controversy as to whether impartial genebanks or biased breeders should do this work, as it imposes a heavy value judgement on the germplasm.
+In general, documentation is an important gap that restricts the value of current crop conservation work. There is not enough known about the collections and the information registered is not available in an accessible form, a heavy drawback to putting all these seeds into breeding and farming use.
+Is it available?
+If the germplasm is there, alive, safe and documented, is it accessible to those who want to use it? Availability relies on two things: that there are enough seeds of a sample to satisfy requests and that there are no policy restrictions inhibiting access to a genebank's collection.
+The first factor is purely technical. It supposes that a genebank has enough resources (financial, human and physical) to maintain a supply of seeds for distribution. This is not always the case, of course, and many demands will be turned down for sheer lack of material.
+The second depends on the attitudes assumed by genebank directors or the government employing them. Some genebanks, like FAL in Braunschweig, Germany, practice a policy of quid pro quo access to their collection. They will make samples available to others on the basis of reciprocity (31). Former Yugoslavia makes access possible under contractual arrangements.' (32) Yet others earmark certain collections as restricted because the crop is of particular importance to national agricultural development. For example, Turkey restricts the availability of tobacco, fig, grape, hazelnut and pistachio 3. Other countries are more wishy-washy. It is Finland's policy that 'There are practically no restrictions on access to samples of genetic resources.' (34) Yet Finland is the European country that earmarks the largest portion of its germplasm collection as restricted - 78 per cent, according to IBPGR's databases. Romania stipulates that landraces and obsolete varieties are freely
+available, but is silent on wild species and advanced material (35).
+All factors taken into account, and still according to IBPGR's databases, six European countries are on record for restricting the availability of more than 10 per cent of their national holdings. Another dozen limit access to a smaller extent. These practices run up against the fine words about 'free access to genetic resources' laid down in the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, to which virtually all European countries are formal signatories. Such access will increasingly erode if European countries adopt new laws to extend the patent system to life forms, including genetic resources. Many genebank officials have started to worry openly about this. Jaap Hardon of the Dutch genebank doesn't mince his words. 'Patenting genes completely undermines the basic principle of free exchange of genetic resources.' (36) He and other genebank officials have reason to worry. Just imagine the practical problems involved in finding out which genes in your collection
+have been patented and advising anyone who requests a sample about the limitations that this might entail for the use of that sample.
+Is it being used?
+There is a general perception in the air today that genebanks are hardly used at all by breeders and scientists, much less by ordinary people involved in gardening or farming organisations, local research or rural development. For decades now, critics within the system have been arguing that genebanks are more like museums or morgues than institutions where seeds are deposited for withdrawal and circulation.
+The level of controversy over the issue of utilisation of genebank collections is amazingly high, as if all those seeds were a curse and a burden rather than a treasure of immense proportions. To some, it is mainly a problem of proportions. There are so many genebanks holding so many accessions that the system cannot be managed effectively and put to good use. To others, the fault lies with the breeders who are only interested in developing one or two top-selling varieties based on their own materials. Yet according to many breeders, the fault lies with the genebanks, which do not characterise their collections, document them and make better known what they have to offer.
+A lot of all this has to do with politics. Up until now, for example, genebanks in the EC have been discouraged from working with any great creativity on wheat, because Brussels tells them that it is a surplus crop. Miguel Mota, who runs the Portuguese genebank at Oeiras, finds this ridiculous. He would like to invest efforts in conserving and developing wheat stocks that need less artificial fertilisers and pesticides, but the bureaucrats won't hear of such a venture (37). The same holds in Italy. Pietro Perrino, head of the Bari genebank, would also like to promote low-input agriculture through adapted genotypes. He is trying to move ahead and work with farmers on developing the cultivation of spelt wheat, as opposed to bread or durum types, because it is hardier and can earn farmers a better income. But the new price policies from Brussels will hardly sanction this alternative. The director of the Spanish genebank laughs cynically about it. Sure, he is trying to manage a
+massive collection in Madrid but, he snorts, no one is Spain is doing plant breeding! Nobody ever will, if it depends on Brussels' policies.
+With the reform of the EC's Common Agricultural Policy, northwest Europe is where the farming action will be, and where investments in agriculture will be promoted. But even there, genebank directors complain about the non-use of their materials. In their countries, plant breeding and agricultural research is fast being privatised and concentrated under the control of a decreasing number of companies, many with their own competitive germplasm stocks of elite and uniform materials. Few of them are looking to genebanks for materials.
+The direct danger associated with non-use of germplasm collections is that, if not called upon to foster and serve sustainable development, they could end up in the waste basket. This is a direct threat to us because we entirely depend on the long-term availability of genetic diversity for our future food and environmental security. The price we have been paying over the past decades for the loss of genetic diversity in our agricultural systems is manifest: ever more toxic chemicals to fend off the problems our crops, and mechanised monocultures, are now intrinsically vulnerable to, be they pests, disease, soil erosion, acid rain or climate change. Breeding more sustainable options back into our seeds, livestock and farming systems will be impossible without a broad genetic pool to tap into.
+<section>4. Salvaging in silence</section>
+We, as grassroots seed savers, are not merely in this for the science [...], we are cultural ambassadors through our seeds, which are living metaphors and links to the earth. Gary Paul Nabhan, Native Seeds/SEARCH, 1991 (1)
+In May of 1441, a group of people attending a European meeting on regional development were visiting a farm in Euskadi and saw that the farmer had some unusual pigs munching away on the grass. It was a very old race that had virtually disappeared from the Basque hills, but this farmer kept breeding a few because they were exceptionally well adapted to the local climate and, quite simply, never got sick. The visitors were surprised, in a positive way, to find someone resisting the push towards uniformity that is penetrating the Basque countryside. As farmers in the region often say, 'Spain did not enter the Common Market. The Common Market entered Spain.' Still, the farmer's decision to stick to his own traditional breed might pay off ... to the pork industry in the North. That same year a disease was spreading among pigs in the factory farms of Northern Europe, a disease to which his unique Basque herd was resistant. Now, government officials were calling on him to hand over
+some of his pigs for crossing with the vulnerable breeds up North, to save the pork industry there.
+Two months later, in July, a colleague working with grassroots seed savers organisations in Germany brought us a package of Mangold seed from East Germany. Mangold belongs to the beet family, which originated in the Mediterranean. Over the centuries, people selected it to produce edible green leaves above ground, rather than a beet root underground. Hence, it's name in English: spinach beet. Today, with the rationalisation of almost everything in the former German Democratic Republic, old plant varieties are being quickly taken off the market, to pave the way for West German seeds. Our friend had just been visiting the Gatersleben genebank where the staff were anxiously giving away the now non-listed seeds for free - with the hope that some people would multiply them, share them and enjoy their robust qualities. In fact, we tried them ourselves and despite the very heavy frosts in the mountains of Catalonia this winter, the Mangold fared exceptionally well. And as it is more
+tender than the big chards it so closely resembles and has a very good taste, the vegetable is becoming popular again in countries such as Switzerland and Germany. Were it not for motivated amateurs like Germany's seed saving groups, who rescue old varieties when they are dropped from commercial catalogues or national lists, consumers might have lost yet another option.
+As summer waned into autumn, British consumers were offered a curious 'new' product at the supermarket: tomatoes that were labelled 'Grown for taste, not for appearance.' The industrialisation of British agriculture has meant that tomatoes are now genetically programmed to be hard as rocks (to survive mechanical harvesting and shipping), uniform in size (to fit neatly in a standard box), and slow-maturing (so that they last longer on the supermarket shelves). Things like nutrition, flavour and texture are simply out of the breeding picture, especially if they can be artificially added later on in the food chain. So when innovative supermarket chains decided to offer consumers a decent tomato, the place to look for it was not in the government genebanks or seed industry collections, but in the living backyard laboratories of amateur British gardeners. For what Ph.D. geneticist would save an old tomato variety under the category 'tasty' or 'juicy' or 'great for salads'? That's
+what ordinary people do.
+The availability of one hardy pig, a frost-resistant Mangold plant or an exceptional old-style tomato may not spell the difference between life and death for most European farmers or consumers. It could, however, provide important options in how animals are raised, how crops are grown and how appetising or nutritious our food is. But not only do these diverse breeds offer a key to that future, they also bear a record of our past as they have been handed down to us from generations of farmers and gardeners. Somehow, if people like that Basque farmer, the German seed savers, dedicated British gardeners and many others are putting any effort into maintaining this diversity, it must be for a reason. And it must be for a good reason, because caring for those plants and animals not only costs time and money; it is also a hell of a lot of work.
+Seed-saving, like crop breeding, has always been a matter of survival. Farmers and gardeners routinely kept part of their harvest for next year's sowing, and in the process of selecting and experimenting, they developed specific varieties that suited their needs or desires. Conservation was not an isolated activity in itself. It didn't have to be. It was part and parcel of producing and eating.
+Today things are not much different. We still need to eat and we still need to produce. The question is what and how. A large part of the answer will still be found in the seeds. In fact, conserving plant varieties has never been as much a matter of survival as it is today. Agriculture and the massive standardisation of our food system has destroyed more diversity - and more farmers - in the past few decades than ever before. We not only depend on those plants and growers that are left in order to survive, but their increasingly fragile existence also depends on us.
+By and large what we are facing, and what more and more people are struggling against from the bottom up, is the wholesale alienation of diversity from the very fabric of society. This is no aesthetic problem, nor intellectual distraction. Diversity is one of the most potent forces for social, ecological and economic stability. It is the only chance for 'other' to provide an alternative to the 'one' when that one no longer satisfies us or works correctly. And just as diversity was born of the grassroots, of people's creativity and common sense, so too do we have to look to the grassroots for its sustenance and future. Many Europeans have been coaxed into a blind dependence on government and industry to run the food machine - and our societies. But their eyes are beginning to open.
+<section>Conservation at the grassroots</section>
+Frankly, it is quite impossible to sum up the logic and spirit of all the different people working to save and use genetic diversity at the local level in Europe. In fact, we can barely capture a fraction of their efforts. Nor do we want to romanticise them and tell quaint stories about fearless underdogs or downtrodden victims of some anti-diversity stampede. But, consciously or not, they are contributing an untold effort to the management of our plant genetic heritage. The point is that it is high time we opened our eyes and looked at what people are doing to conserve and use old varieties. For if they are doing it, there is a reason for it. And given the state of our government-run conservation systems, no one aside from a few bureaucrats in Brussels whom we know too painfully well - could be foolish enough not to take an interest in any other alternative.
+It is impossible to say who in Europe caught on first to the need to take a more structured and systematic approach to safeguarding our vanishing genetic heritage at the grassroots level. Until about twenty or thirty years ago, people took seed saving for granted. Anyone who grew anything saved seeds. One thing is for certain, though: the impetus to act against the high tides of genetic erosion came from folks who had a different vision of agriculture than the one being taught in the universities and sold by the chemical companies after the Second World War. The seed savers understood complexity as something you work with in order to work for you, not as an obstacle to some perfectly commendable push-button progress. To them, diversity was a strategy and a source of security that hybrids, artificial fertilisers and pesticides could never match in a long-term perspective.
+Small-scale 'organic' or 'biological' farming and gardening had been the only thing around until the bigotry of chemicals, capital and government policies made them the barely tolerable exception. The formalisation of various movements, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, became a necessity in order to win the right to exist and move forward. Despite their differences and some of the nearly fratricidal wars of religion between various schools of eco-farming, biological diversity was part and parcel of every approach. But it took some visionaries to look beyond what was happening in their own backyards and really measure the scale of genetic erosion throughout Europe.
+Like the white-coated scientists who rushed in the 1960s to build genebanks to store seeds on the verge of extinction, the folks that took concerted action at the local level were pretty much moved by the same feeling: shock and alarm. One of those people was Lawrence Hills, an eccentric British gardener whose passion was to produce food without poisons. In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Hills became increasingly concerned about the effects that monopoly laws - in the form of Plant Breeders' Rights - were having on the diversity of the seed supply. He later realised that pending EC legislation to establish the Common Catalogue of varieties that could be sold would spell doom for local genetic diversity. His rapid research into the varieties the EC was about to delete from legality confirmed his fears: more than a thousand folk varieties in Europe were about to be signed out of existence.
+Hills was outraged. He campaigned in newspapers and on the radio to alert people to the impending holocaust. His organisation, the Henry Doubleday Research Association, started systematically collecting vegetable seeds that were about to be dropped from commercial lists and established a living seed library in 1975. Hills wrote pamphlets and articles and talked directly to gardeners throughout the UK to make a special effort to conserve old varieties. He talked to everyone and anyone, even the British government. The government didn't listen, however, and while various organisations slowly pondered their response, the seed companies destroyed their stocks. Eventually, in 1980, Britain's biggest food charity, OXFAM, gave £10,000 to establish the first UK vegetable genebank as an outright emergency effort. Had the relatively trifling sum been available more rapidly, many more varieties would have been saved.
+The development and organisation of what today we call the 'informal sector' started taking shape all over Europe through the 1970s and into the 1980s. There was a whole range of factors that motivated people into putting some systematic effort into collecting, testing, selecting, multiplying and circulating seeds of now rare varieties.
+First and foremost was a reaction against what was happening in the market: not only the supermarket, but also the crop 'improvement' market. Plant breeding can dictate where agriculture is going. With the demise of local breeding operations, people were at a loss for varieties adapted to their regions. They also found themselves up against a new seed supply burgeoning with so-called high-yielding varieties that, in reality, had a lot of drawbacks. The high-yields were biased towards one kind of farming system: intense monocultures and the heavy use of chemicals. The chemical and yield bias in modern plant breeding drove many folk to look energetically at other seeds as a basis for more ecologically sound farming and gardening. By recovering and regenerating regionally-adapted, open-pollinated varieties and integrating them into their farming systems, they started a new struggle to regain the fertility of soils and plants and develop a more secure environment for food
+production.
+Another factor that gave people the impetus to collect and save seeds with new vigour and consciousness was the legislation governing the seed market. The legal requirement to be registered on a national list in order to sell varieties and the introduction of Plant Breeders' Rights became important concerns to many groups and individuals. Many seed saving groups practice an explicit policy of monitoring the varieties that are about to be dropped from national lists, and take it upon themselves to salvage those seeds from extinction. In some cases, the absurdity of the law drove local groups to acts of civil disobedience. In Germany, associations began packaging and selling traditional varieties with the words 'For test purposes', in order to slip through the net of the law. In France, family seed companies that had made a living from folk varieties that were now outlawed by the new legislation went into negotiations to establish a professional union to fight for their lives.
+Last year, NGOs in Spain launched an appeal to promote the farmer-to-farmer seed exchange networks that have broken down with the industrialisation of Spanish agriculture. These NGOs are trying to reinstate diversity and stability into Spanish farming through the use of indigenous varieties that are being lost from the land and ill-conserved in the government genebank. As they put it, 'The institutions are not pulling the cart' and they feel that they have to (2).
+When the motivation does not come from these 'macro' problems, it often comes from the simple observation that the old varieties are disappearing and a desire to do something at the local level. The effect can be amazing. André Hatesse, a private individual in Argenteuil, France, noticed that the botanical assets of local gardens were increasingly diminishing and in 1975 started actively looking around for vegetables that were fast becoming rare. In a couple of years he managed to collect more than a hundred tomato varieties, thirty squashes, fifteen types of radish, a dozen lettuces and so on. According to Hatesse, none of these varieties could be found in any commercial seed catalogue (3). As France does not have a national genebank with the mandate to conserve vegetable diversity for the future, they might in fact not have been saved anywhere else.
+Fruits and ornamentals have often received most popular attention. Various apple-saving movements throughout Europe have enjoyed tremendous success, involving all ages from school children to older village folk, who are usually the last remaining source of information about regional stocks. Even artists have taken action on this front. Tonino Guerra, poet and screenwriter for the film director Federico Fellini, set up a private conservation centre called 'The Orchard of Forgotten Fruits' in Pennabilli, Italy.
+Actually, there is such a breadth of different energies and motivations guiding this kind of local action that it is really hard to put forward any exhaustive or singular description of what is going on. Nor would we want to. After all, people save diversity for a diversity of reasons, and that is as it should be. The fact of the matter is that this work is being carried out through sheer will and commitment, with little if any external support. Because these groups and individuals are operating outside the institutional sphere of genetic resources work, we tend to refer to them as the life blood of the 'informal' sector. No one really likes this term, however, because of its many negative connotations. Informal does not mean unorganised. Nor does it mean that these people are not serious or scientific. It refers to the mass of people working outside of the official sector, mostly at the grassroots level, sometimes (but not always) with a different approach to science than
+the dominant one, and very often much more serious, motivated and committed than those working within the 'formal' circles.
+In fact, there is probably only one - and that overwhelming- common denominator characterising genetic resources work at the grassroots level: while genebanks, as we tried to explain earlier, conserve for utilisation, people conserve through utilisation.
+Nowadays, policy makers break up the world of conservation strategies into two categories, ex situ ('off site') and in situ ('on site'). Ex situ generally refers to the genebank approach, which can mean seeds are frozen, put to sleep in liquid nitrogen, kept in glass tubes or sit perched in a field far from where they originated. In situ generally refers to nature parks and reserves, where whole tracts of land are cut off from people and agriculture to preserve an ecosystem and its wild inhabitants. But grassroots conservation is starting to make a mess of this neat duality. As more people become voluntarily involved in saving genetic resources from erosion at the local level, and as official circles slowly start to take note of it, this third approach - entrenched in production - has to fit in somewhere. Or does it?
+However they are organised, probably all the modern seed savers are in it, in part, for the sheer pleasure of taking care of the seeds, enjoying the harvest at home and sharing it with others to keep the links between plants, people and cultures alive. We recently joined in a visit to NGOs conserving local genetic resources in the southeast of France and were proudly served a copious lunch that included a bounty of wild salad greens with Jerusalem artichokes, spinach beet omelette and platters of La Negresse, 'local' blue potatoes boiled in their skins (4). The meal gave us quite a lot to talk about! The elders at the table explained how, during the war, there was little to eat in France except those knobby Jerusalem artichokes. The younger people talked about what the potatoes meant to small farmers they recently visited in Latin America. Diversity has to be enjoyed, as stories have to be told, or it dies out.
+One of the strategic approaches taken by peoples' organisations that care about diversity is to maintain old and rare varieties for their social and ecological value: hardiness, resistances, staggered harvest, adaptation, role in farming systems, nutritional qualities or fertility. This is especially the case among organic farmers' networks, NGO research organisations and regional development programmes. These groups are highly organised and quite conscious of the fact that they are building an alternative route to conservation and local agricultural development than the one preached or practised by their governments. And in so doing, they are developing different approaches to research - based on other assumptions and goals - than those that fit into today's dominant system.
+Sometimes the institutions and administrators look down on seed savers as naive, unprofessional or even dangerous. Especially when they practise approaches to science that do not match the criteria of commercial interests. One night over a dinner in Rome in April 1991, we ventured to ask the UK's National Plant Genetic Resources Coordinator whether he considered the Coventry-based HDRA, maintaining old vegetables for sustainable forms of agriculture, as some sort of enemy. Doubtful of our question, his answer was a straightforward and resounding yes, for their research work is a direct menace to what the government is promoting: chemicals and high yields. Over in France, several NGO programmes to conserve and utilise local genetic resources put highest emphasis on the cultural value of seeds. To them, the issue is not so much germ plasm but people's knowledge and understanding of crops, or what has been called ethnobotany. The State officials scratch their heads. How do you
+get this folklore stuff into a computer?
+Empirical, popular, subjective - all of these terms are used to denounce and push aside the scientific research of grassroots organisations working with genetic diversity. Biodynamic breeding and permaculture are probably the most ferocious examples of this. Biodynamic crop development revolves around one central force: vitality. Their major bone of contention against modern seeds is that they have degenerated: their energy level is low because people handling them today do so without care. Biodynamic breeding tries to reawaken and revitalise that lost energy - and it works (see page 103). Research carried out by groups in Germany and Switzerland, the two fiefdoms of biodynamic seed production in Europe today, have resulted in increased crop fertility and vigour, by paying attention to plants' energy cycles rather than doping them with hormones and fertilisers. Scientists admit that this is logical and admire the audacious creativity of these people, but none the less look
+the other way.
+Thus, many of these groups are not only perpetuating the old types and promoting their use and reinstatement in local farming and gardening, but also carrying out innovative research on cultivation techniques, cropping systems and breeding. The point for them is to encourage and work with the complexity of biological factors in a farming system. The net result is yield stability, improved plant and soil health, and greater nutritional quality of the food. What really counts in their activities is to work with farmers and gardeners to pick up sustainable practices again so that they can adjust and reproduce them on their own holdings, enjoy the benefits and pass them on.
+Although some are more dynamic and explicit than others, almost all of these groups are busy advancing what we call regional development: salvaging, maintaining and enhancing local resources for sustainable economic growth. 'Growth' shouldn't be understood here in the hollow sense of 'more, more and ever more'. That logic, while capable of providing tangible outputs in the short term, often ends up destroying far more than it creates. Sustainable growth has to fit into a long-term perspective of permanent regeneration. This is why local development strategies are eminently conservationist, not because they freeze or preserve, but because they rehabilitate and maintain the reproductive capacity of resources - whether they be genetic or cultural - so that evolution and change can persist and be enriched.
+This is the broader logic of genetic resources management at the local level. If it sounds a bit fuzzy, that is because it is still underdeveloped and has not been given a fair chance to prove itself. Grassroots conservation NGOs, seed savers and organic farming networks are often cut off from each other, each of them digging into their work in isolation. But they are not just scratching soil. They are involved in the full scope of their surroundings, picking up the pieces of relationships between people, soils, plants, insects and animals that have been fractured and separated, and relationships between the elements of an interactive farming system, between producers and consumers, between culture and agriculture. For they know that emphasising one element over another is a vain and ultimately destructive enterprise. Development has to be holistic or it will not be.
+<section>Salvaging in silence</section>
+Enter the Court of Eden
+Contrasts, like diversity, can be very potent. They feed the imagination and open up new spaces to move within. The Dutch genebank in Wageningen is not an unpleasant place to visit. Their collection is small for one of the top breeding countries of Western Europe - some 25,000 holdings of lettuces, spinach, cabbage-related crops and cereals - but their staff team is full of youthful energy and good spirits to make the best of it. Budget cuts mean that, in their new surroundings where all the Dutch plant research agencies are stuffed together, coffee is available for only 15 minutes a day, first in the morning and then after lunch. But they take it in their stride with a healthy dose of humour. They have to, for they know that the important thing is to run a respectable genebank.
+Just a 20 minute train ride from the white walls, high-tech seed storage units and widespread multiplication fields of Wageningen is the urban bustle of Utrecht. Who would believe that just behind the central railway station is the Court of Eden: a tiny, four-storey house filled with more seeds from more countries in the world than the government's glossy genebank 40 kilometres east. Gus Lieberwerth is only 30 years old but he has been collecting and conserving plant genetic diversity since 1979 - six years before the Netherlands even had a national programme. His seed collection of 30,000 samples is probably the biggest private holding in all of Europe, and certainly surpasses Wageningen's.
+Gus is critical of people who tell stories of what is going on at the grassroots level. There is not much grass in Utrecht and he hates to be called part of the 'informal' sector, but his work is an outstanding example of how people take the responsibility to care for diversity into their own hands. 'The danger with the stories,' he says, 'is that the seeds wilt be lost. If people see others doing it, they will say "Look, there it is being done!" and won't bother to do anything themselves.' There is obviously some truth to that. Yet if we don't tell stories, no one will see anything at all and the seeds may also be lost. We almost cannot afford not to take the chance.
+Gus knows the staff and the scene at Wageningen but he is not too impressed. 'Oh, they are very nice people, but what they are conserving is not diversity. This Jaap Hardon, he has lots of lettuces, including so-called wild species. But have you ever seen them growing out? They're all the same! look at my lettuces - they're all different! And those wild plants he says he's got are not wild at all. They have been domesticated to live in his genebank.' Diversity is clearly in the eyes of the beholder.
+Gus's living room is full of seeds. Only the chairs where we are sitting are not occupied by plants. Colanders filled with different, colourful beans are on the floor under the coffee table. 'These are landraces from Ethiopia. See how each of them is different? No two seeds are the same. I exchange lots of interesting materials with the genebank staff in Addis. They're doing wonderful work.' On top of the coffee table there are heads of grains from last year's grow-out and all over the shelves and between the books, jars and jars of seeds. 'Do you want to see my genebank? It's a living genebank.' This was a slight understatement. What Gus is running is a live-in genebank, starting with the living room.
+We walk down a dark narrow hallway cluttered with old Dutch bicycles, boxes and muddy boots. 'This is the kitchen, but we can't eat here.' His girlfriend smiles from across the room, but it's not clear whether the look on her face means this is terrific or she's had enough. For indeed, there is more food in the form of plantlets, dried vegetables, seeds, herbs and grains in their kitchen than could feed an army. Every shelf, table, countertop, cupboard and chair is littered with stocks of food plants in one from or another. But this is not for eating. It's for saving and growing and letting live. There is literally no room to put a sandwich down.
+We go upstairs. 'This is the bedroom, but we can't sleep here.' The bed is covered with cloths - not sheets and blankets - delicately holding tiny seeds drying slowly under the warm air blowing out from an electric heater, which is perched where a pillow should be propped. We climb another flight of twisted wooden stairs and reach what is starting to look like a very busy laboratory. One room is filled with plants that don't set true seed, growing under big lamps. Most of them are tropical plants from the Andes over to Tibet. 'Do you know Ulluco? It's what they call a "minor crop" but it's a major crop of the folk in the Andes. Actually, I'm specialised in minor crops. They're more interesting.' Gus exchanges seeds with more than 600 'collaborators' in 100 countries around the planet. Some of them are official people from genebanks and research institutes, others are village people and friends of his who travel around and take seed to others on his behalf in exchange for
+something requested in return. African crops are his major gap right now.
+The further we move up flights of stairs, the more boxes there are. Finally we reach the heart of the operation: the incoming and outgoing seeds. One room just holds the seeds that were grown out this year. They are carefully packaged in scaled envelopes to survive a few years in storage before hitting the soil again, and labelled with fine details for data processing. In the adjacent room, are the seeds that will be grown out in the next season. Despite the amazing quantities and sheer pandemonium of diversity all over the place, everything is meticulously organised. 'I have seven helpers growing out the seeds with me. One of them works full time at the computer, keeping all the information up to date.'
+It is quite a job. Each year, about 12,000 to 18,000 seed samples are regenerated in the outskirts of Utrecht. To maintain the integrity of the different varieties, Gus and his helpers grow the plants in little plots among the fields of small scale farmers in the region. In total, the area available to them amounts to 1.2 hectares. But his point is to save seeds so that they flourish in the field, not to grow them so that they can be stored in the house.
+The only reason Gus is doing this is because he wants to. He is paid by the State to be permanently unemployed, by their definition, but he works seven days a week. To pay for some of the costs he also runs a non-profit seed company called Exclu-Seed. Each year, Gus and his associates offer a selected range of rare and unusual plant varieties to whoever is interested. Most of the clients are old people, who know plants, have time for them and remember what diversity used to be. Some of the seeds are very old cultivars, others are landraces and others yet are the Court of Eden's own creations. For example, this year the catalogue offers gardeners a chance to try a Nepalese lettuce landrace that is extremely variable. Gus asks his customers that if one particular plant in the heterogeneous batch is especially appealing, to please not eat it all, but let the plant go to seed and send the seeds back to the company so that they can multiply more seeds of that lettuce for other
+people to enjoy.
+How so many tropical plants could survive in Utrecht leaves a lot of people perplexed. Gus's approach is straightforward: just don't interfere with them, let them do their own thing. His criteria for choosing which plants he takes on board are that they must be different, they must be natural and they must work for themselves, he is not going to work for them. But that doesn't mean he just sits back and whistles. If anything, Gus is a great observer and one of his keen interests is in crop development, crossing plants and creating new varieties. Nor is the point to be bundled up in Utrecht and prevented from living in his own house. The Court of Eden is trying to find the money to move to somewhere better suited to grow this diversity and show it to others. A 100 hectare plot of land in southeast Spain, where the microclimates are abundant, would be ideal. Would he mind if it were next to a Mitsubishi factory? 'All the better!' Gus cried. ' We can do it with Mitsubishi!'
+Breeding diversity biodynamically
+Over in Mainleus, Germany, not far from Bayreuth and the old East German border, Martin Bossert is very grim. It's been hard going and it's just getting worse. For years now Martin has been working with the Association for the Promotion of Research and Education for Plant Breeding, an independent biodynamic research organisation set up in 1983. Otherwise known as the Pflanzenzuchtverein Wernstein, this group has taken on the vital but awesome challenge of breeding diversity back into German agriculture and helping scientific creativity thrive again outside the numbing grip of big business.
+For Martin and his colleague Peter Raatsie, many of the problems associated with modern agriculture - the decline of food quality, of peoples' independence and of biological diversity - boils down to the seed. As farmers and gardeners give up seed saving and opt to purchase technical packages from an anonymous industry, they are giving up a lot more than just their seeds. 'Today, the knowledge of how to avoid a reduction in yield through adapted cultivation practices no longer exists is becoming lost as well d Martin and Peter have been trying to reverse this trend, by breeding plants and developing farming systems that are sustainable and fertile, rather than simply high-yielding.
+In their breeding work, carried out with farmers and horticulturalists in the region, they emphasise yield security, genetic variability, food quality, storage, taste and wholesomeness, and improved resistance. To do this, they have been collecting and conserving a broad range of genetic diversity in the form of old folk varieties from all over the region. They are currently maintaining several hundred varieties of more than one hundred species. As these crops were developed locally by farmers before chemicals were around, they are being tested as regional varieties for ecological agricultural production. They are also being conserved and improved for the future.
+One important goal of their work is to revitalise seeds that have grown 'tired' through static and careless reproduction. For example, fundamental research on selecting rye through the so-called 'ear-bed' method of Martin Schmidt has allowed them to strengthen the vigour and fertility of other cereals and vegetables too. The ear-bed method involves sowing seeds in a row in the order they grow on the head of grain where the most mature are on the top and the youngest on the bottom. When you grow out the seeds respecting this order, the plants in the middle of the row will grow the tallest. Not only do yields increase, but these plants are also stronger and more resistant to stress than those at the edge of the row .
+Martin and Peter have also been doing applied research to increase the nutritional value of food crops, the baking and storage qualities of grains and their health-enhancing properties. But all this intensive breeding and crop improvement depends on the availability of a good store of landraces and old cultivars. Their collection of varieties has been 40 years in the making and is composed of cereals, potatoes, beans and other vegetables, running into the hundreds. Every year, a fair portion of this diversity has to be grown out on a land area amounting to no more than one hectare. Last year, Martin sowed more than 25 different pulses alongside grains and vegetables to regenerate the seeds and keep the collection going.
+But despite all this promising work, their efforts are constantly on the verge of being wiped out by the apathy of the authorities and the absence of financial resources to keep the operation alive. Everyone is pleased to admire the fine things they are doing, but few are pitching in to help. Last year when he came to Barcelona to join in a European network meeting of folk dedicated to genetic resources, Martin swore that he was about to bale out and just throw his whole collection of seeds into the fire. No one believed him; his commitment to keep fighting seemed too strong. But sustaining this work is impossible without resources and support. Would it help if he were allowed to sell his seeds and recoup some of the costs, despite German law prohibiting this? Martin is clear in rejecting this option. 'I am not interested in selling the seeds. I don't want to imitate the system that I am trying to find a way around.'
+The destiny of Noah's Ark
+A lot of folks who save seeds in Central Europe know Nancy Arrowsmith. Nancy is something of a minor monument on the scene. She has stubbornly lent her voice and muscle to help people in their struggle without ever hinting at giving up. Despite her frank and fierce complaints that she's sick and tired of the stories of how important genetic resources are and what a great thing grassroots conservation is, she buckles up and fights on.
+Nancy lived in several countries, including Italy, the USA and Germany, before settling down in northeast Austria, not far from what was then the barbed wire of the Czechoslovakian border. Fascinated with the diversity of the landscapes and microclimates around her, she took on gardening 'with a vengeance,' as she puts it, and founded a magazine for fellow organic gardeners called Kraut & Rüben. This work, and the people around her, especially the elderly Austrian women who know something about saving their old varieties, got her going to conserve genetic diversity. For it took only a look around to see that there was a real problem. The seed business in Austria is not healthy. A full 95 per cent of the vegetable varieties come from foreign companies, which has the country in a state of great genetic dependence. As Nancy explains, the decline of Austrian plant breeding is not so much owing to takeovers and mergers, but to the wholesale wiping out of small businesses, which
+cannot keep up with competition from multinationals.
+While this is already a problem, Nancy fears more for the imminent threats of tomorrow: Austria's integration into the European Community and entrance into the UPOV club of countries that provide Plant Breeders' Rights. Both of these changes are bound to take a heavy toll on whatever diversity farmers and gardeners are still enjoying in Austria, as can be seen in those countries that are already part of the systems. So one of Nancy's primary strategies in getting her seed work going has been systematically to collect the nonhybrid varieties still around but threatened by integration into the EC.
+Today Nancy runs a network of seed savers in the German-speaking countries of Austria, Switzerland and Germany. She gave her organisation the biblical name Arche Noah or Noah's Ark from the idea of trying to load the boat with as much diversity as possible before the flood of erosion wipes it out. Today, there are more than 350 members in the network, collecting, maintaining and exchanging seeds through all sort of mechanisms: 'swap stands' at local markets, Arche Noah's publications or sympathetic health food stores. Nancy herself devotes 50 hours a week to her own seed saving of vegetables and keeping the organisation alive. Every year she publishes a catalogue of who is conserving what in the network and how to get hold of it. It offers hundreds of traditional varieties of cereals, vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbs and industrial crops. She also put together a listing of all nonhybrid seeds still available in Austria as of 1990, so that gardeners and farmers can save
+them before they are dropped from the market and disappear for good (6).
+At the helm of Noah's Ark, she has a hard time smiling about it. ' We are not taken seriously by official institutions and have a long way to go before our organisation will be efficient enough to serve as a serious tool for the preservation of our plant heritage.' (7) She herself has benevolently dumped plenty of her own private resources into the operation, while she desperately tries to get a grant from the government. The paperwork takes a lot of time and the results have not been encouraging. Until Noah's Ark can stand on its own feet, the work will remain a desperate battle against the demise of local diversity and people's legal liberty to save seed, even if it is patented. 'At the moment, our major role is that of a catalyst - to make farmers aware that they are losing their birthright, make consumers aware that they are losing valuable and delicious food plants, and make government officials and ecologists aware that there is a problem involved.'
+Nancy is particularly vigilant about the situation in Eastern Europe, which is going through faster changes than her adopted home state of Austria. Over the years, she and her assistant Ursula Mitterbauer have gone collecting genetic resources in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, coming home with stocks of vegetables and fruits. They report, 'Parts of the Czechoslovakian countryside are so ravaged [by pollution and environmental damage] that nut even potatoes will grow well. Mutations in leaf and in fruit forms are increasing in industrial areas.' (9) The federal government's policy of industrial development repressed any option other than what it dictated as the only solution. The Czech seed supply has been the monopoly of the State and only officially accredited varieties are available to farmers and gardeners. In tact, usually only one variety per species was allowed to be grown in any given year.
+Nancy also mourns what is happening in the former East Germany. Like other NGOs, she considers the genebank at Gatersleben to be one of the best in world, and praises its 'hands-on, practical approach to seed saving' practised by no other (10). Yet its integration into West Germany's priorities will likely change all of that. Worse, in her view, is the demise of excellent grassroots conservation work apparently tolerated by the Communist regime and actively supported by the Gatersleben staff. Jürgen Reckin's Society for Ecological Plant Breeding and Soil Development stands out among the others. For years now, Jürgen and his team of eight dedicated scientists have been collecting, conserving and carrying out dynamic farming systems research with more than 300 varieties of grains, vegetables, amaranth, comfrey, legumes and forage crops. Nancy admires his work tremendously. He has developed wheat with good baking qualities and high protein content, potatoes resistant to frost,
+free-threshing spelt for small farmers, barleys that don't need chemical fertiliser and dozens of other local innovations to promote sustainable agriculture in East Germany. Yet the West German authorities have told Jürgen to shut down operations, as they consider this 'bad science'. As Nancy puts it, sadly, 'The excellent work of this group may he relegated into oblivion as quickly as the Berlin Wall." (11)
+Nancy sees the rebuilding of local economies in the East as hinging upon the possibility of salvaging the old seeds that were at the heart of people's cultures and fight for independence. Much of this will have to come from the seed savers outside the region - refugees of the Ceausescu regime, Polish emigrants and others who fled from hardship with their seeds sewn into skirt linings and hidden in hat bands. Getting the local resources back into the tired and exploited villages is the kind of aid these regions need, not massive shipments of unadapted Western hybrids. Noah's Ark is more than willing to help transmit the seeds of the future back to these people. In so doing, Nancy and her friends would truly bring a legend to life.
+Fighting for options in the UK
+'I know it will happen again. I don't know what the next problem will be, I just know there is going to be one.' Jeremy Cherfals is a biologist, gardener, seed saver and journalist based in Bristol. As his main source of income is as a freelance science writer, he is usually never sure of much, starting with where his next paycheque will come from so he can pay the mortgage and keep the roof over his head. But he is sure of one thing: that the genetic uniformity of our crops is setting us up for another major harvest loss that could make the Irish potato famine of the 19th century look like a minor event.
+Jeremy is a member of the US-based Seed Savers Exchange and the UK's Henry Doubleday Research Association (HDRA). As his contribution to grassroots conservation Jeremy collects and maintains members of the onion family, with an emphasis on rare multiplier onions. He doesn't have time for more, although he would like to. Over the past couple of years, the little extra time he could squeeze away from writing articles has been invested in trying to revamp the HDRA's legendary vocation in sowing the seeds of diversity. Like any NGO, HDRA has had to make tough decisions about where to focus its emphasis and limited resources. Most of their work has been directed to developing a viable basis for organic gardening in the UK and overseas. But both the success and the sheer magnitude of this work has meant that attention has drifted away from genetic resources and the collection built up by HDRA's founder, Lawrence Hills. As Jeremy puts it, 'The HDRA's Heritage Seeds Programme and
+Heritage Seed Library had become a little like our seeds - slightly moribund.'
+It did not take Jeremy too long to convince today's leaders of the HDRA, Jackie and Alan Gear, that the genetic resources aspect of their programme needed a vital revamping. An independent review of the collection of 200 vegetables bring conserved at Ryton Gardens near Coventry was carried our last year. The panel included staff from the Vegetable Genebank at Wellesbourne, and other scientists from the National Institute of Agricultural Botany. The review concluded that HDRA was indeed holding on to a heritage that was worth saving. But it had to be done fast.
+The HDRA still doesn't have enough money to help Jeremy pay his mortgage by giving him a full-time job as their Head of Genetic Resources. The priority is to start growing out the seed collection and getting the newborn programme in action. While the seeds are revitalised in Coventry and backed up in cold storage at Wellesbourne, HDRA is trying get more people involved in their Seed Guardian scheme. Today there are about 40 Seed Guardians throughout the UK growing old varieties from the HDRA's Seed Library. They are responsible for producing enough seed for exchange within the network on a voluntary basis. Part of what prevents people getting involved in the programme is that many British gardeners, spoiled by instant products from commercial catalogues, have forgotten how to harvest and conserve seed from their crops. So HDRA is developing training courses and teaching materials of easy to learn techniques for what Jeremy calls 'saving backyard biodiversity'.
+Another important part of the programme is raising public awareness about genetic diversity and why it is vital to use and preserve our rich gardening heritage. A display of illegal varieties at this year's Chelsea Flower Show certainly did that! Not only did it attract almost 500 new members for the Heritage Seed Programme, it also attracted a bronze medal from the stuffy Royal Horticultural Society. 'At last, people are beginning to take some notice,' says Jeremy.
+To HDRA and other UK organisations working to promote sustainable agriculture, an important feature of the old varieties is that even if they don't yield as much as fancy hybrids and other modern strains, they don't demand the external inputs that are poisoning Britain's environment, water and food supply and costing farmers an arm and a log. If those concerns don't stir British citizens, their shopping basket might. ' Consumers are being ripped off.' Jeremy is emphatic about this point. 'Taste, if it figures at all, has generally been low on the list of priorities in the development of modern varieties. Shoppers are beginning to resent that.' These wider costs of today's food production system are only slowly starting to be calculated and felt.
+But people in Britain are mostly moved by the genetic uniformity argument, and probably for a good reason. The UK is one country where NGOs have hit hardest on their government to take a more responsible role towards managing the resource base of agriculture. And the UK is one country where the government has not done very much. Wellesbourne is one example. But what about Brogdale? Great Britain's - and probably the world's - largest collection of fruit trees nearly died a few years ago because the government could not care less. Through private efforts, involving the HDRA's royal patron Prince Charles, the collection was saved from extinction and is now run as the Brogdale Horticultural Trust. Had no one batted an eye when the government sold off the UK's historic Plant Breeding Institute to Unilever, their genetic resources collection, long built up as a public heritage, would have been sold off with it. And only now is the government starting to contemplate something in
+the range of a national policy on genetic resources. By all accounts, the British have narrowly avoided losses as their administrators have persisted in believing that if the sacrosanct market doesn't value the country's genetic heritage it should be scrapped.
+But HDRA is mostly worried about the future of Britain's food security. Saving seeds is not just for the pleasure of growing something different in your garden. NGOs and individuals have a major role to play in decentralising the conservation effort and multiplying what is in effect an insurance premium against crop wipeout. As Alan Gear puts it, 'The history of agriculture is littered with epidemics of disease and outbreaks of pest; in almost every case, salvation was found either in an old variety or in a wild relative of the crop.' (12) To contribute to this effort, HDRA has just published a new version of The Vegetable Finder. A catalogue of catalogues, it lists all vegetable varieties legally available in the UK today: 1,973 open-pollinated types and 829 hybrids. This is not quite the abundant and secure offering of diversity it seems. Nearly 60 per cent more than 1,000 - of the non-hybrid vegetables are being maintained by one solitary supplier and are marked with a
+special symbol.
+Of course, seed-saving in the UK would be a lot more efficient if people could sell heirloom varieties, but this is restricted by the law, as in many other Western European countries. The standards for uniformity set a high barrier to enter the seed market and effectively keep folk varieties off the shelf. Even if a scientifically competent organisation like HDRA went into plant breeding, it would need considerable funds to compete with the top companies. It costs £1,800 these days to register a variety on the National List and another £400 each year to keep it there, whether it sells one hundred packets or one hundred thousand. So an NGO like HDRA doesn't - and can't - 'sell' seeds. 'I give you the seeds, and you give me a donation,' Jeremy explains. ' We don't like loopholes, but that's the way it has to he.' Until the regulations are changed, the right to compete on the seed market will be a right reserved for the already rich.
+Meanwhile, Jeremy and other British groups are set to continue the fight to raise awareness, bring the grassroots actors closer together and create a new demand for diversity. 'Not in a simple-minded nostalgia of "Gee, weren't the apples better when we were kids," 'he stresses. 'That's not the point. But we hare to get everyone to realise ultimately that the diversity we are trying to preserve is going to feed them in the future.'
+Recovering the future of Tuscany
+Giovanni Cerretelli is deeply worried about where farming is going in Italy. Not just the pesticide problem and people leaving the land. He is mostly concerned about the loss of local varieties and with them the heart and culture of the people who nurtured them as a bridge to tomorrow. In a race against the loss of the future, he has spent the past couple of years visiting old farmers and gardeners in Tuscany, talking to them about the seeds their families grew, the history of how and why different varieties were developed and handed down, what they were valued for and how they were grown. The past is rich, but the future is uncertain.
+'We can collect the germplasm, hut unless young people learn how to save seeds again and keep the links intact, this diversity will not thrive.' Giovanni is an agronomist and wants to help farmers develop more sustainable production systems. Together with Francesca Castioni and a few other colleagues, he set up a cooperative in Florence called Il Bigallo Verde, with the aim of offering to local farmers services, advice and training on biological agriculture. The value of traditional varieties became evident to him. Generally well adapted to local conditions, they could provide resistance, nutritional value, taste, self reliance and a stability of yield under low input practices that the modern varieties can't match.
+In 1986, Bigallo Verde started a project to rescue old crop varieties in Tuscany with the support of the regional government and the Agricultural University of Florence. Before collecting, a lot of research went into figuring out where to go and what to look for. This meant talking to local farmers to get a first-hand picture of the map of the region's agricultural history. Once the field trips got underway, it became clear that while a lot of diversity had been lost, especially in areas of intensive industrialised farming, there was still a range of traditional cultivars being grown, especially among small farmers and the elderly. To date, more than 200 samples of crop plants have been collected, mostly local vegetables, cereals, pulses and forage crops.
+The collecting work opened Giovanni's eyes to the eminently social and human dimension of seeds and the critical lack of a good conservation system in the region - one in which farmers are directly involved. 'On many occasions, we were able to become aware of the extent to which the cultivation of local plants is tied to a precise local culture on its way to extinction, or, unfortunately at times, recovered only in its more aesthetic forms.' (13) Most of the material collected came from elderly small-scale farmers who have maintained their rural traditions and for whom reproducing their own seed was one of the most fundamental activities on the farm. But as these people are dying out, someone has to safeguard their seeds for them.
+Culturally, politically and technically, Italy's national genebank in Bari is too far away. Tuscany needs a regional approach to managing its genetic resources or it won't work. 'The local varieties collected have to continue to circulate as the wealth of the farmers.' (14) If the seeds are cut off from the people, they will lose their real value as a local heritage. What sense and benefits will Tuscan farmers derive by shipping their seeds to a central storage unit down south? Giovanni says it again and again: the imperative is not conservation as such, but utilisation, putting diversity to work in local economies.
+Giovanni and his colleagues from the official sector are firm about moving forward. Collecting must continue but conservation begins with what has already been salvaged. The first task is to multiply the seeds so that there is more to work with. Then the seeds have to be safely preserved for the future. Tuscany is set on creating its own regional genebank but only in cooperation with farmers. While cold storage is vital, they feel it is just as vital to provide farmers with the proper incentives and opportunities to keep the local varieties alive by growing them within sustainable production systems. Given the circumstances today, this will mean identifying the varieties with good forms of resistance and integrating them into low-energy production systems that don't need pesticides and can improve the quality of food and the environment.
+The task ahead is tremendous and Giovanni can't count all the hurdles to overcome. Probably the biggest and most important to him is getting this diversity back into the farms and the villages so that people can relate to it again. For that to happen, people will need to learn how to save, reproduce and select seeds so that they can really work again with plants and use the possibilities offered by local cultivars for a more ecological and self-reliable approach to producing food. But at the same time, consumers will have to learn to demand this kind of diversity in their quest for higher quality products and a cleaner environment. The bottom line is clear: we can't move into the future if we are not armed with the past.
+A full-time conservation group in Switzerland (15)
+Switzerland is one of the few European countries where the national genebank has actually put some of the old varieties it collected from farmers back into production, mainly rustic mountain cereals donated to biological farming organisations. But relations between the official and non-official sectors are not always so harmonious and trusting. In the late 1970s, some sceptical people did not believe the government's claim that there was not much more to do to conserve the old breeds of Swiss farm animals; what was gone was gone, it was said. The sceptics went out and scoured valley valley, valley, stable after stable identifying what was really left They found many breeds that were said to be extinct. Somehow, the State had not been very efficient!
+In early 1980, these diversity-hunters founded a private non-governmental organisation and named it Pro Specie Rara (PSR). The idea was to develop an independent and participatory approach to maintaining the genetic diversity of Swiss plants and animals. Rather than acting as a club or a network, PSR functions as a kind of trust fund for endangered animals. Its finances comes from its own shareholders, patronage and grants. With its working capital, PSR buys the last individuals of a breed and 'rents' them out tree of charge to interested farmers. The farmer has full use of the animals while PSR maintains the right to buy the offspring and enlarge the herd. PSR manages the herdbook and directs mating strategies. When the breed is out of danger of extinction, the foundation relinquishes its rights over the animals and, as PSR staffer Hans-Peter Grünenfelder puts it, 'a free market takes place'. The idea of this controlled procedure is to spread the animals out in small and
+decentralised breeding groups to avert any risks and keep the highest number of males, to guarantee a wide genetic base.
+Much of PSR's success and experience has been with animals: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and also fowl, such as chickens and geese. They are really best known for this original and popular work. For a few years, however, they have also been working with plants, collecting and multiplying old varieties through a parallel network of participating gardeners and horticulturalists. Their priorities are limited to crops adapted to high altitudes and the rigours of Swiss mountain climates. Rustic potato cultivars, such as the Eight-Week Potato and old farmers' varieties of legume crops and cereals have been collected and are available for growing.
+Pro Specie Rara has enjoyed a lot of success at home. Rather than conserving species in one special place so they don't die out, they offer people a chance to get involved directly, either by adopting a breed financially, housing some animals or growing out traditional varieties. Today nearly 400 Swiss farmers are involved in their animal rescue operations, while 250 fruit and vegetable growers maintain the plants they have collected. Amazingly, this organisation has survived and carried out all its work without any funding from the government. A rare feat indeed.
+PSR is growing - and eastward bound. They are not becoming another Swiss multinational, but because of their location in the centre of the 'new' Europe, it was impossible for them to ignore what was taking place in nearby East European countries. Their fears that economic restructuring of the former communist regimes would bring about the rapid loss of traditional animal breeds, fruit stocks and crops not 'profitable' enough for the future market economy - have all too quickly materialised. In 1989, PSR sent staff into Czechoslovakia to search out the indigenous breeds and found that the dramatic end to the lives of many had begun. Many a rare animal finally tracked down through local farmers was found hanging up on a butcher's hook. In one desperate move, they tried to export some specimens of the famous wooly-backed Mangalizza pigs into Switzerland for safety and reproduction. The pigs were held at the border for quarantine, and it turned out that they were infected with a
+virus. The pigs sat there for a year, while PSR nervously put up the money, until it was known whether the offspring were healthy.
+The agricultural genetic wipeout in the East is so serious and violent that PSR has set up an office in Prague to instigate and coordinate emergency conservation projects - with just the money they can spare from their Swiss activities. Another office is being established in the former Yugoslavia. Together with other grassroots conservation organisations in Central Europe they are trying to set up an umbrella Euro-Fund or Euro-Association that will link up animal and plant heritage groups throughout the region to capitalise jointly on the little available funding and increase cooperative activities. With the clock ticking so fast, equally rapid action to salvage the backyard breeds of generations of private farmers and gardeners in the East is urgent. The pleas for help coming from the official sector may fall on deaf ears in the West. Let us hope that concerted NGO action can make up for this and result in something effective for the future.
+Quality and competence at Le Biau Germe
+Sylvia Schmid is a petite women with silvery hair and a gentle voice. Neither an ageing hippie nor a newborn ecologist, Sylvia abounds with common sense and simplicity. When she talks about the old varieties of tomatoes and peaches that farmers and gardeners cultivated in France decades ago, she seems mesmerised by their qualities and defects, the panorama of different breeds that suited different climates and uses, and the opportunities they offer to keep on experimenting and developing new types. -
+We first crossed paths with Sylvia in the early 1980s when she decided to go into the seed business. It wasn't the typical seed business, however. Sylvia wanted to cater to a commonsense clientele of people who could appreciate regionally adapted varieties that were grown without chemicals. She wanted to rescue the best of France's wealth in local varieties from oblivion - but without getting nostalgic or folklorish about it. From the moment she started, the law was against her. With her starting batch of traditional varieties, she went into small scale production and began announcing that the old seeds were back on sale and would work wonderfully on organic farms. She couldn't afford to advertise in any broad fashion like the mainstream merchants of grain. But she did manage to slip her message through the local press and into biological farming circles.
+Thus her fight of common sense against reality began. The authorities threatened that what she was doing was illegal. Her varieties were not registered on France's national list of seeds that could be legally sold. But how could she possibly comply with the regulation? The law held that varieties had to be unique, uniform and stable, which no landrace or old farmer's variety possibly could. And she could not afford to try to register anything, even if it were possible. She was warned to shut down operations or risk legal action.
+It was then that, shocked by disbelief; Sylvia contacted us for confirmation that it was true that she was doing something unlawful and for advice on what to do. She could not believe that in a democratic country such as France it was illegal to pursue another type of agricultural development than the one farmers were coerced into by the chemical industry. Nor could she believe that the genetic heritage painstakingly developed by farmers and gardeners and handed down over generations was barred from survival by government decree and had to be relegated to underground channels and misfit adventurers just to stay alive.
+We did not have to argue anything in return, we only offered our support if any of the threats against her integrity materialised. Yes she was breaking the law, but if that was the only way to demonstrate the foolishness of the law, it was up to her to take the chance. Sylvia stuck with her belief in the value of the old seeds and the interest they offered for the development of sustainable agriculture and in the ten years since her perilous start, the enterprise has bloomed into one of the most well-respected and appealing biological seed companies in France.
+The Biau Germe is implanted in southwest France, where the soils and climate are not too bad for seed production. The operation is run by Sylvia, her brother, Rene, and his wife, Annie, now assisted by one other couple, Pascal and Veronique Naudin. Together, they have four hectares of land for seed production, spread out to avoid cross pollination. Biau Germe has two principal objectives. First, to produce seeds whose genetic potential has not been altered by chemicals and can therefore continue to maintain and develop their natural vigour. Secondly, to participate in the management of our genetic heritage by producing seeds of old varieties, with a particular emphasis on those cultivated before the First World War.
+Sylvia and her gang work hard to produce the finest quality seed for amateurs and gardeners. They carry out very strict germination controls to deliver a potent product and take great care in adjusting production to changing demands. For example, oriental vegetables are becoming popular now in many countries of Western Europe: Chinese cabbages and greens, edible chrysanthemums, and so on. The Biau Germe tests them out for truly dependable results under small farm conditions in temperate climates and cautiously advises their clients on how best they grow. When there is time, they also do some breeding and selection to improve crops and develop them further. But their favourites are the old time classics that bring farming and gardening down to its real nature: a true art in juggling the complex factors that work on and off each other in a diversified environment. For example, they take pride in keeping available the tall Red Wheat of Bordeaux, a very old and rustic landrace
+that is well adapted to low-input farming practices, returns a lot of straw to the soil and produces an exceptionally nutritious grain without chemicals. They also offer well-prepared and well-tested varietal mixtures of a number of horticultural and ornamental crops - something unknown to the mainstream seed market geared towards uniformity!
+Despite her success, Sylvia is still in limbo with the law. Due to pressure from grassroots organisations, France did create a special parallel registration system for old fruit varieties in the mid-1980s - the only European country to do so, but also the only European country with any registration requirement for fruits. The standards are less rigorous and the fees lower. But what about the rest? Sylvia has been negotiating with other organic seed producers to form a trade union to defend their rights to exist on the market. But in the meantime, the French authorities are starting to realise that the system doesn't make sense. If there is a demand for traditional varieties and people are willing to produce them on a commercial scale, why shouldn't they be allowed to do business? Her sheer obstinacy may win Sylvia the satisfaction of seeing the laws rewritten to recognise the value of our genetic heritage. And of the common sense behind people's drive to work with diversity
+and let it thrive, for our own pleasure and that of generations to come.
+Seed saving in Sweden
+SESAM is a small non-profit organisation in Sweden, working to maintain a pool of local crop varieties well adapted to the Nordic climates. With nearly two hundred members participating in the network, SESAM is reviving and revitalising the art of cultivating seeds for the future.
+The main activity of the organisation is teaching people how to grow and save seed crops of local varieties in the different climates of Sweden. When a member of the group has proven that he or she has mastered the art of managing a certain species, that person is commissioned to grow out an old variety for the benefit of the others. One senior member is responsible for overseeing training and management of the collection for each crop group: peas, beans, carrots and so forth. A minimum number of plants per variety have to be regularly grown out to ensure long-term maintenance and availability of seeds. At the same time, part of the overall collection is backed-up in cold storage compartments as a safety measure.
+SESAM Chairperson Thomas Levander explains the limits of this approach. 'All work within the association is done on a voluntary basis and in our spare time. We are strictly amateurs at the grassroots level. So far we have no sponsors or any financial support for our work.' On the positive side, Thomas is certain that this kind of work is an invaluable contribution to keeping alive well-adapted varieties that are suited to the region. If everyone just turned their backs on genetic erosion and let the country's crop heritage disappear, how would Swedish farming survive in the future?
+Take the potato. Over the years, SESAM has developed a broad collection of old potato landraces that have long worked well in Sweden's diverse agro-ecosystems. However, most of them are now suffering from virus plagues and reduced vitality. Thomas and his colleagues managed to raise some money to pay a research institute to do meristem culture of their infected stock and start cleaning up this heritage collection so that new clones will ensure its survival. In the meantime, they are figuring out how to develop a virus-free environment to be able to continue growing these folk varieties that are well-appreciated and worth saving.
+The SESAM network has proved to itself that there is a job to do and its membership is qualified to do it. They would even like to grow and link up with similar groups engaged in seed saving of Nordic cultivars in Finland and Denmark. The problem is the lack of resources and time to further the research. The starting basis is there, but developing adequate techniques for different species in different zones takes quite some effort. And though they would like and need to, there is simply no time to investigate characteristics like pest resistance, cropping systems and other features that would help reinstate farmers' varieties into today's production systems. Even describing the old cultivars can be a headache.
+Until there are resources available to give this work deeper foundations, the first priority is to link up with other organisations and learn from each other. SESAM's members have taught themselves a lot and learned how to conserve genetic resources at the farmer level the hard way. They are really keen to share their experiences with other groups and build on their achievements in a solid and sustainable manner.
+Managing the genetic heritage of Provence
+Cooperation between the formal and informal sectors is not only necessary, it is also possible. This, at least, is the lesson to be learned from what is probably Europe's only adventure in mounting a fully fledged regional genetic heritage programme that involves a wide range of actors in an incredibly full spectrum of activities.
+PAGE PACA is the name of the initiative born in 1983 and hopefully here to stay and grow. PAGE stands for 'PAtrimoine GEnétique' (or Genetic Heritage) and PACA for Provence-Alpes-Cotes d'Azur which is the name of the region in the southeast of France, comprised of six administrative departments and covering nearly 31,500 square kilometres of extremely diverse ecosystems. The climate is Mediterranean but the topography ranges from the sandy shores of St Tropez to the upper Alps, passing through plains and lower mountain chains, prairies, orchards and small river valleys.
+The genetic and cultural diversity of the area is rich but underexploited and ill-preserved. Recognising this, a whole range of activities were springing up from different circles to conserve and utilise the resources of the region: national parks, organic farming organisations, schools, research institutes and NGOs. Agriculture was going through rapid transformations. For example, the region has become specialised in fruit production and early vegetables, exported throughout the country. But the local orchards were ripped up and re-planted with varieties from California. Honey production has also been an old vocation of the region and earned farmers, gardeners and private individuals a bit of extra income that never hurt. Yet the indigenous Black Bee of Provence, so well adapted to the climate and flowers of the zone, was being sacrificed to the spread of imported hybrid races that yielded well but did not really integrate into the ecosystem.
+People from all corners of the region were getting concerned about the decline of their heritage in the face of easy solutions that might not be sustainable. The problem was not just agricultural, nor just environmental, but really had to do with valuing and utilising the wealth of traditional knowledge long generated by centuries of working with local resources. Rather than work in a fragmented way, the different actors sat down and forged a plan for cooperation that won the support and encouragement of their regional government, as well as from Paris' Ministry of the Environment.
+PAGE PACA brings together more than thirty agencies, from grassroots NGOs and biological farming organisations to the State's agronomic research institute, INRA, and national parks. Their main goal is not only to conserve but also to foment sustainable economic development in the region by harnessing local knowledge and resources. As an umbrella organisation for the multiple partners, PAGE PACA lends logistical support to local initiatives or else designs new programmes at the regional level which different members will take up and carry out.
+In the first years of its work, the programme has focused on a vast range of species, activities and industries. As fruits are a major cash crop of the region, PAGE PACA has inventoried the traditional fruits of the zone, collected what could still be found and is preserving and studying the old types for reintegration into the economy. For example, rare and valuable varieties such as the Blood Peach of Manosque, with its ruby red flesh, or the Snow Peach, which bears unusual white flowers, have been recovered from near extinction against the onslaught of modern hybrids. Local figs, almonds, plums and cherries have followed the same path. Many have found their way into the orchard being set up at La Thomassine, PAGE PACA's demonstration and research farm, near the village of Manosque. Doubles of many materials are backed up at the National Botanical Garden run by Louis Olivier on the island of Porquerolles.
+Many of these cultivars are exceptionally resistant to diseases and pests and provide succulent fruit. But of course they lack the hard skins that would make them transportable over long distances - an end for which they were not developed by earlier farming families. One answer to this problem is to develop processed goods based on these and other unique local fruits: jams, juices, syrups and pastes. But that demands setting up relations with local industrialists willing to help find novel ways of processing the raw materials into adapted products. Another is to encourage direct local consumption of the region's heritage through schools, markets and restaurants.
+Provence has also long been a grazing land of goats and sheep that fed superbly on leguminous forages like sainfoin. As this grass is well adapted to the climates and soils, PAGE PACA has collected old ecotypes and is experimenting with farmers on developing its production once again. It can be intercropped with cereals and used as a green manure or cut and ted to sheep. Other experiments have been carried out with local breeds of clover, alfalfa and vetches, which are compared with modern commercial varieties in on-farm trials. The difference is generally the same: local ecotypes are less demanding and better adapted to the complexities of the Provençal region. The drawback is that there is no source of seed nor distribution system for the indigenous varieties.
+In the area of vegetables, aromatic and medicinal plants, a lot of collecting has saved many old varieties from dying out. The same goes for animal breeds, honey flowers and indigenous bees. But once the problem of setting up inventories, collecting materials and getting them into active maintenance is resolved, the real challenge is utilising them in viable economic circuits. This is not just a problem of supply but also of demand. Raising public awareness about the value and utility of local genetic resources has been a major activity of PAGE PACA. Campaigns with slogans like 'Our Genetic Heritage is Everyone's Business' or 'Resources of the Future, Jobs for Tomorrow' have been launched to teach the public and help them understand that responsibility for managing local diversity has to be collective, not just dependent on the State or anyone else.
+But perhaps most of all, the greatest success of the programme thus far has been in bringing very different actors together to work towards a common goal in a concrete setting. Philippe Barret' NGO member of the Board of PAGE PACA, is proud of this fact and cherishes the good relations he has with members from INRA and the formal conservation circles. ' We have different perceptions and different priorities, but we have learned to work to,gether and respect our differences.' If diversity is to thrive, it can only really do so in such an environment.
+<section>5. Diversifying the future</section>
+<section>Forging new policies</section>
+The challenge of developing a suitable policy agenda for effective and deep-rooted action in the way we manage the plant genetic resource base of our economies is a tremendous one. We desperately need an umbrella framework, a democratically elaborated action plan that grasps society's rationale for preserving and using biological diversity. Right now, there is a wide range of multiple policies and regulations in operation that deeply affect genetic resources management. Several of them contradict each other. Farm policies push farmers to demand a very low level of diversity and depend instead on external, productivity-pumping technologies. Seed marketing schemes and intellectual property rights laws crown this by pushing research and development toward high uniformity and low innovation. Against this, conservation efforts are almost totally separated from the market and production sphere. Environmental protection programmes throughout Europe provide government money to run
+nature reserves and parks, to preserve ecosystems and let them evolve without economic intervention. Other budgets go into preserving seeds in genebanks, from a mixture of research and heritage preservation logics.
+The incoherence is manifest, but the interests of conservation and production are not irreconcilable. On the contrary, they are inseparable. Unfortunately they have been violently divorced for the past few decades with the aim of promoting short-term industrial development at the expense of long-term agricultural resource management. These broken stitches will have to be mended and the policy fabric reformed.
+If we are to conserve and effectively utilise the rich opportunities that plant genetic diversity offers to us, then we need a policy framework to guide more responsible action. Policy issues are hard to wrestle with because of the different and often conflicting interests at stake. But they are critical to design and implement as a rationale for action
+There are four general policy areas that affect plant genetic resources management in Europe. One of them concerns environmental policy. In and of itself, this area has received a lot of attention over the past few years and nature conservation programmes are abundant. They are important and they need strengthening, but the point is that they are at least moving in an active direction. Three other fields are in drastic shape and need major revisions if we are to take plant genetic resources and sustainability at all seriously. They concern agricultural policy, the legal frameworks and the research agenda. This trinity has a heavy influence on the utilisation of our genetic heritage. They are intrinsically tied to the question: what kind of development do we want in Europe?
+<section>CAP: Conservation or production?</section>
+What to do with the European Community's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has probably been one of the most hotly debated issues in Europe over the past decade. It has come under attack from farmers, environmentalists, industrialists and Third World groups alike. The essence of the CAP is basically a system of guaranteed farm prices for specific products, way above those at world market levels, combined with various measures to block the entry of cheaper products from outside the Community. In the public eye, the CAP is often associated with surplus production and escalating costs. In 1991, the EC spent 33 billion ECU (some US$ 45 billion), or 60 per cent of its entire budget, on CAP alone. But the bulk of this money does not go to the farmers. A full two-thirds of it is devoted to non-productive activities such as stockpiling and destruction of the surpluses, or getting rid of them on the world market through export subsidies.
+In recent years, EC governments and Eurocrats alike have been growing more and more alarmed about this policy-induced nightmare: an ever-rising bill for an agriculture that employs an ever-shrinking minority of Europeans. But the real pressure to overhaul the current CAP comes from the GATT negotiators and foreign countries such as the USA, which see the EC price and export subsidies, combined with protectionist measures to stop cheap agricultural products from entering the EC market, as unfair competition for their own farmers.
+The heart of the now agreed upon CAP reform is a dramatic 30 per cent cut in prices paid to cereal farmers until 1994, topped off by a 15 per cent reduction in beef prices and a 5 per cent lowering of butter prices, among others. These cuts are designed to move EC farm output towards world market price levels and progressively eliminate current subsidies. The European Commission argues that high prices paid to EC farmers in the past have stimulated dangerously intensive forms of agriculture together with the encumbrance of surplus production and environmental pollution. The new price reductions will, according to the Commission, help arrest further intensification of agriculture and thus alleviate the escalating damage to the environment.
+All this sounds wonderful, but in reality things might be quite different. Farmers in the EC have indeed benefited from guaranteed prices above world market levels. But those prices paid to farmers have been progressively lowered over the years while more and more money is devoted to export subsidies. By increasing export subsidies, the EC ends up dumping its produce on the world market, which itself leads to lower prices to compete with. Thus the vicious circle gets worse and worse.
+Contrary to the Commission's projections, farm price reductions in the EC have always lead to greater intensification and more surplus production. Between 1963 and 1983, EC cereal prices were reduced by 45 per cent, and since then by another 30 per cent. During this period, agricultural production increased and surpluses built up. Obviously' if farmers are faced with lower prices they either go out of business or they increase production, depending on whether they can make further investments or not. The EC farming community has declined 35 per cent over the past 15 years, while ever increasing production has become concentrated among fewer and fewer farms. Today, 60 per cent of the EC's grains are produced by only 6 per cent of the Community's cereal farmers, 75 per cent of the milk comes from 25 per cent of the dairy farms, and 80 per cent of the pigs are raised by 10 per cent of the pork producers. Slashing prices yet again under the new CAP regime is more than likely to
+stop up this process: further concentration of production on fewer farms, which will have to drastically intensify their production methods in order to keep up.
+Compensation ... for whom?
+The other side of the CAP reform coin is compensation. The policy-makers recognise that the newly imposed price levels are below the production costs of three-quarters of Europe's farmers, who will have to retire or find another job if nothing else is done. Only a quarter of Europe's largest farmers would be able to keep up with the lower prices if they manage to increase output and lower their costs. So a system of compensation payments is being set up according to the number of hectares each farmer was planting, in the case of cereals for example, and the average yield in each region, before the CAP reform. Thus, if you are a farmer in a high yield region and you have done your best to increase EC surplus production over the past years, you are likely to get most of the compensation. However, if you happen to be a farmer in a disadvantaged part of Europe that tends to provide low yields and harbour small farming production systems, you'll end up getting the smallest part
+of the cake and a compensation that keeps you in the same trouble as you were in before.
+In modelling the reform, one 'mea culpa' of the EC Commission was that, up until now, the bulk of the price subsidies ended up with the minority of well-off farmers. However, with the new compensation system linked to yield and acreage, the same is likely to happen. It is calculated that 80 per cent of the compensation will end up in the hands of 20 per cent of Europe's farmers. The end result is that the 20 per cent better-off farms in the EC will, on the one hand, react to lowered prices by further intensifying their production, and on the other hand, catch most of the compensation from Brussels.
+Obviously, an important question for farmers is: how long will the compensation last? And for the national governments: how much will it cost? Nobody really knows. Apart from the costs of the compensation system itself, a huge bureaucracy will have to be put in place to monitor who has the right to what compensation. In one German land, Bavaria, it is estimated that over 200 extra staff are needed to do the counting. Officials from the EC Commission swear that the compensations will be paid until the end of time. But farmers rightly remain sceptical. As one observer stated to the press, 'The farmers know that they are being paid to do nothing. That is a very vulnerable position to be in.' The first attack against the compensation package might already come this year from the UK, whose turn at the rotating six-month EC presidency began in July 1992 with the firm intention to lower EC expenditure on just about everything. It might very well be that the compensation system
+merely serves as a short-term bait on paper to get the larger farmers' unions to accept the reform package and close the discussion.
+Set aside ... for what?
+One major condition for the large farms to receive the compensation is that they have to set aside at least 15 per cent of their arable land, which means not using it for food production. This measure is intended to ensure that EC farm surpluses are once and for ail cut down. Many doubt whether it will really work to that effect, though. The set aside scheme is basically imported from the United States - where it has proved not to work. Despite 20 years of its application in the US, the system backfired: surplus production has increased continuously there, while whole regions have been losing their farmers.
+The CAP set aside scheme is also often presented as a neat way to reduce production and recover soil productivity by taking the pressure off part of Europe's arable land. This is simply not true. 'Setting aside' land in the new policy is not defined as leaving it alone to recover from intensive practices: heavy machines, toxic pesticides, chemical fertilisers, massive irrigation and draining. It means, rather, that farmers are not allowed to grow food per se on it. This is where Europe's biomass advocates come in. Potatoes, colza, cereals and all sorts of other crops can be grown on the set aside land if they are used for non-food purposes such as making bioethanol, biocarburants, starch and other components for industrial use. Piles of studies are financed by the EC Commission and special subsidy programmes go to industry to make it technically feasible to use the set aside land more intensively than ever by producing raw materials for a newly emerging biomass industry. As
+long as you don't grow 'food' on the set aside land, you are free to do what you want with it. There is no limit on the amount of chemical fertiliser, herbicides or pesticides you can use on this land. Rather than reduce production, the set-aside rule will, again, intensify it.
+If you are a large 'competitive' farmer and are not interested in the biomass business, there is an easy way around the set aside scheme. The set aside quotas are tradeable with other farmers. So farmers with poor soils might obtain and accumulate set aside parts from large farmers working on the best soils who then have their hands free to grow whatever surplus they want. As there are no rules about with whom you can trade your set aside land, we might end up with a situation in which the better-offfarmers in northern France, UK and Denmark continue to produce Europe's food surplus, while entire regions in Greece, Spain and Portugal are officially 'set aside'.
+Europe going green?
+All in all, the reform will push European agriculture further into the split that was ripped open with the launching of the first CAP decades ago: 'real' intensive and large farms provide the bulk of Europe's agricultural output, while the 'unproductive' smaller farms can't keep up. To a large extent that split is geographical. The EC Commission divides Europe into 'advantaged' and 'disadvantaged' regions. Currently, the 'real' crop farming is done by large holdings concentrated in northern France, and parts of England and Denmark, while the intensive animal production takes place in the Netherlands, parts of Belgium, northern Germany and northern Italy. These farms roughly account for 25 per cent of the Community's agricultural land, while the remaining 75 per cent is dismissed as lacking economic efficiency.
+By lowering prices and channelling the bulk of compensation payments to the already 'advantaged' regions and farms, this split will be further enhanced. With the current CAP reform there is simply no agricultural future for 75 per cent of the Community's farmers. For some countries, such as Spain, Portugal and Greece, this means that there is no future for agriculture at all, as virtually all of their farmers fall into this 'disadvantaged' group. But also in the better-off countries, many farmers will not survive the onslaught. In trying to figure out the future of their pesticide sales, the German agro-industry already reckons that only 80,000 of Germany's 400,000 farmers will be in business by the year 2002. The industry remains optimistic, though, as they expect that those fewer farmers will actually increase their use of chemicals to intensify operations.
+The masterminds behind the CAP reform figured that they had to do something for the losers, and came up with a series of 'accompanying measures'. With 75 per cent of Europe's farmers not needed any more for production purposes, the policy-makers decided to use some of the arguments of conservation groups by saying that the time has now come to recognise that farmers have an important role in the protection of the rural environment and management of landscapes, and that they should be recompensed accordingly. The move is clever in several respects. It allows the CAP reformers to present their package as 'socially just' and 'environmentally friendly', as for the first time these considerations are explicitly taken into account. Proudly presented as the 'Agri-Environmental Action Programme', this new part of CAP offers subsidies to farmers if they start growing organically without chemicals or stop draining, irrigation and ploughing up meadows. You can also get money if you
+stick to rare breeds or local crop varieties in danger of extinction.
+But small farmers will have to hurry, if they want to pocket any of the ECUs earmarked for 'environmental services'. The budget is extremely limited: 400 million ECU (some US$ 540 million) in the first year, up to 900 million (or US$ 1.2 billion) in the fifth year. Beyond then, no further guarantees. This is merely 1 to 2 per cent of what Brussels spends right now on its agricultural policies! And it is meant for three-quarters of the Community's farmers, who otherwise have no future at all!
+Delinking agriculture and environment
+Despite the enthusiastic reactions from EC bureaucrats, hard-nosed economists and free-traders worldwide, the new CAP reform is directing Europe's agriculture straight towards a profound disaster. Basically the reform amounts to a violent separation of a 'productive' and 'competitive' minority that produces the bulk of Europe's food and raw materials for industry, and a written-off majority that gets paid to do some environmentally-friendly freewheeling or just go out of business.
+With respect to genetic resources management and the vulnerability of our uniform crops and livestock, the reform could not be more sinister. Forced to increase productivity further, the competitive minority will be more demanding of and reliant upon ever fewer varieties and animal breeds to be able to attain the maximum results. Already, the most productive European farmers plant no more than one or two of the highest yielding crop varieties, each of them genetically uniform. This trend will unfortunately only be reinforced by the new CAP. Europe's agro-ecosystems will be further standardised and concentrated in fewer areas that allow for even fewer crop varieties to be sown on larger acreages. With the new CAP we are definitely heading towards a European agriculture based on the same wheat from Denmark to Greece, and the same cow from Holland to Portugal. The use of chemicals, fertilisers and hormones to sustain this unsustainable production will certainly expand, while
+regionally adapted and genetically diverse crop varieties and animal races will be forced into extinction.
+In the animal sector, the CAP 'logic' is atrocious, as farmers are further pushed to separate milk and meat production, which means mixed breeds will be slaughtered as 'illogical'. With the drop in beef prices, specialised beef producers get a premium of 90 ECUs for each animal. Dairy farmers, trying to sell their unproductive cows, get nothing apart from falling beef prices. And with the drop in milk prices, the dairy farmers have no choice but to intensify further. This vicious price system will lead to an even deeper separation between meat and milk production, with each type of farmer trying to make it in his or her own sector, and write off any future for rustic, mixed breeds. There is no room for anything less than the pure and thoroughbred.
+The 'accompanying measures' to promote some sustainable farming and nature conservation for the losers in the race will certainly not compensate the loss of diversity in the productive sector. The rule is intensification and uniformity, the exception is caring for the environment. The rule provokes extinction while the exception allows for conservation as long as there is money available. As the genetic resources community has slowly started to realise, the only way out of our spiral towards ever increasing genetic vulnerability on the farm is through the integration of production and conservation, rather than their separation. In this context, the last CAP reform is one giant step in just the wrong direction.
+Agricultural policy: what reform ?
+Hardly a week goes by these days without some report in the news about farmers protesting in the EC. The reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) threatens to put most of them out of a job, as prices will be further reduced in order to streamline the productive sector to a few competitive enterprises. At the same time, consumers are growing more critical and vocal about the quality of the food supply and how crops are grown and animals raised. Reports of nitrate overloads in soils and water supply, hormones in meat, chemical residues and heavy metals in fruits and vegetables are stirring up concerns about how wonderful all this cheap food really is.
+The single largest factor shaping the direction of farming and of our food system is agricultural policy, which in the EC countries boils down today to the reform of the CAP, agreed upon by the 12 Agricultural Ministers on 21 May 1992. Hailed by the press as 'the most radical overhaul of the Common Agricultural Policy in its 30-year history' (1), the CAP reform takes the industrialisation of agriculture one major, and perhaps final, leap forward. At the heart of the plan is a new, enigmatic and radical split of agriculture into the 'productive' and 'non-productive' sectors. 'Real' farming will be reserved for the most machine-like factories of northern Europe. These are the most intensified units producing food stuffs in an environment where cows stand on cement floors and lettuce is grown in nutrient solutions. Those producing under these conditions will be the only ones who might be able to chase over the price cuts to compensate income loss by increased volume of output.
+The few farmers that will be able to keep up - perhaps 20 to 25 per cent according to some calculations - will be the ones where productivity-raising technologies will be directed, accumulated and concentrated.
+All the rest, about 75 per cent of our farms today, according to the same estimates, will be slated into the 'non-productive' sector, and with it most of southern Europe. On to these people and these regions, Brussels will initially sprinkle a rather fatal dose of payments and compensations to leave agriculture altogether or receive annually scrutinised subsidies for providing 'other services': landscape management, agro-tourism or ecologically benign earth-scratching. Obviously, nobody knows how long these subsidies will last. The next reform might have to take care of them.
+The picture looming over European agriculture is one of a profound split. Quantity and output will be the realm of the productive sector, promoted and protected by the hardcore Ministries of Economic Affairs and Agriculture. Quality and diversity will be the job of the eco-service sector, weakly backed up by Ministries of Environment or Social Affairs. Such a division is a disaster in terms of safeguarding and using genetic diversity. Paying people to conserve outside of production systems is like inviting a hangman to cure your stiff neck. Diversity does not thrive in deep sleep. It must live and grow, or it dies out. Separating conservation from production - paying a few farmers to produce and compensating all the others for managing the environment - will only exacerbate the social and environmental problems that previous policies created.
+The division is also a disaster for the 'productive' sector itself. The question is really what type of agriculture we want - and how long it should last. Do we want to go on diminishing the capacity of our farmlands and livestock to carry the load of exploitation with sophisticated and expensive external technologies, that tend to pollute as much as marginalise the role of people? Do we want to continue heightening the risks attached to the vulnerability of genetically uniform plants and animals? Do we want our agriculture to revolve around an ever declining number of species and varieties, with the same food produced everywhere and controlled by a few interest groups? Or on the contrary, do we want to see diversity come back to the farmlands and markets, and strengthen the balances and security force of our cropping systems, rural economies, relations with developing countries and personal lives? We have the choice.
+Diversity, both social and biological, will have to be reinstated into production systems and the relationships that animate our rural and urban societies. Forcing the already intensified and genetically impoverished super-farms into a deepening spiral to produce more for less will push them further to the edge of biological disaster. A holistic and long-term strategy for agricultural development is more urgent than ever.
+In sum, we are facing a proposed reform of Europe's agricultural system that amounts to no reform at all. It will concentrate the ills where they hurt most, within a reduced agricultural production scheme, letting the rest flounder under the banner of environmental and social difficulties. Clearly, if we want to create an agricultural strategy that is the slightest bit sustainable, in economic, environmental and human terms, then we have to take a more integrated approach. For as long as people will continue to produce food, by growing crops and raising livestock, production must be anchored within an explicit environmental and cultural framework.
+The CAP desperately needs to be reformed, but in a direction that integrates the social and environmental dimensions of agriculture, those so-called 'externalities' that economists currently ignore. Genetic diversity is a vital component of both these dimensions. It is a cultural heritage-that designs our societies and which people need to be able to continue moulding, and it is a tool to reform agricultural practices towards more viable forms of production. The cultural uniformity and the environmental damages of chemical farming are both inextricably linked to genetic erosion. We need an agricultural development programme that aggressively reintroduces diversity into our fields, markets and lives. In short, we have to reinstate diversity as a social strategy for survival.
+Europe's agricultural policy should call upon those institutions that are storing the remaining folk varieties and landraces to get them growing again in the fields, and provide mechanisms to make that possible. Diversifying agriculture, and our agro-ecosystems at large, must start by putting a wider range of varieties into the production system. Heterogeneous landraces, multiline varieties, varietal mixtures and multiple cropping systems have to be developed and readapted to pull farming out of its spiral towards sterility and bankruptcy. This would be of benefit to the farmers, who could substantially improve the economic and ecological viability of their farms by having renewed access to crop varieties that are hardy, resistant, stable and better tasting. And it would obviously be of benefit to consumers, who would have more choice and a less vulnerable and less polluting food system.
+Conservation of folk seeds is doomed if it is delinked from production, and our farming systems are in dire need of diversification. The answer seems obvious. An agriculture that is sustainable needs to revolve around diversity and social control over resources to meet social demands. The imperative, then, is not to keep deepening the very dangerous split but to rebuild the relationships that allowed farming, and agri'culture', to evolve for all those years. That means getting the resources back on to the farms and giving people the space and capacities to keep working with them. Certainly, the idea is not to push the clock backward and make every farmer a breeder.-But if we do not get the resources back into circulation and if we do not decentralise control and management of those resources, we continue on our spiral towards dependency and vulnerability.
+Legal policies: renegotiating rights and responsibilities
+If our agricultural policies are in need of reorientation, so are the legal systems that affect management and the use of biological diversity. The rules and laws currently in force do everything to reduce competition in the seed market and stifle innovation in plant breeding. Legal tools and regimes governing the use of our genetic heritage are extremely powerful. But they must be transformed into creative measures that will promote responsible action with respect to conservation, social control and exploitation of our plant heritage.
+The two sets of laws governing the use of genetic resources - seed registration systems and intellectual property regimes - must be revised urgently to diversify the seed supply and balance monopoly rights with a clear set of obligations.
+Regarding seed registration, it is urgent for national governments and the European Community to relax the very stringent laws that determine who can sell which seeds in Europe and what criteria they have to meet. The need to register varieties on a list before being able to commercialise them is not a bad idea, but the problem lies in the requirements to get them on the list: all geared towards uniformity.
+The current registration system works against genetic diversity, and its use in agriculture, in at least two ways. First, as explained earlier, the criteria for certification do not allow for the legal marketing of traditional varieties and anything less than highly pure, elite cultivars. This effectively outlaws the entire spectrum of folk varieties, and thus hampers the efforts of people working with them. Second, even if criteria for registration were loosened to allow for more diverse planting materials to be marketed and offered to growers, fee levels would have to be cut. Current charges to get and keep a variety on the list are prohibitive for the many grassroots organisations that might be interested in doing so.
+Several official people working on genetic resources conservation for their governments know that this is a biased system and some administrators are starting to recognise it as well. There is every argument in favour of starting to redress this imbalance through the creation of an integrated seed supply system, also to the benefit of those farmers and gardeners that want to use more diverse materials. France has already set the example in the fruit sector, to show what can be done. Their parallel list for old fruits is less demanding in genetic purity and cheaper to comply with. Such examples are worth broadening, and should be extended to all species where registration is currently necessary. Where we are cursed with biased legislation that works against diversity, we must amend it. Current initiatives to introduce stricter EC legislation over fruits and flowers, to match the rules governing agricultural and horticultural crops, go exactly in the wrong direction.
+While fighting to change laws that effectively restrict competition and diversity in the first link of the food chain' we also have urgently to knock some reasonableness into the current schemes that grant intellectual property rights over plants. If, in the market, there is an urgent need to guarantee people's rights to sell seeds, then in the field, we need to assert farmers' rights to use and re-use them. The reform of the Plant Breeders' Rights system, as enshrined in the UPOV Convention of 1991, has already weakened many of the particularities that justified this system as 'adapted' to the needs of agriculture. In particular, the farmer's right to re-use seed harvested from a protected crop variety has been scrapped, reformulated as a farmer's privilege and will have to be decided upon at the national level. The strengthening of Plant Breeders' Rights is not only bad news for farmers, but also restricts activities in breeding, and thus affects consumers as well. One of
+the features of the UPOV system will not allow breeders to use each other's varieties freely if the results are genetically alike. This limitation on the free exchange of germplasm will undoubtedly result in fewer breeders being able to compete, which, in turn, is likely to result in more uniformity in the field.
+Of course, the situation will be much worse if our governments give in to the heavy pressure from the biotechnology industry to allow for full-fledged patents on life forms. If permitted, patents in the breeding sector would have a dramatic effect on availability of genetic resources for crop improvement, benefiting only a few companies who can make a fortune on a few genes. While Plant Breeders' Rights may make it economically difficult for farmers to re-use seed from their own harvest, patents will make it downright unlawful. And as companies patent whole species, plant characteristics and major genes, they will be able to regulate competition with near perfection.
+Whatever rights society decides to grant to the developers of technology, they should be balanced with obligations. In the control of genetic resources, which are so vital to food security worldwide and which depend to a large extent on the contributions made by farmers, a balance must be struck. NGOs working to secure a better basis for farming and food security are talking now about the need to establish legislation on Intellectual Property Obligations (IPOs) at national, regional and UN levels to ensure that there is a more equitable balance of responsibilities.
+IPOs should reflect society's legitimate demands for sustainable agricultural development, a clean environment and food security. In the field of plant breeding and biotechnology, this would mean that rights holders would be asked to contribute to the management of biological resources by subscribing to a set of internationally recognised guidelines for sustainable breeding. Some preliminary ideas of what such guidelines could entail are provided in Box 5.1.
+Box 5.1: Breeding for sustainable agriculture: IPOs
+1 Measures to promote genetic diversity
+(a) Diversification of breeding programmes
+Plant and animal breeders should be required to broaden the genetic base of agriculture by utilising a wider range of germplasm than currently practised. Their programmes should be monitored and directed to help discourage extreme forms of monoculture and be directed toward the development of mixed cropping systems, multilines and varietal mixtures.
+(b) Limitation on the wide-spread multiple use of single genes
+With the new biotechnologies it becomes in principle possible to widely incorporate the same 'single-gene solutions' in many agricultural crops and livestock. Apart from further promoting genetic erosion, this would exacerbate vulnerability to pests and diseases. Regulations should be drawn up to prevent this.
+(c) Establishment of Genetic Uniformity Ceilings (GUCs)
+Governments should establish regional threshold limits on genetic uniformity to be respected by breeders. When a single variety occupies a certain percentage of that crop's acreage in a region, measures should be taken to restrict further sales of the variety, promote the use of alternative varieties in the same region, or oblige the breeder to contribute to regional conservation efforts.
+2 Support for conservation
+(a) User's fee on biological diversity
+Plant breeders should be subject to a tax on the commercial value of their seed sales as a measure to support conservation of genetic resources. The funds should be spent on national and regional conservation programmes that involve both governmental and non-governmental organisations.
+(b) Support for an international fund for the conservation of genetic diversity
+Breeders enjoying intellectual property rights over plant material should contribute to the worldwide effort to manage genetic resources through multilaterally agreed payments to an international fund under the auspices of the UN.
+3 Cooperating with the broader genetic resources community
+(a) Return what you take
+Duplicates of germ plasm samples collected in farmers' fields should be provided as well as information resulting from research on those materials. Codes of Conduct on collecting, such as the one now bring worked on in FAO, should be turned into binding national legislation.
+(b) Offer what is not in use
+Plant breeders should make genetic resources currently not under trial freely available to researchers and community organisations.
+(c) Honour farmers' rights
+Breeders should respect the right of farmers to reuse seed from their harvest without being subject to royalty charges. Legislation should be developed to recognise the rights of the informal innovators who developed local varieties in the first place, involving direct payment, adapted research and other rights derived from the innovative activities of farmers.
+The demands for stronger and stronger monopoly rights over our genetic heritage have gone too far. There is no longer a balance between society's interests and those of intellectual property rights holders. As citizens dependent on the food supply and dependent on the availability of genetic resources for our food security, we have to have the common sense to start negotiating again on the basis of a give-and-take arrangement. A system of rights without corresponding responsibilities is no system at all.
+Democratising research
+Perhaps the most daunting challenge in securing a sound basis for agricultural development in Europe is reshaping the structure and process of research. Science and technology not only have to be responsive to society's real needs, apart from mere profit margins, but also have to promote the role of people in innovation, rather than marginalise them. Western Europe once enjoyed a strong public research environment, but as explained earlier, this is being sold off to the private sector at an alarming pace. When corporate interests take command of the test tube, we must take a second look at what kind of control we are ceding to essentially uncontrollable interests.
+A strong public research system working to design innovation in agriculture is absolutely vital in several respects. First, we cannot expect the private sector to do everything. In plant breeding over the past decades we have seen what this means. Industry is not interested in certain crops or types of farming that are not profitable in the short or medium term. This, however, dots not mean we should deprive ourselves of those crops or those innovations. At the same time, the public sector should also provide some healthy competition to the private sector in the same field of work. We also need some margin of openness about what kind of research is carried out and mechanisms to share information, personnel and resources in a public structure. In essence, we need accountability and forms of innovation that are not driven by commercial interests alone.
+But salvaging our public research sector from its own sell-out to corporate financiers is only part of the problem. We desperately need to revamp the very structure and direction of research so that the work agenda is decided by the end-users and people are empowered through the process rather than merely considered passive recipients of technology. In agricultural research, this reversal of the top-down approach is more necessary than ever. Local solutions to local problems have to be found through alliances between farmers, scientists, small-scale industrialists and consumers. Farmers in particular have for too long been cut off from institutional research. They obviously know their needs and problems best, and they have an important role to play in agricultural research. Farmers are - by necessity - innovators and experimenters, as well as entrepreneurs. Tapping into this source of creativity and recognising its value, would be of great benefit to promoting more
+responsive, 'real needs' research.
+The bias against farmer-initiated and farmer-based research in Europe is nowhere clearer than in the ways that 'unorthodox' agricultural sciences, for example the work to strengthen the underpinnings of biodynamic production or permaculture, are totally marginalised by the official sector and the dominant doctrine. Yet these approaches to agricultural development are extremely fertile and anything but unreasonable. Ecologically, they are geared towards sound production methods that are both long term and holistic, with diversity as a hinge to sustainability. Socially' they are eminently popular approaches to research and experimentation that bring people into the process of innovation rather than shut them out.
+No one is against cutting edge research. The problem is that people have been cut out of it. There is no social control over research in Europe, just 'temperament testing' of new technologies when they arrive packaged at our doorsteps. Take biotechnology, for example. A lot of public criticism has emerged from NGOs, farmers and consumers organisations and environmental groups about the directions and control, the safety and relevance, of this new and powerful bundle of techniques and how they are put to use. Many of these people have been unfairly labelled as Luddites and anti-science obscurantists. That is to look at the issue from the wrong perspective. What many public and professional interest groups are crying out for is some form of transparency and democratic decision-making over science and technology. That kind of dialogue, consultation and participation in research and development is simply absent.
+Clearly, the current structure and direction of agricultural research in Europe is inadequate to face the need to involve society - and the different 'consumers' of technology - in planning, directing and evaluating how we put science to work for us. Alienating people from the research process creates a sterile intellectual environment and a culture of irresponsibility that can become explosive. Resources and the development of technology have to be shared more democratically so that people will invest in innovation, and not forever be expected just to swallow what they are sold.
+<section>Investing in diversity</section>
+Our weakness in demanding, protecting and creating diversity will ultimately kill the fertility and innovation that diversity provides. Consumer consciousness about the value of diversity, what it has to offer in terms of taste, self-reliance, the way food is produced or how we will be able to adjust crops to new needs, is invisible today. It does not exist. People complain about how tasteless tomatoes have become and how boring the array of apples is, but how many shoppers know that there are alternatives? Only recently have we seen some supermarkets in France, for example, stun clients by putting white-skinned aubergines, purple-fleshed potatoes and fluorescent orange peppers on their shelves. But the decision to do so came from the top, in a move to attract and tantalise. People have simply lost touch with diversity, just as they have lost touch with production and producers, and are unaware of what they are missing, today and for the future.
+Local conservation of folk varieties has to find its way into local economies if it is to thrive in the long-term. While assuring the supply is an immediate headache for most seed- and livestock-saving programmes, creating the demand through consumer education is equally essential. No amount of funds or research will legitimise genetic diversity conservation in a social vacuum. People have to learn to relate to the wider scheme of food production - the forces facing growers and the politics of plant breeding - if they are to use the power they wield in their wallets intelligently.
+Given the risks and problems we are facing with respect to the current way we are 'managing' our plant genetic heritage, it is high time we launched a concerted effort between people's organisations (the informal sector) and government agencies (the formal sector) to take effective action. The agenda on the table before us can be summarised in three needs: cooperation, networking and building alliances.
+The need for cooperation, both between NGOs and scientists and within both communities, has perhaps never been so painfully felt as now. Cooperation between the formal and informal sectors was hardly imaginable just a few years ago. It has taken much effort in dialogue, breaking down old prejudices, learning to listen and learning to see - and this must increase and continue - in order for people to recognise that there is a common job to be done. The need for cooperation is also bring felt very painfully because government scientists and NGOs are all choked for resources. These are bad times for conservation. It is often said that you have be very optimistic to work for the management of genetic resources. It would seem that you also have to be something of a masochist.
+Networking is another vital element, in that it provides a mechanism for cooperation where benefits can be multiplied and costs - be they human, financial or other - saved. Without networks, people are isolated from each other, cannot share experiences and are deprived of a more equitable sharing of resources and benefits. And if there is one particular characteristic of seeds, it is their propensity to travel and the irresistible need that people handling them feel to share them. Diversity does not sit still; it must be exchanged, move about, grow and evolve. This means that people need community structures within which to work with these fantastic resources.
+Yet we have seen and said a thousand times: conservation does not succeed in a social vacuum. In developing the work sustainably to manage genetic diversity in a long-term perspective, the greatest challenge before us is to create the social demand for this diversity. Many consumers simply do not know what they are cut off from in terms of variety, choice, security and a sound sense of responsibility for our plant genetic heritage. Unless they participate in the effort, through their concerns and demands, conserving and using genetic resources will not find the legitimacy, nor the economic rationale, that we already know it is due. Alliance building between conservationists (scientists and NGOs) and users (farmers and consumers) is critical to the long-term success of this work.
+Slowly, the idea seems to be infiltrating all parts of Europe that we need a more concerted approach to managing genetic diversity. Global environmental issues about biodiversity and tropical forests are high on political agendas. But they are also real issues at home. NGOs and farmers are starting to be seen as partners in conservation. From Prince Charles to rock groups, the ill effects of chemical agriculture have everyone talking and campaigning about sustainable development and low-input farming practices. It would almost seem only a question of sewing the pieces together. However, while the ground work has to get going without delay, it will take time to readjust the policies and economic interests that got us here in the first place.
+Strengthening the grassroots
+The forces working against people's efforts to salvage and reintroduce generic diversity into production in Europe are numerous and in no way easy to tackle. As we saw earlier, part of this is because our agricultural policies and programmes arc structured in such a way that they exclude alternatives. Resources are available only for formally recognised research, especially those working in fancy biotech projects, while laws keep NGOs and folk varieties excluded and marginalised. The official conservation system is biased towards a simple seed museum mechanism with little space for broadening the strategy to include dynamic and decentralised on-farm maintenance of genetic resources entrenched in local economic development. Also, price policies and low consumer awareness of the options offered by our plant heritage reinforce the push toward greater uniformity, which debilitates NGO work to diversify our food systems and local economies.
+Yet another part of the problem is due to the nature of grassroots development work in itself. People working on the ground often don't have the time or capacities to reach out beyond their immediate tasks and engage in various support activities that could strengthen their work and make it more effective in the long run. Documenting the activities, fundraising, experimenting and research, campaigning and lobbying to raise awareness or wrest changes in laws or policies are all very necessary, but few grassroots organisations have the time, money, the expertise or the personnel to do it and do it effectively. Time spent on computers, the phone or with the press is time not spent in the field.
+Of all the hurdles and obstacles constraining the development of local conservation activities, an important one is people's sheer ignorance of each other's existence and activities. This is very much the case in Europe, with Spanish NGOs not informed of what is going on next door in France or Belgian groups having little contact with their Italian counterparts. But even at the national level, no country has a mechanism or platform that brings NGOs together in one form or another to exchange information, much less to promote cooperation and networking. Many groups are simply out on their own working in the relative obscurity of their regions. Although things have improved a little over the past few years, the general situation remains one of isolation. Last year when GRAIN organised a second European network meeting of NGOs active in the field of genetic resources, many of the grassroots conservation leaders that attended had still never met each other.
+This lack of contact between the actors is a direct obstacle that will take time and resources to overcome. Unlike the formal sector, the problem is not so much that it would lead to a duplication of effort. Strangely enough, while genebanks enjoy the benefit of established relationships and permanent contacts, they still duplicate their work. Their collections and research programmes often overlap. Not so in the informal sector.
+Few grassroots collections double each other and it is usually limited to a few vegetables. Most of them are working with very local varieties, although many also conserve and offer popular old cultivars that have spread and been enjoyed in many European countries. A few months ago, we participated in the first encounter between the Tuscan and Provençal regional programmes to discuss respective work and possibilities for cooperation. Despite the fact that they are close neighbours, the French group had no experience in vegetables, which was the Tuscan forte, and the Italians had not worked on fruits, the area of French specialisation.
+Recognising how vital communication is to develop the work of the informal sector, HDRA has recently taken upon itself to publish a newsletter for the grassroots conservation community in Europe. Leaflet is meant to provide a platform for information exchange and foster a sense of community among NGOs working in the field. While this is a valiant effort, there is only enough money to print it in English. When you sum it up, this absence of links among grassroots organisations means that networking and cooperation is very limited for the moment. There is simply no infrastructure to allow for building alliances, forging joint activities or developing the relationships to empower local organisations.
+One of the most critical tools to develop right now in the NGO sector are mechanisms for regional networks in the different eco-cultural zones, where problems are common and language barriers are not a big hurdle. Regional networks would permit different groups to share their experiences and build upon them collectively. Engines are rolling right now to promote such cooperation and sharing in the Mediterranean region, focusing for a start on EC Mediterranean countries. NGOs in the region want to build a community approach to solving problems, such as social demand for diversity, and launching new projects, for example to share varieties and develop new products and markets together. Similar approaches could logically be pursued in other European regions and they are slowly germinating.
+Pooling people and their experiences provides other opportunities. For example, joint activities could be undertaken with respect to media work, to get the message of the value of local diversity across to the public within a cross-cultural perspective. Regional seed exchange networks, trade unions of seed producers providing traditional or biodynamic seeds, and occasional diversity festivals or markets could also be developed. Perhaps most urgent is the need to create novel financial mechanisms to strengthen NGO work on genetic resources, for example through ethical banking or collective fundraising.
+But the point is not only to focus on what to conserve and how best to go about it, but also to link up more energetically with farmers' organisations - particularly biological producers - to carry out on-farm research and develop new crops and production strategies. This is really where grassroots conservation could bloom as a sound alternative to genebanks or nature parks: directly as part of sustainable production systems and to promote innovation in this field. As biological producers often have special marketing structures, consumer awareness of diversity could be heightened through these channels in the most creative ways.
+The financial restrictions known to the genebank sector are also too well known to NGOs. But while genebanks receive enough money to try to keep the collections alive, grassroots organisations barely have that much at all. Sources of funding for local conservation work in Europe are limited to membership fees, publications sales and seed sales - if and when these exist. Where they don't, most of the work is financed by voluntary labour. Only in the case of regional programmes is there some money available from local governments. And of course it often remains unlawful to sell seeds of unregistered varieties and recoup maintenance costs for most crops in Europe.
+So long as grassroots conservation efforts remained embedded in such a political, scientific and economic ghetto, their effective contribution will be constrained and limited. But while funds to keep collections alive are the most urgent need, the greatest long-term hurdle to the efficiency of local management of genetic resources is the lack of economic and social demand for diversity. European society is continuously being structured against diversity. Obviously, this is the underlying logic of the European Community's long-term goal: one currency, one foreign policy, one decision-making body - and one kind of food system to feed one kind of consumer.
+The direct link between conservation and valorisation of genetic diversity can really only be made at the local level, where there are specific production problems to face, markets to serve, cultures to develop and a heritage to relate to. Individual organisations can never carry out the task alone; it is too huge. Regional networks and practical alliances with farmers and consumers are vital to give diversity a meaning in our food system.
+The basis of getting our crop management act together will have to be through improving the work of local organisations and their programmes to conserve and utilise genetic diversity directly in the regions. Just as there is no room for complacency in watching genetic erosion advance, there is no room for despair either in trying to overcome the obstacles to sustainable use and conservation of that diversity at the grassroots level.
+Bridging the gaps
+The prospects in Europe for cooperation between our government genebanks, on the one hand, and grassroots organisations and the farming community, on the other, are certainly there and could benefit both sectors dynamically. The recognition that saving seeds solely in the deep sleep of cold storage is neither the best nor the only way to move forward is becoming more widespread. We even hear administrators grumble increasingly at new formal sector funding proposals. Genebanks will increasingly have a tough time trying to justify their work unless they find better forms of working with users and fellow managers of our genetic heritage. At the same time, NGOs could broaden their repertoire of botanical goods and build their capacities in developing and using alternative crops with the help of the formal genetic resources community.
+NGOs are not only cut off from each other, but also pretty much cut off from official conservation programmes. The way things are set up today, it is simply not the job of government genebanks or national programmes to take on-farm maintenance of genetic diversity into account, either passively or actively. Many government programme leaders consider grassroots seed saving as something subversive if not simply so amateur and unprofessional that it is not worth considering as a valid option or contribution to 'the cause'. Several NGOs have had the unfortunate experience of knocking on genebank doors to request samples of materials to grow out, investigate and use in their programmes, only to be rejected with one excuse or another. Not enough seeds, request too imprecise, or NGOs are just not the 'bona fide scientists' that genebanks consider credible partners in conservation.
+This results not only in limited access to materials, from both sides, but also to there being no relevant research that could strengthen grassroots conservation and breeding activities. Genebank protocols, grow-out strategies, methodological research and characterisation work is all geared toward ex situ conservation and the needs of professional plant breeders. This means that NGOs are strictly on their own to develop adapted descriptor lists, on-farm conservation and evaluation techniques, small-scale rejuvenation strategies and experimental breeding for low external input agriculture. Sometimes genebanks do offer back-up space for cold storage of NGO collections. While this is a help in case of emergencies, it only alleviates the problem of scientific marginalisation rather than attacking it.
+More than anything, the genebank/NGO divide reflects an obscurantist type of mentality based on a lack of understanding that fortunately is slowly starting to change. Some people in official circles are coming to realise that NGOs pursuing local conservation work are not trying to undermine or replace the back-up seed bank option. On the contrary, they are trying to complement it with desperately needed alternatives, especially at the level of local production and agricultural development today, rather than tomorrow. NGOs have also yet to be convinced that government genebanks are doing a good job of conserving diversity and serving a useful purpose.
+While mistrust and distrust can only be mended very slowly, it is becoming increasingly clear that the room for synergy is great. NGOs can help genebanks grow out national or regional collections and participate in on-farm evaluation trials, while genebanks can offer training, research support and back-up space. Surveys, documentation and collecting of materials could also be improved if the two sets of actors worked in conjunction rather than in isolation. The problem is that national structures and policies are impeding this search for dialogue and cooperation. When genebanks talk to NGOs it is often in the dark, on the side, a deviation from accepted practices. But once the talking starts, it tends to grow, not regress. The genebank people at Wellesbourne are developing closer relations with HDRA. The French national programme leaders are keen on legitimising and cooperating with NGOs in France. In Spain, the national genebank director recently sat down with grassroots
+NGOs in Catalonia and discovered it was possible to talk about joint activities with people he thought were enemies. The Dutch programme is also optimistic about room for collaboration with NGOs.
+Perhaps the only European plant genetic resources programme that explicitly recognises the role of farmers and gardeners (although not their organisations) in local conservation is Greece. Their recently adopted national law foresees a place in the national effort for conserving Greek landraces where they were developed in the first place: within local farming systems, and preferably those not utilising chemicals for fertilisation, plant development or pest and disease management. The problem is that there is no money to implement the programme as ratified by the Greek Parliament. Other programmes, like France's and Switzerland's, have also started to adopt a wider and more holistic view to genetic diversity conservation but without backing it up with any formal political agreements and often without funds as well.
+Linking up the two sectors will take time, but there is a wide enough range of activities to start exploring. In Mediterranean Europe and the former republics of the Soviet Union, there is urgent collecting work to be done. Farmers in these areas, from Portugal through Yugoslavia, into genetically rich Kazakhstan, continue to work with uncollected traditional cultivars of cereals, legumes and forage crops, not to mention fruits, nuts, medicinal plants and aromatics. Other areas, such as the coastal and mountain zones of Greece and Albania, also harbour a range of wild and intermediate forms useful for plant breeding. Genebank staff should attempt to involve grassroots organisations in identifying where these materials are and going to the field together to collect them. Whether these groups are already working on genetic resources or are simply trying to develop agriculture with local farmers does not matter much. The point is to involve local people in the endeavour, learn
+from them and teach them.
+NGOs that go out hunting for old varieties also depend on local people and other groups to help them gather not only seeds or scions, but also popular knowledge about the plants: where they came from, what they are good for, how they are grown and enjoyed (2). The cultural aspect of genetic resources can never be separated from the crops themselves. But few genebank staff are specialised in ethnobotany: how to survey, collect, interpret, maintain and value local knowledge about our plant heritage. Clearly, there are some important synergies that need to be developed in collecting what is left in the fields. Grassroots organisations would also benefit from the exposure and first hand understanding of what brought us to this stage.
+Perhaps even more immediately and easier to set in motion would be what we would call 'Genetic Recovery Operations'. By this we mean rapid action to get traditional varieties and populations out of the confines of institutional storage units and growing again in the field, within farming systems. The best way to get materials out of the genebanks and into the farms is to organise national grow out programmes with NGOs, seed saving organisations, organic farming networks, schools and urban or rural gardening clubs. The advantage for the genebank is free labour in regenerating stocks: a job that has to be done but demands land, space and semi-skilled manpower that is not too hard to train. It would also liberate genebanks of the biological constraints that make growing out seeds of compatible species impossible at the same time. For local groups, it would provide access to indigenous and exotic resources that are bring withheld from them. Imagine the fun school children would
+have growing blue potatoes or white tomatoes for their national collection! In so doing, they would also learn about the South American cultures they came from, how they were developed and what their value is.
+Few genebanks in Europe look beyond their own growing stations to rejuvenate materials. And not too many NGOs active in seed saving have had luck getting samples out of their government institutes. One exception to this is certainly Hungary. Hungary is perhaps the only country in Europe that has a firm strategy of growing out its seed collection in farmers' fields and gardens. Why? Because the staff know that if you grow out the plants in an alien environment, subject to different soils, climate or farming practices, you are likely to get a different result than you collected in the first place. So all Hungarian materials - ecotypes and landraces - are regenerated with farmers. Since the early 1960s, this 'back garden system', as they call it, has proven very effective and now involves more than one thousand different types of plant populations and several hundred farmers (3).
+Despite 'the increasing spread of new agricultural practices' in Hungarian farmlands (i.e. the use of new varieties and chemicals), genetic resources programme leader László Holly, sharing views with us on how to progress, underscores a surprising result of farmer involvement that should have been deliberate. 'It is our most recent experience with this system, that as a "side effect", it has contributed to the reintroduction and spread of certain landraces which had earlier disappeared in the place of origin.' (4) This is precisely the benefit that farming could and should derive from more dynamic relations with genebanks: reinstating diversity in production.
+NGOs and formal sector scientists could develop joint research projects together, whether they touch upon strengthening grassroots conservation strategies or joint plant breeding programmes for sustainable agricultural development. This would be especially helpful to the biological farming movements in the regions, which need to develop new crops that have high qualities demanded by organic food consumers and health food stores. For example, innovating in mixed cropping, rotation systems or developing crops to stabilise and rehabilitate eroded soils could give rise to new ways of selling food to people and new products that carry with them an educational message about how the food was produced and why.
+The Italian genebank is already working on this kind of approach in wheat. Rather than keep the traditional Italian emmers and spelts (often indistinctly called farro) in the fridge, they are working with farmers to reintroduce farro as an alternative to everyday modern wheat. Spelt is high in protein and can be used in bread-making for a different tasting and more nutritious result. It also brings farmers better income in Italy these days. But old varieties have to be further adapted to current conditions and threshing machines have to be adjusted to make spelt a viable option for the future (5).
+What the Italian genebank may not know is that there are a range of small-scale farmers and NGOs who have long been working with farro in local farming systems throughout Italy. Why? For the high protein and other technical qualities, but mainly due to their adaptation and yield stability that modern wheats don't have. Had they gone to ask the NGOs keeping registers of what's going on at the grassroots level, they might have gained an entry into ongoing research in the field. In addition, a grassroots organisation in the former East Germany had already successfully developed free-threshing spelt as an alternative for small farmers in the GDR (see page 106). International cooperation between genebanks and NGOs could also be useful!
+There is a clear demand for genebank materials to get back into the fields and further adapted to local farming systems of today and the future. Those seeds are simply not around on the market. But at the same time, the formal system should involve local organisations in research and development work and adapt programmes to the needs of small-scale or organic farming, especially in marginal areas. If we are to consider genetic resources as a real heritage then there is a common interest in cultivating that heritage collectively.
+Aside from all the different practical tasks that have to be initiated and developed between the formal and informal sectors to reinforce each other, there is also a need to conduct a dialogue on the policy issues affecting their work. If the disjointed actors in the conservation community came together, they could strengthen each others' demands for policy reforms affecting genetic resources management and resources to support the work. Switzerland has just initiated a national commission on plant genetic resources on which not just scientists but NGOs are sitting. Grassroots organisations have also been tentatively involved in the UK Steering Committee on Plant Genetic Resources, a body now under formalisation. These kinds of platforms for dialogue and discussion should be multiplied and seriously address policies and resources that are necessary for integrated conservation strategies and measures to secure them.
+There is a lot that formal and informal actors have to learn and gain from each other. Cooperation will depend on a lot of factors, starting with trust, confidence and genuine interest, but it is more necessary than ever to strengthen the viability of genetic resources approaches - both to conserve for the future and to put into use today.
+<section>Finding the support</section>
+The need for some kind of structural framework or programme to give direction and shape to this work in Europe, at governmental and intergovernmental levels, is obviously critical. National genetic resources programmes exist to a greater or lesser extent in most European countries, but as they stand now, local initiatives are rarely taken into account and there is little coordination between them. A parallel approach, then, would seem to be in order. National programmes should recognise the role and contribution of the non-profie, non-governmental sector in promoting conservation and use of biological diversity. This can only start when contacts are made, a survey of national NGO genetic resources work is carried out and local organisations have a say in national programme development.
+But at the same time, Europe desperately needs an integrated pan-regional approach to genetic resources work. While a few crop networks linking genebanks for a handful of species are under development through the European Cooperative Programme, coordinated by IBPGR, this is an extremely limited and inadequate form of regional cooperation. European countries, governments and NGOs, should pool their experiences and resources to draw up a concerted framework for action. We need a common vision of where we are going with our genetic heritage in Europe, how we can help developing countries in the effort, a negotiated sense of priorities and a clear agreement on possible collaborative activities. Too much is done on an ad hoc basis between the most active countries, and this leaves many others behind. In addition, too little effort goes into addressing the substantive policy issues that are causing the genetic base of our economies and cultures to deteriorate in the first place.
+It is as if intellectual property matters and agricultural policies were a taboo that people are too intimidated to talk about.
+Over the past couple of years, the only initiative to promote regional cooperation in Europe on a holistic basis has come from the European Parliament in Brussels. After years of fighting the apathy of the European Commission to do so much as lift a finger to support and promote conservation and on-farm crop development, an aggressive proposal for an all-new programme and budget was adopted by the Parliament in late 1991. The proposal laid out a rationale for action in the field and at the policy level, to be guided by a group of national coordinators and active NGOs.
+Encouraged by this initiative, genebank leaders, NGOs and IBPGRs at down and drew up a concerted proposal to feed into the development of the programme (6). Yet, for reasons we can only guess, the Commission has been doing its best to delay any action on it. Less than two weeks after the budget line was adopted, we found ourselves in the office of the person within the Commission responsible for carrying out the programme. After ten excruciating minutes of explaining what an NGO was, the Commission representative finally looked like he understood. 'I ,get it! You're the private sector! ' Worse came when he gave his views on the programme proposal itself. 'I only heard of the term "genetic resources» a few months ago, at a Council meeting. I must admit the first thing I thought of was Hitler.' (7) Lack of expertise or even the slightest ideas on what to do is obviously one reason why the Commission does not move forward. Distrust of an initiative coming from such a weird
+alliance of the Parliament, directors of genebanks and NGO activists, is certainly another one. Perhaps most disconcerting about the Parliament's proposal altogether, if you are a bureaucrat in Brussels, is the idea that it focuses not just on pumping up government genebanks, but also on the integration of the work of a totally unknown and uncontrollable informal sector.
+Despite the Commission, the joint formal/informal sector proposal for a European programme is catching on and may eventually be set up. The real problem though is whether it makes sense to set up an EC programme when Europe, and especially the trouble facing Eastern Europe, is the main issue. It would certainly be beneficial in all senses for the EC to use this moment to really get its act together and take genetic resources, and their role in agricultural development, seriously. Community funding should be made available not to forever promote uniformity and erosion, but to put something into the long-term management of diversity.
+But we would also like to see the EC initiative serve as a catalyst for a truly European-wide programme, involving other funding partners and agencies, such as the Council of Europe, the UN Development Programme, IBPGR and FAO. The point is that something has to start somewhere, so let it be the EC. But coordinated action and a platform for policy discussion at the supranational level covering all of Europe is vitally necessary. The EC would be extremely unwise to use this momentum to shut itself off. On the contrary, with growing recognition that biodiversity in general, and genetic resources in particular, are a global resource implying global responsibilities to manage it, Europe at large has to find a concerted rationale for investing in the conservation of what it exploits and in helping Third World farmers, the original plant breeders of the vast majority our crops, get a better role in and share from the system as well.
+<section>Annex 1: The genes in the bank</section>
+So what, in fact, are European genebanks conserving? A crucial question, but a very difficult one to answer. There is really no one central source of information on European genebank holdings. Wouldn't the EC coordinate such listings for their member states? No way. How about FAO? Neither. Individual governments? Sometimes. Last year the UK's then National Coordinator for Plant Genetic Resources, Andrew Cahn, wrote to GRAIN thanking us for informing him of Britain's 5,000 Phaseolus beans being safeguarded from extinction in a refrigerator at the University of Cambridge.
+The best source of facts we could find on what and how much is in the banks was IBPGR and the databases they are slowly building up. However, the databases are incomplete, never totally up to date and sometimes hold erroneous or 'best guess' information. All the same, IBPGR has made the boldest effort to date to collect the information on what's in store. He was new to the job, but still...
+The genebank gurus of today tell us that there are about three and a half million seed samples in storage in more than 100 countries. Of this, over one-third, nearly 1,240,000 samples, is sitting in Europe. The figures in IBPGR's database add up to just over a million, but we took those figures and went and talked to the genebank directors throughout the region to get their updates. These numbers are something of a moving target, it seems. Accessions come and go, depending on the banks' activities.
+For example, at the end of the 1970s, the Gatersleben genebank in East Germany had about 44,000 accessions in stock. By the late 1480s, the figure had reached over 60,000. Today, Gatersleben maintains 95,000 samples of seeds, the third largest single collection in all of Europe. By comparison, through the exact same time period, West Germany's collection has not changed from its 52,000 specimen stock. The Russian food germplasm store is also growing, although Russian food stores have been having their problems. In 1941, when Vavilov was dying in prison, the germplasm collection he left behind had already tipped the 187,000 mark. Today the figure is reaching 370,000. Next week it may be even higher, as it seems they are still counting. Over the years, the Soviets have apparently imported more seeds than computers.
+Of the one million plus seed samples in storage in Europe, well over 700,000 are in Eastern Europe (graph 6). This huge imbalance obviously represents past and present political priorities. While the EC houses the major breeding industries in the world, only a meagre one-third of Europe's crop heritage under institutional care is held by the EC countries. If we add in the other West European countries, the West to East ratio in genetic control is four to six. Thus, in the top ten ranking, only four West European countries make it: Federal Republic of Germany, France, the UK and Italy.
+For those who want to know the details, we provide a full numeric count of germplasm holdings in 27 European countries in Table A. 1 below. Let us insist: these numbers should in no way be taken as the golden truth, but we did our best to try to compile an approximate picture of the size of collections.
+If we break down Europe's genebank holdings by crop, the picture is not too surprising. Over half of what is in store for farming's future are cereals, followed by the pulse crops people eat (13 per cent), and vegetables (11 percent) (Graph 7).
+With regard to the species European farmers and gardeners have long been cultivating and developing, cereals, legumes and forage crops score highly in genebanks today. Among our horticultural heritage, the cabbages, onions, beets and carrots have caught the eye of government officials, but a paltry number of distinctly European vegetables like parsnip, endive, artichoke, salsify and asparagus are being conserved. The same goes for culinary herbs and medicinal plants, which despite Europe's wealth in diversity seem to be grossly neglected. One need only visit the Mediterranean areas of France, Spain or Italy to witness the omnipresence and widespread use of heady aromatic and medicinal plants like lavender, thyme, basil, tarragon and sage. These plants are not only well adapted to the dry summers of southern Europe, they provide sustenance for pollinators such as bees and are an excellent source of essential oils for a whole range of industries: food, cosmetics, medicines,
+and perfumed goods.
+Olive and grape also score poorly. Despite their long history, and economic importance for Mediterranean agriculture, we only found 317 accessions of grape and no more than 46 samples of olive in the European system! We can also wonder where the stocks of some important native European crops are altogether. Plants like hop, saffron and carob, which were domesticated and developed in Europe and are in no way obsolete crops, are not registered in our governments' genebank systems at all!
+It is likely in many cases that the 'missing crops' are being kept, but the government responsible has not informed IBPGR For instance, it is common knowledge that the Polish germplasm system is conserving indigenous hops for their brewing industry. And the Netherlands is definitely withholding information from the world's germplasm registers. Anyone who has visited the Dutch genebank in Wageningen can't help but notice the impressive hemp plants thriving in the greenhouses. Hemp was one of the earliest crops cultivated in Europe for its oils and fibres. Today it is grown for producing marijuana and its consumption is tolerated in the Netherlands. Yet this obvious collection is not reported to IBPGR The same goes for Ethiopian crops. We once showed a listing of Ethiopian germ plasm being held in the Netherlands - as reported in the world crop databases - to Jaap Hardon, Director of the Dutch genebank. Hardon looked at the numbers and laughed - he had much more Ethiopian
+material than that.
+We did what we could to turn IBPGR's technical databases into something an ordinary person can understand. It was no easy task. For what it is worth, what follows is a detailed listing of Europe's stored germ plasm by crop, as registered by 1991.
+Table A.2: The genes in the bank: Europe's genebank holdings by crop (1991)
+Cereals and grains
+Wheat
+(of which wild)
+Barley
+(of which wild)
+Maize
+Oat
+(of which wild)
+Millets and sorghum
+Rice
+Rye
+Triticale
+Buckwheat
+Quinoa
+Cereals
+Teff
+Grain Amaranth
+Food legumes
+Pea
+French bean
+Misc. Phaseoleae spp
+Lupin
+Vetch
+Broad bean
+Chickpea
+Lentil
+Winged bean
+Runner bean
+Misc. Vigna spp.
+Cowpea
+Lima bean
+Tepary bean
+Mung bean
+Hyacinth bean
+Mat bean
+Yam bean
+Sarawak bean
+Pigeon pea
+Sword bean
+Hog pea
+Vegetables
+Cruciferous crops
+Tomato
+(of which wild)
+Cucurbits
+Peppers
+Onion family
+Beet
+(of which wild)
+Lettuce
+Misc. vegetables
+Carrot
+Aubergine
+Spinach
+Celery
+False flax
+Chicory
+Fennel
+Garden cress
+Ammaranth
+Okra
+Rocket salad
+Parsnip
+Burnet
+Endive
+Artichoke
+Salsify
+Asparagus
+Red sorrel
+Chinese rhubarb
+Water cress
+Sorrel
+Forages
+Misc. forage grasses
+Clover
+Broom corn
+Alfalfa
+Orchard grass
+Ryegrass
+Fescue
+Misc. forage legumes
+Chickling vetch
+Sainfoin
+Trefoil
+Bromegrass
+Fenugreek
+Misc. forages
+Centrosema
+Borage
+Fruits and nuts
+Apple
+Melons
+Pear
+Citrus fruits
+Peach
+Misc. stone fruit
+Cherry
+Plum
+Hazelnut
+Strawberry
+Apricot
+Fig
+Pomegranate
+Raspberry and blackberry
+Gooseberry
+Almond
+Walnut
+Blackcurrant
+Rose
+Grape
+Quince
+Chestnut
+Mulberry
+Avocado
+Watermelon
+Red currant
+Mango
+Banana
+Persimmon
+Pistachio
+Cranberry
+Pineapple
+Tatapian honeysuckle
+Olive
+Misc tropical fruits
+Pecan
+Kiwi
+Rowanberry
+Elderberry
+Juneberry
+Medler
+Custard apple
+Guava
+Huckleberry
+Loquat
+Avens
+Tormentil
+Jujube
+Passion fruit
+Macademia nut
+Industrial crops
+Soybean
+Sunflower
+Cotton
+Flax
+Rape
+Rubber
+Sugarbeet
+Groundnut
+Castor
+Sesame
+Tobacco
+Safflower
+Hemp
+Coffee
+Jute
+Tubers
+Potato
+(of which wild)
+Taro
+Yam
+Jerusalem artichoke
+Sweet potato
+Misc. aroids
+Narcotics
+Herbs & aromatics
+Coriander
+Dill
+Parsley
+Basil
+Caraway
+Anise
+Marjoram
+Peppermint
+Lavender
+Thyme
+Tarragon
+Sage
+Wormwood
+Medicinal plants
+Miscellaneous
+Total
+Notes:
+1. The sum total dots not match current genebank holdings (1,238,000) as this table only covers those accessions properly described and reported to IBPGR as of 1991.
+2. We used two sources to translate the Latin names of crops to their common name: Plants and Plant Products, FAO Terminology Bulletin 25/1, Rome, 1983, and A.C. Zeven and J.M.J. de Wet, Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and their Regions of Diversity, PUDOC, Wageningen, 1982.
+3. Cruciferous crops include cabbages, radish, cauliflower, turnip, kohlrabi, rutabage, mustard plants, etc. Cucurbits include cucumbers, squashes, gourds and melons. The onion family is comprised of onions, garlic, shallots and leek. Narcotic crops in storage are essentially the opium poppy.
+4. We listed soybean, sunflower and rape under 'Industrial Crops' as they are mainly grown for oil production.
+5. We may have made mistakes in translating some legumes, grasses and members of the Solanum genus, due to problems with taxonomy and the lack of rigour in IBPGR's database.
+6. Where possible we included crop relatives in the crop count.
+<section>Annex 2: Addresses and contacts</section>
+For the formal sector, each European country - except for Luxembourg, Albania, Romania, and some of the emerging republics in the East - has a government-designated National Coordinator of its formal plant genetic resources programme. They act as representatives of their countries within the European Cooperative Programme (ECP/GR) and in international fora. They are supposed to serve as central clearinghouses for their country's institutional work on genetic resources conservation and can be approached for information, seed samples or advice.
+As to the informal sector, NGOs, associations and individuals are multiple and scattered about. There are many groups of all sizes and natures working on genetic resources conservation and use at the grassroots level. Below, we only provide a brief smattering of the ones we have been in contact with as well as NGOs working on policy issues around genetic resources that can be contacted for further information about practical work at the national level.
+Until an integrated European Directory of government agencies, NGOs and international groups engaged in local conservation in Europe is published, we can only provide incomplete information about who is doing what.
+National level
+Austria
+Notional Coordinator
+Dr Herman Redl
+Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry
+Stubenring 1
+A-101 1 Vienna
+Tel: (43-222) 7500
+Austria has four small genebanks but they have never established constructive links with local gardeners and farmers working to preserve old varieties.
+NGOs
+Ms Nancy Arrowsmith
+Arche Noah
+Postfach 139
+Margaretenstrasse 14
+A-3500 Krems/Donau
+Tel: (43-2732) 73 650
+Fax: (43-2732) 74 037
+Arche Noah was formed in 1990 through the fusion of two groups. Current membership exceeds 350 people in the German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany and Switzerland). Funding comes from membership fees, publication sales and personal sacrifice. Members are particularly busy collecting varieties that are threatened with extinction as they are removed from official catalogues in their countries. Arche Noah publishes its Jahreskatalog, an annual listing of varieties offered for exchange by its membership. In 1990, the Allgemeine Gemüsefibel was published. It provides a comprehensive listing of open-pollinated (non-hybrid) horticultural varieties still available but threatened by being dropped from the market. This catalogue is a form of early warning system for genetic erosion in the vegetable sector, for all those interested in salvaging our crop heritage from imminent extinction. Arche Noah is now preparing a German-language translation of Seed to Seed, a practical
+guidebook to seed saving in your garden published by the US-based Seed Savers Exchange. They have information about other groups active in Central and Eastern Europe.
+Belgium
+National Coordinator
+Mr R. Bienfet
+Administration of Agronomic Research
+Manhatten Centre, Office Tower
+Ave. du Boulevard, 21 (7ème etage)
+B-1210 Brussels
+Tel: (32-2) 21172 11
+Fax: (32-2) 211 72 16
+The Belgian programme is sympathetic toward the need to integrate the work of both government-sponsored public research institutes and popular initiatives to conserve genetic resources. Some government institutes have experience working with the public to collect and conserve fruit species and raise awareness through the media about the value of genetic diversity.
+NGOs
+CRABE
+Rue Saint Medard, 4
+B-1370 Jodoigne
+Tel: (32-10) 8140 50
+Fax: (32-10) 8142 50
+CRABE promotes research and development work on biological food production in Belgium and is very interested in the aspect of genetic resources.
+Mr Gilbert Cardon
+Fraternité Ouvrière
+58, rue Charle Quint
+B-7700 Moucron
+Tel: (32-56) 33 38 70
+Fraternité Ouvrière is a workers' solidarity movement that promotes urban gardening. They are reportedly using and maintaining some 1,200 vegetable varieties through this work.
+Mr Marek Posnanski
+Collectif Stratégies
+Alimentaires
+Quai du Commerce, 9
+B-1000 Brussels
+Tel: (32-2) 218 47 27
+CSA works on a whole range of policy issues affecting sustainable development, including genetic resources and biotechnology. Contact for further information about groups working in the field in Belgium.
+Bulgaria
+National Coordinator
+Dr D. Stoyanov
+Institute of Plant Introduction & Genetics Resources
+'K. Malkov' Sadovo
+4122 Plovdiv
+Tel: (359-32) 2221
+NGOs
+Mr Jordan Danchev
+Bulgarian Society for the Conservation of the Rhodope
+Mountains
+2 Gargarin Street 1113 Sofia
+Tel: (35-92) 70 5178
+Fax: (35-92) 70 54 98
+Jordan's organisation is working at the grassroots level to assure the sustainable economic development of Rhodope Mountain area based on the region's rich genetic and cultural heritage.
+Cyprus
+National Coordinator
+Dr C.S. Serghiou
+Agricultural Research Institute
+Ministry of Agriculture
+PO Box 2016
+Nicosia
+Tel: (357-21) 30 5101
+Fax: (357-21) 44 51 56
+Czechoslovakia
+National Coordinator
+Dr Ladislav Dotlacil
+Research Institute of Plant
+Production
+Ruzyne 507
+161 06 Prague 6
+Tel: (42-2) 36 08 51
+NGOs For information about people's efforts to hold on to old breeding stocks and landraces in this country, please contact Pro Specie Rara and Arche Noah (addresses elsewhere in this listing). PSR has an office in Prague to coordinate emergency efforts in the animal sector, while Arche Noah is in contact with a range of environmental organisation, researchers and others concerned by genetic erosion - wipeout is perhaps the word - of plants and animals in Czechoslovakia.
+Denmark
+National Coordinator
+Dr Arent Josefsen
+Danish Institute of Plant and
+Soil Science
+Skovbrynet 18
+DK-2800 Lyngby
+Tel: (45) 93 09 99
+Fax: (45) 93 08 19
+The Danish programme is interested in carrying out research with crop genetic diversity to suit ecologically sound farming systems.
+NGOs
+Mr Heine Refsing
+Hvejselvej 127
+DK-7300 Jelling
+Ms Lila Towle
+Drowten 9, Lindum
+DK-8830 Tjele
+Heine and Lila are members of the US-based Seed Savers Exchange and participate in a smaller national SSE. The Danish network has 50 members. They have recently found a 3rd generation 100-year-old pea landrace and continuously try to spread interest in old varieties. Heine runs an Ethnobotanical Garden on a public farm where he is engaged in crop development for alternative agriculture. He is collecting and introducing old or forgotten crops and carrying out research on their agronomic qualities. He has written articles about the value and use of old cultivars for Danish gardeners and is preparing a book on 'Breeding Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture', drawing from his practical experience with the rehabilitation of landraces in local farming systems.
+Finland
+National Coordinator
+Dr E. Kivi
+Hankkijas Plant Breeding
+Institute
+SF-04300 Hyryla
+NGOs
+Ms Anga Alanko
+Maatiainen
+Korsutie 34
+SF-00370 Helsinki
+Tel: (398-90) 55 72 63
+Maatiainen is a grassroots organisation established two or three years ago to conserve and grow old Finnish crop varieties, especially fruits and flowers. They also work with vegetables such as onion species and, like SESAM in Sweden, would like to cooperate further with other NGOs in the Nordic and Baltic regions.
+France
+National Coordinator
+Dr André Charrier
+Bureau des Ressources
+Génétiques
+57, rue Cuvier
+F-75231 Paris Cedex 05
+Tel: (33) 47 07 15 75
+Fax:(33)45357015
+The French programme is - morally, at least - supportive of any effort to contribute to conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity, including the work of local associations, gardeners and amateurs, but has a limited budget to carry out this work. The BRG has an administrative role in coordination and information, but does not run a genebank.
+NGOs
+Club Mémoire Verte B.P. 20
+F-33670 La Sauve
+The 'Green Memory Club' is a membership seed exchange network. They publish an annual catalogue of landraces offered from members for members, a liaison bulletin for the network, technical sheets giving advice on seed saving and cultivation techniques for old varieties, and provide a range of other information supports. Through their efforts, over 400 rare varieties are being maintained in cultivation on the farm and in the garden. They have an experimental station that does varietal testing under production conditions. The network collaborates with professionals and scientists in France who are aware of the value of what these people are doing voluntarily.
+Ms Sylvia Schmidt
+Le Biau Germe
+F-47360 Montpezat d'Agenais
+Tel: (33) 53 95 08 92 (morning)
+(33) 53 95 04 40 (afternoon)
+Le Biau Germe is a family-ran seed company devoted to maintenance and organic production of traditional varieties not found on the French National Catalogue of seeds legally marketable. Their high-quality seeds are available exclusively by correspondence, in small portions for backyard growers. Every year they publish a catalogue of their offerings, including vegetables, grains, herbs, flowers and green manure crops mostly very old, well-proven French folk varieties but also some exotic introductions for those who seek diversity!
+Mr Philippe Marchenay
+CNRS
+Alimentec Technopole de Génie Industriel
+Rhône-Alpes
+6, place de la Grenouillère
+F-01000 Bourg-en-Bresse
+Tel: (33) 74 45 30 44
+Fax: (33) 74 24 6133
+Dr Marchenay is an ethnobotanist carrying out research on the cultural links between plants and people, focused on Europe's traditional crops and livestock. He has produced books and articles on conserving genetic resources at the grassroots level and is currently establishing a European network of researchers active in this field.
+Mr Georges Gueutal
+Les Croqueurs de Pommes
+Cité des Associations
+B.P. 702
+F-90020 Belfort cedex
+A voluntary organisation with over 2,000 members in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy devoted to conserving traditional fruit stocks from genetic erosion at the local level. Aside from members' own collections managed in backyards and gardens, the organisation has established 25 'orchards of salvation' across the French countryside, harbouring 2,500 individual fruit varieties. 'The Apple Munchers' publish a trimestrial newsletter for their network.
+Mr Philippe Barret GEYSER/PAGE PACA rue Grande F-04870 St. Michel l'Observatoire Tel: (33) 92 76 62 44 Fax: (33) 92 76 65 50
+GEYSER is an active member of PAGE PACA, a regional genetic resources programme involving INRA, botanical gardens, NGOs, schools, local chambers of agriculture, etc. in southeast France. Since 1984 they have carried out inventories, public awareness campaigns, and training and are working to help diversify agriculture in the region based on the rehabilitation of locally-adapted crops and animals for sustainable farming systems. Can provide contacts with the hundreds of French associations working on genetic conservation and use.
+Germany
+National Coordinators
+Dr Manfred Dambroth
+Institute fur Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung (FAL)
+Bundesallee 50
+D-W-3300 Braunschweig
+Tel: (49-531) 59 63 65
+Fax: (49-531J 59 63 07
+Dr Karl Hammer
+Director Institute fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK)
+Correnstrasse 3
+D-0-4325 Gatersleben
+Tel: (49-39482) 50
+Fax: (49-39482) 5286
+NGOs
+Mr Ludwig Watschong VEN
+Ahornweg 6
+D-W-3525 Arenborn
+Tel: (49-5574) 1345
+VEN stands for 'Vereins zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt' or Network for the Conservation of Crop Diversity. Over 60 people are actively engaged in the network, run by Ludwig Watschong. They are multiplying and exchanging old crop varieties of interest to gardening and farming. Constrained by lack of resources, the network nevertheless wants to expand and welcomes new members who care about diversity and want to help maintain old varieties alive and in use at the local level.
+Mr Peter Raatsie & Martin
+Bossert
+Pflauzenzuchtverein
+Wernstein 24
+D-W-8653 Mainleus
+Tel: (49-9229) 8157
+An independent research organisation maintaining a large collection of old local varieties for research and development of biodynamic production and conservation methods. Through breeding and agronomic trials carried out with small farmers, they are adapting old crops to farming systems that produce high quality food in harmony with the environment and promoting farmer control over resources and production systems.
+Dr Jürgen Reckin
+Gessellschaft für Okolgische
+Pflanzenzucht
+Altenhoferweh 1
+D-0-1301 Werbellin
+Tel: (37-371) 27902
+An independent research organisation carrying out work on sustainable agriculture for small farmers in the former GDR Jürgen and his colleagues had assembled quite a large collection of crop diversity and were using it to develop grains, forages, legumes and vegetables that were high in nutritional value, grew well without chemical inputs, could be processed easily on small holdings, were resistant to local pests and diseases, and provided a stability of yield. Despite their large collection of landraces, meticulously conserved through active use, and constructive breeding work, this operation was threatened with being shut down by the West German authorities. However, the station has recently been bought up to produce biological food, which Jürgen hopes may offer an opportunity to raise enough income to support conservation and breeding again.
+Greece
+National Coordinator
+Dr Athanassioioe
+Zamanis
+Greek Gene Bank
+PO Box 14514
+GR-541 10 Thessaloniki
+Tel: (30-31) 47 15 44
+Fax: (30-31) 47 12 09
+The Greek Parliament passed in 1991 a decree setting out a new structure for the national programme, but it has not been implemented for lack of funds. The new programme specifically recognises the role of farmers in promoting decentralised conservation and use of traditional Greek varieties by providing financial compensation to those growers who would cultivate landraces on their farms under traditional agricultural methods. On-farm conservation in the Greek programme would complement the genebank and in situ reserves.
+NGOs Prof. Dr Andreas Georgoudis IDAAM c/o Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Faculty of Agriculture Aristotle University GR-54006 Thessaloniki
+IDAAM is an independent effort launched by concerned public sector scientists on the side of their work to conserve traditional Greek farm animal breeds threatened by extinction due to the massive introduction of more uniform, 'high-yielding' ruminants from abroad.
+Mr Dimitris Dimitriadis
+Federation of Ecological Alternative
+Organisations
+Politechnion 8
+GR-10433 Athens
+Tel: (30-1) 522 12 30
+Dimitris is trying to stimulate NGO work in Greece on sustainable agriculture and would like to help develop on-farm conservation of genetic resources through alternative farming structures. Much of this work, though, has yet to get off the ground for lack of financial and human resources.
+Hungary
+National Coordinator
+Dr László Holly
+Research Centre for Agrobotany I.A.Q.
+H-2766 Tápiószele
+Tel: Tápiószele 41
+Hungary's national programme actively involves farmers in the dynamic and decentralised maintenance of traditional Hungarian landraces. Through this direct contact between conservation and production, a number of old varieties, which otherwise might have sat still in the genebank, have been successfully reintegrated by rural communities into their farming systems.
+NGOs
+Mr Nick Vaczek
+Environmental Programme
+Central European
+University
+URI U. 49
+H-1014 Budapest
+Tel: (36-1) 156 95 39
+The Central European University is trying to strengthen local work on agriculture and the environment, including grassroots management of genetic resources. They are in touch with local groups from Hungary and other Central European countries and can be contacted for further information.
+Iceland
+National Coordinator
+Dr Gunnar Olafsson
+Agricultural Research Institute
+Keldnaholt
+IS-1 10 Reykjavik
+Ireland
+National Coordinator
+Dr D.P. Feeley
+Department of Agriculture
+Kildare Street
+Dublin 2
+Tel: (353-1) 78 90 11, ext. 2031
+NGOs
+Ms Anita Oppenheimer-Hayes
+Irish Seed Savers Network
+Marley
+St. Mullins
+Co. Carlow
+Tel: (353-503) 24444
+A small but enthusiastic group busy building up a regional variety library. Mr Charlie Spillane
+University of Dublin
+Department of Genetics Lincoln Place Gate
+Trinity College
+Dublin 2
+Tel: (353-1) 77 29 41
+Fax: (353-1) 679 85 58
+Charlie and his colleagues are keen on setting up a charitable trust in Ireland to promote grassroots conservation of plant and animal genetic resources and provide a common forum for policy work, information activities and lobbying towards Irish and EC authorities. Knowing that there are a lot of groups and individuals concerned about increasing genetic uniformity in Ireland, the need for a collective front and sharing of resources is a pressing one.
+Italy
+National Coordinator
+Dr Pietro Perrino
+Istituto del Germoplasma (CNR)
+Via G. Amedola 165/A
+I-70126 Bari
+Tel: (39-80) 58 34 00
+Fax: (39-80) 558 75 66
+The Italian programme is still collecting traditional landraces that can be found in marginal areas of Italy and is trying to develop alternative crops for today's farming systems based on rustic old varieties.
+NGOs
+Dr Giovanni
+Cerretelli
+Bigallo Verde
+Via Pellas 16
+I-50141 Firenze
+Tel: (39-55) 45 60 88
+Fax: (39-55) 45 60 88
+Bigallo Verde is a cooperative of agronomists working on environmental defence and organic farming together with other public organisations of Tuscany. Since 1986 they have been working with the regional government and University of Florence recuperating traditional varieties. They have collected over 200 samples of mostly horticultural crops. The regional government is now establishing a regional seedbank where they will be stored. The next stage of the project is to integrate the varieties into local farming systems and agricultural development work, but is pending for lack of funds.
+Ms Maria Rosaria Perna
+Via Mediterraneo 3/B
+I-63100 Ascoli
+Piceno
+Maria Rosaria, an agronomist, has launched a regional programme in Marche for in situ dynamic conservation of plant genetic resources, starting with fruits. She hopes to go into medicinal plants. The programme involves the regional government of Marche and local NGOs and farmers' organisations.
+Mr Fabio Terragni
+Gruppo di Attenzione sulle
+Biotechnologie
+Via Iglesias, 33
+I-20128 Milano
+Tel: (39-2) 27 00 1135
+Fax: (39-2) 255 22 81
+GAB is working on policy issues related to biotechnology and biodiversity. They have prepared an educational booklet for school children on genetic diversity and the food system and compiled a short analytical study on grassroots conservation of genetic resources in Italy, published in Lega Per l'Ambiente's Ambiente Italia 92, with a full listing of names and addresses. GAB is planning to carry out a full-fledged inventory of all genetic diversity conservation activities in Italy, both governmental and grassroots.
+Mr Antonio Onorati
+Centro Internazionale
+Crocevia
+Via Ferraironi 88/G
+I-00172 Roma
+Tel: (39-6) 241 39 76
+Fax: (39-6) 242 4177
+Crocevia is a development agency supporting rural development projects in the Third World and also dedicated to information and awareness raising in Italy. Grassroots genetic resources conservation to strengthen peasant agriculture is a fundamental and long-time concern of this organisation. They support a range of on-farm conservation and breeding projects in the South, and also work actively for local genetic resources management and a sound national policy in Italy.
+Netherlands
+National Coordinator
+Dr Jaap Hardon
+CGN (CPRO-DLO)
+Postbus 16
+NL-6700 AA Wageningen
+Tel: (31-8370) 77075
+Fax: (31-8370) 16513
+As Director of the Netherlands national genebank, Dr Hardon is keen on developing a more integrated national programme involving NGOs and local groups. He is currently talking with NGOs about offering back-up space in his genebank and land in Wageningen to grow out amateur collections and involve them in research.
+NGOs
+Mr A.J.F.
+Lieberwerth
+Het Hof van Eden
+Postbus 636
+NL-3500 AP Utrecht
+Tel: (31-30) 3192 00
+'The Court of Eden' houses the largest private collection of plant genetic resources in the Netherlands with over 30,000 accessions of all crops from all over the world, including Tibet, the Andes (range of tubers), Ethiopia (Teff), etc. Eight staff in total grow out 12-18,000 accessions a year on small plots outside Utrecht, among small farmers to avoid cross pollination. They hold an open day every Saturday for the public.
+De Kleine Aarde
+Postbus 151
+NL-5280 AD Boxtel
+Tel: (31-4116) 84921
+'The Small Earth' is an environmental organisation working for the past 20 years on sustainable agriculture and environmental issues. They carry out a range of projects to promote ecological farming. Part of their work focuses on the use of local varieties suitable for such agricultural systems.
+Nordic region
+Dr Stig Blixt
+Director
+Nordic Gene Bank
+PO Box 41
+S-230 53 Alnarp
+Tel: (46-40) 46 17 90
+Fax: (46-40) 46 2188
+The Nordic Gene Bank carries out a collective conservation programme for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, devoted specifically to crops developed in Scandinavia.
+Norway
+National Coordinator
+Mr Arne Wold
+Statens Frokontroll
+PO Box 68
+N-1432 As-NLH
+Tel: (47-9) 94 95 32
+Fax: (47-9) 94 95 67
+NGOs
+Jan Erik Maelam
+Norsk Senter for ekologisk
+Landbruk
+Tingvoll
+Tel: (47-73) 31342
+The Norwegian Centre for Ecologically Sound Agriculture is working on conservation and use of traditional crops and can be contacted for further information about the work of the informal sector in Norway.
+Anne Karin Hufthammer
+Norsk Bufe
+Zoologisk Museum
+Museplass 3
+N-5014 Bergen
+University
+The aims of this organisation are to protect old breeds of farm animals, increase the understanding of rustic breeds for the development of sustainable agriculture and act as a focal point for groups and individuals concerned with animal genetic resources conservation.
+Poland
+National Coordinator
+Prof. H.J. Czembor
+Plant Breeding & Acclimatisation Institute (IHAR)
+Radzikow near Warsaw
+05-870 Blonie
+Tel: (48-22) 55 26 11
+Fax: (48-22) 55 47 14
+NGOs
+Mr Wackaw Swiecicki
+Individual Farmers Solidarity Union
+Country Commission for Ecology, Health & Social Affairs
+Smocza 11-4
+01-056 Warsaw
+Tel: (48-2) 26 98 10
+Fax: (48-2) 26 35 48
+Wackaw is working to promote ecological farming in Poland in liaison with Solidarity and IFOAM. He can be contacted for further information about local genetic resources work in Poland.
+Portugal
+National Coordinator
+Dr Miguel Mota
+Dept. of Genetic and Breeding
+Estaçao Agronómica Nacional
+P-2780 Oeiras
+Tel: (351 1) 443 04 42
+Fax: (351-1) 442 08 67
+NGOs
+Mr Manuel Rodrigues
+Confederaçao National da Agricultura
+Rua Visconde da Luz, 45-4
+Apartado 253
+P-3000 Coimbra
+Tel: (351-39) 3305
+Fax: (351-39) 38649
+CNA is working to safeguard and strengthen the bio- and cultural diversity of communally- administered wooded areas in the highlands of Portugal. These zones and their traditional farming systems are under threat from the spread of industrial eucalyptus production, which is undermining the genetic diversity and scope for rural development in the mountains of Portugal.
+Russia
+National Coordinator
+Mr Sergei Alexanian
+VIR
+42-44 Herzen Street
+190000 Leningrad
+Tel: (314) 4848
+Fax: (311) 8762
+NGOs
+Mr Sviatoslave Zublin
+Coordinator
+Socio-Ecological Union
+Krasmoarmeiskaya 25, 85
+125310 Moscow
+The Socio-Ecological Union is active in a range of problems facing Russian agriculture, health and environment. They are interested in issues related to biodiversity and should be contacted for further information.
+Spain
+National Coordinator
+Dr Rafael Ponz
+Banco del Germoplasma,
+INIA
+Apartado 127
+Finco 'El Encin'
+Alcala de Henares (Madrid)
+Tel:(34-1)8819286
+Fax: (34-1) 88192 87
+The Spanish national programme is interested in developing cooperative links with NGOs, particularly in helping to grow out their centralised collection, exchanging materials and raising awareness about genetic diversity.
+NGOs
+Mr Bartolomé Martí
+Coordinadora de Agricultura Ecológica
+Avinguda València 37
+E-08750 Molins de Rei (Barcelona)
+Tel: (34-3) 668 71 26
+Fax: (34-3) 268 0139
+Within its activities to promote alternative agriculture in Spain, CAE coordinates a network of seed savers - farmers and gardeners - who maintain in production and exchange among themselves traditional varieties of horticultural and agricultural crops. A full listing of members of the network can be requested from CAE. Their regular newsletter Ecoagricultura provides information on sustainable agriculture and genetic resources.
+Mr Francisco Garcia
+CEIDER
+Pascual y Genís 21, pta. 10
+E-46002 València
+Tel: (34-3) 3913192
+Fax: (34-3) 394 06 61
+CEIDER has been working for many years on policy, research and public awareness related to genetic resources and sustainable agriculture. They liaise with a broad range of farmers' organisations, public research institute and professional bodies throughout Spain and hope to stimulate better networking on grassroots conservation and policy discussions. CEIDER publishes Semillas, a regular newsletter on genetic resources and biotechnology.
+Sweden
+National Coordinator
+Prof. Lennart Kahre
+Swedish University of Agricultural
+Sciences
+Box 7042
+S-750 07 Uppsala
+Tel: (46-18) 17 10 00
+NGOs
+Mr Thomas Levander
+SESAM
+Upplandsgatan 56
+S-113 28 Stockholm
+Tel: (46-8) 763 20 30 (work) or 31 78 04
+(home)
+SESAM is a voluntary organisation with over 200 members collecting and preserving vegetables and cereals typical of Scandinavia. Experienced seed savers receive a commission. Samples of all varieties are backed-up through long-term seed storage. SESAM is interested in linking up with other networks active in Europe to exchange experiences.
+Switzerland
+National Coordinator
+Dr Gert Kleijer
+Station Fédérale de la Recherche Agronomique de Changins
+Route de Duillier
+CH-1260 Nyon
+Tel: (41-22) 363 47 22
+Fax: (41-22) 362 13 25
+The Swiss genebank liaises with NGOs and encourages cooperation both at the practical level and through the Swiss National Commission on Plant Genetic Resources.
+NGOs
+Mr Hans-Peter
+Grünenfelder
+Pro Specie Rara
+Schneebergstrasse 17
+CH-9000 St Gallen
+Tel: (41-71) 22 74 20
+Fax: (41-71) 22 74 40
+PSR is a private foundation established in 1982 and funded by shares, patronage and donations. They carry out extensive activity in livestock whereby animals are bought and maintained on 400 farms. Plant genetic resources work is limited to plants adapted to high altitude: potatoes, pulses, cereals. Small regional fruit orchards to provide grafting material. Some 250 farms are involved in their plant conservation efforts throughout Switzerland. PSR has an office in Czechoslovakia and the former Yugoslavia to coordinate emergency rescue operations of threatened rare farm breeds and is trying to set up a European-wide fund to further support this work.
+Mr Karl Stole
+Fructus
+Waisenhausstr. 4
+CH-X820 Wadenswill
+Tel: (41-1) 780 43 69
+Fructus is a large membership organisation devoted solely to the conservation of traditional Swiss fruit stocks involving amateurs, gardeners and farmers.
+Turkey
+National Coordinator
+The Directorate
+Aegean Agricultural Research Institute
+PO Box 9
+35661 Menemen-Izmir
+Tel: (90-542) 11552
+Fax: (90-542) 12792
+NGOs
+Ms Ayse Gozen
+Sarenceby Yokusu
+18-c/11 Besiktas
+Tel: (90-1) 26195 58
+Ayse is keen on developing NGO work on genetic resources in Turkey. The organisational base of these activities is very weak right now and funds are lacking for community projects. Ayse can be contacted for further information on Turkish NGO work and perspectives.
+United Kingdom
+National Coordinator
+Mr J.C. Suich
+Head of Research Policy Coordination Division
+Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food (MAFF)
+Nobel House
+17 Smith Square
+London SW1 P 3JR
+Tel: (44-71) 238 56 13
+Fax: (44-71) 238 55 97
+The UK houses a range of genetic resources collections dealing with vegetables, dryland crops, beans, forages, wild species and fruits. Some of them are supportive of the work of NGOs in this field. A national committee and programme is in the process of formalisation. The University of Birmingham is trying to develop a curriculum for training in grassroots conservation of plant genetic resources.
+NGOs
+Dr Jeremy Cherfas
+Genetic Resources Department
+Henry Doubleday Research
+Association
+Ryton on Dunsmore
+Coventry CV8 3LG
+Tel: (44-273) 30 35 17
+Fax: (44-273) 63 92 29
+Within its activities to promote organic gardening and farming, HDRA runs a Seed Heritage Programme and coordinates a network of 40 Seed Guardians who save and grow out materials for national exchange. In 1991, rejuvenation of HDRA's collection of 200 varieties commenced at Ryton Gardens and publication of a quarterly newsletter for seed savers, called Leaflet, began. Other recent publications include The Vegetable Finder, a full listing of all open-pollinated (non-hybrid) vegetable varieties available on the UK market. Those only supplied by one maintainer- a full 60 per cent! - are marked by a symbol to indicate that they are particularly threatened with extinction from British gardens. HDRA engages in a wide range of public awareness raising activities on genetic erosion and is taking an active role to help stimulate networking among grassroots conservation groups throughout Europe.
+Mr Matt Dunwell
+The Wayward Trust
+Ragman's Lane Farm
+Lower Lydbrook
+Gloucestershire GL17 9PA
+Tel: (44-594) 86 02 44
+Fax: (44-594) 86 0123
+The Wayward Trust is a small charity organisation interested in projects that contribute to grassroots conservation of biological diversity in Europe. They have supported a range of British NGOs in this field and are interested in reaching out to other associations in the rest of Europe.
+(Former) Yugoslavia
+National Coordinator
+Dr Milutin Pencic
+Federal Secretariat for Development
+Omladinskih Grigada 1
+11070 Novi Beograd
+Tel: (38-1 1) 19 01 1 1
+Fax: (38-11) 222 29 09
+International level FAO
+Via delle Terme di Caracalla
+I-00100 Rome
+ITALY
+Contacts: Director, Regional Office for Europe
+Dr José Esquinas-Alcázar, Commission on Plant Genetic Resources
+The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation is involved in genetic resources conservation (crop, forest, animal and aquatic), mostly through direct support to national programmes, particularly in the developing countries. FAO's regional European office supports research and networking on a range of crops. FAO's Commission on Plant Genetic Resources is an intergovernmental body responsible for policy issues affecting genetic resources.
+GRAIN
+Jonqueres 16, 6Q D
+E-0S003 Barcelona
+SPAIN
+Tel: (34-3) 310 59 09
+Fax: (34-3) 310 59 52
+Contacts: Mr Henk Hobbelink,
+Coordinator
+Ms Renée Vellvé, Programme Officer
+GRAIN works at the research, information, NGO networking and policy level to promote people's control over genetic resources for sustainable development, North and South. Through its special project on conservation in Europe, GRAIN is active in raising awareness, lobbying and networking to strengthen the role of grassroots organisations in the management of Europe's genetic heritage, particularly within local and regional development strategies.
+IBPGR
+Via delle Sette Chiese, 142
+I-00145 Rome
+ITALY
+Tel: (39-6) 574 47 19
+Fax: (39-6) 575 03 09
+Contact: Dr Emile Frison, European Regional Officer
+IBPGR, soon to become the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), promotes national genebank programmes throughout the world. It is increasingly interested in the work of NGOs and local organisations in genetic resources conservation and use. IBPGR supports collecting missions, research, conservation activities and information work. Its programme in Europe aims to assure support to conservation work particularly in Eastern Europe.
+RAFI
+130 Slater Street, Suite 750
+Ottawa, Ontario K1 P 6E2
+CANADA
+Tel: (1-613) 565 09 00
+Fax: (1-613) 594 87 05
+Contact: Mr Pat Mooney, Director
+The Rural Advancement Foundation International works to support grassroots conservation work through research, policy work, lobbying and networking on a global scale. They have produced many publications on the conservation crisis and the role of local organisations and support regional programmes in the developing countries.
+Seed Savers Exchange
+Rural Route 3
+PO Box 239
+Decorah, IA 52101
+USA
+Contact: Mr Kent Whealy, Director
+The Seed Savers Exchange is probably the largest grassroots conservation network in the world, focusing on plants. Although it is an American organisation, it does have foreign membership. The SSE's 1992 Annual Yearbook, which is a catalogue of varieties being maintained for exchange and addresses of the suppliers, lists about 20 participants from Europe, East and West. SSE provides a range of services to its membership, including publications, meetings and research.
+WWF International
+Avenue du Mont-Blanc
+CH-1196 Gland
+SWITZERLAND
+Tel: (41-22) 364 95 26
+Fax: (41-22) 364 82 19
+Contact: Dr Michel Pimbert, Head, Biodiversity Programme
+The World Wide Fund for Nature supports in situ conservation programmes throughout the world and produces many publications on the threats to the environment. The Biodiversity Programme focuses on policy issues, project work and awareness raising on the many facets of biodiversity conservation. Projects in the pipeline, in conjunction with the European Programme, include a video on grassroots conservation of genetic resources in Europe and support to local organisations.
+<section>Annex 3: Selected reading</section>
+Books and reports
+Ashworth, Suzanne, Seed to Seed: Seed saving techniques for the vegetable gardener, Seed Savers Exchange, Decorah, 1991.
+A practical, hands-on guidebook to saving seeds of traditional vegetable crops, mostly of temperate climates. Alongside general tips for the backyard seed saver, provides a crop-by-crop guide on the history and biology of our common vegetables, how to grow each plant to seed, and special techniques for harvesting and stocking the seeds. Beautifully illustrated and a straightforward text covering 160 garden plants.
+Available from Seed Savers Exchange, Rural Route 3, Box 239, Decorah, IA 52101, USA. (A German translation of this work is being prepared by Arche Noah. See Annex 2.)
+Beau, Christophe, Pour que vive la diversité, PAGE PACA, La Thomassine, 1990.
+PAGE PACA's 'white book' tracing the first six years of southeast France's regional programme on conservation and use of local genetic diversity. From sector to sector- medicinal plants, fruits, forages, bees, goats - the book documents a range of activities undertaken by local NGOs and scientists to collect, research, maintain and utilise traditional plants and animals to diversify local agriculture and create new markets, jobs and public awareness.
+Available from PAGE PACA, La Thomassine, F-04100 Manosque, France.
+Bommer, D.F.R and Kay Beese, Pflanzengenetische Ressourcen: Ein Konzept zur Erhaltung und Nutzung für die Bundesrepublik Deutsch land, Schriftenreihe des BMELF, Heft 388, Münster-Hilstrup, Braunschweig, 1990.
+A proposal for a German national programme on genetic resources conservation and use, in an international perspective.
+Bonjean, Alain and Emmanuel Picard, Les céréales à paille: origine, histoire, économie, sélection, Softword/Groupe ITM, 1990.
+An illustrated journey through the history of small grain cereals in Europe, especially France, and their current status in agriculture. Looks at how these major crops (barley, wheat, rye, oats, rice and triticale) were introduced and diversified in Europe, the development of plant breeding and the challenges facing breeders today. Provides technical, economic and historic data, with resumes in English.
+Brown, A. H. D., et al., The Use of Plant Genetic Resources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.
+A clear and accessible book on the problems and challenges facing ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Looks at whether and how genebank collections are being used by breeders, discusses different strategies for managing the collections, looks at the value of wild species for breeding and explains how novel techniques in biotechnology could help in the conservation and use of collections. One chapter focuses on cereals in Europe.
+Bundesverband Deutscher Pflanzenzüchter (ed.), Landwirtschaftliche Pflanzenzuchtung in Deutschland, Geschichte, Gegenwart und Ausblick, Gelsenkirchen, 1987.
+Bureau des Ressources Génétiques (ed.), La diversité des plantes légumières: hier, aujourd'hui et demain, JATBA, Paris, 1986.
+The proceedings of a French symposium on vegetable genetic diversity: where our crops come from, how they are being managed, the laws affecting the seed supply, and who is doing what to conserve and use crop genetic diversity for horticulture and gardening. Contains a lot of historical information and views from different sectors, from public research to grassroots seed savers.
+Available from Technique & Documentation, Lavoisier, 11 rue Lavoisier, F-75384 Paris cedex 08, France.
+Chevallier, Daniel, rapporteur, Rapport sur les applications des biotechnologies à l'agriculture et à l'industrie agro-alimentaire (Tome II, Annexes), Office Parlementaire d'évaluation et des choix scientifiques, Paris, 1990
+This is a collection of commissioned works for the French Parliament on biotechnology and the food system. Papers include master works by legal experts, economists, journalists and others on a range of issues affecting genetic diversity: the posh for patent laws, the transformation of the biotech industry, an overview of current conservation efforts.
+Available from Jean-Pierre Gousseau, Assemblé Nationale, 233 boulevard Saint-Germain, F-75355 Paris, France.
+Duenbostel, J., Zum Beispiel Saatgut, Göttingen, 1990.
+A simple and general introduction to plant genetic resources.
+Ford-Lloyd, Brian and Michael Jackson, Plant Genetic Resources: An introduction to their conservation and use, Edward Arnold, London, 1986.
+A compact introduction to genetic resources conservation, as seen from the perspective of the formal sector. Explains the history of crop evolution, conservation strategies and the use of plant genetic resources for breeding. Gives a theoretical and practical overview of the current genebank approach.
+Fowler, Cary and Pat Mooney, Shattering: Food, politics and the loss of genetic diversity, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1990.
+A monumental trip through the birth and decline of genetic diversity at the global level. Fowler and Mooney take us into the personalities and politics of genetic erosion and who is doing what about it in international, national and local circles. Some data on Europe, but mostly focused on the developing countries.
+Hardon, Jaap, et al., Common Framework for an Integrated EC Programme on the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources, GRAIN, Barcelona, February 1992.
+A report drawn up for the EC's plant genetic resources community by a national programme (CGN, the Dutch genebank), and NGO (GRAIN) and the CGIAR (IBPGR), responding to the European Parliament's initiative to launch an all new programme for genetic resources conservation. The report outlines the history of the Parliament's initiative, an overview of current activities, identifies gaps and needs and forwards proposals for setting up the new programme. Stress is put on the need to integrate and equally support the work of genebanks and grassroots organisations in Europe. The report is meant to feed into the discussions on the future of genetic resources conservation and use in Europe.
+Available from GRAIN, Jonqueres 16, 6° D, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
+Keystone Center (ed.), Keystone International Dialogue Series on Plant Genetic Resources: Oslo Plenary Session (Final Consensus Report), GRCS Inc., Washington DC, 1991.
+The final outcome of three years of off-the-record consensus-reaching among the main actors in the worldwide debate over control and conservation of plant genetic resources. The Keystone process brought together high-level representatives of industry, government and NGOs to reach agreement on main issues facing management of genetic resources at the global. The final report provides a blueprint for action involving both formal sector scientists and community organisations.
+Available from the Keystone Center, P.O. Box 606, Keystone, CO 80435, USA in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
+Marchenay, Philippe, A la recherche des variétés locales des plantes cultivées, PAGE PACA, Hyères, 1987.
+A pioneering work of an ethnobotanist taking us into the history and current reality of genetic erosion at the local level in France and how to go about the practicalities of grassroots conservation. A simple but scientifically sound guidebook to collecting and conserving plants at the community level, with a strong emphasis on the importance of local knowledge. Comes with a pocket size practical guide for taking into the field.
+Available from PAGE PACA, La Thomassine, F-04100 Manosque, France.
+McGloughin, Patricia and Bruno Schmitz (ed.), Biological Diversity: A challenge to science, the economy and society, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.
+This is the report of a meeting sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities held in Dublin on 4-6 March 1987. The papers cover all aspects of biodiversity management, with a fair focus on Europe, and conclude with recommendations for action to the EC.
+Available from Bruno Schmitz, SAST Unit, DG-XII, Commission of the European Communities, 200 rue de la Loi, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.
+Melandri, Giovanna e Giulio Conte (coordinators), Ambiente Italia 1992, Lega per l'Ambiente, Roma, 1992.
+A collective work published by the Italian environmental group Lega per l'Ambiente and entirely devoted to biological diversity. A very wide range of contributions look at different issues: genetic erosion, conservation activities by the formal and informal sectors, the need to raise awareness and the elements of an Italian policy framework on managing biodiversity.
+Available from Lega per l'Ambiente, Via Salaria 280, I-00199 Rome, Italy.
+Recchia, Elena e Alessandra Parente, La Diversità Biologica in Agricoltura, Zootecnia e in Alimentazione, WWF Italia, 1991.
+A concise and simple educational booklet produced by WWF-Italy for school programmes, NGOs and associations who want to take on the challenge of raising awareness about the importance of biological diversity in the general public. The authors, working with the Gruppo di Attenzione sulle Biotechnologie, take a methodological approach, providing a tool for teaching about, step by step, the different aspects of genetic erosion, industrialisation of agriculture and conservation strategies.
+Available from WWF Italia, Via Salaria 290, I-00199 Rome, Italy.
+Regione Toscana, Giunta Regionale, Un Seme, Un Ambiente: Ricerca di germoplasma di specie erbacee di interesse agricolo in Toscana, Dipartimento Agricoltura e Foreste, Regione Toscana, Firenze, Dicembre 1991.
+A report of the first results of a regional programme to collect and conserve local plant genetic resources in Tuscany. The programme involves the regional government and the agronomists' cooperative Il Bigallo Verde. The booklet reports on initial collecting missions, with a focus not just on seeds but on the farmers and gardeners from whom they were collected and the structural changes facing Tuscan agriculture and its traditional diversity.
+Available from Giunta Regionale Toscana, Ufficio Pubblicazioni, Centro Stampa, Via di Novoli 26, I-50127 Firenze, Italy.
+Seed Savers Exchange (ed.), Seed Savers 1991 Harvest Edition, SSE, Decorah, 1991.
+This edition of the SSE's harvest publication reports on many events and the general situation with respect to conserving genetic diversity in Europe. A range of reports from NGOs and journalists feature the crisis facing both genebanks, such as the Gatersleben genebank in former East Germany, and grassroots movements, in both the East and the West.
+Available from Seed Savers Exchange, Rural Route 3, Box 239, Decorah, IA 52101, USA.
+Stubbe, H., Geschichte des Instituts fur Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben der Deutschenb Akademie der Wissenschaften su Berlin 1943-1968, Berlin. van Hintum, Th J. L., et al. (ed.), Crop Networks: Searching for new concepts for collaborative genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome, 1991.
+Presents the papers delivered to a meeting held in Wageningen in December 1990 on collaboration among genetic resources programmes in Europe, East and West. Different genebank leaders report on achievements and difficulties in their countries and look at areas for cooperation.
+Available from IBPGR, Via delle Sette Chiese 142, I-00145 Rome, Italy.
+Zeven, A. C. and A.M. van Harten (ed.), Broadening the Genetic Base of Crops, PUDOC, Wageningen, 1979.
+The proceedings of a conference held in Wageningen with a range of genetic resources experts looking heavily at the situation in European genetic erosion and current conservation and breeding activities. A bit outdated, but still a useful and interesting source of information about formal genetic resources activities in Europe.
+Periodicals
+Diversity, GRCS (Washington, DC).
+A regular magazine on plant genetic resources for a worldwide audience. Funded by mainly corporate sponsors, it provides wide coverage of new issues in plant genetic resources management, both national programmes and (increasingly) NGO activities. Aside from news pieces there are background reports, commentaries on emerging or controversial issues in genetic resources circles, book reviews and upcoming events.
+Diversity: 727 8th Street N.W., Washington, DC 20003, USA.
+Geneflow, IBPGR (Rome).
+A popular magazine put out by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. It gives brief news on genetic resources conservation (increasingly including grassroots actions) and reports on specific themes, regions or events. The 1990 issue carries a special and very good section on genetic resources activities, at the official level, in Eastern Europe.
+IBPGR Via delle Sette Chiese 142, I-00145 Rome, Italy. (One issue per year.)
+GRACE, Kluwer Academic Publishers (Dordrecht).
+The former plant genetic resources journal Die Kulturpfanze, traditionally produced in Berlin under the direction of the East German genebank at Gatersleben, is being resuscitated under the name GRACE, for Genetic Resources And Crop Evolution, and published in the Netherlands.
+Kluwer Academic Publishers, PO Box 17, NL-3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
+Leaflet, HDRA (Coventry). Both a practical and news oriented newsletter for Europe's grassroots seed saving community. It is published quarterly for members of HDRA's Heritage Seed Programme and provides profiles of local initiatives, seed saving tips, lost and found, news from Brussels, and background reports on issues and structures affecting local management of genetic diversity.
+HDRA: Genetic Resources Department, National Centre for Organic Gardening, Ryton on Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK.
+Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, FAO/IBPGR (Rome).
+An international newsletter for the scientific community providing brief progress reports on collecting missions and conservation research all over the world. Most articles in English with resumes in French and Spanish.
+IBPGR Via delle Sette Chiese 142, I-00145 Rome, Italy.
+Sauve qui peut! (Sauve qui veut), INRA (Paris).
+A new initiative from the public sector in France, Sauve qui peut! is a newsletter devoted just to genetic resources. Well written and very informative, it presents special dossiers on crops or programmes, reports of meetings, literature reviews and news from genetic resources circles.
+INRA: Cellule de l'Environnement, 147 rue de l'Université, F-75338 Paris cedex 07, France.
+Seedling, GRAIN (Barcelona).
+GRAIN's regular newsletter on genetic resources and biotechnology. Provides regular, up-to-date information on the seed industry, biotechnology, international debates, grassroots conservation initiatives, news from the network, literature reviews and upcoming events. Free for NGOs, US$ 35 per year all others.
+GRAIN: Jonqueres 16, 6°D, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. (4-5 issues per year.)
+Semillas, CEIDER/SECODES/GRAIN (València).
+The Spanish language edition of Seedling, produced in cooperation between CEIDER, SECODES and GRAIN.
+CEIDER: Pascaul y Génis 21, pta 10', E-46002 València, Spain.
+SemiRaris, PAGE PACA (Manosque).
+The magazine of the PAGE PACA regional programme for genetic conservation in southeast France. It contains background articles on on-farm/in-garden conservation, news from the members of the programme, a rare seed exchange platform and reviews of the status of indigenous crops. Volume 3-4 is a special double issue providing a catalogue of rare plants available to amateurs from specialised nurseries, amateurs, associations and seed companies dedicated to old crops.
+PAGE PACA: La Thomassine, F-04100 Manosque, France. (Two issues per year.)
+<section>Notes</section>
+Chapter 1
+1 Seed to Seed, Seed Savers Exchange, Decorah, p. 13.
+2 A.C. Zeven and J.M.J. de Wet, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity, PUDOC, Wageningen, 1982, p. 16.
+3 Ibid., p. 149.
+4 Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney, Shattering: Food, Politics and the Loss of Genetic Diversity, Arizona Press, 1990, p. 11
+5 Alain Bonjean and Emmanuel Picard, Les céréales à paille: origine, histoire, économie, sélection, Softword/Groupe ITM, 1990, pp. 60-61.
+6 J.G. Hawkes, The diversity of crop plants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1983, p.10.
+7 Quoted in A.C. Zeven and J.M.J. de Wet, op. cit., p. 21.
+8 D.F.R Bommer, 'The historical development of international collaboration in plant genetic resources', in Crop networks: Searching for new concepts for collaborative genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome, 1991, p. 3.
+9 Emmer is an ancient form of wheat, from which modern types were later developed.
+10 A.C. Zeven and J.M.J. de Wet, op cit., p. 160.
+11 Like emmer, spelt is an ancient form of wheat once widely grown throughout Europe.
+12 The stone fruit family includes those fruit with a hard 'pit' inside: cherry, apricot, plum, almond, damson, peach, etc.
+13 Jules Pretty, 'Sustainable Agriculture in the Middle Ages: the English Manor', in The Agricultural History Review, Vol. 38, British Agricultural History Society, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, 1990, p. 5.
+14 Alain Bonjean and Emmanuel Picard, op. cit, pp. 75-6.
+15 Phillipe Marchenay, 'Les aspects ethnobotaniques de la diversité variétale: application à la prospection des variétés traditionelles', in La diversité des plantes légumières: hier, aujourd'hui et demain, JATBA, Paris, 1986, pp. 130-1.
+16 Jules Pretty, 'Farmers' Extension Practice and Technology Adaptation: Agricultural Revolution in 17th-19th Century Britain', in Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. VIII, Numbers 1 and 2, Agriculture, Food and Human Values Society, University of Florida, Gainesville, Winter-Spring 1991, p. 142.
+17 C. Populer, Director of the Plant Pathology Station in Gembloux, Report to the Director General of the Agricultural Research Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, concerning the impact of new biotechnologies on plant genetic diversity with reference to request for information of 11.06.90 addressed to ARA from GRAIN.
+18 Philippe Marchenay, A la recherche des variétiés des plantes cultivées, PAGE PACA, La Thomassine, 1987, p. 46.
+19 Encyclopedia of Wild Edible Plants, six volumes under preparation, Editions Debard, Paris.
+20 Jules Pretty, 'Sustainable Agriculture in the Middle Ages: The English Manor'. op.cit., p. 14.
+21 Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney, op. Cit., p. 218.
+Chapter 2
+1 Christopher Beau, Pour que vive la diversité, PAGE PACA, Manosque, 1990, p. 25.
+2 Data, represented in graph, from Erna Bennett, 'Wheats of the Mediterranean Basin', in Survey of Crop Genetic Resources in their Centres of Diversity, O. Frankel (editor), FAO/IBP, Rome, 1973, p. 3.
+3 'Another day older and deeper in debt: the politics of industrial agriculture', The Ecologist, April 1992, p. 49.
+4 Alain Bonjean and Emmanuel Picard, Les céréales à paille: origine, histoire, économie, sélection, Softward Groupe ITM 1990, pp. 96-7.
+5 Roland Petit-Pigeard, in a talk given at the farmers' seminar 'Orientation et financement de la recherche sur les semences', report published by FADEAR, Paris, 1991, p. 4.
+6 Pat Roy Mooney, 'The Law of the Seed', Development Dialogue, 1983:1-2, Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, Uppsala, p. 96.
+7 John Duesing, in a conversation with Renée Vellvé of GRAIN in Barcelona, 30 January 1992.
+8 J. Koenig et al., 'Cereals genetic resources networks in France', in Crop networks: searching for new concepts for collaborative,genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome 1991, p. 111.
+9 In a letter addressed to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN, dated 13 October 1990.
+10 G. Fischbeck, 'Evaluation of cereals in Europe', in Brown et al., The use of plant,genetic resources, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 197-211.
+11 Peter Day, 'Problems and opportunities confronting the exploitation of genetic diversity', in Biological diversity: a challenge to science, the economy and society, Patricia McGloughlin and Bruno Schmitz (editors), unpublished proceedings of a European Conference, Dublin, 4-6 March 1987, p. 27.
+12 A.C. Zeven, 'Collecting genetic resources in highly industrialised Europe, especially the Netherlands' in Broadening the genetic base of crops, PUDOC, Wageningen, 1979, p. 50.
+13 Michael Flitner, in a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 9 June 1992.
+14 A.C. Zeven, op. cit., p. 52.
+15 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 27 June 1990.
+16 François Haquin, 'Qualité des blés françaises: le choix variétal va évoluer' in Semences et pro,grès, No.63, April-May-June 1990, Paris, p.9.
+17 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 8 September 1990.
+18 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 3 July 1990.
+19 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 24 July 1990.
+20 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 8 August 1990.
+21 The IBPGR/FAO Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, published by FAO in Rome, reports regularly on such missions.
+22 Karl Hammer, et al., 'Collection of plant genetic resources in South Italy, 1986', in Die Kulturpflanze, volume 35, Berlin, 1987, pp. 389-399.
+23 Christian Lehmann, 'Genetic Resources', in Die Kulturpflanze, Volume 36, Berlin, 1988, pp. 71-83.
+24 W. Hondelmann, 'Safeguarding germplasm of medical and aromatic plants in the Federal Republic of Germany', in FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, Number 78/79, FAO, Rome, pp.1-3.
+25 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 2 August 1990.
+26 Maria Carmen Alamán et al., 'La recogida de germoplasma por la submeseta de Espana', in FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, Number 54, FAO, Rome, 1983, pp. 11-13.
+27 Data calculated from 'Beschrijvende Rassenlijst voor Landbouwgewassen', Wageningen, 1990.
+28 Y. Hervé, 'Evolution des crucifères cultivées et preservation des ressources génétiques en France', source unknown.
+29 A.C. Zeven and J.M.J. de Wet, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity, Pudoc, Wageningen, 1982, p. 114.
+30 W.A. Cowling, 'Collection of wild Lupinus in Greece', in FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, Number 65, FAO, Rome, pp. 20-22.
+31 L.M. Martin et al., 'Recogida y evaluación del género Lupinus en Espana' in FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, Number 63, FAO, Rome, pp. 41-42.
+32 Figure provided by Jeremy Cherfas of HDRA in a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 23 June 1992.
+33 Quoted in Jack Hawkes, The Diversity of Crop Plants, Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 100.
+34 Pat Mooney, op. cit., p. 115.
+35 For an overview of how it will affect farmers, consumers, plant breeders, genebanks and the Third World, see an earlier GRAIN publication, Patenting life forms in Europe: Proceedings of an international conference held at the European Parliament, 7-8 February 1989, ICDA Seeds Campaign, Barcelona, March 1989.
+Chapter 3
+1 Final Consensus Report, Oslo Plenary Session, Keystone Centre, 1991, p. 6.
+2 Quoted in Donald Plucknett, et al., Genebanks and the world's food, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987, p. 16.
+3 Christian O. Lehmann, 'Genetic Resources', in Die Kulturpflanze, Vol. 36, Berlin, 1988, p. 73.
+4 Idem.
+5 Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney, Shattering: Food, politics and the loss of,genetic diversity, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1990, pp. 149-54.
+6 Data compiled from IBPGR's Annual Report 1981, IBPGR, Rome, pp. 103-8.
+7 Pat Roy Mooney, 'The Law of the Seed', Development Dialogue, 1983:1-2, Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, Uppsala, p. 26.
+8 Donald Plucknett et al., op. cit., p. 188.
+9 D.R.F. Bommer, 'The historical development of international collaboration in plant genetic resources', in Crop networks: Searching for new concepts for collaborative genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome, 1991, p. 9.
+10 Daycha Siripatra and Witoon Lianchamroon, 'An integrated NGO approach in Thailand', in Growing Diversity: Genetic resources and local food security, GRAIN (ed.), IT Publications, London, 1992, p.41.
+11 Data compiled by GRAIN from IBPGR's databases.
+12 V.A. Dragavtsev and S.M. Alexanian, 'The VIR network: problems of mobilisation and conservation of plant genetic resources', in Crop networks: searching for new concepts for collaborative management of ,genetic resources, IBPGR, Rome 1991, p. 67-8.
+13 Cary Fowler and Pat Mooney, draft, unfinished work provisionally entitled 'The Laws of Lysenko', started in 1991 and which we hope they finish and publish someday!
+14 A Strategy for the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Draft for comment, IPGRI, Rome, December 1991, p. 39.
+15 J. Puchalski et al., 'Studies on genetic shift in rye seed after long-term storage in seed bank', in Crop networks: searching for new concepts for collaborative genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome 1991, p. xi.
+16 Th. Hazekamp (editor), CGN Genebank Protocol, (CPRO-DLO), Wageningen, December 1991, 45 p., provides a technical review of the practices of the Dutch genebank.
+17 J.J. Hardon, 'The case for a European Community genetic resources programme', in The conservation of wild progenitors of cultivated plants, Proceedings of the colloquy organised by the Council of Europe together with the Israel Nature Reserves Authorities, Strasbourg, 1991,p. 118.
+18 D. Stoyanov, Director, on behalf of the staff of the Institute for Plant Genetic Resources in Sadovo, near Plovdiv, in a letter to GRAIN dated 2 June 1992.
+19 Renée Vellvé and Michael Flitner, 'East German genebank in limbo', in Seedling, Vol. 8, No. 3, GRAIN, Barcelona, July 1991, pp. 6-10.
+20 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Review of UK policy on the ex-situ conservation of plant genetic resources, MAFF, London, February 1992.
+21 J.J. Hardon, Director of the Centre for Genetic Resources (the Netherlands), 'The need for a common integrated programme on plant genetic resources conservation within the European Community', presentation made to the European Parliament on 19 June 1991.
+22 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Review of UK policy on the ex-situ conservation of plant genetic resources, MAFF, London, February 1992.
+23 Christian Lehmann, in a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 9 November 1991, two months before his death.
+24 IBPGR's database on world genebank holdings, provided to GRAIN, records 3,559,710 accessions in storage as of December 1991.
+25 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 23 March 1992.
+26 In a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 1 October 1990.
+27 P.M. Perret, 'Actual and future concepts for collaboration in crop genetic resources', in Crop networks: Searching for new concepts for collaborative genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome, 1991, p. 13.
+28 Donald L. Plucknett et al., op. cit., p. 168
+29 Z. Bulinska-Radomska, W. Podyma and S. Góral, 'Plant genetic resources conservation programme in Poland: A multi-institutional collaboration', in Crop networks: Searching for new concepts for collaborative genetic resources management, IBPGR, Rome, 1991, p.82.
+30 Figures quoted during discussions among the European genebank community gathered for the EUCARPIA/IBPGR symposium on crop networks, Wageningen, December 1990.
+31 FAO Seed Review 1984-1985, FAO, Rome, 1987, p. 462.
+32 Ibid., p. 536.
+33 J.J. Hardon, Crop,genetic resources conservation in Western Europe, Paper presented to the Workshop on opportunities of European cooperation in the conservation of plant genetic resources, Bonn, 28 September 1989, p. 10.
+34 FAO Seed Review 1984-1985, FAO, Rome, 1987, p. 455.
+35 Ibid., p. 506.
+36 'Industrial Patents, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources: A Plant Breeder's View', in Patenting Life Forms in Europe, ICDA Seeds Campaign, Barcelona, March 1989, p. 36.
+37 Meeting of the EC's Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Crop Genetic Resources, Brussels, 7 March 1991.
+Chapter 4
+1 Speaking at the Seed Savers Exchange Annual Campout Convention, Iowa, August 1991, in Seed Savers 1991 Harvest Edition, SSE, Decorah, 1991, p. 72.
+2 Appeal circulated by the Escuela Taller de Cardona at a European-wide meeting on regional development, organised by the Basque farmers organisation EHNE in Zestona, May 1991.
+3 André Hatesse, 'Le point de vue des collectionneurs amateurs', in La diversité des plantes légumières: hier, aujourd'hui et demain, JATBA, Paris, 1986, p. 203.
+4 Blue potatoes come from the Andes, but they were introduced into Provence some two hundred years ago and have become part of the local culture. La Negresse is a typical peasant cultivar of the region and the Provençal people consider it part of their heritage.
+5 Jost Ettlin, Swiss biodynamic breeder and observer of the work of Pflanzenzuchtverein Wernstein, in a conversation with Renée Vellvé of GRAIN in Vallvidrera on 12 July 1991.
+6 Nancy Arrowsmith et al., Allgemeine Gemüsefibel: Zasammenstellung der in Osterreich kommerzeill-erhältlichen nichthyhriden und nicht geschützen Gemüsesorten, Arche Noah,1991,159 p.
+7 Nancy Arrowsmith, 'Noah's Ark: Seed-Saving Activities in Central Europe', in Seed Savers 1991 Summer Edition, SSE, Decorah, 1991, p.79.
+8 Idem.
+9 Idem.
+10 Nancy Arrowsmith, 'Emergency Appeal for European Seed-Saving Groups', in Seed Savers 1991 Harvest Edition, SSE, Decorah, 1991, p. 111.
+11 Ibid.,p.112.
+12 In the foreword to The Vegetable Finder, HDRA, Coventry, 1992.
+13 Regione Toscana, Giunta Regionale, Un seme, un ambiente: Ricerca di germoplasma di specie erbacee di interesse agricolo in Toscana, primeri resultati, Dipartimento Agricoltura e Foreste, Firenze, 1991, p. 50.
+14 Ibid., p. 52.
+15 The information for this section is taken from different publications of Pro Specie Rara.
+Chapter 5
+1 'EC agrees shake-up of farm policy', Financial Times, London, 22 May 1992.
+2 Phillippe Marchenay, A la recherche des variétés locales de plantes cultivées, PAGE PACA, 1987.
+3 Dr. László Holly, Director of the Research Centre for Agrobotany and Chairman of the National Genebank, in a letter to Renée Vellvé of GRAIN dated 9 April 1992.
+4 Idem.
+5 Pietro Perrino, et al., 'Valutazione e selezione di farro in ambienti marginali dell'appennino molisano', estratto da L'informatore Agrario, Verona, XLVII(42), 1991.
+6 J.J. Hardon, et al., Common Framework for an Integrated EC Programme on the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources, GRAIN, February 1992.
+7 Mr. D. Dessylas, Head of the Division for Agricultural Research, DG-VI, during a meeting with Renée Vellvé of GRAIN in Brussels on 19 December 1991.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g03vie.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g03vie.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89494055f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g03vie.key
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+BRICKS
+VILLAGES
+APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
+DRYERS
+CLAY
+CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g03vie.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g03vie.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7604a5eb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g03vie.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1338 @@
+<title>Village-Level Brickmaking</title>
+Anne Beamish/Will Donovan
+A Publication of GTZ Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH - 1989
+<section>Preface</section>
+The authors worked in northern Mozambique with the Ministry of Public Works on a project funded by Oxfam-Belgium and CUSO/SUCO Canada, promoting the village level production of building materials such as bricks, tiles and lime. The objective of the project was to give technical advice, support and training to production cooperatives and to investigate and demonstrate improved production techniques.
+It was observed that the main technical problems that brickmaking units suffered from were: poor quality, weak bricks; a high breakage rate; no standardization; and a lack of knowledge and experience of how to correctly use bricks in construction.
+The poor quality and high breakage rate was normally caused by selecting inferior quality clays and/or faulty production techniques during the clay preparation, moulding, drying and firing stages.
+The lack of standardization at these brick sites created all sorts of problems for masons. The brick sizes varied from small to large blocks and none were correctly proportioned for use in construction. When bricks with different dimensions were bought from various brickmakers, the builders found that it was very difficult to build a wall and large quantities of cement had to be used in plastering to level off the surface of the wall.
+Brickmaking is not a technically sophisticated or complicated process, but there are certainly correct and incorrect ways of producing bricks and it does take experience and skill to produce good quality bricks. During the project, the authors found that there was a complete lack of practical and easy to understand information available for first time producers to help them gain that skill.
+Over the years of working in Mozambique, a number of technical manuals were written by the authors to assist small-scale brickmaking units to produce good quality bricks. Those who used the manuals were from cooperatives, state companies, schools, district Public Works staff, development projects and individuals who had to make bricks because no other building material was available locally. Often they did not intend to continue to produce bricks indefinitely but had to produce enough bricks to build a school, clinic, dormitory, warehouse, etc., so that they could continue with their other work. Because these people were not necessarily interested in becoming full-time brickmakers and often only wanted to produce enough bricks to build a certain number of buildings, they were not interested in investing in any substantial infrastructure such as permanent kilns or costly equipment.
+The information contained in those manuals has been translated and re-written in english and now forms a more comprehensive brickmaking manual.
+The manual is intended for the first-time producer wishing to produce fired clay bricks on a small scale using the minimum of infrastructure and investment. For example, it is for those individuals, projects, government departments and non government agencies who find themselves in the position of having to produce their own building materials because none are available on the local market. It is also for those who intend to start producing bricks full-time to supply bricks for the local market.
+It is intended for brickmakers who already produce bricks but need an easy to understand book on how to improve their production.
+It is intended to be used as a training manual to accompany a practical hands-on brickmaking course.
+It is also intended for those in government departments who have the role of encouraging and supporting the small-scale production of building materials and who do not make the bricks themselves but need to understand all of the practical aspects of brickmaking.
+<section>Minimum Conditions Necessary To Produce Fired Clay Bricks</section>
+Many countries have an abundance of the natural elements needed to produce bricks, but there are usually few areas which have all the necessary conditions within a 15 km radius of the brick site. It is essential to verify before beginning to establish a small brick production centre that all these conditions do exist. If the planned brick site lacks even one of the minimum conditions listed here, it is not advisable to establish a production centre at that site.
+The ten minimum conditions that a first-time producer needs to examine very closely are:
+1. Clay
+2. Water
+3. Sand
+4. Fuel (firewood or coal)
+5. Space
+6. Transport
+7 Motivation
+8. Management
+9. Tools and Equipment
+10. Assistance
+1. Clay
+A production unit needs to have good quality clay to produce a strong brick that can be used in construction. Certain types of clay are not good for making fired bricks. For example, the clay used by a potter to make bowls and cups is not good for making bricks because it has a high shrinkage rate which causes the bricks to crack during drying.
+If there is no tradition of making bricks in your area and if you are not certain that the clay you intend to use is the correct type, contact your local public works office and ask for assistance in analysing the soil. Never begin the full scale production of bricks with a clay soil which has not been thoroughly tested. In Appendix 1, there are some simple initial tests which can be done to check clay quality, but it is still recommended that you contact a knowledgeable person to assist in selecting the correct clay.
+To produce 1,000 bricks per day, about 3 cubic metres of clay soil must be prepared each day. The distance between the place where the clay is dug and the brick moulding site should not be more than 200 metres.
+2. Water
+To produce bricks you must have water available in sufficient quantity. If you plan to make bricks during the entire dry season, check with the local population that your planned source of water (a lake, stream, pond or well) does not dry up during that time. Also make sure that the brickmaking unit will not be competing for the same water used for public bathing, washing, drinking, irrigating crops or watering animals.
+To produce 1,000 bricks per day, at least 600 litres of water will be needed. You will also need to have a container to store that water in; three empty fuel drums, each with a 200 litre capacity, are ideal.
+If the water is to be carried daily to the brick site by hand, the distance between the river or lake and the brick site should not be more than 500 metres.
+3. Sand
+Sand is used as a releasing agent during the moulding of a brick. It prevents the wet clay from sticking to the sides of the mould. It is also sometimes used as a stabilizer and mixed with very clayey soils to prevent the bricks from cracking when drying.
+If sand is used as a releasing agent and must be fetched with wheelbarrows or buckets, the distance between the source of the sand and the brick site should be less than 1 km.
+4. Fuel (firewood or coal)
+To fire the bricks well, you will need sufficient amounts of fuel; either firewood or coal.
+If you fire bricks with coal, you will need 1 1/8 sacks of coal and 1/2 sack of cinders for every 1,000 bricks. For example, to fire 20,000 bricks, you will need 22.5 sacks of coal and 10 sacks of cinders.
+If you fire bricks with wood, you will need one ton or 3m3 of firewood for every 1,000 bricks. For example, to fire 20,000 bricks you will have to gather 60 cubic metres of firewood.
+Because there are so few areas with forests that can meet the demands of a brick producing unit, it will be necessary to establish a woodlot to supply firewood if you plan to fire many kilns every year. Well managed woodlots can produce from 25 to 60 m, of firewood per hectare per year. In comparison, a natural forest may yield only 2 to 8 m3 per hectare per year.
+Firing brick kilns will use large quantities of wood and if the cutting is carelessly done, it could lead to deforestation in your area Contact your local forestry department for advice and assistance.
+If there is insufficient firewood or coal in you area, or if you are not willing to establish a woodlot, consider producing other building materials which do not need firewood or coal, such as soil-cement blocks, sand-cement blocks, or stabilized soil.
+To minimize the cost of transport, the fuel should be as close as possible to the brickmaking site and should not be more than 10 km.
+5. Space
+You will need sufficient space to mould and dry the bricks. The site should be smooth and level. A brick unit producing 1,000 bricks per day will need an area from 600 to 1,000 square metres.
+6. Transport
+It is essential that a brick producing unit has some type of transport to fetch firewood or coal and possibly deliver the finished bricks to the customer. The transport used could be trucks, tractors with trailers, or oxen with suitable carts. The important point to remember, especially if the vehicles are borrowed or rented, is that the brick unit will need regular access to this transport. The amount of tune which is involved can be quite substantial, so this part must be well planned
+Consider also where the brick site will be located. It should be possible for vehicles to easily enter the site and if your intention is to sell the bricks to nearby communities, the site should be located near a good access road.
+7. Motivation
+The production of hand-made bricks is exhausting, tedious and dirty work. Therefore, in order for a brick production unit to succeed, the workers must be motivated or want to produce the bricks. They have to feel that the making of bricks will either benefit themselves personally by earning them a fair and just salary from the sale, or benefit their village by using the bricks in the construction of a public building such as a school or clinic.
+8. Management
+As with any production unit or business, good management is essential. Unfortunately this aspect is often ignored or forgotten because brickmaking is considered to be a "low" or relatively simple technology. Remember that a brick production unit cannot withstand more setbacks and difficulties than a normal commercial business would be expected or prepared to tolerate.
+Management of a brick unit means planning, organizing, staffing and controlling the production in order that the bricks can be produced within budget and sold at a reasonable price. This includes ensuring that:
+- adequate supplies of raw materials are obtained;
+- the equipment is maintained;
+- suitable production facilities are available for the workers to work in safety and comfort, at a reasonable pace and for the hours allotted for the tasks;
+- the quality of the product is checked regularly;
+- there is a smooth flow of production;
+- adequate financial arrangements are made for wages and general purchases (with a good bookkeeping system);
+- suitable skilled personnel are recruited and trained; and
+- the staff have specific tasks or roles and have the necessary tools and information to do the job.
+9. Tools and Equipment
+A brickmaking unit will need basic tools in order to make bricks. A group of 15 people producing 1,000 bricks per day will need the following minimum equipment:
+6 hoes
+2 pick axes
+4 shovels
+4 axes
+4 machetes
+2 wheelbarrows
+3 empty fuel drums, each with a 200 litre capacity
+7 buckets or pails, each with a 20 litre capacity
+6 hinge moulds (see page 34)
+2 moulding tables (see page 34)
+4 bow cutters (see page 35)
+8 pallets (see page 36)
+4 carrying boards (see page 44)
+10. Assistance
+Financial Assistance: The time between preparing to make the first brick and selling it can be very long; this period can often be between 3 to 6 months. For this reason you have to plan how the workers' salaries and general expenses will be paid. You may have to borrow money from the bank. If you do, plan on at least 3 to 6 months of no earned income. Remember too that if you borrow, this money is not a gift and must be paid back to the bank.
+Technical Assistance: All brickmaking units need technical assistance to continually improve their methods of selecting and preparing the clay, moulding the bricks, and firing them in a kiln, especially if production has only begun recently. Contact the local public works department for assistance.
+Management Assistance: Finding capable people in rural areas with the expertise to manage a brick production unit is difficult and is often the greatest problem to overcome. For this reason, it would be beneficial if a production unit had access to advice on how to run a small business. Possible organizations that might offer this service are development banks, government ministries, development agencies, churches, schools, or chambers of commerce.
+<section>Standardization</section>
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Standardization is an agreement between a group of producers or manufacturers stating that the product which each one produces will have the same characteristics.
+For example, a person who owns a small portable radio can purchase batteries for it made in Europe, Africa or Asia and know that the batteries will fit in the radio. This is because the size, shape and power of the batteries have been standardized.
+It is also important to standardize the characteristics of bricks made in an area. These characteristics are:
+1. Form
+2. Size
+3. Quality
+4. Strength
+The Benefits of Standardization
+Many builders and contractors do not like to use bricks made by small independent producers because the bricks can vary a great deal in form, size and quality. For example, one producer may make a brick 240 mm x 115 mm x 77 mm and another in the same area may make a brick 220 mm x 100 mm x 65 mm. Because the sizes differ, it is difficult for a builder to mix these bricks when building a wall. A large contractor may need 500,000 bricks annually, yet many small producers will only have 100,000 bricks available to sell each year. If the contractor bought 100,000 bricks from 5 different producers who each produced a different brick, it would cause many problems for the builders.
+Another advantage of standardizing the bricks is being able to accurately calculate the number of bricks needed to construct a building. It also means that the size of the openings (e.g. doors and windows) can be calculated and can be made before the building is built.
+Before starting to make bricks, contact all the other producers near you as well as contractors, builders and the local public works department and together agree on the form, size, quality and strength of the bricks that will be produced.
+If there are no existing standards in your area, the following pages will help you to establish your own local standards.
+<section>Form</section>
+There are two general types of back forms:
+1. Hollow Clay blocks
+2. Solid Clay bricks
+Hollow Clay Blocks
+Normally these types of blocks are made in a back factory with special machines and equipment. In rural areas, it is also possible to make hollow blocks with wooden moulds but the results are often unsatisfactory.
+Builders often like using hollow blocks because the larger size allows them to build a house in less time than with smaller solid backs. However, hollow clay blocks also have the following disadvantages:
+- a special permanent kiln is necessary to fire them correctly,
+- the blocks can not be used to build arches, and
+- more cement and steel is usually required for reinforcement end plastering
+Solid Clay Bricks
+Solid clay bricks are better for a small rural producer to make because:
+The form is simple. It is much easier to make the mould and easier to mould the brick so there is less chance of a poorly formed brick.
+You do not need a permanent kiln. It is possible to build and fire a simple clamp or field kiln.
+The bricks have good strength and can carry the weight of a heavy roof without steel and concrete reinforcement.
+They can be used to build arches.
+If the bricks are made and fired well, it is not necessary to render or plaster the wall, and therefore building materials are saved.
+The bricks can be used to pave a floor.
+<section>Size</section>
+A brick has a length, width and height. The size or dimensions of a brick are determined by how it is used in construction.
+Width
+The width of a brick should be small enough to allow a bricklayer to lift the brick with one hand and place it on a bed of mortar. For the average person, the width should not be more than 115 mm. If the brick was wider, the bricklayer would have to put down the trowel while building the wall to pick up the brick with two hands and as a result, time would be wasted. In addition, a wider brick would weigh more and therefore tire the mason more quickly. In terms of brickmaking, a larger brick is also more difficult to fire in a kiln.
+Length
+There is a very important relationship between the length of a brick and its width because of how we use bricks to build a wall.
+The length of a brick should be equal to twice its width plus 10 mm (for the mortar joint). A brick with this length will be easier to build with because it will provide and even surface on both sides of the wall.
+For example, if you follow the rule of the length being twice the width plus 10 mm, if you would like to have a brick 115 mm wide, then the ideal length would be 240 mm.
+115 mm (width of brick)
+115 mm (width of back)
++10 mm (thickness of mortar joint)
+240 mm (length of brick)
+Height
+The height of a brick, though of less importance, also has a relationship with the length of the brick. The height of three bricks plus two 10 mm joints should be equal to the length of a brick. This allows a bricklayer to lay bricks on end (called a soldier course) and join them into the wall without having to cut the bricks.
+To determine the height of a brick, subtract 20 mm (the thickness of the two 10 mm mortar joints) from the length and divide the result by three (this represents the three bricks).
+Possible Brick Sizes
+Therefore, using these rules, the largest size brick that would still permit a bricklayer to comfortably pick it up with one hand, would be 240 ram in length, 115 mm in width and 73 mm in height. A brick of this size would weigh about 3.5 kg.
+Every country in the world seems to have a different size of brick. The sizes are a result of centuries of tradition or custom but almost all use the same rules and lie within the limits mentioned. No one size is better than the other. In India the standard brick size is 190 mm x 90 mm x 40 mm while the British standard is 215 mm x 102.5 mm x 65 mm.
+To choose your brick size, first contact the local public works department to see if your country has a standard size. If not, you will have to choose your own size based on the rules listed in this chapter. Possible brick sizes that you could choose from are shown in the chart.
+Possible Brick Sizes
+Length
+Width
+Height
+240 mm
+115 mm
+73 mm
+230 mm
+110 mm
+70 mm
+220 mm
+105 mm
+67 mm
+215 mm
+102 mm
+65 mm
+210 mm
+100 mm
+63 mm
+Minimum and Maximum Dimensions
+Each fired brick will not be exactly the same size; they will vary a little for many reasons. Ideally, these variations in dimensions should be limited because many contractors prefer to have a guarantee that the bricks they buy will be between certain predetermined limits.
+The bricks manufactured in rural areas should have a tolerance of approximately 5%. This means that if the brick size is 240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm, the length of the brick should fall between 235 mm and 245 mm. The width should be between 112 mm and 118 mm and the height between 71 mm and 75 mm. Bricks with dimensions outside of this 5% limit should be set aside and not sold.
+<section>Quality</section>
+A good quality brick should be regular in shape and size, with smooth even sides and no cracks or defects.
+Normally poor quality bricks are a result of using poor techniques when making the bricks but these errors can often be easily corrected. You will find a list of solutions to various problems on pages 48 to 49. If you do have very poor quality bricks, do not sell them or build with them
+<section>Strength</section>
+Bricks must have enough strength to carry the weight of the roof. If bricks have been well- made and well-fired, you will hear a metallic sound or ring when they are knocked together. If they make a dull sound, it could mean that they are either cracked or underfired.
+A simple test for strength is to drop a brick from a height of 1.2 metres (shoulder height). A good brick will not break. This test should be repeated with a wet brick (a brick soaked in water for one week). If the soaked brick does not break when dropped, the quality is good enough to build single storey structures. Note: should the bricks dissolve or fall apart underwater, the bricks were probably underfired.
+<section>Using Bricks In Construction</section>
+If you are going to produce bricks, it is important to know some very basic facts about how bricks are used in construction and how to calculate the number of bricks which will be needed to build a building.
+Wall Thickness
+Internal Walls: The walls inside a building which do not carry the weight of the roof usually have a thickness of half a brick. The term half brick refers to half the length of the brick which is equal to the width. These internal walls should not be subject to shocks, vibrations, etc..
+The drawing shows an internal wall being constructed. If the brick used is 240 mm long by 115 mm wide by 73 mm high, the thickness of the wall is half a brick or 115 mm.
+External Walls: The walls on the outside of a building which carry the weight of the roof usually have a thickness of one brick. The term one brick thick refers to the full length of a brick.
+The drawing shows an outer wall being constructed. If the brick used is 240 mm long by 115 mm in wide by 73 mm in high, the thickness of the wall which is a full brick wide is 240 mm
+Quantity
+It is possible to calculate the number of bricks that will be necessary to build each square metre of wall. This will help the builder or contractor to calculate the number of bricks which must be bought to build a building.
+For example, if you have bricks 240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm, the builder should buy SO bricks for each square metre of interior wall with a thickness of half a brick or 115 mm. If an interior wall is 2.5 metres tall by 3 metres long, you would need 375 bricks (2.5 m x 3 m x 50 bricks/m2= 375 bricks).
+For an external wall one brick thick or in this case 240 mm, a builder should buy 100 bricks per square metre of external wall. If for example, an external wall is 6 metres long by 2.5 metres high, you would need to buy 1,500 bricks to build that one wall (6 m x 5.5 m x 100 bricks/m2= 1,500 bricks).
+Mortar Joint
+Brick mortar can be made from lime, cement or mud. The purpose of the mortar is to join the bricks together in a certain fixed position and to smooth out the irregularities in the shape and size of the bricks. This is necessary in order to transmit the load or weight correctly and evenly throughout every part of the wall.
+The strength of the mortar should be less than that of the brick. This will prevent the bricks from cracking when a wall or a foundation settles. If movement does occur, it is better to have the mortar crack instead of the brick because it is easier to repair or replace mortar than a brick.
+The strength of a wall is also affected by the thickness of the mortar joints. A mortar joint, especially if made with lime, of 20 to 30 mm is much weaker than a joint of 10 mm. For a strong wall, all mortar joints should be 10 mm thick.
+<section>Moulds</section>
+Because all clay shrinks when dried and fired, brick moulds must be larger than the final size of the bricks. Good brickmaking clays shrink between 5% and 11% and therefore the moulds should be 5% to 11% larger than the final size of the fired brick.
+The following table gives the interior dimensions of a mould for various clay shrinkage rates which will produce a 240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm fired brick. Information on how to make the mould and tables for other bricks with different dimensions can be found in Appendix 2.
+Note: It is essential to accurately calculate the shrinkage of the clay. Contact your local public works department for assistance.
+Shrinkage Rates And Mould Sizes
+Fired BrickSize: 240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm .
+Shrinkage
+Interior Mould Size
+Rate
+Length
+Width
+Height
+253 mm
+121mm
+77 mm
+256 mm
+122mm
+78 mm
+258 mm
+123mm
+79 mm
+261 mm
+125mm
+80 mm
+264 mm
+126mm
+81 mm
+267 mm
+128mm
+81 mm
+270 mm
+129mm
+82 mm
+273 mm
+131mm
+83 mm
+Stages Of Brickmaking
+There are two main stages in the production of bricks. They are:
+A. Forming the brick, and
+B. Firing the brick.
+Within each of these, there are several important steps:
+A. Forming the brick:
+- extraction of the clay
+- clay preparation
+- moulding or shaping
+- drying
+B. Firing the brick:
+- building the field kiln
+- firing the field kiln
+Each of these steps will be dealt with in detail in the following chapters.
+<section>Extraction</section>
+Once you have located your source of good quality clay (see Appendix 1 for more information on how to analyse the clay), the work of extraction begins. The first step is to cut the grass and do a general cleaning, removing all surface vegetation, and stones from the area where you will dig the clay.
+When the area is clean, remove the top layer of soil which will probably contain rocks, dead vegetation, and roots until you reach the layer of clay below. This top layer of soil will be at least 300 mm to 500 mm deep. Remove it all; none must remain.
+After removing the top soil, you can begin digging and transporting the dry clay soil to the preparation area. A word of caution though - it is not unusual to find the clay deposited in layers with sandy soil. Take care not to mix the different layers as you dig deeper. If you hit a large layer of non-clayey soil, rather than digging deeper you may find that you have to dig your hole wider. Check your soil every day while digging.
+Depending on the situation, the equipment which you will probably find most useful for digging the soil is the following:
+-machetes
+-picks
+-hoes
+-shovels
+-wheelbarrows
+-buckets
+<section>Clay Preparation</section>
+To make good quality bricks, the dry lumpy clay soil has to become a smooth, soft, moist mixture containing no hard lumps of soil or stone. To obtain this mixture, the clay soil is treated in two different steps:
+1. Tempering, and
+2. Mixing
+<section>Tempering</section>
+Tempering is the process of adding water to the clay and allowing it to stand undisturbed for a few days before mixing occurs. This will begin to soften and break down the lumps of clay making the mixing process easier.
+At some brick sites, the producers flood the hole or pit where they are digging with water because it makes the digging or extracting of the clay easier. This method is not recommended because far too much water tends to get mixed into the clay which results in lower quality bricks.
+It is better to dig or extract the dry clay and bring it to a special pit or tempering tank where you can add water in exact proportions. This tempering tank should be located close to the place where you mix the clay and mould the bricks.
+In the tempering pit or tank, the clay is moistened with the correct amount of water. In general, for every three buckets of dry clay soil, you will add one bucket of water. The amount of water can vary and will depend on the type of soil and how damp it is. The dry clay soil should be in powder form or only small lumps before the water is added. This is to help the clay absorb the water quicker. The ratio of three buckets of soil to one of water is much less than what many producers are used to. It may seem slightly more difficult to mix the clay when using this ratio but the results will be far better with a stronger brick and a much lower breakage rate during drying.
+Note: It is true that some very experienced people can judge the correct amount of water without measuring, but this is not recommended for first time producers. Because more water makes mixing easier, most people "forget" that the bricks will be a poorer quality and tend to add more and more water to make their work easier.
+Normally a 100 mm layer of dry clay soil is placed in the tempering pit and the correct amount of water is sprinkled on top of it. To ensure that the layer is moistened well, turn it over with hoes or shovels. Next, add another 100 mm layer of soil and this is sprinkled with water as well. Again, turn the layer over with hoes or shovels. Continue this process until the tempering pit is full. When full, cover the pit with grass or leaves to prevent the clay from drying out.
+The clay is left in the pit to temper for one to five days (the time will depend on the type of clay). During this tempering time, the water will enter the clay particles or lumps and begin to soften them.
+Each of your tempering pits or tanks should have-the capacity to hold enough clay for one day's production. If you produce 1,000 bricks per day, you will need 3 cubic metres of prepared clay each day. Therefore, the tempering pit or tank should have a capacity or volume of 3 cubic metres. Possible interior dimensions of this tank could be 1.75 m in length and width and 1.0 m in height.
+If the clay needs to be tempered for only one day, you will need two tanks, each with a capacity of three cubic metres. One tank will hold the day's supply of tempered clay which you will use to make bricks, and the other will be filled with more soil for the next day's production. If your clay needs to temper for 2 days, you will need 3 tanks, each with a three cubic metre capacity. If it needs to temper 3 days you will need 4 tanks. With 4 days of tempering, 5 tanks will be necessary.
+The tempering tank can be as simple as a hole or pit in the ground or a specially built tank built into or on top of the ground. A good permanent tank can be made of fired bricks with a cement plaster coat.
+<section>Mixing</section>
+After the soil has been tempered well, it needs to be mixed and kneaded. The purpose-of mixing is to ensure that the clay is a smooth, soft, homogeneous mixture that contains no hard lumps.
+There are various methods of mixing tempered clay for small-scale brickmaking. One system uses a simple mechanical mixer that uses an empty 200 litre fuel drum with a mixing paddle built into it. The mixing paddle is connected to a long pole and turned by a horse, donkey or ox. The tempered clay is put into the top of the barrel and the paddles mixes and pushes the clay out a hole cut in the side of the drum. This method is very good for mixing but for some brick units obtaining the materials for building it or the animal to operate it can be difficult.
+A simpler method preferred by many first-time producers which will give very good results, is to mix the tempered clay with your feet. The tempered clay is taken from the tempering pit and spread on top of a hard surface where workers trample it with their feet until it becomes a smooth mixture with a uniform colour. One advantage with this system is that rocks, stones or lumps of hard clay can be felt with the feet and removed. This results in a smoother mixture for moulding. The one difficulty with mixing clay with feet is that it can be very tiring. To prevent the workers from becoming tired quickly, keep the depth of the clay on the platform to about 100 mm.
+After mixing, the clay can be used immediately for moulding into bricks or returned to the tempering tanks where it can remain until needed.
+A good sized mixing platform is 3 metres by 3 metres. The mixing area can be built on top of or into the ground. A hard flat area can be made with fired bricks and cement plaster.
+Depending on the situation, the tools and equipment that you will probably find most useful for tempering and mixing the clay are the following:
+- buckets with 20 litre capacity
+- empty fuel drums with 200 litre capacity
+- hoes
+- watering cans
+- shovels
+- wheelbarrows
+To build a permanent tempering tank with a capacity of 3 cubic metres, you will need approximately:
+- 600 bricks (240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm)
+- 70 kg of lime (for mortar)
+- 300 kg of sand (for mortar)
+- 75 kg of cement (for plastering)
+- 200 kg of sand (for plastering)
+- brick mason's tools
+To build a mixing platform, 3 m x 3 m, you will need approximately:
+- 700 bricks (240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm)
+- 150 kg of lime (for mortar)
+- 600 kg of sand (for mortar)
+- 100 kg of cement (for plastering)
+- 300 kg of sand (for plastering)
+- brick mason's tools
+<section>Moulding</section>
+Moulding is the process where the prepared clay is placed in a mould which forms it into the shape of a brick. There are two methods of hand moulding bricks: the slop moulding method and the sand moulding method.
+<section>Slop Moulding</section>
+Slop moulding is the traditional method of brickmaking. The brick is formed in a rectangular mould which has no bottom or top. The mould is wetted and placed on the ground and filled with a very wet clay mixture. A stick is used to remove the excess clay and smooth the top of the brick. The mould is then lifted off, leaving the brick on the ground to dry.
+Often this method produces poor quality bricks because of the excess water used both in the mixing of the clay and the wetting of the mould. The clay mixture becomes so wet and soft that the newly made brick begins to deform under its own weight. Once placed on the ground, it cannot be moved because it is so soft. Often the brick is marked or deformed if accidentally touched or moved before the brick dries properly. The excess water can also cause the brick to crack and break during drying.
+<section>Sand Moulding</section>
+Sand moulding is a drier method of shaping bricks which helps prevent many of the problems found in traditional slop moulding.
+Sand moulding uses a drier stiffer clay mixture. The clay is formed into a wedge shape and all its sides are covered with a "releasing agent" which prevents the clay from sticking to the sides of the mould. The most common releasing agent is sand, and hence the term sand moulding. However, some brick units use sawdust, ashes or even dry powdered clay as their releasing agent. The wedge, covered with the releasing agent, is thrown into a simple hinged bottom mould which sits on a table. Rather than use a wet stick to level off the top of the mould, a "bow cutter" is used to remove the excess clay and smooth the top of the brick. The newly formed brick slides easily out of the mould onto the table top.
+Because the clay soil used to make the brick has very little water in it, the newly moulded brick is much harder. It is possible to pick up the brick with small pallets and take it to the drying area where it is placed on its side without damaging it.
+Sand moulding resolves many of the problems which occur with slop moulding. Because the newly formed bricks contain less water, the bricks are hard and do not deform easily. They also dry faster with much less cracking and breakage.
+Note: If you are accustomed to slop moulding, at first the drier sand moulding many seem slower and more difficult, but with a little experience, the production rate can easily match that of slop moulding. In fact, more bricks will be produced because of the much lower breakage.
+In summary, sand moulding has the following advantages over the slop moulding method:
+- Sand moulded bricks have a better shape because they are harder and suffer fewer deformities when placed on uneven ground. Loose lumps of clay or pebbles that may be on the ground tend to not stick to a sand moulded brick.
+- Sand moulded bricks dry more quickly with less cracking because less water is used during the clay preparation stage.
+- It uses less water. This is advantageous for brick sites which suffer from a shortage of water.
+- Fewer moulds are needed because the mould is immediaetly removed from the brick and the brick is transported to the drying area by itself, leaving the mould available to make more bricks.
+- Sand moulding is a "cleaner" way of making bricks because wet clay is not splashed about the moulding area.
+- Sand moulding is more comfortable because the worker stands upright at a moulding table. Usually with slop moulding, the worker crouches or kneels on the ground to mould the bricks.
+- The fired bricks are more regular in size and shape and therefore are easier to use when building a wall. In general, a wall built with sand moulded bricks will be more attractive than a wall built with slop moulded bricks and may actually use less mortar.
+- You can print the brickmaking unit's name in the "frog" of a sand moulded brick. A frog helps the brick dry and fire better. Stamping the brick unites name into the brick also is a means of advertising.
+<section>Principle Elements Of Sand Moulding</section>
+There are seven principle elements which you will need to understand before beginning to make sand moulded bricks. The seven elements are the:
+1. quantity of water
+2. throwing wedge
+3. releasing agent
+4. cleaning agent
+5. hinge mould and moulding table
+6. bow cutter
+7. handling pallets
+Quantity of Water
+Adding the correct amount of water during clay preparation is critical for making good quality bricks. The less water used, the better the quality.
+If you have too much water in the clay, the brick will:
+- deform easily under its own weight after moulding;
+- deform when placed on uneven or bumpy ground;
+- crack during drying;
+- take much more time to dry.
+There is a simple test that can be done to check if the clay has the correct amount of water.
+With your hands, form the clay into a wedge shape and stand the wedge on top of the moulding table with the narrow edge down. If the wedge does not change its shape, the amount of water is correct. If the wedge begins to deform, there is too much water in the mixture.
+If the clay is too wet and soft, you can mix in dry powdered clay or simply leave it to dry until the clay reaches the correct moisture content and stiffness.
+Throwing Wedge
+The throwing wedge is formed with the clay mixture on top of the moulding table which has been covered with the releasing agent. When the wedge has been coated with the releasing agent, it is thrown into the mould. (See pages 37 to 43 for details on how to form and throw the wedge.)
+The shape of the wedge is very important. When thrown, it should enter the mould and strike the bottom of the mould first without touching the sides. To be able to do this, the length and the width of the throwing wedge must be slightly less than the length and width of the mould.
+Releasing Agent
+The releasing agent is a fine, dry material which coats the throwing wedge. It prevents the clay from sticking to the sides of the mould and helps the brick to slide easily out of the mould.
+Normally the releasing agent is sand, but sawdust, ashes and even dry powdered soil have been used. It is spread in a 5 mm layer on top of the moulding table so that when the wedge is formed, it is coated with the releasing agent.
+When the wedge is made and thrown correctly, the clay will spread out along the bottom of the mould first before filling the sides of the mould. The releasing agent will prevent the clay from sticking to any part of the mould and as a result will allow the brick to slide easily out of the mould.
+When the wedge is poorly made or thrown, the brick will not slide out of the mould easily. This happens because the mould has cut off the releasing agent from the side of the wedge causing the exposed clay to stick to the mould.
+Forming and throwing the wedge is a skill. Experience has shown that it may take 100 practice throws before a new brick moulder is able to make and throw a wedge correctly. If the brick does stick to the mould, clean the mould well with a cleaning agent before attempting to throw a new wedge.
+Cleaning Agent
+If the wedge is not well covered with the releasing agent, or if it was not thrown correctly into the mould, the clay will stick to the sides of the mould. It will then be necessary to clean the stuck clay from the mould with a cleaning agent after you have removed the brick.
+A good cleaning agent not only cleans but will also help to release the brick from the mould. One of the best cleaning agents is a mixture of burnt engine oil thinned with diesel fuel. The mould is cleaned by simply wiping the sides with a rag moistened with the oil/diesel mixture.
+The oil and diesel mixture is best, but water can also be used to clean the mould if no engine oil or diesel fuel is available. However, if water is used, it will be necessary to sprinkle the inside of the mould with the releasing agent before the next brick is made to prevent the clay from sticking to the wet sides of the mould.
+Remember that is necessary to clean the mould with the cleaning agent only if the clay sticks to the inside of the mould, and not every time a brick is made.
+Hinge Mould and the Moulding Table
+Hinge Mould
+This is the device that gives the brick its shape. There are three major parts to it:
+1. The mould box is where the brick is formed. The mould is made larger than the finished size of brick to allow for shrinkage during the drying and firing of the brick. The major wear areas are covered with sheet metal and the corners are reinforced with steel.
+2. The hinged bottom allows the production of frogged bricks and the easy removal of the brick from the mould. The bottom is hinged on one side and the hinge is made from 3 mm thick sheet steel.
+3. The frog is made from wood and is used to form a cavity or indentation on one side of the brick. The frog makes the brick weigh less, allows it to dry and fire faster (saving firewood) and gives the brick a form which improves its adherence when laid in a wall.
+Information on how to make the mould can be found in Appendix 2.
+Moulding Table
+The moulding table is where the clay is formed into a wedge shape and thrown into the mould. On one side of the table is a box where the releasing agent is stored. In the middle area of the table, the clay is formed into the wedge shape and thrown into the mould. On the far side of the table the brick is removed from the mould. Information on how to make the table can be found in Appendix 2.
+Bow Cutter
+After the wedge of clay is thrown into the mould, you need to remove the excess clay and smooth the top of the newly made brick. The bow cutter cuts and smooths at the same time as it is pushed along the top of the mould.
+The excess clay that is removed is placed to one side of the table where it will be used to make the next brick.
+The bow cutter is made of four pieces of wood, some cord and a fine strong piece of wire. If suitable wire is not available, wire can be obtained from an old car tire. Simply cut away the "bead" or inner rim and burn it in a fire. The rubber will burn away leaving a coil of fine wire.
+Handling Pallets
+Pallets are hard thin hand-sized boards used to pick up and carry the brick (usually short distances) after it has been removed from the mould. The handling pallets distribute the pressure of the fingers over the surface of the brick. Without them, the moulder's fingers would make, dents in the freshly made brick. Pallets should always be used when picking up a newly made brick or when placing it on the ground to dry.
+The length of the pallets should be 10 mm longer than the length of the mould and 30 mm wider than the width. The thickness of the board should be between 4 and 6 mm, depending on the type of wood used. (See pages 41 to 43 for more detailed information on how to use the handling pallets when picking up and carrying the bricks.)
+<section>How To Mould Bricks</section>
+The method presented in the next few pages describes how to form the wedge and cover all its sides with the releasing agent. It is but one of many possible methods and after working with the system for a while, good brick moulders will begin to develop their own particular style.
+Other releasing agents can be used but for simplicity's sake, sand has been used as the releasing agent in the following description.
+Note: Although steps 1 through 21 may seem to take a long time when you are first learning, a skilled and experienced brick moulder will do these steps in a matter of a few seconds.
+1. Cover the top of the moulding table with a 5 mm layer of sand. If using water as the cleaning agent, dust the inside of the mould with some sand.
+2. Take a lump of clay equal in size to half a moulded brick.
+3. Place the lump of clay on the left side of the table as shown in the drawing.
+4. With the palms of the hands, flatten out the clay as shown in the drawing until the width of the clay equals the length of the mould.
+5. Take another lump of clay equal in size to that of a whole brick and place it on top of the flattened clay.
+6. Using the palms of the hands, form the clay into a triangular or wedge shape.
+7. Roll the clay forward as shown in the drawing until the point of the triangle meets the edge of the clay, forming a wedge shape.
+8. Roll the wedge shape to the left until it is standing on edge. This will cover that one side of the wedge with sand.
+9. Roll the wedge to the right, back to its original position.
+10. Continue to roll the wedge to the right until the wedge is standing on its edge. This will coat that side with sand.
+11. Roll the wedge backwards towards you onto its base.
+12. Roll the wedge to the right.
+13. Continue rolling the wedge to the right until it is standing on its point and coated with sand.
+14. Check that all the sides of the wedge, especially the point, are well coated with sand, and that the wedge is able to enter the mould without touching the sides.
+For the following steps (15 to 21), it is very important that the time between throwing the wedge into the mould and removing the brick be as short as possible in order to help prevent the brick from sticking in the mould.
+15. Standing in front of the mould, throw the wedge into the mould so that the point of the wedge enters first.
+16. Cut off the excess clay by pushing the bow cutter along the top of the mould.
+Note: Steps 18 to 21 can be done by an assistant moulder. .
+17 Remove the excess clay from the top of the mould and place it with the sand-covered side down, on the left hand side of the table (as in step 3). It will be used to make the next brick.
+18. To help release the brick from the sides of the mould, knock the mould on top of the table once quickly on each its four sides.
+19. Turn the mould over and open the hinged bottom.
+20. Carefully begin lifting the mould.The brick should begin to ease out.
+21. Remove the mould and put to one side.
+22. With the pallets, carefully lift the brick as shown. Try not to squeeze the brick too hard with the pallets.
+Note: Steps 22 to 27 can be done by a "runner" or assistant moulder.
+23. Rotate the brick as shown.
+24. Remove the top pallet and place it along one of the brick's larger sides as shown.
+25. Rotate the brick as shown in the drawing.
+26. Place the pallet on top of the brick.
+Note: While the brick is being rotated with the pallets, check that all the sides of the brick are well made. If the brick has been badly formed, reject it.
+27. The brick can be carried directly to the drying area with the pallets, or placed on a special carrying board to be transported later, (see page44 for more information). In either case, the brick must be handled with care and should always be placed down on its narrow side.
+28. If the clay has stuck to the mould, clean it with a rag dampened with a mixture of burnt engine oil and diesel fuel. If engine oil and diesel fuel is not available and you must use water as a cleaning agent, dust the mould with sand before using it again. Dusting the mould with sand is not necessary if you are using the oil mixture.
+29. Check that there is enough sand on the table; add more if necessary.
+30. Flatten the excess clay in the same way as shown in step 4.
+31. Continue to make bricks, beginning with step 5.
+<section>Transporting bricks to drying area</section>
+After the brick comes out of the mould, it must be transported to the drying area. There are several methods for doing this:
+1. Simply pick up each brick and carry it directly to the drying area. This method requires quite a few pallets and people to carry the bricks to the drying area, especially if the distance is large.
+2. Pick up each brick as it is made and put it on a special carrying board. The board can carry 8 to 10 bricks at a time. When full, two people carry this board, which weighs about 50 kg, to the drying area. For each moulding table, you will need at least two carrying boards.
+3. Make a special brick cart by re-designing an ordinary wheelbarrow. This allows one person to transport 20 newly made bricks at a time to the drying area.
+<section>Drying</section>
+During the preparation of the clay, water is added to make it soft and easier to shape into bricks. But, before the bricks can be fired, it is essential to remove this water. It is during the drying stage that the majority of this water is removed.
+If we were to measure and weigh a brick as it came out of the mould and then repeat this two weeks later, we would find that the brick would weigh less and have smaller dimensions. This is caused by the water leaving the brick during the drying process.
+After coming out of the mould, the brick is carefully picked up and placed down on clean, level ground. It is placed on its edge to save space and to help the brick dry better with less cracking.
+Do not place the brick on the flat side to dry; it will not dry correctly in this position. Always lay the brick on edge for proper drying.
+The bricks are left in this position and usually covered with grass. The grass will help the bricks from drying too quickly, and therefore will reduce cracking and breaking.
+After one or two days, the bricks are turned up on end which is the best position for a brick to dry evenly. They are left to dry for two or three days more standing upright, still covered with grass. After this period of time, the grass is not needed and the bricks can be left uncovered for two more days.
+After a total drying time of about six days, the bricks should be hard and dry enough to place them in long open drying stacks.
+The stacks are four bricks wide and the bricks are stacked up to ten rows high. The bricks are laid in rows perpendicular to the row below it. A space of about the thickness of your finger is left between the bricks. These spaces are important as they allow air to enter the stacks and continue to dry the bricks.
+The bricks should remain drying in the stacks for several weeks before they are used to build the field kiln. To test if a brick has dried completely, break one open and see if it looks dry in the centre. It's important to remember that all the bricks must be well dried before placing them into the kiln. If the bricks are still not dry, firewood or coal will be wasted drying out the brick in the kiln during the firing process.
+Save any bricks that crack or break during drying; they can be used later to insulate the kiln.
+<section>Problems</section>
+A good quality brick should be strong, regular in shape and size, with smooth even sides and without cracks or defects. If the quality is not satisfactory, it may be necessary to change the way you are making bricks. The following is a list of problems that might occur during brick production, what could be the cause of the problem, and some suggestions on how to correct it.
+Problem
+Brick sticks to the mould making it difficult to remove from the mould.
+Reasons
+- wedge was not well coated with the releasing agent and the clay stuck to the sides of the mould.
+- the wedge was not thrown well and a part of it was cut off when it entered the mould. The exposed clay stuck to the side of the mould.
+- the mould was not cleaned well before throwing the wedge and a part of the wedge stuck to the side of the mould.
+- water is being used to clean the mould.
+- the wedge was thrown with too much force.
+Suggestions
+- put more releasing agent on the moulding table and try to cover the wedge completely with the releasing agent.
+- check that the wedge can enter the mould without touching the sides of the mould and then throw it correctly into the mould.
+- always check that the mould is clean before throwing the wedge into the mould.
+- it is better to use a mixture of burnt engine oil and diesel fuel rather than water to clean the mould. If you have no choice and must use water, sprinkle or dust the mould well with the releasing agent.
+- use a little less force when throwing the wedge into the mould.
+Problem
+The brick does not have sharp, distinct, well made corners.
+Reason
+- the wedge was not thrown into the mould with enough force to fill the corners of the mould.
+Suggestion
+- throw the wedge into the mould with more force.
+Problem
+The bricks are disfigured with marks, dents or scratches.
+Reasons
+- the clay is too soft because too much water was mixed in during the clay preparation stage.
+- too much water was used to clean the mould; the wedge absorbed the water making the clay softer at those-sides.
+- bricks were not handled or carried correctly with the pallets.
+- the handling pallets are dirty with dried clay causing marks to be pressed into the sides of the brick.
+Suggestions
+- use less water in the preparation of the clay.
+- it is better to use a oil mixture to clean the mould; if not available, use less water and dust or sprinkle the mould with sand before throwing the wedge.
+- more caution or training is needed in using the pallets.
+- clean the pallets.
+Problem
+The bricks crack during drying.
+Reasons
+- the clay is not the best type for making bricks.
+- there is too much water in the clay mixture.
+- the bricks are drying too rapidly.
+Suggestions
+- experiment with other clays. If none are available, try adding sand to the clay, experimenting with different proportions.
+- use less water when preparing the clay.
+- if you are drying the bricks in the open, cover them with more grass If you have a drying shed, try closing the openings in the walls to reduce the wind blowing through the shed.
+Problem
+Pieces of clay have fallen off the sides of the brick.
+Reason
+- when the wedge was being formed on the table, some sand entered inside the wedge causing a joint or fault to form in the clay.
+Suggestion
+- re-read how to form the wedge on the moulding table and try to be more careful.
+Problem
+The brick is misshapen with the base slightly larger than the top.
+Reasons
+- the prepared clay used to make the brick was too soft and the brick distorted under its own weight.
+- the newly-made brick was squeezed too hard with the pallets when it was picked up.
+Suggestions
+- use less water when preparing the clay mixture.
+- more caution or training is needed in using the pallets.
+<section>Building A Field Kiln Which Uses Firewood As Fuel</section>
+<section>How To Layout The Kiln</section>
+Before beginning to build a field kiln, which is sometimes called a scove kiln, it is necessary to know the following:
+- the number of bricks you will be firing;
+- the fuel you will be using (Note: How to build and fire a kiln that uses coal as a fuel can be found in pages 91 to 99);
+- the dimensions of the field kiln; and
+- the direction of the wind.
+Calculate the Size of the Field Kiln (using Firewood)
+Count the number of bricks you want to fire very carefully. When you know the number of bricks, use the following table to determine the approximate size of the field kiln and the number of tunnels it will have.
+Number of Bricks
+Number of Tunnels
+Length in Bricks
+Width in Bricks
+Height In Layers
+3,000to
+20 to 25
+(250 cm)*
+(250 cm)*
+(250 to 300 cm)*
+7,000to
+25 to 30
+(350 cm)*
+(250 cm)*
+(300 to 375 cm)*
+9,000 to
+25 to 30
+(350 cm)*
+(300 cm)*
+(300 to 375 cm)*
+11,500 to
+25 to 30
+(450 cm)*
+(300 cm)*
+(300 to 375 cm)*
+14,000 to
+25 to 35
+(450 cm)*
+(350cm)*
+(300 to 400 cm)*
+17,500 to
+25 to35
+(550 cm)*
+(350 cm)*
+(300 to 400 cm)*
+22,000 to
+25 to 35
+(650 cm)*
+(350 cm)*
+(300 to 400 cm)*
+27,000 to
+25 to 35
+(750 cm)*
+(350 cm)*
+(300 to 400 cm)*
+32,500 to
+25 to 35
+(850 cm)*
+(350 cm)*
+(300 to 400 cm)*
+37,500 to
+25 to 35
+(950 cm)*
+(350 cm)*
+(300 to 400 cm)*
+* assumes an unfired brick size of 250 m x 125 mm x 80mm
+For example, if you want to fire 22,000 bricks, the field kiln will have 6 tunnels with a length of 26 bricks (bricks laid end to end), and a width of 14 bricks (laid end to end). The overall height of the kiln will be approximately 30 courses.
+If the dimensions of the unfired bricks are 250 mm by 125 mm by 80 mm, the field kiln would have a length of 6.5 meters (26 bricks x 250 mm), a width of 3.5 meters (14 bricks x 250 mm), and a height of about 3.7 metres (30 layers x 125 mm) [Note: the bricks are laid on edge].
+The width of the field kiln should not be more than 4 metres. If it was wider, it would be very difficult to throw the logs deep into the tunnels. For fuel efficiency, the field kiln should not be less than 2.5 metres wide and the height should not be more than 4 metres or less than 2.5 metres.
+Orientation of the Field Kiln
+Before beginning to build the kiln it is necessary to know the direction of the prevailing winds. The general rule is that the length of the field kiln (the side with the tunnel openings) should be laid out in the same direction as the wind. This will prevent the wind from blowing down into the tunnels and reducing the heat during firing. This simple orientation of the kiln to the wind can save many cubic metres of firewood.
+Level the Site
+Once the overall dimensions of the field kiln are known, you can select and begin to prepare the kiln site.
+Step 1: Clean the site well and remove all rocks and surface vegetation. To prevent the field kiln from collapsing, make sure that the ground is very smooth and level.
+If you have underfired bricks from the last kiln, you can use them to build a strong level base for the field kiln. Simply lay the bricks on their flat side (frog side down) with no space between them, making a brick floor base slightly larger than the overall size of the field kiln. This will make a good flat surface on which to build the kiln.
+Lay Out the Boundaries of the Kiln
+Using the table on page 50 for calculating the size of a field kiln, determine the length and width of the kiln (using brick lengths as a measurement). These dimensions will be marked with a string and the field kiln will be built within these boundaries.
+Step 2: Drive a stake into the ground and tie a string or cord to it. Stretch the cord in the same direction as the prevailing wind. This cord will mark the length of the kiln and the distance will be measured using bricks. Beginning near the first stake, place the correct number of bricks on the outside of the cord. These bricks are placed on edge with their ends touching. For example, if you have 22,000 bricks to fire in a kiln with six tunnels, the length will be 26 bricks (see table on page 50). Note. These bricks are placed temporarily and are used only to mark the boundaries of the kiln. They will be removed later.
+Step 3: With another cord, lay out the second side of the field kiln. The cord is stretched perpendicular to the first cord and should just touch the end of the last brick. Make sure the corner is a right angle (90°) by either using a large builder's square or using the 3:4:5 method. (See Appendix 3 for more detailed information on the 3:4:5 rule.)
+Step 4: When the corner is square, begin to measure the actual width of the kiln with bricks.
+Starting at the point where the strings cross, lay the correct number of bricks end to end along the outside of the string. For example, a 22,000 brick kiln with 6 tunnels has a width of 14 bricks (see table on page 50).
+Step 5: With another cord, lay out the third side of the field kiln. The cord is stretched perpendicular to the second cord and should just touch the end of the last brick. Make sure that the corner is a right angle (90°) by either using a large builder's square or using the 3:4:5 method.
+Step 6: Measure out the length of the kiln as you did for the first side, placing the bricks end to end and using the same number of bricks.
+Step 7: With another cord, lay out the fourth and final side of the kiln to form a large rectangle. The cord should just touch the ends of the bricks on the first and third sides.
+Step 8: Check that the corners are square or right angles (90°) by measuring the two diagonals. If the length of the diagonals are equal, this indicates that all the corners are right angles. If the diagonals are not the same length, go back and check each corner individually, using the 3:4:5 rule, to see if they were correctly made.
+Step 9: The bricks used to measure the length of the field kiln are also used to mark the location of the firing tunnels. Beginning in the corner and counting along the length of the kiln, leave the first two bricks standing as they are but the turn the next two onto their flat side. Leave the next two bricks standing as they are but the turn the next two onto their flat side. Continue until you finish that side. If you have laid the correct number of bricks for the kiln, the last two bricks should be standing on edge in their original position. Repeat on the other long side of the kiln in exactly the same manner.
+Where the bricks have been turned on their flat side indicates the location of the firing tunnels. Therefore, the tunnel walls are two bricks wide and the tunnel openings are two bricks wide.
+<section>Construction Of The Kiln</section>
+Layer 1
+Using the cords which show the tunnel position as a guide, start to place the bricks on edge, end to end, in a 2-brick row with a 10 mm space ("finger-width") between them along their length. Do not place any bricks in the area of the firing tunnel.
+When the first layer of bricks has been completed, remove all the bricks which were used to measure the dimensions of the kiln and the position of the firing tunnels and put them aside.
+To build a strong field kiln that will not collapse, it is especially important to use good quality (uncracked and regular in form and shape) unfired bricks in layers one through nine.
+Important: All the bricks used to construct the field kiln are placed on edge and not placed on their flat sides because they are stronger in this position.
+Layer 2
+The second layer of bricks is placed perpendicular to the first layer. Note that there is no space left between the ends of the bricks. There is a space though along the sides.
+In the tunnel wall, five perpendicular rows of bricks are placed on the two lower bricks in the first layer. Note how the middle brick covers the joint of the bottom two bricks; this is very important for building a strong kiln.
+To allow heat and the hot gases from the fire to move through the kiln, it is necessary to leave small spaces between the bricks when building the kiln.
+For layers 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9, the bricks are placed as shown in the diagram. Where a space of 10 mm is indicated, the width of your small finger can be used as a measure.
+For layers 2, 4, and 6, the space between the bricks may be greater than 10 mm, depending on the size of the bricks. Regardless of the size your bricks, there should be five rows on top of the two bottom ones, and the spaces between the rows should be equal.
+Remember that when building the field kiln, all bricks are laid on edge because the brick is stronger in this position.
+Layer 3
+Place the same number of bricks in the same position as the first layer.
+As you are laying the third layer, try not to have the brick joints line up with the joints from the layer below.
+Layer 4
+For the fourth layer, place the same number of bricks in the same position as the second layer.
+Layer 5
+The fifth layer is similar to the first and third layer but there is a slight difference at the beginning and end of the rows. Examine the drawing carefully to see how it is done. The objective of this slightly different arrangement is to give more strength to the kiln and to prevent the bricks from collapsing outward as they shrink during the firing. The rest of the bricks in this layer are placed in the same way as in the third layer.
+Layer 6
+The sixth layer is laid the same way as the second and fourth layers.
+Layer 7
+Beginning with the seventh layer, and continuing until the ninth, the bricks are progressively stepped out to form the tunnel roof. This stepping out pattern of the bricks is called corbelling.
+The corbelling for the seventh layer is shown in the diagrams. Note that there is a difference in the arrangement between the exterior and interior tunnel walls.
+Layers 8 and 9
+The eighth and ninth layers close the roof of the tunnels and are laid at the same time. When laying the bricks, it will be easier if there is one person in each tunnel. Place 4 bricks of the eighth layer followed by four of layer 9. Repeat this to the end of the tunnel. Note that the inner tunnel walls in layer 8 are slightly different from the outer ones in the eighth layer.
+Remember to leave the correct amount of space between the bricks.
+Layer 10
+Place a row of bricks over the joint of the two bricks in the ninth layer which closed the roof of the tunnel.
+Place the remaining bricks perpendicular to these rows as shown in the drawing, leaving a small space between the bricks to allow the heat and gases to pass through the kiln.
+Layers 11,13,15,17,19, etc.
+Place the bricks for layer l l as shown the drawing below. The bricks in all the following odd- numbered layers (13, 15, 17, 19, etc.) will be placed in the same way. As in the other layers, the bricks touch at their ends but a 10 mm space is left along the sides.
+Layers 12,14, 16,18, 20, etc.
+For the twelfth layer, place the bricks as shown in the drawing below. The bricks are laid in rows perpendicular to the bricks in the layer below. The bricks in all the following even- numbered layers (14, 16, 18, 20, etc.) will be placed in the same way.
+Beginning with the twelfth layer and for each subsequent layer, the bricks will be stepped in slightly to give the kiln a modified pyramid form This shape will increase the stability of the kiln and will prevent the kiln walls from collapsing outwards when the bricks shrink during the firing.
+Along the width of the kiln (the sides which do not have tunnel openings), step in the bricks approximately 40 mm on each layer. Along the length of the kiln (the sides with the tunnel openings) step in the bricks 20 mm on each layer.
+To allow the hot gases and heat from the fires to move through the kiln, it is necessary to leave small spaces between the bricks when building the kiln. Place the bricks as show in the drawing below. Where spaces are indicated, the width should be about 10 mm or approximately "finger width".
+Final Layer
+The last layer of bricks is quite different from all the previous layers. First lay a three brick high wall around the outer edge of the kiln top. The bricks are laid flat, without mortar, and without spaces between the bricks. Inside this wall, place a layer of bricks laid flat side down, leaving a 10 mm space around each brick. This 10 mm space will allow the steam and hot gases to escape.
+After the kiln has finished firing and has reached the correct temperature, it will be sealed off by throwing a layer of sand or soil on top of the kiln. The sand or soil will hold in the heat arid prevent the kiln from cooling off too quickly. The sand or soil will be shoveled up on top of the kiln until it is level with the small wall around the top of the kiln. The small wall will help contain the soil or sand and will indicate the quantity which must be thrown onto the top.
+Insulation
+After finishing the construction of the field kiln, and before beginning to fire it, the exterior of the kiln must be insulated with mud and broken bricks.
+The insulation is necessary to prevent the excessive loss of heat from the kiln during firing. When a kiln is well insulated, the bricks will be fired better and you will use less firewood.
+The thickness of the insulation should be approximately 150 mm. A simple way to build up this insulation on the outside of the kiln is to use broken or misshapen dry bricks (or better yet broken bricks from your last kiln firing). The bricks are laid with mud mortar in layers around the kiln and then plastered on the outside with mud. If this plastering mud contains a lot of clay, it will crack and fall off during firing; mix a little sand into the mixture to prevent this from happening.
+If you do not have sufficient broken bricks to build this entire outer layer up to the last course, build it at least up to the twelfth course. From there use mud plastered to a thickness of at least 100 mm.
+The plaster should be applied in two layers, allowing the first to dry before applying the second. Throw the mud with force so that it fills the cracks well. The mud should have sand added to it to prevent cracking when the kiln begins heating up.
+When insulating the kiln do not plaster or close off the top of the kiln. It must be left open during the firing.
+During the firing of the kiln, have some mud plaster ready to repair the cracks that will form in the plaster. As the heat of the kiln increases, it is not unusual for the plaster to crack and fall off. Be prepared to repair this or heat will escape and more firewood will be needed to bring the kiln up to temperature.
+<section>Firing A Field Kiln With Firewood</section>
+The firing of the field kiln is the last step in making the bricks and is the most important. If the bricks are fired well, they will be of a good quality and an ideal building material for building permanent structures such as schools, homes and clinics. If the kiln is not fired well or if done without sufficient care and caution, you can lose the majority of the bricks in a kiln and all the time, effort, energy, firewood and resources that went into it will have been wasted.
+Other fuels, such as coal or oil, can also be used to fire a brick kiln. Information on building and firing a field kiln using coal can be found on pages 91 to 99.
+<section>Firewood</section>
+The firing of the field kiln is the most important phase in the production of bricks and to obtain a good firing, it is essential that the correct size and quantity of firewood is cut and brought to the kiln site. It is also very important that there is a sufficient quantity of firewood to supply the brick site. Therefore, it is highly recommended that all brick production units establish woodlots to supply their fuel needs. Information on establishing woodlots can be found in Appendix 5.
+Quantity of Firewood
+The general rule for estimating the quantity of firewood is that for every 1,000 bricks which you wish to fire, one ton or three cubic metres of cut and stacked firewood will be needed.
+If less than this quantity is used to fire the bricks, the bricks will be underfired and therefore weak and will probably not be suitable for use in construction.
+One cubic metre is a quantity or volume with exact dimensions. It is almost impossible for the average person to estimate correctly the number of cubic metres in a randomly stacked pile of firewood. For this reason, it is preferable to measure the quantities of firewood by stacking it in rows of cubic metres.
+One cubic metre is a volume with a length of 1 metre, a width of 1 metre and a height of 1 metre.
+It is easy to measure one cubic metre of stacked firewood and using the following method, it is possible to accurately measure the quantity of firewood that will be necessary to fire the kiln.
+First, cut four sticks or bamboo poles to a length of 1.2 metres. Mark a square on the ground with one metre sides and then drive one of the sticks or bamboo poles into each corner of the square leaving one metre sticking out of the ground. These four sticks should form a cube that has a length, width and height of one metre. If the space or volume between the sticks is filled with wood, you will have one cubic metre of firewood. Rows of cubic metres are marked out near the kiln where the firewood will be piled.
+An average person can cut and stack approximately one cubic metre of firewood per day. To assist the woodcutters, rows of cubic metres should also be marked out in the bush were they are cutting. They should always pile their cut wood in these stacks in order to verify their daily output and to ensure that the wood cutting goals are being met.
+Cutting the firewood is a time-consuming task. Always begin cutting and transporting the firewood to the kiln site as soon as you begin to make bricks. Do not underestimate this task and do not leave it to the last moment; you should always have workers cutting firewood.
+One final important rule that cannot be overemphasized is to never begin firing a field kiln before all the firewood needed to fire the bricks has been delivered to the kiln site!
+Note: To give you some idea of the quantities required, you will need 10,000 bricks to build just the walls of a house measuring 7 metres by 6 metres.
+Cubic Metres of Firewood
+Needed to Fire Bricks
+Number of Bricks
+Cubic Metres of Firewood
+Size
+The best sized wood for firing a kiln is one metre long, with a diameter of 100 to 200 mm. This size of log is the easiest to throw into the fire tunnels and burns fairly slowly.
+Firewood with a diameter less than 100 trim is too small and tends to bum too quickly in the kiln. If the diameter of the log is greater than 200 mm, it is difficult to throw into the fire tunnels because of its weight and size.
+<section>Organization Of The Kiln Site</section>
+If the kiln site is well organized, it will make the work much easier and safer for those who tend the fires. It will also be much easier to control the quantity of firewood used during the firing process.
+A suggested layout is shown in the drawing below. The firewood is neatly stacked in rows of cubic metres with a space of one meter between each row. Because the kiln becomes so hot, it's important to leave an open space of three meters between the kiln and firewood. Stacking the firewood in this way makes it is easy to verify that the correct amount of firewood is on the site and ready to be used.
+Do not haphazardly stack firewood close to the kiln. This situation is dangerous for the workers who tend the fires, especially at night, and makes it difficult to accurately estimate the amount of firewood.
+Some kiln sites are plagued by strong seasonal winds that are constantly changing direction. One solution is to build a temporary high grass wall around the kiln site. This will help prevent winds from blowing down into the fire tunnels which would cool the kiln and cause more firewood to be used.
+<section>The Workers</section>
+Number: Depending on the size of the field kiln, you will need from 12 to 20 people to tend the fires during the firing stage which lasts from one to two weeks. The workers should be divided into two groups of 6 to 10 people. The first shift will work during the day from 06:00 hours until 18:00 hours and the second will work during the night from 18:00 hours to 06:00 hours. At no point during the firing should the kiln be left unattended. A general rule is that you will need at least one person per tunnel at all times during the firing of the kiln.
+Responsibilities: The workers chosen to work in the night shift must be the most responsible and dependable. Tending the kiln is hard work. The workers must be constantly feeding firewood into the kiln both day and night. Though tempting, it is essential that the night shift do not sleep and and allow the fires to go down. If poorly tended, the temperature in the kiln will drop and you will need many more cubic metres of firewood to bring the temperature back up to where it should be. This wastes time and firewood, and could even completely ruin the firing of the kiln and destroy the bricks inside.
+If the temperature does drop, there will likely not be enough firewood to bring it back up to temperature. If this should happen, you will have to stop the firing, collect more firewood and start the whole firing process again from the beginning.
+Worker Protection and Safety
+Firing a field kiln is very hard work and can be dangerous to the worker because of the high temperatures involved.
+A combination of the heat and hard work causes the worker to perspire excessively and lose essential salts and fluids which can cause exhaustion, cramps or even heat stroke. To prevent this, have an abundant supply of fresh clean drinking water available at all times to the workers and encourage them to eat more salt with their food during this period.
+All workers tending the fires should also be equipped with leather boots, gloves and aprons to prevent burns to the body.
+<section>The Firing Process</section>
+When clay bricks are heated to a high temperature, a chemical reaction occurs in the clay which makes the brick permanently hard, durable and resistant to weather and water.
+When a brick is heated to a temperature between 20°C and 150°C, it loses most of the water added to the clay during the preparation phase.
+When heated from 150°C to 600°C, the clay brick loses its remaining water. When firing a kiln, you will see a white vapour or steam coming from the top of the kiln during these first two phases. If you were to stop the firing process at 600°C, the bricks in the kiln would be useless for building purposes since they would not be stabilized and would easily be worn down by wind and rain.
+When the temperature starts to rise over 600°C, chemical changes begin to occur in the clay which give the brick colour, hardness and durability. Temperatures of 900°C and above cause vitrification to occur. This means that a small quantity of glass-like material forms which helps glue all of elements in the clay together. It is after this point of vitrification that the brick will be at its hardest and most resistant and will be ideal for construction.
+The final quality of the brick will depend on the amount of vitrification which occurs. It therefore is essential that the temperature of the kiln rises to well above 900°C in order to obtain a well-fired brick.
+<section>Temperature</section>
+When firing a field kiln, it is important to raise the temperature of the bricks to at least 950°C. Therefore it is necessary to have a means to accurately measure this temperature. There are three methods that can be used:
+1. Pyrometer
+2. Pyrometric Cones
+3. Colour
+1. Pyrometer: A pyrometer is a sophisticated thermometer used to measure high temperaturesin brick kilns.
+2. Pyrometric Cones: A pyrometric cone is made of a ceramic material that bends and deforms at a predetermined temperature. For example:
+- cone No.015 (60°C/hour) will bend at 790°C
+- cone No.08 (60°C/hour) will bend at 950°C
+- cone No.04 (60°C/hour) will bend at 1,060°C
+When building the field kiln, the cones are placed in a visible location where they can be seen through "peep" or "spy" holes. Therefore, when the cones begin to bend, the temperature in that spot is known. For more information about these cones see Appendix 4.
+Pyrometers and pyrometric cones are accurate but tend to be expensive or difficult to obtain for a small rural producer of bricks. For this reason, it may be better to use the following method:
+3. Colour: It is possible to estimate the temperature of the kiln by observing the colour of the bricks in the interior of the fire tunnels. As the temperature of the bricks change, so will the colour. The following table gives the various colours which can be seen during a firing and the corresponding temperature.
+In order to bring a field kiln to the correct temperature of at least 950°C, the bricks in the fire tunnels should have a yellow-white glow before shutting down the kiln. If this is done, you can be quite sure that the rest of the kiln has reached the correct temperature and that the bricks will be well fired.
+Temperature Colour Chart
+Colour of Brick
+in Fire Tunnels
+Approximate
+Temperature
+Dark Red to Red
+600°C to 750°C
+Red to Brilliant Red
+750°C to 800°C
+Brilliant Red to Orange
+800°C to 900°C
+Orange to Yellow
+900°C to 1,100°C
+<section>Control Of Air Flow</section>
+A wood fire needs air to burn well but too much air can cool the fire, reduce the temperature of the bricks and increase the consumption of firewood.
+To help control the air flow into the tunnels, place metal sheets in front of the tunnel openings. The metal sheets can be old roofing sheets or old 200 litre fuel drums cut open and bent flat. These sheets are placed in front of the tunnels when the fire is burning and are removed temporarily when you need to add more firewood to the fire.
+If metal sheets are not available, use loosely stacked bricks in the opening. You may find though that building this temporary door with bricks is time consuming since it needs to be built up and taken down each time firewood is fed into the fire tunnels. It can also be rather hazardous for the workers when the kiln reaches very high temperatures.
+Too much air can cool the fire, but closing the tunnel opening completely will cut off all air and the fire will go out. It is necessary to experiment with the position of the sheets. One method is to place two or three bricks in the tunnel opening and rest the metal sheet on top of these bricks. Usually enough air can flow underneath the sheet and between the bricks to maintain the fire.
+<section>Summary Of Firing Stages</section>
+1. Preheating
+2. Main Firing
+3. Soaking Stage
+4. Closing the Field kiln
+5. Cooling
+6. Opening of the Field Kiln
+1. Preheating
+You begin firing the kiln with a small gentle fire with low heat in the centre of each tunnel. The objective of this phase is to drive off all the water or moisture in the bricks. During this stage you will see a white vapour or steam rising from the top of the kiln; this is the water being released from the bricks.
+The small fires are maintained until the white vapour or steam is no longer seen coming from the top of the kiln. If the vapour is difficult to see, climb to the top of the kiln using a ladder and simply feel with your hand whether the heat coming off the top of the kiln is moist or not. This stage of firing lasts for two days or more, depending on the size of the kiln and the moisture content of the bricks. At the end of this phase, the temperature of the kiln will . have reached approximately 150°C.
+During the preheating phase, never cover the top of the kiln with sand or soil. It must be left open to allow the steam to leave. All tunnels are open (ie. unblocked) at both ends during this period but metal sheets are used to control the air flow into the tunnels.
+Important: If the top of the kiln is sealed or if the fires in the tunnels are too large and the temperature is brought up too quickly, the bricks will break.
+2. Main Firing
+Once the preheating phase has been completed, the main firing begins and will take a total of four to six days to complete. The objective of this stage is to bring all parts of the kiln up to the correct firing temperature of approximately 950°C.
+On one side of the kiln, all tunnel openings are blocked up completely with bricks and mud mortar. On the other side of the kiln, firewood is fed into the tunnels to build up a large hot fire. The firewood is pushed down as far as possible into the tunnels. This first Dart of the main firing will last about two to three days or until the bricks in the tunnels begin to glow red. (This colour indicates a temperature of between 600°C and 800°C.)
+When the bricks in the tunnels are glowing red, the tunnels which were open during the first two or three days of the main firing are blocked up with brick and mud mortar and the ones which were initially blocked are broken open. Firewood now continues to be fed in from the open side until the bricks in the tunnels are a glowing yellow-orange colour. (This colour indicates a temperature between 900°C and 1,100°C). This second half of the main firing stage will last another two or three days depending on how well the fires are fed and the size of the kiln.
+To confirm that the correct maximum temperature has been reached, climb to the top of the kiln using a ladder and throw a handful of dry grass onto the top of the kiln. If the grass catches fire instantly, the maximum desired temperature has been reached.
+3. Soaking Stage
+It is important to maintain the fire and temperature of 900°C to 1,100°C inside the kiln for another 12 to 24 hours. This period is called the soaking stage and is very important because the heat enters into the centre of the brick and the brick gains its greatest strength. The fires should not be allowed to go down at this point.
+If the bricks have been counted correctly, the firewood has been calculated and measured accurately, and the kiln has been fired well, there should be sufficient firewood left to just finish this phase.
+4. Closing the Kiln
+In this phase the top of the kiln is covered with 100 to 200 mm of sand or soil and the tunnels are filled one last time with firewood before being blocked up with brick and mud mortar. This is done to keep the heat in the kiln from escaping and to permit the kiln to cool as slowly as possible
+The sealing off of the top of the kiln is done by a number of people on ladders forming "bucket brigades" and passing soil or sand up to the top of the kiln. The people on top of the kiln who spread the sand or soil stand on wooden boards temporarily laid on top of the kiln to protect their feet from the heat. As the one group is covering the top of the kiln, another should be filling the tunnels with firewood and sealing the tunnel openings.
+5. Cooling
+It is important that the field kiln is allowed to cool down as slowly as possible. This means that the kiln should not be opened for at least two weeks and preferably four weeks after the kiln has been completely sealed. If it is opened too soon, some of the the bricks may be cracked by the cool air rushing into the kiln. The bricks will obtain a higher strength if the kiln was fired and sealed well and allowed to cool slowly and naturally.
+6. Opening of the Kiln
+Once the kiln has cooled, it can be opened and dismantled. You will find that up to 10% (or 10 bricks out of every 100) of the bricks removed from the kiln are either cracked, broken, underfired, or unsaleable. This is normal for any field kiln of this type. If however more than 20% are cracked, broken, or underfired, this indicates that the type of clay used to make the bricks was not the correct type or that the kiln was not fired properly.
+Note: broken bricks should be saved for insulating the next field kiln.
+When dismantling the kiln and before using or selling the bricks, they should be sorted into piles of good quality, "seconds", under fired, and over fired bricks. Underfired bricks (these are usually found near the outside walls) can be used to build your next field kiln and re-fired again. To help keep track of the quantity of usable bricks, stack them in piles of 1,000.
+<section>Problems With Fired Bricks</section>
+After opening and dismantling the kiln, you may find that there are a number of unacceptable bricks.
+Over or Under Sized Bricks
+Although the bricks were made using the same size mould, you may find that the bricks coming from the same kiln can be a variety of sizes. This can be caused by:
+- temperature differences within the kiln, or
+- different types of clay used to make the bricks.
+All clays will shrink when fired and the amount of shrinkage will depend on the type of clay and/or the temperature to which it is fired. To reduce the variations, use the same clay type to make all your bricks and tend the fires well so that equal heat distribution throughout the kiln is maintained.
+It is advisable to check the length of the bricks as they are removed from the kiln and sorted. The variation in dimensions should be kept within certain limits (see chapter on standardization of brick sizes) and if they do not conform, the backs should not be sold as first quality.
+Glazed Bricks
+Some bricks will have melted together or have a glass-like or glazed appearance. This a result of:
+- firing these particular bricks at too high a temperature (over 1,200°C).
+Over fired bricks are usually found in the firing tunnels or sometimes even in the middle of the kiln just above the tunnels. Depending on the soil composition, they may be dark blue to purple in colour.
+Over fired bricks are very hard and can still be used in construction. They are usually used in foundations or sometimes laid into a wall if a darker coloured band or design is desired.
+Low Strength Bricks
+Bricks that are low in strength, break easily and dissolve when placed under water indicate that:
+- an incorrect type of clay was used for the bricks;
+- the bricks were underfired, that is, not brought up to and maintained at the minimum temperature of 950°C during the firing of the kiln;
+- not enough firewood was used (for every 1,000 bricks you need three cubic metres of firewood);
+- the firing stages were cut short; or
+- the temperature was allowed to drop very low at some point during the firing.
+Cracked or Broken Bricks
+If many of the bricks are cracked or broken, this may have been caused by:
+- using the wrong type of clay;
+- plastering or sealing the top of the kiln before the firing, which prevented the steam from escaping;
+- having a fire which was too large and hot during the preheating phase which caused the moisture or water in the bricks to turn to steam too quickly;
+- opening the kiln before it had cooled properly; or
+- stacking and firing the bricks in the kiln without first drying them sufficiently.
+<section>Firing A Field Kiln: An Example</section>
+The following is an example of how to fire a 20,000 brick field kiln day by day. It describes the work, the tasks of each group of workers, the observations they should make, and the possible problems they might encounter. It should be noted that the time period for each phase is not fixed since much depends on local conditions.
+Day 1: Preheating Stage
+Objective:
+The objective of this phase is to gently remove the water that is trapped within the bricks.
+Day Shift (06:00 -18:00)
+Tasks:
+- bring enough dry grass to cover the floor of each of the tunnels to a height of 10 to 15 cm. Place the dry grass in the middle of the tunnel, one metre from each mouth of the tunnel.
+- cover the dry grass in the tunnels with small sticks up to about half the height of the tunnel.
+- cover the sticks with firewood about 10 cm in diameter. Leave a space of about 30 cm from the top of this pile to the roof of the tunnel to allow space for the passage of air.
+- set fire to the grass in all the tunnels at the same time.
+- maintain the low heat fires throughout the day.
+- use metal sheets as doors for the tunnel openings to help control the rate of burning.
+Observations:
+- after a few hours you should begin to see a white smoke or steam vapour coming from the top of the kiln. This is the water being driven out of the bricks.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- make sure the fires are kept small and "cool". A large hot fire at this stage could cause many bricks to crack and split.
+Night Shift (18:00-06:00)
+Tasks:
+- maintain the small tires throughout the night.
+Observations:
+- you should be able to see the "white smoke" or water vapour coming from the top of the kiln.
+- with a ladder, climb to the top of the kiln and with your bare hand feel the smoke or steam coming off of the kiln; it should feel moist.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- the workers may fall asleep during the night allowing the fires to go out.
+Day 2: Preheating Stage
+Objective:
+The objective of the small fires is to slowly and gently raise the temperature of the kiln to 150°C. During this period all free water in the brick will be driven out.
+Day Shift (06:00 · 18:00)
+Tasks:
+- maintain the small fires.
+- at 14:00 hrs., begin closing all the openings on one side of the kiln with bricks and mud.
+- after closing one side, continue to maintain the small fires.
+Observations:
+- you will probably see less "white smoke" coming off the top of the kiln.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- do not build hot fires in the tunnels yet.
+Night Shift (18:00-06.00)
+Tasks:
+- continue to maintain the small fires.
+Observations:
+- if you climb to the top of the kiln you will feel less moisture on your hand than the night before. In fact, depending on how well the bricks were dried before being placed in the kiln, it may feel dry.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- the workers may fall asleep allowing the fires to diminish. This will cause a drop in temperature inside the kiln. Firewood would be wasted bringing the temperature back up to where it was.
+Day 3: Main Firing
+Objective:
+The objective of the main firing is to raise the temperature of the kiln up to 950°C.
+Day Shift (06:00 -18:00)
+Tasks:
+- at 06:00 hrs., begin stoking the fires with more firewood, creating a hot fire.
+- after stoking the fires, use metal sheets to cover each tunnel opening to control the air flow into the kiln.
+- during the day maintain the hot fires by stoking the fires when necessary.
+- repair cracks with mud that will begin to form in the kiln's plastered exterior.
+- when stoking the fire, you need to push the logs as deep as possible into the tunnel.
+Observations:
+- after about 8 hours from starting the main burning, you may begin to see the bricks in the tunnels glowing a dark red colour.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- to prevent the workers from being seriously burnt, each must have leather gloves, aprons and boots.
+- to avoid smothering the fire, add only one log at a time, waiting until it catches fire before adding the next.
+- to prevent dehydration of the workers, an ample supply of fresh clean water must always be available to drink.
+Night Shift (18:00 -06:00)
+Tasks:
+- continue to stoke the fires keeping them hot. Push all firewood as far back into the tunnel as possible.
+- the tunnels will begin filling up with ashes and it may be necessary to remove them from time to time. An easy way of doing this is to fix a hoe head to a long stick, or even better, weld it to a 2 to 3 metre metal pipe. It is then used to pull the ashes out of the tunnels. The glowing coals should be pushed back deep into the tunnels.
+Observations:
+- the bricks in the tunnel may change from a dark red to bright red glow.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- during the night the temperature of the kiln will drop if the workers fall asleep. To prevent this, supervisors should be encouraged to visit the kiln site throughout the night.
+- as the fires get hotter, the chance of serious burns increases.
+Day 4: Main Firing (continued)
+Objective:
+The objective is to continue to raise the kiln temperature to 950°C.
+Day Shift (06:00 - 18:00)
+Tasks:
+- continue to stoke the fires, keeping them hot.
+- push all firewood deep into the fire tunnels.
+- remove excess ash.
+- at 14:00 hrs., close the tunnel openings with bricks and mud on one side of the kiln and open them on the other.
+- repair any cracks in the plaster with more mud.
+Observations:
+- by 14:00 hrs., about half of all the firewood would have been consumed, and for this kiln of 20,000 bricks, 30 cubic meters would be left.
+- the bricks in the tunnels will glow a bright red colour.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- the work of closing off the tunnel openings on one side of the kiln and opening them on the other is very hard work. It would be advisable to have extra workers to help with this task.
+Night Shift (18:00 -06:00)
+Tasks:
+- continue to stoke the fires keeping them all equally hot.
+- push the firewood deep into the tunnels.
+- remove excess ashes.
+Observations:
+- the bricks in the tunnels will be glowing a bright red to reddish orange colour.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- do not allow the fires to go down.
+Day 5: Main Firing and Soaking Stage
+Objective:
+The objective of the main firing is to raise the temperature of the kiln to 950°C. When this temperature is reached, it is necessary to maintain it for as long as possible to allow the heat to enter into the centre of the brick and for the clay to undergo a critical chemical change. This period during which the heat is maintained is called the soaking stage.
+Day Shift (06:00 -18:00)
+Tasks:
+- continue to stoke the fires with firewood to bring the temperature up to 950°C.
+- remove ashes when necessary and always push the firewood as deep into the fire tunnels as possible.
+Observations:
+- at 06:00 hrs., the bricks in the tunnels will be glowing bright orange in colour.
+- by 18:00 hrs., the bricks in the tunnels will be glowing yellow-orange in colour.
+- when you climb to the top of the kiln and look down into the kiln between the spaces of the top course of bricks, you will see the bricks glowing red.
+- when you throw dry grass onto the bricks in top of the kiln, it will take about three seconds before it will ignite.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- at no point allow the fires to go down.
+- do not allow cool air to enter the kiln. Always use the metal sheets to close down the tunnel openings.
+Night Shift (18:00 -06:00)
+Tasks:
+- continue to stoke the fires with firewood, maintaining the high temperature of the kiln.
+- always push the firewood as deep into the fire tunnels as possible; remove ashes when necessary.
+Observations:
+- at 18:00 hrs., the glow of the bricks within the tunnels should be orange/ yellow in colour.
+- at 06:00 hrs., the glow of the bricks within the tunnels should be yellow.
+- if you climb to the top of the kiln and look down between the spaces of the bricks, you should see a bright red glow.
+- during the night you will see a red glow coming off of the top of the kiln.
+- at 06:00 hrs., if you throw dry grass onto the bricks on top of the kiln, it will take about 1 to 1 1/2 seconds to ignite and burn.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- at this point in the firing the fires are consuming firewood very rapidly. Control the firing by using metal sheets on the openings. Do not leave the doors wide open; just the minimum of air should enter.
+- do not allow the fires to go down at this point as you may not have enough firewood on hand to bring the kiln back up to maximum temperature and maintain the soaking stage.
+Day 6: Soaking Stage (continued) and Closing The Field Kiln
+Objective:
+When the temperatures in the firing tunnels reach 950°C, it is necessary to maintain this heat for as long as possible. This stage is called the soaking stage. During this period the temperature evens out through the kiln and the heat penetrates to the centre of each brick. Various chemical reactions will be taking place within the back which will give it its hardness and durability. When the soaking stage is over, the tunnel openings will be sealed and the top of the kiln covered with sand or soil to prevent the rapid lost of heat.
+Day Shift (06:00 -18:00)
+Tasks:
+- continue feeding firewood into the tunnels maintaining the yellow glow of the bricks in the tunnels.
+- keep the metal sheets in front of the tunnel openings when not stoking the fires. Leave just the minimum of space under the doors to allow the air in.
+- keep pushing the firewood as deep as possible into the tunnels.
+- when the stock of firewood is almost finished, begin filling each tunnel with firewood and seal off each opening with bricks and mud.
+- as the tunnels are being sealed off, begin covering the top of the kiln with a 10 to 15 cm layer of sand or soil. This is hard work but should be done as fast as possible. It is advisable to call in as many people as possible to assist with this task.
+Observations:
+- the glow of the bricks within the tunnels should be a yellow colour. If the colour is red you know that the temperature has gone down during the firing either because of poor stoking methods or leaving the tunnel mouths open.
+- if you were to toss dry grass on to the top of the kiln it should ignite and burn almost instantly.
+Problems to Avoid:
+- remember to prepare in advance the soil or sand needed to seal off the top of the kiln. A number of buckets, ladders and walking boards will also be necessary. Also remember to prepare and have on hand the bricks and mud needed to seal off the tunnel openings.
+Day 7 to 21: Cooling
+Leave the sealed kiln to cool down as slowly as possible. The longer you leave the bricks to cool, the stronger the bricks will be. If the kiln is still hot after two weeks let the kiln cool for another week or two.
+Day 22: Opening The Field Kiln
+Once the kiln has cooled down, you can begin to open it. If you have followed the directions in this manual correctly, and your clay is of a good brickmaking quality, you will find that your bricks are fired well and will be suitable for construction.
+Sort the bricks into good quality, "seconds", underfired and overfired bricks. The underfired bricks can be fired again in the next kiln. Stack the bricks into piles of 1,000.
+<section>Time Estimate For Building And Firing A Field Kiln</section>
+The following is an estimate of the time it should take to build and fire a field kiln of 10 000. 30 000. and 50 000 bricks.
+Task
+Field Kiln of
+10,000 Bricks
+Field Kiln of
+30,000 Bricks
+Field Kiln of
+50,000 Bricks
+Kiln Building
+Building the Kiln*
+1 to 2 weeks
+2 weeks
+3 weeks
+Plastering the Sides*
+3 days
+2 days
+5 days
+Stacking Firewood*
+1 day
+2 days
+3 days
+Kiln Firing
+1. Pre-heating Stage**
+2 days
+3 days
+3 to 4 days
+2. Main Firing**
+4 days
+4 to 6 days
+5 to 8 days
+3. Soaking Stage**
+12 hours
+12 to 24 hours
+12 to 24 hours
+4. Closing the Kiln*
+3 hours
+4 hours
+5 hours
+5. Cooling**
+1 week
+2 weeks
+2 to 3 weeks
+Total
+25 to 31 days
+41 to 44 days
+51 to 63 days
+*The time wilt depend of the number of people available and their willingness to work.
+** The duration of this phase will depend on the:
+- size of the kiln
+- amount of wind
+- size, type and humidity of firewood
+- thickness of the insulation
+- heat of the fire
+<section>Firing Principles - (Points To Remember)</section>
+1. Plaster kiln walls with two layers of mud, allowing the first layer to dry before applying the second. Throw the mud with force so it fills the cracks well. The mud should have sand added to it to prevent it from cracking when the kiln starts to heat up.
+2. Have ready at the kiln site 3 cubic metres of wood for each 1,000 bricks you wish to fire. For example if you plan to fire 20,000 bricks, you will need 60 cubic metres of firewood.
+3. Firewood should be cut one metre long for easy handling and should be between 10 and 20 cm in diameter.
+4. Firewood that is crooked or forked is unacceptable because it cannot be thrown easily through the narrow tunnel openings.
+5. All wood that is brought in should be carefully stacked, measured, and recorded. This is necessary not only for correct payment of labour, and verifying quantities but also for computing kiln costs and efficiency.
+6 Warm the bricks slowly for several days to remove any moisture in the bricks; this will prevent the bricks from cracking.
+7. Heat should be distributed evenly throughout the kiln. This is done best by controlling the fires in the tunnels and not allowing one tunnel to become hotter than an other.
+8. Either increase the kiln heat or hold it steady, but never allow it to decrease until the firing is complete.
+9. To increase the fire and heat inside the kiln, use smaller and drier pieces of wood. Freshly cut logs and large logs make a cooler, slow burning fire.
+10. Add wood to the fire several sticks at a time, allowing them to catch fire before adding more. Filling the fire tunnels with too many logs at once actually reduces the fire by reducing the air flow and suffocating the fire.
+11. The heat from the fires should circulate through all the bricks as it rises and exits out the top. Heat that exits through the wall or kiln doors is wasted because it is not heating the upper bricks. Therefore fill wall cracks with mud and close or lower the kiln doors if too much heat is leaving.
+12. Use metal sheets to control the air flow into each tunnel mouth. The advantage metal sheets over brick doors is that they can be easily raised, lowered, or removed. This allows better control of air flow, and therefore of heat.
+13. Long poles are needed to push the logs deep into the fire. Nail a shovel or a hoe head to the pole end and wrap the end with tin to help protect it from the fire.
+14. During the firing there will be a buildup of ash and burning coals. Use the shovel or a long handled hoe to even out the coals. If allowed to build up too high, the bed of coals will interfere with the entry of wood and air. When there are excessive ashes, pull them out of the kiln with the same tool.
+15. The last day of firing, the soaking stage, is the most important because it is during this stage that the chemical changes occur, making the bricks strong and durable. The kiln must be carefully supervised at this time to see that the kiln holds its maximum heat for at least 12 hours.
+16. The kiln heat can be measured by observing the colour of the bricks at the top of the tunnel arches. Stand at the side of the tunnel opening and stoop to the ground. Look upwards at the tunnel roof towards the kiln centre. At first these upper arch bricks will glow a dull red; then change to a reddish-orange; then orange-yellow; then yellow white. The objective is to try to reach the yellow-white colour and hold it for 12 to 24 hours.
+17. Kiln fires must be tended day and night. One worker per tunnel is recommended. Workers should be selected for strength and coordination because they must be able to cast large heavy logs accurately into the fire. They should also have a strong sense of responsibility to come to work at the proper time and to be vigilant that the fires are not neglected or allowed to die down. The workers must understand that their work must continue at the kiln site until they are replaced by workers from the next shift. They must never leave the fires unattended for any reason.
+<section>Building And Firing A Coal-Fired Brick Kiln</section>
+Good quality bricks can also be made by firing the kiln with coal instead of firewood. If coal is available in your area, use it, since the use of firewood for brickmaking can lead to rapid deforestation.
+The method of building the field kiln and firing the bricks using coal is quite different than that used with firewood. The number of bricks one can fire in a kiln of this type is from 10,000 to 100,000.
+The following is a step-by step description for building a 20,000 brick field kiln (sometimes called a scove kiln) using coal as the fuel. The approximate length and width of the kiln is 4 metres. The overall height of the kiln is about 3.5 metres.
+<section>How To Lay Out The Kiln</section>
+Level the Site
+Step 1: Select a level area of ground approximately 6 metres by 6 metres and remove all rocks and surface vegetation. Make sure the area is smooth and level.
+If you have underfired bricks from the last kiln, use them to build a strong base on which you can build the kiln. Simply lay the bricks frog side down with no spaces between them and make a brick floor slightly larger than the overall size of the kiln. The new kiln can now be built on this base.
+If you don't have under fired bricks, make sure the ground is well compacted and level. The kiln is then built directly on top of the ground.
+Lay Out the Boundaries of the Kiln
+The length and width of the kiln will be equal. To measure the length and width, bricks will be used as the unit of measurement. For a 20,000 brick kiln, the length will be 16 brick lengths and the width will also be 16 brick lengths. If the unfired bricks are 250 x 125 x 80 mm, the length and width of the kiln will be approximately 4 metres by 4 metres.
+Step 2: Drive a stake close to the corner of the area which has just been cleaned and levered. Tie a cord to the stake and stretch the cord 5 metres in the direction of where you wish to place one of the walls of the kiln. Drive another stake into the ground and tie the cord to it. This cord will mark the length of the kiln and the actual length of the kiln will be measured by using bricks.
+Step 3: Beginning about 1/2 metre from the first stake, place a row of 16 bricks along the outside of the cord. These bricks are placed on edge with their ends touching. (These bricks are placed temporarily and are used only to mark the boundaries of the kiln. They will be removed later.)
+Step 4: With another cord and stake, lay out the second side of the kiln. The cord is stretched for 5 metres, perpendicular to the first cord and should just touch the end of the last brick. Make sure the corner is a right angle (90°) by either using a large builder's square or using the 3:4:5 rule. (See Appendix 3 for more information on the 3:4:5 rule).
+Step 5: When the corner is square, begin to measure the width of the kiln with backs. Starting at the point where the cords cross, lay 16 backs end to end along the outside of the cord.
+Step 6: With another cord and stakes, lay out the third side of the field kiln. The cord is stretched perpendicular to the second cord and should just touch the end of the last brick. Make sure the corner is a right angle (90 ) by either using a large builder's square or using the 3:4:5 rule.
+Step 7: Measure out the length of the kiln as you did for the first side, placing 16 bricks end to end.
+Step 8: With another cord, lay out the fourth and final side of the kiln, forming a large square 16 bricks long by 16 bricks wide. The cord should just touch the ends of the bricks on the first and third sides.
+Step 9: Check that all the comers are right angles (90°) by measuring the diagonals. If the length of the two diagonals are equal, this indicates that all the corners are right angles. If the two diagonals are not the same length, go back and check each comer individually, using the 3:4:5 rule.
+Also check that all the sides are equal in length. Even though they may have the same number of brick lengths, there could be some slight differences in the lengths of the individual bricks.
+<section>Construction Of The Kiln</section>
+To ensure that the kiln is strong and will not collapse during the firing, it is important to use good quality (no cracks and regular in shape) well-dried unfired bricks in layers 1 through 8.
+All bricks used to build the kiln are always placed on their side because they are stronger in this position. Never place the bricks on their flat side.
+Quantity of Coal
+You will need to have your supply of coal ready before starting to build the kiln as the coal is placed within the kiln at the same time the bricks are. It is estimated that you will need approximately 1 1/2 sacks of coal and 1/2 sack of selected ashes (cinders) for every 1,000 bricks to be fired. Therefore, a 20,000 brick kiln will need approximately 30 sacks of coal and 10 sacks of selected ashes or cinders.
+The coal can be waste ashes from a coal fired power station or a coal fired locomotive. The coal should not be too fine as this will prevent good air flow through the kiln. Nor should the coal be larger than fist size as this will require labour to break the coal down into smaller bits to fit in the coal firing layers.
+Layer 1
+Begin to place the bricks in a row (2 bricks wide) along one of the cords inside the boundaries that mark the kiln. All bricks are placed on their sides.
+Leave a space of about 50 mm beside it and place another double row in the same direction.
+Continue placing double rows with 50 mm space between them until the area marked by the cords is filled. If your bricks are 250 x 125 x 80 mm, you should have placed about 14 rows of bricks. It may be necessary to adjust the spaces slightly to fill the area completely up to the cord boundary. If adjustment is necessary, the spaces should not be larger than 60 mm or smaller than 40 mm.
+When the first layer of bricks has been completed, remove all the bricks, cords and stakes which were used to mark the boundaries of the kiln.
+Layer 2
+The bricks in the second layer are placed perpendicularly to those in the first layer. Note that there are no spaces left between the bricks and they touch another brick on all 4 sides. You should now have a solid floor of unfired bricks.
+Layer 3
+Place a row (3 bricks wide) of unfired bricks around the outside of the kiln. Remove the bricks as shown in the drawing leaving an opening. This space will be used to start the kindling fires for igniting the kiln. This space is about the length of a brick. Depending on your brick size, you may have to adjust slightly the placement of the bricks to get this opening correct.
+Once the outer walls and openings are established begin placing a single row of bricks, touching end to end, from one corner diagonally across the kiln to the opposite corner.
+Leave a 50 mm space and place another single row of bricks parallel to the first. Continue placing single rows of bricks, leaving about 50 mm between them until the area is filled with diagonal rows.
+During the placement of the diagonal rows, the 50 mm spaces are filled to a depth of 25 mm with small wood chips and shavings. The space is then filled to the top with cubes of coal. The coal should not be too fine or packed too tightly since this would restrict the draught during the firing of the kiln.
+Layer 4
+This layer is very similar to layer 3 except that all bricks are laid perpendicular to those below it.
+Place bricks perpendicular to the bricks which form the outside wall. There are no spaces left between these bricks. Also leave gaps for the fire openings as was done in the third layer.
+Diagonal rows of bricks are laid in the same manner but in the opposite direction to those below.
+All spaces between the diagonal rows and the outside walls are completely filled with coal cubes.
+Layer 5
+Place a triple row of bricks around the outside of the kiln, exactly as you did in Layer 3. Continue to leave a gap where the kindling fires will be started.
+Place rows of single bricks parallel to two opposite sides as shown in the diagram. Leave a 25 mm space between these rows.
+These spaces are completely filled with cubes of coal which are smaller than those used in the previous layers.
+Layer 6
+Place the bricks, touching on all four sides, perpendicularly to those below it. Any small spaces that may occur are filled with coal.
+On the outside walls, bricks are placed so that they span and close the gap for the kindling fires. Note in the drawing how they are placed.
+A small space is left running in a straight line across the middle of the kiln, forming a cross as shown in the diagram. This space is filled with coal.
+The outer dimensions of layer 6 are 50 mm smaller than the layer below (25 mm on each side). This is repeated in each subsequent layer so that the kiln tapers on all sides towards the top, and which makes it more stable.
+Layer 7
+All the bricks are laid perpendicular to those below them. They are close packed with the exception of the 2 or 3 rows just inside the exterior wall as shown in the diagram. Here the 25 mm spaces are filled with small coal or good cinders. The purpose of this arrangement is to increase the amount of heat near the outside surfaces of the kiln since the bricks in this area often suffer from under firing.
+The outside dimensions of this layer are 50 mm smaller (25 mm on each side) than the lower level.
+Layers 8, 9,10
+These layers are arranged in the same manner as layer 7 but each level is laid perpendicular to the one below it. The outside dimensions of these layers are 50 mm smaller (25 mm on each side) than the layer below.
+Layers 11,12, 13, etc.
+The kiln is built to the required height by repeating layers 5 through 10. Coal is always used in layers 5 and 6, but good cinders may be used in layers 7, 8, 9, and 10.
+Final Layer
+The final layer is a protective one and no fuel is added. It is laid perpendicularly to the layer below it. On top of this are one or 2 layers of broken, misshaped unfired bricks or old fired bricks.
+A heap of ashes is placed centrally on top of the kiln so that it is available when needed. When the kiln is well alight, the ashes may be spread over the top of the kiln to retard combustion, if necessary, and prevent the loss of valuable heat.
+Insulation
+The sides of the kiln are plastered with clay to reduce heat loss. The plaster also prevents more air than necessary from entering the kiln. If the kiln is well sealed with plaster, the only place that air can enter for combustion is through the lower spaces left for the kindling fires.
+If the plastering mud contains a lot of clay, it will crack and fall off during firing; mix a little sand into the mixture to prevent this from happening. The plaster should be applied in two layers, allowing the first to dry before applying the second. Throw the mud with force so that it fills the cracks well.
+The lower five layers are left unplastered until the kiln is well alight. Once alight the fire openings are closed with bricks and layers 3, 4, and 5 can be plastered. Do not plaster layers 1 and 2 as this is where the air for the kiln will enter.
+<section>Firing The Kiln</section>
+The advantage of firing with coal is that it is much less work than firing a kiln with firewood since the fuel is built into the kiln and no more is added during the firing. However, the disadvantage is that you have very little control over the firing process. You can only build the kiln as carefully as possible, following the directions, and with the correct amount of coal. Once the fire is started, with the exception of spreading ashes on the top of the kiln, there is little you can do, other than wait until the kiln has finished firing and the fires die out themselves.
+To begin firing the kiln, light all 8 fire openings located in layers 3,4, and 5 of the kiln. Once the kiln is burning briskly, the 8 fire openings are closed with bricks and mud plaster. All air entering the kiln should now be coming through layers 1 and 2. Layers 3, 4, and 5 can now be plastered, but remember not to plaster layers 1 and 2.
+During the firing of the kiln, have some mud plaster ready to repair the cracks that will form in the plaster. As the heat of the kiln increases, it is not unusual for the plaster to crack and fall off. Be prepared to repair this or heat will escape and the kiln will not reach the correct temperature.
+Do not cover the top of the kiln during the first three days of firing since steam will be given off. (If the kiln top is covered before all the steam can escape, the bricks may be destroyed.) Once the top layer is so hot that a handful of grass tossed on top instantly catches on fire, you can spread the ashes (cinders) until the top of the kiln is completely covered.
+The kiln is allowed to fire until the fuel inside the kiln is finished. The length of time for this will depend on the following:
+1. The quantity and quality of the fuel used and how it was packed in the kiln.
+2. The regulation of the air supply through the fire and air openings.
+3. Rains and heavy winds that cool the kiln.
+4. Covering the top of the clamp with ash.
+5. The size of the kiln.
+Like kilns using firewood, the bricks must reach a temperature of at least 950°C in order to produce good quality bricks, and this should take several days depending on the size of the kiln. Because it is difficult to control the heat of the fires, it is important to have the bricks as dry as possible before building and firing the kiln. When all the fuel has been burnt, the kiln must be left to cool as slowly as possible, before being opened. This period should take 2 to 4 weeks.
+Like a wood fired kiln, the coal kiln should not have more than 10% of unacceptable bricks (bricks that are over or under-sized, glazed, broken, or underfired). The causes of poor quality bricks fired by coal will be similar to those fired by firewood. Therefore, if necessary, review the problems, reasons and solutions described on pages 80 to 81.
+<section>Appendices</section>
+<section>Appendix 1 - Clay Testing</section>
+Before beginning to make bricks for the first time, it is essential to know if the clay which you intend to use is the right type for making good quality bricks. Although brickmaking clays are abundant in many countries, not all villages have a supply of good quality brickmaking clay nearby. Before beginning to organize a brick production site, check very carefully that your clay is the correct type.
+There are two ways you can check the quality of your clay. The first is to contact a soil technician who can have your soil tested in a laboratory (check with the local public works office for the location of the nearest laboratory). The results of the test are usually quite accurate and can be very informative if they are interpreted well.
+The second method is to test the soil yourself, using simple field tests that require no special equipment. These tests are usually quite satisfactory but occasionally the results of these field tests can be misleading if you have no experience in brickmaking or soil testing since some interpretation is required.
+The basic information which you must get from any set of tests should answer the following questions:
+1. Can the clay be prepared easily and moulded into the shape you want?
+2. Can the moulded clay brick dry without cracking or breaking?
+3. Can the clay brick be fired to a very high temperature without cracking, breaking or distorting?
+4. Will the fired brick be strong and suitable for use in construction?
+5. What is the total shrinkage of the clay after firing? What should the size of the mould be?
+Collecting Samples for Testing
+In order to do any soil testing, whether it is done in a laboratory or in the field, you will have to collect samples of the soil which you wish to test. Before digging, clean an area of about one square metre, removing all leaves twigs, grass, and stones. Start digging through the first 300 to 500 mm of soil which contains roots and dead leaves. This layer is called top soil and is never used for brickmaking. Remove this layer completely. The soil sample is taken from the layer underneath.
+If the soil is to be analyzed in a soil laboratory or if it is to be transported to another village for an experienced brick maker to test, you will need to provide them with at least 50 kg of each soil sample. Put each soil sample into a separate strong sack. Do not mix them together. Each sack should be identified with a tag with the following information:
+1. Your name,
+2. The address where you can be contacted,
+3. A description of the location of the clay giving as much detail as possible. For example: clay was dug 20 metres from the banks of the N'komati River in a maize field 2 kilometers west of the village of Nanrapa The sample was taken from a hole one metre deep, 50 metres from a large mango tree. A description like this is very important if you have more than one sample and it may be necessary to draw a map of the area showing all your test sites. (If you have many samples, it is a good idea to identify both the sample and the pit with numbers.)
+Be sure to put a copy of the identification card inside the sack with all the information in case the outside tag is lost or destroyed. Keep a detailed record for yourself of where you dug each sample.
+Good brickmaking clays are made of a certain combination of clay and sand. If the clay content is too high (as in the clay used for pottery), the brick will crack and break while drying. If the sand content is too high, the brick will be weak and break easily.
+Important: Soils can change completely over a small area. If you find a suitable clay, be sure that it is not an isolated pocket and that there is sufficient clay to continue to make bricks for many years.
+Simple Field Testing of Clay Samples
+Simple, basic field testing can be done on site to test a clay's suitability for brickmaking. The simple tests listed here will give you only a very general idea about the suitability of your soil. They are not as accurate as laboratory tests and should not be used as a substitute. However, they can help you to quickly rule out poor brickmaking clays and to identify clays with brickmaking potential.
+Test 1: Moulding
+Take a handful of dry clay soil and begin mixing it with a small amount of water until it becomes soft and malleable. Do not add too much water as this will make it too soft and wet. Try making different shapes with the clay.
+The objective of this test is simply to see if the soil can be moulded easily and to get an indication of how difficult it may be to prepare the soil for brickmaking.
+If it is difficult to make any shape with the soil or if it keeps falling apart, the soil can not be used to make bricks because it probably contains too much sand. If the soil holds its shape and can be moulded easily, continue with the following tests.
+Test 2: Forming and Drying Clay "Eggs"
+With the moist soil, mould it into a form about the size and shape of a chicken's egg. Make 20 to 30 of these "eggs" and leave them in the sun to dry. After about a day or two, check the "eggs" to see if they have cracked or broken apart.
+If they have large cracks, the soil probably has too much clay and is not suitable for making bricks. This particular soil may need to have sand added to it in order to stop the cracking. It will be necessary to experiment with different proportions of sand and soil to determine the correct ratio.
+If they did not crack apart or if they have only very small cracks, try crumbling or breaking them in your hands. If they crumble easily, it probably means that the soil has too little clay in it and is unsuitable for making bricks. If they do not break or crumble easily, the soil has a potential for brickmaking.
+Test 3: Firing Clay "Eggs"
+Take a number of the "eggs" that are very dry and have no cracks and put them into a small fire. Keep the fire small for the first thirty minutes and then make a large hot fire. Try to keep the fire hot for at least two hours or longer if possible. At the end of the firing, the "eggs" should be well covered with hot ashes and left to cool until the next day. When cool, examine the clay "eggs" and try crushing them with your hands. If they crumble easily, the soil is probably not suitable for fired bricks. If they do not crumble easily, the soil has potential for brickmaking.
+Place a few of the fired clay "eggs" in a bucket of water and leave them overnight. By the next day, if they have dissolved or feel soft, they were either underfired or the soil is not suitable for brickmaking. (This is a problem with field tests like this; without controls you do not know if the clay "eggs" or bricks were fired correctly or not.) Try crushing a few of the clay "eggs" that were left underwater. If it is difficult, the soil is probably suitable for brickmaking but further testing should be done.
+Test 4: Making a Brick
+If the previous three tests indicate that the soil might be suitable for brickmaking, continue and make a full size brick. If you do not already have a mould, make an experimental hinge mould with internal dimensions approximately 7% larger than the desired size of the finished fired brick. (See Appendix 2 for detailed information on making a hinge mould.) With the soil which has shown the most potential for brickmaking, make 50 or more bricks using the hinge mould. Follow the directions given in the manual for moulding and drying the bricks.
+When dry, build a small kiln with the bricks and fire it over a 24 hour period, trying to follow the same procedures as described for a large scale kiln. After cooling, examine the bricks carefully and note if the bricks are cracked, broken, or if they appear to be weak or strong.
+(See the section on Problem Bricks, page 80-81.) If you are satisfied with the results, continue to use the same clay on a slightly larger experimental scale and produce enough bricks for a 1,000 brick kiln. Fire this kiln and once more note the results.
+<section>Appendix 2 - Making A Hinge Mould And Moulding Table</section>
+Before beginning to make the hinge mould you must determine two things. First, what will be the final fired brick size and second, how much does the soil shrink from its moulded to its fired brick state.
+Read the chapter on Standardization for information on the best sizes for bricks. Once the fired brick size has been decided, the interior dimensions of the mould can be calculated.
+Remember that all brick clays shrink between 5% and 11% when dried and fired. Therefore to arrive at the correct size of brick, the moulds must be 5% to 11% larger than the final size of the brick.
+The best way to determine the shrinkage rate for a particular clay is to have a soils laboratory do the testing. This is important especially if the bricks must be produced to a specific dimension. If the final size is not that critical and an error of 5 to 10mm in overall length is not a problem, then the following method can be used to determine the shrinkage rate for a particular brick clay.
+1. Make an experimental hinge mould and follow test 4 in Appendix 1. Make 50 or more bricks and fire them in a small kiln.
+2. Once fired, randomly select 10 unbroken bricks.
+3. Lay the 10 bricks butted up tight against each other, end to end, on a smooth level floor.
+4. Measure the overall length of the bricks in millimetres and divide that length by ten. This will give the average length of the bricks.
+5. Measure exactly in millimetres the inside length of the mould used to make the bricks.
+6. Use the following formula to determine shrinkage rate.
+% of Shrinkage =((length of mould in mm) - (average length of bricks)) x 100/(length of the mould in mm)
+For example: length of the mould = 258mm average length of bricks = 240mm
+% of Shrinkage =(258 mm-240 mm)x100/258mm= 18x100/258= 1800/258=7
+Shrinkage = 7%
+The following table shows, the interior mould sizes for various shrinkage rates to make four different sizes of fired bricks. For example, a village would like to produce a fired brick 240mm x 115mm x 73mm in size and knows that their clay has a shrinkage rate of 8%. In order to obtain that final size, the interior of the mould must be 261 mm x 125 mm x 80 mm.
+Table For Interior Mould Sizes
+Fired Brick Size: 240 mm x 115 mm x 73 mm
+Interior Mould Size
+Shrinkage
+length
+width
+height
+253 mm
+121 mm
+77 mm
+256 mm
+122 mm
+78 mm
+258 mm
+123 mm
+79 mm
+261 mm
+125 mm
+80 mm
+264 mm
+126 mm
+81 mm
+267 mm
+128 mm
+81 mm
+270 mm
+129 mm
+82 mm
+273 mm
+131 mm
+83 mm
+Fired Brick Size: 230 mm x 110 mm x 70 mm
+Interior Mould Size
+Shrinkage
+length
+width
+height
+242 mm
+116 mm
+74 mm
+244 mm
+117 mm
+75 mm
+247 mm
+118 mm
+76 mm
+249 mm
+120 mm
+77 mm
+252 mm
+121 mm
+78 mm
+255 mm
+122 mm
+78 mm
+259 mm
+124 mm
+79 mm
+262 mm
+125 mm
+80 mm
+Fired Brick Size: 220 mm x 105 mm x 66 mm
+Interior Mould Size
+Shrinkage
+length
+width
+height
+232 mm
+110 mm
+69 mm
+234 mm
+112 mm
+70 mm
+236 mm
+113 mm
+71 mm
+239 mm
+114 mm
+72 mm
+242 mm
+115 mm
+73 mm
+244 mm
+117 mm
+73 mm
+247 mm
+118 mm
+74 mm
+250 mm
+119 mm
+75 mm
+Fired Brick Size: 210 mm x 100 mm x 63 mm
+Interior Mould Size
+Shrinkage
+length
+width
+height
+221 mm
+106 mm
+66 mm
+223 mm
+107 mm
+67 mm
+225 mm
+108 mm
+68 mm
+228 mm
+109 mm
+69 mm
+231 mm
+110 mm
+69 mm
+233 mm
+111 mm
+70 mm
+236 mm
+113 mm
+71 mm
+239 mm
+114 mm
+72 mm
+<section>Appendix 3 - The 3: 4: 5 Method</section>
+The 3:4:5 method is a simple way to ensure that corners are right angles or 90° and can be used when laying out a building or field kiln.
+The 3:4:5 rule states that when a triangle has one side (AB) 3 units long, another side (BC) 4 units long, and the hypotenuse (AC) is 5 units long, the angle ABC will be 90° or a right angle.
+This method requires that you use some unit of measurement. This unit could be the length of your foot, the distance between two knots tied in a string, or a length of one metre as measured on a tape measure. The length of the unit can be anything you choose but you will find that a unit measurement of one metre is ideal for marking the corners of a field kiln.
+For example, if a triangle has one side 3 metres long, another 4 metres long and a hypotenuse 5 metres long, the angle ABC will be 90° or a right angle. This rule also holds true if the measurements are multiples of 3:4:5, such as 6 metres: 8 metres: 10 metres or 9:12:15.
+Example: Laying out a corner of the field kiln
+1. Select your unit of measurement which should be one metre or more in length. The most accurate method is to use a 5 metre tape measure. Note: If you do not have a tape measure, make one with a long piece of cord or string. First tie a knot close to one end of the cord and holding the knot in one hand, stretch your other arm out as far as possible as shown in the diagram. Tie a second knot at that point on the cord. For most people this distance is about one metre. Hold the second knot and measure that same distance again and tie a third knot. Continue until you have six knots with equal spaces between them. The distance between the first and last knot will be 5 units or approximately 5 metres.
+2. Mark the first side of the kiln. Drive a large nail or spike into the ground where the comer of the kiln will be. Tie a string to the spike and stretch the string in the same direction as the length of the kiln (the side with the tunnel openings). Fix the string in this position. Using a tape measure (or the cord that was made to measure units), measure four metres from the comer along the string and drive another spike into the ground at that point.
+3. Mark the second side of the kiln. Tie another string to the first spike (where the corner will be) and stretch it out in the direction of the kiln width (the side without tunnel openings). Using a tape measure or measuring cord, measure 3 metres from the corner along the string and tie a knot in the string at that point.
+4. Mark the hypotenuse. Attach another string to the spike that marks the 4 metre point on the first side. Measure 5 metres on this third string and tie a knot. This string will form the hypotenuse of the triangle.
+Stretch the knot on the 5 metre string towards the knot on the 3 metre string. Move both strings until the 5 metre knot and the 3 mete e knot are exactly on top of each other. Both strings should be taut.
+5. Fix the 3 metre string in this position and the 5 metre string can be removed.
+If you have followed all the steps and measured accurately, the angle or corner formed by the 4 metre string and the 3 metre string should be 90° or a right angle.
+<section>Appendix 4 - Pyrometric Cones</section>
+A pyrometric cone is a cone made of a ceramic material that will deform or bend when a predetermined temperature is reached. It is used to measure the temperature in a back kiln. Each numbered cone corresponds to a known temperature at which it will deform. The two most common names or manufacturers of pyrometric cones are Orton and Seger. They both use a similar numbering system but the temperatures that correspond to those numbers vary slightly. The table on pyrometric cones listed here gives only some of the available cone numbers and corresponding temperatures.
+PYROMETRIC CONES
+CONE NUMBER
+TEMPERATURE DEFORMS
+SEGER
+ORTON
+815°C
+830°C
+835°C
+860°C
+855°C
+875°C
+880°C
+895°C
+900°C
+905°C
+920°C
+930°C
+940°C
+950°C
+960°C
+990°C
+980°C
+1015°C
+1000°C
+1040°C
+1020°C
+1060°C
+1040°C
+1080°C
+1060°C
+1125°C
+1080°C
+1145°C
+1100°C
+1160°C
+When building the field kiln, spaces (called spy holes or peep holes) are left, about 1 metre in length, 80 mm wide and 120 mm high. The cones are placed at the end of these holes and a brick "plug" covers the outside. The brick plug can then be removed during the kiln firing for observing the cones and estimating the temperature of the kiln at that particular place.
+Normally three different cones are placed in each of the spy holes. These cones are usually embedded in a fireclay base to prevent them from falling over and then the whole unit is placed at the end of the spy hole. One of the cones is a number that will deform when the correct temperature (usually 950°C) is reached. Another cone is a number that will deform at a slightly lower temperature; this will warn you that the firing is almost complete. The third cone is a number that will deform at a temperature higher than 950°C; this will inform you that the kiln has been heated beyond the desired temperature and the bricks are likely to be overfired.
+For example, using Orton Cones, cones N° 010 08 and 06 are placed together inside the spy holes of the field kiln (each spy hole will get one set of these cones). Cone N° 010 will deform at a temperature of 905° C. Cone N° 08 will deform at 950° C (usually the correct temperature for firing bricks) and cone N° 06 will deform at a temperature of 1015° C.
+The cones are set at a slight angle in a special clay base. When the temperature of the kiln in the area of this set of cones reaches approximately 900°C, the first cone (no. 010) will begin to deform. When the second cone (no. 08) begins to deform, the kiln in that area has reached the correct temperature for firing bricks and this temperature should then be maintained for 12 to 24 hours. If the third cone (no. 06) begins to deform, the kiln has passed the desired temperature and there is a risk of overfiring the bricks.
+Pyrometric cones come in two sizes; either 30 mm or 50 mm tall and are sold in boxes of 50. When buying the cones, always specify the type of cone (Segar or Orton), the size (30 or 50 mm) and the number of the cone with its corresponding temperature.
+Pyrometric cones are ideal, especially when firing a field kiln for the first time. They provide valuable accurate information and do not require the brickmaker to have experience in estimating the temperature of the kiln by observing the colours of the bricks inside the fire tunnels. They are also excellent training tools because the fret-time brickmaker can learn by relating the colours seen in the kiln to the information gained from the cones and then use this experience in the next kiln firing.
+<section>Appendix 5 - Woodlots</section>
+Wood should only be used for firing bricks if your area has a plentiful supply of firewood and no coal or alternative fuel. Brickmaking uses such large quantities of firewood that its use could mean less firewood for cooking in the village, or even lead to deforestation. Because there are few areas with forests that can supply industry as well as for domestic use, every brickmaking unit should establish a woodlot to supply their needs and not depend on the existing forests.
+One major advantage of firewood over coal or oil is that it is renewable. Using firewood for brickmaking does not have to lead to deforestation if the producer takes care to either match production to the capacity of the forest to supply fuel, or if the brick producer establishes woodlots to supply their own fuel.
+If you own or are a member of a brick production unit, you have a responsibility to the community not to deplete the supply of firewood which is used for domestic use or to cause deforestation. An average family of four uses at least one cubic metre of firewood per year. If a brickmaking unit was established that produced even 20,000 bricks per year, the amount of firewood needed would be equivalent to the firewood used by 60 new families moving into the village.
+Because there are so few areas with forests that can supply firewood for domestic use as well as brickmaking, it will be essential for you to establish a woodlot. There are certain trees such as eucalyptus that are very fast growing and can produce more than 20 times the annual growth of a natural forest. Well managed woodlots can yield from 25 to 60 m3 of firewood per hectare per year. (one hectare = 10,000 m2 or 2.471 acres.) In comparison, a natural forest may yield only 2 to 8 m3 of firewood per hectare. However, there will be a delay, from 4 to 8 years, between planting the trees and harvesting them.
+The amount of land required for the woodlot will depend on the amount of fuel needed to fire the kilns. If you were to fire 20,000 bricks per year, requiring 60 m3 of firewood per year, you would need a woodlot of approximately 2 hectares with an annual yield of 30m3 per hectare to supply your needs.
+The following is a list of issues to consider and steps that a village brickmaking unit will have to go through to establish a woodlot.
+Purpose of the Woodlot
+The first and most important decision that must be made by the management of a brick unit or the membership of a brick cooperative is: What is the purpose of the woodlot?
+- is it to supply only the needs of the brick unit?
+- or should it also produce enough to supply cooking fuel for the village?
+- if the brick unit will grow trees for fuel, will it also grow trees for food (e.g. fruit trees) or for windbreaks and erosion control?
+If this fundamental decision is made, it will simplify the rest of the decision making that must be done and will help those who will advise the brickmaking unit. Once this decision is made, a small group of people should be appointed to investigate and obtain information on how to establish a woodlot.
+Contact Local Officials and Government Departments
+The next step is to start to contact local officials and government departments to discuss your decision to establish a woodlot. They will be able to give you most of the essential information and advice that you will need.
+Local officials might include village presidents, head men, chiefs, district administrators and district development officers. Government departments that should be approached are agriculture, the department responsible for assigning land and most importantly, the local forestry department. They will all be able to advise and support the project in a number of ways.
+Choosing a Site
+There are many factors to consider when deciding where to place the woodlot. Most importantly,
+- it should be as near as possible to the brick site to decrease the expense of transport.
+- if the woodlot is also to produce fuel for the village, it should be situated relatively near to the village.
+- it is also very advantageous if it can be located in an area where the forestry department is active and involved in afforestation.
+- the site should not be located in an area that is used for grazing or other agricultural purposes.
+- it is also best if the site is relatively flat with good soil;
+- has a sufficient supply of water all year; and
+- has good road access to and within it.
+- if you are to also start a nursery, there should be an adequate and continuous supply of water to water the seedlings; and
+- there should be protection against extremes of climate such as heat, frost, hail, and wind.
+- also check the ownership of the land early in the planning stage.
+The size of the site will depend on:
+- the amount of firewood needed each year,
+- the yield of the woodlot per hectare,
+- the number of trees that will be planted each year and
+- how long it will take before harvesting can begin.
+The organization of the site should take into consideration how the trees will be cut and moved and how the timber (if any) will be sold.
+Cooperation with the Forestry Department
+Cooperating with the local forestry department will greatly benefit any brick making unit that plans to establish a woodlot. They are experts in the field and will be able to supply invaluable information and advice. Often forestry departments have special projects that work exclusively with groups establishing village woodlots.
+The forestry department will be able to give you information on:
+- the types of trees to plant given the soil and rainfall in your area,
+- nurseries in the area,
+- the costs involved in starting and running a woodlot,
+- how much labour is needed
+- how to organize your labour,
+- how to protect the trees from animals,
+- the equipment needed,
+- the number of trees to plant,
+- where to place and clear the site,
+- how to establish a nursery (if necessary),
+- when to sow the seeds since seedlings must be of the right size by the start of the planting season,
+- how to plant the seeds (in seedbeds, in individual containers, in planter flat trays or in empty beer or soft drink cans cut in half),
+- when to plant the seedlings,
+- how to care for the trees, and
+- how to harvest.
+- they will likely also be able to assist in any staff training.
+<section>Appendix 6 - References</section>
+Bawa, N.S., Manufacture of Burnt Clay-bricks In Wood-Fired Clamps, Technical Paper No.
+6, Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana, 25p.
+Beamish, A. and W. Donovan, Fabricacao de Tijolos, Technical Manual, Direccao Provincial De Construcao e Aguas, Cabo Delgado, Mocambique, October 1985, 68p.
+, Forno de Empilhamento, Como Construir e Queimar, Technical Manual, Direccao Provincial de Construcao e Aguas, Cabo Delgado, Mocambique, May 1985, 55 pp.
+, Ensaios de Barro, pare a Fabricacao de Tijolos Queimados, Technical Manual, Direccao Provincial de Construcao e Aguas, Cabo Delgado, Mocambique, January 1986, 54 pp.
+Donovan, W., Brickmaking Field Notes - Abyei Sudan, unpublished field notes for The Harvard Institute for international Development, Cambridge, Mass., April 1981.
+Gulick, S., Brick and Kiln Notes, unpublished field report for Harvard Institute for international Development, Cambridge, Mass., April 1979.
+International Labour Office, Small-Scale Brickmaking, Technical Memorandum No. 6, 1984, 210 pp.
+Lay, M. C. D. and A. Reis, Utilizacao de Tijolos, Technical Manual, Direccao Provincial de Construcao e Aguas, Cabo Delgado, Mocambique October 1984, 100 pp;
+Parikh, J.K., "Planning of Rural Energy Systems: Issues and Perspectives", Appropriate Industrial Technology For Energy For Rural Requirements. United Nations Industrial Development Organization,pp. 119-140.
+Parry, J.P.M., Brickmaking in Developing Countries, Garston, Watford, British Research Institute, 1979, 88pp.
+Smith, R.C., "Improved Moulding Devices for Hand-made Bricks", in Appropriate Technology, London, Intermediate Technology Publications, 1981 Vol 7, No. 4.
+Svare, T.I., Better Burnt Bricks, Technical Pamphlet No. 1, Dar-es-Salaam, National Housing and Building Research Unit, 1971.
+Thomas, D.W., Small-scale Manufacture of Burned Building Brick, Arlington, Virginia, Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1977.
+Turner, T., "Appropriate Technology For Rural Energy Supply In Developing Countries", Appropriate Industrial Technology For Energy For Rural Requirements, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, pp. 27-101.
+Technical information for the chapter on how to build and fire a brick kiln with coal was provided by Michael Parks and John Spiropoulos of Intermediate Technology Development Group, Rugby, U.K.
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+We would like to thank the following people who assisted or contributed to the preparation of this book or its original portuguese version:
+- CUSO/SUCO Canada and Oxfam Belgium for funding the Production of Building Materials
+Project in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique.
+- Emile Giroux for his contribution to the chapter on moulding in the original portuguese manual, Fabricacao de Tijolos.
+- Maria Cristina Dias Lay and Antonio Tarcisio da Luz Reis for the long hours they spent correcting the portuguese in the original manuals.
+- David Sogge for his encouragement and support throughout our work.
+- our Mozambican colleagues at the Direccao Provincial de Construcao e Aguas, Pemba, Cabo Delgado who worked with us on the project: Afonso Pundi, Fernanda Correia, Norberto Arusse, David Terenciano, Benjamin Watiquinaca, Lamo Pirai, Falume Samaha, Pitane Alfane, Ramos Rachide Iahaia, Nafio Selemane and Jaime Mondlane.
+- most of all, we would like to thank the members of the Nanrapa Brick and Tile Cooperative in Namuno District, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, for their dedication, perseverance and courage.
+All the drawings in this manual.are original and were drawn by the authors, based on their photographs taken in Mozambique, with the following exceptions:
+- page 6, ("tools"), page 10 ("rendering walls and bricks used for flooring"), page 15 ("Internal Walls") and page 16 ("External Walls") from Utilizacao de Tijolos. by Maria Cristina Dias Lay and Antonio Tarcicio da Luz Reis.
+- page 14 ("bricks knocking together") from Brickmaking in Developing Countries, by John P.M. Parry.
+- page 24 ("animal powered mixer and mixing clay with feet") from =11-Scale Brickmaking, by the International Labour Office.
+All the text in this manual is original and is based on the actual work done and the experience gained in Mozambique, with the exception of the chapter on firing a kiln with coal which was supplied to us by Michael Parks and John Spiropoulos of Intermediate
+Technology Development Group; and the appendix on woodlots which was supplied by GATE.
+Anne Beamish
+Will Donovan
+January 1988
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g32bie.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g32bie.key
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@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+BIOGAS
+DESIGN
+ANIMAL PRODUCTION
+APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
+DESIGN
+DIGESTERS
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g32bie.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g32bie.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g32bie.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3887 @@
+<title>Biogas plants in animal husbandry</title>
+Uli Werner/Ulrich Stöhr/Nicolai Hees
+A Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE , a Division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH - 1989
+<section>Foreword</section>
+Biogas plants have become something of a permanent fixture in Technical Cooperation between the Federal Republic of Germany and partners in developing countries. Dating back to 1977, the first such projects were incorporated into cooperative efforts with Indian and Ethiopian organizations. At about the same time, the first GTZ project dealing solely with the transfer of biogas technology and the construction of biogas plants was launched in Cameroon.
+In the meantime, GTZ has assisted in building and commissioning several hundred biogas plants in Asia, Africa, South and Central America. While most of the systems, in question are on a small scale intended to supply family farms with energy and organic fertilizer, some large-scale systems with the capacity to generate more than 100 m³ of biogas daily have been installed on large stock farms and agroindustrial estates.
+In general, biogas technology is for rural areas. In addition to generating energy, biogas systems help stimulate ecologically beneficial closed-loop systems in the agricultural sector while serving to improve soil quality and promote progress in animal husbandry. Consequently, the promotion of biogas technology is regarded as an integral part of technical cooperation in rural areas and, hence, as a key sector of development cooperation on the part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
+Within the GTZ, biogas activities center on
+- the Biogas Extension Program (GATE), with interdisciplinary teams of extension officers presently working in four different countries:
+- the Special Energy Program (Mineral and Energy Resources Division), with rural energy-supply projects now ongoing in ten countries, and
+- projects engaged in by Division 14(animal production, animal health and fisheries), within which the importance of biogas technology as a flanking measure in animal husbandry is steadily increasing.
+By concentrating the engineering and operational experience gained in numerous biogas projects, this handbook is intended to serve project practicians and advisors as a valuable practical guideline with regard to technical, agricultural and socioeconomic aspects.
+Deutsche Gesellachaft fur Technische
+Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+Authors' Foreword
+Biogas plants constitute a widely disseminated branch of technology that came into use more than 30 years ago in Third World countries. There are hundreds of thousands of simple biogas plants now in operation, and each one of them helps improve the living and working conditions of people in rural areas.
+While this guide deals only with biogas systems of simple design, the technology is nonetheless sufficiently complex and rewarding to warrant one's close attention to its proper application, planning and construction. The only good biogas system is a well-planned, carefully executed and properly functioning one that fulfills its purpose.
+This guide addresses the planners and providers of stock-farming and agricultural-extension services in developing countries. It is intended to serve as:
+- a source of information on the potentials of and prerequisites for biogas technology,
+- a decision-making and planning aid for the construction and dissemination of biogas plants
+- a book of reference for information on practical experience and detailed data.
+While consulting experts, extension officers and advisors with little experience in biogas technology will find this guideline useful as an initial source of information, biogas practicians can use it as a hands-on manual. The tables and engineering drawings contained herein provide standard values for practical application. They were compiled from numerous extraneous and proprietary works of reference and then modified as necessary for practical use. The informational content draws chiefly on the latest know-how and experience of numerous associates involved in the various biogas projects of the GTZ Special Energy Program and the GATE/GTZ Biogas Extension Program, of L. Sasse and a great many Third World colleagues and, last but not least, OEKOTOP's own project experience.
+We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our colleagues for their cooperation and the constructive criticism that attended the writing of this handbook. Our appreciation also to GATE and the GTZ division Animal Production, Animal Health and Fisheries, who made this guideline possible. Special thanks also to Klaus von Mitzlaff for the section on gas-driven engines and to Uta Borges for her special elaboration of the aspects economic evaluation, social acceptance and dissemination.
+We wish every success to all users of this guide. Feedback in the form of suggestions and criticism is gratefully welcomed.
+The OEKOTOP Authors
+<section>1. An introduction to biogas technology</section>
+Biogas technology
+. . . is a modern, ecology-oriented form of appropriate technology based on the decomposition of organic materials by putrefactive bacteria at suitable, stable temperatures. A combustible mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, commonly referred to as biogas, develops under air exclusion (leaving behind digested slurry) in the digester - the heart of - any biogas plant.
+To ensure continuous gas production, the biogas plant must be fed daily with an ample supply of substrate, preferably in liquid and chopped or crushed form. The slurry is fed into the digester by way of the mixing pit. If possible, the mixing pit should be directly connected to the livestock housing by a manure gutter. Suitable substrates include:
+- dung from cattle, pigs, chickens, etc.,
+- green plants and plant waste,
+- agroindustrial waste and wastewater.
+Wood and ligneous substances are unsuitable.
+Biogas guideline data
+Suitable digesting temperature:
+20 - 35 °C
+Retention time:
+40 - 100 days
+Biogas energy content:
+6 kWh/m³ = 0.61 diesel fuel
+Biogas generation:
+0.3-0.5 m³ gas/m³ digester volume x day
+1 cow yields:
+9-15 kg dung/day = 0.4m³ gas/day
+1 pig yields:
+2-3 kg dung/day = 0.15 m³ gas/day
+Gas requirement for cooking:
+0.1-0.3 m³ /person
+for 1 lamp:
+0.1-0.15 m³ /h
+for engines:
+0.6 m³/kWh
+A simple 8 - 10 m³ biogas plant produces 1.5-2 m³ and 1001 digested-slurry fertilizer per day on dung from 3-5 head of cattle or 8 - 12 pigs. With that much biogas, a 6 - 8 person family can:
+- cook 2-3 meals or
+- operate one refrigerator all day and two lamps for 3 hours or
+- operate a 3 kW motor generator for 1 hour.
+Of the many alternative forms of agricultural biogas systems, two basic types have gained widespread acceptance by reason of their time-tested reliability and propagability:
+- floating-drum plants with a floating metal gasholder,
+- fixed-dome plants with gas storage according to the displacement principle.
+The main difference between the two is that the biogas generated in a fixed-dome plant collects in the domed roof of the digester, while that produced in a floating-drum plant collects in a metal gasholder. The gasholder, the purpose of which is to cover peak demand, is directly hooked up to the consumers (kitchen, living quarters, refrigerator, motor generator, . . .) by way of pipes.
+Plant construction is effected with as much local material as possible, i.e.:
+- bricks, rocks, sand, cement for the digester,
+- metal or plastic tubes for the gas pipes,
+- metal for the gasholder,
+- gas valves, fittings and appliances.
+Target groups and applications
+The prime field of application for biogas plants is family farms, particularly those engaging in animal husbandry. Also, biogas plants are a proven successful means of disposal for wastewater and organic waste. Differentiation is made between the following groups of users:
+- Small and medium-sized farms equipped with family-size plants (6-25 m³ digester) use biogas for cooking and lighting. The installation of a biogas plant usually goes hand in hand with a transition to either overnight stabling or zero grazing. The modified stabling, coupled with the more intensive care given to the animals, improves the quality of animal husbandry as an inherent advantage of biogas technology.
+- Specialized stock-farming operations involving the medium to large-scale production of cattle, pigs and/or poultry can use medium-to-large biogas systems with digester volumes ranging from 50 m³ upward. The resultant safe disposal of fresh manure is a real contribution toward environmental protection, particularly with regard to the prevention of water pollution. Moreover, that contribution is rewarding for the farmer, too, since the biogas constitutes an autonomous source of energy for production processes.
+- For agroindustrial estates and slaughterhouses, the pro-biogas arguments are similar to those mentioned above in connection with stock farms: safe disposal of potentially hazardous solid and liquid waste materials, coupled with a private, independent source of energy for generating electricity, powering coolers, etc.
+- Biogas plants in schools, hospitals and other public institutions provide a hygienic means of toilet/kitchen-waste disposal and a low-cost alternative source of energy. Schools in particular can serve as multipliers for the dissemination of information on biogas.
+Gas appliances
+A number of Third World manufacturers offer specially designed cooking burners and lamps that operate on biogas. Standard commercial cookers and lamps can also be converted to run on biogas.
+Diesels and spark-ignition engines can be fueled with biogas following proper modification; diesel engines prefer a mixture of biogas and diesel fuel. Biogas-fueled refrigerators, though not very efficient, are attractive alternatives for hospitals, schools and restaurants without electrification.
+Slurry utilization
+The digested slurry from biogas plants is a valuable organic fertilizer, since most of the main nutrients (N, P, K) are preserved. In areas where regular fertilizing is uncommon, the use of digested slurry for that purpose requires intensive counseling of the farmer. Biogas technology can play an important role in self-sustaining ecofarming.
+The advantages of biogas technology
+. . . for the user consist chiefly of direct monetary returns, less work and various qualitative benefits.
+The monetary returns consist mainly of:
+- savings on kerosene, diesel fuel, bottled gas and, possibly, wood or charcoal,
+- an additional energy supply for commercial activities,
+- savings on chemical fertilizers and/or additional income from higher agricultural yields.
+The qualitative benefits are:
+- easier, cleaner cooking and better hygiene,
+- better lighting during the evening hours,
+- energy independence,
+- improved stock-farming practice,
+- good soil structure thanks to fertilization with digested sludge.
+The regional and overall domestic significance derives from the following merits and aspects:
+- development of a reliable, decentralized source of energy operated and monitored by the users themselves,
+- less local deforestation,
+- improved conditions of agricultural production,
+- more work and income for local craftsmen,
+- infrastructural development,
+- expanded indigenous technological know-how.
+While the absolute figures corresponding to the above effects may often be marginal as compared to the overall economy; they nonetheless have a noticeable impact within the project region.
+Cost of construction, amortization
+As a rule, it costs DM 1000 or more to install a masonry biogas plant, including all peripheral equipment, i.e. improved stabling, gas appliances, piping, etc. A favorable payback period of less than 5 years can be anticipated for such an investment, if the biogas is used in place of a commercial energy source like kerosene or firewood, but not if it is used as a substitute for "free" firewood.
+Dissemination of biogas technology
+Thanks to the broad scale of potential uses for biogas, in conjunction with an increasingly advanced state of technical development' numerous developing countries are intensively promoting the dissemination of biogas plants. The undisputed leaders are the PR China (4.5 million plants), India (200 000 plants) and Brazil (10 000 plants). Other countries also have launched biogas dissemination programs with some or all of the following components:
+- development of appropriate appliances and plants,
+- establishment of technology and advisory-service centers,
+- continuous support for the users,
+- training of biogas practicians,
+- advertising and promotional activities,
+- assistance for private craftsmen,
+- provision of financing assistance.
+Criteria for the utilization of biogas technology
+Building a biogas plant is not the kind of project that can be taken care of "on the side" by anyone, least of all by a future user with no experience in biogas technology. The finished plant would probably turn out to be poorly planned, too expensive and, at best, marginally functionable - all of which would disappoint the user and spoil the prospects for the construction of additional plants. Consequently, the following rules of thumb should be observed:
+- There are workable alternatives to biogas technology:
+Regarding energy: energy-saving cookstoves, afforestation, wind/solar energy, small-scale hydropower, etc.; better access to commercial energy supplies
+Regarding fertilization: spreading or composting of fresh dung
+Regarding animal husbandry: pasturing instead of stabling in combination with a biogas plant.
+Any decision in favor of or against the installation of a biogas plant should be based on due consideration of how it compares to other alternatives according to technical, economic, ecological and socioeconomic criteria.
+- Both the available supply of substrate and the energy requirements must be accurately calculated, because the biogas plant would not be worth the effort if its energy yield did not cover a substantial share of the energy requirements.
+- The system must be properly built in order to minimize the maintenance & repair effort.
+- Siting alternatives must be painstakingly compared, and only a really suitable location should be selected for the biogas plant.
+The financial means of the plant's user must not be overextended (risk of excessive indebtedness).
+<section>2. A planning guide</section>
+<section>2.1 Introduction</section>
+This guide to planning is intended to serve agricultural extension officers as a comprehensive tool for arriving at decisions concerning the suitability of locations for family-size biogas plants. The essential siting con-ditions capable of influencing the decision for or against a biogas plant are covered (cf. figure 2.1 for a summary survey). The detailed planning outline (table 2.1) has a `'data" column for entering the pertinent information and a "rating" column for noting the results of evaluation.
+Evaluation criteria
++ Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable, but
+a) compensable by project activities,
+b) not serious enough to cause ultimate failure,
+- Siting condition not satisfied / not satisfiable
+Information on how to obtain and evaluate the individual data can be found in the corresponding chapters of this manual by following the pointers provided in the "reference" column. .
+Despite its detailed nature, this planning guide is, as intended, nothing more than a framework within which the extension officer should proceed to conduct a careful investigation and give due consideration, however subjectively, to the individual conditions in order to arrive at a locally practical solution. By no means is this planning guide intended to relieve the agricultural extension officer of his responsibility to thoroughly familiarize himself with the on the-spot situation and to judge the overall value of a given location on the basis of the knowledge thus gained.
+2.2 Detailed Planning Guide
+Table 2.1: Detailed planning guide for biogas plants
+Item
+Reference
+Data
+Rating
+0. Initial situation
+Addresses/project characterization
+Plant acronym:
+Address of operator/customer:
+Place/region/counky:
+Indigenous proj. org./executing org.:
+Extension officer/advisor:
+General user data
+Household structure and no. of persons:
+User's economic situation:
+Animals: kind, quantity, housing:
+Crops: types, areas, manner of cultivation:
+Non-agricultural activity:
+Household/farmincome:
+Cultural and social characteristics of user:
+Problems leading to the "biogas" approach
+Energy-supply bottlenecks:
+Workload for prior source of energy:
+Poor soil structure/yields:
+Erosion/deforestation:
+Poor hygiene . . ., other factors:
+Objectives of the measure "biogas plant"
+User interests:
+Project interests:
+Other interests:
+1. Natural / Agricultural conditions
+Natural conditions
+Chapter 3.1
+Mean annual temperature:
+Seasonal fluctuations:
+Diurnal variation:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Subsoil
+Chapter 3.1
+Type of soil:
+Groundwater table, potable water catchment area:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Ratings: + Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable but compensable and/or not too serious
+- Siting condition not satisfied / not satisfable
+Water conditions
+Chapter 3.1
+Climate zone:
+Table 3.1
+Annual precipitation:
+Dry season (months):
+Distance to source of water:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Livestock inventory, useful for biogas
+Chapter 3.2/3.3
+production
+Animals: kind and quantity:
+Type and purpose of housing:
+Use of dung:
+Persons responsible for animals:
+Rating:
+Vegetable waste, useful for biogas production
+Chapter 3.2/3.3
+Types and quantities:
+Prior use:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Fertilization
+Chapter 3.4
+Customary types and quantities of fertilizer/areas fertilized:
+Organic fertilizer familiar/in use:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Potential sites for biogas plant
+Chapter 3.3
+Combined stabling/biogas plant possible:
+Distance between biogas plant and livestock housing:
+Distance between biogas plant and place of gas consumption:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Overall rating 4
++ o -
+2. Balancing the energy demand with the biogas production
+Chapter 4
+Prior energy supply
+Chapter 4
+Uses, source of energy, consumption:
+Anticipated biogas demand (kWh/day or l/d)
+Chapter 5.5.3
+for cooking:
+Table 5.17
+for lighting:
+Table 5.20
+for cooling:
+Table 5.22
+for engines:
+Chapter 5.5.4
+Total gas demand
+Chapter 4.1
+a) percentage that must be provided by the biogas plant:
+b) desired demand coverage:
+Ratings: + Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable but compensable and/or not too serious
+- Siting condition not satisfied / not satisfiable
+Available biomass (kg/d) and potential gas production (l/d)
+Chapter 3/4
+from animal husbandry
+Table 3.2
+...pigs:
+Table 3.5
+...poultry:
+Table 4.3
+...cattle:
+Figure 5.2
+Night soil
+Table 3.2
+Vegetable waste (quantities and potential gas yield)
+Table 3.3
+Table 3.5
+Totals: biomass and potential gas production
+Chapter 4.2
+a) easy to procure:
+b) less easy to procure:
+Balancing
+Chapter 4.4
+Gas production clearly greater than gas demand = positive rating (+)
+Gas demand larger than gas production
+= negative rating (-); but review of results in order regarding:
+a) possible reduction of gas demand by the following measures
+b) possible increase in biogas production by the following measures
+If the measures take hold:
+= qualified positive rating for the plant location (o)
+If the measures do not take hold:
+= site rating remains negative (-)
+Overall rating 2
++ o -
+3. Plant Design and Construction
+Chapter 5
+Selection of plant design
+Chapter 5.3
+Locally customary type of plant:
+Arguments in favor of floating-drum plant:
+Chapter 5.3.1
+Arguments in favor of fixed-dome plant:
+Chapter 5.3.2
+Arguments in favor of other plant(s):
+Chapter 5.3.3
+Type of plant chosen:
+Selection of site
+Ratings: + Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable but compensable and/or not too serious
+- Siting condition not satisfied / not satisfiable
+Availability of building materials
+Bricks/blocks/stone:
+Cement:
+Metal:
+Sand:
+Piping/fittings:
+Miscellaneous:
+Availability of gas appliances
+Cookers:
+Lamps:
+Overall rating 3
++ o -
+4. Plant operation / maintenance / repair
+Chapter 7
+Assessment of plant operation
+Chapter 7.1
+Incidental work:
+Chapter 7.2
+Work expenditure in h:
+Persons responsible:
+Rating with regard to anticipated implementation:
++ o -
+Plant maintenance
+Chapter 7.3
+Maintenance-intensive components:
+Maintenance work by user:
+Table 7.2
+Maintenance work by external assistance:
+Rating with regard to anticipated implementation:
++ o -
+Plant repair
+Chapter 7.4
+Components liable to need repair:
+Repairs that can be made by the user:
+Repairs requiring external assistance:
+Requisite materials and spare parts:
+Rating with regard to expected
+repair services:
++ o -
+Overall rating 4
++ o -
+5. Economic analysis
+Chapter 8
+Time-expenditure accounting
+Chapter 8.2
+Time saved with biogas plant
+Table 8.1
+Time lost due to biogas plant
+Rating:
+Ratings: + Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable but compensable and/or not too serious
+- Siting condition not satisfied / not satisfiable
+Microeconomic analysis
+Chapter 8.3
+Initial investment:
+Table 8.2
+Cost of operation/maintenance/repair:
+Return on investment:energy, fertilizer, otherwise:
+Payback time (static):
+Table 8.3
+Productiveness (static):
+Rating:
++ o -
+Quality factors, useful socioeconomic effects and costs
+Chapter 8.5
+Useful effects: hygiene, autonomous energy, better
+lighting, better working conditions, prestige:
+Drawbacks: need to handle night soil, negative social impact:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Overall rating 5
++ o -
+6. Social acceptance and potential for dissemination
+Chapter 9
+Anticipated acceptance
+Chapter 9.1
+Participation in planning and construction:
+Integration into agricultural setting:
+Integration into household: .
+Sociocultural acceptance:
+Rating:
+Establishing a dessemination strategy
+Chapter 9.2
+Conditions for and chances of the professional craftsman approach:
++ o -
+Conditions for and chances of the self-help oriented approach:
++ o -
+General conditions for dissemination
+Project-executing organization and its staffing:
+Chapter 9.3
+Organizational structure:
+interest and prior experience in biogas technology:
+Regional infrastructure for transportation and communication:
+material procurement:
+Craftsman involvement, i.e.
+Chapter 9.4
+which activities:
+minimum qualifications:
+tools and machines:
+Training for engineers, craftsman and users:
+Chapter 9.5
+Ratings: + Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable but compensable and/or not too serious
+- Siting condition not satisfied/not satisfiable
+Proprietary capital, subsidy/credit requirement
+on the part of
+Chapter 9.6
+user:
+craftsmen:
+Rating:
++ o -
+Overall rating 6
++ o -
+7. Summarization
+Siting conditions
+No.
+Rating
+Natural/agricultural conditions
++ o -
+Balancing the energy demand and the biogas production
++ o -
+Plant design and construction
++ o -
+Plant operation/maintenance/repair
++ o -
+Economic analysis
++ o -
+Social acceptance and potential for dissemination
++ o -
+Overall rating of siting conditions
++ o -
+Ratings: + Siting condition favorable
+o Siting condition unfavorable but compensable and/or not too serious
+- Siting condition not satisfied / not satisfiable
+Following assessment as in table 2.1, the biogas-plant site in question can only be regarded as suitable, if most of the siting factors have a favorable (+) rating. This applies in particularly to item 2, the positive energy balance, meaning that the potential biogas production must cover the gas demand.
+If the favorable and unfavorable ratings are fairly well balanced, the more decisive factors should be re-evaluated to determine the extent to which supplementary measures could provide the missing conditions for building and operating a biogas plant despite some reservations but without injustifiable effort. Then, if the overall evaluation does not swing toward the positive side, the plant should not be built. If the site is given a favorable rating, further planning hints can be taken from the following checklist.
+<section>2.3 Checklist for building a biogas plant</section>
+1. Finishing the planning, i.e. site evaluation, determination of energy demand and biomass supply/biogas yield, plant sizing, selection of plant design, how and where to use the biogas, etc., ail in accordance with the above planning guide.
+2. Stipulate the plant's location and elaborate a site plan, including all buildings, gas pipes, gas appliances and fields to be fertilized with digested slurry.
+3. Draft a technical drawing showing all plant components, i.e. mixing pit, connection to stabling, inlet/outlet, digester, gasholder, gas pipes, slurry storage.
+4. Preparation of material/personnel requirements list and procurement of materials needed for the chosen plant:
+- bricks/stones/blocks for walls and foundation
+- sand, gravel
+- cement/lime
+- inlet/outlet pipes
+- metal parts (sheet metal, angle irons, etc.)
+- gas pipes and fittings
+- paint and sealants
+- gas appliances
+- tools
+- mason and helper
+- unskilled labor
+- workshops for metal (gasholder) and pipe installation.
+5. Material/personnel assignment planning, i.e. procedural planning and execution of:
+- excavation
+- foundation slab
+- digester masonry
+- gasholder
+- rendering and sealing the masonry
+- mixing pit
+- slurry storage pit
+- drying out the plant
+- installing the gas pipe
+- acceptance inspection.
+6. Regular building supervision.
+7. Commissioning
+- functional inspection of the biogas plant and its components - starting the plant
+8. Filling the plant.
+9. Training the user.
+<section>3. The agricultural setting</section>
+<section>3.1 Natural parameters for biogas plants of simple design</section>
+Climate zones
+A minimum temperature of 15 °C is required for anaerobic fermentation of organic material (cf. chapter 5.1). Since simple biogas plants are unheated, they can only be used in climatic zones in which the minimum temperature is not fallen short of for any substantial length of time. In general, this is true of the area located between the two tropics, i.e. in the geographic region referred to as the "Tropics".
+In the climatic sense, however, the Tropics are inhomogeneous, containing various climatic zones with their own typical forms of vegetation and agricultural practices. Proceeding on that basis, it may be said that a particular zone does or does not qualify as a "biogas zone'' (cf. table 3.1).
+With the exception of subtropical arid regions (deserts and semideserts), all tropical climates are characterized by:
+- increasingly small diurnal and seasonal temperature variation in the direction of the equator,
+- decreasing annual rainfall and number of humid months with increasing distance from the equator.
+This basic zonal breakdown, though, is altered in several ways by other climatic factors such as wind, elevation and ocean currents. Consequently, the climatic zones serve only as a basis for rough orientation with regard to the climatic evaluation of potential sites for biogas plants. The locally prevailing climatic conditions are decisive and must be ascertained on the spot.
+Table 3.1: Climatic zones and their suitability for biogas plants (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Climatic zone
+Factors of relevance for biogas generation
+As biogas zone:
+Tropical rain forest
+Annual rainfall > 1500 mm;unfavorable
+temperature fairly constant at 25-28 °C; little animal husbandry due to various diseases, i.e. scarcity of dung; vegetable waste from permacultures and gardening
+Wet savanna
+Water usually available all year (rainfall: 800-1500 mm), livestock farming on the increase, integral farms (crop farming + livestock)
+favorable
+Dry savanna
+Short rainy season, long dry season; most livestock pastured, but some integral farming
+possible
+Thornbush steppe
+Short rainy season (rainfall: 200400 mm) extensive-type pasturing (nomads, cattle farmers), dung uncollectable; shortage of water
+unsuitable
+Dry hot desert
+unsuitable
+Soil conditions
+Since the digesters of simple biogas plants are situated underground, the temperature of the soil is of decisive importance. It depends on the surface structure, the type of soil and the water content. The soil temperature usually varies less than the air temperature, e.g. tropical soils show nearly constant temperature at a depth of 30-60 cm. Due to lower absorption, the temperature amplitude of light soils is smaller than of dark soils. Since moist soil appears darker than dry soil, the same applies with regard to temperature amplitude. As a rule of thumb, the region's mean annual temperature may be taken as the soil temperature in tropical areas.
+For biogas plants with unlined digesters and/ or underground masonry, it is important to know the stability of the soil structure. The stability of a given soil increases along with the bedding density. Natural soils are generally stable enough for biogas plants. Caution is called for, however, in the case of alluvial and wet, silty soils. Most of the laterite soil prevailing in the tropics shows high structural stability and is therefore quite suitable for biogas plants with unlined digesters. Unlined earth pits usually become more or less impermeable within a short time, but preparatory seepage trials should be conducted in exploratory holes, just to make sure. Previous experience has shown that seepage can drop to below 5% of the initial rate within a week. In the case of large-scale biogas plants, it is always advisable to have an expert check the soil stability.
+Biogas plants should never be located in groundwater, areas subject to flooding, or near wells. On the other hand, an adequate supply of water must be available in the immediate vicinity of the biogas plant, because the substrate must be diluted. If the direction of groundwater flow is known, the biogas plant should be placed downstream of the well.
+<section>3.2 Suitable types of biomass and their characteristics</section>
+Practically any kind of watery organic substance is suitable for anaerobic digestion. The agricultural residues and waste materials that can be used as substrate for biogas plants consist chiefly of:
+- waste from animal husbandry, e.g. dung, urine, fodder residue and manure, .
+- vegetable waste, e.g. straw, grass, garden residue, etc. (though such materials do not ferment well alone),
+- household waste like night soil, garbage, wastewater, etc.
+Solid and liquid agroindustrial waste materials, from slaughterhouses for example, and wastewater from sugar/starch processing are not gone into here, since small-scale biogas plants of simple design would not suffice in that connection (cf. chapter 6).
+Waste from animal husbandry
+Most simple biogas plants are "fueled" with manure (dung and urine), because such substrates usually ferment well and produce good biogas yields. Quantity and composition of manure are primarily dependent on:
+- the amount of fodder eaten and its digestibility; on average, 40 - 80% of the organic content reappears as manure (cattle, for example, excrete approximately 1/3 of their fibrous fodder),
+- quality of fodder utilization and the liveweight of the animals.
+It is difficult to offer approximate excrement-yield values, because they are subject to wide variation. In the case of cattle, for example, the yield can amount to anywhere from 8 to 40 kg per head and day, depending on the strain in question and the housing intensity. Manure yields should therefore be either measured or calculated on a liveweight basis, since there is relatively good correlation between the two methods.
+The quantities of manure listed in table 3.2 are only then fully available, if all of the anirnals are kept in stables all of the time and if the stables are designed for catching urine as well as dung (cf. chapter 3.3).
+Thus, the stated values will be in need of correction in most cases. If cattle are only kept in night stables, only about 1/3 to 1/2 as much manure can be collected. For cattle stalls with litter, the total yields will include 2 - 3 kg litter per animal and day.
+Table 3.2: Standard liveweight values of animal husbandry and average manure yields (dung and urine) as percentages of liveweight (Source: Kaltwasser 1980, Williamson and Payne 1980)
+Species
+Daily manure yield as % of liveweight
+Fresh-manure solids
+Liveweight
+(kg)
+dung
+urine
+TS (%)
+VS (%)
+Cattle
+Buffalo
+Pigs
+Sheep/goats
+Chickens
+Human
+Table 3.3: TS and VS-contents of green plants
+(Source: Memento de l'agronome 1984)
+Material
+TS
+VS
+(% of TS)
+Rice straw
+Wheat straw
+Corn straw
+Fresh grass
+Water hyacinth
+Bagasse
+Vegetable residue
+Vegetable waste
+Crop residue and related waste such as straw, cornstalks, sugar-beet leaves, etc. are often used as fodder and sometimes processed into new products, e.g. straw rnats. Consequently, only such agricultural "waste" that is not intended for some other use or for composting should be considered.
+Most green plants are well-suited for anaerobic fermentation. Their gas yields are high, usually above that of manure (cf. table 3.5). Wood and woody parts of plants resist anaerobic fermentation and should therefore not be used in biogas plants. Due to the poor flow properties of plant material and its tendency to form floating scum, it can only be used alone in a batch-type plant. In practice, however, batch plants are unpopular because of the need for intermittent charging and emptying.
+In continuous-type family-size biogas plants, crop residue therefore should only be used as an addition to animal excrements. Any fibrous material like straw has to be chopped up to 2 - 6cm - and even that does not fully preclude scum formation.
+Table 3.4: Digestion characteristics of animal-husbandry residues (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Substrate
+Scum formation/ sedimentation
+Digestion
+Recommended retention time (days)
+Gas yield compared to cattle manure
+Cattle manure
+none
+none
+very stable
+ditto, plus 10% straw
+heavy
+slight
+very stable
+Pig manure
+slight to heavy
+heavy to slight
+Danger of "tilting", i.e. acidification, at the beginning; slow run-up with cattle manure necessary
+ditto, plus 10% straw
+heavy
+slight
+ditto
+Chicken manure
+slight to heavy
+heavy
+Slow run-upwith cattle manure advisable; danger of "tilting"
+Sheep/gcat manure manure
+medium to heavy
+none
+stable
+Table 3.5: Mean gas yields from various types of agricultural biomass (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Substrate
+Gas-yield range (1/kg VS)
+Average gas yield (1/kg VS)
+Pig manure
+Cow manure
+Poultry manure
+Horse manure
+Sheep manure
+Stable manure
+Grain skew
+Corn straw
+Rice straw
+Grass
+Elephant grass
+Bagasse
+Vegetable residue
+Water hyacinth
+Algae
+Sewage sludge
+Table 3.6: C/N-ratios of varios substrates (Source: Barnett 1978)
+Substrate
+C/N
+Urine
+Cattle dung
+Pig dung
+Chicken manure
+Sheep/goat dung
+Human excrements
+Grain straw
+Corn straw
+Fresh grass
+Water hyacinth
+Vegetable residue
+Digestion characteristics and gas yields
+As long as the total solids content of the substrate does not substantially exceed 10%, simple biogas plants can be expected to operate smoothly on a mixture of animal excrements and plant material (straw, fodder waste).
+Manure from ruminants, particularly cattle, is very useful for starting the fermentation process, because it already contains the necessary methanogenic bacteria. On the other hand, the gas yield from cattle dung is lower than that obtained from chickens or pigs, since cattle draw a higher percentage of nutrients out of the fodder' and the leftover lignin complexes from high-fiber fodder are very resistant to anaerobic fermentation. Urine, with its low organic content, contributes little to the ultimate gas yield but substantially improves the fertilizing effect of the digested slurry and serves in diluting the substrate.
+The carbon(C)/nitrogen(N)-ratio of animal and human excrements is normally favorable for the purposes of anaerobic fermentation (9 - 25:1), while that of plant material usually indicates an excessive carbon content.
+In many cases, various substrates should be mixed together in order to ensure a favorable gas yield while stabilizing the fermentation process and promoting gas production. The following formulae can be used to calculate the C/N-ratio and total-solids content of a given mixture:
+MC/N = [(C/N1 x Wl) + (C/N2 x W2) + . . . + (C/Nn x Wn)]/(W1 + W2 + . . . + Wn)
+MTS = [(TSI x Wl) + (TS2 x W2) + . . . + (TSn x Wn)]/(W1 +W2 + ... + Wn)
+MC/N = C/N-ratio of mixed substrate, MTS = TS-content of mixed substrate, C/N = C/N-ratio of individual substrate, W = weight of individual substrate, TS = TS-content of fresh material.
+<section>3.3 Agricultural/operational prerequisites and stock-farming requirements</section>
+In order to fulfill the prerequisites for successful installation and operation of a biogas plant, the small farm in question must meet three basic requirements regarding its agricultural production system:
+- availability of sufficient biomass near the biogas plant,
+- use for digested slurry as fertilizer,
+- practical use(s) for the biogas yield.
+Farms marked by a good balance between animal husbandry and crop farming offer good prerequisites for a biogas tie-in. Unfortunately, however, such farms are rare in tropical countries. In numerous Third World countries, animal husbandry and stock farming are kept separate by tradition.
+As the world population continues to grow, and arable land becomes increasingly scarce as a result, the available acreage must be used more intensively. In wet savannas, for example, the fallow periods are being shortened, even though they are important for maintaining soil fertility. In order to effectively counter extractive agriculture, animal husbandry must be integrated into the crop farming system, not least for its fertilizing effect. On the other hand, systematic manuring is only possible as long as collectible dung is allowed to accumulate via part-time or full-time stabling.
+The installation of a biogas plant can be regarded as worthwhile, if at least 20-40 kg manure per day is available as substrate. This requires keeping at least 3 - 5 head of cattle, 8-12 pigs or 16-20 sheep/goats in a round-the-clock stabling arrangement. The achievable gas yield suffices as cooking fuel for a family of 4-6 persons. That, in turn, means that the farm must be at least about 3 hectares in size, unless either freely accessible pastures are available or extra fodder is procured. Crop residue like rice straw, sorghum straw, cornstalks, banana stalks, etc. should be chopped up, partially composted and mixed with animal excrements for use in the fermentation process (cf. chapter 3.2).
+Table 3.7: Biogas compatibility of farm types (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Type of farm
+Characteristics of relevance to biogas generation
+Rating as site for biogas plant
+Stock farming only
+Pasturing (nomadic, ranching, etc.)
+Intensive stationary fattening
+unsuitable suitable
+Crop farming only
+Crop residue only; fermentation difficult
+normally unsuitable
+Mixed Agriculture
+Stock farming for:
+- animal power
+Mostly nighttime stabling; only a few animals; 50% of dung collectible
+possible
+- meat production
+extensive
+Pasturing; no stabling; dung wasted
+unsuitable
+intensive
+Fattening in stables; dung directly usable
+suitable
+- milk production
+Frequently permanent stabling; all dung and urine usable
+suitable
+Crop farming:
+- vegetables
+Near house; crop residue and water available year-round
+possible!
+- field-tilling
+unirrigated
+1 harvest per year, scarcity of fodder, long-distance hauling of water and manure
+unsuitable
+irrigated
+2-3 harvests per year; water available, small fields
+possible
+Adding a biogas plant to an integrated agricultural production system not only helps save firewood and preserve forests, but also contributes toward sustained soil fertility through organic fertilization and ensures the long-term crop-bearing capacity of the soil. Work involving the dissemination of biogas. technologies must account for and call attention to that complex relationship. If no organic fertilizing has been done before, a biogas plant will mean more work. Organic waste has to be collected and afterwards spread on the fields. Only if the owner is willing to invest the extra effort can the biogas plant be expected to serve well in the long term.
+There are two central demands to be placed on the stock-farming system in relation to biogas utilization:
+- permanent or part-time stabling or penning and
+- proximity of the stables or pens to the place of gas utilization (usually the farmhouse).
+If the distance between the stables/pens and the place of gas utilization is considerable, either the substrate must be hauled to the biogas plant (extra work) or the gas must be transferred to the place of use (cost of installing a supply pipe). Either of the two would probably doom the biogas plant to failure. The best set of circumstances is given, when
+- the animal excrements can flow directly into the biogas plant by exploiting a natural gradient,
+- the distance of flow is short, and
+- the stables have a concrete floor to keep contamination like soil and sand from getting into the plant while allowing collection of urine.
+Cattle pens
+Dung from earth-floor pens has a very high total-solids content (TS up to 60%), and the urine is lost. Daily collection is tedious and there is no way to prevent sand from getting into the digester. Consequently, at the same time a biogas plant is being installed, concrete floors should be installed in such pens and provided with a collecting channel. This increases the total cost of the biogas plant, but is usually justified, since it lowers the subsequent work input, helps ensure regular feeding of the plant, reduces the chance of hoof disease and keeps sand and stones out of the digester. The overall effect is to enhance acceptance of the biogas plant.
+The collecting channels can be designed as open gutters or covered ducts. Concrete split tiles serve well as construction material for the second (more expensive) version. The slots should be about 2 - 3 cm wide, i.e. wide enough to let the dung pass through, but not wide enough to cause injury to the animals.
+Cattle dung dries rapidly in a hot climate, particularly if the pen has no roof. The cleaning water also serves to liquefy the dung and reduce its TS content to 5-10%. for the purposes of fermentation. The main advantage of this system is that the pens can be cleaned and the biogas plant filled in a single operation. The collecting channel should be designed to yield a floating-manure system with gates at the ends, so that a whole day's dung and cleaning water can collect at once. The advantages:
+- easy visual control of the daily substrate input,
+- prevention of collecting-channel blockage due to dung sticking to the walls and drying out,
+- adding the substrate at the warmest time of day, which can be very important in areas with low nighttime temperatures.
+1. Water through, 2 Feeding through, 3 Collecting channel, 4 Sand and rocks, 5 Concrete (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Intensive forms of animal husbandry often involve the problem of excessive water consumption for cleaning, which leads to large quantities of wastewater, dilute substrate and unnecessarily large biogas plants (cf. chapter 6). In areas where water is scarce, the digester drain-water can be used for scrubbing down the pens and diluting the fresh substrate, thus reducing the water requirement by 30-40%.
+Stables
+Differentiation is generally made between:
+- stabling systems with litter and
+- stabling systems without litter, with the design details of the stalls appropriate to the type of animal kept.
+For use in a biogas plant, any straw used as litter must be reduced in size to 2-6 cm. Sawdust has poor fermenting properties and should therefore not be used.
+Cattle shelter
+Variants suitable for connection to a biogas plant include:
+- Stanchion barns with a slurry-flush or floating removal system (no litter) or dung collecting (with litter),
+- Cow-cubicle barns with collecting channel (no litter).
+Piggeries
+The following options are well-suited for combination with a biogas plant:
+- barns with fully or partially slotted floors (no litter),
+- lying bays with manure gutter (no litter),
+- group bays (with or without litter).
+Liquid manure from swine normally has better flow properties than liquid manure from cattle, the main reason being that swine eat less fibrous material. Additionally, though, swine drop more urine than dung.
+In tropical countries, few pigsties have fully or partially slotted floors. Most pigs are kept in group bays. Figure 3.6 shows a schematic representation of a piggery with bays of different size to accommodate animals of various weight categories. The animals are moved in groups from one bay to the next as they grow.
+Chicken coops
+Hens kept in battery-brooding cages never have litter. Despite the name, straw yards can be managed with or without litter.
+In either system, the dry droppings are collected, transferred to the biogas plant and diluted to make them flowable. Feathers and sand are always problematic, since they successfully resist removal from the substrate. In many cases, the coop is only cleaned and disinfected once after the entire population is slaughtered. As a rule such systems are not suitable as a source of substrate for biogas plants.
+<section>3.4 Fertilizing with digested slurry</section>
+The practice of regular organic fertilizing is still extensively unknown in most tropical and subtropical countries. Due, however, to steady intensification of agricultural methods, e.g. abbreviated fallow intervals, some form of purposeful organic fertilizing, naturally including the use of digested slurry as fertilizer, would be particularly useful as a means of maintaining tropical soil fertility. Since Third World farmers have little knowledge of or experience in organic fertilizing methods, particularly with regard to the use of digested slurry, the scope of the following discussion is limited to the general plantgrowth efficiency factors of digested slurry.
+Fermentation-induced modification of substrate
+- Anaerobic digestion draws carbon, hydrogen and oxygen out of the substrate. The essential plant nutrients (N, P, K) remain, at least in principle, in place. The composition of fertilizing agents in digested slurry depends on the source material and therefore can be manipulated within certain limits.
+- For all practical purposes, the volume of the source material remains unchanged, since only some 35 - 50% of the organic substances (corresponding to 5 - 10% of the total volume) is converted to gas.
+- Fermentation reduces the C/N-ratio by removing some of the carbon, which has the advantage of increasing the fertilizing effect. Another favorable effect is that organically fixed nitrogen and other plant nutrients become mineralized and, hence, more readily available to the plants.
+- Well-digested slurry is practically oderless and does not attract flies.
+- Anaerobic digestion kills off or at least deactivates pathogens and worm ova, though the effect cannot necessarily be referred to as hygienization (cf. Table 3.8). Ninety-five percent of the ova and pathogens accumulate in the scum and sediment. Plant seeds normally remain more or less unaffected.
+- Compared to the source material, digested slurry has a finer, more homogeneous structure, which makes it easier to spread.
+Table 3.8: Survival time of pathogens in biogas plants (Source: Anaerobic Digestion 1985)
+Bacteria
+Thermophilic fermentation
+Mesophilic fermentation
+Psycrophilic fermentation
+53-55 °C
+35-37 °C
+8-25 °C
+Fatality
+Fatality
+Fatality
+Days
+Rate
+Days
+Rate
+Days
+Rate
+Salmonella
+Shigella
+Poliviruses
+Schistosoma ova
+hours
+Hookworm ova
+Ascaris ova
+Colititre
+Table 3.9: Concentration of nutrients in the digested slurry of various substrates!
+(Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Type of substrate
+N
+P2O5
+K2O
+CaO
+MgO
+--% TS--
+Cattle dung
+Pig dung
+Chicken manure
+Fertilizing properties
+The fertilizing properties of digested slurry are determined by how much mineral substances and trace elements it contains; in tropical soil, the nitrogen content is not necessarily of prime importance--lateritic soils, for example, are more likely to suffer from a lack of phosphorus. The organic content of digested slurry improves the soil's texture, stabilizes its humic content, intensifies its rate of nutrient-depot formation and increases its water-holding capacity. It should be noted that a good water balance is very important in organically fertilized soil, i.e. a shortage of water can wipe out the fertilizing effect.
+Very few data on yields and doses are presently available with regard to fertilizing with digested slurry, mainly because sound scientific knowledge and information on practical experience are lacking in this very broad domain. Table 3.10 lists some yield data on digested-slurry fertilizing in the People's Republic of China.
+For a practician faced with the task of putting digested slurry to good use, the following tendential observations may be helpful:
+- While the nitrogen content of digested slurry is made more readily available to the plants through the mineralization process, the yield effect of digested slurry differs only slightly from that of fresh substrate (liquid manure). This is chiefly attributable to nitrogen losses occurring at the time of distribution.
+- Digested slurry is most effective when it is spread on the fields just prior to the beginning of the vegetation period. Additional doses can be given periodically during the growth phase, with the amounts and timing depending on the crop in question. For reasons of hygiene, however, lettuce and vegetables should not be top-dressed.
+- The recommended quantities of application are roughly equal for digested slurry and stored liquid manure.
+- The requisite amount of digested-slurry fertilizer per unit area can be determined as a mineral equivalent, e.g. N-equivalent fertilization. The N, P and K doses depend on specific crop requirements as listed in the appropriate regional fertilizing tables.
+With a view to improving the overall effect of slurry fertilizer under the prevailing local boundary conditions, the implementation of a biogas project should include demonstration trials aimed at developing a regionally appropriate mode of digested-slurry application. For information on experimental systems, please refer to chapter 10.6 - Selected Literature.
+Proceeding on the assumption that the soil should receive as much fertilizer as needed to replace the nutrients that were extracted at harvesting time, each hectare will require an average dose of about 33 kg N, 11 kg P2O5 and 48 kg K2O to compensate for an annual yield of 1 - 1.2 tons of, say, sorghum or peanuts. Depending on the nutritive content of the digested slurry, 3-6 t of solid substance per hectare will be required to cover the deficit. For slurry with a moisture content of 90%, the required quantity comes to 30-60 t per hectare and year. That roughly corresponds to the annual capacity of a 6-8 m³ biogas plant.
+Like all other forms of organic fertilizing, digested slurry increases the humic content of the soil, and that is especially important in low-humus tropical soils. Humus improves the soil's physical properties, e.g. its aeration, water retention capacity, permeability, cation-exchange capacity, etc. Moreover, digested slurry is a source of energy and nutrients for soil-inhabiting microorganisms, which in turn make essential nutrients more available to the plants. Organic fertilizers are indispensable for maintaining soil fertility, most particularly in tropical areas.
+Table 3.10: Effects of digested slurry on crop yields (Source: Chengdu 1980)
+Plants tested
+Quantity of digested slurry
+Yield
+Increase
+with digested slurry
+with liquid manure
+(m³ /ha)
+(kg/ha)
+(kg/ha)
+Sweet potatoes
+Rice
+corn (maize)
+Cotton
+The importance of digested slurry as a fertilizer is underlined by the answers to the following questions:
+- How much chemical fertilizer cap be saved with no drop in yield?
+- Which yield levels can be achieved by fertilizing with digested slurry, as compared to the same amount of undigested material, e.g. stored or fermented liquid manure?
+- By how much can yields be increased over those from previously unfertilized soil? Depending on those answers, a certain monetary value can be attached to digested slurry, whereas the labor involved in preparing and applying the fertilizer must be given due consideration.
+Storing and application of digested slurry
+With a view to retaining the fertilizing quality of digested slurry, it should be stored only briefly in liquid form in a closed pit or tank and then applied to the fields. Liquid storage involves a certain loss of nitrogen due to the evaporation of ammonia. For that reason, and in order to limit the size of the required storage vessels (a 30-day supply corresponds to about 50% of the biogas plant volume), the storage period should be limited to 2-4 weeks. The resultant quasi-continuous mode of field fertilization (each 2-4 weeks), however, is in opposition to the standing criteria of optimum application, according to which fertilizer should only be applied 2-4 times per year, and then only during the plants' growth phase, when they are able to best exploit the additional nutrient supply.
+The practice of spreading liquid digested slurry also presents problems in that not only storage tanks are needed, but transport vessels as well, and the amount of work involved depends in part on how far the digested slurry has to be transported. For example, transporting 1 ton of dung a distance of 500 m in an oxcart takes about 5 hours (200 kg per trip). Distributing the dung over the fields requires another 3 hours or so.
+If, for reasons of economy and efficiency, liquid fertilizing should appear impractical' the digested slurry can be mixed with green material and composted. This would involve nitrogen losses amounting to 30 - 70%. On the other hand, the finished compost would be soil-moist, compact (spade able) and much easier to transport.
+If irrigated fields are located nearby, the digested slurry could be introduced into the irrigating system so that it is distributed periodically along with the irrigating water.
+<section>3.5 Integral agriculture</section>
+Integral agriculture, also referred to as biological or ecological farming, aims to achieve effective, low-cost production within a system of integrated cycles. Here, biogas technology can provide the link between animal husbandry and crop farming.
+Consider, for example, the planning of a GTZ project in Cote d'Ivoire. The project included the development of a model farm intended to exploit as efficiently as possible the natural resources soil, water, solar energy and airborne nitrogen.
+The integral agricultural system "Eco-ferme" (ecofarm) comprises the production elements gardening, crop farming (for food and animal fodder), stock farming (for meat and milk) and a fishpond. A central component of such closed-loop agricultural production is the biogas plant, which produces both household energy and digested slurry for use in the fishpond and as a fertilizer.
+The average family-size "eco-ferme" has 3 ha of farmland with the following crops:
+Fodder plants
+Panicum (for the rainy season)
+0.15 ha
+Sugar cane (for the dry season)
+0.50 ha
+Leucaena and brachiaria (mixed culture)
+0.50 ha
+Panicum, brachiaria and centrosema (mixed culture)
+0.50 ha
+Food plants
+Manioc
+0.20 ha
+Corn
+0.40 ha
+Yams
+0.10 ha
+Potatoes - beans
+0.10 ha
+Vegetables
+0.20 ha
+Rice and miscellaneous crops
+0.17 ha
+Four milk cows and three calves are kept year-round in stables. The cattle dung flows via collecting channels directly into a 13 m³ biogas plant. The biogas plant produces 3.5-4 m³ biogas daily for cooking and lighting. Part of the digested slurry is allowed to flow down the natural gradient into an 800 m² fishpond in order to promote the growth of algae, which serves as fish food. The remaining digested slurry is used as crop fertilizer.
+<section>4. Balancing the energy demand with the biogas production</section>
+All extension-service advice concerning agricultural biogas plants must begin with an estimation of the quantitative and qualitative energy requirements of the interested party. Then, the biogas-generating potential must be calculated on the basis of the given biomass incidence and compared to the energy demand. Both the energy demand and the gas-generating potential, however, are variables that cannot be very accurately determined in the planning phase.
+In the case of a family-size biogas plant intended primarily as a source of energy, implementation should only be recommended, if the plant can be expected to cover the calculated energy demand.
+Since determination of the biogas production volume depends in part on the size of' the biogas plant, that aspect is included in this chapter.
+4.1 Determining the Energy Demand
+The energy demand of any given farm is equal to the sum of all present and future consumption situations, i.e. cooking, lighting, cooling, power generation, etc. With deference to the general orientation of this manual, emphasis is placed on determining the energy demand of a typical family farm.
+Experience shows that parallel calculations according to different methods can be useful in avoiding errors in calculating the gas/ energy demand.
+Table 4.1: Outline for determining biogas demand (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Energy consumers
+data
+Biogas demand
+(l/d)
+1. Gas for cooking (Chapter 5.5.3)
+Number of persons
+Number of meals
+Present energy consumption
+Present source of energy
+Gas demand per person and meal (Table 5.17)
+Gas demand per meal
+Anticipated gas demand
+Specific consumption rate of burner
+Number of burners -
+Duration of burner operation
+Anticipated gas demand
+Total anticipated cooking-gas demand
+2. Lighting (Chapter 5.5.3)
+Specific gas consumption per lamp (Table 5.20)
+Number of lamps
+Duration of lamp operation
+Gas demand
+3. Cooling (Chapter 5.5.3)
+Specific gas consumption X 24 h (Table 5.22)
+4. Engines (Chapter 5.5.4)
+Specific gas consumption per kWh
+Engine output
+Operating time
+Gas demand
+5. Miscellaneous consumers
+Gas demand
+Anticipated increase in consumption (%)
+Total biogas demand
+1st-priority consumers
+2nd-priority consumers
+3rd-priority consumers
+The following alternative modes of calculation are useful:
+Determining biogas demand on the basis of present consumption
+. . ., e.g. for ascertaining the cooking-energy demand. This involves either measuring or inquiring as to the present rate of energy consumption in the form of wood/charcoal, kerosene and/or bottled gas.
+Calculating biogas demand via comparable-use data
+Such data may consist of:
+- empirical values from neighboring systems, e.g. biogas consumption per person and meal,
+- reference data taken from pertinent literature (cf. chapter 5.5), although this approach involves considerable uncertainty, since cooking-energy consumption depends on local culture-dependent cooking and eating habits and can therefore differ substantially from case to case.
+Estimating biogas demand by way of appliance consumption data and assumed periods of use
+This approach can only work to the extent that the appliances to be used are known in advance, e.g. a biogas lamp with a specific gas consumption of 1201/h and a planned operating period of 3 in/d, resulting in a gas demand of 360 l/d.
+Then, the interested party's energy demand should be tabulated in the form of a requirements list (cf. table 4.1). In that connection, it is very important to attach relative priority values to the various consumers, e.g.:
+1st priority: applies only when the biogas plant will cover the demand.
+2nd priority: coverage is desirable, since it would promote plant usage.
+3rd priority: excess biogas can be put to these uses.
+<section>4.2 Determining the biogas production</section>
+The quantity, quality and type of biomass available for use in the biogas plant constitutes the basic factor of biogas generation. The biogas incidence can and should also be calculated according to different methods applied in parallel.
+Measuring the biomass incidence (quantities of excrement and green substrate)
+This is a time-consuming, somewhat tedious approach, but it is also a necessary means of adapting values from pertinent literature to unknown regions. The method is rather inaccurate if no total-solids measuring is included. Direct measurement can, however, provide indication of seasonal or fodder-related variance if sufficiently long series of measurements are conducted.
+Determining the biomass supply via pertinent-literature data
+(cf. tables 3.2/3.3)
+According to this method, the biomass incidence can be determined at once on the basis of the livestock inventory. Data concerning how much manure is produced by different species and per liveweight of the livestock unit are considered preferable.
+Dung yield = liveweight (kg) x no. of animals x specific quantity of excrements (in % of liveweight per day, in the form of moist mass, TS or VS).
+Determining the biomass incidence via regional reference data
+This approach leads to relatively accurate information, as long as other biogas plants are already in operation within the area in question.
+Determining biomass incidence via user survey
+This approach is necessary if green matter is to be included as substrate.
+It should be kept in mind that the various methods of calculation can yield quite disparate results that not only require averaging by the planner, but which are also subject to seasonal variation.
+The biomass supply should be divided into two categories:
+Category 1: quick and easy to procure,
+Category 2: procurement difficult, involving a substantial amount of extra work.
+Table 4.2: Outline for determining biomass incidence (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Source of biomass
+Moist weight
+TS/VS weight
+(kg/d)
+(kg/d)
+Animal dung
+Number of cattle: ............
+Dung yield per head
+Amount collected ...........
+Dung yield from cattle
+Number of pigs: ..............
+Dung yield per pig
+Amount collected: ...........
+Dung yield from pigs
+Sheep, camels, horses etc.................
+Green matter
+1. grass, etc.
+Night soil
+Number of persons: ..................
+Dung yield from night soil
+Total biomass incidence
+Category 1
+Category 2
+<section>4.3 Sizing the plant</section>
+The size of the biogas plant depends on the quantity; quality and kind of available biomass and on the digesting temperature.
+Sizing the digester
+The size of the digester, i.e. the digester volume (Vd), is determined on the basis of the chosen retention time (RT) and the daily substrate input quantity (Sd).
+Vd = Sd x RT (m³ = m³/day x number of days)
+The retention time, in turn, is determined by the chosen/given digesting temperature (cf. fig 5.2).
+For an unheated biogas plant, the temperature prevailing in the digester can be assumed as 1-2 K above the soil temperature. Seasonal variation must be given due consideration, however, i.e. the digester must be sized for the least favorable season of the year. For a plant of simple design, the retention time should amount to at least 40 days. Practical experience shows that retention times of 60-80 days, or even 100 days or more, are no rarity when there is a shortage of substrate. On the other hand, extra-long retention times can increase the gas yield by as much as 40%.
+The substrate input depends on how much water has to be added to the substrate in order to arrive at a solids content of 4-8%.
+Substrate input (Sd) = biomass (B) + water (W) (m³/d)
+In most agricultural biogas plants, the mixing ratio for dung (cattle and/or pigs) and water (B: W) amounts to between 1: 3 and 2: 1 (cf. table 5.7).
+Calculating the daily gas production (G)
+The amount of biogas generated each day (G, m³ gas/d), is calculated on the basis of the specific gas yield (Gy) of the substrate and the daily substrate input (Sd).
+The calculation can be based on:
+a) The volatile-solids content
+G = kg VS-input x spec. Gy (solids)
+b) the weight of the moist mass
+G = kg biomass x spec. Gy (moist mass)
+c) standard gas-yield values per livestock unit (LSU)
+G = no. of LSU x spec. Gy (species)
+Table 4.3 lists simplified gas-yield values for cattle and pigs. A more accurate estimate can be arrived at by combining the gas-yield values from, say, table 3.5 with the correction factors for digester temperature and retention time shown in figure 5.2.
+GYT,RT = mGy x fT,RT
+GYT,RT = gas yield as a function of digester temperature and retention time
+mGy = average specific gas yield, e.g. 1/kg VS (table 3.5)
+fT,RT = multiplier for the gas yield as a function of digester temperature and retention time (cf. fig. 5.2)
+As a rule, it is advisable to calculate according to several different methods, since the available basic data are usually very imprecise, so that a higher degree of sizing certainty can be achieved by comparing and averaging the results.
+Establishing the plant parameters
+The degree of safe-sizing certainty can be increased by defining a number of plant parameters:
+Specific gas production (Gp)
+i.e. the daily gas-generation rate per m³ digester volume (Vd), is calculated according to the following equation:
+Gp = G: Vd (m³ gas/m³ Vd x d)
+Digester loading (Ld)
+Ld - TS (VS) input/m³ digester volume (kg TS (VS)/m³ Vd x d)
+Then, a calculated parameter should be checked against data from comparable plants in the region or from pertinent literature.
+Table 4.3: Simplified gas-yield values for substrate from cattle and pigs (digesting temperature: 22-27 °C) (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Type of housing/ manure
+Cattle, live wt. 200 - 300 kg
+Buffalo, live wt. 300 - 450 kg
+Pigs, live wt 50 - 60 kg
+manure yield
+Gas yield (I/d)
+manure yield
+Gas yield (I/d)
+manure yield
+Gas yield (l/d)
+(kg/d)
+RT=60
+RT=80
+(kg/d)
+RT=60
+RRT=80
+(kg/d)
+RT=40
+RT=60
+24-h stabling
+- dung only (moist),unpaved floor (10% losses)
+- dung and urine,concrete floor
+- stable manure (dung + 2 kg litter), concrete floor
+Overnight stabling
+- dung only (10% losses)
+- dung and urine,concrete floor
+1 kg/d moist dung
+1 l/d manure
+1 kg/d manure
+1 kg TS/d
+1 kg VS/d
+Sizing the gasholder
+The size of the gasholder, i.e. the gasholder volume (Vg), depends on the relative rates of gas generation and gas consumption. The gasholder must be designed to:
+- cover the peak consumption rate (Vg 1) and
+- hold the gas produced during the longest zero-consumption period (Vg 2).
+Vg1 = gc, max x tc, max = vc, max
+Vg2 = G x tz, max
+gc, max = maximum hourly gas consumption (m³/h)
+tc, max = time of maximum consumption (h)
+vc, max = maximum gas consumption (m³)
+G = gas production (m³/h)
+tz, max = maximum zero-consumption time (h)
+The larger Vg-value (Vgl or Vg2) determines the size of the gasholder. A safety margin of 10-20% should be added. Practical experience shows that 40-60% of the daily gas production normally has to be stored. Digester volume vs. gasholder volume. (Vd: Vg) The ratio
+Vd : Vg
+is a major factor with regard to the basic design of the biogas plant. For a typical agricultural biogas plant, the Vd/Vg-ratio amounts to somewhere between 3: 1 and 10: 1, with 5: 1 - 6: 1 occurring most frequently.
+<section>4.4 Balancing the gas production and gas demand by iteration</section>
+As described in subsection 4.1, the biogas/ energy production (P) must be greater than the energy demand (D).
+P>D
+This central requirement of biogas utilization frequently leads to problems, because small farms with only a few head of livestock usually suffer from a shortage of biomass. In case of a negative balance, the planner must check both sides - production and demand - against the following criteria:
+Energy demand (D)
+Investigate the following possibilities:
+- shorter use of gas-fueled appliances, e.g. burning time of lamps,
+- omitting certain appliances, e.g. radiant heater, second lamp,
+- reduction to a partial-supply level that would probably make operation of the biogas plant more worthwhile.
+The aim of such considerations is to reduce the energy demand, but only to such an extent that it does not diminish the degree of motivation for using biogas technology.
+Energy supply - biogas production (P)
+Examine/calculate the following options/ factors:
+- the extent to which the useful biomass volume can be increased (better collecting methods, use of dung from other livestock inventories, including more agricultural waste, night soil, etc.), though any form of biomass that would unduly increase the necessary labor input should be avoided;
+- the extent to which prolonged retention times, i.e. a larger digester volume, would increase the gas yield, e.g. the gas yield from cattle manure can be increased from roughly 200 1/kg VS for an RT of 40 days to as much as 320 1/kg VS for an RT of 80-100 days;
+- the extent to which the digesting temperature could be increased by modifying the structure.
+The aim of such measures is to determine the maximum biogas-production level that can be achieved for a reasonable amount of work and an acceptable cost of investment.
+If the gas production is still smaller than the gas demand (P < D), no biogas plant should be installed.
+If, however, the above measures succeed in fairly well matching up the production to the demand, the plant must be resized according to subsection 4.3.
+<section>4.5 Sample calculations</section>
+Energy demand (D)
+Basic data
+8-person family, 2 meals per day. Present rate of energy consumption: 1.8 1 kerosene per day for cooking and fueling 1 lamp (0.6 1 kerosene = 1 m³ biogas).
+Desired degree of coverage with biogas
+Cooking: all
+Lighting: 2 lamps, 3 hours each
+Cooling: 60 I refrigerator
+Daily gas demand (D)
+Cooking
+1. Present fuel demand for cooking:
+1.21 kerosene = 2 m³ gas
+2. Gas demand per person and meal:
+0.15 m³ biogas
+Gas demand per meal: 1.2 m³ biogas
+Cooking-energy demand: 2.4 m³ biogas
+3. Consumption rate of gas burner:
+175 l/h per flame (2-flame cooker)
+Operating time: 2 x 3 h + 1 h for tea
+Biogas demand: 7 h x 3501 = 2.5 m³
+Defined cooking-energy demand:
+2.5 m³ biogas/d
+Lighting
+Gas consumption of lamp: 120 1/h
+Operating time: 2 x 3 h = 6 h
+Biogas demand: 0.7 m³/day
+Cooling (60 l refrigerator)
+Specific gas demand: 30 1/h
+Biogas demand: 0.7 m³/day
+Total biogas demand: 3.9 m³/d
+1st priority: cooking
+2.5 m³
+2nd priority: 1 lamp
+0.35 m³
+3rd priority: 1 lamp/refigerator
+1.05 m³
+Biomass supply/Biogas production (P)
+Basic data
+9 head of cattle, 230 kg each, 24-h stabling,
+green matter from garden as supplement.
+Daily biomass incidence
+Animal dung, calculated as % liveweight (as per 1.) or as daily yield per head (as per 2.) as listed in pertinent literature..
+1. Dung as % liveweight
+Daily yield per head of cattle: 10% of
+230 kg = 23 kg/d
+Volatile solids/d: 1.8 kg VS per day and animal
+Total yield: 207 kg/d (16 kg VS/d)
+2. Manure yield on per-head basis
+Dung yield per head of cattle: 15 kg/d
+Urine: 9 1/d
+Volatile solids: 9% = 2.1 kg VS/d
+Total yield: 216 kg/d (19 kg VS/d)
+Useful percentage: 75%
+The lowest values are used as the basis of calculation.
+Green matter: 20 kg agricultural waste with 30% VS.
+Total biomass incidence 170 kg/d (18 kg VS/d)
+Category 1: cattle 150 kg (12 kg)
+Category 2: green matter 20 kg ( 6 kg)
+Sizing the plant
+Basic data (calculation for category 1)
+Daily biomass: 150 kg/d
+VS: 12kg/d
+TS-content: 12%
+Soil temperature: max 31 °C, min. 22 °C, average 25 °C
+Digester volume (Vd)
+Retention time (chosen): RT = 60 d (at
+25 °C, i.e. f = 1.0)
+Substrate input: Sd = biomass + water
+Digester TS-content: = 7% (chosen)
+Daily water input: Wd = 100 kg
+Sd= 100+ 150=250 l
+Digester volume: Vd = 250 1 x 60 d = 15 000 = 15 m³
+Daily biogas yield
+G = kg/d VS x Gy,vs .
+= 12 kg/d x 0.25 = 3.0 m³/d
+G = kgid biomass x Gy (moist)
+= 150 x 0.02 = 3.0 m³/d
+G = number of animals x Gy per animal x d
+= 9 x 0.35 = 3.2 m³/d
+Anticipated daily biogas yield = 3.0 m³/d
+Balancing the biogas production and demand
+Demand: 3.9 m³/d
+Production: 3.0 m³/d
+Changes/accommodations
+On the demand side: 1 less lamp, reducing the demand to 3.55 m³
+Production side: increasing the digester volume to 18 m³, resulting in a retention time of 75 days (f = 1.2) and a daily gas yield of 3.6 m³
+Plant parameters
+Digester volume: Vd = 18m³
+Daily gas production: G = 3.6 m³
+Daily substrate input: Sd = 2501
+Specific gas production:
+Gp = G : Vd
+Gp = 3.6 (m³/d): 18 m³ = 0.2 m³/m³ Vd x d
+Digester loading:
+Ld = TS/VS-input: Vd
+Ld = 18: 18 = 1.0 kgTS/m³ Vd
+Ld = 12: 18 = 0.7 kg VS/m³ Vd
+Gasholder volume:
+Vg = 1.6 m³, as calculated on the basis of:
+consumption volume:
+Vg1 = 0.175 m³/h x 2 flames x 3 h = 1.05 m3
+Storage volume:
+Vg2 = 10 h x 0.15 m³ gas/h = 1.5 m³
+Vd:Vg=18: 1.6=11 :1
+<section>5. Biogas technique</section>
+The design aspects dealt with below concentrate solely on the principles of construction and examples of simple biogas plants, i.e. plants:
+- for small family farms requiring digester volumes of between 5 m³ and 30 m³,
+- with no heating or temperature control,
+- with no motor-driven agitators or slurry handling equipment,
+- with simple process control,
+- built with (at least mostly) local materials,
+- built by local craftsmen.
+<section>5.1 Fundamental principles, parameters, terms</section>
+Biochemical principles
+The generation of biogas by organic conversion (anaerobic fermentation) is a natural biological process that occurs in swamps, in fermenting biomass and in intestinal tracts, particularly those of ruminants.
+The symbiotic relationships existing between a wide variety of microorganisms leads, under air exclusion, to the degradation and mineralization of complex biomass in a sequence of intermeshing stages. The resultant biogas, consisting primarily of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the mineralized slurry constitute the ultimate catabolites of the participating bacteria and residual substances.
+The process of anaerobic fermentation can be illustrated in the form of a three-stage model, as shown in figure 5.1.
+Table 5.1: Basic criteria for acetobaeters (acid-forming bacteria) and methanobacters (methane-forming bacteria) (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Criterion
+Acetobacter
+Methanobacter
+Dominant microorganisms
+facultative anaerobes
+obligate anaerobes
+Temperature range
+3 °C - 70 °C
+3 °C - 80 °C
+Optimum temperature
+approx. 30 °C
+approx. 35 °C (sensitive to temperature fluctuations of 2-3 °C or more)
+pH range
+acidic (3.0) 5.0-6.5 relatively short duplication period, usually less than 24 hours
+alkaline, 6.5-7.6 relatively long duplication period (20 - 10 days)
+End metabolites
+org. acids, H2, CO2
+CO2, CH4
+Mass transfer by . . .
+intensive mixing
+gentle circulation
+Medium
+aqueous (water content > 60%)
+Sensitivity to cytotoxins
+low
+substantial
+Requirements regarding nutrient composition
+well-balanced supply of nutrients
+Special features
+viable with or without free oxygen
+viable only in darkness and in absence of free oxygen
+Table 5.2: Energy potential of organic compounds (Source: Kaltwasser 1980)
+Material
+biogas (I/kg)
+CH4
+CO2
+Energy content
+vol. fraction %
+(Wh/g)
+Carbohydrates
+Organic fats
+Protein
+Anaerobic fermentation converts the "volatile solids" (proteins, carbohydrates, fats). The "nonvolatile solids" are essential to the bacteria as "roughage" and minerals. Water serves simultaneously as the vital medium, solvent and transport vehicle.
+Theoretical/laboratory data on maximum gas yields from various organic materials show that anaerobic fermentation is just as capable of achieving complete mineralization as is the process of aerobic fermentation. Note: The theoretical maximum biogas yield can be ascertained by way of the basic composition of the biomass.
+Table 5.3: Energetical comparison of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation (Source: Inden 1978)
+Metaboliteaerobic
+anaerobic
+energy fraction (%)
+Cytogenesis
+Heat
+Methane
+Characteristics that set anaerobic fermentation apart from aerobic fermentation (e.g. composting) include:
+- fixation of biochemical energy in biogas
+- little formation of new biomass
+- low heat development
+- fixation of minerals in the digested slurry.
+It is important to know that anaerobic fermentation involves a steady-state flux of acetobacters and methanobacters, with the methanobacters, being more specialized and, hence, more sensitive, constituting the defining element. Any biogas plant can develop problems during the starting phase and in the case of overloading or uneven loading of the digester, and as a result of poisoning. This underlines the importance of cattle dung, which is rich in methanobacters and therefore serves as a good "starter" and "therapeutic instrument" in case of a disturbance.
+With regard to technical exploitation, anaerobic fermentation must be regarded from a holistic point of view, since the "organism" is only capable of operating at optimum efficiency under a certain set of conditions. The process of anaerobic fermentation is quite variable and capable of stabilizing itself as long as a few basic parameters are adhered to.
+Parameters and terminology of biomethanation
+Feedstock/substrate:
+As a rule, all watery types of biomass such as animal and human excrements, plants and organic wastewater are suitable for use in generating biogas. Wood and woody substances are generally unsuitable.
+The two most important defining quantities of the biomethanation process are the substrate's solids content, i.e. total solids (TS, measured in kg TS/m³) and its total organic solids content, i.e. volatile solids (VS, measured in kg VS/m³ ). Both quantities are frequently stated as weight percentages.
+The total-solids and water contents vary widely from substrate to substrate (cf. table 3.2 for empirical values). The most advantageous TS for the digester of a continuoustype biogas plant is 5-10%, compared to as much as 25% for a batch-operated plant. A TS of 15% or more tends to inhibit metabolism. Consequently, most substrates are diluted with water before being fed into the digester.
+Substrate composition
+All natural substrates may be assumed to have a nutritive composition that is adequately conducive to fermentation. Fresh green plants and agroindustrial wastewater, however, sometimes display a nutritive imbalance.
+An important operating parameter is the ratio between carbon content (C) and nitrogen content (N), i.e. the C/N-ratio, which is considered favorable within the range 30 :1 to 10: 1. A C/N-ratio of less than 8: 1 inhibits bacterial activity due to an excessive ammonia content.
+Fermentation/digester temperature
+As in all other microbial processes, the rate of metabolism increases along with the temperature. The fermentation/digester temperature is of interest primarily in connection with the time required for complete fermentation, i.e. the retention time: the higher the temperature, the shorter the retention time. It has no effect on the absolute biogas yield, which is a constant that depends only on the type of biomass in the digester.
+For reasons of operating economy, a somewhat shorter period of fermentation, the technical retention time (RT, t, measured in days) is selected such as to achieve an advantageous, temperature-dependent relative digestion rate (Dr, measured in Yo), also referred to as the yield ratio, since it defines the ratio between the actual biogas yield and the theoretical maximum. The average agricultural biogas system reaches a Dr-value of 30-60%..
+Table 5.4: Temperature ranges for anaerobic fermentation (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Fermentation
+Minimum
+Optimum
+Maximum
+Retention time
+Psycrophilic
+4-10 °C
+15-18 °C
+25-30 °c
+over 100 days
+Mesophilic
+15 - 20 °C
+28-33 °C
+35-45 °C
+30-60 days
+Thermophilic
+25-45 °C
+50-60 °C
+75-80 °C
+10-16 days
+Volumetric digester charge/digester load
+The volumetric charge, i.e. how much substrate is added per unit of digester volume each day (Vc, measured in m³/m³ Vd x d), is given by the chosen (technical) retention time (RT).
+The digester load (Ld, measured in kg digested TS (VS)/m³ Vd x day) serves as a measure of digester efficiency. The digester load is primarily dependent on four factors: substrate, temperature, volumetric burden and type of plant. For a typical agricultural biogas plant of simple design, the upper limit for Ld is situated at roughly 1.5 kg VS/m³ x day. Excessive digester loading can lead to plant disturbances, e.g. a lower pH. In practice, the amount of TS/VS being added is frequently equated to the digester load.
+Specific biogas yields / specific biogas production
+The specific gas yield (Gy, measured in m³ gas/kg TS (VS)) tells how much biogas can be drawn from a certain amount of biomass (cf. table 3.5 for empirical values). The rate of gas generation is naturally dependent on the digester temperature and retention time (cf. fig. 5.2).
+The term specific gas production (Gp, measured in m³ gas/m³ Vd x day) supplements the above expression by defining the digester's biogas output.
+pH/volatile acids
+The pH is the central parameter of the biochemical bacterial environment.
+As soon as the pH departs from the optimum range, bacterial activity is seriously impaired, resulting in lower gas yields, inferior gas composition (excessive CO2 content) and obnoxious odor (H2S - like rotten eggs).
+Table 5.5: pH ranges for biomethanation (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+pH
+optimum
+pH
+acid inhibition
+pH
+ammonia inhibition
+Table 5.6: Substances with an inhibiting effect on biomethanation (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Substance
+Disruptive effects beginning (mg/l)
+Copper
+Calcium
+Magnesium
+Zinc
+Nickel
+Chromium
+Cyanocompounds
+Chlorinated hydrocarbons
+traces
+Herbicides
+traces
+Insecticides
+traces
+Toxins
+Even a slight concentration of cytotoxins suffices to disrupt bacterial activity, with a resultant shift in pH, lower gas yield, higher CO2 content and pronounced odor nuisance.
+<section>5.2 Design principles of simple biogas plants</section>
+The technical conception of biogas plants is determined by the aim of achieving optimal parameters for the biological process (cf. chapter 5.1).
+That being so, the following operating requirements/limitations must be given due consideration:
+- type and composition of organic material, which determines the choice of process
+- given demand for biogas and fertilizer, in addition to the available substrate quantities, which determines the size of the biogas plant
+- economy of labor input for building and operating the plants, including consideration of the necessary mechanical equipment.
+The range of simple biogas plants includes the following basic types:
+Batch-type plants are thus referred to because they are charged with successive batches of organic material and a certain amount of seeding slurry to serve as starter. The digestion process is interrupted as soon as the rate of biogas production has slowed down to the point that continued digestion would be uneconomical. Then, the plant is cleaned out and refilled. To achieve a more or less uniform rate of biogas production, several digesters must be operated in parallel, i.e. filled at staggered intervals. Differentiation is made between semi-dry plants (operating on a total-solids content of more than 15%) and liquid plants.
+Batch plants are suitable for digesting strawy, fibrous material with a high solids content, usually in areas with low annual precipitation, and for use as simple demonstration plants.
+Continuous-feed plants are those in which there is a continuous throughflow of biomass, resulting in a near-constant volume of slurry in the digester. In practice, such plants are fed once or twice each day. There are three main sub-versions:
+- complete-mixed digesters
+- fermentation channels and
+- combinations of the two.
+The advantage of continuous-feed plants is that the bacteria receive a regular supply of substrate and are therefore able to generate a more constant supply of biogas. The problem is that buoyant constituents tend to form a stiff layer of scum that impedes biogas production and may even plug up the plant. That drawback can be countered by installing suitable agitators and lengthening the retention time.
+The digester inlet, outlet and, to the extent applicable, the agitator must be designed to work together in ensuring the proper retention time, i.e. to avoid short-circuit flow, because the gas production rate would otherwise stay well below the optimum level.
+Continuous-feed biogas plants are sized on the basis of the desired retention time for the organic material, in combination with the digester load, which in turn is a function of the prevailing temperature and type of substrate (cf. chapter 4.3).
+<section>5.3 Biogas plants of simple design</section>
+5.3.1 Floating-drum plants
+5.3.2 Fixed-dome plants
+5.3.3 Other types of construction
+There are two basic types of tested biogas plants that have gained widespread acceptance in agricultural practice:
+- floating-drum plants in which the metal gasholder floats on the digester, and
+- fixed-dome plants in which gas storage is effected according to the displacement principle.
+5.3.1 Floating-drum plants
+A floating-drum biogas plant essentially consists of a cylindrical or dome-shaped digester and a movable, floating gasholder, or drum. The drum in which the biogas collects has an internal or external guide frame that provides stability and keeps the drum upright. Braces can be welded into the drum as a means of breaking up the scum layer when the drum is rotated. The digester is usually made of brick, concrete or quarrystone masonry with rendering, while the gasholder is normally made of metal.
+Floating-drum plants are used chiefly for digesting animal and human excrements on a continuous-feed mode of operation, i.e. with daily input. They are used most frequently by:
+- small-to-midsize family farms (digester size: 5 - 15 m³)
+- institutions and large agroindustrial estates (digester size: 20-100 m³).
+Advantages: Floating-drum plants are easy to understand and operate. They provide gas at a constant pressure, and the stored volume is immediately recognizable.
+Drawbacks: The steel drum is relatively expensive and maintenance-intensive due to the necessity of periodic painting and rust removal. If fibrous substrates are used, the gasholder shows a tendency to get "stuck" in the resultant floating scum.
+Floating-drum plants can be recommended as a mature, easy-to-operate, functionally capable means of producing biogas, particularly when reliability is deemed more important than inexpensiveness.
+Floating-drum plants with gasholder in the digester (cf. fig. 5.6)
+The dome shape is inherently sturdy, compact and material-sparing. The digester is easy to build, and the techniques can be learned by local craftsmen in a short time (cf. fig. 5.21).
+Water-jacket plant (cf. fig. 5.7)
+Water-jacket biogas plants are characterized by a long useful life and a more aesthetic appearance (no dirty gasholder). Due to their superior hygiene, they are recommended for use in the fermentation of night soil and for cases involving pronounced scumming, e.g. due to rapid evaporation, since the gasholder cannot get stuck in the scum. The extra cost of the masonry water jacket is relatively modest.
+Cylindrical plant for quarrystone masonry and concrete (cf. fig. 5.8)
+It is anything but easy to make a dome-shaped digester out of quarrystone masonry; it is much easier to build a concrete cylinder. In such cases, the classical (Indian) version with a cylindrical digester is quite practical Note: Quarrystone masonry consumes a lot of mortar.
+5.3.2 Fixed-dome plants
+A fixed-dome plant comprises a closed, dome-shaped digester with an immovable, rigid gasholder and a displacement pit. The gas collects in the upper part of the digester. Gas production increases the pressure in the digester and pushes slurry into the displacement pit. When gas is extracted, a proportional amount of slurry flows back into the digester.
+The gas pressure does not remain constant in a fixed-dome plant, but increases with the amount of stored gas. Consequently, a special-purpose pressure controller or a separate floating gasholder is needed to achieve a constant supply pressure. The digesters of such plants are usually made of masonry, with paraffin or bituminous paint applied to the gas-flled area in order to make it gastight.
+Fixed-dome plants can handle fibrous substances in combination with animal excrements, since the motion of the substrate breaks up the scum each day. The plant is a continous-feed type, but can accept several days' worth of substrate at a time, if the displacement pit is large enough.
+Fixed-dome plants must be covered with earth up to the top of the gas-filled space as a precautionary measure (internal pressure up to 0.1-0.15 bar). As a rule, the size of the digester does not go beyond 20 m³, corresponding to a gasholder volume of 3-4 m³. The earth cover makes them suitable for colder climates, and they can be heated as necessary.
+Advantages: Fixed-dome plants are characterized by low initial cost and a long useful life, since no moving or rusting parts are involved. The basic design is compact and well-insulated.
+Drawbacks: Masonry is not normally gaslight (porosity and cracks) and therefore requires the use of special sealants. Cracking often causes irreparable leaks. Fluctuating gas pressure complicates gas utilization, and plant operation is not readily understandable.
+Fixed-dome plants are only recommended in cases where experienced biogas technicians are available for building them, and when the user is amply familiar with how the plant operates.
+Fixed-dome plant with central entry hatch (cf. fig. 5.10)
+The digester has the form of a hemispherical dome which is easy to build. Floating scum can be removed from the full digester through the central entry hatch.
+Fixed-dome plant with suspended dome (cf. fig. 5.11)
+Providing a separate foundation for the gas dome yields a statically advantageous, material-saving configuration that is very well suited for fixed-dome plants of ample size. The dome's foundation helps prevent cracking due to tensile stress, and the digesting space is made less expensive, since it can be built of thinner masonry, ferrocement rendering or - in the case of impervious soil - even left unlined.
+5.3.3 Other types of construction
+In addition to the two most familiar types of biogas plant, as described above, a selection of special-purpose and otherwise promising designs are briefly presented below.
+Inflatable balloon plants (cf. fig. 5.12)
+Inflatable biogas plants consist of a heatsealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), the top and bottom parts of which serve as the gasholder and digester, respectively. The requisite gas pressure is achieved by weighting down the bag. Since the material has to be weather-resistant, specially stabilized, reinforced plastic or synthetic caoutchouc is given preference. The useful life amounts to 2 - 5 years.
+Advantages: Standardized prefabrication at low cost; shallow installation suitable for use in areas with a high groundwater table.
+Drawbacks: Low gas pressure requires extra weight burden, scum cannot be removed. The plastic balloon has a relatively short useful life, is susceptible to damage by mechanical means, and usually not available locally. In addition, local craftsmen are rarely in a position to repair a damaged balloon.
+Inflatable biogas plants are recommended, if local repair is or can be made possible and the cost advantage is substantial.
+Earth-pit plants (cf. fig. 5.13)
+Masonry digesters are not necessary in stable soil (e.g. Iaterite). It is sufficient to line the pit with a thin layer of cement (netting wire fixed to the pit wall and rendered) in order to prevent seepage. The edge of the pit is reinforced with a ring of masonry that also serves as anchorage for the gasholder. The gasholder can be made of metal or plastic sheeting. If plastic sheeting is used, it must be attached to a quadratic wooden frame that extends down into the slurry and is anchored in place to counter its buoyancy. The requisite gas pressure is achieved by placing weights on the gasholder. An overflow point in the peripheral wall serves as the slurry outlet.
+Advantages: Low cost of installation (as little as 1/5th as much as a floating-drum plant), including high potential for self help.
+Drawbacks: Short useful life, serviceable only in suitable, impermeable types of soil.
+Earth-pit plants can only be recommended for installation in impermeable soil located above the groundwater table. Their construction is particularly inexpensive in connection with plastic sheet gasholders.
+Ferrocement plants (cf. fig. 5.14)
+The ferrocement type of construction can be executed as either a self-supporting shell or an earth-pit lining. The vessel is usually cylindrical. Very small plants (Vd <6 m³) can be prefabricated. As in the case of a fixed-dome plant, the ferrocement gasholder requires special sealing measures (provenly reliable: cemented-on aluminium foil).
+Advantages: Low cost of construction, especially in comparison with potentially high cost of masonry for alternative plants.
+Drawbacks: Substantial consumption of necessarily good-quality cement; participating craftsmen must meet high standards; uses substantial amounts of steel; construction technique not yet adequately timetested; special sealing measures for the gasholder.
+Ferrocement biogas plants are only recommended in cases where special ferrocement know-how is available.
+Horizontal plants (cf. fig. 5.15)
+Horizontal biogas plants are usually chosen when shallow installation is called for (groundwater, rock). They are made of masonry or concrete.
+Advantages: Shallow construction despite large slurry space.
+Drawbacks: Problems with gas-space leakage, difficult elimination of scum.
+Plants with separate gasholders
+Masonry dome plants are sometimes equipped with separate gasholders. That approach always involves substantial extra cost and therefore is rarely recommended. Plants with separate gasholders are justifiable, when the points of gas consumption are a considerable distance away from the digester (at least 1 00 m).
+Altematively, a separate gasholder could be useful for restoring the utility value of, say, a fixed-dome plant that has been found to leak at an elevated pressure level.
+Table 5.7: Comparison of various plant designs (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Design:
+Criteria:
+Floating-drum
+Water-jacket
+Fixed dome
+Design principle
+continuous-feed, mixed digester
+continuous-feed, mixed digester
+continuous-feed, mixed digester with slurry store
+Main components digester/gasholder
+masonry digester, floating metal gasholder
+masonry digester, floating metal gasholder in sep. water jacket
+masonry with displacement pit
+Preferred substrates
+animal excrements, with or without vegetable waste
+animal excrements with or without vegetable waste
+animal excrements plus vegetable waste
+Anticipated useful life
+8-12 years
+10-15 years
+12-20 years
+Digester volume (Vd)
+6-100 m³
+6-100 m³
+6-20 m³
+Suitability:
+- advantages
+easy construction and operation, uniform gas pressure, mature technology
+very reliable, easy construction and operation, uniform gas pressure, long useful life, mature technology
+low cost of construction, long useful life, well-in sulated
+- drawbacks
+metal gasholder can rust
+expensive
+sealing of gasholder, fluc tuating gas pressure
+- All biogas plants require careful, regular inspection/monitoring of their gas-containing components -
+Operation and maintenance
+simple and easy; regular painting of metal gas- holder
+simple and easy; regular painting of metal gas- holder
+easy after careful familiarization
+Daily gas-output
+(m³ gas/m³ Vd)
+(depends on substrate composition; here: cattle dung)
+Cost elements
+metal gasholder, digester
+metal gasholder, digester
+combined digester/ gasholder, Excavation
+Comparison factor
+Recommended uses
+fully developed, reliable family size system
+like floating-drum, plus longer useful life and operational reliability (incl. operation with night soil)
+inexpensive equipment, good for agroresidue, extensive building experience required
+Suitability for dissemination
+++ highly recommended, + recommended with certain reservations
+balloon-type
+Earth pit
+Ferrocement
+Horizontal (shallow)
+continuous-feed, fermentation channel
+continuous-feed, mixed digester
+continuous-feed, mixed digester
+continuous-ffeed, fermentation channel
+integrated digester/gas- holder made of plastic sheeting
+earth pit as digester, plastic gasholder
+ferrocement digester, gasholder made of metal or ferrocement
+masonry digester, floating metal gasholder (or separate)
+animal excrements only
+animal excrements only
+animal excrements, with or without vegetable waste
+animal excrements, with or without vegetable waste
+2-5 years
+2-5 years
+6-10 years
+8-12 years
+4-100 m³
+4-500 m³
+4-20 m³
+20-150 m³
+prefab. construction, easy operation
+extremely inexpensive, easy operation
+potentially inexpensive construction, long useful life, easy operation, reliable
+shallowness, easy operation
+in-site processing and short useful life (2-5 years) of plastic material, low gas pressure
+same as with plastic gas holder, plus soil perme- ability
+ferrocement construction not yet adequately time
+expensive, metal gasholder tested
+easy; regular control of gas-pressure weights
+easy
+simple and easy
+simple and easy
+plastic sheeting
+plastic sheeting
+concrete (cement), lathing
+digester, metal gasholder
+mostly for large- scale plants and fast solutions
+very inexpensive plant
+like floating-drum but requires experience in ferrocement construction
+medium-size system where shallowness is required
+o
+o
+o
+o recommended under certain circumstances, - not yet ready for recommendation
+<section>5.4 Design and construction of plant components</section>
+5.4.1 Mixing pit
+5.4.2 Inlet and outlet
+5.4.3 Digester
+5.4.4 Gasholder
+5.4.5 Gas pipe, valves and fittings
+Biogas plants of simple design consist of the following main components:
+- mixing pit
+- inlet/outlet(feed/dischargepipes)
+- digester
+- gasholder
+- slurry store.
+Depending on the available building material and type of plant under construction, different variants of the individual components are possible.
+Table 5.8: common substrate mixing ratios (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Type of substrate
+Substrate:
+water
+Fresh cattle manure
+Semi-dry cattle dung
+Pig dung
+Cattle and pig dung from a floating removal system
+Chicken manure
+Stable manure
+5.4.1 Mixing pit
+In the mixing pit, the substrate is diluted with water and agitated to yield a homogeneous slurry.
+The fibrous material is raked off the surface, and any stones or sand settling to the bottom are cleaned out after the slurry is admitted to the digester.
+The useful volume of the mixing pit should amount to 1.5-2 times the daily input quantity. A rock or wooden plug can be used to close off the inlet pipe during the mixing process. A sunny location can help warm the contents before they are fed into the digester in order to preclude thermal shock due to the cold mixing water. In the case of a biogas plant that is directly connected to animal housing, it is advisable to install the mixing pit deep enough to allow installation of a floating gutter leading directly into the pit. Care must also be taken to ensure that the low position of the mixing pit does not result in premature digestion and resultant slurry formation. For reasons of hygiene, toilets should have a direct connection to the inlet pipe.
+5.4.2 Inlet and outlet
+The inlet (feed) and outlet (discharge) pipes lead straight into the digester at a steep angle. For liquid substrate, the pipe diameter should be 10-15 cm, while fibrous substrate requires a diameter of 20 - 30 cm. Plastic or concrete pipes are preferred.
+Note:
+- Both the inlet pipe and the outlet pipe must be freely accessible and straight, so that a rod can be pushed through to eliminate obstructions and agitate the digester contents;
+- The pipes should penetrate the digester wall at a point below the slurry level. The points of penetration should be sealed off and reinforced with mortar.
+- The inlet pipe ends higher than the outlet pipe in the digester in order to promote more uniform throughflow. In a fixed-dome plant, the inlet pipe defines the bottom limit of the gasholder, thus providing overpressure relief.
+- In a floating-drum plant, the end of the outlet pipe determines the digester's slurry level.
+5.4.3 Digester
+Design
+The digester of a biogas plant must accommodate the substrate and bacterial activity, as well as fulfill the following structural functions:
+- accept the given static forces
+- provide impermeability to gas and liquids
+- be durable and resistant to corrosion
+As a rule, the digesters of simple biogas plants are made of masonry or concrete. Such materials are adequately pressure-resistant, but also susceptible to cracking as a result of tensile forces.
+The following forces act on the digester:
+- external active earth pressures (pE), causing compressive forces within the masonry
+- internal hydrostatic and gas pressures (pW), causing tensile stress in the masonry.
+Thus, the external pressure applied by the surrounding earth must be greater at all points than the internal forces (pE > pW). For the procedure on how to estimate earth force and hydrostatic forces, please refer to chapter 10.1.4.
+Round and spherical shapes are able to accept the highest forces--and do it uniformly. Edges and corners lead to peak stresses and, possibly, to tensile stresses and cracking. Such basic considerations suggest the use of familiar cylindrical and dome designs allowing:
+- inexpensive, material-sparing construction based on modest material thicknesses
+- a good volume/surface ratio and
+- better (read: safe) stability despite simple construction.
+The dome foundation has to contend with the highest loads. Cracks occurring around the foundation can spread out over the entire dome, but are only considered dangerous in the case of fixed-dome plants. A rated break ring can be provided to limit cracking.
+Groundwork
+The first step of building the plant consists of defining the plant level line with a taut string. All important heights and depths are referred to that line.
+Excavation
+The pit for the biogas plant is excavated by hand in the shape of a cylindrical shaft. The shaft diameter should be approx. 2 x 50 cm larger than that of the digester. If the soil is adequately compact and adhesive, the shaft wall can be vertical. Otherwise it will have to be inclined. The overburden, if reusable, is stored at the side and used for backfilling and compacting around the finished plant.
+Foundation
+The foundation slab must be installed on well-smoothed ground that is stable enough to minimize settling. Any muddy or loose subsoil (fill) must be removed and replaced by sand or stones. The bottom must have the shape of a shallow inverted dome to make it more stable and rigid than a flat slab. Quarrystones, bricks and mortar or concrete can be used as construction materials. Steel reinforcing rods are only necessary for large plants, and then only in the form of peripheral ties below the most heavily burdened part, i.e. the dome foundation.
+Dome
+The dome of the biogas plant is hemispherical with a constant radius. Consequently, the masonry work is just as simple as for a cylinder and requires no falsework. The only accessory tool needed is a trammel.
+The dome masonry work consists of the following steps:
+- finding and fixing the centerpoint of the dome radius in relation to the level line
+- layer-by-layer setting of the dome masonry, with the bricks set in mortar, positioned and aligned with the aid of the trammel and tapped for proper seating
+- in the upper part of the dome - when the trammel is standing at a steeper angle than 45°, the bricks must be held in place until each course is complete. Sticks or clamps with counterweights can be used to immobilize them.
+Each closed course is inherently stable and therefore need not be held in place any longer. The mortar should be sufficiently adhesive, i.e. it should be made of finely sieved sand mixed with an adequate amount of cement.
+Table 5.9: Mortar mixing ratios (Source: Sasse, 1984)
+Type of mortar
+Cement
+Lime
+Sand
+Masonry mortar
+Masonry mortar
+Rendering mortar
+Table 5.10: Suitability tests for rendering/mortar sands (Source: Sasse, 1984)
+Test
+Requirement
+1. Visual check for coarse particles
+Particle size: <7 mm
+2. Determining the fines fraction by immersion in a glass of water: 1/21 sand mixed with 1 1 water and left to stand for 1 h, after which the layer of silty mud at the top is measured.
+Silt fraction: < 10%
+3. Check for organic matter by immersion in an aqueous solution of caustic soda: 1/2 I sand in 1 1 3 % caustic soda with occasional stirring. Notation of the water's color after 24 h.
+Clear-to-light-yellow = low org. content: suitable for use
+Reddish brown = high org. content: unsuitable for use
+Rendering
+Mortar consisting of a mixture of cement, sand and water is needed for joining the bricks and rendering the finished masonry. Biogas plants should be built with cement mortar, because lime mortar is not resistant to water.
+The sand for the mortar must be finely sieved and free of dust, loam and organic material. That is, it must be washed clean.
+Special attention must be given to the mortar composition and proper application for rendering, since the rendering is of decisive importance with regard to the biogas plant's durability and leaktightness. Ensure that:
+- trowelling is done vigorously (to ensure compact rendering)
+- all edges and corners are rounded off
+- each rendering course measures between 1.0 and 1.5 cm
+- the rendering is allowed to set|dry slowly (keep shaded and moist, as necessary)
+- the material composition is suitable and mutually compatible
+- a rated break ring is provided for a fixed-dome plant
+Crack-free rendering requires lots of pertinent experience and compliance with the above points. Neither the rendering nor the masonry is gaslight and therefore has to be provided with a seal coat around the gas space (cf. chapter 5.4.4).
+5.4.4 Gasholder
+Basically, there are three different designs/ types of construction for gasholders used in simple biogas plants:
+- integrated floating drums
+- fixed domes with displacement system and
+- separate gasholders
+Floating-drum gasholders
+Most floating-drum gasholders are made of 2 - 4 mm-thick sheet steel, with the sides made somewhat thicker than the top in order to counter the higher degree of corrosive attack. Structural stability is provided by L-bar bracing that simultaneously serves to break up surface scum when the drum is rotated.
+A guide frame stabilizes the gas drum and keeps it from tilting and rubbing on the masonry. The two equally suitable types used must frequently are:
+- an internal rod & pipe guide with a fixed (concrete-embedded) cross pole (an advantageous configuration in connection with an internal gas outlet)
+- external guide frame supported on three wooden or steel legs (cf. fig. 5.7).
+For either design, it is necessary to note that substantial force can be necessary to turn the drum, especially if it is stuck in a heavy layer of floating scum. Any gasholder with a volume exceeding 5 or 6 m³ should be equipped with a double guide (internal and external).
+All grades of steel normally used for making gasholders are susceptible to moisture-induced rusting both inside and out. Consequently, a long service life requires proper surface protection consisting of:
+- thorough derusting and desoiling.
+- primer coat of minium
+- 2 or 3 cover coats of plastic/bituminous paint.
+The cover coats should be reapplied annually. A well-kept metal gasholder can be expected to last between 3 and 5 years in humid, salty air or 8-12 years in a dry climate.
+Materials regarded as suitable alternatives to standard grades of steel are galvanized sheet metal, plastics (glass-reinforced plastic/ GRP, plastic sheeting) and ferrocement with a gaslight lining. The gasholders of waterjacket plants have a longer average service life, particularly when a film of used oil is poured on the water seal to provide impregnation.
+Fixed domes
+In a fixed-dome plant the gas collecting in the upper part of the dome displaces a corresponding volume of digested slurry. The following aspects must be considered with regard to design and operation:
+- An overflow must be provided to keep the plant from becoming overfilled.
+- The gas outlet must be located about 10 cm higher than the overflow in order to keep the pipe from plugging up.
+- A gas pressure of 1 mWG or more can develop in the gas space, Consequently, the plant must be covered with enough earth to provide an adequate counterpressure; special care must be taken to properly secure the entry hatch, which may require weighing it down with 100 kg or more.
+The following structural measures are recommended for avoiding or at least limiting the occurrence of cracks in the dome (cf. fig. 5.23):
+- For reasons of static stability, the centerpoint of the dome radius should be lowered by 0.25 R (corresponding to bottom center of the foundation). This changes the geometry of the digester, turning it into a spherical segment, i.e. flatter and wider, which can be of advantage for the plant as a whole.
+- The foot of the dome should be made more stable and secure by letting the foundation slab project out enough to accept an outer ring of mortar.
+- A rated break/pivot ring should be provided at a point located between 1/2 and 2/3 of the minimum slurry level. This in order to limit the occurrence or propagation of cracks in the vicinity of the dome foot and to displace forces through its stiffening/ articulating effect such that tensile forces are reduced around the gas space.
+In principle, however, masonry, mortar and concrete are not gaslight, with or without mortar additives. Gastightness can only be achieved through good, careful workmanship and special-purpose coatings. The main precondition is that the masonry and rendering be strong and free of cracks. Cracked and sandy rendering must be removed. In most cases, a plant with cracked masonry must be torn down, because not even the best seal coating can render cracks permanently gaslight.
+Some tried and proven seal coats:
+- multilayer bitumen, applied cold (hot application poses the-danger of injury by burns and smoke nuisance); solvents cause dangerous/explosive vapors. Two to four thick coats required.
+- bitumen with aluminum foil: thin sheets of overlapping aluminum foil applied to the still-sticky bitumen, followed by the next coat of bitumen.
+- plastics, as a rule epoxy resin or acrylic paint; very good but expensive.
+- paraffin, diluted with 2 - 5% kerosene heated to 100 °C and applied to the preheated masonry. The paraffin penetrates deep into the masonry, thus providing an effective (deep) seal. Use kerosene/gas torch to heat masonry.
+In any case, a pressure test must be performed before the plant is put in service (cf. chapter 7.1).
+Table 5.11: Quality ratings for various dome-sealing materials (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Material
+Processing
+Seal
+Durability
+Costs
+Cold bitumen
+o
+o
+Bitumen with alu-foil
+Epoxy resin
+Paraffin
+o
+o
+++ very good
++ good
+o satisfactory
+- problematic
+Plastic gasholders
+Gasholders made of plastic sheeting serve as integrated gasholders (cf. chapter 5.3.3: earth pits), as separate balloon/bag-type gasholders and as integrated gas-transport/ storage elements.
+For plastic (sheet) gasholders, the structural details are of less immediate interest than the question of which materials can be used. Table 5.12 (p. 74) surveys the relative suitability of various commercial grades of plastic sheeting.
+Separate gasholders
+Differentiation is made between:
+- low-pressure, wet and dry gasholders (10 - 50 mbar) Basically, these gasholders are identical to integrated and/or plastic (sheet) gasholders. Separate gasholders cost more and are only worthwhile in case of substantial distances (at least 50-100 m) or to allow repair of a leaky fixed-dome plant.
+- medium- or high-pressure gasholders (8 - 10 bar/200 bar)
+Neither system can be considered for use in small-scale biogas plants. Even for large-scale plants, they cannot be recommended under the conditions anticipated in most developing countries. High-pressure gas storage in steel cylinders (as fuel for vehicles) is presently under discussion. While that approach is possible in theory, it would be complicated and, except in a few special cases, prohibitively expensive. It would also require the establishment of stringent safety regulations.
+Table 5.12: Properties of plastic sheeting - gasholder suitability ratings (Source: UTEC 1985)
+Description
+Mechanical properties
+Stability/resistance values
+Application
+Material
+Spec. weight
+Permisible Internal Presure
+Slit-tear Resistance
+Mechanical Properties
+Temperature Stability
+Weather Resistance
+Animal attack, rot/mold
+Chemical Stability
+CH4 - Permeability
+Processing
+Suitability against holder
+g/m²
+mbar
+N
+°C
+Solid
+PVC
+o
+-/o
+HF, HW, HA
+sheeting
+HT, C
+per 1.0-
+PE
+-/o
+o
+o
+HF,HW,HA
+-/o
+mm thick-
+ness
+IIR
+o
+HV,FF,C
+EPDM
+o
+HV,FF,C
+Laminated
+PVC
+o
+-/o
+HF,HW,HA,
+synthetic
+HT, C
+fabrics
+CPE
+HF,HW,HA
+of various
+CSM
+o
+HV, C
+thickness
+CR
+o
+HV,C
+2 PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
+7 Short-term/continuous load
+PE (polyethylene)
+11 Permeability coefficient, P, for new material
+CPE (chlorinated polyethylene)
+12 HF = high-frequency seam welding
+IIR (isobutylene-isoprene rubber)
+HW = hot-wedge seam welding
+EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene monomer)
+HA = hot-air seam welding
+4 Inflatable gasholder, approx. 2.5 m³,
+C = cementing
+3-fold protection against rupture
+HV = hot vulcanizing
+6/8/9 - poor, o satisfactory,
+FF = fusion firing
+10/13 + good, ++ very good
+HT = heat-solvent tape sealing
+5.4.5 Gas pipe, valves and fittings
+Gas pipe
+The following types of gas pipes are in use:
+- PVC pipes with adhesive joints
+- steel pipes (water supply pipes) with screw couplings
+- plastic hoses.
+Galvanized steel water supply pipes are used most frequently, because the entire piping system (gas pipe, valves and fittings) can be made of universally applicable English/U.S. Customary system components, i.e. with all dimensions in inches. Pipes with nominal dimensions of 1/2" or 3/4" are adequate for small-to-midsize plants of simple design and pipe lengths of less than 30 m. For larger plants, longer gas pipes or low system pressure, a detailed pressure-loss (pipe-sizing) calculation must be performed (cf. chapter 10.2).
+Table 5.13: Gas-pipe pressure losses (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Volum
+Pipe (galv. steel pipe)
+flow, Q
+(m³ /h
+v1
+dp/l2
+v1
+dp/l2
+v1
+dp/l2
+m/s
+cmWG/10m
+m/s
+cmWG/10m
+m/s
+cm WG/10 m
+1 Velocity of flow in the pipe
+2 Differential pressure (pipe only) stated in cm WG per 10 m pipe
+When installing a gas pipe, special attention must be paid to:
+- gastight, friction-type joints
+- line drainage, i.e. with a water trap at the lowest point of the sloping pipe in order to rule out water pockets
+- protection against mechanical impact.
+Some 60% of all system outages are attributable to defective gas pipes. For the sake of standardization, it is advisable to select a single size for all pipes, valves and fittings.
+Valves and fittings
+To the extent possible, ball valves or cock valves suitable for gas installations should be used as shutoff and isolating elements. Gate valves of the type normally used for water pipes are conditionally suitable. Any water valves used must first be checked for gastightness.
+Gas manometer
+A U-tube pressure gauge is quick and easy to make and can normally be expected to meet the requirements also of a fixed-dome system.
+Pressure relief
+The task of running a fixed-dome system can be made easier by installing a spring-loaded pressure reducing valve that guarantees a constant (adjustable) supply pressure.
+Water separation
+If at all possible, the water trap should operate automatically. However since fixed-dome systems need a high water seal, often amounting to more than 1 m WG, the use of condensate collector with a manually operated drain valve is advisable.
+Backflow prevention
+As a rule, the water trap also functions as a flashback chamber. If deemed necessary, a gravel trap can be installed for added safety.
+<section>5.5 Biogas utilization</section>
+5.5.1 Composition and properties of biogas
+5.5.2 Conditioning of biogas
+5.5.3 Biogas appliances
+5.5.4 Biogas-fueled engines
+5.5.1 Composition and properties of biogas
+Biogas is a mixture of gases that is composed chiefly of:
+- methane, CH4
+40 - 70 vol. %
+- carbon dioxide, CO2
+30-60 vol. %
+- other gases
+1 - 5 vol.%, including
+- hydrogen H2
+0-1 vol. %
+- hydrogen sulfide, H2S
+0-3 vol. %
+Like those of any gas, the characteristic values of biogas are pressure and temperature-dependent. They are also affected by water vapor. The factors of main interest are:
+- volumetric change as a function of temperature and pressure,
+- change in value as a function of temperature, pressure and water-vapor con" tent, and
+- change in water-vapor content as a function of temperature and pressure.
+Chapter 10.2 contains pertinent tables, formulae and nomograms for use in calculating conditions of state.
+5.5.2 Conditioning of biogas
+While the biogas produced by the plant can normally be used as it is, i.e. without further treatment/conditioning, various conditioning processes are described in this chapter to cover possible eventualities.
+Reducing the moisture content of the biogas, which is usually fully saturated with water vapor. This involves cooling the gas, e.g. by routing it through an underground pipe, so that the excess water vapor condenses out at the lower temperature. When the gas warms up again, its relative vapor content decreases (cf. chapter 10.2 for calculations). The "drying" of biogas is especially useful in connection with the use of dry gas meters, which otherwise would eventually fill up with condensed water.
+Table 5.14: Composition and properties of biogas, and its constituents under s.t.p. conditions (0 °C, 1013 mbar)
+(Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Constituents and properties
+CH4
+CO2
+H2
+H2S
+60% CH4/
+40% CO2
+65% CH4/
+34% C02/
+1% rest
+Volume fraction (%)
+Net calorific value (kWh/m³)
+Ignition threshold (% in air)
+5-1S
+Ignition temperature (°C)
+Crit.pressure (bar)
+Crit. temp. (°C)
+Normal density (g/1)
+Gas/air-density ratio
+Wobbe index, K (kWh/m³)
+Spec. heat, cp (kI/m³ °C)
+Flame propagation (cm/s)
+Reduction of the hydrogen-sulfide content (H2S) may be necessary if the biogas is found to contain an excessive amount, i.e. more than 2%, and is to be used for fueling an engine. Since, however, most biogas contains less than 1% H2S, desulfurization is normally unnecessary, especially if it is to be used for operating a stationary engine.
+For small-to-midsize systems, desulfurization can be effected by absorption onto ferric hydrate (Fe (OEI)3), also referred to as bog iron, a porous form of limonite. The porous, granular purifying mass can be regenerated by exposure to air.
+The absorptive capacity of the purifying mass depends on its iron-hydrate content: bog iron containing 5-10% Fe(OH)3 can absorb about 15 g sulfur per kg without being regenerated and approximately 150 g/ kg through repetitive regeneration. It is a very noteworthy fact that many types of tropical soil (laterites) are naturally ferriferous and, hence, suitable for use as purifying mass.
+Reduction of the carbon-dioxide content (CO2) is very complicated and expensive. In principle, CO2 can be removed by absorption onto lime milk, but that practice produces "seas" of lime paste and must therefore be ruled out, particularly in connection with large-scale plants, for which only high-tech processes like microscreening are worthy of consideration. CO2 "scrubbing" is rarely advisable, except in order to increase the individual bottling capacity for high-pressure storage.
+Table 5.15: Pointers on flame adjustment (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Problem
+Cause - Remedy
+elongated, yellow- ish flame
+lack of combustion air - open the air supply
+flame "lifts off"
+excessive exit velocity - use smaller injector, reduce the gas pressure, reduce the air supply
+flame "flashes back"
+exit velocity too low - use larger injector, increase the gas pressure, open the air supply, reduce the size of the burner jets
+flame "too small"; not enough fuel
+fuel shortage - use larger injector, increase the gas pressure
+flame "too big"; excessive fuel supply/consumption
+excessive fuel supply - reduce the gas pressure, use smaller injector
+5.5.3 Biogas appliances
+Biogas is a lean gas that can, in principle, be used like any other fuel gas for household and industrial purposes, the main prerequisite being the availability of specially designed biogas burners or modified consumer appliances. The relatively large differences in gas quality from different plants, and even from one and the same plant (gas pressure, temperature, calorific value, etc.) must be given due consideration.
+The heart of any gas appliance is the burner. In most cases, atmospheric-type burners operating on premixed air/gas fuel are considered preferable.
+Due to complex conditions of flow and reaction kinetics, gas burners defy precise calculation, so that the final design and adjustments must be arrived at experimentally.
+Accordingly, the modification and adaptation of commercial-type burners is an experimental matter. With regard to butane and propane burners, i.e. the most readily available types, the following pointers are offered:
+- Butane/propane gas has up to 3 times the calorific value of biogas and almost twice its flame-propagation rate.
+- Conversion to biogas always results in lower performance values.
+Practical modification measures include:
+- expanding the injector cross section by a factor of 2-4 in order to increase the flow of gas
+- modifying the combustion-air supply, particularly if a combustion-air controller is provided - increasing the size of the jet openings (avoid if possible) The aim of all such measures is to obtain a stable, compact, slightly bluish flame.
+Table 5.16: Comparison of various internationally marketed biogas burners (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled. from various sources)
+Type of burner¹
+Number of flames
+Gas consumption
+Burning properties
+Handling
+Peking No. 4/PR China (3)
+200 l/h
+o
+Jackwal/Brazil (1)
+2 X 1501/h
+Patel GC 32/ludia
+2 X 2501/h
+o
+Patel GC 8/India
+2301/h
+KIE burner/Kenya (2)
+++ very good +good o average
+1 Number of burner shown in figure 5.31
+Gas cookers/stoves
+Biogas cookers and stoves must meet various basic requirements:
+- simple and easy operation
+- versatility, e.g. for pots of various size, for cooking and broiling
+- easy to clean
+- acceptable cost and easy repair
+- good burning properties, i.e. stable flame, high efficiency
+- attractive appearance
+A cooker is more than just a burner. It must satisfy certain aesthetic and utility requirements, which can vary widely from region to region. Thus, there is no such thing as an all round biogas burner.
+Field data shows that 2-flame stable burners are the most popular type (cf. fig. 5.31).
+Table 5.17: Biogas consumption for cooking (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+To be cooked:
+Gas consumption
+Time
+11 water
+30-40 l
+8-12 min
+51 water
+110-140 l
+30-40 min
+31 broth
+~60 l/h
+1/2 kg rice
+120-140 l
+~40 min
+1/2 kg legumes
+160-190 l
+~60 min
+1 tortilla(fried)
+10-20 l
+~3 min
+Gas consumption per person and meal
+150-300 l/d
+Gas consumption per 5-member family
+1500 -2400 l/d
+(2 cooked meals)
+Single-flame burners and lightweight cookstoves tend to be regarded as stop-gap solutions for want of suitable alternatives.
+Biogas cookers require purposive installation with adequate protection from the wind. Before any cooker is used, the burner must be carefully adjusted, i.e.:
+- for a compact, bluish flame,
+- the pot should be cupped by the outer cone of the flame without being touched by the inner cone,
+- the flame should be self-stabilizing, i.e. flameless zones must re-ignite automatically within 2 to 3 seconds.
+Test measurements should be performed to optimize the burner setting and minimize consumption. The physical efficiency of a typical gas burner ranges from 0.6 to 0.8.
+Table 5.18: Tests for biogas cookers/stoves (Source: OEKOTOP)
+1. Measuring the efficiency with water
+h =- burner efficiency ( - )
+QW = quantity of heated water (kg)
+T1,T2 = initial and final temperature (°C)
+cW = spec. heat capacity = 4.2 kJ/kg
+EW = quantity of evaporated water (kg)
+L = evaporation heat loss = 2260 kJ/kg
+n.c.v. = net cal. value of biogas (kJ/m3 )
+Q = quantity of biogas (m3)
+2. Gas consumption for holding the temperature at boiling point (simmering temperature -95 °C), i.e. the amount of gas needed per unit of time to maintain a water temperature of 95 °C
+3. Standard cooking test
+This test determines how much gas is- needed to cook a standard meal, e.g. 500 g rice and 1000 g water; the standard meal is specified according to the regional staple diet
+4. Complete-meal tests
+Everything belonging to a complete meal is cooked by a native person.
+Biogas lamps
+The bright light given off by a biogas lamp is the result of incandescence, i.e. the intense heat-induced luminosity of special metals, so-called "rare earths" like thorium, cerium, lanthanum, etc. at temperature of 1000 - 2000 °C.
+At 400-500 lm, the maximum light-flux values that can be achieved with biogas lamps are comparable to those of a normal 25-75 W light bulb. Their luminous efficiency ranges from 1.2 to 2 Im/W. By comparison, the overall efficiency of a light bulb comes to 3-5 Im/W, and that of a fluorescent lamp ranges from 10 to 15 lm/W.
+The performance of a biogas lamp is depenent on optimal tuning of the incandescent body (gas mantle) and the shape of the flame at the nozzle, i.e. the incandescent body must be surrounded by the inner (= hottest) core of the flame at the minimum gas consumption rate. If the incandescent body is too large, it wil1 show dark spots; if the flame is too large, gas consumption will be too high for the light-flux yield. The lampshade reflects the light downward, and the glass prevents the overly rapid loss of heat.
+Table 5.19: Standard lighting terms and units of measure (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Term/definition
+Unit, formula
+Luminous flux (F)
+F, measured in lm (lumen)
+The light output defined as the luminous flux of a black body at 2042 °K per cm²
+Luminous intensity (I)
+I, measured in cd (candela)
+The solid-angle light power
+I = luminous flux / solid angle (w)
+I = F/w (cd = lm/w)
+half-space w = 2 p = 6.28
+Illuminance (E)
+-E, measured in lux (Ix)
+light power per unit area
+E = luminous flux / area (A)
+E = F/A (lx = lm/m²)
+Spec. illuminance (Es)
+Es = ((E x r²) / V o n.c.v.)) o (lx o m² / kW)
+Effective incident illuminance, as measured normal to the light source at a defined distance from the source referred to the input
+E = meas. illuminance
+r = distance between the incandescent body and the photoelectric cell
+V = biogas consumption n.c.v. = net calorific value
+Luminous efficiency (Re) light power referred to the energy input (Ei)
+Re = F/Ei (lm/kW)
+Sample calculation
+Measured values:
+Results:
+Illuminance
+Luminous intensity
+E=901x
+I = E x r² = 90 cd
+meas. distance, r = 1.0 m
+luminous flux
+gas consumption, V = 110 1/h
+F = I x w = 90 x 6.28 = 565 lm
+cal. value, n.c.v. = 6 kWh/m³
+luminous efficiency
+Re = F:Q = 565:110 = 5.1 lm/lxh
+Re = F/Ei = 565:660 = 0.9 lm/W
+Practical experience shows that commercial type biogas lamps are not optimally designed for the specific conditions of biogas combustion (fluctuating or low pressure, varying gas composition). The most frequently observed shortcomings are:
+- excessively large nozzle cross sections
+- excessively large gas mantles
+- no possibility of changing the injector
+- poor or lacking means of combustion-air control.
+Such drawbacks result in unnecessarily high gas consumption and poor lighting. While the expert/extension officer has practically no influence on how a givenlamp is designed, he can at least give due consideration to the aforementioned aspects when it comes to selecting a particular model.
+Table 5.20: Comparison of various biogas lamps (Source: Biogas Extension Program)
+Type of lamp
+Suitability1
+Gas consumption
+D 80 - 3 Juojiang/PR China
+o 2
+Avandela - Jackwal/Brazil
+100 l/h
+Patel Outdoor-single/India
+150 l/h
+Camping-Gas
+Quality criteria: gas consumption, brightness, control ^
+Quality ratings: ++ very good, + good, o average
+Biogas lamps are controlled by adjusting the supply of gas and primary air. The aim is to make the gas mantle burn with uniform brightness and a steady, sputtering murmer (sound of burning, flowing biogas). To check the criteria, place the glass on the lamp and wait 2 - 5 minutes, until the lamp has reached its normal operating temperature. The lamps compared in table 5.20 operate at a gas pressure of 5 - 15 cmWG. If the pressure is any lower, the mantle will not glow, and if the pressure is too high (fixed-dome systems) the mantle may tear.
+Adjusting a biogas lamp requires two consecutive steps:
+1. precontrol of the supply of biogas and primary air without the mantle, initially resulting in an elongated flame with a long inner core;
+2. fine adjustment with the incandescent body in place, resulting in a brightly glowing incandescent body, coupled with slight further adjustment of the air supply (usually more).
+The adjustment is at its best when the dark portions of the incandescent body have just disappeared. A luxmeter can be used for objective control of the lamp adjustment.
+Radiant heaters
+Infrared heaters are used in agriculture for achieving the. temperatures required for raising young stock, e.g. piglets and chicks, in a limited amount of space. The nursery temperature for piglets begins at 30-35 °C for the first week and than gradually drops off to an ambient temperature of 18-23 °C in the 4th/5th week. As a rule, temperature control consists of raising or lowering the heater. Good ventilation is important in the stable/nursery in order to avoid excessive concentrations of CO or CO2. Consequently, the animals must be kept under regular supervision, and the temperature must be checked at regular intervals.
+Radiant heaters develop their infrared thermal radiation via a ceramic body that is heated to 600-800 °C (red-hot) by the biogas flame.
+The heating capacity of the radiant heater is defined by multiplying the gas flow by its net calorific value (E = Q x n.v.c.), since 95% of the biogas' energy content is converted to heat. Small-heater outputs range from 1.5 to 10 kW thermal power.
+Commercial-type heaters are designed for operating on butane, propane and natural gas at a supply pressure of between 30 and 80 mbar. Since the primary air supply is. factory-set, converting a heater for biogas fueling normally consists of replacing the injector; experience shows that biogas heaters rarely work satisfactorily because the biogas has a low net calorific value and the gas supply pressure is below 20 mbar, in which case the ceramic panel is not adequately heated, i.e. the flame does not reach the entire surface, and the heater is very susceptible to draft.
+Biogas-fueled radiant heaters should always be equipped with a safety pilot, and an air filter is required for sustained operation in dusty barns.
+Table 5.21: Artificial brooding requirements, exemplified for a chick incubator (Source: Wesenberg 1985)
+Incubation heat
+37.8 °C at the beginning, declining to 30.0 °C at the end of the incubation period. The temperature should be kept as constant as possible. Any temperature in excess of 39 °c can damage the eggs.
+Hatching time:
+approximately 21 days
+Relative humidity:
+Ventilation:
+A steady supply of fresh air (but not draft) is required to keep the CO2 content below 0.8 %.
+Turning the eggs:
+Incubating eggs must be turned as often as 8 times a day to keep the chicks from sticking to the inside of the shell.
+Barren eggs:
+Unfertilized eggs and eggs containing dead chicks must be removed (danger of infection). The eggs should be candletested once per week to ensure timely detection.
+Incubators
+Incubators are supposed to imitate and maintain optimal conditions for hatching eggs. They are used to increase brooding efficiency. Indirectly warm-water-heated planar-type incubators in which a biogas burner heats water in a heating element for circulation through the incubating chamber are suitable for operating on biogas. The temperature is controlled by ether-cell-regulated vents (cf. fig. 5.34).
+Refrigerators
+Absorption-type refrigerating machines operating on ammonia and water and equipped for automatic thermosiphon circulation can be fueled with biogas.
+Since biogas is only the refrigerator's external source of heat, just the burner itself has to be modified. Whenever a refrigerator is converted for operating on biogas, care must be taken to ensure that all safety features (safety pilot) function properly; remote ignition via a piezoelectric element substantially increases the ease of operation.
+Table 5.22: Technical data of absorption refrigerators (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Heating medium
+gas, kerosene, electricity
+Max. ambient temperature
+40ºC
+Heating temperature
+100-150 °C
+Cooling temperature
+- refrigerator
+5 - 10 °C
+- freezer
+down to approx. -12 °C
+Efficiency
+1.5 - 4.0% of the thermal input
+Gas consumption
+a) calculable via the desired refrigeration capacity
+b) conversion of factory data via power input
+Energy-
+1-4 W/l useful volume
+consumption indices
+0.3-0.81 biogas/l useful volume X h
+5.5.4 Biogas-fueled engines
+Basic considerations
+The following types of engines are, in principle, well-suited for operating on biogas:
+- Four-stroke diesel engines: A diesel engine draws in air and compresses it at a ratio of 17: 1 under a pressure of approximately 30-40 bar and a temperature of about 700 °C. The injected fuel charge ignites itself. Power output is controlled by varying the injected amount of fuel, i.e. the air intake remains constant (so-called mixture control).
+- Four-stroke spark-ignition engines: A spark-ignition engine (gasoline engine) draws in a mixture of fuel (gasoline or gas) and the required amount of combustion air. The charge is ignited by a spark plug at a comparably low compression ratio of between 8: 1 and 12: 1. Power control is effected by varying the mixture intake via a throttle (so-called charge control).
+Four-stroke diesel and spark-ignition engines are available in standard versions with power ratings ranging from 1 kW to more than 100 kW. Less suitable for biogas fueling are:
+- loop-scavenging 2-stroke engines in which lubrication is achieved by adding oil to the liquid fuel, and
+- large, slow-running (less than 1000 r.p.m.) engines that are not built in large series, since they are accordingly expensive and require complicated control equipment.
+Biogas engines are generally suitable for powering vehicles like tractors and light-duty trucks (pickups, vans). The fuel is contained in 200-bar steel cylinders (e.g. welding-gas cylinders). The technical, safety, instrumentational and energetic cost of gas compression, storage and filing is substantial enough to hinder large-scale application. Consequently, only stationary engines are discussed below.
+Essential terms and definitions
+Knowledge of the following terms pertaining to internal combustion engines is requisite to understanding the context:
+Piston displacement is the volume (cm³, l) displaced by a piston in a cylinder in a single stroke, i.e. between the bottom and . top dead-canter positions (BDC and TDC, respectively). The total cylinder capacity (Vtot) comprises the swept volume (Vs) and the compression volume (Vc), i.e. Vtot = Vs+Vc.
+The compression ratio (E) is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum volume of the space enclosed by the piston, i.e. prior to compression (Vtot) as compared to the end of the compression stroke (Vc). The compression ratio can be used to calculate the pressure and temperature of the compressed fuel mixture (E = Vtot/Vc).
+The efficiency (rl = Pc/Pf) is the ratio between the power applied to the crankshaft (Pc) and the amount of energy introduced with the fuel (Pf = V x n.c.v.).
+Ignition and combustion: The firing point (diesel: flash point; spark-ignition engine: ignition point) is timed to ensure that the peak pressure is reached just after the piston passes top dead center (approx. 10° - 15° crankshaft angle). Any deviation from the optimal fiash/ignition point leads to a loss of power and efficiency; in extreme cases, the engine may even suffer damage. The flash/ignition point is chosen on the basis of the time history of combustion, i.e. the rate of combustion, and depends on the compression pressure, type of fuel, combustion-air/ fuel ratio and the engine speed. The ignition timing (combustion) must be such that the air/fuel mixture is fully combusted at the end of the combustion cycle, i.e. when the exhaust valve opens, since part of the fuel's energy content would otherwise be wasted.
+Air/Fuel-ratio and control: Proper combustion requires a fuel-dependent stoichiometric air/fuel-ratio (af-ratio). As a rule, the quality of combustion is maximized by increasing the air fraction, as expressed by the air-ratio coefficient (d = actual air volume/stoichiometric air volume).
+For gasoline and gas-fueled engines, the optimal air/fuel ratio is situated somewhere within the range d = 0.8 - 1.3, with maximum power output at 0.9 and maximum efficiency (and clean exhaust) at 1.1. The power output is controlled by varying the mixture intake and, hence, the cylinder's volumetric efficient and final pressure, via the throttle. Diesel engines require an air-ratio of d = 1.3 at full load and 4 - 6 at low load, i.e. fuel intake is reduced, while the air intake remains constant.
+Converting diesel engines
+Diesel engines are designed for continuous operation (10 000 or more operating hours). Basically, they are well-suited for conversion to biogas according to either of two methods:
+The dual-fuel approach
+Except for the addition of a gas/air mixing chamber on the intake manifold (if need be, the air filter can be used as a mixing chamber), the diesel engine remains extensively unmodified. The injected diesel fuel still ignites itself, while the amount injected is automatically reduced by the speed governor, depending on how much biogas is introduced into the mixing chamber. The biogas supply is controlled by hand. The maximum biogas intake must be kept below the point at which the engine would begin to stutter. If that happens, the governor is getting too much biogas and has therefore turned down the diesel intake so far that ignition is no longer steady. Normally, 15 - 20% diesel is sufficiency, meaning that as much as 80% of the diesel fuel can be replaced by biogas. Any lower share of biogas can also be used, of course, since the governer automatically compensates with more diesel.
+As a rule, dual-fuel diesels perform just as well as a comparable engine operating on pure diesel.
+As in normal diesel operation, the speed is controlled by an accelerator lever, and load control is normally effected by hand, i.e. by adjusting the biogas valve (keeping in mind the maximum acceptable biogas intake level). In case of frequent power changes joined with steady speed, the biogas fraction should be reduced somewhat to let the governer decrease the diesel intake without transgressing the minimum amount. Thus, the speed is kept constant, even in case of power cycling. Important: No diesel engine should be subjected to air-side control.
+While special T-pieces or mixing chambers with 0.5 to 1.0 times the engine displacement can serve as the diesel/biogas mixing chamber, at which a true mixing chamber offers the advantage of more thorough mixing.
+Conversion according to the dual-fuel method is evaluated as follows
+- a quick & easy do-it-yourself technique
+- will accommodate an unsteady supply of biogas
+- well-suited for steady operation, since a single manual adjustment will suffice
+- requires a minimum share of diesel to ensure ignition.
+Conversion to spark ignition (Otto cycle)
+involves the following permanent alterations to the engine:
+- removing the fuel-injection pump and nozzle
+- adding an ignition distributor and an ignition coil with power supply (battery or dynamo)
+- installing spark plugs in place of the injection nozzles
+- adding a gas mixing valve or carburetor
+- adding a throttle control device
+- reducing the compression ratio to E = 11-12
+- observing the fact that, as a rule, engines with a precombustion or swirl chamber are not suitable for such conversion.
+Converting a diesel engine to a biogas-fueled spark-ignition engine is very expensive and complicated - so much so, that only preconverted engines of that type should be procured.
+Converting spark-ignition engines
+Converting a spark-ignition engine for biogas fueling requires replacement of the gasoline carburetor with a mixing valve (pressure-controlled venturi type or with throttle). The spark-ignition principle is retained, but should be advanced as necessary to account for slower combustion (approx. 5°-10° crankshaft angle) and to avoid overheating of the exhaust valve while precluding loss of energy due to still-combustible exhaust gases. The engine speed should be limited to 3000 r.p.m. for the same reason. As in the case of diesel-engine conversion, a simple mixing chamber should normally suffice for continuous operation at a steady speed. In addition, however, the mixing chamber should be equipped with a hand-operated air-side control valve for use in adjusting the air/fuel ratio (opt. d = 1.1).
+Table 5.23: Engine-conversion requirements for various duty and control modes (Source: Mitzlaff 1986)
+Duty mode
+Control mode
+Conversion mode
+Speed: constant power: constant e.g. for a pump with constant head and constant delivery
+Diesel or spark- ignition engine: fixed manual adjustment, no readjustment necessary under normal circumstances
+addition of a simple, manually adjusted mixing chamber
+Speed: constant power: variable e.g. for a constant-frequency subject to varying power; or for a pump with constant head and varying delivery volume
+Automatic speed control: Spark-ignition: electronic governor controls the throttle Diesel: fixed biogas fraction, with speed control via diesel intake governor
+Spark-ignition: carburetor or gas mixing valve with throttle; elec tronic control Diesel: Regulator and hand-adjusted mixing chamber
+Speed: variable power: variable e.g. for powering various types of machines
+Spark-ignition: by hand (if varying speed is acceptable) or electric with setpoint control Diesel: by hand via accelerator Iever
+Spark-ignition: electronic with set point control, gas mixing valve or carburetor with throttle, plus regu lator Diesel: simple, hand-adjusted mixing chamber
+Converting a spark-ignition engine results in a loss of performance amounting to as much as 3070. While partial compensation can be achieved by raising the compression ratio to E = 11-12, such a measure also in,creases the mechanical and thermal load on the engine.
+Spark-ignition engines that are not expressly marketed as suitable for running on gas or unleaded gasoline may suffer added wear & tear due to the absence of lead lubrication.
+The speed control of converted spark-ignition engines is effected by way of a hand-operated throttle. Automatic speed control for different load conditions requires the addition of an electronic control device for the throttle.
+The conversion of spark-ignition engines is evaluated as follows:
+- Gasoline engines are readily available in the form of vehicle motors, but their useful life amounts to a mere 3000 - 4000 operating hours.
+- The conversion effort essentially consists of adding a (well-tuned) gas mixer.
+- Gasoline engines are not as durable as diesel engines.
+Engine selection and operation
+Speed
+Since biogas burns relatively slowly, biogas-fueled engines should be operated at
+- 1300-2000 r.p.m. (diesel)
+- 1500-3000 r.p.m. (spark-ignition)
+The standard speeds for such engines are 1500 and 3000 r.p.m. (50 Hz) or 1800/3600 r.p.m. (60 Hz) because of connecting a generator. For direct-power applications, i.e. a V-belt drive, the transmission ratio should ensure that the engine operates within its best efficiency range (= lowest fuel consumption) under normal-power conditions.
+(f engine-end pulley speed of machine)/(f machine-end pulley)= (speed of machine)/(speed of engine)
+Consumption
+Depending on the gas composition, barometric pressure and type of engine, the specific consumption will amount to 0.5-0.8 m³/ kWh, i.e. a 10-kW engine will use 5-8 m³ biogas per hour. In a dual-fuel setup, the biogas consumption rate can be reduced by lowering the biogas fraction.
+Maintenance and useful life
+In contact with water, the H[2]S content of biogas promotes corrosion. Consequently, adherence to the prescribed oil-change intervals is very important (after each 100 operating hours or so for vehicle spark-ignition engines). Dual-fuel engines should be started on pure diesel, with biogas being added gradually after about 2 minutes. For shutdown, the biogas fraction should be gradually reduced prior to stopping the engine. Any engine that has not been in operation for a considerable length of time should first be flushed out with scavenge oil (50% motor oil, 50% diesel oil) and filled with fresh oil. As long as extreme operating conditions are avoided, the engine can expected to achieve its normal useful life.
+Exhaust-heat utilization
+Internal-combustion engines have efficiency levels of 25 - 30% (gasoline engine) and 33 - 38% (diesel engine). A higher overall efficiency can be achieved by exploiting the heat content of the cooling water and exhaust, e.g. by:
+- an exhaust heat exchanger (danger of H2O-corrosion if the exhaust gas cools down to 150 °C or less)
+- coolant heat exchanger (at coolant temperatures of 60 - 70 °C).
+The recovered heat can be used for:
+- heating utility water
+- drying agricultural products
+- space heating.
+However, the requisite equipment/control effort makes heat recovery uneconomical except for large heavy-duty engines.
+Motor-generators
+The most frequent use for biogas-fueled engines is the generation of electricity. Suitable components include:
+- asynchronous generators for system interconnection, i.e. the generator can only be operated in connection with a central power network. If the network breaks down, the generator cannot stay in operation. System control and network adaptation are relatively uncomplicated.
+- asynchronous generators for insular networks, i.e. an electronic control system on the generator stabilizes a constant power network.
+Converting one type of generator to the other is very intricate and involves a complicated electronic control arrangement.
+In selecting a particular type of motor generator, one must give due consideration to the various operating conditions and network requirements (including the legal aspects of power feed-in).
+Checklist for choosing a suitable engine
+1. Define the energy requirement and speed of the machine to be powered;
+2. Compare the biogas demand with the given storage capacity; if a shortage is possible, opt for the dual-fuel approach;
+3. Select an engine with performance characteristics that are sure to provide the required power output in sustained operation in the optimal duty range:
+- diesel engines Pengine = Pmachine/0.8
+- gasoline engines Pengine = Pmachine/0.G
+This accounts for the fact that the continuous-duty power output is less than the nominal output. On the other hand, choosing an overly powerful engine would make the specific consumption unnecessarily high. Careful planning is very important in any project involving the use of biogas in engines; experienced technicians are needed to make the engine connections; and access to maintenance and repair services is advisable. Both the biogas plant itself and the engine require protection in the form of a low-pressure cutout that shuts down the latter if the gasholder is empty. Chapter 10.5 lists some recommended types of biogas engines and supplier addresses.
+<section>5.6 Measuring methods and devices for biogas plants</section>
+The purpose of conducting measurements on a biogas plant is to enable timely detection of developing problems, adjustment to optimum operating conditions, and gathering of practical 'data for comparison with those of other plants. The following variables can be measured quickly and easily:
+- gas production via dry gas meter or by measuring the fill level of the gasholder
+- weight of inputs via a hand-held spring scale
+- temperature via an ordinary stem thermometer or electronic temperature sensor
+- total-solids content by drying a sample at 104 °C and weighing the residue on a precision balance
+- H2S content of the gases via a gas test tube
+- pH via litmus paper.
+The contents of the substrate/slurry can only be determined by a special laboratory.
+Various levels of precision are recommended, depending on the set objective and corresponding time, effort and equipment expenditure.
+Observation by the user
+Procedure
+- measuring the gas consumption through daily checking of the calibration marks on the gasholder
+- measuring the daily input quantities via defined-volume vessels
+- measuring the air/slurry temperature with a thermometer.
+Documentation
+Daily notation of measured values.
+Interpretation/results
+Daily gas production as a function of substrate input and temperature.
+Field testing by the extension officer
+Procedure
+- installation and daily reading of a dry gas meter to determine the rate of gas production
+- random sampling of the CO[2] and H[2]S contents of the biogas
+- determination of quantities added by weighing the moist mass and water on a spring scale
+- random sampling to determine the total solids content of the substrate
+- measuring the digester temperature with the aid of a remote electronic thermometer
+- measuring the ambient temperature with a mini-max thermometer
+- determining pH levels via litmus paper
+- laboratory testing to determine the C/Nratio, volatile solids content and manurial quality of digested slurry.
+Documentation
+Daily entry of measured values in a log book.
+Interpretation of results
+- time history of daily gas production as a function of temperature and substrate input
+- time history of specific gas yield (Gy = m³ gas/kg TS) and of specific gas production (m³ gas/m³ Vd) as a function of temperature
+- time history of pH
+- time history of maximum and minimum ambient temperatures, i.e. mean monthly and annual temperatures, plus extremes.
+<section>6. Large-scale biogas plants</section>
+Biogas technology, or better: anaerobic-process engineering, Is becoming increasingly important as a means of treating and cleaning industrial organic waste materials and highly loaded organic wastewater.
+This applies in particular to the following ranges of production:
+- large-scale stock farming
+- industrial processing of agricultural produce (refining of sugar, production of starch, winning of fibers, processing of coffee, generation of alcohol, slaughterhouses, etc.)
+- industrial and urban refuse and sewage (manufacturing of paper, organic household waste, sewage sludge, biotechnological industries).
+Most biogas plants used in those areas are large-scale plant systems with volumes ranging from several hundred to several thousand cubic meters.
+Compared to aerobic treatment, anaerobic processes offer comparable performance with regard to purification capacity and conversion rates, but also stand apart from the former in that they:
+- require less energy to keep the process going and to generate useful energy in the form of biogas, and
+- produce less organic sludge, because the growth rate of anaerobic microorganisms is slower than that of aerobic microorganisms.
+Consequently, anaerobic treatment of waste materials and wastewater offer some major advantages for a comparable initial invest" meet. Nonetheless, much of the technology has not yet passed the testing stage.
+Due to the size of plant, different objectives and special requirements concerning operation and substrates, the anaerobic treatment of waste materials and wastewater involves a different set of planning mechanisms, plant types and implementational factors. To go into detail on this subject would surpass the intended scope of this manual; besides, extension officers hardly need expect to be confronted with the job of planning such plants. Nevertheless, some basic information is offered here to give the reader a general grasp of what large-scale biogas technology involves.
+In discussing the various waste-treatment options, differentiation is made between wastewater (organic - highly loaded) and waste materials/residues (organic solids).
+Table 6.1: Some examples of biogas production from agro-industrial residues and wastewater
+(Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Area of production
+Retention time
+Digester loading
+Gas production
+Degradation rate
+[d]
+[kg/m³ X d]
+[m³/m³ X d]
+Slaughterhouse
+1.2-3.5 COD
+0.3-0.5 COD
+80 COD
+Fruit and vegetables
+0.8-1.6 VS
+0.3-0.6 VS
+Olive-oil extraction
+1.2-1.5 TS
+0.7 BOD
+80-85 BOD
+Whey
+6.4 BOD
+0.9 BOD
+92 BOD
+Potato starch
+7.5 COD
+0.3-0.4 COD
+90-95 BOD
+Yeast factory
+1.0-8.0 COD
+60-70 COD
+Sugar mill
+12.0-16.5 COD
+87-97 COD
+Milk processing
+0.7-2.0 VS
+0.1-0.4 VS
+86-99 BOD
+Molasses slop
+3.9 VS
+0.9 VS
+97 BOD
+Molasses distillery
+18.3 COD
+0.6 COD
+45-65 COD
+Brewery
+1.8-5.5 TS
+0.3 - 0.4 TS
+Tannery
+2.7-31.9 COD
+80-91 COD
+Pharmaceut.ind.
+0.2-3.5 COD
+0.6 COD
+94-98 COD
+Refuse + sewage sludge
+1.2-3.1 VS
+1.0 VS
+Refuse
+0.7-3.2 VS
+0.1-0.4 VS
+Cattle farming
+0.5-2.5 VS
+0.2-0.4 VS
+Pig farming
+0.8-4.1 VS
+0.1-0.5 VS
+Poultry farming
+0.6-3.6 VS
+0.2-0.5 VS
+Sewage sludge
+1.2-4.5 VS
+0.1-0.6VS
+Wastewater treatment
+Organically contaminated wastewater contains mostly dissolved substances that are measured in terms of COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand, i.e. oxygen required for mineralizing the organic contents).
+The main purpose of wastewater treatment is to remove or mineralize the organic substances, i.e. to prepare them for release into a receiving body of water or the agricultural environment.
+Anaerobic fermentation serves as the biological purifying process. Purification performance rates of up to 95% BOD are achievable. The choice of process and the achievable purification performance rates are determined by the type and composition of the substrate/wastewater. In general, dissolved organic substances are readily biodegradable. Retention times ranging from a few hours to a few days are not uncommon. On the other hand, some organic substances are hard to break down (paints, aromates, etc.), while others are toxic and/o,r capable of causing a shortage of nutrients and adverse medium characteristics (e.g. pH-shifts). A number of special-purpose processes have been developed for use in anaerobic wastewater treatment in order to compensate for the high hydraulic loads and lack of bacterial colonization areas:
+Contact fermenter
+Digested slurry is recycled through a continuously stirred reactor in order to maintain a high level of bacterial concentration and, hence high performance. The contact process is a suitable approach for both mobile substrates and substrates with a high concentration of solids.
+Upflow fermenter
+An upflow-type fermenter with a special hydraulic configuration serves simultaneously as a suspended-solids filter with a high bacterial density and correspondingly high biodegradation performance.
+Fluidized-bed fermenter
+A vehicle (balls of plastic or clay) is kept "floating" in the fermenter to serve as a colonizing area for the bacteria.
+Fixed-bed fermenter
+A vehicle (plastic pellets or lumps of clay, rock or glass) provides a large, stationary colonization area within the fermenter. Fixed-bed fermenters are suitable for wastewater containing only dissolved solids. If the wastewater also contains suspended solids, the fermenter is liable to plug up.
+Two-phase fermentation
+The acidic and methanogenic phases of fermentation are conducted separately, each under its own optimum conditions, in order to maximize the fermentation rates and achieve good gas quality.
+The treatment of wastewater marked by heavy organic pollution must always be looked upon as an individual problem that may require different processes from one case to the next, even though the initial products are identical. Consequently, trials must always be conducted for the entire chain: production process - purification - wastewater utilization - and energy supply/ use.
+Thanks to their uncomplicated, robust equipment, the contact process and fixed-bed fermentation stand the best chance of success in developing countries.
+Waste materials/residues
+The fact that practically identical production processes often yield residues that hardly resemble one another also applies to industrial waste materials. Here, too, pretrials and individual, problem-specific testing are called for in any case.
+The potential range of organic waste materials is practically unlimited. Of particular interest for the purposes of this manual, however, are waste materials from factory farms and slaughterhouses.
+Large-scale stock farming
+The characteristics of dung from cattle, pigs and chickens were described in chapter 3.2. In factory farming, the dung yield is heavily dependent on the given type of fodder and how the stables are cleaned. Thus, pinpoint inquiries are always necessary.
+The large quantities of substrate, often exceeding 50 m³/d, lead to qualitative differences in the planning and implementation of large-scale plants, as opposed to small-scale plants. This has consequences with regard to substrate handling and size of plant:
+- Daily substrate-input volumes of more than 1 m³ cannot be managed by hand. Pumps for filing the plant and machines for chopping up the substrate are expensive to buy and run, in addition to being susceptible to wear & tear. In many cases, careful planning can make it possible to use gravity-flow channels for filling the plant.
+- Plants of a size exceeding 100 m³ usually cannot be made of masonry, i.e. the types of plant discussed in chapter 5 cannot be used.
+The choice of plant is limited to either the mechanized types used in industrial countries or simple, large-scale plants. Experience shows that most simple, large-scale plants are
+- of modular design,
+- usually equipped with channel digesters,
+- and require the use of substrate from which the scum-forming material has been removed in order to get by with either low-power mechanical mixers or none at all.
+Since large-scale biogas plants produce accordingly large volumes of biogas, the generation of electricity with the aid of a motor-generator set is of main interest.
+The two Ferkessedougou biogas plants situated in the northern part of Cote d' Ivoire stand as examples of a successful large-scale biogas-plant concept based on a simple design. They have been in operation at the local cattle-fattening station and slaughterhouse since 1982 and 1986, respectively, where they serve in the disposal of some of the excrements produced by an average number of 2500 head of cattle. The plant consists of a simple, unlined earth-pit digester with a plastic-sheet cover serving as gasholder. The gas is used for generating electricity, heating water and producing steam.
+At present, some 20% of the slaughterhouse's electricity requirement is covered by the biogas plants, and the biogas-driven steam sterilizer saves 50 000 I diesel fuel each year. The total initial investment amounting to 60 million F.CFA yields annual savings of approximately 12 million F.CFA after deduction of the operating costs (1 DM = 150 F.CFA).
+The Ferkessedougou biogas plants demonstrate how even large-scale installations can keep biogas technology cost-efficient by relying on simple designs, e.g. large digester volume despite low cost of construction.
+Table 6.2: Technical data of the Ferkessedougou biogas plant (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Biogas plant I
+Biogas plant II
+No. of animals
+700 head of cattle in 12 feedlots
+Digester volume
+400 m³
+810 m³
+Gasholder volume
+80 m³
+>600 m³
+Slurry storage volume
+300 m³
+3500 m³
+Retention time
+40-2s days
+40 -22 days
+Daily substrate input1
+10-18 m³/d
+20-38 m³/d
+TS-content
+Daily gas production
+250 m³/d
+450 m³/d
+Specific gas production
+0.6 m³/m³ Vd
+0.55 m³/m³ Vd
+Gas utilization
+MWM gas-powered
+Deutz gas-powered
+motor-generator set
+motor generator set
+15 kWel
+32 kWel, with exhaust heat recovery for heating water
+Operating time
+22 h/d
+10 h/d
+Power generation
+270 kWh/d
+245 kWh/d
+Combination gas-oil burner for steam sterilizer, 130-355 kW
+1 Fluctuation due to seasonal factors (rainy/dry season)
+Slaughterhouses
+The proper disposal of paunch and intestinal contents (fecal matter), dung and urine and, in some cases, blood and offal is not always ensured in slaughterhouses. Such residues can be put to good use in a biogas plant, since:
+- the energy demand and the substrate incidence are extensively parallel and usually involve short distances for transportation;
+- the biogas technique is more cost-efffcient and yields more energy than aerobic processes, so that most slaughterhouses could cover their own energy demand with such a plant.
+Slaughterhouses in developing countries span a wide size range. Consequently, various techniques are needed for treating and/or disposing of waste materials and wastewater. While little experience has been gained to date in connection with the disposal of slaughterhouse wastes via biogas technology, the following assessment can nonetheless be arrived at:
+- Small, village-scale slaughterhouses
+in which 50 - 100 animals are slaughtered each week can make use of simple agricultural biogas plants like those discussed in chapter 5 for disposing of all offal and other residues, and the digested slurry can be used as agricultural fertilizer.
+The main problem in such plants is the formation of a thick layer of scum made up of the contents of paunches and fecal matter. For that reason, and in order to achieve good hygiene, retention times of 100 days or more are considered practical.
+- Medium-sized slaughterhouses (200-500 slaughterings per week)
+Here, too, biogas plants are able to provide complete disposal, although large-scale types like those used in Ferkessedougou are required. Sometimes, it is a good idea to separate the solid wastes from the wastewater and possibly compost the solids.
+- Large-scale slaughterhouses
+Most such slaughterhouses are quite similar to those found in European cities and are usually located in urban areas. Consequently, proper waste disposal and wastewater purification call for integrated concepts in line with European standards.
+Table 6.3: Slaughterhouse waste quantities (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Type of waste
+Cattle
+Sheep
+Pigs
+Stomach contents
+Intestinal contents
+Blood
+~14 kg
+~2 kg
+~4 kg
+Offal
+2-5 kg
+0.5-1 kg
+1-1.5 kg
+Dung (without fodder)
+5 kg
+0.8 kg
+1.5 kg
+¹ Expressed as percentages of live weight
+<section>7. Plant operation, maintenance and repair</section>
+The main objective of any plant owner/user is to have a well-functioning biogas plant that involves a modest amount of work for operating it and requires very little effort and expense for maintenance and repair in the long run. Smooth running of a biogas plant is dependent on good information and careful planning and construction. Operating errors and false expectations are the most frequent causes of plant outage.
+<section>7.1 Commissioning of biogas plants</section>
+The commissioning procedure for a biogas plant includes:
+- inspection and final acceptance of all components
+- initial filling
+- starting the plant
+- user familiarization
+Inspection and final acceptance
+Prior to filing the plant, all components must be carefully inspected for proper function and suitability for acceptance. Of particular importance at the time of final acceptance is seal testing of the digester, gasholder and gas pipes.
+It must be kept in mind that the seal tests described below are very laborious without pumps (e.g. hauling of more than 10 m³ water) and may not even be feasible if water is scarce, in which case such testing must be dispensed with. The time and effort involved must be weighed against the risk of having to empty the plant after completely filling it with slurry. In either case, it is very advisable to use a motor pump.
+Water-seal testing
+Fill the entire digester with water and check the fill level in all components.
+Once all components have become saturated with water (after about 1 day), refill to the zero line, wait one day, and then remeasure. If the water loss amounts to less than 2% of the digester volume, the plant may be regarded as leaktight.
+Seal testing (water and gas) of a fixed-dome plant
+Fixed-dome plants are regarded as leaktight if the water-seal test shows less than 2% water loss, and the gas-seal test shows less than 5% gas loss.
+Gas-seal testing of a floating-drum plant
+In the case of floating-drum plant, only the metal gasholder must be subjected to gas seal testing; any leaks are detected with the aid of soap water.
+Pressure testing of the gas pipe
+The test must be performed while all gas pipe connections are still accessible. Pressurize the gas pipe with the aid of a test pump or by placing weights on the gasholder. If there is no noticeable loss of gas after one day, the pipe may be regarded as gaslight.
+Initial filling of the plant
+The initial filling for a new biogas plant should, if possible, consist of either digested slurry from another plant or cattle dung. It is advisable to start collecting cattle dung during the construction phase in order to have enough by the time the plant is finished. When the plant is being filled for the first time, the substrate can be diluted with more water than usual.
+Starting the plant
+Depending on the type of substrate in use, the plant may need from several days to several weeks to achieve a stable digesting process. Cattle dung can usually be expected to yield good gas production within one or two days. The breaking-in period is characterized by:
+- low-quality biogas containing more than 60% CO2
+- very odorous biogas
+- sinking pH end
+- erratic gas production.
+The digesting process will stabilize more quickly if the slurry is agitated frequently and intensively. Only if the process shows extreme resistance to stabilization should lime or more cattle dung be added in order to balance with pH. No additional biomass should be put into the biogas plant during the remainder of the starting phase. Once the process has stabilized, the large volume of unfermented biomass will give rise to a high rate of gas production. Regular loading can commence after gas production has dropped off to the intended level.
+As soon as the biogas becomes reliably combustible, it can be used for the intended purposes. Less-than-optimum performance of the appliances due to inferior gas quality should be regarded as acceptable at first. However, the first two gasholder fillings should be vented unused for reasons of safety, since residual oxygen poses an explosion hazard.
+User familiarization
+The plant owner should be familiarized with the details of plant operation and maintenance at the time of commissioning. It is important that he be not only familiarized with the theory of function but given ample opportunity to practice using all parts of the plant. The user-familiarization procedure should be built up around an operational/maintenance checklist (cf. table 7.2).
+Table 7.1: Checklist for the inspection and acceptance of biogas plants (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Check item
+Nonconformance
+Remedy
+Remarks
+I Interim inspection prior to backfilling
+Site
+o unsuitable
+o dismantle/demolish the plant
+Digester masonry
+o cracked/broken bricks/ stones
+o demolish the masonry
+Fixed-dome plants in particular call for high-quality work. Tearing down the plant at this point is often . the least-painful solution
+o seriously false dimen- signs
+o improperly jointed masonry
+o fix with mortar, incl. foundation
+inlet/outlet pipes
+o false configuration
+o demolish
+o poor backfilling
+o refill
+II Final inspection and acceptance
+Rendering in digester/ gasholder
+o cracks, sandy rendering, low strength, cavities, poorly worked edges and coving
+a) for the gas space of a fixed-dome plant: replace rendering
+Ensure high-quality work man-ship for fixed-dome plants
+b) for the slurry space: repair or add a new layer of rendering (usually sufficient)
+Masonry seal coats
+o cracks, flaws, thin spots, voids
+o renew the coating
+(applies only to fixed-dome plants)
+Mixing pit/slurry sotre/displacement pit
+o cracks, poor workman-ship
+o demolish or repair
+Inlet/outlet pipes
+o plugged, poorly worked transitions
+o remove mortar plug, repair with mortar/ concrete
+Earth fill
+o insufficient fill height
+o recompact, add
+o poorly compacted earth
+Water-fill check of all component heights(relative): inlet, outlet, digester, gas- holder cf. chapter 7.1
+for floating-drum plants:
+o water in mixing pit, too low; water spills over the digester, i.e. digester too low; outlet too low for fixed dome plants:
+o shorten the outlet
+Differentiation must be made between nonconfor mances that impair the plant's function and nonconformances that merely prevent optimal utilization
+o water above gas zero line -
+o add wall height to digester
+o lengthen the outlet
+o alter the elevation of the
+a) gas outlet
+b) displacement pit
+o water in mixing pit
+o alteration too much trouble
+o water in displacement pit
+o alteration too much trouble
+Seal testing (see chapter 7.1 for details)
+for floating-drum plants:
+o water loss < 2%
+o acceptable as is
+In case of doubt, locate and repair all defects, even if it seems like a lot of trouble at the moment; repairs at a later date would be more troublesome!
+o water loss > 10% for fixed-dome plants:
+o repair masonry
+o water loss < 2%
+o acceptable as is
+(pressureless) > 10%
+o repair masonry
+o water loss < 5 %
+o acceptable as is
+(pressurized) > 10%
+o repair masonry
+Gasholder (of floating- drum plants only)
+o false dimensions,wrong
+o reject gasholder,
+o grade of steel,
+build new one
+o faulty welds
+o repair welds
+o faulty painting
+o repaint
+Gas valves
+o stuck valves
+o repair or replace
+Check carefully; defects most likely in the gas system
+o missing valves
+o false water trap
+Gas pipe
+o false gradient
+o re-install
+o leak found upon pressure testing
+o repair leaks
+o poor workmanship
+o re-install
+Gas appliances
+o functional defects
+o repair or replace
+<section>7.2 Plant operation</section>
+The operation of a simple biogas plant is relatively uncomplicated. The user must be given all the information and practical assistance he needs before and during the early phases of plant operation.
+Collecting substrate
+The collection of substrate is a simple matter when combined with work that has to be done anyway, e.g. cleaning the stables. It can be made even easier by arranging for the manure to flow directly into the mixing pit. Experience shows that it is not a good idea to gather dung from fields, roads, etc. or to go to the trouble of elaborately chopping up or otherwise preprocessing plant material for use as substrate. The work involved is usually underestimated, while the motivation is overestimated.
+Filling the plant
+Filling means: mixing the substrate with water, removing bouyant materials, allowing the fill material to warm up, flushing it into the digester, and removing sand and stones. The simple mixing pit shown in figure 5.16 can handle a daily fill quantity of up to 500 1.
+Digested-slurry storage/utilization
+The further processing of digested slurry is a critical point in that it can be quite toilsome (cf. chapter 3.4).
+In designing the plant, care must be taken to ensure that the slurry store will be large enough. Fixed-dome plants in particular should be equipped with an overflow, so that the digested slurry does not have to be hauled away every day.
+Table 7.2: Checklist for the daily operation and regular maintenance of biogas plants (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Daily activities:
+- fill the plant
+- clean the mixing pit
+- agitate the digester contents
+- check the gas pressure
+- check the gasholder contents
+- check the appearance and odor of the digested slurry
+Weekly/monthly activities:
+- remove/use the digested slurry
+- clean and inspect the gas appliances
+- check the gas valves, fittings and appliances for leaks
+- inspect the water trap
+Annual activities:
+- inspect the digester for scum formation and remove as necessary by opening the plant
+- inspect the plant for water tightness and gas tightness
+- pressure-test the gas valves, fittings and pipes
+- check the gasholder for rust and repaint as necessary
+Monitoring the process
+If the plant is properly started before being handed over to the user, it may be assumed to be in proper working order. The user will have become familiar with what optimum plant operation involves. This is very important, because from then on he himself will have to watch for any appreciable changes in how the plant functions; the main indication of a beginning malfunction is a change in the daily gas output.
+<section>7.3 Plant maintenance</section>
+The maintenance scope for a biogas plant includes all work and inspections needed to ensure smooth functioning and long service life. To the extent possible, all maintenance work should be done by the user.
+Biogas plants can develop a number of operational malfunctions. The most frequent problem, "insufficient gas production", has various causes. Often enough, it takes the work of a "detective" to locate and remedy the trouble. It may be necessary to experiment with and monitor the plant for months on end in cooperation with the user.
+<section>7.4 Plant repair</section>
+Repair measures for biogas plants (cf. table 7.5) are necessary in case of acute malfunctions and as indicated by routine monitoring. Repair measures exceeding simple maintenance work usually require outside assistance, since the user himself may not have the necessary tools or know-how.
+It is advisable to have the annual maintenance work mentioned in chapter 7.3 performed by external artisans With prior experience in biogas technology. Such maintenance and repair work should be ordered on a contract basis. Past project experience shows that professional biogas repair and maintenance services can be very important for ensuring long-term plant performance. Such services should include general advice, functional testing, troubleshooting, spare-parts delivery and the performance of repair work.
+Table 7.3: Checklist for troubleshooting in case of insufficient gas production (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Quantity and quality of substrate
+- low/less daily input
+- excessive dilution with water
+Ascertain by control measurements
+Gas system leaks
+- gasholder
+- gas pipe
+- valves and fittings
+Ascertain by checking all components and connections for leaks with the aid of soapy water
+Disturbance of the biological process
+Indications:
+- heavy odor
+- change of color of digested material
+- drop in pH
+Possible remedial measures:
+- inspect the quality of the substrate
+- stop biomass until the process returns to normal
+- stabilize the pH, e.g. with lime
+- add cattle dung or healthy slurry
+- investigate the user's filling methods to determine if pollutants or noxious substances (detergents, pesticides, etc.) are getting into the plant
+Table 7.4: Simple-plant malfunctions and remedial measures (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Problem
+Possible cause
+Countermeasures
+Plugged-up inlet pipe
+fibrous substrate
+use rod to unplug the pipe
+Stuck gasholder
+floating scum
+1. turn the gasholder
+2. take off the gasholder
+and remove the scum
+Tilted gasholder
+broken guideframe
+repair
+Low gas production, poor gas quality
+cf. table 7.3
+cf. table 7.3
+Receding slurry level
+leak in plant
+repair
+Inadequate gas storage in fixed-dome
+leak in gasholder
+repair
+plants
+Stuck gas cocks
+corrosion
+apply oil, ,operate repeatedly
+Leaky gas pipe
+corrosion, inferior workman-
+repair
+ship
+Sudden loss of gas
+- broken gas line
+repair
+- blown-off water trap
+refill with water
+- open gas cock
+close
+Pulsating gas pressure
+water in the gas pipe
+pump out the pipe, relocate that
+section of pipe
+plugged-up gas pipe
+push rod through pipe
+Malfunctioning gas appliances
+cf. chapter 5.5.3
+cf. chapter 5.5.3
+Structural damage
+cf. table 7.1
+cf. table 7.1
+Table 7.5: Potential repair situations for simple biogas plants (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Damage
+Detection
+Remedial measures
+Damaged masonry and rendering
+Inspection of open plant, subsiding slurry level,
+Inspect the plant and repair any seal test damage; tear down the plant if large cracks are found
+Damaged or broken inlet/outlet pipe
+(see above)
+Replace pipe, repair connection to masonry
+Damaged/leaky fixed-dome plants
+Gas seal test, visual inspection of open plant
+Repair rendering, renew seal coatings
+Damaged/corroded gasholder
+High gas losses, seal test
+Replace gasholder, renew weldings
+Broken guide frame
+Tilted/immobile gasholder
+Remove gasholder, repair guide frame
+Leaky/broken/corroded gas pipe
+High gas losses, gas seal test of pipe
+Locate damage, repair or replace as necessary
+Damaged valves/fittings
+Functional inspection
+as a rule: replace
+Damaged gas appliances
+Functional inspection
+cf. "Gas appliances"
+<section>7.5 Safety measures</section>
+Biogas is a combustible, explosive gas. Its safe handling and use can be ensured, or at least promoted, by:
+- educational measures and operating instructions
+- good, careful planning and execution
+- timely detection of damage and gas leaks
+- installation of safety equipment
+Safety aspects of planning and implementation
+The following basic rules should be adhered to:
+- plant located outside of buildings used for other purposes, e.g. stablings
+- underground installation of pipes
+- no use of hoses
+- careful installation and regular inspection of gas pipes
+- regular inspection of gas appliances
+- good ventilation of rooms containing gas appliances without safety pilots
+- installation of safety stop valves
+- one directly on the plant, and another on each appliance.
+Educational measures and operating instructions
+The user must be made fully aware of the explosive nature of biogas, possibly by way of demonstration (e.g. by producing a flash flame). He must learn by heart the following basic rules:
+- Never leave an open flame unattended!
+- Always close the gas and safety valves of each appliance properly and immediately after each use!
+- Close the plant's safety valves each night and whenever the plant is left unattended!
+Experience shows that leaks and open gas cocks can be detected very quickly, i.e. before an explosive mixture forms, by watching for the conspicuous odor of unburned biogas.
+Safety devices
+As long as the above safety aspects are adhered to, small biogas plants in rural areas require few or no special safety devices, the one major exception being appliances that operate on their own, i.e. refrigerators, radiant heaters, etc., in which case the use of safety pilots is obligatory.
+<section>8. Economic analysis and socioeconomic evaluation</section>
+<section>8.1 Procedures and target groups</section>
+Any decision for or against the installation and operation of a biogas plant depends on various technical criteria as well as on a number of economic and utility factors. The quality and relevance of those factors are perceived differently, depending on the respective individual intrest:
+- Users want to know what the plant will offer in the way of profits (cost-benefit analysis) and other advantages like reduced workload, more reliable energy supplies or improved health and hygiene (socioeconomic place value).
+- Banks and credit institutes are primarily interested in the economic analysis as a basis for decisions with regard to plant financing.
+- Policy-makers have to consider the entire scope of costs and benefits resulting from introduction and dissemination, since their decisions usually pertain to biogas extension programs instead of to individual plants.
+The evaluation of biogas plants must include consideration not only of the monetary cost/ benefit factors, but also of the ascertainable nonpecuniary and unquantifiable factors. Time and again, practical extension work with the owners of small and medium-sized farms shows that a purely monetary approach does not reflect the farmers' real situation. For a farmer who thinks and works in terms of natural economic cycles, knowing how many hours of work he stands to save is often more important than knowing how much money he stands to gain. A similar view is usually taken of the often doubtful monetary evaluation of such a plant's qualitative and socioeconomic impact.
+Figure 8.1 surveys the essential parts of an economic analysis. In practice, however, the collecting of information and data can present problems: experience shows, for example, that an exact breakdown of cost and benefits can hardly be arrived at until the plant has been in service long enough for the user to have gained some initial experience with its operation. Economic prognoses therefore should give due regard to such limitations by including calculations for various scenarios based on pessimistic, average-case and optimistic assumptions. Consequently, the data stated in the following calculations and considerations are intended to serve only as reference values. Any attempt to convert local plant & equipment costs into DM-values is seriously complicated by the fact that exchange rates are often set more or less arbitrarily and that the figures used may derive from unstable black-market prices.
+<section>8.2 Working-time balance</section>
+For the users of family-size plants - primarily the operators of small to medium-size farms - the following three elements of the biogas plant evaluation have the most relevance:
+- working-time balance
+- micro-economic analysis and
+- socioeconomic and qualitative considerations.
+Working-time balancing is most important when the farm is, at most, loosely involved in cash-crop markets, so that the cost/benefit factors are more likely to be reflected in terms of hours worked, as in money.
+Table 8.1 exemplifies a comparison of time expenditures for a farm with a biogas plant and for a similar one without a biogas plant. The unit of calculation is hours worked per year (h/a) by the farmer and his family. Any expenses for external assistance, e.g. "hired hands", appear only in the monetary (cashflow) calculation (cf. chapter 8.3).
+Table 8.1: Comparison of working time with and without biogas utilization (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Working time with biogas plant
+h/a
+Working time without biogas plant
+h/a
+Planning/know-how acquisition
+Mucking out the stables
+Plant construction and installation of appliances
+Hauling off/disposal of organic wastes
+Collecting, hauling and preparing fuel
+Feeding/collecting manure
+Cooking
+Fetching water
+Cleaning and repair of fireplace
+Cooking
+Spreading of NPK-fertilizer
+Maintenance and repair work
+Tending of animals
+Spreading of digested slurry/fertilizing
+Tending of animals
+Total
+Total
+The best indication of a successful biogas plant is a significant reduction in the average amount of time worked - especially by women and children who tend the plant and cook with the gas. If, for example, the family used to cook on wood gathered on the way back from the fields, a practice that involved little extra work, biogas technology can hardly expect to find acceptance under the heading "time saved".
+The actual value of time saved depends not only on the quantity saved but also on the quality, i.e. whose workload is reduced at which time of day.
+Real-time savings let the target group:
+- expand their cash-crop and/or subsistence production
+- intensify and improve their animal-husbandry practice
+- expand their leisure time and have more time for their children, education, etc.
+It should be noted that all time expenditures and time savings pertaining to anyone participating in the farm/household work, and which can be expressed in real monetary terms as cash-flow income or expenses must appear both in the above working-time balance and in the following micro-economic analysis (wage labor during the time saved by the biogas plant).
+<section>8.3 Micro-economic analysis for the user</section>
+The following observations regarding micro-economic analysis (static and dynamic) extensively follow the methods and calculating procedures described in the pertinent publication by H. Finck and G. Oelert, a much-used reference work at Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH that should be consulted for details of interest.
+Table 8.2: Investment-cost comparison for various biogas plants (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Cost factor
+Water-jacket. Plant
+Fixed-dome plant
+Plastic-sheet plant
+Cost per m³ digester (DM)
+including:Gasholder
+(part of digester)
+Digester/slurry store
+Gas appliances/piping
+Stable modification
+General engineering
+Surrey of the monetary costs and benefits of a biogas plant
+Figure 8.2 shows a breakdown of the basic investment-cost factors for a - presumedly - standardized fixed-dome plant. The cost of material for building the digester, gasholder and displacement pit (cement, bricks, blocks) can, as usual, be expected to constitute the biggest cost item. At the same time, the breakdown shows that the cost of building the plant alone, i.e. without including the peripherals (animal housing, gas appliances, piping) does not give a clear picture.
+For a family-size plant, the user can expect to pay between 80 and 400 DM per m³ digester volume (cf. table 8.2). This table shows the total-cost shares of various plant components for different types of plant. While the average plant has a service life of 10-15 years, other costs may arise on a recurrent basis, e.g. painting the drum of a floating-drum plant and replacing it after 4 - 5 years. Otherwise, the operating costs consist mainly of maintenance and repair work needed for the gas piping and gas appliances. At least 3% of the initial investment costs should be assumed for maintenance and repair.
+The main benefits of a biogas plant are:
+- savings attributable to less (or no) consumption of conventional energy sources for cooking, lighting or cooling
+- the excess energy potential, which could be commercially exploited
+- substitution of digested slurry in place of chemical fertilizers and/or financially noticeable increases in crop yields
+- savings on time that can be used for wage work, for example.
+Usually, a biogas plant will only be profitable in terms of money if it yields considerable savings on conventional sources of energy like firewood, kerosene or bottled gas (further assuming that they are not subsidized).
+Financially effective crop-yield increases thanks to fertilizing with digested slurry are hard to quantify, i.e. their accurate registration requires intensive observation of the plant's operating parameters.
+Such limitations make it clear that many biogas plants are hardly profitable in monetary terms, because the relatively high cost of investment is not offset by adequate financial returns. Nonetheless, if the user considers all of the other (non-monetary) benefits, too, he may well find that operating a biogas plant can be worth his while. The financial evaluation (micro-economic analysis), the essential elements of which are discussed in the following chapter, therefore counts only as one of several decision-making instruments to be presented to the potential user.
+The main advisory objective is to assess the user's risk by calculating the payback period ("How long will it take him to get back the money he invested?") and comparing it with the technical service life of the plant. Also, the user must be given some idea of how much interest his capital investment will carry (profitability calculation).
+The micro-economic analytical methods described in the following subsections require the highest achievable accuracy with regard to the identification of costs and benefits for the biogas plant under consideration. Chapter 10.4 in the appendix includes an appropriate formsheet for data collection. With a view to better illustrating the described analytical methods, the formsheet (table 10.10) includes fictive, though quite realistic, data concerning a familysize biogas plant. Those data are consistently referred to and included in the mathematical models for each of the various sample analyses.
+Calculation of the static payback period according to the cumulative method (data taken from the appendicized formsheet, table 10.10).
+Input parameters:
+- investment costs
+- annual revenues
+- less the yearly operating costs
+- less the external capital costs
+= annual returns
+The cumulative method allows consideration of different annual returns.
+Calculatory procedure: The investment expenditures and annual returns are added together until the line-3 total in table 8.3 either reaches zero (end of payback period) or becomes positive.
+Evaluation: As far as risk minimization is concerned, a short payback period is very valuable from the standpoint of the plant's user ("short" meaning significantly less than 10 years, the data listed in table 8.3 pegs it at 5.5 years). Should the analysis show a payback period of 10 years or more, thus possibly even exceeding the technical service life of the plant, building the plant could not be recommended unless other important factors are found to outweigh that disadvantage.
+Static calculation of profitability (data taken from table 10.10 in the Appendix)
+Input parameters:
+- average capital invested per time interval, KA
+- net profit, NP = annual return
+- less the external capital servicing costs
+- less the depreciation
+Calculatory procedure: The profitability, or return on investment, ROI, is calculated according to the following formula
+The linear annual depreciation amounts to:
+The technical service life of a biogas plant generally amounts to 10-15 years. It is advisable to calculate twice, one for a pessimistic assumption (10-year service life) and once for an optimistic assumption (15-year service life). Similarly, the net profit should also be varied under pessimistic and optimistic assumptions.
+Evaluation: The user can at least expect the biogas plant to yield a positive return on his invested capital. The actual interest should be in the range of locally achievable savings-account interest. Also, the results of profitability calculation can be used to compare the financial quality of two investment alternatives, but only if their respective service lives and investment volumes are sufficiently comparable.
+Calculating the profitability using the appendicized data
+Initial investment, Io = 1100
+Average capital invested, KA =Io / 2 = 550
+Annual returns = 200
+Loan servicing costs = none (internal financing)
+Depreciation for 10 year service life = 110(case 1)
+Depreciation for 15 year service life = 73.3 (case 2)
+Net profit, NP1, for case 1 = 90
+Net profit, NP2, for case 2 = 126.7
+Return on investment in case 1 = NP1 /KA = 16%
+Return on investment in case 2 = NP2 /KA = 23%
+Thus, this sample calculation can be expected to show positive results regarding the achievable return on invested capital.
+<section>8.4 Use of complex dynamic methods</section>
+Dynamic methods of micro-economic analysis are applied to biogas plants primarily by:
+- extension officers, for the purpose of checking, by a dynamic technique, their own results of static monetary analysis (cf. chapter 8.3), as already explained to the small farmers and other users of biogas plants
+- banks, as a decision-making criteria in connection with the granting of loans
+- operators of large-scale biogas plants, for whom the financial side of the investment is an important factor in the decision-making process.
+The importance of the dynamic methods lies in the fact that the results obtained using the simpler static methods of calculation described in chapter 8.3 can become problematic, if the point in time at which payments become due is of increasing importance. Any investor naturally will set a lower valuation to revenues that are due a decade from now than to those which are coming in at present. Consequently, he would want to compound past payments and discount future payments to obtain their respective present values.
+Net-present-value method
+The most commonly employed method of dynamic micro-economic analysis is the net-present-value method used by many extension officers. It enables evaluation of both the absolute and relative advantages of a biogas-plant investment (as compared to other investment alternatives) on the basis of the anticipated minimum interest rate above and beyond the net present value of the investment. Simultaneously, the netpresent-value method also serves as a basis for calculating the dynamic payback period and for calculations based on the annuities method. (For details on the net-present-value and other dynamic methods of calculation, please refer to the aforementioned publication by Finck/Oelert.)
+The inflation problem: Either the entire calculation is based on nominal incomes and expenditures, and market interest rates (= calculatory interest) are assumed, or the income and expenditures are presumed to remain constant, and the calculation is based on the real interest rate. The latter is calculated according to the following formulae (p = market rate of interest and a = rate of inflation):
+Example: market rate of interest = 48%; rate of inflation = 34%
+i = [(100 + 48)/(100 +34)]* 100-100=10.4%
+Discounting factors: The compounding and discounting factors for the net-present-value method are shown in table 10.11 (Appendix) for interest rates of 1-30% and service lives of 1-15 years.
+Calculatory procedure: The following information is drawn from the appendicized data survey: calculatory rate of interest, i (item 1.3); investment costs, I (item 2) and the returns (item 8). Much like the static mathematical models discussed in chapter 8.3, the calculatory procedures are again made more readily understandable by inserting the appropriate data from the formsheet (table 10.10, Appendix). In a real case, those data naturally would have to be replaced by the actual on-site data.
+Results: The biogas plant can be regarded as profitable, if its net present value is found to be equal to or greater than zero for the minimum acceptable interest rate, e.g. i= 10%. The net present value is arrived at by cumulating the cash-flow value. Among several alternative investments, the one with the highest net present value should be chosen.
+Sample calculation: For a plant service life of 10 years (conservative estimate), the cash flow values reflecting the annual returns times the discounting factor need to be determined and cumulated (cf. table 8.4). In this example, the net present value, at 129, would be positive, i.e. the potential investment would be worthwhile. The effects of discounting future income to its present value are substantial. For example, the return listed as 200 in item 10 would have a cash-flow value of 77 for a calculatory interest rate of 10°,to.
+<section>8.5 Qualitative evaluation by the user</section>
+Biogas plants have numerous direct and indirect advantages - and, under certain circumstances, disadvantages - that cannot be expressed in terms of money, but which can be very important for the user. Even when a biogas plant is not financially profitable, meaning that it costs the user more than it yields, it can still have such a high socioeconomic value as to warrant its installation. Table 8.5 lists the essential socioeconomic biogas-plant evaluation factors, including plus, neutral and minus symbols to allow individual-aspect evaluation.
+Table 8.5: Socioeconomic benefits and drawbacks of biogas production and utilization (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Benefits
+Possible drawbacks
+Assured, regular supply of energy rating: + o -
+Direct handling of feces rating: + o -
+Improved hygienic conditions through
+Limited communication potential, e.g. no
+better disposal of feces, no smoky cooking fires, less nuisance from flies rating: + o -
+more gathering of wood together rating: + o -
+General improvement of the agricultural production conditions, e.g. better live stock hygine/care, improved soil structure
+rating: + o -
+Upgrading of women's work
+rating: + o -
+Better lighting
+rating: + o -
+Higher prestige
+rating: + o -
++ applicable
+o possibly applicable
+- not applicable
+<section>8.6 Macro-economic analysis and evaluation</section>
+The main quantifiable macro-economic benefits are:
+- national energy savings, primarily in the form of wood and charcoal, with the latter being valued at market prices or at the cost of reforestation
+- reduced use of chemical fertilizers produced within the country.
+Additionally, foreign currency may be saved due to reduced import of energy and chemical fertilizers.
+Macro-economic costs incurred in local currency for the construction and operation of biogas plants include expenditures for wages and building materials, subsidy payments to the plant users, the establishment of biogas extension services, etc. Currency drain ensues due to importing of gas appliances, fittings, gaskets, paints, etc.
+In addition to such quantifiable aspects, there are also qualitative socioeconomic factors that gain relevance at the macroeconomic level:
+- autonomous decentralized energy supply
+- additional demand for craftsmen's products (= more jobs)
+- training effects from exposure to biogas technology
+- improved health & hygienic conditions, etc.
+Considering the present extent of biogas-plant diffusion, such effects should be viewed realistically, i.e. not overvalued. While a substantial number of biogas plants may be installed in one or more regions of a given developing country, they cannot be expected to have much impact at the national level. At the regional and local levels, however, the multipartite effects described in this subsection are definitly noticeable.
+<section>9. Social acceptance and dissemination</section>
+In many cases, the successful commissioning of a few biogas plants generates a keen demand for more plants among local farmers and other interested parties. Consequently, the responsible extension officer often sees himself confronted with the prospect of planning and building more plants. However, before any decision is made in favor of launching a biogas extension program, the extension officer should make an additional detailed analysis of all positive and negative information concerning experience to date with the plants that have already been built. Only if the results so indicate, should he decide to engage in further building and dissemination activities.
+<section>9.1 Determining factors of acceptance for biogas plants</section>
+On the whole, the question of acceptance covers all aspects of biogas technology discussed in this book (agriculture, engineering/ construction, operation and maintenance, economic viability). In order to avoid redundancy, this chapter is therefore limited to a discussion of general aspects that have not yet been accounted for.
+Biogas extension efforts should include special consideration of the role played by women, since it is they and their children who perform much of the important work needed to keep a biogas plant running. This includes tending cattle, collecting substrate, fetching water, operating gas appliances, cooking, spreading digested slurry, etc. In many cultures, however, they are by tradition hardly directly involved in the process of decision making, e.g. the decision "biogas plant: yes/no and how". Nor are they often allowed for in connection with external project planning. In other regions, though, e.g. many parts of West Africa, women are economically independent of their husbands, i.e. they have their own fields, animals and farm-produce marketing channels.
+Extension officers charged with planning and building biogas plants often have little or no awareness of the specific local and regional social conventions. Thus, the promotion of participation, the articulation of user interests, and the involvement of local extension workers are all very important for doing them at least some degree of justice.
+In general, a general willingness to accept the construction and operation of biogas plants can be expected and/or can be increased by:
+Planning/project organization
+- involving the users, especially the women, in all decisions concerning "their" biogas plant
+- coordinating all essential program measures with target group representatives
+- keeping the user/target group informed
+- establishing trustworthy, reliable implementing agency;
+Sociocultural
+- existing willingness to handle feces and gas
+- identicality of users (beneficiaries) and operators of the respective biogas plants
+- positive image of biogas technology, or image polishing through biogas plants;
+Engineering/construction
+- well-functioning, durable and good-looking plants from the very start
+- availability of well-functioning, inexpensive, modern gas appliances (burners, lamps, refrigerators, etc.)
+- user friendliness of plants and appliances
+- guaranteed supply of materials and spare parts and assured repair and maintenance;
+Agriculture
+- stabling practice or tendency toward such practice
+- effective time savings, e.g. by direct connection of the biogas plant to the barn
+- willingness to use digested slurry as fertilizer, knowledge of storage and spreading techniques, and appreciation of the positive effects of fertilizing
+- availability of suitable, inexpensive slurry spreading implements;
+Economy
+- reasonable expense in terms of money and work involved (as viewed from the user's standpoint)
+- real and, for the user, obviously positive cost-bereft ratio (not necessarily just in terms of money)
+- favorable financing(loans,subsidies),
+Household advantages
+- improved working conditions in the kitchen (less smoke and flies, better appearance, modernization)
+- introduction or improvement of artificial lighting
+- effective workload reduction
+- complete, reliable supply of energy through biogas.
+It is very important that the biogas extension officer seek intensive contact with the potential plant users and local decision makers in order to maximize the chance of early detection of any deficits regarding the acceptance of biogas technology in order to promptly modify and improve the project strategy as necessary.
+<section>9.2 Dissemination strategies</section>
+Ideally, there are two basic strategies for disseminating family-size biogas plants (cf. table 9.1). The original "classic" approach to biogas dissemination - the self-helporiented approach - has in many regions now taken a backseat to the newer professional-artisan approach. While the "do-ityourself7' approach has the advantage of reaching target groups with relatively little capital and of being applicable in regions with a few or more scattered biogas plants, recent project experience has shown that the professional-artisan strategy leads to a faster and numerically more substantial process of dissemination (once the artisans have been adequately familiarized with the work involved) and that it does more to promote self-supporting local structures.
+Since biogas technology is still regarded as "something new" in most developing regions - even though some pilot plants may already be in operation - the extension officer must very carefully study the regional preconditions for a successful approach to biogas dissemination. This involves getting answers to the following questions:
+- What kind of infrastructure does the region have in the way of roads, highways, means of transportation, etc.? The biogas dissemination concept and its timetable must be designed to conform to the given situation.
+- How much of the required material is locally available? How much locally unavailable material can be imported without difficulty? Naturally, as much locally available material as possible should be used for building, maintaining and repairing the plants.
+Table 9.1: Biogas dissemination strategies (ideal case) (Source: OEKOTOP)
+A. Professional-artisan approach
+B. Self-help-oriented approach
+Dissemination of "turnkey" biogas plants, primarily through professional artisans
+Motivated, interested users do part of the construction work
+Preconditions:
+Preconditions:
+Adequate capital on the part of the owners/users
+Willingness to contribute own efforts (building, main tenance, etc.)
+Motivated, qualifiable artisans
+User training is highly relevant
+High plant density with good income prospects for the artisans
+Government or development aid assumes part of the cost for low-income users
+Good supply of materials to the artisans, possibly through cooperation between the statal and private sectors; statal sector functions as source of know-how
+Well-organized biogas project with adequate presence (despite low plant density) for giving advice, helping to build the plants, and offering technical solutions for a wide diversity of task situations
+Measures:
+Measures:
+Offering a complete biogas plant, i.e. a standardized, tested type of plant of a size adequate to the needs of the user, including gas appliances
+Offering both standard-type systems and solutions for special problems; reaching out to remote areas
+Repair and supply of spare parts by and through local artisans
+The project provides the plant elements that can't be built by the users themselves
+Qualification of local artisans for planning, building and repairing standardized biogas plants
+In addition to local artisans, the users themselves are given training in building, repair and maintenance
+Cost reduction through standardization
+The project secures locally unavailable materials
+Provision of assistance to the user in the form of subsidies/loans
+Table 9.2: Innovation cycle of biogas dissemination (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Regional studies/target groups (ethnological, socioeconomic)
+Market analysis (biomass potential, energy demand, purchasing power, market potential, prior state of development, biogas technique, suppliers)
+Analysis of implementation (general make-up and organizational structure, finances, personnel qualifications, relation to target group(s)/regional anchorage, political weight)
+Formulation of concept
+R & D phase, development and adaptation of suitable type of plants to accommodate different areas of service
+Installation and operation of pilot plants
+Establishment of local partners (artisans, self-help organizations)
+Familiarization and training of users, artisans, engineers/planners, advisors, financing institutions, political decision-makers, Media/means: workshops, on-the-job training, handbills, manuals, demonstration models, pictorial material, radio, television
+Continuous improvement and sophistication of solutions found (technology, dissemination strategy, organization)
+- Are enough adequately qualified and motivated extension workers and craftsmen readily availabe?
+- Is there an implementing agency with adequate performance potential and access to the future plant users, thus providing a basis for mutual-thrust cooperation?
+Ascertainment of the extent to which the above preconditions are either being met already or could be satisfied through appropriate measures is part of the "biogas innovation cycle" outlined in table 9.2.
+<section>9.3 Implementing agencies</section>
+As a rule, biogas programs are implemented by national, state or parastatal institutions. As detailed in chapter 9.4, construction is done by artisans.
+In selecting a implementing agency, it is advisable to consider the criteria listed in table 9.3 as a basis for evaluating the qualifications of the implementing agency.
+This catalogue can be used to examine existing project partners for real or potential shortcomings with regard to biogas-related task accomplishments with a view to helping them reorganize in order to better handle the job at hand.
+Table 9.3: Catalogue of attributes for partners in biogas dissemination projects (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Legal form/institutional category (ministry, bank, research institute, rural development institution, etc.)
+Work scopes/specialties
+- experience with biogas and other renewable energy systems
+- experience in rural development
+Institutional action principle (break-even operation, maximization of profits, heavy dependence on subsidies)
+Managerial organization
+- organizational structure (entrenched hierarchy? teamwork? codetermination?)
+- classification and-institutional significance of the biogas program within the executing organization
+- institutional flexibility
+Staff endowment for the biogas project - number and qualifications (special emphasis on agricultural engineers, farmers, technicians, social economists, masons and plumbers, office workers/administrators) - training offered or possible - wage and salary structure - fluctuation, migration
+Sundry institutional appointments
+- office space, vehicles, telephone, teletex, workshops
+- financial endowment of the biogas project (for personnel, transportation, materials and spare parts, public relation
+activities, etc.)
+- potential for providing complementary services in connection with biogas (financing, technical and socioeconomic
+consultancy, maintenance & repair services, etc.)
+Interest in the biogas project
+- own commercial interest in biogas
+- connection with and proximity to the target group and/or to artisans, probability of target group participation
+- chances of implementing a national or regional biogas extension program
+- domestic importance/prevailing power
+Table 9.4: Institutional breakdown of biogas-dissemination tasks and activities (applies in particular to the professional-artisan approach discussed in chapter 9.2) (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Task/Activity
+Local artisans
+Users
+Proj.-executing organization
+Biogas-program planning; R&D (appropriate gas applicances and equipment); dissemination strategy concept
+participation
+participation
+respponsibility
+Individual-plant planning, possibly including the development of standardized plant components
+responsibility
+participation
+respponsibility
+Provision to users of info and advice
+responsibility
+suppport
+Financing
+own capital
+loans/subsidies
+Plant construction:
+- digester excavation
+implementation
+assistance
+plannning
+- masonry and metalwork
+implementation
+assistance
+plannning
+- installation of gas pipes and appliances
+implementation
+assistance
+plannning
+- adaptation of animal housing
+implementation
+assistance
+plannning
+Procurement of materials and appliances
+local materials
+imported/rationed goods
+Commissioning/operational advice
+responsibility; plant-specific
+recipients
+suppport; agricultural extension services
+Maintenance
+support
+implementation
+Repair
+implementation
+assistance
+assistance
+Artisan training
+recipients
+implementation
+Establishment and development of purchasing and marketing channels for biogas artisans
+need promotion
+responsibility
+Establishment of a legal framework, e.g. war
+ranties, liabilities, etc.
+respponsibility
+<section>9.4 Artisan involvement</section>
+From past experience with inefficient public sponsors and their distance to small-farm target groups, many biogas projects strive to coordinate the activities of private businesses and govermental project organisations through:
+- local-scale biogas dissemination work by involving local artisans through personal~ initiative and customer orientation
+- securing the political and organizational framework through regional/supraregional state/parastate sponsors.
+The main objective of providing assistance to artisans in connection with biogas projects is to build up self-supporting local structures and promote the formation of regional business cycles with the appropriate effects on technological innovation, employment and income. An efficient form of biogas dissemination, i.e. one based on a good cost/ benefit ratio, is envisaged.
+Nonetheless, the following points should be heeded when trying to get local artisans involved in the process of biogas dissemination:
+- How many qualified craftsmen (masons, welders, plumbers, etc.) are available for work on the project and/or in the villages? To the extent possible, the biogas extension officer should rely on artisans who live and work within the project area.
+- How much interest do the artisans have in the project, and how well-motivated are they? What are their expectations regarding income? What is the least number of plants that have to be built in order to guarantee a craftsman a full income or at least a satisfactory sideline income?
+- How many and what kind of tools and implements do the artisans have and need? How can the lacking equipment be financed?
+Important workscopes for artisans
+Depending on the local situation, the artisans' workscopes and competences can vary substantially from place to place. Still, a general breakdown of task scopes can be drawn up for the local craftsmen, the biogas project, the official implementing agency and the user when it comes to planning and operating a biogas plant (cf. table 9.4). The biogas artisans are generally responsible for the following tasks:
+- detailed planning of plants for individual sites (presupposing the availability of standardized or modular plant components that are adequate for the situation and can be installed with no substantial degree of modification at any suitable site)
+- providing advisory services and information to the users
+- all work in connection with building and starting the plant, from the digester excavation to the masonry and plumbing - for which the requisite tools and materials must be procured
+- any necessary maintenance and repair work.
+Both the quality standards for the work to be done and the success of the biogas dissemination efforts are heavily dependent on the presence of qualified craftsmen, particularly masons, in the project region.
+<section>9.5 Training</section>
+The training measures address different target groups, each with their own specific training contents and methods (cf. table 9.5):
+- the engineers and extension officers, who are to do the planning and assume advisory duties
+- the artisans, who are to build the plants and keep them in repair
+- the owners, who require qualification for operating the plants efficiently and,possibly, know-how for performing at least some of the building, maintenance and repair work on their own.
+The following items require consideration in connection with biogas training measures:
+- Training courses and training material must be held/written in the national or regional language.
+- The training material must correspond to the specific targetgroup situation, e.g. experience has been good with loose-leaf material that can be compiled and revised as necessary to fit the needs of each particular target group.
+- The demonstration models must agree with the types of plant actually proposed, i.e. do not dry to explain the abstract principle of an oil-drum model or put a fixed-dome on display, when floating-drum plants are supposed to be installed.
+- A great deal of practical training must be provided. Positive experience has been made with integrated workshops in which theoretical training is combined with hands-on experience in the construction of a real plant.
+- Women must be included in the training measures.
+Supraregional workshops, even going beyond the country's borders (allowing the exchange of experience from country to country) are a worthwhile training device for engineers, extension officers and, to some extent, artisans. Training/attendance certificates are recommended as a means of developing training standards and motivating trainees to participate in the courses offered.
+Table 9.5: Target-group-oriented biogas training measures (Source: OEKOTOP)
+Target group
+Training elements
+Contents
+Duration
+Instructor
+Engineers, local extension officers
+Seminars and field trips, national workshops, supra- regional conferences serving to effect technology transfer
+Function of various types of biogas plants and peripheral equipment, use of digested slurry, maintenance and repair problems, macro- and microeconomic analysis/evaluation, project management
+several blocks of approx. 1 week each
+biogas experts, agricultural experts, social economists
+Artisans
+Integrated workshops with theoretical + practical training, incl. On- the-job training (OJT)
+Function of selected types of plants, design and construction per drawing, use of local materials, maintenance & repair
+workshops lasting several days, participation in plant construction
+engineers, experienced artisans
+Users
+Field trips to operable plants, participation in workshops On-the-spot training (own plant)
+Function of selected types of plants, operation and optimal use, fertilizing with digested slurry, maintenance & repair
+2-3 days, regular on- site back- stopping
+local biogas/ agricultural extension workers
+Women
+On-the-spot training (own plant), local evening courses
+Plant function, operation and optimal use, working with biogas cookers
+continuous familiarization (women!)
+local biogas extension workers
+<section>9.6 Financing</section>
+Small farmers in particular rarely have the DM 1000 - 2500 or more it takes to cover the cost of a biogas plant. Consequently, "mixed-financing models" with the three elements own capital/contribution, subsidy and loan must be available.
+Own capital/contribution
+While a potential user may not be able to fully finance a biogas plant by himself, he must be expected to carry at least 30 - 40% of the initial outlay, possibly in the form of contributed work like digester excavation, procuring building materials, etc.
+Subsidies
+The economic benefits of a biogas plant can be quite modest, e.g. when it serves as a substitute for wood that can be gathered for free. The overall benefits, however, including such environmental factors as the protection of forests, can be very substantial. Consequently, the user of the plant should be eligible for subsidies to make up the difference. Such subsidies may consist of:
+- contributions to the cost of construction in the form of needed materials (metal gasholder, cement, fittings, etc.), such frequently scarce goods and materials also including those needed for repairs and replacements, e.g. rustproofing for the gasholder,
+- free planning and consulting
+- assumption of interest debt on loans.
+On the whole, however, subsidies have the following drawbacks:
+- Market prices can become distorted, and needed capital can be falsely invested.
+- Subsidies intended explicitly for the needy may end up in the hands of well-todo groups.
+In addition, prior project experience has shown that user motivation is frequently lower in the case of heavily subsidized plants than in the case of plants that have been evaluated and built on a commercial basis.
+Loans
+The monetary returns from a biogas plant, particularly those from a small family-size one, are often meagre in comparison to the cost of investment. In other words, the plant hardly pays for itself in terms of real income. Additionally, since most small farmers have no access to commercial loans, but should not be expected to accept an excessive risk of indebtedness, it can be quite difficult to arrange biogas-plant credit financing for that group of users. The following conditional factors therefore should be investigated prior to setting up any particular credit program:
+- first, check out all other funding alternatives, e.g. owned capital;
+- then, conduct a detailed socioeconomic analysis of the target group and farms, e.g. which farm can afford how much debt burden?;
+- next, clarify the institutional tie-in, i.e. involvement of rural development banks or credit unions;
+- and, lastly, establish the program quality, e.g. isolated or integrated credit programs, the latter including technical and economic extension services, training, plant maintenance and repair.
+If the appraisal shows that there is available within the region a credit program that is open to the financing of biogas plants and would offer favorable conditions, e.g. a soft-loan program, then the biogas program should rely on it. Establishing an independent credit program without the assistance of an experienced institution is usually so complicated as to overtax an individual project.
+A pragmatic loan-tendering model could be designed along the following lines:
+- Development-aid funds are put in a time-deposit account at a rural development bank. The bank agrees to provide loans amounting to several times the deposited amount for the purpose of financing biogas plants.
+- The loans are not given directly to the beneficiary (plant owners), but channeled through a biogas extension office.
+- The office does not issue the loans in cash, but in the form of materials (cement, metal gasholders, etc.).
+- The material is issued on the basis of construction progress.
+- Repayment of the loans is supervised by the biogas extension office with the assistance of the aforementioned rural development bank.
+- A loan guarantee fund into which, say, 10% of each granted loan is fed helps out in case of loan arrears.
+This model involves the following risks:
+- The biogas extension office may be overburdened by the task of investigating creditability, granting loans and helping to monitor repayment of the loans.
+- The guarantee fund could dry up due to default on the part of the beneficiaries, or because the loans were not properly calculated on a break-even basis (inflation, inadequate interest).
+Such problems can be overcome in the medium-to-long term by establishing credit unions. That process, though, demands lots of experience and can normally be expected to by far surpass the project terms. Credit unions backed by the plant owners could gradually replace the development-aid part of the lending program. Also, the credit unions could assume responsibility for the aforementioned loan guarantee fund, thus gaining a say in the control of repayment. In most cases, that would improve the lending program's reflux quota while helping to establish rural self-help organizations - a goal that should be viewed as an implicit element of any biogas program.
+<section>10. Appendix</section>
+<section>10.1 Design calculations and drawings</section>
+10.1.1 Floating-drumplants
+10.1.2 Fixed-domeplants
+10.1.3 Earth pit with plastic-sheet gasholder
+10.1.4 Estimating the earth-pressure and hydraulic forces
+10.1.1 Floating-drum plants
+Design calculation
+Sizing factors
+Example
+Daily substrate input, Sd
+= 115 l/d
+Retention time, RT
+= 70 days
+Daily gas production, G
+= 2.5 m³/d
+Storage capacity,Cs
+Digester volume, Vd
+= 8 m³
+Gasholder volume, Vg
+= 1.5 m³
+Calculating formulae after Sasse, 1984
+1. Vg = Cs o G
+2. ha = design-dependent
+3. Vg= r o p o h
+4. rg =
+5. rd = r + 0.03
+6. Vd1 = p o d2 o p o h
+7. Vd2 = R3 o p o 2/3
+8. R =
+9. Vd3 = R2 o p o H/3
+10. H = R/5
+11. Vd3 = R3 o p o 1/15
+12. Vd2 : Vd3 = 10 : 1
+13. Vd(2+3) = 1.1 Vd2
+14. Vd(2+3) = Vd - Vd1
+15. hd = hg
+16. hdk = hd + structurally dependent free board (0.1 . . . 0.2 m)
+Vd = Vdl +Vd2 +Vd3
+= digester volume
+Vg = gasholder volume
+Index g = gas holder
+Index d = digester
+Sample calculation
+Results
+1. Vg = 0.6 o 2.5
+= 1.5 m³
+hg = (specified)
+= 0.7 m
+4. r =
+= 0.82 m
+5. r = 0.85 (chosen)
+6. Vdl = 0.852 o 3.14 o 0.7
+= 1.58 m³
+14. Vd (2+3) = 8.45 - 1.58
+= 6.87 m³
+8+ 14. R =
+= 1.45 m
+10.1.2 Fixed dome plants
+Design calculation
+Sizing factors
+Example
+Sample calculation
+Daily substrate input, Sd
+= 115 l/d
+R = (0.76 o 8)1/3= 1.85 m
+Retention time,RT
+= 70 days
+r = 0.52 R= 0.96 m
+Daily gas production, G
+= 2.5 m³/d
+h = 0.40 R= 0.72 m
+Storage capacity, Cs
+p = 0.62 R= 1.14 m
+Digester volume, Vd
+= 8 m³
+Gasholder volume, Vg=G o Cs
+= 1.5 m³
+Vd : Vg
+Tab. 10.1: Calculating parameters for fixed-dome biogas plant (Source: Sasse 1984.OEKOTOP)
+Vg : Vd
+R
+(0.76 o Vd)1/3
+(0.74 o Vd)1/3
+(0.72 o Vd)1/3
+r
+0.52 R
+0.49 R
+0.45 R
+h
+0.40 R
+0.37 R
+0.32 R
+p
+0.62 R
+0.59 R
+0.50 R
+10.1.3 Earth pit with plastic-sheet gasholder
+10.1.4 Estimating the earth-pressure and hydraulic forces
+In-depth forces, h (e, w)
+pW = wW o hw
+pW = hydrostatic pressure at depth hw (m) wW = specific weight of water
+= 1000 kp/m³ pW = 1000 o h (kp/m²)
+pE = wE o ce o he
+pE = active earth pressure, i.e. force of pressure of dry, previously loose but now compact column of earth on a solid vertical wall
+wE = specific weight of dry backfill earth
+= 1800 . . . 2 100 kp/m³
+he = height of earth column (m)
+ce = coefficient of earth pressure for the earth column in question
+pE = (600 . . . 700) o h (kp/m² )
+Force acting on a surface
+P(E, W) = p o A (kp = (kp/m²) o m²)
+Note: The above formulae are simplified and intended only for purposes of rough estimation.
+<section>10.2 Gas-law calculations</section>
+10.2.1 Calculating the pressure drop in a gas pipe
+10.2.2 Calculating gas parameters
+10.2.1 Calculating the pressure drop in a gas pipe
+dp = FL + Ztot
+dp = pressure drop (N/m²)
+FL = friction losses in the gas pipe (N/m²)
+Ztot = sum total of friction losses from valves, fittings, etc. (N/m²)
+dp = cp l/D o D/2 v2
++ (cfl D/2 o v2 + . . . + cfn o D/2 o v2)
+(approximation formula)
+cp = coefficient of pipe friction (-)
+l = length of pipe section (m)
+D = pipe diameter(m)
+g = density of biogas (1.2 kg/m³)
+v = velocity of gas in the pipe (m/s)
+cf = friction coefficients of valve, fittings, etc.
+Q = v o A
+Q = gas flow (m³/s)
+v = velocity of gas in the pipe (m/s)
+A = p r2 = cross-sectional area of pipe
+The coefficient of pipe friction (cp = non. dimensional) is a function of:
+- the pipe material and internal surface roughness
+- pipe diameter
+- flow parameter (Reynolds number)
+For pipe diameters in the 1/2" . . . 1" range, the coefficients of friction read:
+PVC tubes approx. 0.03
+steel pipes approx. 0.04
+Some individual friction-loss factors (cf; nondimensional)
+elbow
+valve 3.0
+constriction
+water trap 3 - 5
+branch
+10.2.2 Calculating gas parameters
+Temperature-dependent change of volume and density
+D = DN o P o TN / (PN o T)
+V = VN o PN o T / (P o TN)
+where:
+D = density of biogas (g/l)
+DN = density under s.t.p. conditions (0 °C, 1013 mbar)
+V = volume of biogas (m³)
+VN = volume of biogas under s.t.p. conditions
+P = absolute pressure of biogas (mbar)
+PN = pressure under s.t.p. conditions (1013 mbar)
+T = absolute temperature of biogas (measured in ºKelvin = ºC + 273)
+TN= temperature under s.t.p. conditions (0 0ºC = 273 °K)
+Table 10.2: Atmospheric pressure as a function of elevation (Source: Recknagel/Sprenger, 1982)
+Elevation (km)
+Atm.pressure (mbar)
+Determining the calorific value
+Using the nomogram
+1. Quadrant I: Determine the net calorific value under standard conditions as a function of the CH4-fraction of the biogas
+2. Quadrant II: Determine the net calorific value for a given gas temperature
+3. Quadrant III: Determine the net calorific value as a function of absolute gas pressure (P)
+4. Quadrant IV: Interim calculation for determining the partial water-vapor pressure as a function of gas temperature and relative dampness. This yields the gas pressure (PF) = absolute pressure (P) - partial pressure of water vapor (PW); PF = P - PW. The expanded calorific value determination with account for the moisture content occurs via quadrant III.
+Sample calculation
+Given:
+Biogas
+55 vol. % CH4
+Gas temperature
+T = 40 °C
+Gas dampness
+F = 100%
+Gas pressure
+P = 1030 mbar
+Results:
+Hu, N
+= f (CH4-vol. 70)
+Quadrant I
+= 5.5 kWh/m³
+Hu,T
+= f(T)
+QuadrantII
+= 4.8 kWh/m³
+Hu,T,P
+= f(T, P)
+Quadrant III
+= 4.6 kWh/m³
+PF
+= f(P, T)
+Quadrant IV
+- f(PW)
+Quadrant III
+Hu, T, PF = 4.3 kWh/m³
+Table 10.3: Partial pressure of water vapor, PW, and absolute humidity, GM, at the saturation point (Source: Recknagel / Sprenger, 1982)
+T (°C)
+PW (mbar)
+GM (g/m³)
+<section>10.3 Conversion tables</section>
+Table 10.4: SI units of calculation (selection) (Source: OEKOTOP, compiled from various sources)
+Quantity
+Symbol
+Unit
+Conversion
+Length
+m
+1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm
+Area
+A
+m³
+1 m³ = 100 dm³ = 10000 cm³
+Volume
+V
+m³
+1 m³ = 1000 dm³ = 1 mill. cm³
+Mass
+M
+t; kg
+1 t = 1000 kg
+Density
+D
+t/m³
+1 t/m³ = 1 kg/dm³
+Force, load
+F
+kN
+1 kN= 1000 N ~100 kp
+Stress
+d
+MN/m²
+1 MN/m² = 1 N/mm² ~10 kp/cm²
+Pressure
+p
+MN/m²
+1 MN/m² = 1 MPa ~10 kp/cm²
+Energy
+E
+kWh
+1 kWh = 3.6 o 106 Ws ~3.6 o 105 kpm
+Work
+W
+kNm
+1 J = 1 Ws = 1 Nm 1 kNm ~ 100 kpm
+Quantity of heat
+Q
+kWh
+1 kWh = 3.6 X 106 Ws; 1 kcal = 4187 Ws
+Power
+P
+kW
+1 kW ~100 kpm/s = 1.36 PS
+Temperature
+t
+°C, K
+0ºK = -273 °C; 0ºC = 273 °K
+Velocity
+v
+m/s
+1 m/s= 3.6 km/in
+Acceleration
+b
+m/s
+1 m/s², acceleration due to gravity: 9.81 m/s²
+Table 10.5: Conversion of imperial measures (Source: Sasse, 1984)
+Length
+1 m = 1.094 yrd
+1 yrd = 0.914 m
+1 cm = 0.0328 ft
+1 ft = 30.5 cm
+1 cm = 0.394 inch
+1 inch = 2.54 cm
+Area
+1 m² = 10.76 sqft
+1 sqft = 0.092 m²
+1 cm² = 0.155 sq.in
+1 sq.in = 6.452 cm²
+1 ha = 2.47 acre
+1 acre = 0.405 ha
+Volume
+1 1 = 0.220 gall.
+1 gall. = 4.55 1
+1 m³ = 35.32 cbft
+1 cbft = 28.31
+Mass
+1 kg = 2.205 lb
+1 lb = 0.454 kg
+Pressure
+1 MN/m² = 2.05 lb/sqft
+1 lb/sqft = 0.488 MN/m²
+1 cm Ws = 205 lb/sqft
+1 lb/sqft = 70.3 cm Ws
+Quantity
+1 kcal = 3.969 BTU
+1 BTU = 0.252 kcal
+of heat
+1 kWh = 3413.3 BTU
+1000 BTU = 0.293 kcal
+1 kcal/kg = 1799 BTU/lb
+1 BTU/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg
+Power
+1 PS = 0.986 HP
+1 HP = 1.014 PS
+1 kpm/s = 7.24 ft.lb/s
+1 ft.lb/s = 0.138 kpm/s
+Table 10.6: Conversion factors for work, energy and power (Source: Wendehorst, 1978)
+Comparison of work units (work = power X time)
+kpm
+PSh*
+Ws = J
+kWh
+kcal
+1 kpm =
+3.70 X 10-6
+2.7 X 10-6
+2.342 X 10-3
+1 PSh*=
+270 X 103
+2.648 X 106
+1 Ws = J =
+377.7 X 10-9
+277.8 X 10-9
+239 X 10-6
+1 kWh =
+367.1 X 103
+3.6 X 106
+1 kcal =
+1.58 X 10-3
+1.163 X 10-3
+* PS = 0.986 HP
+Table 10.7: Energy content of various fuels (Source: Kaltwasser, 1980)
+Fuel
+Calorific value
+Unit
+MJ
+kWh
+Plants
+4A- 5.3
+kg TS
+Cow dung
+kg TS
+Chicken droppings
+kg TS
+Diesel, fuel oil, gasoline
+kg = 1.1 1
+Hard coal (anthracite)
+kg
+Wood
+kg
+Producer gas
+Nm³
+Pyrolysis gas
+Nm³
+City gas
+Nm³
+Propane
+Nm³
+Natural gas
+Nm³
+Methane
+Nm³
+Biogas
+Nm³
+Table 10.8: Conversion factors for units of pressure (Source: Wendehorst, 1978)
+kp/m²
+N/m²
+pa
+cm WG
+mbar
+at
+kp/m²
+N/m²
+pa
+cm WG
+mbar
+at
+Table 10.9: Table of powers and radicals
+n
+n2
+n3
+n
+n2
+n3
+n
+n2
+n3
+n
+n2
+n3
+n
+n1/3
+n
+n1/3
+n
+n1/3
+n
+n1/3
+n
+n1/3
+n
+n1/3
+<section>10.4 Charts and tables for use in performing micro-economic</section>
+Notes on using the data sheet (table 10.10)
+The data survey (data sheet, table 10.10) contains fictive, but nonetheless substantially realistic, data on a family-size biogas plant. Those data are reffered to for explaining and calculating the arithmetic models described in chapter 8. Such data must be ascertained separately for each project site.
+Notes on the individual data-sheet items
+1. In order to keep the calculations uncomplicated, an unrealistically constant annual rate of inflation is assumed. It is possible to account for different inflation rates in the various analytical procedures. For explanatory details beyond those offered in this guide, please refer to Finck/Oelert, chapter C III.
+2. Calculatory interest rate, i: assumed rate of interest for evaluating the cash flows (income and expenditure) generated by a biogas plant during its technical service plant. Proceeding on the assumption that the expenditures are all the more burdensome, the earlier they fall due, while income is all the more valuable, the earlier it is earned, all cash flows occuring in connection with the investment are compounded/discounted at an assumed rate for a fixed point in time. Please refer to chapter 8.4 for the calculation procedure.
+3. Investment costs (incl. wages):
+- planning
+- land aquisition/leasing (as applicable)
+- civil works
+- building and structures/digester
+- modification of animal housing
+- gas appliances/aggregates
+- slurry spreading implements
+- assembly and commissioning
+- customs, taxes, duties, fees
+- transportation
+4. Manpower costs for:
+- feeding the plant
+- spreading the digested slurry
+5. Maintenance and repair:
+- spare parts/materials
+- wages for maintenance/repair work
+6. Energy revenues
+- market value of replaced energy
+- energy supplied
+- production induced with extra energy (market value)
+7. Revenues from fertilizer:
+- market value of replaced inorganic fertilizer
+- revenues from sales of digested slurry
+- higher cash-crop yields due to fertilizing with digested slurry
+8. Time saved (real financial income only) for additional:
+- wage work
+- work on the farm (included additional incom)
+9. Depreciation (annual for linear depreciation):
+= investment costs / n (technical service life)
+In this example, the technical service life of the plant is conservatively estimated at only 10 years.
+10. Depreciation and capital-servicing costs (interest on loans): neither of these two factors is included as a cost factor in the dynamic models presented in chapter 8, because the cost of investment is equal to the sum of cash values from depreciation and interest (cf. Brandt, 1982, for details). In this example, it is assumed that no external capital is needed, i.e. that the biogas plant is fully financed with internal capital.
+Table 10.10: Data sheet for economic analysis (Source OEKOTOP; Finck/Oelert, Table 1)
+Project title:
+Location:
+Owner:
+Type of plant/digester volume:
+Technical service life:
+years
+Item Period
+Year
+1.1 General inflation rate 1)
+1.2 Market interest rate, p
+1.3 Assumed interest rate, i 2)
+2. Investment costs, I 3)
+CU
+3.1 Manpower costs 4)
+CU
+3.2 Maintenance and repair 5)
+CU
+spare-parts requirement
+4.1 Taxes and levies not linked to profit
+CU
+4.2 Other expenditures
+CU
+5. Total operating costs,
+Co
+6.1 Energy-related revenues 6)
+CU
+6.2 Revenues from fertilizer 7)
+CU
+6.3 Time saved 8)
+CU
+6.4 Other income
+CU
+6.5 Subsidies
+CU
+7. Total income
+CU
+8. Returns (item 7- item 5)
+CU
+9. Depreciation 9)
+CU
+10. Capital servicing costs 10)
+CU
+11. Profit
+CU
+CU = currency unit; in local currency or DM/US $ (conversion to DM/US $ rarely advisable due to fluctuating exchange rates)
+Table 10.11: Discounting factors for interest rates of i = 1 -30% and periods of t = 1 - 30 years
+t\i
+t\i
+<section>10.5 List of pertinent suppliers and institutions</section>
+Plant engineering, construction and consultancy services in developing countries
+AIT Asian Institute of Technology - Division for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
+AVARD Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development, c/o Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, India
+BORDA Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, Bahnhofsplatz 13, 2800 Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany
+Biogas projects: BORDA/UNDARP Poona, India
+CEMAT Centro Mesamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnologia Apropiada, A.P.1160, Guatemala-City, Guatemala
+GATE/GTZ German Appropriate Technology Exchange/Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Postfach 5180, 6236 Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany
+GATE/GTZ Biogas Extension Program Projects:
+Projecto de Biogas c/o ENPRA, km 11.5 vieja a Leon, A.P.4772 Managua, Nicaragua
+Biogas Extension Service c/o CAMARTEC, P.O. Box 764, Arusha, Tanzania Projet Biogaz Cankuzo, D/S 148, Bujumbura, Burundi
+CDB/GATE Biogas Team c/o CDB, P.O. Box 407, Wildey St. Michael, Barbados
+Proyeto Biogas PAAC-UMMS-GATE, Casilla 4740, Cochabamba Bolivia
+Special Energy Program biogas projects (GTZ-Div.34) GTZ Special Energy Program, P.O. Box 41607, Nairobi, Kenya Projet Special de l'Energie, c/o I.V.E., B.P. 5321 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
+KVIC Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Gobar Gas Scheme, Ivla Rees, Vila Parle, Bombay 400 056, India
+Maya Farms Angona, Rizal, Philippines
+OEKOTOP Gesellschaft fur Angepaßte Technologien in Entwicklungsgebieten, Bingerstr. 25a, 1000 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany
+Biogas projects (by order of GTZ): Projet Biogaz c/o SODEPRA Ferkessedougou, Cote d'Ivoire Proyecto Biogas Colombo-Aleman c/o CVC, Apto. A2366, Cali, Colombia
+RED-Latino Americana de Biogas, Emprater, W3 Norte Q515, Brazilia, Brazil
+Equipment producers / suppliers
+Elster AG, Postfach 129,6500 Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
+Products: gasmeters
+Kromschroder AG, Postfach 2809,4500 Osnabruck, Federal Republic of Germany
+Products: full range of gas valves
+Metallurgica Jackwal Ltd., Rua Braz Cardoso 674, Vila Nova Canceicao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
+Products: lamps, burners, reducing valves
+OEKOTOP GmbH, Berlin
+Product: portable biogas measuring set
+Patel Gas Crafters Ltd., Shree Sai Bazar, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bombay 400 054, India
+Products: lamps, burners
+Saron Vdyog, Shanghai, PR China
+Products: gasmeters, lamps, burners
+Service Centre for Development on New Energy, NO. 33 Fugiun Skeet, Shijiazkuang, PR
+China
+Products: burners, motors
+Shanghai Bioenergy, Shanghai, PR China
+Products: gasmeters, lamps, burners, motors
+T.A. Schiller, Postfach 1224, 2072 Bargteheide, Federal Republic of Germany
+Products: lamps, burners, motors
+Producers of biogas-fueled engines
+Ford AG, Edsel-Ford-Str., 5000 Cologne 71, Federal Republic of Germany
+- Type 2274 E, 15-25 kW, 1500 - 3000 min-1, 4-cylinder, water-cooled, spark ignition
+Henkelhausen, Postfach 9149, 4150 Krefeld 12, Federal Republic of Germany
+- Series GFL 912, 19~0 kW, 1500-2300 min-1, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-cylinder, air-cooled, spark ignition
+- Series GFL 413, 55 - 140 kW, 1500 - 2300 min-1, 5-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-cylinder, air-cooled, spark ignition
+Kirloska, India, German representative: Schule Co., Postfach 260620, 2000 Hamburg 26,
+Federal Republic of Germany
+- Series AVG, TVG, CAG, TAG, 5 - 12 kW, 1200 - 2000 min-1, 1-, 2-cylinder, air-cooled or water-cooled, dual-fuel
+MWM AG, Carl-Benz-Str., 6800 Mannheim, Federal Republic of Germany
+- Series G 227, 18 - 40 kW, 1500 - 2200 min-1, 3-, 4-, 6-cylinder, water-cooled, spark ignition
+<section>10.6 Selected literature</section>
+Biotechnical fundamentals and plant engineering
+Anaerobic Digestion, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Aerobic Digestion, held in Guangzkou, China on 11 -15 November 1985
+Baader et al., Biogas in Theorie and Praxis. KTBL Darmstadt 1980
+Biogas Technology Resource Index, Tata Energy Documentation and Information Cenke, Bombay 1985
+BORDA, Biogas Workshop on Community Plants - Input Papers, Bremen 1984
+Braun, R, Biogas - Methangarung organischer Abfalle, Vienna/New York 1982
+Guidebook on Biogas Development, Energy Resources Development Series, ESCAP, Bangkok 1980
+Hohlfeld, J. et al., Production and Utilization of Biogas in Rural Areas of Industrialized and Developing countries, GTZ Eschborn 1986
+Eggeling, G. et al., Biogas Manual for the Realisation of Biogas Programmes, BORDA, Bremen 1980
+Biogasanlagen in Europa, Neue Energien, Resultate der Energieforschung der Europaischen Gemeinschaft, TUV Rheinland, Cologne 1985
+Sasse, L., The Biogas Plant, GTZ/GATE, Eschborn 1984
+Wellinger et al., Biogas-Handbuch, Grundlagen, Planung, Betrieb landwrrtschaftlicher Anlagen, Aarau 1984
+Agriculture
+Comberg, G. (Ed.), Tierzuchtungslehre, Stuttga~t 1980
+Demant, D., GATE/GTZ, Arbeitspapier zur einheitlichen Versuchsmethodik fur Faulachlammdungeversuche Eschborn 1987
+Memento de l'agronome, Republique Francaise, Ministere de la Cooperation, 1984
+Rehm/Espig, Die Kulturpflanzen der Tropen und Subtropen, Stuttgart 1976
+Williamson, G./Payne, W.J.A., An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics, London/New York 1977
+Economic aspects and dissemination/diffusion
+Brandt, H., Projektplanung in der kleinbauerlichen Produktion, Berlin 1982
+Finck, H./Oelert, G., A Guide to the Financial Evaluation of Investment Projects in Energy Supply, GTZ Eschborn 1982
+Oelert et al., Economic Issues of Renewable Energy Systems - A Guide to Project Planning, Eschborn 1985
+<section>10.7 Lists and indexes</section>
+10.7.1 Illustrations
+10.7.2 Tables
+10.7.3 Abbreviations
+10.7.1 Illustrations
+Fig. 1.1: A typical biogas-system configuration
+Fig. 2.1: Biogasplanningmodules
+Fig. 3.1: Global 15 °C isotherms for January and July, indicating the biogas-conducive temperature zone
+Fig. 3.2: Integration of a biogas plant into the agricultural production cycle
+Fig. 3.3: Pen with concrete floor and collecting channel for dung and urine
+Fig. 3.4: Stanchion barn with floating gutter
+Fig. 3.5: Cow-cubicle barn with floating gutter
+Fig. 3.6: Piggery with group bays (no litter)
+Fig. 3.7: Slurry storage and composting
+Fig. 3.8: Flow diagram for integral farming with a biogas plant
+Fig. 3.9: Site plan of the Bouake Ecofarm in Cote d'Ivoire
+Fig. 4.1: Balancing the-energy demand with the biogas production
+Fig. 5.1: Three-stage anaerobic fermentation
+Fig. 5.2: Gas yield as a function of temperature and retention time (fT,RT-curves)
+Fig. 5.3: The batch-feed principle vs the continuous-feed principle
+Fig. 5.4: The fermentation channel vs the complete-mixed digester
+Fig. 5.5: Slurry flow for various configurations of feed, discharge and stirring
+Fig. 5.6: Floating-drum plant with internal guide frame
+Fig. 5.7: Water-jacket plant with external guide frame
+Fig. 5.8: Cylindrical plant design for quarrystone masonry construction
+Fig. 5.9: Basic function of a fixed-dome biogas plant
+Fig. 5.10: Fixed-dome plant with cenkal entry hatch
+Fig. 5.11: Fixed-dome plant with suspended dome
+Fig. 5.12: Horizontal balloon-type biogas plant
+Fig. 5.13: Earth-pit plant with plastic-sheet gasholder
+Fig. 5.14: Ferrocement biogas plant
+Fig. 5.15: Horizontal biogas plant (KVIC shallow design)
+Fig. 5.16: Mixing pit
+Fig. 5.17: Mixing pit, gutter and toilet drain pipe
+Fig. 5.18: Inlet and outlet for fixed-dome and floating-drum plants
+Fig. 5.19: Forces acting on a spherical-dome digester
+Fig. 5.20: Level line, excavation and foundation
+Fig. 5.21: Construction of a spherical dome from masonry
+Fig. 5.22: Construction of a metal gasholder with internal guide frame
+Fig. 5.23: Construction of a fixed-dome gasholder
+Fig. 5.24: Entry hatch of a fixed-dome biogas plant
+Fig. 5.25: Sealing the masonry with paraffin
+Fig. 5.26: Separate, mobile, plastic-sheet gasholder
+Fig. 5.27: Gas pipe, valves and fittings of a biogas plant
+Fig. 5.28: Gas valves and fittings: U-tube pressure gauge, water trap with drain valve, U-tube water separator, "gravel pot" flashback arrestor
+Fig. 5.29: Ferric-hydrate gas purifier
+Fig. 5.30: Schematic drawing of a biogas burner and its parts
+Fig. 5.31: Various types of biogas burners
+Fig. 5.32: Schematic drawing of a biogas lamp
+Fig. 5.33: Schematic drawing of a radiant heater
+Fig. 5.34: Schematic drawing of an incubator
+Fig. 5.35: Various gas mixers for spark-ignition and diesel engines
+Fig. 5.36: Consumption of diesel and biogas by a 10-kW engine
+Fig. 5.37: Energy shares of an internal-combustion engine
+Fig. 5.38: Measuringinstruments for biogas field tests
+Fig. 6.1: Basic principle of organic wastewater treatment
+Fig. 6.2: Biogas plant in Ferkessedougou - system OEKOTOP
+Fig. 7.1: Water-seal testing of a digester
+Fig. 7.2: Seal testing (water and gas) of a fixed-dome plant
+Fig. 7.3: Gas-seal testing of a metal-gasholder
+Fig. 7.4: Pressure testing a gas pipe
+Fig. 8.1: Basic elements of an economic analysis
+Fig. 8.2: Costs and benefits of a fixed-dome biogas plant
+Fig. 10.1: Conceptual drawing of a floating-drum biogas plant
+Fig. 10.2: Constructional drawing of a floating-drum plant
+Fig. 10.3: Constructional drawing of a waterjacket plant
+Fig. 10.4: Constructional drawing of a cylindrical floating-drum plant for quarrystone masonry
+Fig. 10.5: Conceptual drawing of a fixed-dome biogas plant
+Fig. 10.6: Constructional drawing of a fixed-dome plant
+Fig. 10.7: Constructional drawing of an earth-pit biogas plant with plastic-sheet gasholder
+Fig. 10.8: Schematic diagram of earth-pressure and water-pressure forces
+Fig. 10.9: Nomogram for correcting gas pressures/temperatures
+Fig. 10.10: Nomogram for finding the net calorific value of biogas as a function oftemperature pressure and moisture content
+Fig. 10.11: Fundamental geometric formulae
+10.7.2 Tables
+Tab. 2.1: Detailed planning guide for biogas plants
+Tab. 3.1: Climate zones and their suitability for biogas plants
+Tab. 3.2: Standard liveweight values of animal husbandry and average manure yields (dung + urine) as percentages of liveweight
+Tab. 3.3: TS- and VS-contents of green plants
+Tab. 3.4: Digestion characteristics of animal-husbandry residues
+Tab. 3.5: Mean gas yields from various types of agricultural biomass
+Tab. 3.6: C/N-ratios of various substrates
+Tab. 3.7: Biogas compatibility of farm types
+Tab. 3.8: Survival time of pathogens in biogas plants
+Tab. 3.9: Concentration of nutrients in the digested slurry of various substrates
+Tab. 3.10: Effects of digested slurry on crop yields
+Tab. 4.1: Outline for determining biogas demand
+Tab. 4.2: Outline for determining biomass incidence
+Tab. 4.3: Simplified gas-yield values for substrate from cattle and pigs
+Tab. 5.1: Basic criteria for acetobacters (acid forming bacteria) and methanobacters (methaneforming bacteria)
+Tab. 5.2: Energy potential of organic compounds
+Tab. 5.3: Energetical comparison of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation
+Tab. 5.4: Temperature ranges for anaerobic fermentation
+Tab. 5.5: pH ranges for biomethanation
+Tab. 5.6: Substances with an inhibiting effect on biomethanation
+Tab. 5.7: Comparison of various plant designs
+Tab. 5.8: Common substrate mixing ratios
+Tab. 5.9: Mortar mixing ratios
+Tab. 5.10: Suitability tests for rendering/mortar sands
+Tab. 5.11: Quality ratings for various dome-sealing materials
+Tab. 5.12: Properties of plastic sheeting - gasholder suitability ratings
+Tab. 5.13: Gas-pipe pressure losses
+Tab. 5.14: Composition and properties of biogas and its constituents under s.t.p. conditions (0 °C, 1013 mbar)
+Tab. 5.15: Pointers on flame adjustment
+Tab. 5.16: Comparison of various internationally marketed biogas burners
+Tab. 5.17: Biogas consumption for cooking
+Tab. 5.18: Tests for biogas cookers/stoves
+Tab. 5.19: Standard lighting terms and units of measure
+Tab. 5.20: Comparison of various biogas lamps
+Tab. 5.21: Artificial brooding requirements, exemplified for a chick incubator
+Tab. 5.22: Technical data of absorption refrigerators
+Tab. 5.23: Engine-conversion requirements for various duty and control modes
+Tab. 6.1: Some examples of biogas production from agro-industrial residues and wastewater
+Tab. 6.2: Technical data of the Ferkessedougou biogas plant
+Tab. 6.3: Slaughterhouse waste quantities
+Tab. 7.1: Checklist for the inspection and acceptance of biogas plants
+Tab. 7.2: Checklist for the daily operation and regular maintenance of biogas plants
+Tab. 7.3: Checklist for troubleshooting in case of insufficient gas production
+Tab. 7.4: Simple-plant malfunctions and remedial measures
+Tab. 7.5: Potential repair situations for simple biogas plants
+Tab. 8.1: Comparison of working time with and without biogas utilization
+Tab. 8.2: Investment-cost comparison for various biogas plants
+Tab. 8.3: Schedule of data for calculating the plant payback period
+Tab. 8.4: Schedule of data for net-present-value calculation
+Tab. 8.5: Socioeconomic benefits and drawbacks of biogas production and utilization
+Tab. 9.1: Biogas dissemination strategies
+Tab. 9.2: Innovation cycle of biogas dissemination
+Tab. 9.3: Catalogue of attributes for partners in biogas dissemination projects
+Tab. 9.4: Institutional breakdown of biogas-dissemination tasks and activities
+Tab. 9.5: Target-group-oriented biogas training measures
+Tab. 10.1: Calculating parameters for fixed-dome biogas plants
+Tab. 10.2: Atmospheric pressure as a function of elevation
+Tab. 10.3: Partial pressure of water vapor and absolute humidity at the saturation point
+Tab. 10.4: SI units of calculation (selection)
+Tab. 10.5: Conversion of imperial measures
+Tab. 10.6: Conversion factors for work, energy and power
+Tab. 10.7: Energy content of various fuels
+Tab. 10.8: Conversion factors for units of pressure
+Tab. 10.9: Table of powers and radicals
+Tab. 10.10: Data sheet for economic analysis
+Tab. 10.11 : Discounting factors for interest rates of i = 1 - 30% and periods of t = 1- 30 years
+10.7.3 Abbreviations
+A
+area
+a
+inflation rate
+a
+year (per annum)
+at
+atmosphere
+B
+biomass
+B.D.C.
+bottom dead center
+BEP
+GATE/GTZ Biogas Extension Program
+BOD
+biochemical oxygen demand
+C
+carbon
+C
+circumference
+CaO
+calcium oxide
+cd
+candela (candle power)
+ce
+coefficient of earth pressure
+cf
+coefficient of friction
+CH4
+methane
+cmWG
+cm water gage
+C/N
+carbon/nitrogen ratio
+CO2
+carbon dioxide
+COD
+chemical oxygen demand
+cp
+coefficient of pipe friction
+cP
+heat capacity
+CS
+crankshaft
+Cs
+storage capacity
+D
+density of biogas
+D
+energy demand
+D, d
+pipe diameters
+d
+day
+d
+stoichiometric air ratio
+DN
+density of biogas under normal (s.t.p.) conditions
+dp
+pressure drop
+Dr
+digestion rate
+E
+illuminance
+E
+compression ratio
+E
+energy
+Ee
+energy input
+Es
+specific illuminance
+F
+luminous flux
+F
+relative dampness of biogas
+Fe(OH)3
+ferric hydrate
+FL
+friction losses
+G
+gas production
+gc, max
+max. gas consumption per hour
+GM
+moisture content of gas
+Gp
+specific gas production
+GRP
+glass-reinforced plastic
+Gy
+gas yield
+H, h
+height
+H2
+hydrogen
+he
+height of earth column
+hp
+horsepower
+hph
+horsepower-hour
+H2S
+hydrogen sulfide
+I
+luminous intensity
+i
+discounting factors/calculatory (assumed) interest rate
+Io
+initial investment
+J
+joule
+K
+potassium
+KA
+average capital invested (per time interval)
+kcal
+kilocalorie
+K2O
+potassium oxide
+kWh
+kilowatt hour
+L
+latent heat of evaporation
+I
+length of pipe
+Ld
+digester loading
+lrn
+lumen
+mbar
+millibar
+MgO
+magnesium oxide (magnesia)
+mWG
+meter water gage
+N
+nitrogen
+N
+burner efficiency
+N
+Newton
+n.c.v.
+net calorific value (in diagrams: n.c.v. = Hu)
+NP
+net profit
+P
+pressure/gas pressure
+P
+phosphorus
+p
+market rate of interest
+p
+biogas/energy production
+pa
+Pascal
+PE
+polyethylene
+pE
+active earth pressure
+PN
+normal pressure
+P2O5
+phosphorus pentoxide
+PVC
+polyvinyl chloride
+PW
+partial pressure of water vapor
+pw
+hydrostatic pressure
+Q
+gas flow
+QW
+quantity of heated water
+R, r
+radius
+Re
+luminous efficiency
+ROI
+return on investment (profitability)
+RT
+retention time
+Sd
+daily substrate input
+T, t
+temperature
+tc, max
+maximum consumption time
+T,D.C.
+top dead center
+tz, max
+maximum period of zero consumption
+TN
+temperature under normal (s.t.p.) conditions
+TS
+total solids content
+V
+volume
+v
+velocity/speed
+vc
+maximum gas consumption
+Vd
+digester volume
+Vg
+gasholder volume
+Vh
+compression volume
+VN
+volume of biogas under normal (s.t.p.) conditions
+Vn
+swept volume
+VS
+volatile solids content
+Vtot
+total volume of a cylinder
+W
+water
+W
+watt
+Wd
+daily water input
+wE
+weight of dry earth
+Wl
+water loss (leak testing)
+wW
+weight of water
+Ztot
+sum total of friction losses
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g50bie.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g50bie.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76bfba338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g50bie.key
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+INDICATOR ORGANISMS
+BIOACCUMULATION
+POLLUTION
+MONITORING
+BIOCOENOSIS
+WATER POLLUTION
+AIR POLLUTION
+BIOACCUMULATION
+ENVIRONMENT
+TROPICAL ZONES
+SUBTROPICAL ZONES
+ASIA
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g50bie.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g50bie.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2f506f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/gtz_g50bie.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4605 @@
+<title>Biological Monitoring: Signals from the Environment</title>
+Hermann Ellenberg et al.
+A Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE , a Division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH - 1991
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE
+Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE - stands for German Appropriate Technology Exchange. It was founded in 1978 as a special division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. GATE is a centre for the dissemination and promotion of appropriate technologies for developing countries. GATE defines "Appropriate technologies" as those which are suitable and acceptable in the light of economic, social and cultural criteria. They should contribute to socio-economic development whilst ensuring optimal utilization of resources and minimal detriment to the environment. Depending on the case at hand a traditional, intermediate or highly-developed can he the "appropriate" one. GATE focusses its work on three key areas:
+- Dissemination of Appropriate Technologies. Collecting, processing and disseminating information on technologies appropriate to the needs of the developing countries; ascertaining the technological requirements of Third World countries; support in the form of personnel, material and equipment to promote the development and adaptation of technologies for developing countries.
+- Research and Development: Conducting and/or promoting research and development work in appropriate technologies.
+- Environmental Protection. The growing importance of ecology and environmental protection require better coordination and harmonization of projects. In order to tackle these tasks more effectively, a coordination center was set up within GATE in 19X5.
+GATE has entered into cooperation agreements with a number of technology centres in Third World countries.
+GATE offers a free information service on appropriate technologies for all public and private development institutions in developing countries. dealing with the development, adaptation. introduction and application of technologies.
+Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+The government-owned GTZ operates in the field of Technical Cooperation. 2 200 German experts are working together with partners from about 100 countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America in projects covering practically every sector of agriculture' forestry, economic development, social services and institutional and material infrastructure. The GTZ is commissioned to do this work both by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and by other government or semi-government authorities.
+The GTZ activities encompass:
+- appraisal technical planning, control and supervision of technical cooperation projects commissioned by the Government of the Federal Republic or by other authorities providing an advisory service to other agencies also working on development projects
+- the recruitment, selection, briefing, assignment, administration of expert personnel and their welfare and technical backstopping during their period of assignment
+- provision of materials and equipment for projects, planning work' selection, purchasing and shipment to the developing countries
+management of all financial obligations to the partner-country.
+Deutsches Zentrum fur Entwicklungstechnologien GATE
+in: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+P. O. Box 5180
+D-6236 Eschborn
+Federal Republic of Germany
+Telephon: (06196) 79-0
+Telex: 41523-0 gtz d
+Fax: (06196) 794820
+A Publication of Deutsches Zentrum fur Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE
+A division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
+The authors
+Prof. Dr. Uwe Arndt, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Ecology. Ecotoxicologist, working on plant ecology, ecophysiology, ecotoxicology, ecology of emmisions.
+Dr. Rainer Bretthauer, University of Constance, Faculty of Biology. Biologist, working on physio-chemical and biological analysis of running and standing waters, bioindication, biomonitoring, restoration of water bodies.
+Dr. rer. net. Hermann Ellenberg (born 1944). Biologist, having worked extensively on population ecology of wild ungulates (roe deer), raptors (gosshawks) and passerine birds (magpies).
+Prof. Dr. Barbara Ruthsatz, University of Trier, Institute of Geobotany. Botanist, having conducted studies in biology, ecology and plant science.
+Prof. Dr. Lore Steubing, Justus-Liebig-University of Gielßen, Institute of Plant Ecology. Plant ecologist, having worked on various fields of environmental pollution.
+Translated from the German by Gregory Woods-Schank
+Cover: Dorsi Germann
+Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
+Biological monitoring: signals from the environment; a publication of Deutsches Zentrum fur Entwicklungstechnologien - GATE, a division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH / Hermann Ellenberg et al. - Braunschweig: Vieweg 1991
+ISBN 3-528-02302-3
+NE: Ellenberg, Hermann; Deutsches Zentrum für
+Entwicklungstechnologien <Eschborn>
+The author's opinion does not necessarily represent the view of the publisher.
+All rights reserved.
+(c) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn 1991.
+Published by Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig Vieweg is a subsidiary company of the Bertelsmann Publishing Group International.
+Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by Lengericher Handelsdruckerei, Lengerich
+ISBN 3-528-02302-3
+<section>Foreword</section>
+You have acquired a publication dealing with bioindicators. It provides an overview as to the data on the environment which they can supply, and how to interpret those data. With a complex, technical-sounding topic such as this, one might well ask: What use are bioindicators in development cooperation? And the question would appear legitimate.
+For several years, environmental impact assessments (EIAs) have been conducted in a growing number of countries. This instrument provides information on the anticipated effects of a project on the environment. What is particularly important in this context is to establish whether and to what extent the natural environment in which the project is to be launched can withstand those impacts.
+Unfortunately, the rich body of scientific knowledge already on hand is far from reaching the point where all the effects of all substances and all interventions on all living organisms (plant, animal, man) have been established. It will be many decades before that point is reached - and even then the knowledge we have will be incomplete.
+One way of observing the effects of substances is through bioindicators. This publication is designed to give the reader an overview of the type of information which bioindicators can provide, what inferences can be made on the basis of that information, and how those inferences can be put to good use.
+In producing the work a deliberate attempt has been made to avoid language which is too "scientific", in order to make the book more readily accessible to readers not yet familiar with the field. Sit back and enjoy the rich diversity of nature and the signals which she sends out to us. Discover too that in your immediate sphere, in your field of activity the appropriate instruments to monitor the environment have still to be found. Perhaps doing so will spur you on to study in greater depth the complex topic of bioindicators, and to put some of the latest findings into practice.
+You will find more than enough references to specialized literature in the reference sections. And should you have any further questions, then please feel free to contact the authors or the staff of GATE at GTZ.
+Finally, a word of gratitude to the authors of the various contributions which make up this work. Without their commitment and patience the book could not have been produced.
+Brigitte Baumer
+Project advisor at the Environmental Unit of GTZ
+<section>Introduction</section>
+With the growing environmental problems in both the industrialized and the developing countries, suitable methods are needed for monitoring of the environment and pollution levels. In view of the inherent limitations on what can be learned from discrete physicochemical measurements, and because of the practical difficulties which these must overcome in developing countries, it is important to investigate whether "bioindicators" could be used alternatively and/or as a complementary approach for environmental monitoring in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. The aim of this volume is, accordingly, to search for possibilities and to point out approaches which could be used in future to identify and give greater consideration to ecological restraints that must be obeyed by development projects. In this context, toxin related problems are not the only aspect deserving of attention.
+By necessity, each of the following articles represents nothing more nor less than an expression of the well-founded opinions of an individual who has been concerned with the topic at hand for a lengthy period of time. It would go beyond the scope of this book to include either a comprehensive discussion of individual aspects with consideration of all of the relevant publications, or a synthesis of all five papers. We have endeavored, above all, to point out possibilities. They are intended to give the reader inspiration and ideas, if he or she is involved in dealing with the consequences which human activities have for the environment and environmental monitoring.
+Nearly all of the experts contacted have made generally acknowledged contributions to the use of bioindicators for specific applications. However, most of these men and women have expressed basic skepticism and disapproval towards attempts to indiscriminately generalize biological monitoring techniques that have proven their worth under specific environmental conditions. In particular, they have reservations towards the attitude that biological monitoring is primarily a relatively inexpensive method of monitoring temporal and spatial trends in environmental change. This attitude may be justifiable up to a certain point, provided that precisely defined field and laboratory methods are available. However, this is normally the case only after lengthy and staff-intensive research work, often involving intensive use of expensive equipment, has already been performed. Knowledge derived from such efforts exists in only a small number of countries. There is an even greater lack of
+essential prerequisites in many developing countries compared to some industrialized nations, especially as concerns knowledge of species and their natural history.
+The most urgent task thus appears to be the establishment of and continuous support for research teams whose members possess knowledge of regional sociological, economic and ecological factors, as well as an extensive theoretical background. Even in Central Europe, few such research groups exist. They have already been publishing their results for many years, pointing out the irreversible ecological changes which could be brought about within the space of just a few human generations. Yet it was not until fairly recently that their warnings began to be taken seriously, and for this to happen political movements at the so-called grassroots level have had to force our so-called leaders to increasingly take them into account in their well-meant planning and forecasts.
+Politics, industry, legislation and the classical natural sciences are all dominated by the belief that it is fundamentally possible to demonstrate clearcut relationships between causes and effects. The sad truth is, however, that monofactorial causal relationships are rare in ecosystems. As a consequence of this, ecologists usually look upon scientific results differently than the above-mentioned groups. From their experience with complex, highly intricate ecological structures, ecologists tend to take a cautious, perspicacious and reserved approach to things. Only in exceptional cases can the immediate effects, and much less the long-term impact, of direct and indirect intervention in ecosystems be predicted or demonstrated with the certainty and clarity demanded by politics, industry and legislation.
+In societies that are characterized by competition, vacuums - even those of an argumentative nature - are quickly occupied by groups of individuals whose actions are governed first and foremost by what is likely to further their own personal advantage. This is no different in nature; no unoccupied ecological niches are left vacant for idealistic reasons there either. Instead, if at all possible they are filled and exploited. The yardstick for measuring the success of such "action" in nature is whether the organisms in question manage to produce young that are in turn capable of reproduction. At the limits of the capacity of a biotope to support a given species, this aim is striven for by the parent generation with enormous expense of energy, and is accompanied by losses in the next generation that are difficult to accurately predict in any specific instance. Even the most highly specialized "C strategist" ) maximizes the number of its offspring as far as possible under the
+given circumstances.
+It can thus be seen that a number of practical problems are urgently in need of solution in order to permit a consensus to be reached by all concemed on the results of ecological research. Optimization of the future limits to be placed on utilization of natural resources is something only human beings can strive for, and then only if understanding of ecological relationships goes hand in hand with the achievement of compatible behavior at the sociological, economic and political levels. If the individual is to preserve the high status which has hitherto been awarded to him in human society, then this cooperation must be put into practice much more effectively than has been the case in the past. In nature, by contrast, need and misery are everyday events.
+The author would like to thank Dr. PLUSCHKE and with him GATE and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, who organized this project, for giving him the opportunity to present his points of view here. He also had occasion to personally visit and/or hold lengthy telephone conversations with a large number of experts in these and related fields. In addition to all of the authors of this volume, I owe special thanks to the following persons:
+Prof. Dr. H. BICK, Bonn; Dr. R. BRANDL, Bayreuth; Prof. Dr. E.F. BRUNIG, Hamburg; Prof. Dr. Heinz ELLENBERG, Gottingen; Dr. Lutz FAHSER, Hamburg; Dr. habil. E.J. FITTKAU, Munich; Dr. H. JUNGIUS, IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland; Dr. JUNK, Plon/Manaus; Prof. Dr. G. KAULE, Stuttgart; Prof. Dr. H. KLINGE, Plon/Manaus; Prof. Dr. R. LEWIS, Saarbrucken; Dr. C. MARTIN, WWF Switzerland, Zurich; Prof. Dr. H.-J. v. MAYDELL, Hamburg; Dr. U. NAGEL, WWF Switzerland, Zurich; Dr. H. PAPKE, Julich; Dr. Joseph REICHHOLF, Munich; Prof. Dr. K.-F. SCHREIBER, Munster; Prof. Dr. H. SCHWOERBEL, Constance; Dr. W. STOEPPLER, Julich; Prof. Dr. H. ZWOLFER, Bayreuth.
+These contacts, study of current literature, and travel for the purpose of this project took place for the most part during the fall and winter of 1984/85. This is also true for the majority of the coauthors. Only Dr. Bretthauer, the limnologist, was later invited to present a contribution on his field of specialization. The authors' papers were discussed at two workshops, in 1985 and early 1988, organized by the GTZ. Appropriate coverage of the literature up to about 1984 has been achieved in the majority of the contributions. Updating was possible only in some cases. Nevertheless, the main lines of thinking and of practical work developed and diversified particularly rapidly during the late seventies and early eighties, most of which are referred to by the authors. Therefore we think that a publication today is worthwhile in that it may encourage readers the world over to focus their interest on the dwindling natural resources of life. It is hoped that it will stimulate
+them to ask questions as to how to become aware of and monitor change and the impacts of pollution in ecosystems, and how to help nature persist and recover in spite of growing human populations and so-called developments in technology and agriculture which all too often burden our ecological environment, the environment which at the same time is the basis of our lives.
+<section>Bioindicators and Biological Monitoring</section>
+by Hermann Ellenberg
+<section>1. Abstract</section>
+"A bioindicator is a related group or community of organisms whose occurrence or an easily detectable trait of which can be so closely correlated with certain environmental conditions that it can be utilized as a pointer or quantitative test." - In this article, the attempt is made to present the interrelationships between the environment and indicators within the context of ecosystems in an easily understandable manner. In doing so, examples are provided, concentrating on the biological monitoring "levels" of the ecosystem and the biocenosis, and on the "levels" of populations and individuals. Higher and lower reference levels - e.g. those of landscapes and biomes, organs, cells, biochemistry and genetics - are dealt with here only peripherally, without ignoring the fact that ecosystemic relationships and thus also biological monitoring by no means exist only within isolated levels, instead running across all of the defined reference levels, and secondly keeping in mind
+that the other authors of this volume (ARNDT, BRETTHAUER, RUTHSATZ and STEUBING) concentrate on other aspects not treated here.
+As far as possible, examples are presented to thoroughly illustrate the use of changes which pollutants released into the environment cause in vegetation and vascular plants, these representing the basis for other life forms, and of phenological mapping for agricultural land-use planning. Shifts in the competitive relationships among individuals and populations provoked by anthropogenically induced modifications in environmental conditions are recognized as being essential factors. If correctly interpreted, they can reveal organisms suitable for use as bioindicators. A lengthy section is devoted to the use of birds as biomonitors of environmental pollution. Here, the attempt is made to demonstrate that, with appropriate standardization, well-defined "environmental specimens" are suited for monitoring of patterns and trends of impact or pollution, integrating by their way of life entire spans of time and geographical areas. These living organisms may be particularly
+well-suited for interpolation between high-input physicochemical measurement stations (which nevertheless are necessary for "calibration" of bioindicators). The future risks of continued pesticide application in agriculture and to combat disease vectors are also dealt with; here, development of resistant strains, undesirable side effects at all ecosystem levels, and the availability of soil, water and air for sustained use are the crucial parameters.
+The general theses advanced in this article can be roughly paraphrased as follows:
+- Certain bioindicators can be absolutely quantified by calibrating them with physicochemical measurements. However, it is vital not to allow biological monitoring techniques to remain restricted to physicochemical residue analysis. This would rob them of their unique nature and of the possibilities which they offer for providing much-needed and frequently called-for independent evaluations.
+- Bioindications - i.e. that which is indicated by organisms used for biological monitoring - can only be correctly interpreted and predicted on the basis of thorough understanding of ecosystems.
+- Understanding of ecosystems must be derived from knowledge of species, and from local measurements and experiences.
+- Working groups with an extensive theoretical background must be established to compile and process local and/or regional ecological data, and long-term support must be given to them. This is not primarily a research task; above all, it is important in connection with development cooperation in the developing countries (and, to a large extent, in the industrialized countries themselves).
+- For the good of all, greater environmental awareness must be achieved in the face of powerful egotistical national end group interests. In view of the urgent necessity to cease squandering and destroying the world's natural resources, isolated and time consuming pilot projects are not enough.
+- With each year that passes without taking action, the organizational effort required to establish such a "fire brigade" grows. Yet, we have at our disposal here a unique opportunity to link idealism and economic interests in the pursuit of similar goals for the good of the greater whole.
+- Human intervention in and utilization of ecosystems are not only causing the balance to shift in their intricate structure of assimilation, predation, parasitism and dissimilation, but are also and above all endangering the continued survival of those organisms that are relatively long-lived and large in size and which reproduce at a slow rate among animals, the risk is greatest to those that roam over large areas. Biological monitoring with and of such organisms is therefore of overriding priority, especially since human beings - although themselves relatively long-lived and large in size - are only available to a limited extent for experiments and specimen collection of all kinds.
+<section>2. The situation</section>
+LIFE IN ECOSYSTEMS IS NOT
+"NECESSARY" BUT "POSSIBLE" ....
+..... IF AND/OR WHERE FUNDAMENTAL
+REGULATORY PROCESSES ARE IN OPERATION
+Basically, life need not necessarily exist if and/or where certain fundamental regulatory processes are in operation, but these are nonetheless prerequisites for it, without which life would be impossible. Within an ecosystem, energy, matter and information carriers interact in an intricate web of processes (see Figure 1). Changes in one compartment necessarily induce reactions, i.e. changes, in others. From an economic point of view, this can entail changes which are positively assessed, but it can also detract from or even endanger the usefulness of ecosystems, populations or individuals. Not infrequently, it is quite difficult to detect spatial and/or temporal trends in the network of interacting ecological factors amidst the regular, episodic or catastrophic oscillation of individual factors. The rate at which changes take place in ecosystems is also modified by adaptation and selection processes at the levels of individual and population. Our understanding of the
+processes involved is, at best, only partial, and the search for keys to the workings of ecosystems tends to focus on those few aspects that are known, although in many cases their discovery has been accidental. The difficulties are compounded by the fact that one and the same problem can appear in a different light depending on the point of view and perspective (Figure 2). Consequently, any contribution towards solving a specific problem, including scientific endeavors such as ours, is inevitably one-sided. A synthesis must be sought at the sociopolitical level, as I have already stressed above in the introduction.
+<section>3. The problem</section>
+Biological monitoring can be described as any method that makes use of the reactions of life at any level - from the subcellular dimension to entire biocenoses - for identifying and/or characterizing substances and energy cycles in its environment. In this sense, biological monitoring is nothing more than a new word for more or less well known practices (STOCKER 1981). For this reason, STOCKER would like to restrict the concept of "bioindication" to the measurable reactions of biota to anthropogenically induced changes in environmental conditions. I believe that this narrowing of the concept goes too far. For certain applications it may be a feasible definition (e.g. studies of environmental pollution), but it excludes monitoring of ecosystems in their natural state.
+This can be illustrated by the following example: the phenology of plants, i.e. the science of the interrelations of climate and periodic biological phenomena such as budding, flowering, etc. of fruit trees can be applied to characterizing the growing conditions in greatly varying landscapes. According to STOCKER's definition, however, only those fruit trees can truly be used for biological monitoring that grow inside of a human settlement, in front of a house wall on which the sun shines, or in a cold air mass which has accumulated alongside a road or an elevated railway line, and consequently blossom earlier or later relative to the "unmodified" microclimate in the same area.
+As a rule, destruction of forests goes hand in hand with the disappearance of rare forest animals. The opposite occurs only in exceptional cases: namely those in which the disappearance of rare animals dependent on certain forest structures causes the demise of these same structures.
+Here is an example from Central Europe: in order to find large, old oaks, it is not usual to begin by searching for the rare middle-spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius); however, when middle-spotted woodpeckers - which in Central Europe are strongly dependent on old oaks with their thick, furrowed bark - are demons/ratably absent, in spite of the fact that such trees occur over a large area, investigation of the causes of their absence can sometimes lead to an improved understanding of ecological interreactions.
+From a practical point of view, bioindicators or indicator species are sought which permit conclusions to be drawn on the situation or changes in ecosystems, providing information that would be difficult to obtain and quantify in any other way, or at least not as easily, as quickly, or as cheaply.
+<section>4. Definitions</section>
+At a meeting of experts held by the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) in May 1975, the following definition, proposed by ELLENBERG sen., was discussed and agreed upon:
+"A bioindicator is a related group or community of organisms whose occurrence or an easily observed behavioral trait of which can be so closely correlated with certain environmental conditions that it can be utilized as a pointer or quantitative test."
+This definition is likely to satisfy both practitioners and discerning observers. Nonetheless, it calls for observable facts to be corroborated by measurements or experiments.
+REMMERT (1978) introduces two additional demands to the discussion when he writes (p. 232):
+"The basic biochemical processes are the same in [many] organisms, and as a result it seems reasonable to utilize organisms as bioindicators that react faster than human beings to environmental toxins, and which therefore can be used to detect changes in the environment induced by human activities which could become dangerous to the human beings themselves."
+Providing that the term "environmental toxins" is not understood too narrowly, this definition appears to me to be usable, especially with regard to the topic of this article (see introduction). However, REMMERT's definition lacks a number of important aspects which are covered by the first definition.
+As already mentioned above, STOCKER, a highly reputed East German theoretician and expert on nature conservation, defines "bioindication" in a particularly narrow manner: "a time-dependent, sufficiently sensitive indication of anthropogenic or anthropogenically modified environmental influences with the aid of changed parameters (measurable attributes) of biological objects and systems in relation to defined reference conditions." Accordingly, he defines bioindicators as "biological objects, compartments and ecosystems that provide bioindications." I have already expressed my views on these definitions in the previous chapter.
+A concise and easily grasped definition was attempted by Paul MULLER in 1980. According to his interpretation, biological monitoring (bioindication) involves "the decoding of the information content of biosystems for the purpose of evaluating a given space or domain." Apart from its failure to mention monitoring through time or possibilities of utilizing test organisms, this definition would appear to be broad and apt. Nevertheless, it has the drawback of lacking the practical dimension which is clearly expressed in the definition accepted by the German Research Society, although this very lack could be positively interpreted by some researchers: an understanding of the interactions and structures of ecosystems must be the basis for the practical use of bioindicators and biological monitoring. This aspect is also incorporated into the definition of the German Research Society. We therefore give preference to it.
+<section>4.1 Relationship between the "environment" and "indicators"</section>
+An essential component of any attempt to define bioindications or biological monitoring is that it must stress a clear correlation between the environmental attribute under study and the reaction of the studied organism on the one hand, and that the organism and/or the changes which it undergoes must be relatively simple to detect. An important prerequisite for the success of biological monitoring itself is that the specific working goal in each case be clearly and precisely formulated. "Environmental quality" for example, a concept which represents the sum total of a large number of isolated assessments, is a much too diffuse objective for scientifically practiced biological monitoring. The many subjective evaluations which this objective calls for must be derived from the political domain, including the politics of individuals or the researchers themselves.
+If, however, biological monitoring is only possible on the basis of painstaking and expensive studies, then there is little demand for it. Besides being very time-consuming and requiring a great deal of patience, such studies must rely on a high degree of commitment and substantial financial support as well. Many researchers have often managed this all by themselves - this has occurred much more often in Central Europe, Scandinavia, Great Britain, Japan, Canada and the United States than in most of the developing countries of the dry and moist tropics, in which up to very recently only a relatively small number of research teams - predominantly from the first-mentioned countries have conducted relevant studies. Yet, much too little use seems to have been made even of their results and experience.
+We are convinced that many of the goals of environmental assessment and monitoring could be achieved more efficiently than by elaborate research programs with expensive test equipment' namely by following these two steps:
+1. Arranging of meetings between experts with the aim of elaborating clearly defined approaches.
+2. Consulting and employment of individuals with relevant expertise and experience. These are often able to recognize and demonstrate connections, causes and effects on a broader basis - in the geographical sense as well - than could ever be achieved by technologically oriented programs. A small number of measurements performed at critical points can then be enough to confirm the statements made by such experts or to tie them into an absolute frame of reference.
+We are aware of the particularly great difficulties confronting many developing countries in the search for persons with such thorough knowledge of species and biocenoses. The only possible answer is to train more such persons, to /et them gain experience, and to grant them continuous support.
+The economic exploitation of areas and entire regions by human beings is normally governed by the seeming objectivity of economic or political "givers" and "compulsions". Until quite recently, for all practical purposes only a few "callers in the dark" were engaged in calling attention to ecological considerations and interconnections. The land-use and settlement policies practiced by Brazil in the Amazon basin, for example, or Indonesia's resettlement program in Borneo (transmigrasi) are creating more problems than they solve in both the long and the short term, because fundamental facts about the general nutrient poverty of the soils and their extremely low capacity for capturing and holding introduced nutrients have been given too little consideration by the government agencies responsible for planning and promotion of such programs (ENGELHARDT and FITTKAU 1984; BRUNIG, KLINGE, v. MAYDELL: personal communications). The fact that the incredible species diversity found in
+tropical rain forests is in actuality a direct result of this very lack of nutrients under otherwise optimum conditions as regards temperature, light and water availability was not realized until relatively recently (FITTKAU 1984). Even in Central Europe, the vast majority of plant species are only able to compete under low-nutrient conditions (ELLENBERG jun. 1983): within the limits imposed by the other ecological factors, they are "just able" to tolerate the lack of nutrients, but have difficulty in shouldering aside their competitors because - and this holds for all plant species concurrently present on such sites - the chemical prerequisites are lacking.
+<section>4.2 Qualitative and quantitative biological monitoring</section>
+Qualitative and quantitative bioindicators can be distinguished. At least the qualitative ones have long been used for some applications. These approaches involve simple "yes/no decisions" based on the presence or absence of certain species or combinations of species, or on attributes that prominently change in reaction to certain environmental influences, e.g. many lichen species in response to air pollution. This category also includes the "indicator values of plants" defined by Heinz ELLENBERG (1950-1983). Different plant species are useful as indicators of light intensity, temperature, continentality of the climate, soil moisture and soil pH level, nitrogen availability, soil salinity and/or heavy metal concentrations, etc. It is advisable not to make use of merely one of these indicator species, since the occurrence or absence of all of them is governed by more than one environmental factor, and in addition several species that react in a similar way can serve to round
+out and differentiate the picture.
+This brings us to quantitative bioindicators. Quantitative biological monitoring always requires considerably greater labor inputs than qualitative monitoring - independent of the research effort which must be devoted beforehand to interpreting the situation. In the above example, at least the occurring plants must all be identified at a given site in order to determine which combination of indicator values applies. For qualitative monitoring, it would have been sufficient to know about a few characteristic plant species. Quantitative biological monitoring always involves measurements of some kind. This requires a certain amount of organizational effort. In order to ensure comparability of the collected data, the same attributes must be observed in individuals of the same species in the same general physiological condition at the same time, but at different places. Quantitative biological monitoring therefore calls for the existence of a particularly well-defined set of
+procedures, or else the importance of the problem to be solved must justify the greater expense and labor. Biological monitoring must always be relatively simple, even elegant, since there will otherwise be little demand for it in our technologically oriented society.
+In order to utilize the advantages of biological monitoring, namely sensitivity, differentiability, descriptiveness, ecological relevance and, above all, the possibility of identifying and detecting changes in environmental factors more quickly and more cheaply than is feasible by chemical or physical analysis alone, in my opinion two aspects are particularly important:
+1. As already mentioned, there must be a clear and scientifically proven correlation between that which is to be indicated on the one hand and the indicator or its reaction on the other hand.
+2. Discerning experts on the species and/or biocenosis involved, possibly including physiologists or analytical chemists, must be available who are able to determine and assess the presence or absence of organisms and their reactions - if necessary with the aid of technical apparatus and/or chemical or physiological methods. In my opinion, the knowledge and experience of such experts are neither utilized nor supported to the extent which they deserve in our technologically oriented society.
+<section>4.3 Bioindicator types</section>
+Bioindicators in the broad sense of the word can be usefully subdivided into three groups: indicators or pointer species in the narrow sense, so-called "biomonitors", and test organisms (e.g. BICK 1982). Provided that their ecology is sufficiently well understood, conclusions can be drawn from the decline or increase of indicator species in an ecosystem on the effects of biotope changes, climatic changes, and in some cases of pollution as well. Biomonitors are organisms that assimilate certain toxins in the environment over a period of time (plants) or also in different places (mobile animals), possibly accumulating them in their tissues. They can then yield information on the geographical pattern and temporal trend of concentrations of these toxins in the environment. Such biomonitors can be "passively" utilized by observing their natural occurrence. The alternative is to "actively" expose individuals or populations of them to the pollutants under study and to monitor their
+reactions. Either "sensitive" or "cumulative" indicators can be used for both approaches. In the case of "sensitive" indicators, for trivial reasons the sensitivity of the reaction - in addition to its specificity - is of enormous importance for their practical application. Cumulative indicators assimilate toxins in their tissues not just over the course of time (such as plants and sessile animal species), but also over significant spatial ranges, such as animal species whose individuals roam over large areas, migrate, or defend large territories. In practice, when using cumulative indicators to obtain a description of temporal or spatial trends in the effects of pollution, an extremely great variability of pollutant concentrations is typically encountered in individuals of the same species in the same study area. Not infrequently, the measured levels can range over two to three orders of magnitude, even among individuals taken from a single square kilometer of land (e.g.
+MAY and ELLENBERG 1985).
+Analysts who think in terms of physics and chemistry, as well as many specialists occupied with analysis of environmental toxins in the tissue of plants and animals destined for human consumption, attempt to escape from this dilemma by taking into consideration as large a number of specimens as possible, with the aid of which mean values for concentrations can be "confirmed" by applying statistical criteria. So far, too little study has been devoted to the causes of such variability. My coauthors and I have prepared examples of this which are reported on further below.
+For many pollutants, analytical techniques are available today which are capable of detecting concentrations as small as a few parts per billion (ppb). Even at such low concentrations, reproducibility of the analysis results within 10% or 15% at the most is aimed for (STOEPPLER, personal communication). In view of the potential sources of error in connection with specimen collection in the field under ecosystem conditions, such precision is far greater than what can presently be achieved by practical environmental monitoring, the success of which - in the final analysis - must be measured by observing living organisms. It is therefore urgently necessary to devote considerably more attention than has hitherto been the case to standardizing specimen-collection procedures within the scope of biological rnonitoring of pollution levels. and to give more consideration to ecosystemic interrelationships. This fact is now also receiving increasing recognition in the Federal Republic
+of Germany in connection with the establishment of an "environmental specimen bank" (LEWIS et al. 1983; LEWIS 1984).
+Various investigators have sought a way out of this dilemma for years, resulting in - above all in the field of active monitoring - successful standardization efforts worthy of recognition, e.g. for exposure of transplanted lichens (Hypogymnia physodes) and standardized grass culture methods (Lolium multiflorum). In other articles contained in this volume, ARNDT and STEUBING report in greater detail on these and other procedures. Such standardized exposure methods for active monitoring appear to be suitable for bridging the gap between readily reproducible laboratory measurements and the intricate structure of ecosystems. The latter is difficult to apprehend, but an understanding of it is nevertheless of paramount importance for assessing the impact of adverse environmental influences.
+Thus, the third category of biological indicators, namely test organisms - used in experimental studies on the environmental compatibility of certain substances, which have subsequently been developed into standardized test procedures - are likewise of only limited usefulness from an ecosystemic point of view. As one moves from indicator organisms through the various categories of biomonitors and on to the test organisms, the precision of the information provided generally increases, while at the same time its ecological relevance normally diminishes.
+In view of the progressive chemical contamination of our environment (RAT VON SACHVERSTANDIGEN FUR UMWELTFRAGEN 1978; BALK and KOEMAN 1984; BIEDERMANN et al. 1984), the entire range of biological monitoring approaches, from test organisms all the way to indicator organisms, should be applied by several regionally specialized working groups. Of importance for mutual understanding among the individual researchers, who, for methodological reasons, are of necessity highly specialized, is that the various different approaches be coordinated within the framework of a single organization, the leadership of which should remain constant, at least in the medium term. Endeavors of this kind are now being considered in the Federal Republic of Germany in connection with the national "environmental specimen bank" established in 1985. The activities of this bank are systematically directed - consistent with the ecosystem research and biological monitoring approaches discussed above -
+towards the collection of biological specimens in so-called "main research areas", in which multifaceted monitoring, observation and research programs are devoted to obtaining the necessary background information for the interpretation of changes in ecosystem processes and, as far as possible, making this data available to others.
+For the utilization of the results of such environmental monitoring in the political realm, it will be indispensable to place the burden of proof on potential polluters: only in rare cases is it possible to demonstrate causal ecological relationships beyond a shadow of a doubt in the sense of the classical natural sciences. Even if there are merely plausible reasons to suspect that the environment is being permanently harmed by pollutant emissions or seriously altered in other ways, great attention must be focused on the matter. In cases of doubt, those responsible for the discharge of pollutants into the environment or those who employ new methods for exploitation of the environment would have to be responsible for proving that their activities are not causing any permanent harm to the affected local ecosystems and the relevant larger-scale or global natural transport systems (water, air, organisms).
+In this connection, it is also necessary to call for testing of imported biocides in developing countries, at least in various different ecologically distinct regions on locally relevant biota under locally typical ecological conditions. In 1981 only 24 countries had a strict approval and control system for the use of pesticides, backed by legislation, among them the Federal Republic of Germany. In 81 countries there were no known restrictions of any kind. An additional 6 countries were in the process of introducing such a system, and 26 governments failed to enforce existing regulations (BATES 1981). It would appear that this situation has not substantially improved since then.
+<section>4.4 "Levels" of biological monitoring</section>
+Bioindications, i.e. the reactions of life to their environment and/or changes in it, can be hierarchically ordered using the following scheme, borrowing from SCHUBERT 1979 and the symposium on biological monitoring organized by him in Halle in 1979 (SCHUBERT and SCHUH 1980) and from the organizational principles used in ecological science:
+Landscape
+Water bodies
+Ecosystem
+Soils
+Biocenosis
+Species
+Population
+Social groups
+Individual
+Organ
+Cell
+Biochemistry
+Genetics
+This list represents only one of many possible organizational approaches. Within such a hierarchical system, inductive and deductive research efforts are mutually dependent upon one another. The articles in this volume have been tentatively arranged in an order corresponding to the above list. Based on an understanding of higher levels, "bioindications" at one or more of the lower levels can often be predicted and scientifically examined.
+Example: the introduction of nutrients to ecosystems leads to changes in the ways in which the populations of different species within a biocenosis compete with one another. Provided that the ecological requirements and tolerances of the individual species are known, changes in the species distribution can, to a certain extent, be predicted in the form of reactions to the increased nutrient availability. The prerequisite for this is that the requirements and tolerances of the individual species first be studied at many levels from population down to biochemistry and genetics (cf. section 5.2.1).
+Such varied information, either on utilized species or species that are not directly utilized, is rare in the developing countries however.
+Even in those parts of Central, Northwestern and Northern Europe that have been thoroughly studied for decades using a diversity of different approaches, such syntheses are the exception rather than the rule. A study of the invertebrate fauna of a relatively clean mountain stream up to 2 m wide conducted by the researchers of the Limnological Station in Schlitz, Hesse, has still not been completed after more than three decades of continuous work (FITTKAU, personal communication). The situation is similar on the island of Barro Colorado in a lake created by the Panama Canal, although it spans only a few square kilometers, where systematic biological, biocenotic and ecological research studies have been under way for longer than anywhere else in the tropics.
+As can be seen, biological monitoring must always concentrate on practicable, often relatively narrow sections within the mentioned hierarchical system.
+By the same token, it is impossible to stress too emphatically that the results of biological monitoring studies can only be reproduced within certain predefined limits. Such limits can be sought, for example for planning or rural development purposes, in the form of a geographically defined "organizational scheme of natural zones" like that developed by MEYNEN and SCHMITHUSEN for the Federal Republic of Germany in the years up to 1962, and like those which have been drawn up since then and developed further for many other countries.
+As a rule, a number of possible causes can be found for bioindications at relatively low hierarchical levels. The conclusions drawn from such a bioindication must therefore be repeatedly checked at other levels. This applies at the biochemical level, as well as at those of ecosystems and landscapes. This is illustrated by two examples:
+The diminished phosphatase activity caused by exposure to SO[2] in lichens within the scope of active monitoring would appear to be suitable for early detection of SO[2]-induced injury (SCHMID and KREEB 1975). However, this phenomenon is a relatively nonspecific reaction that can also be caused by other stress factors. Consequently, this reaction is only suitable for interpolation within gradients, the quality of which is already known from independent studies.
+As a second example, I would like to briefly mention the forest decline being caused by air pollution in Central Europe, which has been the subject of intensive discussion during the last few years. The most important symptoms, namely discoloration or necrosis of needles or leaves, defoliation, reduced net primary production, etc., can be regarded as a syndrome in which an important role is played by a worsening of the supply of water to the assimilation organs. A number of possible causes for this are being discussed today. So far, there is only widespread agreement that the observed damage cannot be explained without air pollution. There are divergent opinions on chiefly which specific atmospheric contaminants are contributing to this situation, and on specifically how damage takes place. In view of the diversity of conditions in the affected landscapes and ecosystems, a uniform reaction can hardly be expected, even if the pollution levels are comparable. Studies that go
+beyond specific aspects for which cause and effect can be closely correlated are still few and far between. Far too few ecosystem studies are also included in bibliographies. For example, SCHRADER et al. 1984 list nearly 800 titles but fail to mention the original publications by the mycorrhizal specialist F.H. MEYER, although he also published in journals widely read by foresters. MEYER recognized that the introduction of additional nitrogen to ecosystems - one of the factors involved in acid pollution (e.g. by "acid rain") causes a shift in the competitive equilibrium between mycorrhizae and forest trees, at least on acidic and hitherto relatively nutrientpoor sites. Consequently, the water stress syndrome mentioned above also becomes understandable in the light of other relationships, e.g. eutrophication (cf. ASMAN et al. 1987). Which of these aspects plays the greater role in causing the observed symptoms under the ecological conditions at a given site can only be
+determined by analysis in each individual case.
+<section>5. Examples</section>
+<section>5.1 The landscape and biome levels</section>
+Traditionally, living organisms and biocenoses are utilized to characterize and classify landscapes and natural zones. Designations such as rain forest, savanna, desert, macchia, broad-leaved forest, taiga and tundra - to mention only a few examples - are associated not only with pictures of the structure and dynamics of the vegetation, but also with a variety of other information on climate, geology, geomorphology, soils, water, fauna and the role played by human beings within this system as well as the possibilities for utilization of such landscapes. There is no need to define these aspects more precisely. It is nevertheless important to point out here that fundamental misunderstandings can arise if what is known about a familiar biome is transferred uncritically to another, such has often been done during the last centuries and decades by European colonists and their descendants, e.g. regarding the agricultural use of soils on which tropical rain forests are able to
+thrive (WEISCHET 1980; IUCN 1983; ENGELHARDT and FITTKAU 1984).
+<section>5.2 The ecosystem and biocenosis levels</section>
+5.2.1 Changes in the spectrum of vascular plant species under the influence of fertilization and nutrient input by immission in Central Europe, and their impact on climatic parameters and fauna
+5.2.2 Phenological mapping as the basis for planning of agricultural land use
+The "occurrence or easily detectable behavior" of certain organisms can be easily interpreted by an expert as providing an indication on the occurrence or behavior of other species that are difficult to observe. This statement can also be applied to potential agricultural or other uses. The following two examples illustrate this.
+5.2.1 Changes in the spectrum of vascular plant species under the influence of fertilization and nutrient input by immission in Central Europe, and their impact on climatic parameters and fauna
+Plants represent the nutritional basis of and provide the biotope structure for animal life, including human beings. Usable written documents listing the species occurring in different landscapes and dating back further than about 1800 are rare, and only a limited number exist from the 19th century. In many developing countries, efforts to complete such lists of species did not begin until very recently. There, more in-depth studies on the possibilities for use and ecology of the listed species are today still the exception. One of them is that by v. MAYDELL (1983) on the trees and shrubs of the Sahel.
+Decades of preliminary studies and the experiences of a large number of researchers provided the basis for two different, completely independent quantitative surveys of the vascular plants of Central Europe: the works by SUKOPP et al. (1978) and ELLENBERG sent (1979). In the developing countries, within the foreseeable future it will be possible to attain such thorough knowledge on only a small number of selected areas, although even this would be an important achievement. SUKOPP and his coworkers classified the vascular plant species in their study area according to the extent to which they are endangered. They distinguished among unendangered species, endangered species, highly endangered species, species threatened by extinction. and extinct species; an additional category is that of the potentially endangered species, which I did not consider in my own evaluation (see below).
+Except for species that are restricted for natural reasons to just a l`ew sites, these levels of endangerment document a trend over the course of time. If ecological factors enter into consideration as the causes of this trend, then they must have had a greater impact on the endangered species than on the others. It therefore appeared meaningful to compare the ecological behavior of the unendangered species with that of the endangered species. For the purposes of this comparison, the indicator value ranges, ) of species with similar sociological behavior (ELLENBERG sent 1979) were chosen as being suitable. The aim of this comparison was to identify current or potential ecological bottlenecks that could endanger species. The results clearly revealed implications for endangered animal species, for other plant groups, for the understanding of important aspects of the forest decline mentioned above, and for human beings themselves (ELLENBERG jun. 1983, 1985, 1986 a, b, 1987;
+KAULE and ELLENBERG 1985).
+The results can only be roughly sketched here. If all of the species are considered, without distinguishing between endangered and unendangered species, then in absolute terms by far most of the species can be found on sites that are poor or very poor in nitrogen. It is only on such poor sites that they appear to be capable of competing, although they usually - e.g. when individual plants are raised in nurseries - grow better in soil high in nitrogen then on those sites where they naturally occur as a result of interspecies competition. Under natural conditions on sites in Central Europe with a better supply of nitrogen, in nearly all cases broad leaved forest species prevail, thus depriving the frequently small "hunger artists" of light. In the past, under the influence of human activities forests were encroached upon and many tree species actively displaced, while others were favored. At the same time, overgrazing and primitive farming methods depleted most sites of
+important nutrients. In the long run, therefore, up until around 100 years ago the "hunger artists" among the plants were at a distinct advantage in Central Europe. This situation has changed drastically; active fertilization practices, as well as an influx of nutrients from the air - which in recent years has contributed between a tenth and a third as much nitrogen as full-scale agricultural fertilization (200 kg of N per year per hectare) - have caused, above all since the end of the Second World War, eutrophication of virtually all sites in Central Europe (MOHR 1986; ELLENBERG jun. 1987, as well as earlier publications by the same author). Plant species with higher nitrogen requirements that previously had only limited possibilities and/or survived only at isolated locations are now able to grow quickly and densely to considerable heights in many areas, thus cutting off the supply of sunlight - the source of energy for all green plants - to the many species that tolerate
+low nutrient availability but are, for this very reason, light-demanders.
+In agriculture, this trend has been actively promoted by fertilization and other practices aimed at increasing the yields of crop plants. In areas that are not directly fertilized, particularly the forests, moorlands and semi-dry heathlands, over a lengthy period of time contamination from the air- the primary sources of which are combustion of fossil fuels and ammonia emissions from intensive livestock keeping and treatment of fields with slurried animal excrement - has resulted in a similar situation: the tree growth increments measured in the 1960s and early 1970s, for example, exceeded all of the standard values which had been recorded in yield tables during the 1920s and 1930s (SEIBT 1981; SCHNEIDER and LORENZ 1986). As a consequence of this, on nearly all Central European sites the highly light demanding species have no longer been able to compete. This fact is expressed quite clearly in the so-called "red data lists" (BLAB et al. 1983).
+Taken as a whole, the class of "red data list species" among the plants, i.e. those that are more or less greatly endangered in the sense defined by SUKOPP et al. (1978), is much more prevalent on sites poor in nitrogen than the class of species not considered to be endangered. At the same time, most of the endangered species require significantly more light than the corresponding unendangered species with similar social behavior.
+Beneath a closed canopy of leaves, regardless of whether it is formed by arctic cushion plants, e.g. Loiseleuria procumbens (CERNUSCA 1977), by a well-fertilized dense wheat field, or by a closed forest stand, at least during the daylight hours there is a somewhat moister and significantly cooler microclimate than outside of such stands or above ground which is not as densely covered by plants. Sites with a dense plant cover are heated to a lesser extent by energy-rich sunlight falling upon them than sparsely covered or open sites. Moreover, dissipation of energy, especially at night or during the winter, is greater from open sites than from sites with a plant cover. For this reason, endangered plant species as a whole can also be expected to respond differently to temperature, moisture and climatic continentality than the unendangered species, as well as to the already discussed ecological factors, namely nitrogen and light.
+An analysis of the distribution of endangered and unendangered species over the corresponding indicator value gradients from cold to warm, oceanic to continental, and from dry to wet, confirms the expectations: in all investigable major ecosystems, whether forested or not, the endangered species turn out to have much greater warmth requirements, to be more strongly adapted to a continental climate, and to exhibit far greater tolerance of drought than the unendangered plant species. Since these distributions are basically the same in fertilized ecosystems and in those that are not directly fertilized, one is forced to the conclusion that, at least in Central Europe, over the years an influx of nutrient-rich contaminants into the environment mainly as immission and deposition via the air has made a major contribution to this general eutrophication tendency.
+a)
+"?" not known; "x" indifferent
+"1" most pronounced nitrogen deficiency
+"3" poor in nitrogen
+"5" just sufficient in nitrogen
+"7'' more often found at places rich in N
+"8" nitrogen indicator
+"9" surplus nitrogen to polluted with N
+"2'', "4", "6" intermediate
+b) Most of the threatened species can only compete on nitrogen - deficient stands (57 "potentially threatened" species not considered)
+c) The fraction of threatened species within the total of species in a given class of nitrogen indicator value diminishes with better nitrogen supply. It remains constant from value "5" upwards (see above).
+These trends have been demonstrated not only for the Federal Republic of Germany, but also for the Netherlands, Switzerland, the former German Democratic Republic and other countries as well.
+Very few of the wildlife species that have vanished from the Federal Republic of Germany have become extinct, since they survive elsewhere; nevertheless. as a result of farming activities in the past and up until roughly the middle of the 20th century they had earned the status of Idigenous plants and animals. A large number of the currently endangered species are hunger artists that receive their chance to receive light on sites that are artificially kept open. On such sites, insolation raises the temperature near the ground. At least near the surface, this can also result in a drying out of the soil. Increased dissipation at night and during the winter further enhances the continental nature of these sites.
+Modern farming practices and pollution have created forest-like microclimates characterized by very little light reaching the undergrowth, moderate temperatures marked by low fluctuations, moderate to high moisture levels, and a permanently abundant supply of nutrients. These occur nearly everywhere in the Federal Republic of Germany, both along bodies of water in open country and in the forest. Plant species unable to tolerate this, as well as animal species that are dependent on certain landscape structures that have vanished along with the plant species that characterized them, will continue to be threatened in Germany as long as the described influences have a large-scale impact and as long as no effort is made to actively counteract them.
+The principal threat to ecosystems in the Federal Republic of Germany is thus an over supply of nutrients, as well as of acids and other pollutants. This also has directly relevant consequences for human beings, e.g. contamination of drinking water and accumulation of toxins down through food chains, aspects which I choose not to go into in greater depth at this point. Nevertheless, a few other facts should be mentioned that round out the picture just sketched.
+Among the vertebrates of Central Europe, those species are particularly endangered that require dry, warm habitats on sites with short grass and patchy ground cover. This applies equally to mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Those amphibians that are more strongly restricted to moist or forest biotopes are less endangered than those that inhabit open sites even outside of the spawning season, e.g. yellow- and fire-bellied toads (Bombina spp.), the common spadefoot (Pelobutes fuscus), the natterjack (Bufo calamita) and the green toad (Bufo viridis). The situation is similar with the lizards: the forest or moor lizard (Lacerta vivipara) is still quite common, while the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) is becoming rare everywhere, and the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) has survived only on the very warmest Central European sites (cf. FELDMANN 1981). Where endangered bird species are concerned, it is conspicuous that they include many denizens of open, permanently green
+heathland with a short grass cover. Many even have names that reflect the structure of the sites they inhabit, like the extinct rock sparrow and the rock thrush, as well as the wheatear (German: Steinschmatzer) and the little owlet (German: Steinkauz), both of which are on the decline everywhere. Among the endangered mammals, the white toothed shrews are a prominent example. The dying out of certain larger animals has had other causes (ELLENBERG 1980). Many of the animal species listed above prefer relatively large insect species as a source of nourishment, with "large" meaning, in this case, having an overall length of more than approximately 5 to 8 mm. Since they are less susceptible to desiccation, such large insects are at an advantage over smaller arthropods under Central European conditions on sites with a patchy ground cover and significant fluctuations in temperature and moisture. In western Gambia, the distribution of bird species that feed on small insects was
+significant during the dry season of 1985. Their occurrence was restricted almost exclusively to the mangrove belt, since sufficiently high atmospheric humidity could only be found there (ELLENBERG 1987). Small-bodied arthropods can only multiply fast enough to build up a significant biomass if there is considerable moisture in the air. When such conditions are given, however, they appear to operate more effectively within the food web than large insects, which are consequently supplanted. REMMERT (1978) found that the size distribution of insects as a function of relative humidity is typical of a wide range of different ecosystem types. Whether it is also true for tropical "moist" forests is a question for further investigation. It is possible that low digestibility of plant materials favors larger-bodied insects - thus contributing to the discussed discrepancy in body size. These insectivores relying on large-bodied insects, which also include the shrikes (Laniidae, four
+species occuring in Central Europe, plenty more related species in the tropics), the hoopoe (Upupa epops) and a great many other species, are largely on the decline in Central Europe. As regards mammals, those bat species deserve mention which do not usually hunt over water. These include the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.), which have become virtually extinct in Northwestern and Central Europe and whose food and foraging behavior was not analyzed under field conditions using modern methods until quite recently (STREBBINGS et al. 1984), and the mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), which also regularly obtains food from the ground surface.
+The decline of the cited animal and plant species has long been known to zoologists, botanists and observers interested in nature conservation in Central Europe. As a rule, however, the causes are sought after within "limited contexts". Only rarely has it occurred to anyone to draw an explicit connection between the decline of a specific species and the generally increased nutrient availability in Central European ecosystems. Equally little thought is devoted to the fact that increased utilization of fossil fuels has made the many draft animals superfluous that used to graze on large areas, thus keeping the ground vegetation cropped short and preventing nutrient build-up. If the changes which entire biocenoses have experienced are examined, however, the connections among these factors are impossible to overlook. On the other hand, the reduction of the grazing pressure of livestock on many tropical ecosystems certainly would be an advantage for the recovery of the ground
+vegetation and regeneration of forests.
+Besides containing a biocenosis, every ecosystem is also associated with abiotic factors. We have already discussed the implications of changes in heat dissipation, temperature, moisture and light. These are all climatic factors. On a small scale, changes in them can be measured and documented (cf. ELLENBERG sent 1982). But since the described elevated influx of nutrients is affecting nearly all parts of Central Europe, detectable changes in large-scale climatic factors are to be expected. At a conference on climate held in November 1983 in Bad Soden-Allendorf by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, the nestor of German climatological science, Prof. FLOHN, reported on observed trends towards a warmer climate on our planet that are presumably related to the proven increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. This increase in temperatures seems to apply globally, as the worldwide discussion of the topic makes clear. Central Europe represents an
+exception to the extent that in recent years the winters have been milder, in keeping with the general tendency, while the summers have been cooler than in the past. This is well known and is referred to as a tendency towards a more atlantic climate, although this does nothing to clarify its causes. It is conceivable that the global trend towards warmer temperatures is being overcompensated during the growing season by the increasingly luxuriant plant cover on ever-greater areas, with its changed heat retention, dissipation and evapotranspiration attributes as compared to sites with sparse vegetation.
+At this point we have come full circle. In one of the introductory chapters, I attempted to explain that three major components interact and mutually influence one another in all ecosystems: energy, matter and information carriers, all of which can take a variety of different forms. It was my intention to sketch an example of these interactions and also to provide concrete examples of how modifications of the individual parameters can affect the system as a whole. An understanding of these interconnections permits one to deduce a great deal from the structure of a plant cover - sporadic, patchy, closed, etc. - such as competition among various plant species, microclimatic conditions, and trophic relationships both between plants and animals and among the fauna.
+The nutrient situation is not always the determining factor. As one moves along the gradient from rain forest to desert, the crucial aspect is obviously water availability, although the cation content of the soil also plays a role. Moving along the gradient from lowlands to mountain sites, or from the temperate latitudes towards the poles, the temperature factor is apparently dominant.
+I would like to stress once again that our Central European ecosystems are being depleted of their species diversity because of a general trend towards eutrophication and hypertrophication. The supplementary nitrogen input is resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, from the production and use of artificial fertilizers, and from the use of imported feed, leading to an oversupply of livestock and thus also of animal excrement, which is used in slurry form to fertilize fields. The feed itself comes in part from the excess agricultural production of North America, in part from painstakingly nurtured so-called cash crops grown in developing countries, and in part in the form of fish meal made from fish caught off their coasts. For areas in which the soils are naturally poor in nutrients (WEISCHET 1980; FITTKAU 1984), this cannot be a positive development. The same statement holds in reverse for the countries at the receiving end. The rapid population growth in the countries
+of the Third World is further aggravating the described discrepancy.
+Only relatively few tropical sites, for the most part with young, often volcanic soils, are suitable, for pedological and climatic reasons, for sustained fertilized farming practices. On the other hand, the forests, especially the rain forests, are highly adapted to maximizing capture of nutrients from the air. If fossil fuels and wood from forests continue to be burned at an increasing rate, therefore, it can be expected that the remaining forests will ultimately react to the continuous influx of nutrients, which are introduced in sufficiently finely dispersed quantities for them to be utilized by existing ecosystems, in a way similar to that described above for the vegetation of Central Europe. On the whole, the distribution of numbers of species in the lowland rain forest of the Amazon basin along the nutrient gradients is similar to that in Central Europe: by far the greatest numbers of plant species per unit area can be found on poor to very poor sites. The number of
+species is significantly lower on sites with a better supply of nutrients, and the few sites with an adequate supply are relatively poor in species - and are, incidentally, for the most part already being exploited by human beings. On the other end of the scale, however, the number of plant species per unit area declines again on the very poorest sites (FITTKAU). These observations apply similarly to forests in Southern Asia, for example in Borneo (BRUNIG).
+It can be expected that finely dosed introduction of nutrients from the air over a long period of time will alter the competitive situation in existing ecosystems at the levels of the plants, the animals, and the decomposers as well. The usability of soils with a poor nutrient reserve is not likely to improve as a result of this. Climatic changes caused by other phenomena could possibly even be offset in this way.
+I would like to round off this section by discussing the impact of eutrophication on organisms involved in the decomposition process. As far as I know, "red data lists" documenting the degree to which individual species are endangered in delimited reference areas exist only for species belonging to the ecological compartments of the producers (green plants), and the consumers (animals that eat living organic matter), provided that a few groups of invertebrate fauna are left out of account that help to break up litter and organic debris. WINTERHOFF and KRIEGLSTEINER (1984) prepared a "red data list" for larger fungi, the first of its kind on a group of saprophytes in a Land of the Federal Republic of Germany. Many of the surveyed fungi are not only saprophytic, i.e. able to live on dead plant or animal remains, but also - as mycorrhizal fungi - enter into important symbioses with many green plants, in particular many forest trees, the recent threat to which (forest decline)
+has already been discussed. In this "red data list", a large number of observations have been compiled that strongly point to pollution, i.e. to surplus nitrogen input to ecosystems by immission, as causing the decline of the surveyed species. This applies particularly to mycorrhizal fungi, which play a vital role for the plant species with which they coexist in acid and nutrient-poor soils (MEYER 1984). In addition to the use of fertilizers on farmland and the washing-out of these nutrients into other zones, transport through the air is thus also increasing in importance. Mycorrhizal fungi also play a vital role in the nutrient cycle of tropical rain forests, with their acidic substrates that are low in bases. In spite of this, not a single study is known to the author or any of the experts interviewed by him on the reactions of these tropical mycorrhizae to inputs of allochthonous nutrients.
+5.2.2 Phenological mapping as the basis for planning of agricultural land use
+The occurrence or certain easily detectable behavior of organisms permits conclusions to be drawn on the living conditions, either positive or negative, of other organisms. In the majority of cases, because of their habits plants are easier to locate and to observe than animals, and should therefore be given preference for detailed mapping of entire areas.
+One goal which is relevant to farming practices, even those of the Federal Republic of Germany, would be to carry out highly differentiated mapping of microclimatic factors for supraregional, regional and local planning of agricultural land use. Climatological measuring stations are usually far apart, and often separated by very large distances. In spite of what is known about the effect on climate of the morphology of the terrain and other factors, as a rule they are so far apart that interpolation between these measurement points becomes too coarse for high resolution differentiation on the scale of a few hundred meters or less. Yet, denser networks of measurement stations are usually disproportionately expensive. On the other hand, detailed maps of areas that are significantly smaller than the surveyed region, e.g. a town with its surrounding country, are a prerequisite for elaboration of concrete proposals.
+In this situation, one solution is to prepare "maps of the climate for growth". This mapping approach takes advantage of the phenology of a large number of easily identified, widespread plant species with a high frequency of occcurrence. The growth/climate mapping technique was developed in the early 1950s in southwestern Germany by ELLENBERG sen., and since then has been successfully applied to large areas in the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as by K.F. SCHREIBER and his coworkers to all of Switzerland on a scale of 1: 200,000. A similar mapping project for the state of North-Rhine/Westphalia by SCHREIBER is due to be completed soon. This method is based on the distinguishable so-called phenological states of flowers and leaves - i.e. of budding, flowering, fading of flowers, and development of new leaves. In each mapping area, 20 or more different plant species are evaluated that typically develop at different rates during the course of the spring. The phenological
+states of the different plants are observed in the field - as a rule from a slowly traveling automobile and entered in a rough map in the form of "heat levels". The phenological states are designated using a scale of ten, with I = still completely bare and 10 = flowers have faded completely or, with respect to the leaves, 10 = completely developed. Emergence of flowers or leaves = 5, leaves 75 % developed or flowers mature = 8. The various different plant species at a given site exhibit, because of their different ecological requirements, as a rule different phenological states at a given point in time. In order to permit assignment of these different levels of development to uniform "heat levels", a so-called calibration line must be drawn and surveyed, along which as many as possible of the typical zones of the studied area should occur, from the warmest to the coldest sites, and with the aid of which the heat levels can be defined. During the course of the season, such
+calibration lines can be used to identify the typical phenological states of the different test plant species for a wide range of heat levels. A phenological spectrum at a given point in time remains valid for 1-3 days, depending on weather conditions. In this way, during the course of just a few weeks in the spring - if the area is sufficiently accessible by road, from an automobile - an area spanning many thousands of square kilometers can be surveyed with great topographical accuracy by two experienced persons (one driver and observer, one recorder and mapper). In addition to mapping the general distribution of heat levels, such a procedure also permits fine local heat gradients to be distinguished. The possibility of using aerial photographs of appropriate scale instead of driving automobiles has to be tested.
+Phenological mapping of heat levels is consistent in a typical way with the definition of a bioindicator, which it is worthwhile to repeat here: "A bioindicator is a related group or community of organisms whose occurrence or an easily observed behavioral trait of which can be so closely correlated with certain environmental conditions that it can be utilized as a pointer or quantitative test." Such a heat level classification or ecological map of climate for growth or growth/climate classification scheme - whatever one chooses to call it - can, with the aid of just a few climatological measuring stations, be calibrated to absolute reference values, e.g. to mean temperatures, heat sums or similar measured parameters. In this way, bioindicators and measurement technology complement one another ideally. It would be worthwhile to examine whether a phenological mapping approach could also be applied to other climatological or even geographical gradients. It would appear quite
+apt for mountainous regions with differences in altitude (warmth) and slope (radiation).
+<section>5.3 The levels of populations and individuals</section>
+5.3.1 Preliminary remarks
+5.3.2 Future risks of continued pesticide use
+5.3.3 Use of birds as "biomonitors" of pollutant burdens in landscapes - a survey
+5.3.3.1 A field experiment on the ecology of the contamination of birds with pollutants
+5.3.3.2 How to identify suitable species for biomonitoring
+5.3.3.3 A routine example of detection of spatial variations in pollution levels
+5.3.3.4 Quantitative biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution with the aid of bird feathers
+5.3.1 Preliminary remarks
+Genetically speaking, species exist in and are constituted by populations; these are the actual reproductive units that permit the long-term survival of a uniquely composed pool of genetic material (MAYR 1967). There is a lower limit to how small such a population can become. According to what little is now known, the minimum population size so that a species of vertebrate animal can be expected with relative certainty to survive and, possibly, grow in number again, is between 100 and 500 individuals that are capable of reproducing. Smaller populations than this are highly endangered, and often die out for obscure reasons. If it is wished to prevent their extinction, therefore, they must receive special protection and care. This is virtually impossible in the case of rain forest species, for example. The only viable solution here is to set aside a minimum area of land that will ensure survival of a sufficiently large population. These so called minimum areas are thought to
+be at least equivalent to the sum of the areas required by the above-mentioned 100 to 500 individuals. The determination of such minimum areas represents one of the greatest challenges of our time for international wildlife protection efforts and ecology. The WWF is currently engaged in promoting such "minimum-size projects", one of which is being conducted in Amazonia in cooperation with the IUCN. Within the scope of the so-called Soil Protection Project of the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, we are presently working on the topic "minimum areas for animal populations from the point of view of nature conservation" for Central Europe.
+Because of the extreme nutrient poverty of many ecosystems in the moist tropics, a large number of different species occur per unit area; however, the vast majority of these have only a very small population density. That means that the required minimum areas for maintenance of populations of certain species must be relatively large under such conditions. Species which, for natural reasons, require a large area within which each individual can roam, e.g. certain large vertebrates, especially predators, or whose individuals defend extensive territories, are hardest-hit by a fragmentation or reduction of their habitats. The just-mentioned animal groups have already largely disappeared from Central Europe, some of them centuries ago (ELLENBERG jun. 1980). These facts can be expected to have equal validity in the developing countries. Here are two examples to illustrate this:
+Predatory birds offer a range of species of manageable size to which the above-mentioned criteria apply. Many birds of prey are conspicuous and easily recognized by those familiar with them. For this reason, REICHHOLF (1974) made use of the diversity of predatory birds for the purpose of characterizing the degree to which certain South American landscapes are still intact. His approach was also adopted by BRANDL et al. (1984) and applied to areas in Botswana, Zimbabwe and northeastern South Africa. Both studies arrived at the same conclusion. The influence of human economic activities on the utilized landscapes serves to reduce the diversity of predatory bird communities occurring in them. It favors certain species, while creating difficulties for other species that can range in severity all the way to the point of causing their extinction. Regions that are relatively thinly populated by human beings and are characterized by relatively extensive land use exhibit a larger
+number of predatory bird species than intensively utilized landscapes. In this context, pesticide related problems play only a subordinate role. Similar observations can also be made in Central Europe; for example, the particularly sparsely populated parts of Lorraine south of Saarbrucken and of the young moraine landscape of Mecklenburg still continue to harbor intact populations of some predatory bird species which have become exceedingly rare in the rest of Europe (e.g. Montagu's harrier in the first case, and the sea eagle and osprey in the second).
+The studies which are currently being conducted for the purpose of identifying the most important biological refuges in the earth's tropical rain forests are caught up in an almost hopeless race against time. It is precisely in those regions which have the character of refuges that the forests are being destroyed at a particularly fast rate. Such areas are found, for instance, in the peripheral zones of Amazonia and not in the economically less interesting central part of the tropical rain forest (REICHHOLF 1984). Zoogeographers have provided an important insight: protective measures should concentrate on the pleistocene forest refuges, since these are largely identical with the zones having the highest number of species per unit area. The secondary contact zones between the habitats of regional fauna also deserve attention when selecting those zones particularly deserving of protection (HAFFER 1983).
+Another problem which weighs as heavily as the race against time is how to efficiently survey and monitor species. This aspect has already been touched upon above. To a certain extent, this difficulty also applies to vertebrates, although birds and, perhaps, amphibians as well appear to be relatively wellsuited for such survey programs, among other reasons because they can be detected by acoustic means in difficult terrain. This aspect also holds true for some insects, e.g. grasshoppers and locusts. However, we still know far too little even about them in order to conduct a reasonably reliable survey of the range of species actually present at a given site within a short time. For decades, there has been an acute lack of research funding for "mere inventories". The supposed "low priority" of faunistic and even floristic surveys has presented a major obstacle to studies of the animal life of tropical regions. The real reason is that few spectacular results can be expected
+when selected groups of species are thoroughly researched, while such studies mean years of hardships in the field for the participating biologists. Even organizations devoted to supporting scientific research, being primarily guided by practical considerations, rarely provide backing for such projects. It should therefore come as no surprise that in many developing countries the inventory phase has barely even begun, in spite of the fact that work is now being done on a broad front and within the scope of international cooperation - although the Federal Republic of Germany has so far remained virtually uninvolved - to survey and classify the flora and fauna of the tropical rain forests (REICHHOLF 1984). The ecosystems of tropical rain forests, with their vigorous plant growth and large biomass, are "as vulnerable to outside intervention as a hemophiliac" (WEISCHET 1984). Logging and conversion of forest for agricultural use inevitably lead to the displacement and, in many
+cases, the extinction of thousands of animal and plant species (cf. TEMPLE 1978). In those parts of the coastal mountain range of Southeastern Brazil and the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia that have been largely logged over during the course of the last few decades - previously harboring an extraordinary diversity of bird species with numerous endemic varieties - this decline in species has been particularly prominent and relatively well documented (KING 1978). In the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo, for example, the large parrots have ceased to breed due to the lack of suitable forests (FITTKAU, REICHHOLF). It can be safely assumed that similar statements hold for other animal groups and plants that are not as well known.
+Based on the amount of food available for each individual within a population per unit of time and land area, i.e. the carrying capacity of the biotope and the energy and nutrient content of the available food, the characteristic parameters which govern population dynamics fluctuate: namely population growth rates, mortality, immigration and emigration (in each case per unit of time and land area). This phenomenon was investigated in the case of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by ELLENBERG jun. (1974, 1978, 1979, 1984) in a comprehensive field experiment spanning a period of several years. If a population is subjected to particularly severe environmental stress, e.g. by being hunted, by harsh winters, by episodic environmental catastrophes of other kinds, or by acute or chronic poisoning such as can occur in connection with the use of pesticides and introduction of heavy metals into the environment, within certain limits population growth can be stimulated, the survival
+rate of the young animals raised, immigration boosted and the number of emigrating individuals reduced. In other words, populations subjected to such environmental stress tend to exhaust the carrying capacity of a given biotope by maintaining a fair/y constant population size, and in the case of' temporary setbacks to quickly reattain this level. Unless the dynamics of such populations are studied in greater detail, at first glance they appear to fluctuate about a steady-state size. This is achieved by means of the diverse mechanisms involved in intraspecies competition. It is therefore all the more surprising when a population "crashes", dropping to a low level because its natural regulatory mechanisms have no longer been able to cope. This phenomenon has been the object of much study in connection with the pesticide problem and its impact on predatory birds (NEWTON 1979; ELLENBERG jun. 1981). Nevertheless, these and similar aspects continue to receive too little attention
+for assessment of ecotoxicological problems related to the use of pesticides. Moreover, only in a very limited number of cases are the maximum tolerable concentrations of toxins known for species and/or populations.
+On the other hand, under the influence of chronic stress populations of a wide range of different species are able to adapt to these new selection pressures. Both statements also apply to human beings. Species with shorter generation times, however, are at an advantage under such conditions. The ability of bacteria and insects to develop resistance when antibiotics or biocides are used widely and/or over long periods of time has been demonstrated many times (IUCN-UNEP-WWF 1980). Attempts are made to compensate for this by employing increasingly large biocide doses. But the increased amounts used then have an ever-greater impact on other types of organisms within the same ecosystem, and the self-regulatory mechanisms of the ecosystem based on competition, predator-prey and host-parasite relationships, etc. are weakened more and more. A runaway control loop with positive feedback!
+In this context, it is necessary to point out the fundamental difference between the ethics of human populations and those of animal and plant populations living in the wild. In the case of human beings themselves, and to a more limited extent where domestic animals and crop plants are concerned as well, every single individual counts. The death or lack of the ability or opportunity to reproduce of individuals in such populations is generally considered to be a loss. Any other way of dealing with this phenomenon would constitute a serious affront to our most basic ethical and moral principles. In wild populations, by contrast, such"losses" are looked upon as being necessary to maintain the system as a whole. Without them, natural selection processes that permit adaptation to changing conditions would no longer work. This also applies to gradients which are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by human beings.
+Differentiated diagnoses of the causes of death of single individuals of free-living populations are only possible under special conditions. A certain amount of background information is therefore required if changes in population dynamics or population densities are to be understood. By the same token, it has taken the decimation of the wild populations of animal species sensitive to specific factors - e.g. the peregrine falcon, the sparrow hawk, the osprey and the brown pelican - to call our attention to previously unknown noxious factors in the environment and make us initiate investigations of their causes. In some cases, e.g. the causal relationship between reduced thickness of the eggshells and contamination of the food of these birds with DDT, it has taken the work of many researchers and laboratories more than 10 years to get to the bottom of the problem (RATCLIFFE 1970). Continuous monitoring and study - at both the regional and supraregional levels - of animal
+groups which are already known to be sensitive to the effects of contaminants, especially of such species whose individuals are dispersed over large areas, is therefore already being practiced by several environmental monitoring programs, for instance in Sweden (SNV 1980) and Canada (ELLIOT 1984). Many primarily laboratory-oriented physiologists and ecologists are still reluctant to consistently apply such approaches, however. One reason given for this is that collection of specimens, e.g. for an environmental specimen bank (LEWIS et al. 1984)is regarded as posing extremely difficult problems in the case of warm-blooded vertebrates, as compared to other types of organisms. Moreover, it would seem that the number of specimens which it is possible to collect per unit of time and land area is not quite sufficient to meet the requirements which have been formulated to date. LEWIS (1984) has already taken a more highly differentiated stand on this matter, however. Apparently,
+publications by the author of the present article have contributed to this reassessment. For this reason, in section 5.3.3 below I have attempted to present a survey of the possibilities for using birds as biomonitors of environmental pollution, although other animal groups would of course also be suitable for this purpose. First, however, it is necessary to discuss a few general aspects.
+5.3.2 Future risks of continued pesticide use
+In view of the apparently unstoppable population explosion which is looming on the horizon, especially in the countries of the Third World, and in view of the limited possibilities for extending the land area suitable for agricultural use, the food problem can only be solved by achieving higher yields per unit area of land. Inevitably, irrigation and fertilization will be used to attain this goal. Both of these measures also have an effect on the anatomy of the plants growing under the correspondingly changed conditions. The plant tissues become more "hygrophilous", i.e. the walls of the cells remain thinner and exhibit less lignification, the epidermal cells are cutinized less, etc. Such fertilized plants with a good supply of water become more attractive to herbivorous insects, and at the same time the competitors of the crop plants are also promoted, namely the so-called weeds. Anywhere that labor-intensive control measures or ecologically sounder farming methods cannot
+be used or are decided against for other reasons, the use of pesticides offers itself as a solution to the problem: herbicides to combat the weeds, insecticides to kill off the insects, and a variety of different poisons to keep away snails, seed-eating birds and other bothersome organisms. Effective pesticides are efficient in reducing the population densities of the organisms against which they are used, but they are rarely successful in completely eliminating them. Moreover, an inadvertent side effect is that other organisms which live off the pests lose, suddenly and unexpectedly, their source of nourishment, and the structure of their habitat is destroyed. Only a few of these predators (organisms that feed on other organisms in the broadest sense of the term, thus including herbivores) are able to temporarily survive this loss by emigrating, switching to other food sources, or going into a dormant state. Most of them can be expected to die out. Since food organisms - at
+least outside of forests - are generally characterized by shorter generation times and population cycles or regeneration times in affected individuals, than the predators which feed on them, in many cases it can be observed that pesticide application results in short-lived success followed by recovery of the pest populations that are now able to multiply virtually unchecked by their natural predators. Consequently, the medium-term or long-term effect of pesticide use is, not infrequently, an even greater pest population density than at the outset. Another possible effect, which has frequently been observed in connection with weed control, is the following: once the target species population has been eliminated, other species are freed of competition from it. In this way, species which had previously been kept under control by natural means develop into pests themselves.
+Higher doses of pesticide are then applied in an attempt to combat populations of pests that develop after initial pesticide application or reappear as a result of shifts in competition. This serves to stimulate the development of resistance among the target populations, permitting them to multiply again, and provoking the use of even more pesticide. This results in a vicious circle which escalates until the system collapses. The number of arthropod strains which have been proven to be resistant to different pesticides (mainly insects) increased from 182 in 1965 to 392 in 1978 (FAO 1979). On the whole, the effectiveness of pesticide usage is questionable: between 1904 and 1979, the crop losses caused in the United States by insects, plant diseases and weeds remained unchanged at approximately one-third of potential yields (PIMENTEL 1978). During this time, of course, productivity increased greatly and with it the yields. I doubt that this would have been possible without
+plant protection in the broad sense of the term. Nevertheless, the development of resistant mosquito populations, in many cases within just a few years, has resulted in the control measures taken to combat the vectors of a wide range of tropical diseases being conducted ad absurdum in many places. These developments signify that those persons and institutions responsible for human health have many medium- and long-term interests in common with those who would like to conserve populations of free-living plants and animals in intact ecosystems. Even in the case of agro-industrial intensive farming enterprises, e.g. for cotton production, the costs incurred by pesticide application frequently develop into one of the limiting factors for profitable operation. In these and similar cases as well, it is clear that those interested in protecting nature share much with those wishing to utilize it.
+In order for scientists to arrive at a well founded opinion on the side effects which pesticide usage can have in the environment, they need information on the amounts used of all important pesticides, as well as the places and times at which they are applied. In the interests of all, there is no longer any justified excuse whatsoever for withholding or disguising such information. Accordingly, the International Conference on Environmental Hazards of Agrochemicals in Developing Countries in Alexandria in November 1983 formulated the following recommendation:
+"Taking into account the existing intemationally-agreed conventions concerning the safe use of pesticides and agrochemicals, we firmly believe that:
+The present situation concerning agrochemicals is unsatisfactory, especially when the importing country has no necessary registration system and is not properly informed of the hazardous properties of the imported product or restrictions on its use:
+a) There are too many cases of human pesticide-induced illness and death, especially in developing countries.
+b) Adverse ecological effects resulting from pesticide use, overuse, and misuse are occurring.
+c) The continued careless use of pesticides can lead to:
+1. The raising of previously insignificant pests to the status of major pest species.
+2. Increase in pesticide resistance.
+3. Increase in contamination of soils, water and air.
+4. Increase in hazards to humans, plants and animals."
+Following a similar train of thought, the "Mussel watch 11: chemical changes in the coastal zone workshop", which also took place in November 1983 (in Honolulu, Hawaii) and was independently organized as a joint activity by the Scientific Committee on Problems of Environment of the International Council of Scientific Unions, the International Federation of Institutes of Advanced Study, and the East-West Center in Honolulu, attended by experts on the ecology of marine coastal waters from 26 different countries, called for the "International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals of the United Nations Environment Program" to establish a data base which would permit international monitoring of production and use of persistent halogenated hydrocarbons. As early as April 1982, the World Working Group on Birds of Prey of the International Council for Bird Preservation demanded, at its conference in Thessaloniki, Greece, that an international conference be held together with
+representatives of the WH0, the FAO, UNEP and UNIDO, as well as the manufacturers of pesticides and other toxic chemicals with the goals (among others) of:
+"Involving themselves with the problems arising from chemical control of vectors of malaria and trypanosomiasis, and of searching for means of identifying a long-term solution with an aim to overcoming these diseases; and of finding possibilities for the long-term survival of healthy populations of predatory birds in habitats that also ensure that health of human beings and the maximum food production possible under the existing conditions."
+Within this context, the existence of predators becomes generally important for biological monitoring approaches, regardless of whether we are dealing with parasitical hymenopters, insectivores, birds of prey, tree frogs, or other relatively long-lived organisms with a slow population turnover. We should keep this fact in mind when we practice biological monitoring for human beings, who after all belong to the longest-lived terrestrial predators in the broad sense of the term.
+Natural ecosystems and those in a close-tonatural state have different functions for human society. Van der MAAREL and DAUVELLIER (1978) break these down into productive functions, carrier, information and regulatory functions. The productive functions include the provision of water and air, production of biomass in the water or on land, and under the influence of agricultural measures (in the broader sense: aquaculture, field cropping, pasture farming and forestry). The carrier functions are roughly divided into the following categories: urban industrial activities including traffic, rural activities such as settlements, dams, and other structures for regulating bodies of water, disposal of waste in water bodies or dumps, and recreational opportunities in the landscape itself, such as water sports or rock climbing. The information functions comprise the utilization of information for orientation, research, education and teaching, or also as signals, i.e. as indicators; it
+is impossible to overlook a hitherto unexploited reservoir of information in the biotic domain. Regulatory functions primarily involve cleaning and stabilization; cleaning can be, for example, the filtering out of dust or biological self-purification in water bodies and soils; and stabilization is performed in connection with regulation of the climate, retention of soil and water in the system, and biocenotic regulation. It would appear to be worthwhile to learn about the different degrees to which the various ecosystems perform the above mentioned functions under specific conditions for human society. It is only within this context that biological monitoring can gain true usefulness. In order to conserve the information and regulatory functions of ecosystems, these should be disturbed as little as possible.
+Biological monitoring is not primarily a matter of measuring the concentrations of toxic residues in organisms - and thus a chemical issue. Instead, it is principally based on differences in the developmental rate of organisms, changes in the population dynamics of species, and shifts in the competitive relationships among populations in ecosystems. The role of physiology and chemistry is relegated to subsequent clarification of the causes of observed changes of this type.
+If, after pesticides have been used for a lengthy period of time and resistance has developed among the target populations, other pesticides also fail to have the desired effect, at least two sensible strategies are available to local human populations: the attempt can be made to breed plants that are genetically resistant to the pests, or to employ more sophisticated methods of ecological pest control. Both approaches can be successful, and then, at least temporarily, lead to a solution of the problem. If they are not successful, then production and potential yields drop. In response to this the attempt is then made to cultivate other plants or to change the agricultural system. This can be done at various input levels: "cash crops" require relatively high inputs in terms of energy, fertilizers and, possibly, pesticides, and often require intensive use of machinery. With a relatively low population density, this system may be successful, as well as under certain ecological
+conditions, e.g. in situations where only large organizational units can operate profitably. With high population densities, however, in the medium and long term it is possible that complex socioeconomic problems arise. Since ancient times, both phenomena have manifested themselves again and again in flood areas. If, however, it is no longer possible to profitably sell surplus produce, then the only remaining alternative is subsistence farming. Provided that the population density is not too great, it is possible to survive under these conditions. But if - especially following a period of temporarily improved conditions at the beginning of the pest and disease control phase - the human population density becomes too large to be supported by a subsistence economy, then poverty and misery are unavoidable. Exhaustion of the soil, emigration, malnutrition and hunger are the results. Provision of food aid is a charitable act at this point, to be sure, but does not overcome the
+basic problems. Here we run up against the limits not only of Christian ethics; many areas, particularly in the poorer developing countries and not just in Africa, appear to have already reached this state of dire need. Where such overburdened ecosystems are concerned, a discussion of the additional load imposed by the accumulation of pesticides down through food chains would appear to be beside the point. Both BALK and KOEMAN (1984) and MATTHIESSEN ( 1984) stress, based on their extensive experience in various parts of Africa and Southeast Asia, the importance which biological monitoring of fish-eating fish has because of their major role as a source of human nourishment. I would like to extend this by stating that not only fish-eating fish as human food, but in particular also fish-eating mammals and birds - including predatory birds in such ecosystems - play a vital role as indicators in the place of human beings. They are valuable because of their sensitive status as the
+terminal links in food chains, and because their individuals, in spite of being territory holders and therefore sedentary, roam over wide areas, as a result of which they can reveal much about the contamination of entire landscapes.
+Attention has also been directed, within the scope of German development cooperation for controlling tsetse flies in Cameroon and other West African countries, to the ecological impact of such measures. One working group, headed by the Department of Biogeography of the Saarland University, devoted several years of intensive study to the side effects which tsetse fly control measures have on lower animals and many small vertebrates. They arrived at the conclusion that, with the exception of shrews, no animal group has suffered any significant adverse effects of a lasting nature. However, those groups of animal species characterized not only by BALK and KOEMAN but also by MATTHIESSEN as being particularly valuable for monitoring purposes were nearly completely ignored by this working group. Moreover, in my view neither the working group nor the organizations sponsoring its activities bothered to ask the more fundamental question as to whether tsetse fly control truly makes
+sense: does the opening up of a landscape which has previously been largely protected - by the tsetse flies! - from overgrazing genuinely represent an advantageous development at the national and supraregional levels?
+5.3.3 Use of birds as "biomonitors" of pollutant burdens in landscapes - a survey
+The aim of this section is to present and discuss the possibilities for utilization of certain vertebrates - illustrated by the example of birds - for monitoring the contamination of areas with toxins. Compared to most other organisms used for biological monitoring, vertebrates assimilate contaminants not only over periods of time (like plants, for instance), but also from significant expanses of territory; depending on animal species, these can range from less than a hectare to several hundred square kilometers or more. Scandinavian golden eagles, for example, cover their habitats with nearly regular networks, at the nodes of which - approx. 17 km apart - their eyries are situated, preferably atop pine trees aged 300 years or older (TJERNBERG 1983).
+Scientific and practical reasons provide us with motivation to shed light on this assimilatory ability and to place it in our service, although a diversity of factors related to how the investigated organism is embedded in space and time can influence its specific ecology - and thus also the pollution levels which it can be used to detect. These structures appear to grow in complexity in more highly organized animal species.
+To deal with this, the expertise of field ecologist is needed. Between 25 and 15 years ago, it was their knowledge and their concern about the survival of animal populations threatened by exposure to pollutants that led to more intensive investigation of toxins accumulating in food webs. Since then, however, this topic has increasingly become the province of the "measuring" natural sciences and of (veterinary) medicine. We have witnessed the advent of chemical and physical analysis methods that are capable of detecting not only - metaphorically speaking - a single Apache among a million Norwegians (parts per million = ppm), but even the much more elusive and physiognomically less conspicuous single Eskimo among a billion Chinese (ppb). Such developments were also an indispensable prerequisite for accurate identification of toxins and their concentrations and in order to assess their global distribution. Nevertheless, it seems to me that this striving for precision and focus
+on details has obscured our perception of the biological context and the ecological relevance of the results. Because of the enormous variability in these domains, thousands of analyses have been performed, primarily in response to statistical criteria.
+Here, I would like to attempt to focus more strongly on applying ecological principles to the complex of related phenomena "environmental pollution - contamination of organisms - endangerment of populations". It can be safely assumed that ecologists need the support of laboratory analysts and viceversa.
+Not many birds are suited for use as test organisms. Quails are particularly well-suited as laboratory animals, since they attain sexual maturity when only a few months old. Nevertheless, even with their aid the disruptive effect which DDT has on insect-, fish- and bird-eating bird species was not recognized in time. It is improbable that DDT, to take just one example, would have been approved for use as an insecticide if the - herbivorous - test mammals and birds had been harmed by relevant concentrations of it in experiments. On the other hand, the responsible authorities were aware at quite an early stage that many non-homoiothermal terrestrial vertebrates react very sensitively to DDT pollution. Apparently, at that time (in the late 1940s) this problem was regarded as unimportant, a view which persisted for a considerable time (GEIGY 1947; HOFFMANN and LINDUSKA 1949; MUNROE 1949).
+The use of birds as biomonitors will be dealt with in greater depth below. Bird species that have been used as bioindicators (in the restricted sense), initially for detection of unspecified harmful influences, include the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), the sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus), the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and the sea eagle (Haliaetus albicilla), the fate of which over the course of the last three decades in the so-called "developed countries" is sufficiently well-known (cf. ELLENBERG (ed.) 1981). The situation in other parts of the world continues to give cause for alarm (BALK and KOEMANN 1984; specific examples from Zimbabwe and other parts of the earth will be discussed below). An indication of the geographical scale of the problem has been provided by the observations of East German scientists who, for a number of years now, have been conducting faunistic studies of vertebrates in Mongolia (STUBBE, PIECHOCKI, personal communication). For years, they
+have not seen any young birds at all being raised in the four sea eagle nests known to them. Instead, the adult birds have been observed to sit on rotting eggs far longer than the usual time required for them to hatch. Other nests have been abandoned, presumably because the eggs had broken apart. It is probable that the Mongolian sea eagles winter in the lowlands and coastal areas of southern East Asia. A few remain in Mongolia. According to reports from travelers - some of whom have a background in zoology - during recent years intensive and indiscriminate use has been made in southern China of organochlorine pesticides, with the aid of which the local populations have attempted to solve their hygienic and nutritional problems - just like in large parts of West Africa and elsewhere (BRUNIG, FITTKAU, P. MULLER, personal communications).
+Some species react indirectly to pollution of other kinds, like the kinglets (Regulus regulus) observed on sample plots in the Saxon Forest (Sachsenwald) near Hamburg. There, they inhabit stands of spruce (Picea abies) afflicted with needle loss of varying severity related to the forest dieback of recent years in Europe. The extent of needle loss is inversely proportional to the population density of the kinglets. The concurrent increase in coletits (Parus ater), another bird species which is highly adapted to spruce trees, thus seems confusing at first glance. This appears to be a reaction to diminishing competition from the other tit species, which are larger and stronger. As the overall supply of food declines in the afflicted forest stands, the latter occupy fewer nesting cavities. As this example shows, the relationship between the indicandum) and the indicator can be quite complex. In such cases, it can only be understood by bringing to bear a wide range of knowledge
+and expertise. Nonetheless, as I have already pointed out, the effects of some new kinds of pollutants have been discovered only with the aid of indicator species.
+Biomonitoring can only be meaningfully applied for surveillance of substances which have already been recognized as being hazardous or potentially dangerous. In this sense, biomonitoring as a method is in direct competition with technologically oriented programs involving physical and/or chemical analysis. Biomonitoring is not being read fly accepted and integrated by those in charge of such programs; instead, its proponents are having to painstakingly work towards its acknowledgment by calling attention to the advantages it offers over technological approaches. I believe that both points of view have their justification. Each is dependent on the other, and they complement each other mutually. Biomonitoring will be able - once it has become firmly established - to achieve results more easily, more quickly, less expensively and with a greater integrating effect, but it nevertheless relies upon precise calibration by technological means. Conversely, technological precision by
+itself - i.e. without additional information from the fields of biology and medicine - is incapable of letting us understand, control, monitor and assess the biological and ecological relationships involved.
+The greatest problem associated with attempts to capture the temporal and spatial trends of pollution in defined regions with the aid of biomonitoring is caused by the fact that the measured toxin concentrations vary greatly, even in specimens of the same species collected at the same time and (nearly) the same place. This makes it essential to standardize specimen-collection procedures and carry out studies for the purpose of "internal" biological calibration of the species used as biomonitors. At first glance, both tasks appear much more difficult for highly evolved, warm-blooded animals than for lower organisms or plants. Extensive and well organized research efforts are needed in order to detect temporal trends within the range of DDT concentrations exhibited by sparrow hawks (Accipiter nisus) in the British Isles, for example; the pollutant concentrations in individual eggs can vary over 4 powers of ten (COOKE et al. 1982). And even in the eggs of sparrows or great
+titmice living in the same park, up to 100-fold variations in organochlorine concentrations are common (MAY et ELLENBERG, 1985).
+My coworkers and I have therefore focused our inquiry on the causes of these large variations in measured contaminant concentrations - and intentionally avoided efforts to statistically get a handle on this "scattering" effect by studying a large number of specimens. Interspecies comparisons suggest that is it primarily caused by differences in the unique "physiology" of each species, i.e. in the way the organism physiologically deals with an assimilated toxin. Other obvious factors include gender, age and social status, as well as the stress levels to which individuals are subjected (cf. LEWIS et al. 1984).
+5.3.3.1 A field experiment on the ecology of the contamination of birds with pollutants
+For the reasons discussed above, a field experiment should be conducted in each case to clarify the following question: Are the measured contaminant concentrations due to "species-specific physiology" or to the feeding habits of individuals? When using organisms as "instruments" for monitoring environmental pollution levels, it must be possible to obtain clear and unambiguous answers to this and other questions. This is a prerequisite for reproducibility and interpretability of the analysis results. Otherwise biomonitoring programs are doomed to fail, even if they are based on years of preparations and conducted with the assistance of environmental specimen banks or other facilities.
+The experiment must incorporate individuals of different species that eat exactly the same diet under field conditions at the same time and place. If a different contaminant concentration is measured in each species under these conditions, then it may be concluded that physiology is playing a much greater role than feeding habits. In the opposite case, different food chains would be responsible for the observed phenomenon.
+For ecological reasons, situations of this kind are relatively rare. Typically, organisms living concurrently at the same place tend to avoid competition for food by specializing. A usable situation occurs with the cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and one of its host species, the reed warbler (Acrocephalus spec.): in the homogeneously structured reed banks in which they dwell there is not likely to be any significant difference between the food of nestling reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and that of young cuckoos in nests located just a few meters away. However, because these species are rare in the area which my coworkers and I were studying at that time, and in response to nature conservation considerations, we were forced to create a similar situation experimentally. In 2 study areas, namely the "Deutsch-Franzosischer Garten" (DFG) and the "Hauptfriedhof" (HFR) in Saarbrucken, we exchanged newly hatched nestlings of great titmice (Paws major) and tree sparrows (Passer
+montanus) for one another. The great titmice readily adopted the young tree sparrows introduced into their nests and raised them together with their own young until they reached the fledgling stage. The tree sparrows rejected the intruders, however. At the end of the nestling period, it was possible to collect the following specimens from 10 pairs of the manipulated nests:
+a) Great titmouse and tree sparrow nestlings raised together in great titmouse nests on the same diet.
+b) Pairs of tree sparrow siblings, one of which had been raised in a great titmouse nest and one in a tree sparrow nest, in each case on the diet typical of the corresponding species.
+The livers and stomach contents of the nestlings were analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the presence and concentrations of 15 different organochlorines. The nature of the food eaten by the two species had been previously identified by attaching "throat rings" to a few young birds that prevented them from swallowing the food brought by their parents. The food (insects and spiders) was examined with the aid of binoculars, identified as far as possible down to the genus, and quantified. The results showed that the young birds fed by great titmice received very similar nourishment from nest to nest in both study areas. By contrast, the food given to the nestlings in tree sparrow nests varied considerably depending on the situation.
+With the exception of lindane, for all detected organochlorines present in sufficiently high concentrations (greater than 0.005 mg per kg of live weight, for apparatus-related reasons the lower measurement limit), the liver analyses consistently yielded the following picture:
+- Great titmouse and tree sparrow nestlings that grew up together in the same nest, tended by the same parent birds and receiving the same food - which was different from that usually eaten by young tree sparrows did not exhibit any significant differences in contamination with organochlorines.
+- The livers of tree sparrow siblings raised in different nests, one by its natural parents and one in a great titmouse nest, and receiving different food, showed significant differences in organochlorine concentrations. In the case of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and DDE, the differences were often 20 or more times as great as those between nestlings of different species raised in the same nest. On the other hand, the differences between the young birds in a given nest were insignificant and must be regarded as coincidental or a reflection of the measurement error inherent in the equipment used. Depending on situation, the young tree sparrows '`adopted" by great titmice can exhibit lower, equivalent or higher pollutant concentrations than their natural brothers and sisters in the original nest.
+On the basis of these results it c an he excluded that species-specific physiologic al factors - and thus differing accumulation rates - play a major role in accounting for the varying levels of organochlorine contamination measured in the livers of young great titmice and tree sparrows. Rather, any "species-specific" differences in pollutant concentrations are due in this case to feeding habits.
+This has the following implications for biomonitoring:
+1. The results we obtained with great titmice and tree sparrows demonstrate that individuals of two different species at the same time and place can be contaminated to differing degrees because of different feeding habits.
+2. Species whose individuals can exhibit a heterogeneous diet are less well-suited for biomonitoring of environmental pollution than species whose members are characterized by uniform feeding habits.
+However, individuals belonging to species of the first type - with heterogeneous diets - can at some locations be at particularly great risk due to their differing food chains.
+3. Organisms used as biomonitors should therefore have very uniform diets (e.g. great titmice), or else it must be possible to identify their individual feeding habits (e.g. goshawks).
+Consequently in-depth study of important ecological relationships, especially those of the food web to which the animal species used as a biomonitor belongs is required. This effort is necessary, but is likely perceived by some as being discouragingly difficult.
+5.3.3.2 How to identify suitable species for biomonitoring
+It is essential to concentrate on "usable" species with the aid of generally applicable criteria. Such species must meet a large number of different theoretical and practical requirements. Catalogs of criteria for selection of "usable species" have been under discussion for a long time, particularly in connection with the preparations for establishment of an environmental specimen bank (LUEPKE 1979; LEWIS et al. 1983, 1984). In our "Working Group on Vertebrates" at the Saarland University, in the years following 1978 we succeeded in structuring a projected catalog of this kind (ELLENBERG 1981); Edmund HAHN (1984) subsequently applied this approach to Central European owl species. Other approaches are certainly conceivable and possible, involving the deletion of certain criteria, the collection of individual criteria into broader categories, or the addition of new criteria. What concerns us at this point is the basic principle involved.
+Table 1: Assessment of the suitability of owl species for use as biomonitors. From E. HAHN (1984).
+CRITERIA
+Weight
+Tyto
+Otus
+Bubo
+Asio
+Asio
+Glaucidium
+Athene
+Aegolius
+Strix
+Strix
+factor
+alba
+scops
+bubo
+otus
+flammeus
+passerinum
+noctua
+funereus
+aluco
+uralensis
+Geographical correlation
+Demonstratable food composition
+Adequate pollutant tolerance
+Ubiquitous occurrence
+Low population fluctuations
+Accumulation of toxins
+Legal problems involved
+Standardizability of specimen collection
+Structurability of data according to age and gender
+Knowledge about habits and radius of activity
+Integration of useful time spans and geographical areas
+Geographical correlation of food organisms
+Suitability for experiments
+Comparability with other species
+Ease of detection
+Ease of classiffication
+Ease of manipulation, handling and specimen collection
+Comparison of actual and possible food
+Identifiability of individuals' food
+Wide distribution
+Euryoecia
+Totals
+An important prerequisite for spatial mapping of monitoring results is adequate knowledge of the movements of the species used. Of fundamental importance for the comparability of results is that specimen collection be largely standardized. Here, knowledge of individual animal diets - as we have seen - plays a major role: either the individuals of a species at different locations must have nearly identical diets, and/or it must be possible to obtain information on their individual feeding habits.
+Table 2: Species which are more or less suited for biomonitoring. From E. HAHN ( 1984).
+Species
+Points^1)
+Score in %^2)
+Tawny owl (Strix aluco)
+up to 108
+up to 95
+Honey bee (Apis mellifica)
+Black-billed magpie (Pica pica)
+Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
+Little owlet (Athene noctua)
+Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
+Stone marten (Martes foina)
+Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
+Barn owl (Tyto alba)
+European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaea)
+Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus)
+Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
+Brass beetle (Carabus auratus)
+Homo sapiens
+1) The assessments by different experts vary.
+We passed the Central European vertebrate species - including Homo sapiens - through our sieve of criteria. Each criterion was weighted (with a point system) by assigning it to one of the categories "essential", "important" and "useful". Then the extent to which a given species fulfilled each criterion was evaluated - this could range from "unsuited" to "neutral" and on to "very wellsuited" (cf. Table 1). Finally, an exclusion system was defined, according to which a given species could be eliminated as a potential biomonitor of environmental pollution if it was classed as "neutral" in one or more "essential" criteria, as "difficult" in one or more "important" criteria, or as "unsuited" in at least one "useful" criterion. This system has the further advantage of clearly revealing gaps in our knowledge on which future research can concentrate.
+Our approach, which permits calculation of results on the basis of the point system employed, yielded only a very few Central European species that can be regarded as basically suited for biomonitoring. They include the tawny owl (Strix aluco), the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), the carrion crow (Corvus corone) and the black-billed magpie (P. pica). By comparison, human beings and earthworms rate rather poorly (cf. Table 2).
+One aspect which definitely deserves to be given greater consideration in the catalog of selection criteria discussed above is the current state of general knowledge about the causes of distribution and abundance of the organisms in question. This knowledge is, as I have already pointed out several times, in most cases greater in Central Europe than in most developing countries. Yet, it seems to me that the knowledge and experience which many "locals" in the Third World possess as a result of a lifetime of interacting with their natural environment is still given too little attention. Systematic questioning of such "experts" could bring to light invaluable information useful as a basis for directed further study. This method is already being applied by the Nairobi-based ICRAF (International Council for Research in Agroforestry) within the scope of efforts to promote and disseminate agroforestry as an integrated land-use system in suitable tropical regions. An important
+aspect of such untertakings is, however, that the questioner must already possess extensive knowledge of the topic under study.
+Because of the great importance of selecting suitable species for successful biomonitoring, at this point I would like to discuss in detail a system of selection criteria that goes further than HAHN's approach (1984); it is described in GAST ( 1984), and was also elaborated by our "Working Group on Vertebrates" under my intensive supervision.
+1. Spatial representativeness:
+Distribution: The species should be widespread, permitting large-scale comparisons.
+Abundance: Enough individuals must be available for field and laboratory studies.
+Site fidelity: A prerequisite for making area and site-related statements.
+Euryoecia: If a species is not broadly limited by ecological conditions, this permits identification of site-specific characteristics and gradients. - Caution: Beware of different food webs (cf. above)!
+2. Availability, practicability of specimen collection, and experimental suitability:
+Obtainable biomass: The size or number of individuals must be sufficiently large to permit taking of samples for laboratory analysis.
+Experimental suitability: In order to corroborate findings made in the field and study special aspects (physiology, diet-related effects), it must be possible to manipulate the species for experiments in captivity under controlled conditions.
+Longevity: Changes over the course of time can be interpreted best in the same individuals.
+3. Ecological representativeness:
+Reference characteristics: The physiology and annual and daily rhythms of the species must be known, at least in principle, and the gender and age of individuals must be readily determinable.
+Sensitivity: The population must be tolerant to the pollutants under study, yet at the same time react sensitively to them (e.g. by physiologically adapting to the toxins, which are accumulated or excreted).
+Similarity to humans: A high degree of physiological similarity to human beings is useful, being the real point of this kind of biological monitoring ("bioindication").
+4. Trophic level and role within the ecosystem:
+Feeding habits: The trophic level occupied by the species in the ecosystem must be known. If the make-up of the diet of individuals can be ascertained, then its specific role within the ecosystem can be identified with greater precision.
+5. Reproducibility of specimen collection:
+Standardized specimens: Standardized specimen-collection procedures are a prerequisite if it is wished to compare results from different areas or regions. They permit direct comparisons with studies that have applied the same specimen structures at other locations.
+5.3.3.3 A routine example of detection of spatial variations in pollution levels
+Years ago, pesticides containing organochlorines precipitated the controversy about the environmental hazards of such substances. In the early 1970s, PCBs were recognized as being similarly toxic. So far, attention has focused on the disruptive effects which these pollutants have on the terminal links of food chains. For this reason, I would like to sumarize here the monitoring results obtained using magpies which were described by Fernando GAST (1984). The black-billed magpie (Pica pica) fulfills most of the above criteria that must be met by a suitable biomonitor. Since magpies are pantophagous, i.e. eat a wide variety of foods, and obtain their nourishment from areas where our own food grows in the immediate vicinity of human settlements, my coworkers and I regard the results of our study as disquieting:
+- Nearly all of the examined magpie eggs exhibited PCB concentrations higher than the maximum permissible level prescribed in the United States for chicken eggs intended for human consumption. PCBs appear to be less toxic to birds than to mammals. In some carnivorous mammals they can cause - even under experimental conditions - conglutination of the uterine mucous membrane, thus impeding implantation of the blastocyst (Statens Naturvardsverk 1982; BERGMANN et al. 1981).
+- Widely differing concentrations of DDE, a metabolite of DDT, were found in 5 study areas: in the Saarbrucken area and in Lorraine, for the most part concentrations were measured that were below the maximum level permitted by law for chicken eggs intended for human consumption. In three winegrowing areas - around Trier (Trèves), near Landau in the Palatinate, and west of the city of Ludwigshafen - by contrast, very high DDE concentrations were still found in magpie eggs, in spite of the fact that use of DDT had been banned in the Federal Republic of Germany more than 10 years earlier (in 1974).
+- The measured concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and other substances exceeded the defined threshold levels either only locally or not at all in the 82 magpie eggs which were analyzed. Consequently, black-billed magpies appear to be particularly well-suited for monitoring of pollutant levels in areas populated by humans in Central Europe. This statement holds true not only for chlorinated hydrocarbons and HCB, but in equal measure for heavy metals that can be measured e.g. in magpie tail feathers (GAST 1984).
+By referencing the measured toxin concentrations to (essentially arbitrarily chosen) levels, namely the "threshold" levels valid for human food, we have employed a way of depicting our study results that is roughly analogous to the system commonly used for measuring temperature. This permits quantification and thus direct comparisons, similar to values expressed in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit. However, we are not familiar with any quantifiable biomonitoring system used to date which is based on absolute measurement values or calibration as a system of reference. An approach to achieving this goal is presented in the next section.
+5.3.3.4 Quantitative biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution with the aid of bird feathers
+When employing biomonitors, the clear and unambiguous correlation between indicandum and indicator required by the definition of a bioindicator must be analyzed with particularly great care. In a great many cases, such a correlation has simply been assumed on the basis of its plausibility. My coworkers and I, however, endeavored to experimentally verify this correlation in at least one concrete instance, and for this we choose to study the heavy metal concentrations in defined feathers molted by brooding female goshawks. Goshawks remain loyal to sites integrating an area spanning many square kilometers - and are found nearly everywhere in Central Europe. It was therefore to be expected that at least one goshawk nest could be found in the immediate vicinity of each of the stations which the Julich Nuclear Research Facility (Kernforschungsanlage Julich) has been operating for a number of years in order to study the deposition of heavy metals via atmospheric precipitation. In
+spite of certain analytical difficulties, measurement of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in precipitation and in goshawk feathers is nevertheless sufficiently practicable. We thus felt justified in attempting to demonstrate the suspected correlation.
+Jorg DIETRICH, who during his years in our working group had extensively studied the ecology of goshawks (DIETRICH 1981, 1982), systematically located the feathers in the vicinity of the pollution-monitoring stations, and also carried out the analyses at the Julich Nuclear Research Facility. It would go beyond the scope of this article to present in detail the results of his measurements and of our evaluations, calibrations and interpretations. They nevertheless left no room for doubt (ELLENBERG et al. 1986; DIETRICH and ELLENBERG 1986): if collection of the specimens is thoroughly standardized - as regards the portion of the feathers which is analyzed, the anatomical location of the feathers, the gender and age of the bird from which it is derived, time of year, and geographical location- then the contamination of defined feather parts cast off by brooding female goshawks possesses a very close statistical correlation with the rates of introduction of the studied metals to
+the environment via atmospheric precipitation (cf. Figure 9). The identified correlations between the rates of lead and cadmium influx (measured in micrograms deposited in moisture per square meter per day and averaged over the course of a year = mg/m²d) on the one hand and the concentrations of these elements in defined feather parts on the other are very close, at r greater than 0.9 on 17 sites containing precipitation collection stations in a wide variety of urban and rural landscape types in the Federal Republic of Germany.
+As a result, it is now possible to measure pollution of the environment with lead and cadmium by analyzing only a few, or even a single goshawk primary (quill on the distal joint of the wing), and the accuracy and degree of differentiation of this diagnosis is in no respect inferior to the results obtained by automatic rain-collection apparatus with subsequent analysis of a large number of rainwater samples and statistical processing of the measurement values. It is nevertheless necessary to first perform such physicochemical analyses using suitable technology in order to absolutely calibrate goshawk feathers as highly integrative environmental indicators:
+The results referred to here (Fig.9) are based on studies performed during a single season. Since then, they have been confirmed by repetition and their accuracy improved. It is also important to investigate the underlying physiological mechanisms which lead to a certain contamination level in a defined feather part. Both the seasonally fluctuating composition of the food ingested by the birds (ELLENBERG and DIETRICH 1982) and endogenous, presumably hormonally regulated annual cycles (COOKE et al. 1982) are likely to contribute to the observed phenomena. However, now that consistent trends have been identified in the varying contamination of individual feathers the attempt can be made to substantiate them by means of calibration and definition. We have undertaken to do this, of course without prematurely venturing an explanation of the physiological processes involved, by basing our results on the third primary quill, counting outward from the middle of the wing (ELLENBERG
+et al. 1986; DIETRICH and ELLENBERG 1986). Recent studies of black-billed magpies have provided us with evidence to support the hypothesis that most of the measurable heavy metals contained in the feathers are actually collected directly from the air. The birds themselves may indeed play an active part in "working in" these substances as they clean themselves and prune their feathers each day (ELLENBERG and HAHN, forthcoming). This would elegantly explain the unusually close correlations between heavy metal concentrations in the feathers and the measured deposition rates. At correlation coefficients of 0.9 and above, significant food-chain-related effects were in any case unlikely, in spite of the apparent great individual variance in feeding habits among goshawks.
+These results justify hopes that similarly close correlations will be found between pollution levels of other contaminants and their concentrations in goshawk feathers, as well as in other types of biological specimens. Biomonitoring and specimen banking are therefore useful concepts. With relatively little research at the biological and ecological levels, existing approaches could be considerably improved and understanding of them enhanced. Biological monitoring of all kinds cannot, however, dispense with calibration by means of physicochemical measurements.
+Prospects and potential for applications in developing countries:
+In the above, I have related how the close correlation between indicandum and indicator required by the definition of a bioindicator was established in a case that had initially been regarded as discouragingly complicated. The standardization of a highly organized warm-blooded vertebrate as a biomonitor of environmental pollution proved to be not only possible, but practicable as well. These results encourage us to venture the following hypotheses:
+- Goshawks integrate the pollution levels in their territories, expressing them in one (or a small number of) specimen(s) - presumably not just lead and cadmium in feathers.
+- Other organisms that roam large territories but remain loyal to specific sites possess similar attributes in this respect.
+- Biomonitoring of environmental pollution is possible using animals with different ecologies, to corresponding degrees of temporal and spatial resolution.
+- Migratory animal species can be used within the scope of remote sensing for biomonitoring of relatively inaccessible regions, provided that it is known where they dwell at certain defined times.
+- Studies of specimen collections in museums or privately owned - which can have been gathered either systematically or at random - can grant us retrospective insights into past temporal trends and spatial patterns in pollution levels.
+Based on the statements just made, concrete approaches with good prospects of yielding usable results with justifiable inputs in terms of time and funding can be formulated. I do not believe that this is the right time and place for this; nevertheless, I would like to stress - at the risk of repeating myself - that new hazards posed by the introduction of toxins to ecosystems cannot be detected by biomonitoring alone. The reason is that this kind of monitoring can only be applied to substances which have already been recognized as dangerous. New threats can only be discovered by surveillance of populations that can be assumed to be sensitive, e.g. birds, and in particular predatory birds. In many tropical settlement areas vultures (e.g. of the genera Necrosyrthes and Neophron in the Old World and of the genus Catharthes in the New World) are obvious candidates. Other organisms occupying highly specialized niches in food chains also deserve mention here: insect-eating shrews
+and bats, for instance, as well as certain aquatic animals, especially fish-eating mammals and birds.
+MATTHIESSEN's (1984) documentation of the situation in western Zimbabwe in connection with the use of DDT for tsetse fly control vividly portrays the threats which this has posed to free-living biota there, backed by objective analysis and data which THOMSON (1982) had presented in a concise and highly motivated manner at a conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation in Thessaloniki, Greece. Both THOMSON and MATTHIESSEN call attention to the hazards this entails for human beings who participate in local food chains. Human maternal milk samples taken from an urban population group in Salisbury contained on average 0.562 mg of DDT (and derivatives thereof) per liter. By way of comparison: in 1974 the highest DDT concentration ever measured in the milk of a single woman was rated at 0.569 mg per liter in the Federal Republic of Germany.
+Direct studies of human beings are, without a doubt, just as important as biological and environmental monitoring efforts. Nevertheless, they fall within a different field of responsibility. Statistical and functional correlations between contaminant concentrations in human beings and those in wildlife populations must be systematically sought Specialized laboratories certainly also already exist in cities in developing countries that are capable of performing chemical analysis of pollutant residues in tissues. For collection of specimens and interpretation of the results astute field ecologists with galoshes and binoculars are needed who possess a thorough theoretical background and a knowledge of local conditions. Their aim should be: within the context of ecosystem research to carry out long-term monitoring of populations of carefully selected animal species to detect and document population fluctuations and to sound alarm if observed population fluctuations cannot be
+explained with conventional theories. It is also important that capabilities be available for measuring the influx of substances into the ecosystem whether these are biocides or other toxins, or simply so-called nutrients. I have already sketched an example of how fertilization and the release of nutrients into the environment have led to a shift in the species composition of plant communities in Central Europe.
+Such monitoring approaches, conducted within the scope of long-term ecosystem studies for the purpose of calibrating bioindicators that can aid in detecting and documenting environmental trends, even in less intensively researched areas, have already been under way for years in Sweden (SNV PM 1980). Discussion of similar approaches for application in the Federal Republic of Germany began towards the end of the International Biological Program (IBP), culminating in a comprehensive study published in 1978: ELLENBERG sen., FRANZLE, MULLER (1978) "Okosystemforschung im Hinblick auf Umweltpolitik und Entwicklungsplanung" (Ecosystem Research for Environmental Policy and Development Planning). This study, commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, has consistently been quoted and acknowledged in appropriate contexts, yet for many years virtually nothing at all was undertaken to put into effect the measures and activities strongly recommended by the authors, who
+had stressed that there was no time to lose. Only relatively recently have any such steps actually been considered, specifically in the form of a "man and the biosphere" program in the Alpen National Park (near Berchtesgaden) and in connection with the establishment of an environmental specimen bank (LEWIS 1984). Even more recently (in 1986), the Council of Experts on Forest Damage and Air Pollution (Sachverstandigenbeirat Waldschaden/Luftverunreinigungen) of the German federal government and the states has called for the establishment of a permanent institution for ecosystem research devoted to observing and investigating the ecological impact of the diverse substances which are released into the environment. Such an institution has not yet been established, however, unless one counts the working groups that are active at various university-affiliated institutes.
+Other tasks must take priority' in many developing countries, however; there, it is first necessary to study and survey the status quo. My own personal opinion is that preference should be given to carefully prepared, systematic, large-scale - and therefore necessarily extensive - studies (with subsequent application of a catalog of criteria for selection of suitable biomonitor species) instead of too intensive local studies. However, such intensive studies are also needed to clarify local conditions, and their planning should begin without delay, since many unexpected obstacles to their implementation in the field are certain to be encountered. The study by ELLENBERG sent et al. (1978) provides concrete guidelines for the establishment of ecosystem study areas in response to environmental policy and development planning needs, as well as for calibration of bioindicators and biomonitors. The authors define a so-called "minimum program" which can be supplemented by other
+measures that are also important but require greater inputs in terms of staff and equipment. The study is rounded out by 3 further papers that describe application of the approaches to aquatic ecosystems (FRANZLE et al. 1978), urban ecosystems (MULLER 1978) and terrestrial ecosystems (ELLENBERG sent and RUTHSATZ 1978). In spite of its relatively small size - 60 pages - I particularly recommend the paper on terrestrial ecosystems because of its pragmatic and practical orientation. Unlike the other two papers, many of the proposals made in it can be transferred with only minimal modifications to other parts of the earth (see the article by RUTHSATZ in this volume).
+<section>5.4 Potential for use of biological monitoring techniques in developing countries</section>
+The biological monitoring approaches which have been sketched so far, along with the results and prognoses which they yield, are concentrated on the levels of the ecosystem and the biocoenosis, as well as on those of populations and individuals. The coauthors in this volume present additional examples, some dealing with other biological monitoring levels. In this section, the author would like to briefly discuss the question as to the suitability of these and other approaches for application in developing countries. In the previous section, a few related aspects were already touched upon.
+The problems associated with the use of pesticides should be a cause of concern in many countries. And they are indeed increasingly being recognized and the need for action acknowledged. But less violent and destructive methods for coping with nature and bothersome organisms are only slowly being adopted in the fields of agriculture and livestock management. For much too long, the industrialized nations have set a questionable example. Here, the shift away from "hard" poisons to use of traps made of blue cloth for selective capture of tsetse flies is an example of an apparently practicable and environmentally sound solution. This gives us reason for hope.
+As long as persistent organochlorines continue to be used - and everywhere that they have been employed on a large scale in the past - biomonitoring (in the restrictive sense) is useful. This involves the assessment of the degree of contamination of food chains and the associated risks to human beings. For this purpose, attention is focused on predatory fishes and birds - at the terminal rungs of both aquatic and terrestrial food chains - because of their temporal and spatial integrative ability and because our knowledge of them is relatively great, but many other groups of species may also be suitable. Initial exploratory analyses of pollutant residues in the tissues of selected animal species can, in principle, be performmed on an ad hoc basis in any operational laboratory, even in the developing countries. In the beginning at least, advice from experienced ecologists is indispensable for selection of suitable animal species and tissue samples, and for interpretation of
+the analysis results. This statement also applies to planning and implementation of systematic monitoring programs on the basis of what is reamed.
+In addition to persistent pesticides, other pollutants in the environment can also be measured with the aid of biomonitoring techniques. The use of animals, which integrate pollution levels not only over the course of time - like plants - but also from large or small areas, can be advantageous, particularly for large-scale, extensive monitoring programs. Physicochemical measurements of pollutant deposition like those described above should be performed concurrently for calibration purposes.
+In the sections on the future hazards posed by continued use of pesticides and on the use of birds as biomonitors of environmental pollution, I have sketched the interconnections and possibilities for action in sufficient detail. In connection with the contamination of food chains with toxins that cannot be readily metabolized, it should be kept in mind that in many developing countries most people nourish themselves from locally raised crops and domestic animals. Situations of this kind are particularly vulnerable to pollution of all kinds.
+There is every reason to expect that biological monitoring techniques at the levels of individuals and populations can be directly transferred to the developing countries. Appropriate preliminary measures are needed to ensure selection of suitable species, adaptation of specimen-collection methods in the field, correct interpretation of the results, and adequate responses at the socioeconomic and political levels in the developing countries. Cooperation and the prospects of success of projects are enhanced if the donor countries provide continuous backstopping. It is also advantageous to link projects to existing institutions that are engaged in bilateral and/or multilateral cooperation.
+At the population level, besides acute poisoning of individuals, other reactions to pollution are detectable, e.g. diminished reproductive success. Years ago, concern about such - initially inexplicable - declines in populations enhanced awareness of the necessity of in-depth studies, ultimately culminating in biomonitoring of the type sketched above. Yet, changes in population parameters can have a diversity of causes; in a great many cases they are related to changes in the availability and quality of species-specific food. For methodological reasons, hitherto unknown factors having an injurious effect on the environment can only be deduced from observations of the ecology of populations. For this reason, timely selection of animal species for monitoring of their populations is certainly warranted in many countries. Such a selection could be performed parallel to the other activities mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
+Of important bearing on long-term monitoring of animal populations are the behavior and attitudes of the local population vis-à-vis the animal species in question. For example, fewer difficulties of this kind need be expected from persons whose worldview has been shaped by Hindu influences than is the case in some areas dominated by southern Europeans or their descendants. Biomonitoring programs oriented towards the ecology of populations do not present any fundamental methodological problems. Of course, they can run up against some practical difficulties at the local level, the severity of which must be individually assessed in each case. Nonetheless, monitoring programs of this kind represent invaluable "insurance" against the emergence of unknown "new" environmental problems, which can otherwise creep up on us, not making a full-fledged appearance until it is nearly too late to deal with them. Moreover, these programs can also greatly contribute to increasing the
+environmental awareness of local population groups.
+At the level of biocenoses and ecosystems, the approaches outlined above can, in principle, undoubtedly be transferred to the developing countries. In many cases, however, efforts to do so will be hampered by a lack of information on local conditions and/or practical obstacles. The phenological mapping techniques for land-use planning were developed specifically for the climate of Central Europe with its distinct seasons, in which temperature and heat dissipation gradients play the dominant role. In tropical countries, with their climate characterized by daily instead of seasonal cycles, these gradients will be important above all with respect to elevation and degree of exposure. Mapping of the distribution and developmental phases of selected wild - and local crop - plants can yield important data in this context. Other gradients, e.g. availability of water and/or plant nutrients, can also be described in this way. Just like in the case of temperature gradients, here too
+studies employing measuring instruments are indispensable for calibration of the findings in the field. For these purposes, assistance from development cooperation projects active at the local level is more than just helpful and useful.
+Although assessment of gradual changes in entire groups of flora or even fauna and their interpretation within the context of an ecosystem is a desirable goal to strive for in most cases, as a rule practical implementation of such programs is initially hindered by a lack of information. The gaps are inherently much wider in climatically moist regions with their much greater diversity of species than in dry climes. Floristic and faunistic surveys and descriptions at the local and regional levels are therefore prerequisites for attaining an understanding of ecological phenomena, and must be supported. Nevertheless, it is fairly easy to map and interpret changes in the spatial structure of the plant cover in the light of their microclimatic and geomorphological context. Apparently, in the developing countries such changes are usually caused not by gradual deposition of plant nutrients from the air- although many forest ecosystems would be naturally susceptible to such processes
+- but instead by direct, violent intervention. Erosion and climatic problems have been commonplace in many tropical countries for decades. And their contribution to altering the climate on a global scale is increasingly becoming a focus of discussion.
+In connection with development cooperation, scientific cooperation is for the most part relegated to university partnerships. The difficulties experienced in connection with such university partnerships appear to be due less to problems at the scientific level than to personal and/or political conflicts. They provide a good illustration of the obstacles that apparently must be consistently reckoned with, and not only in the initial stages of cooperation programs. The fact that such schemes are giving rise at all to concrete scientific results with potential for practical application is due first and foremost to the personal motivation and commitment of a handful of researchers. The value of such motivation cannot be overestimated. It cannot be bought, only supported - or, all too easily, destroyed. I believe that one of the highest-priority tasks of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH is, or should be, to do its utmost to provide favorable
+working conditions for the investigators in the projects it supports. Also crucial is the selection of the local project executing agencies by the host countries: ecosystem studies and biological monitoring in connection with environmental policy and development planning suffer greatly if largely controlled by persons whose primary motivation is to further their own selfish interests and for this very reason draw attention to themselves for being dynamic, successful individuals. The same problem exists where selection of organizations in the donor country is concerned. Biological monitoring also opens up possibilities for detecting "crimes against the environment", gathering evidence against their perpetrators, and thus for subjectively "incriminating" them. There is reason to expect that this could provoke a powerful backlash on the part of political and economic interests, who will vigorously oppose the "new methods". This opposition will raise its head as soon as
+biological monitoring yields the first tangible successes. At this point, I would like to stress that this potential conflict can only be overcome if the involved scientists can be sure of lasting support, including moral support. The problems at the personal and political levels which interfere with cooperation between individuals and countries also require attention. The success of all cooperation efforts depends on how these problems are dealt with.
+<section>6. Conclusions</section>
+Biological monitoring is, when applied creatively to uncovering new interconnections and links, a complex process. Routine pragmatic work with bioindicators can only develop on the basis of a thorough understanding of ecosystems and experience with nature at the local level. Many of the world's leaders today have been deprived of the chance to benefit from either of these during their formative years. Moreover, not everyone is capable of recognizing patterns and interconnections - as a rule, schools promote only rote memorization and analytical skills. Understanding of ecosystems as the foundation for local and regional economic development must therefore be systematically fostered for specific landscapes (cf. DASMAN et al. 1973). This is not only the task of research institutions, which after all generally produce primarily "new" results, but also and most importantly an indispensable prerequisite for appropriate large-scale, intensive action, and is thus of relevance for
+organizations like those involved in development cooperation. An understanding of socioeconomic effects and limitations must be sought in connection with management of each ecosystem (HALLSWORTH 1982). A number of extremely interesting ideas are presented under the heading of "ecotoxicology" by the British biologist F. MORIARTY (1983). BALK and KOEMAN (1984) have provided a concise summary of the potential risks of continued pesticide usage, based on their experiences in West Africa and Southeast Asia. The strategy of excluding only national parks and other conservation areas from the all-pervading rain of pesticides cannot possibly be conducive to the aims in question. Problems like the development of resistant strains, harmful side effects, and extinction of species do not come to an abrupt halt at the borders of conservation areas.
+Many idealistic persons and institutions all over the world are now being motivated to work for the protection and preservation of attractive plant and animal species. Indeed, it would be in the interests of the national economies of the industrialized nations and of the Third World as well - to promote such endeavors, particularly in those countries that permit, out of necessity or because they are still in the process of developing the expertise to assess the ecological implications, over-utilization of resources, use of toxins, and production of hazardous waste without imposing any restraints or obstacles. As more and more regulatory and restrictive ordinances and legislation are introduced in the "developed" countries, the temptation of interest groups and companies will grow to shift their environmentally hazardous operations to areas without such restrictions. Here, the economic interests of countries and businesses enter into a situation of conflict that can even lead
+to countries or states vying to underbid one another, each boasting less restrictive environmental legislation than the next. We have witnessed this very phenomenon within Germany in connection with the industrial "development" of the lower course of the Elbe River. Within this context, biological monitoring is, strictly speaking, only capable of describing the same problems in other words. A long road remains ahead, in both the industrialized countries and the so-called developing countries, until we have available to us the required comprehensive catalog of ecological restrictions for economic development activities. Biological monitoring could play a central role here. The first steps have already been made in this direction, and further steps can now follow. I hope that the present volume at least succeeds in presenting enough of the possibilities to serve as a source of inspiration.
+Improved environmental policies, biological monitoring, protection and preservation of ecosystems in a natural or close-to-natural state, and the promotion of all of these within the scope of development cooperation in the world's developing countries are justified by direct, idealistically motivated interest in the species, biocenoses and humans living there. But a direct economic motivation to act is also beginning to take shape: as long as no consideration is given to the environment (or need be given, due to a lack of regulations) in connection with production and recycling of goods, industrial production in the developing countries will have a competitive edge over the domestic economies of the industrialized nations. Economic reasons therefore also exist for exporting awareness of the necessity of conserving intact ecosystems and the know-how required to do so from the industrialized countries to the countries of the Third World. This represents a rare opportunity to
+clonely link idealism and pragmatism for the good of the greater whole.
+Both the idealistically and the economically motivated would be well-advised not to set their hopes too high, however. Understanding and management of ecosystems must be based on in-depth, object-oriented and long-term observation and research. If ecological insights are fed back to the economic sphere, in the long term it is possible to expect better cooperation between the two. It is not enough for the basic biological needs represented by healthy air, healthy water and healthy food for human beings, including infants and the elderly, to be met; in the future it is also vitally important for the threshold values for utilization and management of the environment to be increasingly determined at the sociological, economic and political levels - and this must be done within the scope of international cooperation.
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+ELLENBERG, H., jun.; DIETRICH, J.; GAST, F.; HAHN, E. and MAY, R., 1985. "Vogel als Biomonitoren fur die Schadstoffbelastung von Landschahsausschnitten - ein Uberblick." Verhandl. Gesellschaft fur Okologie (Hohenheim 1984) 14,413-427;published:Gttingen, 1986.
+ELLENBERG, H. jun., DIETRICH, J., STOPPLER, M. and NURNBERG, H.W. (1986). "Environmental monitoring of heavy metals with birds as pollution integrating biomonitors. 1: Introduction, definitions and practical example for goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)." - In: LEKKAS, T.D. (ed.): Heavy Metals in the Environment. CEP Consultants Ltd.. Athens, Vol. 1, pp. 724-726.
+ELLENBERG, H., jun. and KUHNAST, O., 1989. "Biomonitoring als Ansatz zur flachendeckenden Schadstofferfassung: Schwermetallgehalte von Federproben der standorttreuen Vogelarten Elster (Pica pica) und Habicht (Accipiter gentilis) im Immissionsgradienten Hamburg-Ost." In: BAUCH, J. and MICHAELIS, W. (eds.): Das Forschungsprogramm Waldschdden am "Postturm bei Lankau " Forstamt Farchau/Ratzeburg. GKSS 88/E/55, pp. 81 98. - GKSS Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht.
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+LEWIS, R. A., 1984. Richtlinien fur den Einsatz einer Umweltprobenbank in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland auf okologischer Grundlage. Summary. - Biogeographical Institute of the University of Saarland, commissioned by the Federal Office of the Environment, Berlin. pp. 1-29.
+LEWIS, R.A.; STEIN, N. and LEWIS, C.W. (eds.), 1983. Environmental Specimen Banking and Monitoring as Related to Banking. Proc. Int. Workshop Saarbrücken, FRG, 10-15 May 1982 (BMI, UBA, US-EPA). Boston, The Hague, Dordrecht, Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publ. 358 pp.
+MATTHIESSEN, P., 1984. Environmental contamination with DDT in Western Zimbabwe in relation to tsetse fly control operations. The final report of the DDT Monitoring Project. Overseas Development Administration G.B.. TDRi Project No. K 3007.
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+MAY, R. and ELLENBERG, H., jun., 1985. "Ein Freiland-Experiment zur Okologie der Schadstoffbelastung von Vogeln und Folgerungen fur die Verwendung von Organismen als Bioindikatoren", Okologie der Vogel/Eco/ogy of birds (Stuttgart).
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+MULLER, G., 1979. "Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins - Verànderungen seit 1971,'' survey published in Wissenschaft und Technik 79: 778-783.
+MULLER, P., 1978. "Urbane Okosysteme", in: Okosystemforschung im Hinblick auf Umweltpolitik und Entwicklungsplanung (ELLENBERG, FRANZLE, MULLER, 1978). Research Report 78-101 04 005, German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Federal Office of the Environment, Berlin. 303 pp.
+MULLER, P., 1980. "Okosystemare Standardisierung ökologischer Informationen fur die Bewertung von Städten." In: Bioindikation. Martin Luther Universität in Halle-Wittenberg, article no. 1980/27 P 11), Vol. 4: 95-106.
+MONROE, D.F., 1949. "Effect of DDT-Powder on Small Cottonmouths." Herpetologia 5: 71-72.
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+PIMENTEL, D., 1978. "Socioeconomic and legal aspects of pest control." In: SMITH, E.H. and
+PIMENTEL, D. (eds.): Pest control strategies. London: Academic Press.
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+REICHHOLF, J., 1984. "Die Tierwelt des tropischen Regenwaldes." Spixiana (Munich), Suppl. 10: 35-45.
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+SCHRIMPFF, E., 1984. "Air pollution patterns in two cities of Colombia, S.A., according to trace substances content of an epiphyte (Tillandsia recurvata L.). Water, Air and Soil Pollution 21: 279-315. Dordrecht, Boston: Reidel.
+SCHREIBER, K.F. et al., 1977. Warmeregulierung der Schweiz 1: 200 000 mit Erlauterungen (deutsch/franzosisch). Basis for planning. Edited by the Swiss Parliamentary Delegate for Landscape Planning. Bern.64 pp.
+SCHREIBER, K.F. et al., 1982. Wärmeklimatische Gliederung im Bereich des Kommunalverbandes Ruhrgebiet 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Essen/Munster (Institute of Geography).
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+SCHUBERT, R., 1977. "Ausgewahite pflanzliche Bioindikatoren zur Erfassung okologischer Veränderungen in terrestrischen Ökosystemen durch anthropogene Beeinflussung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung industrieller Ballungsgebiete." In: Hercynia (German Democratic Republic) 14: 399-412.
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+<section>Concept for a biological monitoring study:</section>
+by Barbara Ruthsatz Coauthor: Hildegard Wey
+Determination of the extent and long-term impact of pollutant discharges from mining and metallurgical operations on croplands and pasturelands on the central Andean plateau by means of biological indicators and analysis of their vital processes.
+<section>1. The nature of the problem and background information</section>
+<section>1.1 The conflict between mining and agriculture on the Andean plateau</section>
+The Andean plateau or tableland, variously called the Altiplano, altoplanicie or puna in Spanish, has been populated and altered by human beings for thousands of years (ELLENBERG 1979; RUTHSATZ 1983; TROLL 1943). Ever since the emergence of the Tiahuanaco and Incan civilizations, population densities have been determined by the humidity of local climates, since livestock raising, field cropping and horticulture represent the principal sources of livelihood. Even today, this basic pattern remains virtually unchanged, in spite of the fact that administrative and commercial centers have developed at the junctions of transportation routes.
+The only major exceptions to this are the mining and metallurgical industries. Precious and semiprecious metals (gold, silver, copper and tin) were already being extracted and processed by the first advanced Indian civilizations. Following the conquest of the region by Spain in the 16th century, mining became the driving force behind the exploitation (and overexploitation) of all of the natural resources of the Andean plateau. Manpower, food and fuel had to be supplied in order to sustain the mining activities (e.g. in Potosi). The availability of new energy sources such as petroleum later reduced the dependency of the mining industry on the recruitment of laborers from elsewhere adapted to the high-elevation climatic conditions, and a supply of food coming in part from the Andean plateau.
+During the past centuries, the focus of mining activities has shifted several times. Today, extraction of industrially used metals such as Sn, Zn, Pb, Sb, W, etc. has become far more important than mining of precious metals, with production rates being largely governed by the going prices on the world markets. As a consequence of the long history of mining activities of various kinds, in addition to active mining operations the remnants of abandoned or temporarily shutdown mines can be found scattered throughout the Andean plateau. Contamination of the Andean plateau with pollutants emanating from these thus has, in addition to a current spatial distribution, a temporal component which is much more difficult to assess.
+The contaminants from mining operations and associated processing and metallurgical plants include, most importantly, heavy metals, Jluorides, sulfur dioxide and various secondary substances, such as sulfates and other salts which result from processing of the minerals. The contaminants can be discharged either into the air or into aquatic systems. Frequently waste and tailing dumps can act as secondary sources of contaminatian. since fine materials can be blown out by the wind or leached out by percolating water. Contaminants can also be scattered from the roads and railways along which ore and waste are moved; frequently, ore which has been concentrated in flotation processes and/or pulverized is transported in open-top trucks and railway cars.
+Figure 1: Mining area near Uyuni (southern Bolivia). Here mining and agricultural activities are conducted side by side.
+Figure 2: Mina Aguilar (in thc Argentinian province of Jujuy). Shown here: the mineral processing plant (molino) and tailing dump (cola) on the lower right.
+The toxicity which heavy metals, fluorides, and sulfur compounds and other secondary substances have Jor the affec ted plants animals ecosystems and/or humans varies considerably depending on the class of contaminants and the overall pollution situation. The most important deleterious effects of many different contaminants are fairly well-known, however, and have been extensively discussed in the literature (ADRIANO 1986; FOWLER 1983; HUTCHINSON, MEEMA 1987; LANGARD 1982; LEPP 1981; LONERAGAN et al. 1981; MERIAN 1984; MISLIN, RAVERA 1980; NRIAGU 1986; MURRAY 1982; TRESHOW 1985; TSUNODA, YU 1986: UBA 1976, 1977, 1983; VETTER 1982; WALDRON 1980).
+One of the paths by which gaseous and particulate contaminants are transported is through the air. Depending on the substances involved, the prevailing wind directions and velocities, and the morphology of the terrain, once contaminants have been released into the environment they can remain locally contained or spread to affect large areas. The second important transport path is by way of effluents which are channeled into rivers and streams. The thus contaminated water may occasionally be used further downstream for irrigation of pastureland or crops, or spreads beyond the banks to flood extensive valley floor areas during the rainy season. In this way, the contaminants reach and penetrate yet more terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, during the dry season large quantities of contaminants which have accumulated in sandbanks in these rivers and streams can be scattered by the wind.
+In the long term, long-range transport of contaminants and low but chronic pollution lelvels probably represent a more serious problem than acute contamination with high concentrations of toxins in the immediate vicinity of mining and metallurgical operations.
+The population of the Andean plateau is either not at all or is insufficiently aware of the dangers which this poses (Fig. 1). The reason we selected this particular aspect for study, out of the broad spectrum of environmental problems amicting developing countries today, is because of information which we received from herdsmen and farmers in the puna of Argentina and Bolivia. They had noticed that their sheep and goats no longer found suitable forage on the pastureland of the leeward side of the Mina Aguilar (Jujuy province, Argentina) and were developing diseases (Fig. 2). It is there that fine dust enriched with heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, etc.) from the waste sludge of flotation processes is scattered on windy days during the dry season (over distances of at least 30-50 km) and deposited.
+On the Altiplano of Bolivia, we received reports that the water of certain rivers, along the upper course of which a number of mining operations are situated (e.g. the Coro Coro River), is no longer suitable for irrigation purposes, and that the rivers have also lost their previously abundant fish populations. It has not been possible to confirm these observations, but we regard them as credible. The poisoning of important links in the food chain, e.g. of primary producers such as algae, can in turn threaten the existence of those groups of organisms which depend on them as a source of nourishment. The accumulation, or biomagnification, of contaminants as they are transferred through food chains can have similarly drastic consequences for the populations at the end of the chains. In all probability, the unsuitability of the water of these rivers for irrigation purposes can be initially attributed more to salts which have been channeled into it, in particular sulfates, than
+to increased heavy metal concentrations. In many cases, the deleterious effects of the latter are not likely to be immediately recognized as such, but in the long term they pose an equally great threat to grazing livestock and human beings. Reports from the fertile river valleys in northern Chile of heavy metals and other pollutants being present in drinking water and agricultural crops have recently been increasing.
+All of the rivers overflow during the rainy season, inundating large areas of the central Bolivian tableland and the Guayatayoc-Salinas Grandes basin in northwestern Argentina, which has no outlet to the sea, and deposit their sediments there. Within certain limits, this can be observed along the middle and lower courses of all rivers of the region. The best pastures of the Andean plateau are located on just such annuallyflooded or percolated alluvial lands. Their gradual enrichment with contaminants of low solubility, which accumulate in fine-grained humic soil, could eventually impair the natural productivity of the soils. The same applies to pastures and croplands with a deep water table that are polluted by airborne contaminants.
+Today, the principal long-term threat to ecosystems caused by heavy metal pollution is regarded as being the disturbance and inhibition of dec omposition and mineralization processes in the soil. As a result, availability to the plants of the nutrients locked in the organic matter of the soil diminishes or ceases altogether, and the productive potential of the sites diminishes. This is a self-amplifying vicious cycle. The most sensitive link in this food chain is probably that comprised by soil fauna, which initially serve only to more or less break down the plant litter (EDWARDS 1982; EIJSACKERS 1983). Because they reproduce so rapidly, many soil microorganisms, namely algae, bacteria and fungi, exhibit a high degree of genetic adaptability. Within just a few days or weeks, contaminant-resistant populations can develop among them (BABICH, STOTZKY 1985; DOELMAN 1986; DOMSCH 1984; TYLER 1981). However, they too are subjected to a reduction in numbers of species and diminished
+growth rates.
+But the human population of the Andean tableland is dependent on the natural productivity of the pastures and croplands, since predominantly subsistence farming is practiced and, after the most basic needs have been satisfied, not enough income is left over for purchase of fertilizers. Even more so than the immediate acute threat to plants, animals and human beings posed by pollutants discharged by mining and metallurgical operations, we therefore consider this long-term harm to the ecosystems of the Andean plateau, which are overexploited in any case, as giving particular cause for concern.
+The Andean tableland is of varying significance for the economies and populations of the countries of the region. Bolivia probably has the greatest interest in maintaining the fertility of the soil, since most of its population lives there and the economic stability of that country is also highly dependent on the mining industry (above all tin and silver extraction). The Andes play a similarly important role in Peru, but the more or less flat tableland in the strict sense of the term as used here ends in the north at the watershed of the Lake Titicaca basin. Only a relatively small portion of the A/tipluno proper is in Peru. although that portion is densely populated because of its favorable, high-rainfall climate, which permits agricultural produclion on a significant scale (meat and wool from alpacas, llamas and sheep). In Argentina, it is above all the provinces of Jujuy and Salta which contain areas of the puncl. The agricultural activities practiced there can be
+described as marginal, and today arc barely sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the local population. The younger male members of nearly all of the families work partor full-time in the mining industry or in the sugarcane plantations and similar large-scale farming operations h1 the neighboring lowlands. On a national scale, the importance of the Argentinian punu is derived solely from exploitation of the mineral resources which occur there (Zn, Pb, S, Cu, sodium chloride. potassium salts, borates. etc.). The minim industries, is nevertheless still dependent on laboreres native to the Altipicino. since lowland residents are barely able to adjust to the high elevations (4,000-5,000 m) while performing heavy labor (BAKER. LITTLE 1976). The Argentinian puna is very sparsely populated, however, because of the extremely unfavorable living conditions there (undernourishment, high child mortality, the long distances that must be traveled to market wool, etc.), and it is
+therefore becoming necessary to recruit miners from Bolivia and Chile.
+Because the Bolivian plateau is so densely populated and plays such an important economic role, highest priority really should be placed on studying heavy metal pollution there; unfortunately, however, the prerequisites for successful implementation of such a pilot study there are not satisfactorily met (due to lack of an adequate scientific and technical infrastructure).
+<section>1.2 Scope of the case study concept</section>
+To date, no scientific publications whatsoevcr have appeared dealing with the local, regional and large-scale impact which mining and metallurgical activities on the Andean plateau have on the structure and function of the probably atf`ected ecosystems. This does not exclude the possibility. however, that the industrial operations being conducted there, the responsible authorities, the affected towns and villages, and possibly experts commissioned by these to carry out studies, possess information on thc levels and range of distribution of contamination in individual cases, as well as on its probable impact. Unfortunately, without official sanction it is impossible to obtain access to this information.
+In all likelihood, legislation exists in the aft`ected countries that stipulates guidelines and requirements for mining and metallurgical operations. It is to be expected, however, that attempts to enforce such stipulations would encounter yreat difficulties in practice. The economic dependence of these countries. or at least some parts of them, on the prices commanded on the world markets by the raw materials found in their territory usually interferes with or prevents outright the putting into practice of legislation aimed at protecting the environment. The fear is that compliance with the requirements could increase the costs of production. The responsible agencies quite certainly possess the necessary know-how on the technical aspects of carrying out measurements of pollution levels and implementing measures to reduce introduction of contaminants into the environment. The larger operations in this branch of industry have been and continue to be, for the most part, set up
+with the help of foreign capital, and are frequently run under the technical supervision of experienced foreign firms. The situation is likely to be different with small private enterprises, however (GTZ 1983).
+A review of the scientific literature available on pollution of the environment with heavy metals revealed quite clearly that it is primarily in those countries of Europe, North America and Asia which already have a long history of successful industrialization that detailed studies have been performed on contamination of the surroundings of mining and metallurgical operations (ARCHIBOLD 1985; FREEDMAN, HUTCHINSON 1980; NRIAGU 1984; ROBERTS, JOHNSON 1978; VETTER et al. 1974; WOOD, NASH III 1976). In several other countries, studies of contamination of coastal waters with heavy metals from industrial operations have also begun (countries bordering the Mediterranean and North Seas). This also applies to the South American countries of Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela and Peru (cf. e.g. ARES et al. 1983). Apparently, other branches of industry (fishing and tourism) are increasingly being affected by the pollution of seacoasts and are able to audibly voice their interests. The
+growing worldwide "environmental awareness" thus also has a basis in the material interests of certain sectors of the economy!
+The lack of basic information on pollution emissions and effluents and their impact on the ecology of the surroundings of mining and metallurgical operations on the Andean plateau is therefore not an indication of the insignificance of this problem complex, but instead merely an expression of the current lack of possibilities for working towards its solution. We therefore considered it to be important to concern ourselves with this topic, and to point out in this context - responding to the urgent need for such approaches - how plants can be meaningfully used as biological indicators for assessing the extent of pollution and its impact on ecosystems.
+During the last 10 to 15 years, an enormous amount has heen learned ahout the suitability of methods involving the use of plants as biological indicators for evaluating the spatial and temporal gradients of contamination of the environment with toxins. In addition to a plethora of publications dealing with locally restricted studies, several general surveys and compendia dealing with this field have also appeared (ARNDT et al. 1982; BEST, HAECK 1983; BURTON 1986; GUDERIAN, REIDL 1982; MANNING, FEDER 1980; MARTIN, COUGHTREY 1982; SALANKI 1986; SCHUBERT 1985; STEUBING,JAGER 1982).
+On the basis of this literature and the personal familiarity of one of us (RUTHSATZ) with the Andean plateau, we have been able to develop a study approach for bioindicator-assisted evaluation of healy metal contamination originating from identifiable sources.
+The elaboration of such a pollution survey requires, first and foremost, thorough preliminary information on the local and regional physical structure of the area under study and the anthropogenic factors influencing it. This includes data on the relief, climate, vegetation, soils, current land use and land-use history of the area. This must be supplemented by basic data on the physical and chemical behavior of the contaminants in the atmosphere, water, soil and selected bioindicators.
+Up to a certain point, in this way quite different classes of contaminants can be monitored together using the same phytomonitoring methods. This approach has already been successfully applied to heavy metals and some persistent organic compounds (ELLENBERG 1987; SCHRIMPFF 1984; THOMAS 1983). Interpretation of the results must then be performed separately for each individual contaminant, however.
+Such a pollution survey must not be the final goal of a biomonitoring study, however. On the contrary, it only represents the necessary basis for investigation of the impact of the contaminants on the affected ecosystems and groups of organisms.
+While a pollution survey can be performed using physical methods or techniques of analytical chemistry - although these are usually associated with considerably greater costs and by no means yield absolutely reliable results - this is not possible when elaborating an environmental impact inventory. Both the choice of the ecologically relevant functional parameters of the studied ecosystems and the interpretation of the results obtained in this way call for thorough familiarity with the structure and function of the ecosystems. Moreover, such investigations on the effects of contaminants depend greatly on the specific properties of these substances and the specific reactions of the organisms in the individual ecosystem compartments to different contaminant concentrations.
+If it is possible, by means of comparisons with other, thoroughly studied ecosystems that are sufficiently similar in structure, to identify particularly important and contaminant-sensitive organisms and/or processes (ELLENBERG et al. 1983; SHEEHAN et al. 1984), then the biomonitoring approach used can be confined to these.
+Depending on whether protection of species and ecosystems per se is the goal, or whether attention is focussed on the possibilities for short-term and long-term use by humans of the affected ecosystems, it will be necessary to investigate additional compartments of the system. These include, for example, contaminant concentrations in plants used by humans and domestic animals and the long-term effects of contamination on their growth. Even if there is no deleterious effect on plant growth, high concentrations of substances that are transferred through the food chain, ultimately becoming toxic to domestic animals and human beings, make it imperative to take precautionary and remedial action.
+While we were developing that part of the study model intended to focus on the long term effects of contamination (cf. section 3.3) the lack of hasic informalion on the structure and function of the ecosystems of the Andean plateau and on the ways in which they are influenced by climatic factors and soil properties proved to be a particularly major disadvantage (BAKER, LITTLE 1976). Similar semiarid tropical highaltitude landscapes exist, above all in Mexico and Ethiopia. But no transferable analyses of the ecosystems of those countries are available either. The continental steppes and semiarid high-altitude landscapes of the temperate zones of North America and Asia have a similar outward appearance, but due to the seasonal alternation of summer and winter their production rhythms possess different ecologically relevant attributes.
+This dearth of directly related and transferable information on important aspects of the steppe and semidesert ecosystems of the Andes makes it essential for this deficit to be compensated for hy conducting hiomonitoring case studies of the impact of contaminants on the affected ecosystem functions on a correspondingly inroad scale.
+In spite of the fact that we have so far stressed the impact - especially the long-term effects - of contamination on the structure and function of the ecosystems of the Andean plateau, by necessity we have been forced to leave a number of major aspects entirely or largely out of consideration. This applies especially to the important functions performed by arthropods, spiders and many other soil fauna in connection with the predominantly mechanical processing of accumulating dead organic matter (litter), as well as all aspects related to transmission of contaminants through food chains. This is, without any doubt, a major drawback of this study, and could and should he overcome hy supplementary zoo-ecological investigations.
+Because of our professional specialization in the field of plant ecology, we have been obliged to confine our investigations to the use of plants as hioindicators for surveying and cataloging pollution and its effects, supplemented by the necessary meteorological and vegetation studies and chemical physical and microhiological soil analyses. Within the scope of the proposed model for study of the long-term effects of contaminants, the focus is on the reactions of the primary producers in the affected ecosystems and of certain microbiologically controlled mineralization processes which are involved in the decomposition of organic matter and play a relevant role in the recycling of nutrients in the soil. These aspects are rounded out by studies of microclimatic and soil attributes affecting plant growth and the mobility of contaminants within the ecosystems.
+The study concept presented here has been developed as a model for studying the semihumid to semiarid, subtropical Andean plateau, and within this context is tailored to investigations of the effects of heavy metal pollution. With some modifications and/or additions, it would probably also be applicable to other tropical or subtropical landscapes and classes of contaminants. A few examples of this are listed below:
+a) In the Lake Titicaca region, in the vicinity of large Andean cities such as La Paz or Cochabamba, and in the arid warm Andean valleys where intensive irrigated farming of vegetable and fruit crops is practiced, the use of chemical pesticides has become increasingly widespread. Like in many other tropical countries, the use of these substances does not appear to be subject to any effective controls or restraints. Due either to insufficient knowledge or irresponsibility, the amounts of pesticides applied and the times of application only rarely comply with health regulations governing the sale of products intended for human consumption. These products then make their way to domestic - and to some extent even foreign - markets without any checks or controls. The health hazards which these practices pose for the populations of the farming regions themselves are probably even more serious. Therc can be no doubt that it would be important and worthwhile to carry out studies
+with bioindicators to assess the degree of contamination of food chains with heavy metals (e.g. from fungicides) and organic compounds in these regions.
+The arid warm Andean valleys in which irrigated farming is practiced are situated at elevations between 2000 and 3000 m, and from the biogeographical angle are of an insular nature. They are flanked by precipitous mountain slopes, and as they descend into the lowlands they merge into the permanently moist tropical rain forest areas. Depending on the morphology of the valley floor, the transition to the punu region is more or less abrupt. Gradients of contaminant concentrations have therefore developed perpendicular and parallel to the longitudinal orientation of the valleys. Here, special mountain-valley-wind systems are likely to have a differentiating effect on the distribution of contaminants. In particular, these probably contribute to transporting airborne particulate matter and gases more strongly in an ascending direction following the course of the valleys than in the opposite, descending direction.
+b) Similar conflicts exist between mining and agriculture in much of the moister parts of the Andean highlands, which in Peru are more strongly dissected. There, overall precipitation is greater and distributed more evenly over the course of the year, and this influences both the transport and the impact of contaminants. The accumulation of contaminants in plants and soils is probably also affected. The vegetation of these areas is more luxuriant and richer in species. The plants used as bioindicators and the sampling dates would have to be adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions there in order to ensure results that lend themselves to meaningful interpretation.
+c) In principal, the study model presented here can be applied to all treeless grasslands and heath-like landscapes in which low shrub vegetation predominates. The same holds for the formerly forested, now treeless rangeland and areas used pnmarily l`or growing field crops at places in the chaco lowland and elsewhere. The main sources of pollutants there are the petroleum industry, sugar refineries, etc.
+<section>1.3 Major criteria for biomonitoring of pollution caused by mining and metallurgical operations</section>
+In view of the apparent lack of available infomlation on the topic of concern here, the first step would have to be a preliminary study. Plants that are suitable for use as bioindicators would have to be looked for, and their response ranges calibrated. So much is already known about the use of bioindicators for assessing pollution levels, however, that such studies could be performed in a highly directed and efficient manner.
+First, representative polluted areas around typical contaminant sources must be selected. The following criteria should be applied:
+- National and/or regional importance of industrial operations.
+- Exploitation and/or processing of frequently extracted minerals (e.g. Zn, Pb, Sn, Cu).
+- The extraction and processing methods typically used in the region (e.g. flotation, calcination, roasting).
+- The known historical development and current production volume of operations.
+- The typical location of operations in the region and the relief of the probable polluted areas (e.g. mountain slope descending onto a plain).
+- The ways in which the probable polluted areas are typically utilized in the region (e.g. pasture only, mixed pasture and arable, primarily arable).
+The next step is to delimit the range of contamination and determine the extent of its environmental impact (by elaborating a catalog of contaminants and their ecological effects). For this purpose, plants are suitable that have a high degree of resistance to the contaminants under study, filtering them out of the air and accumulating them in or on their leaves. It is initially irrelevant whether the plants capture the heavy metals from the air or (also) absorb them from contaminated soil horizons. Widely occurring low shrubs and grasses enter into consideration for passive monitoring, and the so-called moss bag test or barley crops grown under standardized conditions are suited for active monitoring. This should be supplemented by studies of the uppermost soil horizon. As soon as the main direction of dispersion and the effect of the relief on contamination levels can be approximately assessed, instead of testing in a grid pattern covering the entire area it would be
+possible to use pollution gradients selected on the basis of this information. This would significantly reduce the number of samples which have to be taken.
+On the basis of experience with similar mining and metallurgical operations, the series of those contaminants which can definitely be expected and those which may possibly also be present should be determined, and if possible the presence and concentration of all of them investigated in the bioindicators and the soil. The intensity and type of the discharged contaminants can vary considerably depending on the mineral composition of the mined ores and the ways in which they are processed. Elements that fail to be accumulated or only occur in low concentrations can then be excluded from subsequent studies. At the same time, this permits more realistic assessment of the risk of synergistic effects occurring among different contaminants.
+All contaminant concentrations measured in soils, plants and animals must be calibrated against the background contamination levels from natural sources in the area under study. This poses no problems for a number of substances of overwhelmingly anthropogenic origin, such as many pesticides, provided that long-range dispemion does not play a role. When studying the heavy-metal contamination of an area, it is essential to possess accurate knowledge of the chemical composition of the rocks in the area as a benchmark for measuring the proportion of anthropogenic pollution.
+Once the nature and intensity of contamination in the area surrounding a pollutant source are approximately known, more specialized studies must follow. To this end, it is necessary to search for bioindicators that react differently to different pollution levels so that the degree of contamination over the entire area can be mapped in greater detail (calibration of sensitive bioindicators) and an inventory can be compiled of the effects of contaminants on plants, animals, human beings and key attributes ot the affected ecosystems, above all in order to be able to assess the long-term consequences of the contaminant burden (long-term area studies).
+The search for organisms that respond with varying degrees ot sensitivity along largely known pollution gradients can be conIined to recording their presence or absence in relatively unpolluted anti highly polluted areas, or also incorporate the degree of damage which they suffer. A well-known example of this approach is mapping of lichen distribution in densely populated areas. Lichens react very sensitively to SO2 pollution, but are also harmed by fluorine and high concentrations of certain heavy metals (FEIGE 1982; KERSHAW 1985). Lichen mapping could conceivably be carried out, at least in the moister northern part of the Antlean plateau.
+Nothing is yet known about sensitive organisms native to the study area. It is most likely that sensitive herbaceous plants exist. Vegetation surveys carried oul by one of us (RUTHSATZ 1977) on the plateau area adjacent to the Mina Aguilar showed that the typical formation there namely semidesert with low shrubs, is particularly poor in annual and perennial herbs. We had previously attributed this exclusively to the prevailing unfavorable climatic coliditions (i.e. Iack of warmth and frequent below-freezing temperatures). There could also be a connection with heavy metal contamination, however.
+Where very high contaminant concentrations are present in the immediate vicinity of sources, it may be possible to expect the occurrence of so-called geobotanical indicator plants which are also utilized for prospecting of ore deposits. Unfortunately, much too little is still known about heavy-metal indicator plants in the Andes region, which means that here too there is no body of knowledge on which to draw.
+The use of bioindicators should focus on analysis of the ettects of contaminants on crop plants. domestic animals and utilized ecosystems, in other words without losing sight of the fact that human beings are the final link in the chain of transference of environmental pollutants. On a long-term basis, chronic contamination of more distant areas with lower pollution levels is more serious than acute short-term damage to plants, animals and soil fauna in the more heavily contaminated immediate vicinity of sources.
+Initially, it is not so much the higher plants (primary producers) that are affected by such conditions, but instead those organisms which are responsible for decomposition and mineralization processes in the soil, thus ensuring an adequate supply of anorganic nutrients from decaying organic matter (litter, etc.), as well as autotrophic and heterotrophic soil algae. Soil-biology methods have proven to be effective for investigating the activities of these organisms (BECK 1968; NOVAK 1972; STEUBING, KUNZE 1980). Higher plants are indirectly affected by the lack of nutrients resulting from diminished microbiological activity in the soil, and herbivores in turn suffer from the lack of forage. An overall reduction in production can gradually take place. The full extent of these injurious effects does not become visibly apparent until after contamination has persisted for some time, however. Even then, it can only be accurately assessed by means of long-term monitoring and/or
+comparisons between polluted and unpolluted areas. For the purpose of clarifying this important aspect, we recommend monitoring of long-term study plots. Such studies could, at least to some extent, make use of the methods which have been tried and proven on the Andean tableland by the Institute of Ecology in La Paz (a GTZ bilateral project).
+It is also very important to obtain information on the historical development of contamination on the Andean plateau. In a number of parts of Europe, during past centuries methods have been tested for detecting contamination within a historical time frame. The following are examples of objects which have been used to determine heavy metal concentrations:
+- moss samples from Scandinavian herbariums and outdoor sites: RUHLING, TYLER 1969,1971,1984
+- annual rings of trees: ARNDT, WEHRLE 1982; HAMPP, HOLL 1974; HOLL, BAUCH 1977; HOSTER 1979
+- lake and river sediments: MICHLER 1984
+- peat strata: DAMMAN 1978; GLOOSCHENKO 1986; LIVETT, LEE, TALLIS 1979; WANDTNER 1981.
+Of these methods, analysis of peat deposits would be most likely to yield usable results in connection with studies on the Andean plateau.
+In addition to using approaches involving bioindicators for determining contaminant levels in the ecosystems and their living elements (compartments), it is also essential to carry outfurther studies of local and microclimaticiactors and of soil attributes in the study areas in order to gain an understanding of the overall picture. The pathways and rates of contaminant dispersal, pollution levels, rates of accumulation, the mobility and availability and the acute or chronic toxicity of contaminants are greatly dependent on climatic and edaphic conditions in the affected areas. Unless this background information is available meaningful interpretation of the results of bioindicator studies is impossible. In view of the present lack of relevant information on the climate and soil of the Andean tableland, such accompanying studies are indispensable.
+The study program proposed here is organized in such a way that, depending on local requirements and the available time and funds, different investigatory methods can he derived involving va~ying expense and efforJfor use of bioindicators to detect heavy metal contamination. It would go beyond the scope of this paper, however, to describe these analytical methods in detail. For many plant and soil studies, it is possible to choose from among several different methods depending on the objective of the study and the available laboratory equipment and/or outdoor measuring instruments. The references made to the literature are therefore restricted to a few standard works on methods of plant and soil analysis, as well as certain special methods which have proven their effectiveness in the fields of plant ecology and soil microbiology.
+Parallel to the measurements of contamination levels with bioindicators, standardized technical procedures for determination of wet and dry contaminant deposition should also be used. Although these cannot be reliably used to "calibrate" the results of biomonitoring, since all of them are only accurate within certain tolerances which can be large or small depending on the method used, it would at least permit comparisons with pollution measurements made in other regions.
+<section>2. Study area: the central Andean plateau</section>
+<section>2.1 Location and extension</section>
+The great mountain system of the Andes extends the full length of the western part of South America, being nearly 8000 km long and occupying an area of over 2 million km2. To the west, it drops off steeply into the narrow coastal plains along the Pacific. The eastern cordillera, by contrast, is partially fringed by hilly country which merges into landscapes consisting of extensive basins and river systems.
+The cent/al Andes comprise that part where, approx. between 130 S and 23° S, the mountain ranges broaden to an overall width of 400 km. The central Andes entend from southern Peru across parts of Bolivia and Chile all the way to northern Argentina. In the following, those major attributes of this region are described which are of relevance for the topic under discussion.
+<section>2.2 Natural features</section>
+2.2.1 Geology and relief
+2.2.2 Climate
+2.2.3 Soils
+2.2.4 Vegetation
+2.2.1 Geology and relief
+In contrast to the more strongly dissected southern and northern Andes, the central Andes are characterized by high plateaus at elevations hetween 3400 and 4300 m above sea level (GOMEZ MOLINA, LITTLE 1981). This Altiplano or altoplanicie is bounded on the west and east by cordilleras with peaks rising to between 5000 and over 6000 m above sea level. Mountain ranges running in a north-south direction divide the Altiplano up into a number of basins which, depending on their respective climatic conditions, have either a lake (e.g. Lake Titicaca, Lake Poop6) or salt marshes (e.g. Salar de Uyuni, Salinas Grandes de Jujuy) in their middle, if they have no outlet to the sea. Geologically, the study area forms a trough filled with sedimentary material up to 15 km thick. Its present topographical structure is only about 4 million years old. It is believed that the Andes were formed, and continue to be formed, by underthrusting of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate.
+This process began about 200 million years ago, accompanied by violent volcanic activity. As a result, the Paleozoic schists, sandy shales and sandstones were joined on the surface by andesitic igneous rock rich in deposits of various ores (AHLFELD 1,967; PUTZER 1976). The volcanic activity took place in several phases. It was most intense 50 to 60 million years ago, resulting in formation of the western flank of the Andes. The western cordillera (Cordillera Real) is younger than the eastern cordillera (Cordillera Oriental), and its surface structure is still not fully stabilized, as is evidenced by the continued presence of active volcanos at a number of points. During the Tertiary (about 15 million years ago), siliceous magma was pressed to the surface in the central and northern parts of the Altiplano and in northern Chile, thus further increasing the diversity of rock types and parent materials for soil formation.
+2.2.2 Climate
+Descriptions of the climate of the high-elevation regions of the Andes are contained in PROHASKA (1976) and JOHNSON (1976); climatic diagrams and further references are provided by RUTHSATZ (1977, 1983) and ERIKSEN (1986).
+The climatic situation of the Andean zone is determined by its location within the zone of subtropical summer rains, enormous land masses extending to considerable elevations, proximity to the Pacific Ocean, and the Humboldt Current. The combined effect of all of these factors is to give the Altiplano a dry and a wet season, a gradient of increasing overall precipitation and number of months with rainfall (an increasingly pronounced continental climate) moving from the northeast towards the southwest, as well as a succession of different climatic zones depending on altitude and direction of exposure. At elevations of 3700 - 3800 m above sea level, the northern portion of the Andean plateau, in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca, receives annual rainfall of between 600 and over 800 mm, most of which falls during 7 to 9 months of the year (subhumid climate). Extensive periods of complete dryness or drought do not occur during the remaining months of the year, however. The mining
+city of Oruro, at about the same elevation but located further to the south, receives annual precipitation of just under 400 mm - there,7 months of the year can be classified as dry (semiarid climate). In the southern portion of the northern Argentinean puna, the total annual precipitation of about only 100 mm is concentrated in just 2 months (subarid climale).
+The flora and fauna of the Andean plateau must be adapted to periodic lac k of water, as well as to a general lack of warmth and below-freezing temperatures which are of brief duration but occur almost daily. The mean annual temperature in these high-elevation zones rarely exceeds 10 °C. Daily temperature fluctuations between +40 °C and -10 °C at ground level are common, even during the growing season. The average daily minimum temperature in Oruro (3708 m above sea level) is -11 °C in July (during the dry season) and +4 °C in January (during the rainy season). The corresponding daily maxima are 14 °C and 19 °C, respectively.
+During the rainy season, easterly and northeasterly winds prevail, which can become quite strong and gusty during thunderstorms. During each dry season, several windstorms sweep in from the west, sometimes continuing unabated for days at a time. They blow dust and sand out of the dry river beds, the vegetation-poor salt marsh landscapes, and degraded pastureland, and can sometimes cause the formation of extensive dune fields. They also pick up dust containing ores from the dried-out decantation basins and waste dumps of mining operations, and disperse them over large distances and extensive areas. On a local scale, mountain and valley wind systems play a major role, especially during the dry season. Following a calm period during the morning hours, by noon at the latest strong winds arise that blow up through the valleys and do not lessen in intensity until late in the evening. The reciprocal katabatic winds during the night are much weaker.
+The other typical characteristics of high-altitude climates include increased insolation, especially of the shorter wave lengths (ultraviolet), reduced air pressure, and thus less available oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen than in lowland areas.
+2.2.3 Soils
+A detailed discussion of Andean soils in Bolivia is given by COCHRANE (1973), and specific aspects of the soil nutrient cycle are dealt with by SALM (1983a, 1983b). All of the other publications which have appeared on the soils of the central Andes are very general treatises.
+The principal parent materials for soil formation in the Andes are volcanic ash and metamorphic and igneous rock. A typical attribute of Andean soils is their short developmental history. A number of factors have a negative effect on soil development, including extreme temperature fluctuations, lengthy dry periods, high wind velocities, and an almost complete lack of closed vegetative ground cover. The diversity of soil types occurring in the region under study is further enhanced by the wide range of elevations and climatic zones. On a regional scale, the relief (affecting water-induced erosion and sedimentation) and the degree of exposure both play an important role.
+In very broad terms, the western slopes of the central Andes are covered with desertic soils (Regosols, saline soils), while on the eastern slopes the moister climate has permitted the development of Brown Forest soils. The central portion of the Altiplano exhibits soils which are transitional between these two types. Deposits of volcanic ash are superimposed on the soils of the southern, semiarid part of the central Andes. Azonal soils occur in dune, salt marsh, alluvial plain and bog areas.
+The arid climate inhibits leaching of the soils. The result is generally a good supply of bases (WINTERHALDER, THOMAS 1978). Soil humus content is frequently low, however, and the production of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds available to plants is moderate to low.
+Degradation caused by overgrazing has been going on for centuries everywhere on the Andean plateau. In addition, in arable areas the extensive fallows contribute to loss of topsoil by sheet erosion.
+2.2.4 Vegetation
+Scientific descriptions of the vegetation of all or parts of the Andes exist dating back to the beginning of the century. A bibliography of references for the Andean plateau is provided by RUTHSATZ (1983).
+In general, the vegetation formations of the Andean plateau can be described as montane semideserts in which the plant cover rarely grows higher than 40 to 60 cm, usually with ground coverage of less than 50% (Fig. 3). With increasing overall precipitation and shorter dry seasons the proportion of bunch grasses and various herbaceous plants grows. With increasing aridity, there is a greater percentage of mostly evergreen, sclerophyllous, small-leaved shrubs. In extremely arid areas there is a conspicuously high proportion of low thorny shrubs, which at the same time usually have a greater tolerance of saline soils.
+Above 4500 m, the prevalence of lou'shrahs rapidly decreases. At even higher elevations, the mountain slopes are generally covered with hunch-grass steppes, which are more or less open depending on the supply of water. Above about 4900 m the plant cover becomes patchy, with cushion plants and specially adapted hardy herbaceous plants inhabiting more favorable local sites where warmer temperatures prevail.
+Azonal alluvial land and flood plains have a dense gramineous cover which often merges directly into the halophytic plant communities of the extensive, more arid basin landscapes. Dune areas can, depending on their salinity levels, be populated by shrubs or distinctly sclerophyllous grasses. In depressions and on moist slopes which derive their water from springs or seepage, so-called hard-cushion bogs have developed, which are composed not of mosses like many bogs of the temperate zones, but instead of stunted, cushion-forming sedges, rushes and herbaceous plants.
+Taller shrubs, trees or even forests are very rare today, but originally were probably much more widely distributed on the semihumid northern plateau and on well-protected sites in the central and southern regions. They have fallen prey to logging and extensive livestock grazing practices. The extent to which anthropogenic influences have shaped the current vegetative cover of the Andean plateau is greatly underestimated by foreign visitors and the population of the region itself, occasionally even being denied completely.
+Figure 3: Semidesert brush formations in the puna near Abra Pampa (in the Argentinian province of Jujuy). The dominant plant is the shrub Fubiana densa. In between grow various perennial grasses and other shrubs.
+As a consequence of the relatively unfavorable climatic and soil conditions, as well as overutilization of the vegetation by humans, the plants which predominate today exhibit a high degree of resistance against:
+- Periods of dryness.
+- Low nutrient availability (N, P).
+- General lack of warmth.
+- The ground frosts of brief duration which occur throughout the year.
+- Soil salinity.
+- Browsing by animals.
+As a consequence of their morphological (small, rolled and folded leaves, low and stunted growth, low shoot/root ratio, etc.), anatomical (leaves with thick cuticles, multiple-layer palisade parenchyma, high stomatal density per unit of surface area, pilosity, etc.) and ecophysiological adaptations, most of the dominant plant species can be described as highly xeromorphic and/or sclerophyllous.
+<section>2.3 Population</section>
+The central Andean plateau covers parts of 4 countries: Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, of which Chile has the smallest part and is therefore not dealt with in the present study. Only in a few cases is it possible to correlate the statistics on the national demographic and economic structures of these countries with this natural geographical region. Since the Altiplano is most important for Bolivia in terms of population and economic activities, data on this country will be taken here as the basis for depicting the Andean plateau. Unless otherwise indicated, all of the data presented here on social and economic structures have been obtained from the STATISTISCHES BUNDESAMT (1984).
+The population densities of the Andean countries are low compared with European countries (Table 1). There are considerable regional variations, however. While the coastal regions of Peru and Argentina have the highest population densities, the population of Bolivia is concentrated on the Altiplano.
+On the Altiplano, local population densities are principally determined by the possibilities for growing food crops. These in turn depend on the distribution of precipitation and the frequency and intensity of nocturnal frosts (PRESTON 1973; RUTHSATZ 1983; the latter source also contains maps).
+Even today, Indians still account for most of the population of the Andean plateau. The reasons for this are in part historical; the advanced civilizations of the Incas were based there. Another reason is the remarkable physical adaptation of the Indians of the Altiplano to life at high altitudes (BAKER, LITTLE 1976).
+Table 1: Population densities in Bolivia, Peru and Argentina
+Population
+Inhabitants
+Population in the Andean region
+in mill.
+per km
+per km²
+% of overall population
+Bolivia
+Peru
+Argentina
+Table 2: Employment structures in Bolivia, Peru and Argentina
+Employment by economic sectors (%)
+Economic sector
+Bolivia (1976)
+Peru (1981)
+Argentina (1977)
+Agriculture, forestry, fishery
+Manuracture and production(mining)
+commerce, banks, etc.
+Administration, public services
+Miscellaneous
+Compared to the contribution of agriculture to Bolivia's gross domestic product, a relatively high proportion of this country's working population is employed in this sector of the economy, namely nearly 50%. In Argentina, where the chief exports are agricultural products, productivity in this sector is significantly higher than in Bolivia. The relatively high percentage of the gainfully employed population working in Bolivia in the mining and quarrying sectors reflects their great importance for the export-dependent Bolivian economy (Table 2).
+On the Bolivian Altiplano, landownership is characterized by a high degree of fragmentation, especially near settlements, and communal pasturelands in areas that are unsuited for arable use. Prior to the Bolivian revolution of 1952, part of the land was owned by public institutions, with private individuals rarely holding title to land. In most cases, "comunidades indigenas" performmed the dual function of owning the land and organizing land use. The effect of the agrarian reform on the settlement structure was decentralization (establishment of scattered settlements), and where ownership structures were concemed it led to transfer of land titles to the rural population itself, especially in the central departments of La Paz, Potosi and Cochabamba. One factor which still interferes with definitive clarification of the landownership situation on the Altiplano is the continued existence of traditional grazing rights in certain areas, a fact which must be taken into account
+when applying for land to be used as study plots, especially for longterm projects.
+<section>2.4 Agriculture</section>
+The major source of livelihood of the population of the Altiplano is agriculture. Productivity is constrained by a number of natural factors, above all:
+- extreme climatic conditions (dryness and cold, frosts)
+Figure 4: The mosaic of agricultural land use on the Bolivian Altiplano near Huaraco (north of Oruro). Dry farming predominates in thc scmihumid part ot the Altiplano, with long fallow periods during which the fields are pastured.
+Figure 5: Pastureland on the alluvial plain of the Rio Desaguadero south of` Huaraco on the Bolivian Altiplano.
+- infertile soils (poor nutrient availability, low humus content, risk of salinization) - the susceptibility of vegetation-poor areas to soil erosion.
+The population has adapted to conditions on the Altiplano by developing a mixed and highly diverse system of crop and livestock raising (Fig. 4). At higher elevations, the lower rainfall, greater aridity and lower temperatures cause extensive livestock raising to gain in importance over the growing of crops.
+In addition to indigenous crops, especially tubers and Andean orache, several European crops are also grown (RUTHSATZ 1983). Livestock is grazed on mountain slopes at elevations of up to above 4500 m above sea level. During the winter dry season, the "hard-cushion bogs", which are to some extent artificially irrigated, and alluvial plains represent the most favorable pasturelands (Fig. 5). The intensive grazing practiced in these ecosystems, which are relatively unproductive in any case, can lead to serious damage by erosion (ELLENBERG 1984; MILLONES 1982; WENNERGREN 1975).
+The food produced in the Andes is barely sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the farmers and shepherds themselves. A few products make their way to local markets, but with the exception of wool (alpaca, lame and sheep), the agricultural products of the Altiplano are of virtually no importance for export.
+Besides the above-mentioned natural constraints on agricultural production, other negative factors are an inadequate network of roads and a lack of capital for purchase of fertilizers and pesticides. The only exceptions are areas in the immediate vicinity of larger cities, and the climatically more favorable area around Lake Titicaca.
+While production of barley, potatoes and dried beans increased sufficiently between 1963 and 1972 to keep pace with population growth, the supply of the indigenous crops of oca, quinoa and papalisa has significantly worsened (WENNERGREN 1975). Bolivia's population is expanding so swiftly, however, that much higher growth rates are needed in the agricultural sector. Iligh priority must be assigned to conserving soil fertility, which is being jeopardized by European farming methods that aggravate the ongoing erosion, by overgrazing and possibly, an aspect which remains to be investigated, by the influence of environmental contaminants.
+<section>2.5 Mining and industry</section>
+The Andes are rich in ore deposits of many kinds. Major deposits are centered in the mountainous country of southem Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina (PUTZER 1967, 1976) (Fig. 6). The Chilean ore deposits are located on the western slopes of the Andes.
+The number of mines currently in operation in Bolivia is estimated by AHLFELD (1965) at 2200, although only 2% of these can be regarded as large operations. In Bolivia today, most of the large-scale mining operations are owned by the state mining corporation (Corporacion Minera de Bolivia, COMIBOL). The total number of mines has probably declined in the last 20 years, since many veins have already been exhausted. In Argentina as well, the mining operations of major economic importance are also state owned. Many small and frequently unprofitable mines are operated by private owners, with production rates that are subject to great fluctuations (GTZ 1983). New developments in the field of ore prospecting indicate the presence of uranium deposits on the Altiplano which could feasibly be exploited (PARDO 1981).
+In descending order of importance, the following metals are extracted on the Altiplano: tin, zinc, silver, tungsten, antimony, lead and copper; all other metals account for only an insignificant proportion of the extracted ores (Fig. 7).
+In order to evaluate the economic value of a mine and decide on the most appropriate processing technique, the most important criterion is the ore content of the extracted material. As a rule, this declines at increasing depths below the surface and thus with the amount of time during which a mine has been operated. When mining of tin first began in Bolivia (in 1905), only ores with tin concentrations of at least 12% were subjected to further processing. By the time between the two World Wars, the tin content had dropped to 4-6%, and since 1960 in general only low-grade ores with 0.5-0.6% of tin are extracted (AHLFELD 1965). It can be reasonably assumed that the metal content of the waste and tailings of the ore dressing processes in each case has decreased proportionally. Many old mine dumps and mill-tailing piles, originally regarded as worthless, are now again regarded as valuable, especially since the treatment methods have also been improved.
+During recent years, the decline in productivity has spawned intensive, internationally supported prospecting activities which have also led to the discovery of rich mineral deposits in many locations, with the consequence that new mines are currently being established.
+The extracted low-grade ores are dressed prior to transport in order to concentrate their valuable constituents into products of smaller bulk. This process, in which the various different ores are separated from one another and as much worthless material (gangue) is collected out as possible, is energy-intensive and therefore also very cost-intensive in the Andean plateau region, which has little wood and no coal deposits or petroleum reservoirs.
+The roasting, flotation and filtration methods used result in discharge of contaminants into the atmosphere (often liberating considerable amounts of airborne dust), and contaminants find their way from waste dumps into the soil and aquatic systems, also being blown into the air once the sludge has dried.
+Since the tin deposits of the "Bolivian tin province" are associated with considerable amounts of sulfides and arsenic, these compounds can be emitted into the atmosphere during the course of the separation processes, in part in gaseous form, and in part as particulates. Very little information is contained in the literature on the composition and amounts of emanated contaminants and their impacts on the terrestrial and aquatic systems of the Andean plateau. The only exception we were able to find is the description given by MILLONES (1982) on water contamination (fish mortality in the Mantaro river) and the deleterious effects caused by atmospheric contaminants on 700,000 ha of pastureland in the vicinity of the tin mine and ore mill at Oroya, Peru.
+<section>2.6 Special aspects of environmental contaminants, their effects on living organisms and ecosystems, and their detection by means of bioindicators on the Andean plateau</section>
+In many respects, living conditions on the Andean Altiplano are extreme and comparable with those of only very few other regions on the earth's surface. Because of these special conditions, a number of questions arise which can only be answered by experts specialized in other disciplines, although they are very likely to have a major bearing on studies involving bioindicators. In the following, afew of these problems are briefly discussed.
+It is difficult to assess the extent to which the much lower atmospheric pressure at elevations between 3,500 and 5,000 m above sea level has on the dispersion of gases, particulates and aerosols, in particular the question as to whether this fact tends to shorten or extend the range of contaminant distribution, all other conditions being equal.
+Extremely high levels of insolation occur for brief periods during the rainy season on clear and slightly cloudy days. During the dry season the peak insolation values are somewhat reduced, but of longer duration. This fact could enhance the oxidation of photochemicals, thus leading to synergistic effects that compound the harm already being done to organisms by other toxic substances. The literature available to us contains no data on ozone levels on the Andean plateau. It is possible, however, that such data exists for Mina Aguilar in Argentina, where a measuring station for cosmic rays is operated.
+The short-term, considerable temperature fluctuations, which can amount to as much as 50-60 °C at ground level, cause intensive mechanical weathering and disintegration of rocks and minerals. We are not in a position to judge whether this has any effect on chemical reactions involving contaminants in the air and in the soil.
+Frosts and lack of water have a similar desiccating effect on plants, as a consequence of which the indigenous plant species have developed protective adaptations. It is also known that sclerophyllous plants frequently have a particularly high resistance to atmospheric contaminants, since they are able to effectively regulate and/or greatly reduce the exchange of gases with the ambient air, thus also preventing absorption of the pollutants. This applies especially to SO2 and HF contamination, but could possibly also influence their degree of resistance to heavy metals.
+The periodically occurring dry periods on the Andean plateau cause the organisms living there to interrupt their activity. During times of extreme dryness, most of the plants and many animals as well go into a state of latent vitality. They are then also largely insensitive to contaminants, since they either do not absorb them at all or at least do not actively metabolize them. Although the intensity and range of contamination can be greater during periods of dryness for a number of reasons, it is quite possible that they do not actually affect the organisms until during the following growing season, probably most strongly following the flrst rains in the spring (September to November).
+Where the nutrient situation of higher plants and soil microorganisms is concerned, contamination with heavy metals can reduce phosphate availability, which is very low in any case, even further, thus slowing growth even before injurious effects are caused directly by the heavy metals themselves. Although the soils generally contain an adequate to good supply of bases, in many places calcium availability is quite low due to the chemical composition of the parent rock. Fluorine interferes with metabolization of Ca and Mg by the plants by binding with the calcium to form the relatively insoluble compound caF2, which then precipitates. Consequently, where there is already a deficiency in native calcium reserves in the soil fluorine contamination can result in damage to otherwise relatively insensitive plants. It is to be expected that other interactions between nutrient supply on the one hand and resistance to contaminants on the other hand will occur in the plant life of the
+Andean plateau.
+Little is known about the volcanic ash content of the soils of the Altiplano. Soils rich in ash, however, have a high sorption capacity for organic substances and certain anions, especially phosphates, molybdates and sulfates. On the other hand, within certain limits it can be expected that fixation of cations will be less than in other soils lacking in volcanic ash. Accumulation of heavy metals is thus also unlikely; instead, they would probably be washed out into enrichment horizons.
+In general, erosion by water and wind play a much greater role in semiarid areas than under moist climatic conditions. The development of a closed vegetative ground cover on the Andean plateau is inhibited in any case by the general scarcity of water, and this has been aggravated for centuries by overgrazing and farming practices involving extensive fallows. Convective rain showers in the rainy season and windstorms during the dry season can everywhere lead to secondary redistribution of already deposited contaminants, and hence secondary contaminant sources must also be expected in pollution areas.
+The intensive year-round grazing practiced in all parts of the Andean plateau makes it difficult to carry out comparative studies with healthy, intact rangeland plants, since there is insufficient vegetation for investigation purposes. In order to obtain cumulative bioindicators, therefore, it is necessary to resort to certain widely distributed plants species that are ignored by grazing livestock during the rainy season. Due to a general shortage of forage during the dry season, however, nearly all of the plants are then eaten. One possible alternative is to fence in study plots to protect them from browsing by grazing livestock.
+The result of the prevailing dry farming practices with extended fallow periods is that, in the semihumid to semiarid portions of the Altiplano, there are few areas that remain unploughed for longer than 10-15 years. Long fallows indicate that the sites involved are infertile. The only soils that are not farmed are those that are very shallow and stony or clayey with a tendency to salinization. As a consequence of these farming practices, any accumulated contaminants are spread through the upper 15-20 cm of the soil profile, thus making it difficult to obtain evidence of long-term contamination. When selecting study plots it is essential to take this fact into consideration. If necessary, the local residents should be asked; it is not always possible to clearly distinguish between older fallows and pastureland that has never been ploughed.
+<section>3. Study approaches</section>
+<section>3.1 Studies of the range of distribution and relative intensities of current environmental contaminatron emanating from a source</section>
+3.1.1 Moss bag accumulation test for contaminants
+3.1.2 Accumulation of contaminants in shoots and leaves of living plants
+3.1.2.1 Evergreen low shrubs
+3.1.2.2 Summergreen deciduous shrubs
+3.1.2.3 Perennial bunch and rhizome grasses
+3.1.2.4 Perennial herbaceous plants
+3.1.2.5 Annual grasses and herbs
+3.1.2.6 Annual crops
+3.1.2.7 Mosses and lichens on the ground and on rocks
+3.1.3 Exposure of barley culture pots (active monitoring)
+3.1.4 Contaminant enrichment in the topsoil
+3.1.5 Mapping of contamination zones by means of damaged lichen vegetation
+3.1.6 Animals as accumulative bioindicators (brief survey)
+3.1.7 Accompanying vegetation studies
+3.1.8 Accompanying soil studies
+3.1.9 Accompanying climatic studies
+When choosing the methods to be used, the unique aspects of each pollution situation, the dispersion behavior of the pollutants which are probably being discharged into the environment, the relief of the surrounding landscape, the local climatic conditions, the vegetation cover of the area probably affected by the contaminants, and its use by human beings must all be taken into account. The greater the number of factors included in the preliminary study phase and the denser the network of sampling sites is, the easier it will be to develop a monitoring program from the measurement results which will be suited to the situation at hand.
+In Central Europe, good results have been obtained by superimposing a grid of squares on the area surrounding a source; each of the squares should measure 500 m on a side, and the total area of the grid should be 16 km² (STEUBING et al. 1983). Such a grid approach is well-suited for preliminary studies on the long-range dispersion of contaminants. It may provide insufficient accuracy, however, for differentiating the environmental impact of the contaminants in the immediate vicinity of the source, and in general if the terrain has a particularly high relief ratio. Depending on the object of investigation, the lay of the land, and the possibilities for study, either this method or that described in the following may be better suited for assigning the sampling sites.
+As an absolute minimum, at least two different indication methods should always be used and their results compared. The samples for this can also be taken from two (or four) transects approx. 30 km long running SW - NE and SE - NW (as well as possibly also S - N and E - W) which cross at the contaminant source. The sampling sites can be 200 m apart up to a distance of I km from the source, 1 km apart up to a distance of 5 km, and 5 km apart up to a distance of 30 km from the source (Fig. 8). With this density, 52 (or 104, depending on the number of transects) samples are taken at each sampling date. All of the sampling sites should be at least 100 m from the nearest heavily travelled road in order to minimize contamination of the samples with toxins from automobile exhaust. If mountain ridges cross any of the transects at right angles, then the sampling sites must be selected in such a way as to give adequate consideration to both the leeward and windward slopes. It can be
+expected that there will be a higher incidence of contaminants on the slopes facing towards the source.
+If great precision is desired, then the most straightforward approach is to investigate contamination levels in the vicinity of a source by using sampling sites distributed in a grid pattem; the reason is that local wind conditions may not always pemmit easy derivation of the principal dispersion pathways. With this sampling scheme as well, the density of the sampling sites can be varied in inverse proportion to the distance from the contaminant source, e.g. with grid squares measuring 250 m on a side within a radius of 1 km, 500 m on a side within a radius of 5 km, and 1000 m on a side within a radius of 10 km from the source. In this way, more than 500 samples are obtained for each test series. It is of course also possible to combine this approach with the transect method at even greater distances from the source.
+In the following, a number of biomonitoring tests are briefly discussed which have proven their worth in Europe and North America for detection of heavy metal and fluorine contamination, and which provide an even greater wealth of infommation when used in combination. In order to permit at least a rough distinction between assimilation of contaminants by plants from the soil and from the atmosphere, we suggest beginning by studying plants that are not rooted in the ground. Since there is a lack of trees and thus also of epiphytic plants in this area, there is no altemative to hanging out plant specimens in which the substances under study will accumulate (moss bags, cf. section 3.1.1). For the most part, this technique can only be used for monitoring of current atmospheric contamination levels. Other tests are available for analysis of atmospheric contaminants that accumulate over varying periods of time in plants and parts of plants without producing visible hammful effects
+(cf. sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3).
+In addition to discharging heavy-metal dusts into the atmosphere, smelting operations also emit gaseous contaminants such as SO2 and HF. The rates at which this occurs must be measured using either the same (HF) or other tests with bioindicators. Since enrichment of sulfur in leaves does not necessarily correlate with SO2 emissions (FREEDMAN, HUTCHINSON 1980; KNABE 1981), one way of obtaining information on the distribution of this contaminant is by mapping lichen distribution. Unfortunately, however, this is probably only possible in the moister parts of the Andean plateau, where sufficient numbers of lichen species occur (cf. section 3.1.5). Lichens are ideal indicators, however, since different species also react sensitively to fluorine and heavy metal contamination.
+In order to pemmit meaningful analysis of the test data, a number of additional studies on climatic and soil factors must also be perfommed. The distribution and impact of pollutants are greatly dependent on weather conditions, and their accumulation in plants depends on water and nutrient availability (cf. sections 3.1.7 and 3.1.8). In the case of a number of heavy metals, the soil can also be regarded as a source for their enrichment in plants that root in it (cf. section 3.1.9).
+3.1.1 Moss bag accumulation test for contaminants
+This approach makes use of moss species that exhibit a high order of branching and are not protected by an outer coat or layer. Samples of the same size and shape are placed in fine-meshed plastic bags and hung between bushes or stakes, and the rise in their contaminant content determined after a predefined exposure duration (MARTIN, COUGHTREY 1982; GAILEY, LLOYD 1986). The moss varieties which have been much used in Europe for this include Sphagnum spp., Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens and Rhytidiadelphus spp. In the Andes, epiphytic mosses of the sub-Andean cloud forest zone (between La Paz and Coroico) or Sphagnum samples from other parts of the country could be used. The moss bags should be hung on a level with the top height of the vegetation (20 to 50 cm above the ground) or, if necessary for their protection, on posts 2 m above the ground, so that livestock cannot reach them and also so that wind values measured at weather stations can be directly
+correlated with the accumulation rates. The duration of exposure of the samples can be fixed at 4 or 6 weeks, or extended to a period of months. The criteria for this decision should be the specific attributes of the expected heavy metal compounds, contamination levels and climatic rhythms likely to affect accumulation, in order to permit meaningful interpretation of the results.
+Prior to placing the samples in the field, their initial contaminant concentrations must be measured. Heavy metal, fluorine and sulfur compounds have varying propensities to being accumulated and/or leached out again (e.g. by acids, during the rainy season), depending on their particle size, chemical properties and the concurrent presence of other pollutants. Consequently, for the most part the accumulation values only provide an indication of the relative intensities of the individual elements at different distances from the source. Mosses have a large cation absorption capacity, however, so that useful information can be obtained on various heavy metals, especially lead and copper, and possibly also for zinc, cadmium, etc.
+3.1.2 Accumulation of contaminants in shoots and leaves of living plants
+Numerous studies have demonstrated that the leaves of higher plants also collect contaminants. These are filtered out of the air and accrete on external and internal surfaces. Epidermal structures and substances (hairs, scales, resins) are particularly likely to play a part in this process (FREEDMAN, HUTCHINSON 1980; PRINZ, SCHOLL 1978; VETTER, MAHLHOP, FRUCHTENICHT 1974).
+Because of the differences among plant species, each study should include several, but consistently the same, species. A number of plants found on the Andean plateau are suitable for this, including certain widely distributed evergreen and deciduous shrubs, perennial and annual grasses and herbaceous plants, as well as epigeic and epilithic lichens and mosses. The leaves of different plants persist for varying periods of time, thus probably permitting collection of data on shorter and longer pollution periods. The leaves of most of the shrubs are quite small, however, and hence it is necessary to analyze shoot tips with scale leaves of known age. Interpretation of the accumulation rates is made more difficult by weather conditions and differing displaceability of the contaminants in aqueous media, in diluted acids, as complex organic compounds, by transport or fixation in plant tissues, etc. The usefulness of the results can be significantly improved by prior determination
+of the initial contaminant levels in the plants, by making use of overlapping accumulation periods, and by simultaneously studying the levels of several contaminants in different plant species (LEPP 1981). It is essential to ensure that the exposure conditions of the studied plant parts on the external surfaces of the selected shrubs, grasses, cushion plants, etc. are comparable (height above the ground, the direction they face (e.g. north, south, east, west), degree of coverage by neighboring plants, etc.). Nothing is known about passive or active assimilation of contaminants by the plants of the Andean plateau from polluted soils. In the case of Cd and Zn, however, this is likely to play a role (MISLIN, RAVERA 1986). All of the mentioned species are more or less avoided by livestock, and thus can probably be found even in heavily grazed areas. Examples of suitable plant species and collection times are discussed below:
+3.1.2.1 Evergreen low shrubs
+Baccharis incarum: dioecious; develops ecotypes; widespread on sites with very low or absent water table, growing throughout the entire puna from Argentina to Peru.
+Parastrephia lepidophylla: in subarid to semiarid areas confined to alluvial plains with an accessible water table, in subhumid zones also occurring together with other low shrubs on normal sites; ubiquitous in the dense and higher-growing vegetation of the river plains. The other Parastrephia species occurring on the Andean plateau stock on other sites, and the structure of their leaves varies. Some of them may exhibit similar accumulation rates, however, although this would first have to be experimentally confirmed.
+Collection dates: at the end of the main growing season (April-May) and at the end of the dry season (September-October).
+3.1.2.2 Summergreen deciduous shrubs
+(Some are only facultatively deciduous, depending on the intensity of dryness).
+Fabiana densa: shrub with acicular leaves. Widespread in the subarid and semiarid regions of the puna on sites far from the water table. Other Fabiana species are nearly leafless, have more pronouncedly resinous shoots, and colonize extremely arid sites. The accumulation rates of the various species of this genus cannot be readily compared with one another because of the differing size and structure of their surfaces. Determination of the age of the shoot apices could possibly be difficult, thus making it harder to correlate the accumulation data with a defined time span.
+Baccharis boliviensis: low shrub with acicular leaves. Widespread in the subarid and semiarid areas of the puna on sites far from the water table, somewhat more demanding than Fabiana densa with respect to summer warmth and water supply, but nevertheless often associated with this species. Forms leaves that are resistant to dryness and possibly also to cold (var. latifolia).
+Tetraglochin cristatum: low shrub with clusters of needles on short shoots. Widely distributed throughout the entire puna on sites with clayey, to some extent compacted, soils. It is probably represented by subspecies with varying degrees of resistance to aridity. Determination of the age of the leaves and shoot parts could possibly be difficult.
+Collection date: end of the main growing season (April to May).
+3.1.2.3 Perennial lunch and rhizome grasses
+In the case of grasses, it is essential to make a distinction between vegetative (leaves) and reproductive (flowers and fruits) organs, since they store different quantities of contaminants. There is a great diversity of gramineous species on the Andean plateau, and hence it is very possible that other species may be suitable for sampling purposes besides those widespread ones mentioned below. The aerial parts of most of the grasses die back during the dry season, which has a higher frequency of nocturnal frosts; only on sites with accessible water tables do the lower portions of the leaves and shoots occasionally remain green throughout the year.
+Stipa ichu: a widespread pasture weed that grows in bunches on sites far from the water table in the puna, with very narrow, flexible leaves that grow densely together.
+Festuca orthophylla: a pasture weed which grows in bunches on sandy sites in the puna, with or without the influence of the water table, with very stiff, hard leaves. Represented by subspecies with varying degrees of resistance to cold and dryness (in the alpine zone in the distinctly continental south: F. eriostoma). Its accumulation ability is possibly low; moderately salt-tolerant.
+Festuca dolichophylla: a moderately good forage grass that grows in bunches in the semihumid to subhumid areas of the puna up into the lower alpine zone; this range is probably made possible by the existence of ecologically distinct subspecies.
+Pennisetum chilense: a soft-leaved rhizome grass that grows in patches in the semiarid to subarid parts of the puna, with high fodder value; occurs on sites with deep, sandy soils and periodically accessible groundwater.
+Collection dates: end of the main growing season (April to May) and if required at the end of the dry season (September to October).
+3.1.2.4 Perennial herhaceous plants
+The diversity of the perennial herbs is so great, and their distribution often so limited, that it is difficult to recommend suitable species that could be used throughout the region. The frequently occurring clustered and semiclustered species are not likely to be suitable as cumulative indicators, since the exposed surface area of their leaves is small and any enrichment with contaminants would probably be derived from the soil which they grow upon.
+Regionally common, upright pasture weeds which are avoided by livestock, such as Astragalus garbancillo and several Senecio species (e.g. S. adenophyllus) could also prove to be suitable. Astragalus garbancillo is reported to actively accumulate selenium from the soil.
+Collection dates: end of the main growing season (April to May).
+3.1.2.5 Annual grasses and herbs
+The same statements hold for this class of plants as for the perennial herbs. A wide diversity of species exists in the Andes, and the distribution of the individual species is for the most part regionally restricted. However, since some of them represent an important food reserve for livestock during the winter months, their contamination levels could also be of interest. Possible sampling plants: Aristida adsc ensionis, various Cumochaeta species, etc.
+Collection cute: end of the main growing season (April to May).
+3.1.2.6 Annual crops
+A number of indigenous and European annual crop plants are cultivated on the Andean plateau as a source of food for humans and fodder for cattle, and occasionally also for sheep. Dry farming is practiced where there is sufficient precipitation, and elsewhere with supplementary irrigation, especially during the spring and early summer. The most widely grown crops are barley, potatoes and Chenopodium quir?oa. Since these plants, either directly or indirectly, provide nourishment for humans, their concentration of contaminants in the vicinity of corresponding pollutant sources is of particularly great concern. It is therefore important to include them in studies as cumulative bioindicators, especially since a great deal is already known about the absorption, distribution and storage of contaminants in the individual organs of barley and potato plants (LEPP 1981; UBA 1976, 1977, 1983).
+It should be taken into account, however, that the fields are not uniformly distributed over the land; instead, cropping depends on the presence of suitable site conditions and the fallow rotation practices in the individual communities. In the area around Lake Titicaca and on the central Bolivian plateau adjoining to the south, at elevations between 3600 and 4100 m above sea level up to about the elevation of Oruro it will be necessary to make finer distinctions with barley, potatoes and quinoa nearly everywhere, since the different varieties certainly exhibit varying accumulation properties and degrees of resistance. It would be highly advisable to restrict studies to one or a limited number of varieties.
+When taking samples and subsequently analyzing them, it will be necessary to distinguish among leaves, shoots, fruit bodies and tubers, since the accumulation properties of these organs generally vary for the different contaminants, and the contaminants also wind up being channeled into different food chains.
+Collection date: usual harvest date of the crop.
+3.1.2.7 Mosses and lichens on the ground and on rocks
+In the semihumid and subhumid central and northern parts of the puna, as well as in the vegetation zone above it, mosses and lichens occur frequently enough to be used as accumulative bioindicators. Because of their slow growth, their low growth form which closely follows the substrate on which they are found, and difficulties in distinguishing between the annual growth zones, it is rarely possible to draw conclusions on contaminant absorption from the soil or the air, or during a defined time span. Exceptions to this rule could be large-lobed foliose lichens (SCHWARTZMAN et al. 1987). Nevertheless, it is likely that some species with a high degree of resistance to heavy metals are able to accumulate and store increasing amounts of certain contaminants over lengthy periods of time. They could therefore be useful for determining the relative contamination of different parts of an area, an approach which has been successfully utilized in several investigations in densely
+populated parts of Europe and in the surroundings of metallurgical operations (mosses: CAMERON, NICKLESS 1977; MASCHKE 1981; RICHARDSON 1981; THOMAS 1981, 1983; lichens: ADDISSON, PUCKETT 1980; FOLKESON 1979; GARTY 1985; cryptogams in general: RASMUSSEN et al. 1980).
+Nothing is yet known, however, about the interrelationships between enrichment and washing out of substances; each of these processes is liable to vary depending on the substance under study, the plant species, its specific growth situation, and the climatic and weather conditions. For these reasons, the sampling procedures should be standardized as far as possible in order to obtain comparable data on accumulation rates.
+Collection dates. end of the rainy season (April to May) or end of the dry season (September to October).
+3.1.3 Exposure of barley culture pots (active monitoring)
+In order to ensure genuinely comparable accumulation conditions, genetically uniform and standardized plants must be raised. These are then exposed in the field along contamination gradients. In Central Europe, good results have been obtained with the grass Lolium multiflorum for study of accumulation of heavy metals, sulfur and fluorine (PRINZ, SCHOLL 1978; VDI 1978, 1979).
+In the semiarid to subhumid parts of the Andean plateau, it would probably be possible to use the variety of barley which is cultivated in those parts of the puna with the highest precipitation. There, it serves as a source of food for humans (grain) and animals (green fodder, straw). Care would have to be taken to make sure that uniform seed is used, since between 5 and 10 different varieties are cultivated on the Andean plateau.
+Similar to Lolium, the barley could be raised in pots in uniform soil, and then exposed in the field for several weeks to a few months. A sufficient water supply for a period of time could be secured by placing the pots on top of storage containers filled with water into which wicks lead (Fig. 9). The accumulated contaminants are determined at the end of the growing season. Because of the unfavorable growth conditions, it would probably not be necessary to utilize several overlapping, staggered exposure periods. The potted plants would also have to be protected from grazing and nibbling livestock, which could be done either within the established long-term study plots (section 3.3) or inside of fields where crops are grown in any case, since the herdsmen keep their animals out of them. The disadvantage of this is that it can interfere with random or systematic assignment of measuring points over a study area. The potted plants should not, however, be placed up high on posts
+as recommended for moss bags (section 3.1.1), since the microclimatic conditions there deviate too strongly from the natural situation close to the ground.
+3.1.4 Contaminant enrichment in the topsoil
+The vegetative cover of the Andean plateau is for the most part quite sparse (between 20 and 60%), as a result of which most of the emitted pollutants come into direct contact with the soil. Because of the extreme climatic conditions (in particular lack of water and warmth), most of the soils are poorly developed. Their humus content is low even in the uppermost few centimeters of soil, and rapidly approaches zero at greater depths. Here and there, however, soils with varying peat content have been able to develop on moist azonal sites (cf. section 3.2). The soils generally contain very small amounts of mineral nutrients. Depending on the degree of aridity or moistness of the climate, the soils have a tendency towards either superficial enrichment (due to rising vapor currents) or depletion (due to leaching) of readily soluble substances.
+Since heavy metals form particularly stable bonds with organic substances with high cation exchange capacities, and to some extent also with mineral cation exchangers (clay fractions and iron compounds), it is also to be expected that the highest heavy metal concentrations will be found in the top few millimeters to centimeters of the soil. As a consequence of this, the uppermost soil layer could provide information on the spatial distribution of contaminants in the area affected by a source, similar to the way in which passive plant bioindicators work. The drawback is that it would be impossible to draw any conclusions on the period of time during which accumulation has taken place.
+When selecting the comparable sampling sites, it is important that they fulfill the following criteria:
+- level terrain (so that neither soil loss nor soil deposition need be expected)
+- uniform vegetative cover in the surrounding area (no windward or leeward situation)
+- as far away as possible from plants which could shield out contaminants (a distance equal to at least 3 times the height of the plants)
+- certainty that the soil has not been ploughed or mixed by mechanical means over a long period of time; if possible, the length of this time should be known (large fossorial animals, e.g. burrowing mammals, arable plots fallowed).
+3.1.5 Mapping of contamination zones by means of damaged lichen vegetation
+In many densely populated areas in industrialized countries, mapping of lichen communities has been successfully applied for delimitation of zones with differing levels of contamination (Frankfurt, Saarbrukken, Stuttgart, Freiburg, the Ruhr, Netherlands, etc.). In general, SO2 emissions are regarded as having the greatest impact. Lichen maps would therefore be a useful aid for assessing the impact of this contaminant, which is exhausted into the environment by metallurgical operations along with the heavy metals.
+Lichens could also be used to demonstrate the injurious effects of heavy metal and fluorine contamination. It should be taken into consideration, however, that no definitive conclusions on the type and amount of specific contaminants can be drawn from a mapping without having first performed precise tests, usually by means of comparative experiments, to determine the reactions of individual species (KERSHAW 1985). This statement holds all the more true in view of the fact that, in addition to the impact of individual substances, synergistic effects can also be expected, and have indeed already been demonstrated in a few cases. Thus, mapping of zones around a source that offer varyingly favorable living conditions for lichens can only yield a general picture of the gradation of contamination levels. This could be very useful, however, in connection with preliminary studies to gain a general orientation.
+Many gaps still remain in our knowledge about the lichens of the Andean plateau. Fortunately, both in the Federal Republic of Germany and in other countries as well (United States, Great Britain) there are a number of expert lichenologists who could provide valuable assistance in identifying and classifying the lichens of the Andes. It is important for the field workers doing the actual collection to be able to distinguish among different species, however. In other words, a certain amount of basic knowledge is essential.
+In order to minimize the influence of differing lichen substrates, mappings of the type mentioned above have typically been restricted to epiphytic lichens growing on tree trunks. The difficulties associated with mapping of epilithic lichens have been repeatedly discussed in the literature (FEIGE 1982; HOPP, KAPPEN 1981). Since trees are fairly rare on the Andean plateau, in many cases growing only because of supplementary irrigation or on fenced-in plots, the study of epiphytic lichens does not enter into consideration at all. Stones and rocks bearing lichens occur widely, however, and are certainly also suitable substrates, since they are usually composed of low-pH minerals, and the products formed by their weathering or decomposition would not offset the deleterious effect of SO2, F and heavy metals. For study purposes, however, lichens would only be comparable that grow on mineralogically similar rock substrates.
+3.1.6 Animals as accumulative bioindicators (brief survey)
+Animals are also suited for evaluating contamination levels over time. Although they are not restricted to a single place like plants are, the radius of activity of individual species can usually be quite well defined and delimited. By selecting suitable species, different classes of animals (herbivores, firstorder and higher-order predators) can be used to study the concentration of contaminants up through food chains. A number of different phenomena make interpretation of the results very difficult, however, such as elimination processes that vary from substance to substance and species to species, unknown diversity or selectivity of food, differences in developmental patterns, etc. (see ELLENBERG jun., this volume).
+A relatively large number of studies has been carried out on accumulation of heavy metals in various classes of animals and animal organs in the vicinity of metallurgical plants (MUNSHOWER 1977; ROBERTS, JOHNSON 1978; UBA 1976, 1977, 1983). On the basis of these experiences and preliminary data which has been collected on the fauna of the central Bolivian plateau (HANAGARTH, FISEL 1983), the following classes of animals would appear to be suitable:
+- earthworms
+- ants
+- predatory insects of the order Hymenoptera
+- spiders
+- mice and other small mammals
+- birds
+- range livestock: kidneys for Cd, bones for F, livers for many heavy metals.
+3.1.7 Accompanying vegetation studies
+In the area around the sampling sites, the vegetation should be precisely studied and described with the aid of phytosociological surveys, in order to identify plants which are sensitive to contaminants. Each vegetation survey should include an overall list of all occurring species, as well as the following data on each plant species:
+- proportion of total phytomass
+- degree of vitality (expressed in terms of a 5-point scale)
+- quantity of flowers and/or fruits (expressed in terms of a 3-point scale)
+- proportion of young seedlings and juvenile plants
+- incidence of disease (e.g. rust in grasses)
+- injurious symptoms (discoloration or desiccation of leaves, etc.).
+Repeated occurrence of characteristic external signs of damage or reductions in the vitality of certain plant species should be closely observed. It is advisable to establish a herbarium for purposes of comparison.
+If possible, local residents should be asked if they have observed the decline of any pasture plants or damage to crop plants. For this purpose, it may be necessary to obtain the services of an interpreter who is fluent in Spanish and Aymara or Quechua.
+3.1.8 Accompanying soil studies
+Enrichment of heavy metals in the soil, their assimilation by vegetation, and their transport into deeper soil horizons are influenced by the following soil attributes:
+- organic matter content
+- chemical properties of the organic matter (degradability, C/N ratio, exchange capacity)
+- particle size distribution and composition (in particular the proportion and type of clay fractions)
+- pH value
+- concentrations of other cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg and other heavy metals)
+- total and available phosphates
+- concentration of oxides of Fe and Mn
+- water content and its fluctuations through time
+- maximum water capacity
+- intensity of small soil fauna activity - intensity of microorganism activity.
+Of the above-mentioned factors, the most important are pH value, the cation exchange capacity, the organic matter content, the concentrations of oxides of Fe and Mn present, and the availability of phosphates. These parameters should be measured at every sampling site, and not just on longterm study plots (section 3.3.6). It is possible to confine these measurements to the topsoil (0-5 cm) within the scope of a minimal program. In addition, however, at the very least the root zone should be studied. The presence of hardened or differently colored horizons can indicate layers of the soil profile in which pollutants have accumulated.
+3.1.9 Accompanying climatic studies
+All of the parameters dealt with above are dependent on general climatic and short term weather conditions. Because of this, at least in the vicinity of the source it is necessary to carry out climatic measurements so that the results of analysis can be interpreted in a more differentiated manner.
+As a rule, large mining operations operate their own weather stations, since their production depends on a sufficient supply of water. Because of this, it will probably be possible to set up supplementary measuring facilities that could be supervised and regularly monitored there.
+The weather stations should be equipped with protected recorders that continually register the following data:
+- air temperature
+- relative humidity
+- precipitation
+- wind direction
+- wind velocity
+- solar radiation (or at least the duration of sunlight)
+- soil temperature (at depths of 0-2, 5 and 50 cm).
+The best approach is to distribute stations throughout the area under study; these should continually measure precipitation and wind and record them in graphic form, so that local variations in precipitation events and wind intensities can be better evaluated. This is only feasible if it is possible to ensure regular checks and maintenance.
+<section>3.2 Studies of the regional history of contamination by means of peat profiles</section>
+In many of the areas which today are considered to contain ores of sufficient value to make extraction worthwhile, mining operations go back as far as prehistoric or colonial times. Over the course of the centuries, the preferred minerals, the volumes extracted, and the processing methods have continuously changed and evolved. These have in turn influenced the pollutants released into the environment and the patterns of their impact on the ecology of surrounding areas. It is often impossible to distinguish between the effects of pollutants which are being currently discharged and the impact of contaminants which accumulated long ago. It is therefore important to be familiar with the historical background of pollution in each individual case. On the Andean plateau, analysis of peat profiles would probably be a promising means of doing so.
+Throughout the Andean plateau - with the exception of the subarid to arid areas in the southwest - in the Andean to sub-Andean zones so-called "hard-cushion bogs" have formed, under some of which there are peat strata up to several meters thick. The species composition of peat-forming plant communities are not uniform. They depend on precipitation and evapotranspiration conditions, on temperatures, and on the composition and flow rates of spring waters (GUTTE 1980; RUTHSATZ 1977). In contrast to the bogs and moors of temperate climates, no mosses are involved in peat formation in the hardcushion bogs, but instead exclusively sedges, members of the Compositae and Plantaginaceae and other plant families. As a consequence, the peat generally contains a high proportion of large plant remains which do not readily decompose.
+In recent years, such peat deposits of the Andean plateau have been investigated both in Argentina (MARKGRAF 1983, 1984) and in Bolivia (GRAF 1979, 1981) using pollen analysis methods. The age of the various peat strata has also been determined using carbon- 14 dating. The data which these studies have yielded on the climatic and vegetational history of the Andean plateau are to a certain extent inconsistent, but nevertheless permit a relative temporal correlation of the peat strata. Studies of the heavy metal concentrations in such hardcushion bogs should always be accompanied and corroborated by pollen analysis of the corresponding peat horizons.
+Not all heavy metals are immobile enough in bogs and fens to be used as indicators of the contamination processes which were going on at the time the peat was being formed. The most suitable metal has been shown to be lead, and to a lesser extent also copper. In an acidic milieu, zinc is leached out in a downward direction, and it can also be extracted by plants as a micronutrient from deeper soil levels and thus accumulate in the growing plant cover (LIVETT et al. 1979). It would have to be studied whether these processes also apply to the hard-cushion bogs of the semiarid to subhumid Andean plateau.
+There is little reason to expect mobilization of heavy metals by particularly low pH values, since the Andean hard-cushion bogs rarely have pHs of less than 5. Nevertheless, most of these hard-cushion bogs dry out superficially during the dry season. The more arid the climate is, the more intensive is the upward movement of water during these months. In extreme cases, a salt crust can form on the surface. Such bogs would probably not be suited for studies of the kind required. Fortunately, wherever such salinization phenomena regularly occur this can be readily detected from the floristic composition of the living bog vegetation.
+When investigating these historical processes, the following aspects should be given consideration:
+- A comparison should be made between presumably unpolluted and polluted bogs.
+- Profiles should be selected for test purposes that are no longer directly exposed to flowing spring water, which can be subject to significant seasonal variations.
+- Parallel analyses of heavy metal and pollen contents should be carried out in the same peat strata.
+- Those physical parameters of the peat should be measured which can affect the mobility of the heavy metals: pH value, cation exchange capacity, the concentrations of other cations and oxides of Fe and/or Mn, and water-level variations in the peat profile.
+- The present bog vegetation should be studied to determine the concentrations of heavy metals it contains, separately for each species and plant organ (leaves, shoots, fruits, rhizomes).
+It appears difficult to assess the extent to which the structure of the peat has been influenced by the wild (vicuna) and domesticated (Hama, alpaca) members of the camel family that live in the Andes; their preferred grazing grounds are the bog areas. The habit which these animals have of leaving their feces at common defecation sites may have led to changes in the spatial distribution of heavy metals derived from atmospheric contamination.
+<section>3.3 Studies of the long-term effect of contamination on the agriculturally utilized ecosystems of the Andean plateau</section>
+3.3.1 Determination of plant biomass and primary production in natural pastures
+3.3.2 Determination of contaminant concentrations in major groups of plants
+3.3.3 Determination of the biomass and activity of soil microorganisms which play a major role in breakdown and decomposition of organic matter and mineralization of plant nutrients
+3.3.4 Determination of contaminant concentrations in the soil
+3.3.5 Studies of general soil properties (cf. section 3.1.8)
+3.3.6 Weather documentation during the study period and evaluation of whether the meteorological data collected are representative for the study area
+In addition to the short-term deleterious effects of contaminants on flora and fauna, the long-term effects of chronic pollution are also significant. One of the reasons behind the gradual decline of agricultural productivity on much of the Andean plateau is soil erosion provoked by overutilization (in particular overgrazing) (ELLENBERG 1979); locally, this decline is likely also being aggravated by contaminants discharged into the environment by mines and metallurgical operations. This is important, since the affected land represents the primary source of livelihood of the population of the Altiplano.
+Due to their generally low nutrient contents and, at least in the moister areas of the Andean plateau, predominant acidity, the soils there are readily affected by contaminants, and therefore highest priority must be attached to ascertaining the damage which this is causing to ecosystems.
+During the last several years, much discussion has focused internationally on approaches for studying the environmental effects of contaminants, and especially those of heavy metals (ELLENBERG et al. 1983; HUGHES, LEPP, PHILIPS 1980; MARTIN, COUGHTREY 1981; SHEEHAN et al. 1984). To be sure, ecosystem studies such as those which have been carried out within the scope of International Biological Programme (IBP) and MAB projects are only possible with enormous investments in terms of time and labor. But the Institute of Ecology in La Paz, at which Bolivian and German scientists are cooperating, has carried out investigations on the Andean plateau which can serve as a model of how it is possible, with limited means, to obtain useful information on the functioning of grazed and agriculturally utilized ecosystems (HANAGARTH, FISEL 1983). Similar investigations with long-term study plots could also shed light on the environmental impact of contaminants from mining and metallurgical
+operations. The ecosystem parameters chosen for study should fulfill the following criteria (ELLENBERG et al. 1983):
+- They should play a major role in the ecosystem concerned.
+- They should exhibit an adequate degree of constancy or follow a repeating annual pattern.
+- They should react sensitively to the contaminant concentrations which can be realistically expected.
+- They must be simple to measure and document with a sufficient degree of accuracy.
+Nothing is yet known about the tolerance to contaminants of the flora and fauna of the Andean plateau and the ecosystems characterized by them. Because of this, all investigations must be conducted on the basis of prior comparisons between unpolluted areas or areas that can be expected to have low contamination levels on the one hand, and more strongly polluted biotopes on the other. To this end, a number of parameters must be monitored over long periods on agriculturally utilized and nonutilized experimental plots. The most important parameters deserving of consideration are:
+- plant biomass and primary production
+- contaminant levels in those groups of plants which play an important role in the ecosystem and account for most of its primary production
+- biomass and population densities of fauna which play a major role in the disintegration and decomposition of living and dead organic matter
+- contaminant levels in animal populations that play a major role in the typical food chains of the Andean plateau
+- activity of soil microorganisms
+- contaminant levels in the soil profile
+- general soil attributes which have an important bearing on plant nutrition and metabolization and/or distribution of contaminants
+- weather conditions over the course of the year.
+When selecting and establishing the long term study plots, the following site types should be included:
+- for purposes of comparison, plots that can be assumed to have no, low, moderate and high contamination in the vicinity of a pollutant source
+- study plots on flatland sites with an accessible water table (the vegetation of which is heavily grazed, especially during the dry season)
+- study plots on sites with a very deep groundwater horizon and natural pastures typical of the region (usually dominated by low shrubs or bunch grasses)
+- study plots on currently farmed and fallow cropland.
+The long-term study plots should be sections (0.5 to 2 ha in size) of more extensive areas that have more or less uniform attributes throughout. Supplementary subplots (new ones each year) can also be fenced in and included in the study. At each site, one larger plot should be permanently fenced in so that the secondary plant succession which develops after grazing has ceased can be monitored. The studies discussed in greater detail below should be carried out at greater intervals, e.g. every 2 to 4 years, including on these "succession plots". Over the course of time, this should yield data that will illuminate the influence of grazing, the vegetation and the pollution situation on the Andean plateau. The gradual changes in the plant cover could be charted by means of detailed annual phytosociological surveys.
+3.3.1 Determination of plant biomass and primary production in natural pastures
+The net primary production of the affected ecosystems is the starting point for diverse food chains. It can serve as an indicator of the extent of nutrient recycling and recharging. That portion of the biomass of the Andean plateau pasture ecosystems which survives the dry season is not great, and essentially comprises the following categories:
+- evergreen and deciduous low shrubs (10100 cm)
+- shoot and leaf bases of perennial grasses and herbaceous plants
+- rhizomes and roots of all perennial plants.
+During the dry season, when there is a general shortage of forage, the grazing livestock is forced to depend exclusively on this remaining phytomass for its nourishment, and the animals then also eat plants and plant parts which they avoid during the rainy season. Especially the woody plants are affected by this; in other words, parts of their shoots are also able to pass on contaminants to domestic animals. The amount of intact plant biomass at any given time is largely dependent on the intensity of grazing, and as a rule is significantly smaller than that which the sites are potentially able to sustain. It is nevertheless important for identifying the annual production rate.
+When choosing the collection method for determination of biomass and net primary production, the usual rhythms of utilization of the vegetation by the local population and livestock should serve as a model. Biomass and production can only be determined on plots which livestock is prevented from entering. Of course, this is also likely to gradually change the contamination situation, since the plant cover becomes increasingly dense once browsing by livestock has been eliminated. To compensate for this, new subplots must be fenced in each year.
+In order to obtain an initial rough picture of production conditions in the pasturelands of the Andean plateau, it is sufficient to determine aerial biomass and net primary production. The second step is to estimate the subterranean production of those plant species which are most important in terms of volume; this is done on sample plots. In semiarid areas, the shoot/root ratio is usually clearly
+shifted in the direction of increased root biomass. The roots and rhizomes, in addition to uptake of nutrients and water, also play a major role as storage organs.
+3.3.2 Determination of contaminant concentrations in major groups of plants
+In order to reconstruct the ways in which contaminants are accumulated and transported or passed on in the ecosystems, their concentrations in the various ecosystem compartments must be measured. The choice of which compartments to study should be governed by the following criteria:
+- the primary distribution pathway (air, precipitation, floodwater, etc.) and the points within the ecosystem which are first affected (leaves, topsoil, groundwater, etc.)
+- biological metabolization of the contaminant and its transport and spread by chemical and/or physical processes
+- the principal food chains in the ecosystem - the ways in which the ecosystem is utilized by human beings
+- weather-related ways in which transport, spread, distribution, reactions and metabolization of contaminants change over the course of the year.
+It is important to know the contaminant concentrations in individual plants and/or plant parts so that the physical, chemical and biological processes which the pollutants are subjected to in the affected ecosystem can be derived (ROBERTS, JOHNSON 1978; VETTER et al. 1974). The soil also plays a major role in this context.
+For orientation purposes, initially the contaminant concentrations in the following compartments should be determined:
+- leaves and/or shoot apices of dominant plant species:
+- Summergreen deciduous woody plants, perennial and annual herbaceous plants in the middle (January/February) and at the end (April/May) of the growing season.
+- evergreen woody plants and facultatively evergreen herbaceous plants in the middle and at the end of the growing season, as well as at the end (September/October) of the dry season
+- roots and rhizomes of dominant plant species:
+In the middle and at the end of the growing season, as well as at the end of the dry sea son (a standard root diameter must be established for the samples).
+- Fruits and seeds of dominant plant species which play an important role in the food chains:
+in each case at the times when they would presumably be eaten by animals
+- branches and twigs of the dominant shrubs:
+in the middle and at the end of the growing season, as well as at the end of the dry season (the sampling sites and diameter and age of the samples must be standardized)
+- plant liner:
+at the beginning and at the end of the dry season, provided that sufficient representative material is available for sampling.
+3.3.3 Determination of the biomass and activity of soil microorganisms which play a major role in breakdown and decomposition of organic matter and mineralization of plant nutrients
+In the long term, the production of an ecosystem is determined principally by the rate at which dead organic material is mineralized and recycled, its nutrients being made available to the plants again. A number of animals, bacteria and fungi play a major part in this process. The corresponding recycling rates and the seasonal variations to which they are subject must be studied on-site. The data thus obtained are the best reflection of the dynamic processes taking place in the ecosystem. These fluctuate widely from year to year, since they are influenced by weather conditions. It is therefore essential for comparisons between polluted and unpolluted ecosystems to be performed on study plots that can be expected to have the same weather patterns, i.e. that are located close together. In practice, it may be difficult to fulfill this prerequisite.
+With the aid of standardized laboratory studies, the conditions observed in the field can be compared with the potential performance - under optimum or typical conditions - of the various classes of organisms. This approach does not permit realistic simulation of actual weather-related variations in open country, however.
+Since each of these approaches has its merits and drawbacks, tried-and-proven methods of both should initially be applied to test the usefulness of the data they yield. The aspects which can be studied for this purpose include the nutrient mineralization processes themselves (i.e. production of NO3-N and NH4-N), the activity of the involved enzymes (urease, phosphatase, etc.), the rates of decomposition of artificially introduced organic substances (e.g. cellulose), and the respiratory activity associated with these processes (CO2 production). The following investigations enter into consideration:
+A. In the field:
+- nitrogen mineralization over the course of the year
+- soil respiration over the course of the year
+- cellulose decomposition during the growing season.
+B. Laboratory incubation experiments under optimized conditions (usually 20 - 25 ºC, 60% soil water capacity):
+- nitrogen mineralization
+- soil respiration
+- enzyme activity: urease, catalase, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, etc.
+- decomposition of cellulose.
+Relevant methods are described in the following publications: BECK 1986; GERLACH 1973; ISERMAYER 1952; RUNGE 1970; SALM 1983B; STEUBING, KUNZE 1980.
+3.3.4 Determination of contaminant concentrations in the soil
+In polluted areas, contaminants reach the soil either directly or indirectly by way of the plant cover and the litter formed by castoff plant parts; they tend to accumulate primarily in the humic topsoil. Depending on their chemical properties and the attributes of the plant roots, from there they can be reabsorbed by the plants and transported into their shoots. Soil fauna and microorganisms are also exposed to them to a greater or lesser extent. The soil usually has a very large storage capacity for contaminants of low solubility, thus entrapping them for long periods of time in the topsoil with its intense biological activity.
+In spite of the fact that many of these substances remain relatively inaccessible and not readily available for assimilation and metabolization by living organisms, it is nonetheless of vital importance to know about this reservoir. Grazing animals ingest the contaminants not only indirectly from the forage plants which they feed on, but also directly as a consequence of their consuming large quantities of soil along with the fodder (THORNTON, ABRAHAMS 1983). The latter pathway of contaminant transport is likely to play an especially great role during the dry season. Suitable study approaches have already been discussed above in section 3.1.4.
+3.3.5 Studies of general soil properties (cf. section 3.1.8)
+The production of the plant cover, as well as accumulation and availability of contaminants in the soil, are dependent on a large number of physical and chemical soil properties. These must be thoroughly studied on every sample plot used, to permit meaningful interpretation of the data from sample plots with different pollution levels which has been obtained using the methods described in sections 3.3.1 through 3.3.6.
+As an absolute minimum, the following parameters of the soil horizon corresponding to the root zone should be determined (MOORE, CHAPMAN 1986; SCHEFFER, SCHACHTSCHABEL 1976; SCHLICHTING, BLUME 1966):
+- pH value
+- proportion of organic matter - C/N ratio
+- ration exchange capacity and base saturation of the fine soil
+- plant-available nutrients: P, K, Ca, Mg - total nutrients: P, N
+- concentrations of oxides of Fe and Mn - water storage capacity
+- particle size distribution, at the very least determination of the clay fraction
+- concentration of salts: e.g. NaCl, CaSO[4].
+If possible, some of those soil properties which vary according to the amount of water present in the soil should be studied at the beginning and in the middle of the rainy season, as well as at the end of the dry season. This would make it much easier to assess the range of annual variations.
+3.3.6 Weather documentation during the study period and evaluation of whether the meteorological data collected are representative for the study area
+In semiarid areas, plant production is crucially influenced by the weather over the course of the growing season. Besides the amount and distribution of precipitation, temperature patterns are also highly significant on the Andean plateau. For assessment of the environmental impact of different contaminants, data on wind directions and intensities are also required. Since the weather can vary considerably from year to year, as a rule a single test series will be insufficient to provide reliable information on the mean climatic conditions prevailing in a study region. Data from test series lasting just a few years can only be correctly evaluated by comparison with long-term measurement data recorded by nearby weather stations.
+The following aspects are absolutely essential for inclusion in test programs and accompanying climatic studies:
+- monitoring of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity throughout the year 2 m above the ground and at ground level (using a thermo-hygrograph in a protected test station)
+- monitoring of precipitation over the course of the year, using standardized recording equipment
+- monitoring over the course of the year of soil temperatures at the ground surface and in the root zone with the aid of electronic equipment which permits continuous measurement and recording of data.
+If possible, it would also be useful to monitor the following parameters over the course of the year:
+- air temperature and relative humidity at the height of the plant cover
+- wind velocity and direction at the top height of the plant cover (relevant for determination of pollution levels)
+- solar radiation at the height of the plant cover
+- the ozone burden of the ambient air at the height of the plant cover
+- soil moisture in the root zone of the plant cover.
+All of the meteorological measuring equipment should be installed in such a way that the collected data can be unambiguously correlated with the various long-term study plots.
+<section>3.4 Time frame of study programs</section>
+After selecting one single important or several typical pollutant sources, the first step must be to establish the concentrations of the various contaminants present in the environment. A complete annual cycle is necessary in order to select appropriate objects, sampling dates and analytical methods, which are then tested during the following 2 to 3 years in the entire study area.
+In the second, or at the latest in the third, year the sites for establishment of the longterm observation plots should be selected. The sites must fulfill the following criteria:
+- They must be representative of the affected natural habitat and current utilization of
+- They must be representative of certain pollution situations.
+- They must be accessible at all times of the year.
+- Each one should be located close to a village community prepared to cooperate in the investigation.
+The amount of time which will be required to initiate and develop the required contacts should not be underestimated. A time frame of at least 4 to 6, preferably 8 to 10 years, should be planned for the observations and measurements on the long-term observation plots.
+<section>3.5 Required scientific and technical infrastructure in the field and in the country where studies are being performed</section>
+In order for studies of the type described here to be considered a genuine success, they must lead to action on the part of local authorities, institutions and decision-making bodies. It is therefore absolutely essential to carry out all planning and implementation of measures jointly with state universities, research institutions and/or other organizations, as well as with the affected industries and landowners. If good relations with these parties are established and maintained, it will be possible to utilize the facilities of all of the participating institutions. At the very least, the following prerequisites must be fulfilled:
+- use of a cross-country vehicle capable of hauling large amounts of materials and/or equipment
+- permanent accommodations in the field or a nearby settlement (with electricity, water, refrigerator, work tables, drying oven, etc.)
+- collaboration of an institution which has a well-equipped laboratory for studies of soil chemistry and plant ecology, and trained staff (for performing large series of routine studies)
+- use of an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) for determination of trace element concentrations.
+<section>4. Summary</section>
+The aim of the present study is to point out the possibilities and limitations of the use of biological indicators - for the most part plants - for environmental monitoring in connection with mining and metallurgical operations on the central Andean plateau (Southern Peru - Bolivia- Northern Argentina).
+First, the role played by mining and metallurgical operations in the social and economic structure of the study area is explained. The population of the Andean plateau lives primarily from agricultural practices of the subsistence type. A loss of value in the soil (cropland and pastureland) and water, the major production factors, cannot, as a rule, be offset by cost-intensive maintenance and fertilization measures. Mining and processing of ores cannot be dispensed with by the countries involved, since they represent a means for improving the income base of the highlands population and are also a source of much-needed foreign exchange. On the other hand, mines and metallurgical operations are known sources of pollution, particularly of heavy metals, gaseous (SO2, HF) pollutants and other toxic substances (e.g. arsenic). The ways in which these contaminants are transported through the air and via aquatic systems are discussed, as well as their possible environmental impact as
+a result of accumulation and concentration in food chains, thus reducing the productivity of agriculturally utilized areas; these aspects are examined within the context of the central Andean plateau and illustrated by information supplied by members of the affected population.
+As far as is known to the authors, no data is presently available from studies of the amount and composition of contaminant mixtures discharged by mining and metallurgical operations in the Andes. Neither does any information exist on the distribution of these contaminants and their impact on flora, fauna, and human health. In view of the situation, a number of general guidelines and principles for determining the environmental impact of pollution are discussed prior to presenting a concrete test program. Gaps in our knowledge about the specific situation as regards the transport and environmental impact of pollutants and possibilities for use of biological monitoring in the Andean highlands are pointed out and discussed.
+On the basis of several vegetation studies carried out in the Andean highlands of Bolivia and Argentina and the large body of information which has been published on the use of biological indicators for assessment of the environmental impact of pollutants, the authors have elaborated a study program. This program is presented here.
+It is recommended that researchers proceed according to the following steps:
+1. selection of representative polluted areas;
+2. determination of spatial pollution gradients for the contaminants under study by mapping the contaminant concentrations of highly pollutant-resistant plant species and the topsoil;
+3. study of the vegetation along pollution gradients to assess the degree of damage to or complete absence of contaminant-sensitive plants (higher plants and lichens);
+4. determination of contaminant concentrations in pasture and crop plants, these being the primary producers in food chains that, directly or indirectly, provide nourishment for human beings;
+5. determination of heavy-metal concentrations in the peat strata of "hard-cushion bogs" to obtain information on the historical development of contamination in polluted areas;
+6. establishment and monitoring of longterm observation plots with varying pollution intensities with respect to long-term damage to pasture ecosystems by heavy-metal contamination. The main focus here is on primary plant production and investigation of the decomposition and mineralization processes which organic substances undergo in the soil, and of the involved organisms. Animals are not considered here. Nevertheless it is necessary to investigate the impacts of heavy metals on food chains, at least via grazing animals to humans.
+It would appear to be necessary, useful and feasible to carry out biological monitoring programs to investigate the environmental contamination caused by the mining industry in the Andean highlands. Nonetheless, because of the lack of relevant information on this part of the world, it is recommended that a preliminary study first be carried out in a selected sample area before planning more comprehensive projects.
+It is absolutely necessary to cooperate with public research institutions, mining companies and the affected landowners. Only in this way can it be ensured that the scientific data and results yielded by such studies will culminate in concrete action being taken to control contaminant discharge and protect the affected population.
+<section>References</section>
+ADDISSON, P.A. and K.J. PUCKETT, 1980. Deposition of atmospheric pollutants as measured by lichen element content in the Athabasca oil sands area. Can. J. Bot. 58.
+ADRIANO, D.C., 1986. Trace elements in the terrestrial environment. New York.
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+<section>Bioindicators and biomonitors in aquatic ecosystems with special attention to potential applications in developing countries</section>
+by Rainer Bretthauer
+Dedicated to
+H.-J. Elster
+in honor of his 80th birthday
+<section>0. Abstract</section>
+In this article, biological water evaluation techniques are discussed in the light of their development and their current practical applications, illustrated by examples. A distinction is made between use of bioindicators, i. e. water quality evaluation with the saprobic classification system, and methods that make use of biomonitors or monitor species, i. e. species that assimilate and accumulate contaminants. The question as to the transferability of the methods used widely in Europe and North America to developing countries is examined and in general positively assessed.
+<section>1. The context</section>
+As the population of the world grows, human beings are placing ever-increasing demands on their environment. This also applies to the earth's bodies of water: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers. Water is not just used for drinking. In the "developed" countries enormous environmental problems have already been caused by contamination of bodies of water with excrete and substances used in agriculture (such as mineral fertilizers and pesticides), as well by the adverse effects of industrial activities, namely chemical pollutants such as heavy metals and organic compounds, and thermal pollution caused by the discharge of heated cooling water. Under the climatic and other conditions of the subtropics and tropics, increasing industrialization and population growth are leading to particularly serious problems of this kind, although they are often not recognized as such for lack of appropriate investigational means. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that numerous industrial
+production facilities are being shifted, for cost-related reasons, from the "developed countries" to parts of the world in which wages are lower and less stringent environmental legislation exists. Moreover, many of these countries do not have sufficient financial resources for implementation of measures to combat water pollution.
+71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, but fresh water- vital for human beings, animals and plants - accounts for only 0.6% of the planet's total water volume. The industrialized nations of Central Europe are situated in a climatically favorable zone, as a result of which they generally have a generous supply of water at their disposal. They also possess the technological know-how and economic resources required to supply drier areas with water from regions that enjoy a surplus. By contrast, many of the developing countries are located in parts of the world with low precipitation levels and/or long dry seasons, where water is inherently a scarce commodity. Rivers or lakes that carry water all the year round are thus rare in these countries. And "rivers and lakes that carry low water volumes", especially if subject to seasonal variations, "are characterized by a greater susceptibility to pollution" (1).
+Both fresh and salt water also form the habitats for innumerable organisms that play a role in human nutrition, such as seaweed, shellfish, crabs and fish, just to name a few. In Europe and North America, years ago impaired health and reproductive disorders were observed in aquatic animals and animal species that derive their sustenance from the water (2). The causes were discovered to be contaminants in the water, such as organochlorines, e.g. DDT and other insecticides, and organic heavy metal compounds, e.g. methyl mercury, which had been assimilated by the animals via their skin and respiratory systems or through food chains with associated concentration (biomagnification). In Japan heavy metal accumulation in marine animals has caused health problems in human beings who have eaten them, in some cases quite severe, and even led to fatalities (as in the so-called Minamata and Itai-ltai diseases) (3). Nonetheless, these discoveries represented only the beginning: a large
+number of other contaminants were subsequently diagnosed and their dispersal paths identified.
+In addition to restrictions in the utilization of water bodies as sources of drinking water or otherwise, contamination of fresh water and marine water can also have a multitude of indirect deleterious effects on human beings. It is therefore of overriding importance to find and improve means of monitoring the quality of water and bodies of water as well as, if called for, changes in their pollution levels and of evaluating these factors, possibly combined with predictions for the future, in order to remedy and/or prevent harm to human beings and their environment.
+<section>2. Means of detecting water pollution</section>
+Even theoretically it would be impossible to keep all contaminants out of all water everywhere; even without human influences contamination of bodies of water has always occurred and will continue to occur. To take an example, we need only think of the compounds which can be formed in lakes under certain conditions, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which causes most of the organisms within the affected zone to die off, or at the very least causing oxidophilic organisms to avoid such polluted aquatic environments. If there is excessive introduction of allochthonous organic matter and/or in-situ production of organic substances, hydrogen sulfide is formed, for instance on the bottom of lakes, when the oxygen content is no longer sufficient for mineralization of organic materials by aerobic processes. Studies of the earth's history have revealed that water pollution of this kind has often happened even without human beings playing a role. The question here is, what possibilities
+are available for detecting temporary and longerlasting positive and negative changes in water bodies? What possibilities exist for identifying and, if possible, predicting latent and acute threats caused by water pollution and thus of offering means of dealing with or warding off these threats? Science is only capable of providing the know-how and tools. Conflicts of interests often lead to these warnings and indications being ignored, as is shown by the example of the salinization of the Nile delta and the resulting drastic decline in Egyptian marine fishery yields caused by the construction of the Aswan Dam. These repercussions were predicted by scientists of repute, but were ignored by the decision makers. The rerouting of the Nile in Sudan and the laying dry of the Sudd (the "Jongley Canal" project) would have had catastrophic effects for the population living there if they had not succeeded in preventing this measure at the last moment. That the industrialized nations
+are also still burdened by problems of this sort is illustrated by the example of the Rhine. The quality of the water flowing in the Rhine has improved since the report of the Council of Experts for Environmental Issues (Rat von Sachverstandigen fur Umweltfragen) (4) in the Federal Republic of Germany, but it is still far from satisfactory. Heavy metal contamination of the river even seems to be increasing again. However, this fact does not relieve us of our responsibility to warn the developing countries of the dangers of water pollution and to call attention to means of detecting and avoiding such pollution. This of course also includes the provision of training and technological know-how.
+<section>2.1 General review of assessment procedures and definitions</section>
+2.1.1 Physical and chemical water analysis
+2.1.2 Biological evaluation of water pollution
+2.1.2.1 Evaluation of water pollution with the aid of bioindicators
+2.1.2.2 Evaluation of water pollution with the aid of biomonitors
+2.1.3 Remote sensing
+It would go beyond the scope of this paper to present here an exhaustive discussion of all possibilities which are available for the use of bioindicators and biomonitors in aquatic ecosystems. Instead, in the following I will attempt to provide a number of positive and negative examples in order to call attention to methods which are used in the Federal Republic of Germany. I will therefore devote a considerable amount of space to the so-called "saprobity system" for classification of water pollution. To begin with, however, a brief review of the different types of evaluative procedures is in order. These are:
+1. Physical and chemical water analysis
+2. Biological procedures based on the use of
+a) Bioindicators
+b) Biomonitors
+3. Remote sensing
+2.1.1 Physical and chemical water analysis
+With the aid of physical and chemical analysis techniques, it is possible to obtain information on the condition of water at the place and time that samples are taken. Depending on the quality of the investigatory methods used and the number of parameters studied, more or less useful data are yielded on the quality of the water at that point in time. How accurate and detailed the results must be naturally depends on the purposes for which analyses are performed (see also Chapter 3). In order to obtain more precise data, repeated analyses are necessary; these can even be aimed at identifying changes during the course of a single day.
+A program conducted by the state of Baden Wuerttemberg is a good example: along certain flowing waters, above all in the navigable portion of the Neckar River, measurement stations were installed with devices for continuous collection of water samples and regular monitoring of their chemical composition (Figure 1) (5). A number of parameters are measured, including the amounts present of organic carbon, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate and oxygen, as well as the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). By means of additional tests, it is of course also possible to obtain additional information, for example on the concentrations of toxic substances. As is to be expected, continuous taking of samples and performance of analyses are associated with high technical, financial and labor inputs. The costs incurred grow with the number of samples taken and the range of substances, which are tested for. Even the industrialized countries can only afford to do this within certain
+limits, as can be seen in Figure 1. Nevertheless, within the scope of major technical projects in developing countries it could be useful to carry out similar sample-taking and analysis programs here and there for monitoring purposes. This would have to be decided upon in each individual case.
+For physical and chemical water analysis, the methods described in the following sections can be used. They are based on many years of experience, have been modified in accordance with the most recent scientific insights and discoveries, and continue to be developed further on an ongoing basis (713).
+2.1.2 Biological evaluation of water pollution
+Living organisms make certain demands on their environment, i.e. they are dependent on certain factors or groups of factors and their qualitative and quantitative configurations. Based on this observation, in Central Europe it is possible, for example, to classify the different regions of flowing waters (streams and rivers) on the basis of their dominant fish species; here, the primary factors of relevance are temperature, oxygen content, and flow. The uppermost region, for example, is characterized by cold, oxygenrich water populated by trout (Salmo trutta); this is referred to as the trout zone. At the opposite end of the spectrum is the bream zone in the lower courses of major rivers where the current velocity is greatly reduced, the water temperature is high in the summer, and the oxygen content is low. This zone is characterized by bream (Ahramis brama).
+Over 140 years ago the first observations were published according to which domestic sewage is capable of changing the natural population patterns of flowing waters. The mechanisms of this change were not immediately understood, however. The important thing is that even then, as today, the ability of living organisms to react positively or negatively to changes in their environment was observed and made use of. Today the fact is also taken advantage of that many organisms are able to assimilate and sometimes accumulate substances present in the water.
+2.1.2.1 Evaluation of water pollution with the aid of bioindicators
+A short, precise and comprehensive definition of the concept of "bioindicators" is given by ELLENBERG, sent (14) with which I fully agree: "A bioindicator is a related group or community of organisms whose occurrence or an easily observed behavioral trait can be so closely correlated with certain environmental conditions that it can be utilized as a pointer or quantitative test." (see 15)
+In other words, when evaluating water pollution with the aid of bioindicators the circumstance is taken advantage of that organisms react to changes in their environment; these reactions can take the form of growth and/or increased population density, modified activity, reduced growth, a decline in population. or even death. Depending on their degree of complexity, size, generation time and other factors, organisms or different species react faster or slower. Most bacteria adapt very quickly to environmental changes. Protozoa and algae take longer, and insects - many of which live for a year or longer as larvae in the same aquatic environment - require correspondingly longer to react to positive changes in their surroundings. As a rule, organisms with longer generation times respond also more quickly to negative changes - if they exceed the limits of what is tolerable - for instance by migrating to zones with satisfactory living conditions or by dying. Depending on the time
+which bioindicators or indicator organisms spend in a body of water, they are subjected to the prevailing environmental conditions and any changes in them. That means that, as members of a related group of organisms or biological community, in contrast to physical or chemical analysis they integrate and reflect environmental conditions (and possible changes) over an extended period of time. Consequently, critical evaluation of the species compositions of a biocoenosis can yield sufficient data on the situation of a body of water and the range of fluctuations which the environmental conditions experience over a lengthy period of time. It is upon this recognition that the systems are based which are used in Germany for evaluation of aquatic ecosystems with the aid of bioindicators, foremost among them the saprobity system.
+2.1.2.2 Evaluation of water pollution with the aid of biomonitors
+As will be discussed in greater depth below (Chapter 3), relatively few organisms occur in aquatic habitats that are capable of indicating specific substances contained in the water. Because of this, in recent years more extensive use has been made of the ability of organisms to assimilate certain contaminants, such as heavy metals or pesticides, etc., through their gills or skin or in the food they eat and to accumulate it in their bodies. It has been possible to identify the above mentioned substances in such organisms just like in terrestrial organisms (cf. 2, 16). Such species are generally referred to as cumulative indicators (17), but will be called biomonitors or monitor organisms here. Biomonitors are also used for assessing brackish and marine water, in other words for waters for which it has not yet been possible to develop a "saprobity system". In addition, there are other organisms that can provide information on the kind and/or concentration of contaminants;
+these are the so-called reactive indicators, in this paper referred to as bioindicators. To name a few examples: Metopus es, a ciliate, is a useful indicator species for hydrogen sulfide. Gnathonemus petersi, a fish belonging to the family of the Mormyridae, can be utilized for indication of certain toxic substances; in their presence it changes the electric discharges it emits (18). Such organisms can also be used for evaluation of drinking water ( 19).
+2.1.3 Remote sensing
+Aerial photography can yield qualitative and quantitative information on changes in environmental conditions. The studies of this type which have been performed on the expansion of dry regions (examples: Sahara, Sahel) are well-known. Changes in the condition of large bodies of water can be detected in the same way.
+<section>3. Biological assessment</section>
+"Biological water analysis can always be applied, regardless of whether the harmful wastewater is still present at the moment or not. The analyzed community of plants and animals provides an average value for the composition of the water which has flowed over them during a lengthy period of time. The chemist, by contrast, is obliged to directly obtain samples of the wastewater causing the contamination. In most cases, the biologist can obtain an average value with only one single study, while the chemist must repeatedly take samples. For this reason, biological evaluation of a body of water can usually be done much quicker than chemical analysis; and biological analysis is thus always much cheaper than chemical analysis." (20)
+If it is wished to study the impact of contaminants on biological conditions in the water, in other words in connection with all questions related to fisheries and water hygiene, then biological water analysis is definitely to be preferred. (21 )
+Nonetheless, biological water analysis is suitable for determining whether a given wastewater source contains substances which are harmful to organisms, but is incapable of identifying these substances. In general, only chemical analysis can reveal the nature of the contaminants; bioindicators are known for only a small number of substances, including hydrogen sulfide, iron and sodium chloride. (21 )
+Decayable plant and animal substances, and others as well, have been accumulating on the earth's surface and in its waters for millions of years. Over the course of time, living organisms have adjusted and adapted to these. As a result, so-called indicator species exist for hydrogen sulfide, iron, manganese, sodium chloride and others. The - geologically speaking - relatively short period of time during which "artificial" water contamination has occurred, namely ranging from decades to a few centuries, has been insufficient to give rise to such adaptations. "In other words, while 'natural' types of contaminations are positively characterized by the occurrence of certain 'indicators' or by enhanced growth of certain water organisms at the cost of others, these 'strictly cultural' pollutants are negatively characterized by more or less complete obliteration of the community of organisms that inhabit clean water". (21)
+Consequently, no "indicators" exist for sulfite cellulose, phenols, organochlorines, and the like. When anorganic pollutants, such as heavy metals, or nondecayable organic wastes (see above) are introduced into a body of water, their impact can usually only be measured in terms of their ability to destroy the living organisms present.
+<section>3.1 Saprobic systems: evaluative techniques involving indicator organisms and related methods</section>
+3.1.1 Historical background
+3.1.2 Criticisms and counterarguments
+3.1.3 Water quality evaluation using LAWA criteria
+3.1.4 Indicators of the salinity of inland waters
+3.1.5 Macrophytes as indicators of the ecochemical composition of fresh waters
+3.1.6 "Coupling analysis"
+3.1.7 The"species deficit" method
+3.1.8 Biological-ecological water analysis (of flowing waters) using the DEV method (87)
+3.1.9 Depiction of results
+3.1.10 Special applications of biological water analysis for surveys of water pollution in the Federal Republic of Germany
+3.1.11 The R-P-C system and BIP
+3.1.12 Evaluation of standing waters
+3.1.13 Drinking water
+3.1.14 Application of biological water evaluation methods in developing countries (questions, problems, possibilities)
+Biological water analysis methods are primarily based on changes in biocoenoses caused by contamination with decayable organic matter. After organic substances are introduced into a body of water, they are attacked by organisms and integrated into the ecosystem's chemical metabolism. Decomposers (e.g. bacteria and fungi) break down the organic matter into anorganic compounds which can be used in turn by producers (e.g. algae, etc.). Consumers utilize decomposers and flora as food. As originally stressed by KOLKWITZ and MARSSON (22, 23) and confirmed by other investigators (20, 24-26), biological water analysis must focus not on the individual organisms, but on the biological community as a whole, i. e. the biocoenosis. Within this, all possible rates of response to changes in the environment are exhibited, ranging from bacteria and protista to higher aquatic plants and animals. "Depending on whether it is wished to investigate the effects of pollution which has only begun
+recently or dates back much farther, attention will necessarily focus from case to case on lower or higher organisms for the overall biological assessment." (20)
+According to SCHWOERBEL (27), biological analysis of polluted bodies of water is particularly valuable for determining:
+1. The current extent of pollution.
+2. The capacity for biological self-purification, which cannot be properly ascertained by any chemical method.
+3. Whether or not a situation of biocoenotic imbalance exists.
+In flowing waters in their natural state, productivity - i.e. plant life - is usually at a low level. This applies particularly to the upper courses of streams. These zones are generally largely heterotrophic, in other words populated by organisms that derive the energy they require from organic matter. This organic material is for the most part allochthonous, i.e. of external origin, such as fallen leaves and substances collected from the stream's catchment area. The longer a stream is, the larger is the catchment area which it drains and consequently also the quantities of allochthonous organic matter entering it. For the same reason, the amount of decayable organic matter, and with it the contamination or saprobity level, is naturally greater downstream than upstream. Correspondingly, the number of heterotrophic organisms is also smaller in the upper areas, especially since tree litter does not decompose quickly. If this situation is changed by the addition of wastewater,
+more food is available to the decomposers; they can reproduce at a faster rate, occupy more space, and induce further changes in the ecosystem. For instance, they utilize oxygen and release decay products. At the same time, the decomposers are the food of numerous consumers which, as soon as the abiotic environmental conditions permit, increase in number. As more and more organic matter is broken down, increasing amounts of nutrients are released into the water which can be utilized by autotrophic organisms. This overall process is referred to as selfpurification. As a result of the changing nutrient and food situation, in both polluted and unpolluted rivers a characteristic longitudinal succession of biocoenoses develops. This succession can be utilized to identify the condition of lotic ecosystems, and saprobic or saprobiont classification systems have been formulated on this basis.
+3.1.1 Historical background
+Over 140 years ago, KOLENATI (28) and COHN (29) made the discovery that the occurrence of certain species is associated with the purity or contamination of bodies of water. Then, in 1870, COHN (30) undertook the first attempt to classify aquatic organisms as indicators for water quality. He assigned organisms to 3 different classes related to the degree of water contamination. About 30 years later, one of his pupils (31) described a microscopic water analysis approach that utilized 4 different categories of organisms. LAUTERBORN (32, 33) then conducted studies which laid the foundation for subsequent work. At about the same time, KOLKWITZ and MARSSON (34) addressed this issue, coining the term of"saprobe" (German: Saprobier; also known as saprobiont) to refer to the indicator organisms discussed here. They initially distinguished three levels of self-purification:
+1. Polysaprobic zone= predominantly reducing processes
+2. Mesosaprobic zone = partly reducing decomposition, with oxidizing processes dominating
+3. Oligosaprobic zone = exclusively oxidizing processes
+At this point it should be mentioned that the term chosen to designate the third level is in reality a misnomer. The Greek word sapros (litere suspecte - grecesti sdflghadfklghasdfklgh) means "rotten, rancid", yet by definition only oxidizing processes take place in this zone, and consequently no decayable substances can be present (see also 66).
+Soon afterwards, the same authors (22, 23) made a further distinction by dividing the mesosaprobic zone into the alpha mesosaprobic zone, where the water is more highly contaminated, and the beta mesosaprobic zone, with only mildly contaminated water. They also added a fifth level in the form of the katharobic zone, with absolutely clean water. Making use of about 800 plant and animal saprobionts, they formulated a saprobic classification system:
+Grossly polluted = polysaprobic zone (p)
+Heavily polluted = alpha mesosaprobic zone (am)
+Moderately polluted = beta mesosaprobic zone (ßm)
+Scarcely polluted = oligosaprobic zone (o)
+Completely unpolluted = katharobic zone (k)
+LAUTERBORN (35) provided detailed data on an even larger list of organisms, including ecological and physiological information. KOLKWITZ later (36, 37) revised the saprobic system, defining the various levels as follows: characterized by chemical reduction (p), incipient oxidation decay (am), predominant oxidation (ßm), and total oxidation (o). Finally, intermediate levels were introduced: polysaprobic/alpha mesosaprobic, alpha mesosaprobic/beta mesosaprobic, and beta mesosaprobic/oligosaprobic. Every species listed in the saprobic system is also represented in one or more neighboring zones. The numbers of species and individuals are used to draw conclusions on the extent of pollution. LIEBMANN (20, 38) carried the saprobic system developed by KOLKWITZ and MARSSON even further. Taking advantage of the work of other investigators (39-42), he improved its practical usefulness by reducing the number of indicator species to about 260 and adding ecological data. He also
+introduced special indicator species for hydrogen sulfide (H2S). LIEBMANN also incorporated measurements of oxygen content, oxygen saturation, and biochemical oxygen demand into his system. In his system, LIEBMANN nominally at least also abandoned the approach of distinguishing the degree to which water is polluted with organic, decayable material, instead referring to "quality classes". This term is definitely not optimum either, in view of the fact that water quality can be defined in any one of a number of different ways depending on the uses to which it is put (e.g. drinking water, fishery, industry). That usage which places the heaviest demands on water purity, namely as drinking water, is taken as the standard here. Although today different demands are placed on the quality of water to be used for drinking than at that time, LIEBMANN's system of water quality classes continues to be used today; p = IV, alfam = 111, ßm = II, o = I (6). SRAMEK-HUSEK (43) and SLADECEK
+(44) took the work of other investigators (45-47) who additionally subdivided the polysaprobic zone on the basis of biochemical oxygen demand, and extended the classical system to include particularly intensive pollution with organic waste (eusaprobity: isosaprobity = zone of ciliates, metasaprobity = zone of colorless flagellates, hypersaprobity = zone of bacteria, ultrasaprobity = abiotic zone, but not toxic). They also included toxic and radioactive contami nation as transsaprobity (antisaprobity = toxic zone, radiosaprobity = radioactive waste) (see Figure 2). The Czech system spans all of the pollution levels, although the abiotic zones cannot be biologically characterized.
+Other authors (including 48-52) have concerned themselves with classification schemes and special groups of organisms, while others have developed mathematical formulas for the purpose of objectifying results, taking other directions (53-58). A major advance was achieved with the introduction of the concept of the ecological valence of indicator organisms to calculation of saprobity or water quality (59, 60).
+In the Federal Republic of Germany the water quality of lotic systems is assessed by an agency operated jointly by the various states (the Landerarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser = LAWA) using an approach based on the saprobic system of KOLKWITZ, MARSSON and later investigators. Beginning in 1975, water quality maps for the Federal Republic of Germany have been published every five years, the Gewassergutekarten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Since 1985 these no longer contain information on the quality of standing waters (see below); instead, the Lunderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser has released a special publication on the larger standing water entitled Seen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ("Lakes of the Federal Republic of Germany") (61). BICK (62) provides a survey of Central European methods for the biological estimation of water pollution level, and SLADECEK (63) devoted an in-depth analysis to this topic, both of which were written in English. Procedures for biocoenotic
+analysis of the condition of bodies of water have also been developed in other countries. ILLIES and SCHMITZ (64) collaborated to write a systematic and critical review of biological methods for evaluating the quality of flowing waters.
+3.1.2 Criticisms and counterarguments
+There has been no lack of criticisms of biological evaluation of water quality - referred to by some as water quality estimation. These have been compiled and assessed essentially by SLADECEK (63), ILLIES and SCHMITZ (64), and ELSTER (65, 66). A few of these criticisms deserve to be singled out and examined here.
+1. The saprobic system is (only) empirical.
+The saprobic system was originally based on empirical observation, but has since been developed further; for instance, the ecological valences of a larger number of saprobionts have been tested or statistically calculated (cf. 63, 67, 68, 69). The Lunderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser (6) comments as follows: "Numerous studies conducted during the last 2 decades have shown that, as a rule, there is a close correlation between the finding of biological quality estimation and water chemistry data for organic compounds and their decay products." SLADECEK (63) replies to this criticism as follows: "The main criticism - that the system of saprobic organisms is only of an empirical nature - is simultaneously its greatest advantage. What is of an empirical nature, is in accord with the reality seen in the field."
+2. The saprobic system is a simplification of natural conditions.
+In nature, everything is more complex than our schematic representations of it, and yet this system has proven its worth in practice (70). To a certain extent, this simplification is also intentional: "This depiction in map form of the water quality situation in the Federal Republic of Germany is aimed at presenting the quality of individual bodies of water on the basis of as few parameters as possible in an easily understandable form that is sufficient for general assessment purposes." (6)
+3. The assignment of indicator organisms to the various saprobity levels is subjective; the ecological valences of these species are not constant or are unknown; the same indicator organism can occur in different contamination levels.
+Proposals made by various authors (including 59, 63, 67, 71, 72) and statistical calculation of species occurrence under different environmental conditions have closed considerable gaps here, with the result that the saprobic indices are now known for"standard" species (cf. 73).
+4. The significance of current flow is not taken sufficiently into account.
+This is correct. In the long run, where sufficient data is available or can be collected, so-called "coupling analyses" (74, 75) could be effective in remedying this drawback. This approach is currently only being used in Baden-Wuerttemberg. BUCK asserts that use of his method would eliminate errors resulting from the application of conventional saprobic classification schemes for assessment of the degree of contamination of waters with high oxygen influx (see below). With additional analyses, e.g. BOD, COD (KMnO4 consumption), an experienced investigator should be able to help out here (cf. also 76).
+5. The species used in the saprobic system have a limited geographical distribution.
+There are indeed problems associated with the use of the saprobionts employed in Germany for classification of aquatic ecosystems in other countries or even continents. In Europe alone, 25 different limnic fauna zones can be distinguished (77) in which the standard indicator species are more or less widespread. The expectation that many Central European indicator species will also be found to occur with frequency in tropical regions is no longer shared by many. An exception to this is posed by lower organisms. The more severe the pollution is and the more primitive the indicator organisms are, the less important is their geographical distribution (64). Many unicellular organisms, bacteria and protista are cosmopolitan, i.e. they occur all over the world. Some of them are dispersed by way of the air (78).
+6. The techniques used for taking of samples, microscopic analysis and species identification are antiquated. The investigator must possess thorough knowledge of the species, etc.
+A great deal has been done to introduce standardized sample taking, data sheets and other norms with an aim to obtaining comparable data (73). It must be stressed here, however, that well-trained staff is essential. Unfortunately, the number of biologists and limnologists with taxonomic expertise has greatly declined. Among others, RATHMAYER (79) has dealt thoroughly with this problem. On the other hand, the originally approximately 800 indicator species postulated by KOLKWITZ and MARSSON were reduced by LIEBMANN to about 260 species for practical and other reasons. And in full agreement with ELLENBERG (2), SLADECEK (63) also writes: "Training is inevitable in saprobiology. Bad work of untrained people does not give good service for science, generally spoken."
+7. There is a lack of new classification keys.
+This applies even to some parts of Europe, and all the more so in the developing countries. Relatively good literature is available on protista (e.g. 68), but on a global scale large gaps exist where invertebrates are concerned. Here, the "developed countries" are called upon to redouble their efforts by assigning scientists, training staff from "less developed" nations, and supporting studies in countries where little is yet known about these aspects.
+8. The assignment of a given body of water to a certain quality class is subjective.
+To be sure, study results in Europe have shown that pollution assessments made with different biological methods can only be compared with one another to a limited extent, if at all. Yet, evaluation of a given body of water according to one and the same system, e.g. that which is standardly applied in the Federal Republic of Germany, by groups of investigators from different countries has yielded deviations of only half a quality class or 0.5 saprobic index points. It should also be considered that multiple evaluations of the same section of a body of water by the same person over the course of a year also leads to results within similarly narrow tolerances, even without any changes in the contamination situation. This is due to the fluctuations in the occurrence and abundance of various species which normally occur under natural conditions in lotic systems at a given site during the course of a year (64).
+9. In the lower contamination classes, the indicators are a measure of trophic level, not saprobity.
+ODUM (80, 81), CASPERS and KARBE (82, 83), and others, have dealt with this topic, making use of vivid graphics to illustrate the correspondences between saprobic and trophic levels (Figure 3). Referred to as the "Prague Convention", the following definition has been accepted: "Within the bioactivity of a body of water, saprobity is the sum total of all those metabolic processes, which are the antithesis of primary production. It is therefore the sum total of all those processes which are accompanied by a loss of potential energy. In combination with the biogenic and physical oxygen component, it determines the saprobity level of a body of water. This level can be ascertained both by metabolic-dynamic measurements and by analysis of the living communities." (84)
+That means: the relative proportions of autotrophic (producers) and heterotrophic (consumers and decomposers) organisms in the total biomass of an ecosystem permits conclusions to be drawn on the metabolic-dynamic situation and thus on its saprobity level (83).
+I would like to conclude this discussion of the criticisms of the saprobity system with a few quotations:
+"Nature distinguishes no systems. All systems are made by man and have the characteristics of human work." (85)
+"A system is only a means of instruction, how to put into order the majority of our knowledge." (63)
+"Each classification is an approximation of actual conditions and therefore must be viewed with caution." (86)
+3.1.3 Water quality evaluation using LAWA criteria
+Die Landerarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser (LAWA) of the Federal Republic of Germany publishes a "water quality map" of the Federal Republic of Germany every 5 years. The most recent of these appeared in 1985 (6). For the purpose of preparing these maps, guidelines have been issued governing the methods to be used for studying bodies of water and evaluating the results. This water quality map only covers flowing waters. The standing waters of the Federal Republic of Germany are covered in a separate document (61). The aim here is to depict in map form the quality of streams and rivers in a readily understandable form that is sufficient for general evaluation purposes. The communities of organisms present are used for estimating the quality of river zones. In addition to biological aspects, a few physical and chemical parameters are incorporated. This work is based on decades of experience, leading to the recognition that, as a rule, close correlations exist between the findings of
+biological quality assessments and water chemistry values for easily decomposable organic compounds and their decay products. In general, chemical and bacteriological analyses of randomly taken samples are insufficient for identification of quality classes. These analyses can serve to corroborate and support biological findings. Quality classification on the basis of a 7-level system is regarded as a compromise in which, for instance, natural factors such as differences in oxygen content between mountain and lowland streams are left out of account. Moreover, toxic wastes are only assessed in quality classes III/IV or IV, and then only if their adverse effects on the biological environment are so massive that they are similar to those of extreme contamination with organic material. Salt pollution is also only indicated if the population of organisms is greatly depleted. For this purpose, however, others have developed a so-called "halobic system" that can be used to identify
+certain salinity levels and their impact (cf. 3.1.4). It is not possible to depict the presence of trace amounts of toxic substances or organic compounds that degrade slowly or not at all.
+For assignment of river sections to quality classes, attention is focused on the level of contamination with organic substances that can be biodegraded with utilization of oxygen. The quality classes distinguished are based on the saprobic system developed by KOLKWITZ and MARSSON, as well as later investigators. The chemical parameters taken into account are the biochemical oxygen demand, and the ammonium (NH4+) and oxygen (O2) contents.
+The quality classes are described as follows:
+1. Quality class 1: unpolluted to very slightly polluted
+River sections with pure water which is always nearly saturated with oxygen and low
+in nutrients; low bacterial population; moderately densely populated, primarily by algae, mosses, turbellarians, and insect larvae; if cool during the summer, spawning grounds for salmonids.
+2. Quality class I/II: slightly polluted
+River sections with low influx of anorganic or organic nutrients without appreciable oxygen consumption; densely populated, usually by a considerable diversity of species; if cool in the summer, habitats for salmonids.
+3. Quality class II: moderately polluted
+River sections with moderate contamination and a good supply of oxygen; very large species diversity and number of individuals, especially algae, snails, small crustaceans and insect larvae; water plants cover large areas; high fish production.
+4. Quality class II/III: critically polluted
+River sections in which contamination with organic substances that are decomposed with consumption of oxygen has reached a critical state; fish mortality as a result of oxygen deficiency is possible; decline in the number of macroorganism species; certain species have a tendency towards intense growth; algae often cover entire areas. Fish production is usually still high.
+5. Quality class III: heavily polluted
+River sections with a high level of contamination with organic substances that consume oxygen as they degrade, and usually low oxygen content; local precipitation of sapropelf colonies of filiform bacteria and sessile ciliates cover entire areas and gain the upper hand over algae and higher plants; only a few macrofauna that are resistant to oxygen deficiency occur occasionally in large numbers, such as sponges, leaches, and water hog lice (Asellus aquaticus); low fish production; periodic fish mortality can be expected.
+6. Quality class III/IV: very heavily polluted
+River sections with greatly impoverished living conditions as a result of very heavy contamination with organic substances with attendant oxygen consumption, frequently aggravated by toxic wastes; occasionally total depletion of oxygen; turbidity caused by suspended waste matter; extensive accumulation of sapropel deposits, densely populated by chironomids or tubificids; decline in filiform bacteria; fish are encountered only locally for limited periods of time.
+7. Quality class IV: grossly polluted
+River sections with gross contamination with organic wastes that leads to consumption of oxygen; decaying processes predominate; most of the time the oxygen content is very low or completely lacking; populated primarily by bacteria, flagellates, and freeswimming ciliates; fish are absent; high toxic waste levels lead to complete biological depopulation."
+The LAWA also provides a checklist of attributes for evaluation of flowing waters.
+Where the details are concerned, the individual states of the Federal Republic of Germany have developed their own guidelines and procedures, all of which are essentially based on the saprobic system elaborated by KOLKWITZ and MARSSON (22, 23) and LIEBMANN, the so-called K-M-L (named after KOLKWITZ, MARSSON and LIEBMANN) system (20). The "guidelines for the determination of water quality classes" of the state of North-Rhine/Westphalia (73) will be dealt with here in greater depth; it provides a good illustration of the registration and evaluation processes involved.
+The above-mentioned set of guidelines was developed for the state of North-Rhine/Westphalia on the basis of uniform criteria which were formulated by the Lunderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser (LAWA) for evaluating the quality of flowing waters. These guidelines also cover the use of appropriate forms for automatic data processing. Where required, reference is made to the "methods of biological-ecological water analysis" (Methoden der okologisch-okologischen Gewasseruntersuchung) (87):
+Flowing waters are defined as all thermally unstratified bodies of water flowing in one direction at a velocity greater than 1-3 cm/s. According to DEV (German standard methods for the examination of water, wastewater and sludge) (87), a body of water does not cease to be a stream until its flow rate falls below I cm/s.
+A given flowing water can be characterized by the fauna and flora that populate it, and by its hydrographic, chemical and physical status. Since every aquatic organism is dependent on certain attributes of its habitat and places certain demands on them, if these demands are known it is possible to derive information on the condition of a body of water from the community of organisms present in it.
+At what times and how often studies are performed depends on the purpose to which the results are to be put. If it is wished to monitor the general condition of a body of water, to map its water quality and record longterm changes, then a single annual study is usually sufficient. It is best to choose a time when the water level is as low as possible. The reason is that the biocoenotic situation at the time of low water makes differences in the contamination of different river sections particularly apparent. If seasonal fluctuations can be expected and/or are regarded as important, it is necessary to perform separate studies in the spring, summer, autumn and winter. Even more thorough analysis, e.g. for obtaining data relevant to fish production or limnological investigations in connection with current flow regulation, construction of locks and the like, call for monthly tests.
+Of particular importance is the choice of methods and sites for taking of samples; factors such as current flow and the form and chemical composition of the substrate are significant and make it necessary to take an appropriate number of samples. The number of sites at which samples are taken depends on the one hand on the motivation for conducting the study, and on the other hand on the relative uniformity or heterogeneity of the river section under investigation. If the river zone contains a diversity of microhabitats, more samples will be needed, e.g. if the current flow characteristics are different along the two banks, or if the river bottom consists of a variety of different materials, like large stones on a pebbly substrate with deposits of organic matter on their downstream side, etc. For evaluation of the impact of waste discharged into a flowing water, a minimum of sampling sites is required to study a waste-free stretch above where the waste enters and several
+sites below the point of entry reaching far enough downstream until the stream has completely recovered and reattained its original condition.
+Depending on what type of river or stream is being studied, different instruments must be used for taking samples (cf. 87). These must be suitable for obtaining samples of sedentary and substrate-linked macroorganisms and microorganisms, since as a rule only these are suitable for assessing water quality (cf. 66). It is often not easy to obtain large enough quantities of sufficient quality of all microorganisms for microscopic analysis. Here, a method has proven its worth which was used as early as 1916 (24), being improved later (88). We have successfully tried out several new developments. Pairs of glass slides are submerged in the water. Placed in appropriate receptacles, the slides can then be transported easily and subjected to microscopic analysis (89).
+Biological-ecological studies are carried out at representative, hydrologically comparable sampling sites at low to medium water levels, giving consideration to all of the microhabitats characteristic of the flowing water under study (stones, mud deposits, areas populated by water plants, etc.). For purposes of evaluation, data is collected on the sedentary and substrate-bound macroorganisms and microorganisms. In addition, chemical and physical measurements can supplement the biological findings (Table I ).
+Field and laboratory reports are used for data collection and evaluation:
+1. Each sampling site is clearly described on a "master form" (cf. Figure 4).
+Table 1: Comparison of biocoenotic and chemical parameters corresponding to the individual quality classes and saprobic levels (from 6).
+Quality class
+Extent of organic pollution
+Saprobic level
+Saprobic index
+Chemical parameters
+BOD5+
+NH4-N+
+O2 minima+°
+I
+Unpolluted to very slightly polluted
+Oligosaprobic
+I
+Traces
+I-II
+Slightly polluted
+Transition between oligosaprobic and beta mesosaprobic
+Approx. 0.1
+II
+Moderately polluted
+Beta mesoaprobic
+II-III
+Critically polluted
+Alpha-beta mesosaprobic transitional zone
+III
+Heavily polluted
+Alpha mesosaprobic
+0.5 to several mg/l
+III-IV
+Very heavily polluted
+Transition between alpha mesosaprobic and polysaprobic
+Several mg/l
+IV
+Grossly polluted
+Polysaprobic
+Several mg/l
++ The chemical data given in this table only provide guidelines for frequently encountered concentrations.
+° The minimum oxygen contents in rapidly flowing mountain streams of quality classes II through IV are frequently greater than the values indicated in the table.
+2. In "field report 1" (cf. Figure 5) the physiographic conditions are entered, i.e. the factors of relevance for the plants and animals populating the site. These data are used both to check the plausibility of the biological data and to monitor any changes during the course of a series of tests.
+3. In "field report 2 - macroorganisms" (Figure 6) all plants and animals are listed which can be detected at the study site with the naked eye. 33 frequently occurring species that can be identified in the field and which can be utilized for calculating the saprobic index are printed on the form. Species are also included here that provide data on other aspects, e.g. animals which are eaten by fish, etc. In addition, 77 further species with their corresponding saprobic indices and indicative weights (see below) are listed. When required for more detailed analysis of the occurrence of macroorganisms, samples are taken for laboratory evaluation.
+4. In the "laboratory report form - microorganisms" (Figure 7) the results of microscopic analysis of the "Aufwuchs" or periphyton are entered. Here too, 68 frequently occurring species are printed on the form, as well as an additional 119 in a "list of microorganism species" together with their saprobic indices and indicative weights.
+The frequency of occurrence of sedentary and substrate-bound organisms is estimated semiquantitatively and expressed in terms of the following levels:
+1 = isolated findings (present)
+2 = low occurrence
+3 = low to medium occurrence (abundant)
+4 = medium occurrence
+5 = medium to high occurrence (characteristic)
+6 = high occurrence
+7 = massive occurrence (dominant)
+Approximate figures can also be assigned to these levels (from 90) to give an idea of their quantitative significance (Table 2).
+All of the species listed here and others that can be utilized as indicator organisms are designated by a number referring to a "key list" (91) valid for the Federal Republic of Germany. This can be utilized for automatic evaluation by an appropriate computer program.
+Table 2: Comparative figures (compiled from 73 and 90).
+Frequency
+Macroflora
+Macrofauna
+Microscopic growth according to size classes
+L <= 15 mium
+15-50 mium
+50-200 pm
+200-1500m
+From the raw data which have been collected, the "saprobic index" (S) at the sampling site is calculated either manually or with the aid of a computer program. This denotes the degree of contamination of the water with biodegradable organic waste on the basis of the 4-level system developed by SELINKA and MARVAN (59) (see above). The following formula is used:
+Where:
+s = saprobic index of each species
+h = estimated frequency of the species (see above)
+g = indicative weight of the species
+The indicative weight gives consideration to the fact that most of the indicator organisms are not restricted to a single saprobity zone; instead, their distribution range is merely concentrated in one zone. The indicative weights and saprobic indices of the individual species can be obtained from the above-mentioned species lists. The following simplified examples illustrate calculation of the saprobic index for a sampling site:
+Species name
+hs
+g
+Acroloxus lacustris
+Ceratophyllum demersum
+Elodea canadensis
+Planaria torva
+Sphaerium corneum
+Cocconeis pediculus
+Cymatopleura solea
+Litonotus cygnus
+Synedra ulna
+S= 1135 / 540 = 2.1
+A similar approach proposed by PANTLE and BUCK (54) is also in use. Here, the saprobic index (s) is calculated according to the formula:
+Where:
+s = saprobic index of each individual species
+h = estimated frequency of occurrence of each species expressed in terms of a 3-level scale (I = isolated finding, 3 = frequent occurrence, 5 = massive occurrence)
+KNOPP (92) uses a 7-level frequency distribution scale together with species figures and their corresponding characteristics to calculate the "relative quality" (rQ):
+and the "relative contamination" (rC), expressed as a percentage:
+Parallel to biological studies, in the LAWA system several physical and chemical parameters are measured on the basis of random samples (Figure 8). This yields supplementary data which round out the picture obtained by the biological evaluation, corroborating certain aspects and possibly indicating special features. Table I incorporates several important parameters in the form of frequently occurring concentrations (from 6); this table lists both saprobic levels (22, 23) and quality classes (20).
+3.1.4 Indicators of the salinity of inland waters
+In the water quality evaluation scheme based on LAWA criteria (cf. 3.1.3), salt pollution is only indicated in the case of greatly depleted communities of organisms. With the aid of the "halobic system", however, it is possible to determine the biological impact of salt concentrations in inland waters with greater accuracy. Halobes are indicator organisms capable of providing information of certain salinity ranges for inland waters. Diatoms have proven to be particularly well suited for indication of contamination of this type (93, 94); various animal species are additionally monitored.
+The halobic system can only be used for assessment of the degree of salinity of inland waters, however; it is not appropriate for diagnosing the salinity of thalassogenic waters, i. e. those that are influenced by marine water (95). This is due to the fact that marine and coastal brackish water is subject to completely different hydrographic and population-related conditions than saline inland waters.
+On the basis of the halobic system (93), ZIEMANN (94) has elaborated a scheme for ecological classification of inland waters according to the biological impact of their salt concentrations. Fresh waters are characterized above all by a predominance of calcium bicarbonate ( Ca(HCO3)2). At low calcium bicarbonate concentrations, the pH level additionally influences the composition of the biological community. With increasing salinity, the alkali/calcium ratio then grows in importance. In biological terms, it is especially the alkali ions and the increased osmotic pressure which play a role. In addition, the effects of other specificions can be important.
+HUSTED (93) distinguishes the following categories in his halobic system:
+1. Polyhalobes (ph):
+Salt concentration 30 or higher (euryhaline species also occur at below 30 0/00)
+2. Mesohalobes (mh):
+- Euryhaline mesohalobes: salt concentration of approx. 0.2 - 30 0/00
+- Alpha mesohalobes: species typical of "lower" brackish water, minimum NaCl concentration approx. 10 0/00
+- Beta mesohalobes: species typical of "upper" brackish water, salt concentration approx. 0.2-10 0/00
+3. Oligohalobes:
+- Halophilic species (hp) < 0.2 0/00
+- Indifferent species
+4. Halophobic (haloxenic) species (hx)
+Thus, polyhalobes and mesohalobes are indicators for increased salt concentrations, while oligohalobes are characteristic of fresh waters. Among these, the development of halophilic species is stimulated by increased salt concentrations. By contrast, halophobic species are typical of extremely salt-poor waters, e. g. acidic moorland waters.
+Going a step further, ZIEMANN (94) analyzed the occurrence of certain indicator species in water with different salinities, thus laying the groundwork for an ecological classification of inland waters on the basis of the biological impact of their salt concentrations. This is illustrated in Table 3.
+A given body of water is classified by calculating its "halobic index" (H) with the following formula:
+Where:
+hH = sum of the frequencies of the halophilic
+and halobiontic species (hhp + hmh + hph)
+hX = sum of the frequencies of the haloxenic
+species
+h = total frequency
+The following halobiotopes are distinguished on the basis of the halobic index:
+H =< 30:
+infrahalobic
+H = -30 to -10:
+gamma oligohalobic
+H = -10 to +10:
+beta oligohalobic
+H = +10 to +30:
+alpha oligohalobic
+H = +30 to +50:
+beta mesohalobic
+H = +50 to +75:
+alpha mesohalobic
+H = >+75:
+polyhalobic
+3.1.5 Macrophytes as indicators of the ecochemical composition of fresh waters
+The high indicator value of higher plants, so-called macrophytes, for evaluating the water quality of the littoral zones of standing and flowing waters has been demonstrated by numerous studies (90). In addition to a large number of swamp and water plants, water mosses and algae of the family Characeae also possess this attribute. These indicator species provide information on the chemistry of the water and soil. Since a fair amount of time is required for a macrophyte community to develop, analysis of it reflects a condition which has remained relatively stable over a lengthy period of time. To some extent, even short-term changes in water chemistry can be detected. for example by changes in the visible appearance of plant individuals. Similarly to water quality estimation with the aid of the saprobic system, evaluation of the ecochemical composition of waters with macrophytes also involves examination of biocoenotic systems, in this case floral communities.
+Table 3: Classification of inland waters according to the biological impact of salinity (based on 94, modified and expanded).
+Class
+Subclass
+Water characteristics
+Halobic index
+Fresh waters
+Infrahalobic
+Extremely low salt concentration, halophobic species predominate
+Gamma oligohalobic
+Calcium-poor waters, oligohalobic species predominant,
+halophiles diminishing in number
+Oligohalobic
+Beta oligohalobic
+Typical freshwater bodies, strictly oligohalobic diatom community
+Alpha oligohalobic
+Fresh water with slightly raised alkali/calcium ratio, oligohalobic species
+with frequent blooms of halophiles
+Saline waters
+Mesohalobic
+Beta mesohalobic
+Moderately sahne, intense growth of halophiles, halobionts and
+euryhaline oligohalobic species, incipient injury to fresh water species
+Alpha mesohalobic
+Strongly saline, halobiontic species predominate, freshwater species
+greatly diminished
+Polyhalobic
+Polyhalobic
+Extremely saline, very few species grow well
+Water chemistry is primarily determined by the geological conditions at the site and within the catchment area. It allows a specific form of water vegetation to develop. This can then be modified in a characteristic way by changed trophic conditions as a result of influx of anorganic or organic waste.
+On the basis of observations of correlations between frequently occurring species and plant communities on the one hand and various degrees of water pollution on the other, with the aid of the so-called "coincidence method" it has been possible to calibrate most Central European species of water plants and the most important groups of species for indication of the impact of certain environmental factors. In all, over 20 water chemistry parameters have been related to the most important plant species. The characteristic values have been organized into a 5-level system. Level l denotes the lowest degree of contamination, level 5 the highest.
+For evaluation of water chemistry with the aid of indicator species, qualitative and quantitative data must be collected on all of the macrophyte species occurring at a site. The floristic-sociological structure can then be used to calculate the value corresponding to the most important ecological site factors. The actual calculation of the average factor number of a macrophyte community is performed using the standard formula for determining the arithmetic mean:
+Where:
+x = average factor number
+n = number of macrophyte species considered, i.e.
+number of individual values measured
+xi = individual factor numbers ( 1, 2,..., n)
+A good summary of this method is given in (90). It is similar to that used by ELLENBERG (96) in the field of terrestrial ecology.
+A number of different water plants utilize anorganic carbon compounds in different ways, and are therefore good indicators of the pH level and the carbon dioxide complex, among other factors. Important cations and anions are also indicated, e. g. Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, total Fe, Cl-, SO4-- , and SiO2, as well as trophic levels like those of NH4+, NO3-, PO4---, O2. and dissolved organic matter.
+As an example for diverging indicator values, i.e. factor numbers, the parameter ranges indicated by two species, namely Nitella flexilis and Salvinia natans are listed in Table 4.
+3.1.6 "Coupling analysis"
+BUCK (74, 75) developed his "coupling analysis" on the basis of the mathematical postulates of set theory. If only a limited num ber of species are found, coupling analysis is more accurate than the saprobic index. Less labor is also involved. BUCK is of the opinion that coupling analysis gives a more reliable indication of contamination with organic substances, since there is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between organic matter and the oxygen content of the water. This applies particularly when assessing strongly turbulent waters with intensive oxygen influx due to physical phenomena. The reason is that many saprobionts react more sensitively to the oxygen content of the surrounding water than to the organic matter carried by it. In the case of such turbulent waters, therefore, a misleadingly positive assessment of water quality results. When calculating the amount of organic waste which can be safely absorbed by a river, this can lead to mistakes with
+catastrophic consequences for downstream river sections with less turbulence. "Coupling analysis" has one major drawback, however: its use presupposes that thorough analyses be performed beforehand of the floral and faunal composition of a large number of study sites (64). That is why, in the Federal Republic of Germany, this system is presently only in use in Baden-Wuerttemberg. An example is the cartographic work on "Water Quality in Baden-Wuerttemberg" (Gutezastand der Gewdsser in Baden-Wurttemberg) (5). ILLIES and SCHMITZ (64) therefore correctly state: "For fundamental, e.g. biogeographical, reasons it is impossible to expect that, unless it is modified, it will be possible to apply the coupling analysis system developed by BUCK outside of Baden-Wuerttemberg in other parts of Europe or even everywhere within the Federal Republic of Germany."
+Table 4: Factor numbers (F) and quantities (Q) of selected ecochemical parameters of two aquatic plant species with differing environmental requirements (compiled on the basis of 90). All quantity figures except pH in mg/l. * mg/l of consumed permanganate.
+Parameter
+Nitelia pexilis
+Salvinia natans
+F
+Q
+F
+Q
+pH
+CO2
+HCO3
+NH4
+Na+
+K+
+Ca++
+Mg++
+Total Fe
+Cl-
+NO3
+PO4--
+O2
+Dissolved organic matter
+3.1.7 The "species deficit" method
+One method which is based exclusively on the number of species of macroorganisms present, but can also be extended to include the number of species of microorganisms, is referred to as the "species deficit" (Artenfehlhetrag) technique (97). This method is derived from THIENEMANN's "basic biocoenotic law" (98): "The more varying the conditions of life are in a place, the greater are the numbers of species in the community present at the locality. The further conditions of life in the locality concerned are distant from the conditions that are optimal for a majority of species, the poorer in species becomes the biocoenosis, the more characteristic, and the more numerous each species" (quoted in English in 51 ).
+KOTHÉ assumes that the number of species declines under the influence of both organic and toxic waste. All of the occurring macrofauna and macrophytes are taken into account. Difficulties are associated with the postulation of a binding figure for the "normal" or standard number of species of a given biocoenosis (ideally under unpolluted conditions). This is because in small streams the physiographic conditions and thus the biocoenoses change with increasing rapidity as one approaches the headwaters. It is much easier to determine the species deficit in longitudinal studies of large rivers with uniform physiographic conditions over long distances. In practice, the standard figure for number of species is taken at the beginning, i.e. upstream, of the river section under study. If surveys are conducted at different sites using the same methods, the species deficit (SD) can be calculated on the basis of the number of species at the reference sampling site (S0) and the number of
+species at any locality (Sx) downstream of S0. The result is expressed as a percentage. SD = 0 means that there is no loss of species, while SD = 100 % corresponds to complete obliteration. The formula used for calculation is as follows:
+3.1.8 Biological-ecological water analysis (of flowing waters) using the DEV method (87)
+Samples are taken and analyzed as described in section 3.1.3. A list of species is prepared containing information on their frequency in terms of the above-mentioned 7 frequency levels, if relevant also in the form of absolute frequency and/or quantity values per unit area (number of individuals per m², for plankton number of individuals per ml). A practical example is illustrated in Tables 5 and 6.
+SCHWOERBEL (27) gives a survey in table form of the time requirements, depletability, completeness and accuracy of various biological water analysis techniques (Table 7).
+3.1.9 Depiction of results
+For specialists, simply listing the saprobic indices of individual sections of flowing waters as measured at sampling sites is readily understandable. But for conveying information to persons who are not as familiar with the subject matter, graphic depictions are quite useful. Various approaches have been developed for this.
+Table 5: Practical example of: Compilation of biological/ecological study findings in tabular form; here: population table with classification of organisms by the saprobic system in compliance with Paragraph 8a (from 87).
+Investigation of the .....river
+Investigated section: from .........to mouth
+Date of inspection: July 21, 19....
+Population table
+Sampling site number
+River kilometer (from source)
+Day and time samples
+were taken
+Weather on day samples
+Sunny
+Sunny
+Sunny
+Sunny
+Sunny/ overcast
+Ovvercast
+were taken
+Dry
+Dry
+Dry
+Dry
+Dry
+DDry
+Saprobity level
+Water temperature in °C
+Site designation
+... river
+... river
+... river
+Tributary
+... river
+... river
+above
+below
+Headwaters at
+at ...
+300 m below
+dam or lock
+(approx.
+(town)
+discharge of
+500 m above mouth)
+industrial waste
+Indicator organisms
+Spongila fragilis
+bmms
+Pelmatohydra oligactis
+bmms
+Planoria torvo
+emms-bms
+Tubificidae gen. spec.
+pss-ems
+Clossosiphonia complanata
+bmms-os
+Helobdella stagnalis
+emms-bms
+Haemopis sanguisuga
+bmms
+Herpabdella octoculata
+aams-bms
+Plumatella repens
+bbms-os
+Paludicella articulata
+bmms-os
+Gammarus pulex
+bbms-os
+Asellus aquaticus
+amms-bms
+Potamanthus luteus-L.
+bmms-os
+Cloëon sp. Larvae
+bbms-os
+Agrion sp. larvae
+bmms-os
+Sigara striata
+Haliplus spec.-Imago
+Leptoceridae-gen. spec.-L.
+bmms-os
+Chironomidae larvae
+(undetermined)
+Eristalis sp. larvae
+ps
+Radix ovia
+aams-bms
+Planorbis corneus
+bmms
+Ancylus f laviatilis
+amms-bms
+Bythinia tentaculata
+amms-bms
+Viviparus viviparus
+amms-bms
+Pisidium spec.
+Sphaerium corneum
+amms-bms
+Frequency levels: 1 = Isolated findings; 2 = Low occurence; 3 = Low to medium occurrence; 4 = Medium occurrence; 5 = Medium to high occurrence;
+6 = High occurrence; 7 = Massive occurrence
+Table 6: Practical example for: Compilation of biological-ecological study findings in tabular form; here: evaluation of biological-ecological study findings in compliance with Paragraph 8b and c (from 87).
+Investigation of the .................river
+Investigated section: from ............to mouth
+Date of inspection: July 21, 19...
+Sampling site number
+Site designation
+... river
+... river
+... river
+Tributary
+... river
+... river
+above
+below
+Headwaters at dam or lock
+at ...
+300 m below
+(approx. 500 m above mouth)
+(town)
+discharge of industrial waste
+Water quality class (saprobity level)
+Biological water quality class
+II
+III
+III-II
+I
+II
+No change in saprobic level, but biocoenoticc depletion caused by toxic industrial wastewater
+I = Not
+II = Moderately
+III = Heavily Polluted
+IV = Grossly
+Biological characteristicligures for population table
+Ã¥ os
+1 I.3
+Ã¥ bms
+Ã¥ ams
+Ã¥ ps
+Ã¥ ps + ems + bms + os
+Biological relevant organic pollution in %
+(Ã¥ ((ps+ams)/Ã¥(ps+ams+bms+os)) 100
+Saprobic index
+(4å ps+3å ams+2å bms+1å os)/ å (ps+ams+bms+os)
+Species deficit in °70(S1 = standard no. of species: 25)
+((S1-Sx)/S1)·100 (cf. M 7)
+Table 7: Assessment of methods for biological water evaluation (from 27)
+Method
+Time requirements
+Depictability
+Completeness
+Accuracy
+KOTHE
+Very low
+Very good
+Low
+Very low
+KNOPP
+Low
+Very good
+Moderate
+Moderate
+PANTLE u.
+Moderate
+Very good
+Good
+Good
+BUCK
+ZELINKA &
+Very great
+Good
+Very good
+Best
+MARVAN
+Figure 9: Section of the water quality map of the Federal Republic of Germany (changed, from 6). The original map is printed in seven different colours corresponding to the seven classes of water quality. For water quality classes see Tab. 1.
+For the water quality map of the Federal Republic of Germany (6), the declared aim has been to make use of as few parameters as possible in order to present information on the quality of bodies of water in a readily understandable way that is adequate for general evaluation purposes. The cartographic approach used is based on LIEBMANN's system (20), who assigned different colors and hatching types to the various quality levels (KOLKWITZ and MARSSON = saprobic levels) as follows: IV (ps) = red, III (ams) = yellow, II (bms) = green, I (os) = blue. In contrast to LIEBMANN, who used colored hatching in alternating colors to designate intermediate levels, e. g. yellow/green for III/II, the LAWA uses intermediate hues: IV/III (ps/ams) = orange, III/II (ams/bms) = light green, II/I (bms/os) = light blue. For general purposes, the system illustrated in Figure 9 is well-suited and easy to understand.
+The depiction techniques used in (87) are more informative and easy to read. Results obtained using the procedures developed by PANTLE and BUCK (54) (cf. 3.1.3) are depicted in the first and fourth quadrants of a 2-axis coordinate system. The x axis corresponds to the kilometers, and the calculated sums åps, åams, åbms and åos, corresponding to the various kilometer positions, are entered on the y axis as follows:
+Ã¥bms as a positive y value above the x axis
+åos as a positive y value added on top of åbms
+Ã¥ams as a negative y value below the x axis
+åps as a negative y value added below åams
+By linking the corresponding points and filling in the bands with different colors or types of hatching (see above), a vivid representation of the population figures for the 4 saprobic levels is obtained. Since the total y values at a given sampling site are also a measure of the total population density at that locality, they also denote eutrophication, depletion or depopulation (cf. Figure l 0). The biological impact of organic contamination is calculated using KNOPP's method (92) (cf. 3.1.3). The corresponding saprobic indices and/or pollution levels as indicated in the example can also be added beneath the graphic depiction using the method proposed by PANTLE and BUCK.
+Finally, the species deficit calculated in KOTHÉ's method (97) can also be entered in the same graphic representation (see below). Figure 10 shows an example of this type of combined representation taken from DEV (87).
+3.1.10 Special applications of biological water analysis for surveys of water pollution in the Federal Republic of Germany
+Studies of bodies of water are naturally not merely aimed at identifying their current condition and/or any positive or negative changes which this may undergo; they also serve to forecast additional sources of contamination, reduction in contamination levels, e.g. after construction of purification plants to improve water quality, and the potential impact of plant hydraulic engineering measures. In the Federal Republic of Germany, over a period of years a model for computer assisted water quality simulation has been developed on the basis of physical, chemical and biological analyses (99-104). This is intended to make available an instrument to planners with which they can better assess the likely impact of planned measures on water quality. Water quality simulation can make a more or less comprehensive contribution to system, data and impact analysis. The most important field of application is regarded as being that of impact analysis. The following parameters can be
+simulated: CBODs, nitrogen cycle, reactive phosphorus, algal biomass, zooplankton/fish, dissolved oxygen, substances with a preservative effect, radioactive substances, coliform bacteria, temperature. The most important interconnections are shown in Figure 11 (based on 104). More detailed information is provided by the same source.
+3.1.11 The R-P-C system and BIP
+Finally, two other simple methods of biological water analysis deserve mention, although these yield only a limited amount of information. The WHO included these methods in its International Standards of Drinking Water ( 105).
+In Chapter I I briefly sketched the interconnections among the three major groups of organisms (producers, consumers and decomposers) based on their biological functions. GABRIEL ( 106) has developed a simple water evaluation concept based on these interconnections. In the most strongly polluted zone the decomposers or reducers (R) predominate, in the next zone the number of consumers (C), which feed on the decomposers, increases, and finally, with increasing self-purification (i.e. mineralization) the autotrophic producers (P) gain the upper hand. GABRIEL ( 106) uses these three values to calculate an index as follows:
+I (Index) = 2 · P / (R + C)
+The "biological index of pollution" is even easier to calculate (107). Here, the author only takes into account the relative numbers of chlorophyllous (A) and achlorophyllous organisms (B) to define this index:
+BIP = 100 · B / (A + B)
+3.1.12 Evaluation of standing waters
+For years there has been a great deal of controversial discussion on the issue of whether the saprobic system can also be applied to evaluation of standing waters (cf. 65, 66, 70, 82, 83, 108-110). In the following, this discussion will be briefly summarized.
+To begin with, here are a few definitions of basic concepts: oligotrophic is used to refer to waters with low nutrient availability and thus low production. They are, literally, "scantly nourishing". Consequently, in an oligotrophic body of water the number of organisms is relatively low. Eutrophic is applied to fresh-water bodies which are rich in plant nutrients and therefore have a high rate of organic production. They are literally "highly nourishing". In eutrophic waters the number of organisms is thus relatively high. The term saprobity has to do with a water body's content of decomposable organic matter and the consequences which its breakdown has, while -trophy or trophic refers to the nutrient status of a water body and its implications. KOLKWITZ (36) however lists indicator organisms as:
+1. Polysaprobes in standing and flowing waters containing readily decomposable domestic sewage.
+2. Mesosaprobes in well-drained fish ponds, etc.
+3. Oligosaprobes (such as in Lake Geneva, etc.)
+LIEBMANN (20) also cites typical biocoenoses of indicator organisms, e. g. "in standing and slowly flowing waters" of the alpha and beta mesosaprobic and oligosaprobic zones. While KOLKWITZ (36) goes on to make a comparison of saprobic and trophic levels, LIEBMANN rejects this approach; for him, the concepts of "oligosaprobic" and "oligotrophic" are virtually identical, but he is unable to correlate the concept of "eutrophic" with "any saprobic level at all". The "Prague Convention" (84) (cf. section 3.1.2) documented the situation. ODUM (80) and CASPERS and KARBE (83) provided a schematic representation in terms of interactions between primary production and respiration. By way of explanation, the reader is referred here to the scheme put forward by CASPERS and KARBE (83) (cf. Figure 3).
+The Landerarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser of the Federal Republic of Germany ( I 11 ) performed a classification of standing waters incorporating their trophic levels; this study was completed in 1980. SCHWOERBEL (27) believes that the resulting quality maps (e.g. of Lake Constance) are very instructive, and approves of the use of the colors yellow and red to indicate critical zones. Because of the entire complex of problems and the ongoing discussion of the applicability of the evaluated indicator species, particularly for flowing waters, as well as the controversy about the overall procedure, the most recent edition of the water quality map for the Federal Republic of Germany (6) no longer included standing waters. In the Federal Republic of Germany, a special working group was formed for the purpose of elaborating a new approach; it has not yet submitted the results of its work. If the procedure is applied in a thorough and discerning manner, taking additional factors into
+account such as the form characteristics of the body of water, the geology of the catchment area, etc., however, values can be obtained that are suitable for tentative classification (cf. 112). At least for littoral zones, it is also feasible to use the method described in section 3.1.5 for monitoring of the ecochemical attributes of water bodies with the aid of macrophyte communities. For the purpose of providing a readily understandable survey of the nutrient situation of lakes, the LAWA (111) previously used a system of 4 trophic levels for classification of standing waters. This categorization of lakes according to trophic levels involves certain difficulties, however, since the interrelationships between nutrient influx and its impact on the oxygen metabolism of a water body are highly dependent on its morphology, in particular its depth. The way in which the trophic levels are now defined is based for the most part on information which has been collected on Bavarian
+lakes. It still remains to be seen whether these definitions are appropriate for classification of lakes in other parts of the Federal Republic of Germany. The working group must resolve this question. For the time being, these definitions are still tentative.
+According to this preliminary approach, standing waters are assigned to quality classes on the basis of their trophic levels, i.e. their nutrient status and its effects on oxygen content:
+1. Oligotrophic lakes
+Clear, nutrient-poor lakes with low plankton production that are characterized by oxygen levels of over 70% of saturation even at great depths at the end of the summer stagnation period.
+2. Mesotrophic lakes
+Lakes with low nutrient availability, moderate plankton production, and visibility depths of over 2 m whose lower layers are characterized by oxygen contents of between 30 and 70% of saturation at the end of the summer stagnation period.
+3. Eutrophic lakes
+Nutrient-rich lakes whose lower layers are poor in oxygen at the end of the stagnation period (0-30% of saturation); the water at the surface is at times oversaturated with oxygen. The visibility depths are usually less than 2 m, and heavy plankton growth is typical.
+4. Polytrophic lakes
+Lakes with a very large supply of plant-available nutrients; the lower layers are depleted of oxygen in the summer, with production of hydrogen sulfide part of the time; the surface water is greatly oversaturated with oxygen part of the time; very low visibility depths; overproduction of phytoplankton.
+In the chemical metabolism of standing waters, free-living plankton play a dominant role. In order to assess the trophic level of a body of water, biological and chemical studies are performed on vertical profiles, as well as analyses of the sedentary organisms populating the littoral zone and the lake floor. Vertical profiles are surveyed at the end of the summer stagnation period, since the greatest degree of oxygen depletion can be expected above the lake bottom at this time. In order to obtain more detailed information on a lake's oxygen metabolism, additional studies distributed over the entire year are necessary.
+The trophic levels of lakes, namely oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic and polytrophic, are depicted using the colors blue, light blue, green, and yellow, respectively. Because of the different attributes considered for evaluation purposes, complete correlation of the water quality of lakes with that of flowing waters of the same color is not possible.
+Further detailed discussion based on long experience is given in (242). A new comparatively simple method of defining the trophic state of stagnant waters will be published in the near future (243). And recently SCHMIDT (244) has made an attempt to classify tropical lakes and reservoirs of Brazil.
+It should also be pointed out that additional biological factors must be taken into account for evaluation of lakes, for instance productivity (measured using the radiocarbon method).
+3.1.13 Drinking water
+The methods described above are not sufficient for assessing the quality of drinking water. Here, additional chemical, medical and hygienic analyses are required. On the one hand, pathogens must be studied, such as certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worm species, etc. On the other hand, organic and/or anorganic toxins can be dissolved in the water. These can be of natural origin, such as certain substances secreted by algae, or anorganic contaminants leached out of the rock substrate, e.g. fluorides (India), chlorides, etc. Human activities can aggravate this natural contamination. New pollutants are discharged into the water as well, for instance organic matter that decomposes very slowly or not at all, like pesticides, or anorganic substances, such as heavy metals. These can find their way into the water in sewage or via the atmosphere. Even nitrates, which are important plant nutrients, are anthropogenic contaminants when they occur in high concentrations. They can get
+into bodies of water via domestic or industrial sewage, or be washed out of fertilized farmland. In addition to preliminary assessment by means of biocoenotic studies, here two possibilities are available for biological monitoring, making use of certain test procedures and organisms. For example, suitable fish tests exist in which fish are made to swim in water that has been processed for drinking. If they exhibit unusual behavior, this is an indication that toxic substances are present in the water, although without revealing which toxins are involved. "Electric" fish can be used for this, as well as other tests (19). Certain electric fish species (18) can often be used to indicate even very small concentrations of toxic substances. However, instead of the species recommended in the literature it would be better to use fish that emit uniform electrical signals, such as the species of the genus Eigenmannia (113). Any changes could then be automatically detected and evaluated
+more easily.
+3.1.14 Application of biological water evaluation methods in developing countries (questions, problems, possibilities)
+In general it can be stated that the methods used for the water quality map of the Federal Republic of Germany (6), as well as most of the other approaches described here, could also be applied in developing countries. A number of preconditions must first be fulfilled, however, and some aspects of the overall concept would have to be sacrificed, at least for the time being.
+In the major works which have been published on biological water quality analysis it is stressed again and again that entire biocoenoses, not individual indicator organisms, are important for evaluation. Exclusively physical and/or chemical analyses, even if they include bacteriological studies, are not sufficient to yield meaningful assessment of a water body (20, 66). BICK et al. (114) have pointed out possibilities for determining saprobity levels, for example in India, and presented a preliminary list of indicator species in general use in (Germany which also widely occur on the Indian subcontinent. On the whole, however, very little has been published on attempts to apply biological water quality analysis in developing countries. And most of these few studies have only limited relevance, due to the small number of species used and their lack of thoroughness. An example of this is the study carried out by NANDAN and PATEL (115), which includes neither a complete
+biocoenotic analysis nor calculation of the saprobic index or the like on the basis of a standardized procedure. Moreover, lists of indicator organisms contained in the literature are not always used in accordance with the instructions given for them. By contrast, the study by RAI (116), conducted in the area around Delhi, India, is quite thorough.
+This brief criticism leads us to the first problem. In the developing countries, as well as elsewhere, there is a lack of trained personnel for the collection, identification and evaluation of indicator organisms. There is agreement among both critics and advocates of biological water analysis that well-trained staff is needed in order to obtain meaningful information using the above-mentioned systems. There is an urgent need for Europeans experienced in the use of such analytical methods to be sent to developing countries to carry out studies on-site and train local staff, and for the latter to receive further training in Europe. It would definitely be more meaningful for this work to be carried out directly in the developing countries concerned. The reasons for this are explained further below.
+The second problem is the geographical distribution of "our" indicator species. Even in Europe, which is relatively poor in species as a result of its geological development, including the impact of the ice ages, not all species occur everywhere that are, for example, contained in the DVKW list (83). This is illustrated by the following comparison.
+Of the 25 different faunal zones in Europe, Rivulogammarus fossarum (s = 1.3; g = 4) only occurs in 14, Agapetus fuscipes (s =1.0; g = 5) and Clossosorna boltoni (s = 1.1; g = 5) in 11, and Rhitrogena semicolorata (s = 1.0; g = 5) only in 12 zones (77). This problem thus exists within Europe, and the difficulties grow as one moves further away from the "core region of biological water quality evaluation". It will therefore be essential to perform regional studies and calibration of macrofauna and macroflora species.
+Does this mean that the optimism expressed at the beginning of this chapter is not justified? When applying the saprobic system, it is essential to initially concentrate on cosmopolitan species. These can be found above all among the protista. It is no accident that BICK et al. (114) began by studying such organisms. And comparisons with other publications (117-143) show that a large number of unicellular animal and plant species are "cosmopolitans". With the number of relevant studies, the number of known protista that occur throughout the world will also grow, in the same way that the number of known plant and animal species is "high" in the surroundings of biological research institutes, falling off as one moves further away.
+Other species can then be "calibrated" on the basis of these cosmopolitan indicator species and the results of comparative physical and chemical measurements of a few important parameters. More or less complete lists exist of the indicator species used in Central and Eastern Europe, e.g. in (63), (67), (69), (90), (91) and (144). The calibrations referred to above must be repeated in Europe at regular intervals. The necessity for this is illustrated by the green algae, the saprobic index for which has increased by about 0.3 0.5 levels during the course of the last 30 years (145).
+Evaluation of water quality on the basis of unicellular organisms alone represents in itself a limitation to subsets of the overall population of a given ecosystem, and information obtained from a single protistological biological analysis only has validity for a limited period of time. But there are good reasons for the increased utilization of single celled organisms for monitoring purposes. Many authors have devoted attention to this aspect (22, 23, 43, 146-149). LIEBMANN (150) gives the following explanation: "The sensitivity with which an organism reacts to the chemical composition of the water increases proportionally to its degree of organizational simplicity and smallness, i.e. if it has less volume and more cell surface, and if its surface is relatively unprotected from chemical influences acting upon it from the surrounding medium." These prerequisites are best met by the protozoa.
+Since the volume of water carried by flowing waters can vary considerably, especially in the warmer regions of the earth, it is definitely necessary to carry out multiple biological analysis of the same aquatic system so that seasonal fluctuations can be taken into account. For evaluation of standing waters, the same difficulties exist that are currently interfering with the search for a general solution in the Federal Republic of Germany, in addition to other problems. The thermal stratification of deeper waters in the tropics typically remains constant on a long term basis. Complete circulation with turnover or exchanges of water between the top and bottom layers can thus rarely, if at all, be observed in a great many lakes. On the other hand, bodies of water exist which are characterized by daily alteration of a stagnation phase with stable stratification and a turnover phase. Examples of this phenomenon can be found in Java (151, 152), India ( 153), South America ( 154),
+and Africa (155, 156). Examples of nutrient-poor water bodies which appear to be eutrophic because of certain environmental influences are also known in Europe (Lake Shkodër, 157). Additional studies are needed here, e.g. to supplement the LAWA program, in order to permit approximate evaluation of the condition of such lakes.
+The lack of knowledge about indicator species in developing countries is due in large measure to the fact that there is very little suitable literature on classification containing saprobiological or trophobiological data. A few promising beginnings have been made here, among others by BICK (68), who has published a classification key for frequently occurring, predominantly ubiquitous ciliates, complete with saprobiological data.
+<section>3.2 Evaluation of water quality with the aid of biomonitors</section>
+3.2.1 General aspects
+3.2.2 Utilization of biomonitors in brackish and marine water
+3.2.3 Utilization of biomonitors in fresh-water bodies
+So-called biomonitors or monitor species can also be used to yield qualitative and quantitative information on contaminants. BICK (179) distinguishes between two types of monitor species, namely on the one hand reactive monitors (158, 159) which provide information on the type and concentration of a given water pollutant, and on the other hand cumulative monitors, i.e. species that store and sometimes concentrate organic pollutants, heavy metals, and the like in their bodies (cf. also 15, 17). In the following, attention will focus on the latter type.
+3.2.1 General aspects
+The observed decline in populations of certain species of birds and mammals at the end of food chains or food webs cannot be completely explained by changes in their habitats or direct interventions. Attempts to identify the real causes have revealed the presence of toxic substances in the form of organic compounds such as DDT (cf. 2) or anorganic substances, like heavy metals. Severe poisoning of human beings has also occurred along with the characteristic symptoms, e.g. mercury and cadmium poisoning in Japan caused by eating marine animals (the Minamata and Itai-ltai diseases). A few years ago, the discovery that maternal milk exhibits concentrations of organochlorines 30 times those found in cow's milk made the headlines in the Federal Republic of Germany.
+Residue analyses were increasingly performed, but at the same time efforts to develop an "early warning system" were intensified. In a number of different countries systems involving biomonitors were developed and tested. One of the focuses was on the search for suitable organisms, since migratory hawks - to take an example - are of no use for monitoring the pollution of fresh-water bodies and seas (160). They have little to find there in the way of prey. Neither are predatory birds, some of which derive their sustenance primarily from fish, suited for monitoring a given body of water or portions thereof, since as a rule they have a much larger radius of activity. Such species can be used for evaluation of pollution phenomena within larger areas, however, e.g. the silver lake eagle (Haliaetus vocifer) in Africa.
+What requirements are made of a biomonitor? For marine environments, the requirements which biomonitors must fulfill have been repeatedly summarized (15, 161-165). These also apply to fresh-water bodies (166):
+The organism should:
+1. Be able to accumulate pollutants to as great an extent as possible (167) whilst itself being largely tolerant.
+2. Be sedentary or at least exhibit a high degree of site loyalty.
+3. Be representative of the collection site and be permanently available in sufficient numbers.
+4. Be sufficiently long-lived in order to offer adequate variety in terms of size and age.
+5. Possess sufficiently large organs that can be easily removed and provide enough material for studies.
+6. Be easy to collect and preserve.
+7. Tolerate brackish water.
+8. Show a straightforward correlation between its pollutant content and the level in the surrounding medium.
+9. Exhibit this correlation at all sites and under all external conditions.
+10. Occur throughout the world, or at least have close relatives that satisfy requirements 1 -9
+Not a single organism has yet fulfilled all of the points of this checklist. In other words, compromises are essential. For marine environments, so far only relatively few groups of organisms have been examined in the search for suitable species, and the situation is no better for freshwater systems. Aquatic plants can assimilate and sometimes store pollutants occurring in their environment, and animals can also ingest toxic substances along with their food, possibly enriching them and thus reflecting the pollution of their environment. The pollutants which cause concern here are not only anorganic and organic substances that enter the water as a result of anthropogenic influences, but also viruses, bacteria (168) and natural toxins. Quantification of pollutants by means of biomonitors can provide usable information on the suitability of organisms as food, as well as on the occurrence of ecotoxicologically relevant pollutant concentrations in organisms. Without reliable
+correlations between pollutant concentrations in organisms on the one hand and the environment on the other, the contamination of a given body of water can only be qualitatively described.
+3.2.2 Utilization of biomonitors in brackish and marine water
+A large body of literature already exists on studies of pollution with the aid of biomonitors (cf. 240). In the following I will concentrate on those dealing with a specific animal species, namely the common mussel Mytilus edulis, as well as closely related species such as Mytilus galloprovincialis, M. californianus, and M. viridis. These mussels need a relatively large number of the conditions listed above, and are therefore used as monitor species in many parts of the world, especially along the coasts of the United States, within the context of the "Mussel Watch Concept" (169).
+Depending on the kind of information that it is wished to obtain from such studies, the investigation program must be more or less extensive. For trend analyses over a period of many years that take into account seasonal differences and other factors the following rules should be observed:
+1. Various mussel sizes should be studied to permit correlation of data with them; this can then possibly serve as the basis for agreement on a standard size.
+2. Mussels should be collected at several characteristic times during the course of a year. The animals are then kept alive for two days to allow them to empty their digestive tract.
+3. Parallel to collection of the mussels, abiotic factors are measured at the collection sites (salinity, temperature, depth at which animals are collected, sediment type and particle size distribution, turbidity, food availability).
+4. Comparative analyses should be performed of biochemical parameters such as protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents.
+5. In addition to entire animals, individual organs should be studied that are not involved in the reproductive or food reserve systems, such as kidneys, byssus glands, gills and possibly the mesenteric gland.
+For identification of heavily polluted areas, the program can be limited to points I and 3, for example. In many early studies, the abovementioned program was not carried out. As a result, the results could frequently not be compared with one another. Why was this?
+As stated above, Mytilus species are relatively well-suited as biomonitors for pollutants, including heavy metals, organic compounds and radionuclides. Mussels are relatively tolerant of pollutants. They are sessile organisms that form large beds in which individuals of different ages and sizes occur together. The individual organs can be easily extirpated. They primarily inhabit the tidal zone. As a result, they are easy to collect in sufficient quantities. Moreover, they are euryhaline, i.e. they tolerate a large salinity range. Mussels use their gills both for respiration and for filtering the water to extract nourishment from it. They thus possess two paths by means of which pollutants can enter their bodies:
+1. The gill is an organ with a large surface area and very thin walls of tissue separating the water from the blood, and a high blood circulation rate. Consequently, pollutants can pass into a mussel's blood by diffusion relatively quickly, within just a few hours. Heavy metals, for example, accumulate in the lymph and their concentration can reach more than ten times that of the external medium ( 170).
+2. By means of filter feeding, mussels collect fine particulate matter and pass it to their gastrointestinal tract. Here, pollutants can be passed to the bloodstream by means of digestion, and later enriched in certain organs. Biomagnification can occur here (167).
+For many metals, it has been demonstrated that their assimilation rate from the water into the mussel body proceeds in a linear relationship to their concentrations in the external medium (171). The rate at which they are absorbed is dependent on the form in which they occur, e.g. in the case of metals on the ionic radius and on whether or not the ions are hydrated. The extent to which enrichment ultimately occurs also varies for different pollutants. At this point attention should be drawn to the fact that pollutant accumulation only takes place if the substance in question is available in a form that can be utilized by the organism.
+In general, pollutant accumulation can be described and calculated with the aid of the following formula ( 172)
+ca = A · (1 - e-lta)
+where A = (hypothetical) concentration, l = coefficient of accumulation, ta = onset of accumulation. Formulas have also been published for calculating the biological halflives of accumulated pollutants (172-174). For the most part, however, they only apply to models involving a single contaminant type. Moreover, it is assumed that the contaminant is not subject to any breakdown and does not form any compounds in the host's body which could impose restraints on its capacity for remobilization.
+Toxins exist which are quickly assimilated and concentrated but then released again, for example perchloroethylene. Conversely, many substances are characterized by very slow assimilation and elimination rates, e.g. heavy metals. In the case of lead, for instance, it is estimated that when the concentration in the surrounding medium changes more than one year is needed for the internal concentration to reach a new equilibrium (171). The integrating and smoothing effect of monitor species is based on kinetic properties of this sort (170). There is thus no indication of short-term changes.
+Enrichment is also largely governed by the type and chemical structure of the toxin, as well as by other abiotic and inherent biotic factors influencing the biomonitor, as is illustrated by the following:
+Lead and zinc uptake is not influenced by temperature (161). Cadmium uptake is reduced at low temperatures. Anorganic mercury and methyl mercury are absorbed more quickly at higher temperatures, but are also eliminated faster (175). SCHULZE-BALDES (170) offers the following explanation: temperature exerts a different influence on metals than on physiological functions of an indicator organism. The diffusion processes, e.g. via the gills into the bloodstream and vice versa, proceed independently of temperature. By contrast, active uptake and metabolism are affected by changes in temperature.
+Salinity also has an impact on pollutant uptake, etc. (170, 176-179). The intensity of biomagnification, i. e. pollutant uptake via food ingestion, can also greatly depend on the degree to which an animal's food is contaminated, as well as on food availability (180).
+Apparently, the size, weight and age of monitor organisms also have a major influence on contaminant concentrations; seasonal variations in weight, for example, must therefore be taken into account (181-184). The usual practice of listing concentrations per gram of live or dry weight without any additional information can lead to misinterpretations, as is illustrated by the fact that young mussels exhibit high metal concentrations which then decrease with advancing age; in very old mussels, the concentrations rise again. The varying metabolic processes and rates in mussels of different ages are probably responsible for this. On the other hand, the percentages of overall weight accounted for by the individual organs also shift. Gonads are relatively poor in metals. As they mature and grow in size, therefore, the concentration of pollutants per gram of body weight diminishes (171). BOYDEN (185) has therefore proposed, in order to get around this weight dependency, that metal
+concentrations be converted to refer to a "standard" animal with a shell length of 50 mm and 1 g of live weight. Other factors have also interfered with the reliability of data as well; as already explained, not every metal provokes the same reaction, and different monitor organisms also respond differently.
+The examples discussed so far make it quite clear why comprehensive study programs are necessary in order to obtain details and comparable data: the results can depend not only on the monitor species used, but also on the type and possibly the chemical structure of the pollutant or pollutants and on various abiotic and biotic environmental parameters.
+I would now like to mention a few interesting applications of biomonitors. Direct chemical analysis is often insufficient to detect contaminants present in the water in very low concentrations. After being enriched in a biomonitor, the reliability of such analysis is greater, especially when the concentration rate is high. KRUGER (166) therefore regards fish as being suitable biomonitors. The explanation given is that fish possess a long-term collection function, so that in spite of excretion and metabolization even years later they faithfully reflect the pollution situation within a defined area. As an example, he cites studies of fish in the North Atlantic that, in contrast to those taken from near the mouths of the larger German rivers, did not exhibit "any significant pollutant concentrations" (166).
+In Spain, the "mussel watch concept" has been applied to analyzing pollutant concentrations in mussels and the chemical attributes of these substances (186). The observed patterns of steranes and pentacyclic triterpenes differed greatly from the waste products emitted by a nearby oil platform. It was therefore deduced that these substances could not be derived from domestic oil production. The PCB concentration was quite high, reflecting the continued use of these substances in Spain. In addition, increased concentrations of organic chlorine compounds were measured, such as HCB, endrin and b-chlordane, as well as extremely high concentrations of metabolites of DDT (o,p-DDD).
+Figure 12: Decreasing lead concentration levels in common mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the Weser estuary (from 192).
+In Japan (187), cobalt-60 contamination from nuclear power plants was detected with the aid of mussels used as monitor organisms, and in California it has been possible to identify deep water flowing into certain coastal zones as being the source of plutonium (Pu-238, Pu-239 and Pu-240) concentration in mussels ( 188). Plants can also be used for pollution analysis. In Limfjord (Denmark) heavy metal accumulations were studied with eel grass (Zostera marina), and a clear correlation between bioaccumulation rates and the distance from a pollutant source (and thus the corresponding pollutant concentrations in the environment as well) was established (189). The results achieved were subsequently also confirmed by studies of Mytilus edulis (190). Similar findings have been made in southern Australia (191). Rooted aquatic plants that remain fixed at the same location for long periods of time also faithful! reflect pollution levels (cf. 3.1 .5).
+Figures 12 and 13 show two informative examples in cartographic form related to lead pollution.
+Biomonitors are not only employed in Europe and the United States; this method has also already been used in a number of threshold countries, including Yugoslavia and Turkey. In addition to Myrilus edulis and closely related species, other biomonitors are used, some of them plants and some of them animal species. Pollutant enrichment directly from the water and via food ingestion has been investigated. Biomagnification studies have been conducted with sediment feeders like Macoma baltica, detritus feeders such as Eudistylia vancouveri, grazers like Patella coerulea and Littorina spp., ciliates and fish. The investigated pollutants have included organic compounds, heavy metals and radioisotopes ( 194-232).
+3.2.3 Utilization of biomonitors in fresh-water bodies
+Monitor species can also be found for freshwater bodies that reflect pollutant levels. Fresh-water monitoring species must fulfill the same requirements as were listed above for marine organisms, since parameters also play an important role here as well (233). In Europe the suitable mussel species include Dreissena polymorpha which has spread beyond its original habitat and now occurs in most of the European faunal zones. Sphaerium corneum also fulfills all of the requirements, with the added advantage of occurring naturally almost everywhere in Europe. A few fish species have also been shown to be suitable ( 166), including fatty fish such as eels (Anguilla anguilla) and lean fish like bream (Abramis brama) both of which have been used for pollutant monitoring in northern Germany. Here, it is advantageous to focus on certain organs, for example, reliable information on mercury accumulation can be obtained by analyzing muscle and liver tissue, for cadmium by analyzing the
+kidney and (to a lesser extent) the liver, and for organochlorines by analyzing muscle tissue. For studies of heavy metal pollution in fresh-water bodies, fish are apparently where muscle tissue is concerned - not always optimally suited as monitors (234), since they exhibit lower concentrations of toxins compared with lower animals. Contamination of the muscle tissue of fish is only significant in heavily polluted waters.
+In the water, uptake of heavy metals together with food, i.e. biomagnification, apparently plays a less important role (234). Contaminant absorption by ingestion of food, especially in the case of highly toxic substances such as methyl mercury, can nevertheless occasionally take on major importance (172). At least in slightly to moderately polluted waters, direct absorption from the water predominates. For lotic organisms, it has been possible to establish relative values for bioaccumulation rates of different heavy metals: Cu >> Hg > Pb > Cd. Studies conducted thus far have revealed that periphyton, in other words microorganisms, are best suited for diagnosis of pollution levels. However, "the results should not be interpreted to mean that when no biological amplification by the organisms of food chains occurs in fresh waters the pollution of our biosphere and our inland waters with environmental toxins is less dangerous than previously thought, and that the dangers posed
+by them have been exaggerated in the past. The individual absorption capacities and bioaccumulation rates are apparently more than sufficient to yield the observed high pollutant accumulations in the terrestrial terminal links of aquatic food chains. On the contrary: studies of the sublethal effects below LD50 (= acutely toxic) concentrations have clearly shown that even the lowest pollutant concentrations in our environment can have little-appreciated or previously unknown consequences" (235). The abiotic and biotic parameters listed for sea water are also relevant for fresh-water bodies.
+Underwater plants are cited as being preferable to lake-bottom fauna (zoobenthos), since they exhibit more prominent assimilation capabilities (234). On the basis of extensive data on the average intensity of bioconcentration of environmentally relevant metals, an evaluation approach has been applied which is suitable for detection of chronic pollution and delimitation of portions of water bodies that are contaminated with metals, as well as for follow-up monitoring of the affected zones. Figure 14 shows the relative value of various empirical indicators for studying heavy metal concentrations, in the form of a spiral; the value of the listed indicator organisms increases as one moves outwards from the center (234).
+Thistakes us beck to LIEBMANN's(150) statement that an organism reacts more sensitively to the chemical composition of the surrounding water, the more simply it is organized and the smaller it is, i.e. the less volume and the more surface area it possesses, and the more unprotected its surfaces are against chemical influences from the surrounding medium.
+<section>4. Water evaluation by remote sensing</section>
+Certain biological phenomena that are directly or indirectly due to water pollution, and changes in them, can be studied in their entirety without detailed analysis of species and biocoenoses. As is illustrated by documentation of the continuing expansion of the Sahara by means of aerial and satellite photography, this approach can also be used for observation of water contamination in larger systems. Surveillance of marine waters has been carried out in Europe and North America to detect contamination with used oil let off by ships (236). The spread and movement of oil slicks caused by tanker accidents are also observed from the air and documented. "Less harmful" contamination of waters with readily decomposable organic substances or plant nutrients can also be observed and photographed from the air. Analysis of the photographic evidence can then reveal much about the intensity of contamination and, if the observations are repeated, any changes undergone by it. Such
+analytical methods are suitable for both marine and large inland waters. The best spectral range for detecting differences in vegetation is in the near infrared (700-850 nary). Difficulties are encountered by this method, whether observations are made from the air space, when there is a high atmospheric moisture content, since the mentioned wavelengths are absorbed by water vapor, thus disguising differences between vegetation types and densities. This phenomenon increases in intensity with distance.
+The multispectral scanning (MSS) method can be used for surveying both vegetation and water resources. From Landsat satellites, which were originally designated as Earth Resources Technology Satellites (ERTS), infrared photographs can be made in which each raster dot corresponds to an area of approx. 60 x 80 m. Photographs made in various different infrared bands are stored on tape, and can later be separately played back in 64 steps or bands between total reflection and total absorption. One channel is then used to, for example, clearly distinguish a lake from its surroundings and to depict its outline. The other channels can be used for classification of water quality, depending on color composition, ranging from oligotrophic (= low plant nutrient levels and phytoplankton population) to eutrophic (= high nutrient levels and dense phytoplankton population). An example is shown in Figure 17 in (237). Photographic techniques of this kind can also be used for identifying the
+sources of water pollution (238, 241).
+For studying and depicting the morphology of water bodies that are not excessively deep, e.g. estuaries and coastal waters, radar can be used. This also allows water levels with varying degrees of turbidity to be distinguished. Due to its high contrast, this method is also well-suited for surveying catchment areas and mapping the morphology of river basin, borders between saltwater and fresh-water areas in coastal zones, former river tributaries, etc. (239, 241).
+<section>5. Summary: Use of bioindicators and biomonitors in developing countries</section>
+For biological evaluation of water quality and the condition of water bodies, aquatic organisms offer a number of advantages over other approaches.
+Bioindicators - as defined by ELLENBERG (14) - are as a rule used within a biocoenosis for detection and identification of contaminants and contamination levels. Evaluatory procedures based on the saprobic system of KOLKWITZ and MARSSON (22, 23) and later investigators are primarily used for classification of pollution with readily decomposable organic substances, such as those which occur in domestic sewage. Here the fact is taken advantage of that organisms place certain demands on abiotic and biotic attributes of their environment, and react to changes in them. The more stenobiontic an organism is, the narrower the range of environmental conditions which it tolerates, the higher is its value for indication of certain environmental factors and/or combinations thereof. In evaluatory methods based on the saprobic system, the starting point is not individual species, but entire biological communities or biocoenoses. There are only a few aquatic indicator species that point to
+specific pollutants or pollutant concentrations. Indicators are known for hydrogen sulfide, iron, manganese and sodium chloride (19). During the course of their evolution, a few species have been able to adapt to some "natural" contaminants. For adaptation to anthropogenic pollutants, e.g. organochlorines, the available time has been too short compared with the geological times spans in which evolution has occurred. Nonetheless, anthropogenic contaminants like those mentioned or others that are released into the environment in greater quantities than before, like heavy metals, can also be detected with the aid of living plants and/or animals and, within certain limits, quantified. Use is made of the ability of certain organisms to assimilate and enrich toxins, which are then analyzed in the body of the concentrating organism. The species used for this are referred to as monitor species or biomonitors (15, 17).
+Not all organisms are suited as bioindicators or biomonitors for biological water evaluation. They must satisfy certain conditions. For example, eurypotent species are not suited as indicator organisms, since they thrive in a broad range of variable environmental factors. In addition, animal species that undertake long-range migrations, of which only a few individuals occur in a given habitat, or which move back and forth among several habitats are as a rule less suited as indicators or monitors. Analyses of residues in fishes, especially predatory fish, or in fisheating mammals and birds can nevertheless provide information on the contamination of food chains that culminate in human beings.
+Biological techniques for water evaluation, i.e. bioindicators and biomonitors, have provided certain prerequisites are met (cf. 3.1.3 and 2.1) - a number of advantages over physico-chemical analyses, for example. The latter only tell us about conditions at the time that samples were taken, while the former, depending on the generation time of the indicator organisms, reflect environmental conditions over a more or less lengthy period of time. The advantages of larger organisms include a longer generation time and thus more time in which to integrate environmental conditions. Conversely, the smaller and less well protected an organism is, the more susceptible it is to environmental pollution.
+It is a good idea to corroborate and back up the results of biological evaluation by taking a certain number of samples for monitoring of physico-chemical parameters. As a rule, biocoenotic evaluations of water quality and the condition of water bodies do not require complex or expensive technology. With the aid of biomonitors, concentrations of pollutants can be analyzed in organisms that in the surrounding water itself occur in such low concentrations that they can no longer be detected by analytical means.
+The following applications exist for bioindicators and biomonitors:
+1. Evaluation of the pollution situation of flowing waters, principally as regards readily decomposable organic substances.
+2. Within certain limits and taking into account their unique characteristics, evaluation of standing waters as well.
+3. Assessment of saprobic and trophic levels.
+4. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the contamination of habitats and food webs with substances that decompose slowly or not at all, primarily of anthropogenic origin.
+5. Evaluation of the temporal and spatial trends of such contamination.
+6. Identification of pollutant sources.
+A certain amount of analytical work and technological inputs are unavoidable. In the case of biomonitors, it is absolutely essential. For physico-chemical and biological methods of evaluating water quality and/or water body condition, experienced staff is necessary. SLADECEK's statement (63) can thus be turned around: Only good work of trained people gives a good service for science and its practical application, generally spoken.
+For direct application of bioindicators - and biomonitors as well - in developing countries, a number of initial problems will have to be solved if these wish or are expected to use these procedures on their own.
+I have already mentioned the urgent need to train suitable personnel. I regard it to be more useful for training to be performed by experienced scientists and practitioners in the developing countries. The reason is that, apart from the personal difficulties which can be associated with undergoing training in the industrialized nations, learning under field conditions in the developing countries themselves has the advantage that the teachers are in general able, because of their greater experience, to react more quickly to new problem situations than trainees. This leads us to the next problem.
+Only the "cosmopolitans" among the indicator species can be initially used on a feasible
+basis for biocoenotic evaluations, and - at least in some cases - their suitability must nevertheless first be investigated. More highly developed indicator species must be sought in different regions and "calibrated". This also applies to biomonitors, since our fresh-water monitor species Dreissena polymorpha, for example, only occurs within a limited area.
+The required expenditures for equipment and the training of experienced personnel in connection with the use of biomonitors are relatively high. The basic prerequisites for use of such techniques are not always met in developing countries. The industrialized nations are thus called upon to provide intensive aid here. Until this has been implemented, biomonitors could be utilized more efficiently by means of a division of labor: taking of samples according to plan in the developing country, followed by laboratory analysis in an industrialized nation.
+Bioindicators and biomonitors are basically suited for evaluation of water quality and the situation of water bodies and changes of these in developing countries as well, in order to detect and/or prevent existing or expected contamination and the associated risks, above all for the human population, in good time.
+<section>References</section>
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+2 ELLENBERG, H., jun., 1988. Uber Bioindikatoren und Bioindikation (Article no. 1).
+3 STROM, H., 1979. Politische Okologie. Reinbeck.
+4 RAT VON SACHVERSTANDIGEN FUR UMWELTFRAGEN, 1976. Umweltgutachten des Rheins. Stuttgart/Mainz.
+5 MINISTERIUM FUR ERNAHRUNG, LANDWIRTSCHAFT UND FORSTEN BADEN-WURTTEMBERG (ed.), 1985/86. Gutezustand der Gewasser in Baden-Wurttemberg. Stuttgart: Fricke.
+6 LANDERARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT WASSER (LAWA) (ed.), 1985a. Die Gewassergutekarte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Filderstadt: Krolke.
+7 FACHGRUPPE WASSERCHEMIE IN DER GESELLSCHAFT DEUTSCHER CHEMIKER (ed.), 1960ff. Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie.
+8 UNESCO, WHO, 1978. Water quality surveys. A guide for the collection and interpretation of water quality data. Paris/Geneva.
+9 GOLTERMANN, H.L.; CLYMO, R.S. and OHNSTAAD, M.A.M., 1978. Methods for physical and chemical analysis of fresh waters. IBP Handbook No.8. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publ.
+10 AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION (ed.), 1979. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 1 6th Ed. Washington, DC, United States.
+11 FRESENIUS, W.; QUENTIN, K.E. and SCHNEIDER, W., 1988. Water Analysis. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo: Springer.
+12 FRESENIUS, W. and SCHNEIDER, W., 1979. Méthodes pour l'analyse des eaux. Vol. I - 3. Eschbom, FRG: GTZ.
+13 RUMP, H.H. and KRIST, H., 1986. Manual for Examination of Water Wastewater and Soil. Weinheim/Deerfield Beach FL, FRG/US: VHC Verlagsgesellschaft.
+14 ELLENBERG, H., sen., 1975. Definitionsvorschlag "Bioindikator". Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), unpublished interview.
+15 BOTTLER, P.A.; ANDREN, L.; BONDE, G.J.; JERNELOV, A. and REISH, D.J., 1971. Monitoring Organisms. FAO Fisheries Reports No. 99, Suppl. 1: 101 - 112.
+16 RUTHSATZ, B. and WEY, H., 1988. Fallstudie zur Bioindikation der Schadsttoffbelastung der Weidegebiete und Ackerflachen im Andenhochland durch Bergbauaktivitaten und Huttenbetriehe. (Article no. 2).
+17 BICK, H., 1982. 'Bioindikation und Umweltschutz." In: BICK, H. and NEUMANN, D. (eds.): Bioindikatoren. Decheniana Suppl. 26:2 5.
+18 GELLER, W., 1984. ''A toxicity warning monitor using the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersi." Water Res. 18: 1285-1290.
+19 BESCH, W.-K. and SCHARF, B.W., 1985. "Wasseruntersuchungen mit Hilfe von Toxizitatstests." In: BESCH, W. K.; HAMM, A.; LENHART, B.; MELZER, A.; SCHARF, B. and STEINBERG, C. (eds.): Limnologie fur die Praxis. Grundlagen des Gewasserschutzes. Landsberg: Ecomed.
+20 LIEBMANN, H., 1962. Handbuch der Frischwasser- und Abwasserbiologie Vol. 1 2nd Ed. Oldenburg, Munich.
+21 THIENEMANN, A., 1926. Das Leben im Sußwasser. Eine Einfuhrung in die biologischen Probleme der Limnologie. Breslau: Hirt.
+22 KOLKWITZ, R. and MARSSON, M., 1908. "Okologie der pflanzlichen Saprobien." Ber. Dt. Bot. Ges. 26a: 505519.
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+24 HENTSCHEL, E., 1916. "Biologische Untersuchungen uber den tierischen und pflanzlichen Bewuchs im Hamburger Hafen." Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg 33: 1 - 176.
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+26 WUNDSCH, H.H., 1926. "Die Reinhaltung unserer Fließgewasser." In: DEMOLL-MAIER (ed.): Hdb. Binnenfischerei Mitteleuropas Vol. 2.
+27 SCHWOERBEL, J., 1986. Methoden der Hydrobiologie. 3rd Ed. Stuttgart: Fischer.
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+31 MEZ, C., 1898. Mikroskopische Wasseranalyse. Berlin: Springer.
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+33 LAUTERBORN, R., 1903. Die Verunreinigungen der Gewasser und die biologische Methode ihrer Untersuchung. Ludwigshafen.
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+35 LAUTERBORN, R., 1915. "Die sapropelische Lebewelt. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie des Faulschlamms naturlicher Gewasser." Verh. Naturhist. Medizin. Verein. Heidelberg N.F. 13: 395-481.
+36 KOLKWITZ, R., 1935. Pflanzenphysiologie. 3rd Ed. Jena: Fischer.
+37 KOLKWITZ, R., 1950. "Okologie der Saprobien. Uber die Beziehungen der Wasserorganismen zur Umwelt." Schriftenreihe Verein Wasser-, Boden-, Lufthygiene No. 4.
+38 LIEBMANN, H., 1951. Handbuch der Frischwasser- und Abwasserbiologie Vol. I. Oldenburg, Munich.
+39 STEINMANN, P. and SURBECK, G., 1918. "Die Wirkung organischer Verunreinigungen auf die Fauna schweizerischer fließender Gewasser." Preisschr. Schweiz. Zool. Ges. Bern 1 -452.
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+41 WETZEL, A., 1928. "Der Faulschlamm und seine Ciliaten." Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere 13: 179-328.
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+45 THOMAS, E.A., 1944. "Versuche uber die Selbstreinigung fließenden Wassers. (Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Saprobienstufen.)" Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hygiene 35: 199-218.
+46 CYRUS, B. and CYRUS, Z., 1947. "A map of the purity of flows in the catchment areas of the Elbe, Danube, and Oder." Prace a studie S.H.U. 64: 1-11 (in Czech.).
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+48 ZELINKA, MA., 1960. "A contribution to a more precise classification of clean waters." Sci. Pap. Inst. Chem. Technol. Prague Technology of Water 4: 419-427 (in Czech.).
+49 FJERDINGSTAD, E., 1960. "Forurening af vandlob biologisk bedomt. " Nord hygien. T. 41: 149- 196.
+50 FJERDINGSTAD, E., 1963. "Limnological estimation of water pollution levels." WHO/EBL 10: 1 -29.
+51 FJERDINGSTAD, E., 1964. "Pollution of streams estimated by benthal phytomicroorganisms. 1. A saprobic system based on communities of organisms and ecological factors." Int. Rev. yes. Hydrobiol. 49: 63-131.
+52 FJERDINGSTAD, E., 1965. "Taxonomy and saprobic valency of benthic phytomicroorganisms." Int. Rev. yes. Hydrobiol. 50: 475-604.
+53 KNOPP, H., 1954/55. "Ein neuer Weg zur Darstellung biologischer Vorfluteruntersuchungen, erlautert an einem Gutelangsschnitt des Mains." Die Wasserwirtschaft 45: 9- 15.
+54 PANTLE, R. and BUCK, H., 1955. "Die biologische Uberwachung der Gewasser und die Darstellung der Ergebnisse." Gas und Wasserfach 96: 604.
+55 OBR, S., 1956. "Hydrobiologische Untersuchung der Fauna des Orava-Flusses mit verschiedenem Saprobitatsgrad (mit Modeliversuchen)." Acta Acad. Sci. Szechoslov. Basis Brunensis 28: 377-445.
+56 BEER, W.-D., 1958. "Zur Problematik des biologischen Gutelangsschnittes von Fließgewasern, dargestellt am Beispiel der Weißen Elster." Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik 8: 195-199.
+57 ROTHSCHEIN, J., 1959. "Biologische Bewertung der Reinheit von Fließgewassern und deren graphische Darstellung." Biologia 14: 833-842.
+58 SCHRADER, T., 1959. "Die Aufgaben der Biologie in der Wasserwirtschaft." Mh. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1: 188-194.
+59 ZELINKA, M. and MARVAN, P., 1961. "Zur Prazisierung der biologischen Klassifikation der Reinheit fließender Gewässer., Arch. Hydrogiol. 57: 389-407.
+60 ZELINKA, M. and MARVAN, P., 1 966. "Bemerkungen zu neuen Methoden der saprobiologischen Wasserbeurteilung.,, Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 16: 817-822.
+61 LANDERARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT WASSER (LAWA), 1985b. Seen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Essen: Woeste Druck.
+62 BICK, H., 1963. "A review of Central European methods for the biological estimation of water pollution levels.', Bull. WHO 29: 40l-4l3.
+63 SLADECEK, V., 1973. "System of water quality from the biologicala point of view." Arch. Hydrobiol., Suppl., Ergebn. Limnol. 7: l -2l8.
+64 ILLIES, J. and SCHMITZ, W., 1980. "Die Verfahren der biologischen Beurtei1ung des Gütezustandes der Fließgewässer (Systematisch-kritische Ubersicht)." Studien zum Gewasserschutz No. 5. Karlsruhe: Landesanstalt fur Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg.
+65 ELSTER, H.-J., 1966. "Uber die limnologischen Grund1agen der bio1ogischen Gewässerbeurteilung in Mitteleuropa.,, Verh. Internat. Verein Limnol. 16:759-785.
+66 ELSTER, H.-J., 1982. , Zur Definition der 'Gewasser-' bzw. ,Wassergüte, und über die limnologischen Grundlagen ihrer Beurteilung in Vergangenheit und Zukunft.,, In: AURAND, K. and LESCHER, R. (eds.): "Limnologische Beurteilungsgrundlagen der Wassergüte und aktuelle Fragen der Wasserwirtschaft und des Umweltschutzes - Kolkwitz-Symposium 1981 ."Schriftenreihe Verein Wasser-, Boden-, Lufthygiene 54: 21 -37.
+67 BICK, H. and KUNZE, S., 1971. "Eine Zusammenstellung von autökologischen und saprobiologischen Befunden an Sußwasserciliaten." Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiologie 56: 21 -37.
+68 BICK, H., 1972. Ciliated Protozoa. An illustrated guide to the species used as biological indicators in freshwater biology. Geneva: WHO.
+69 SLADECEK, V., 1976. Bestimmung des Saprobienindexes. Praha/Minist. Forst- und Wasserwirtschaft (in Czech.).
+70 ELSTER, H.-J., 1962. "Seentypen, Fliegewässertypen und Saprobiensystem." Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 47: 211-1218.
+71 DITTMAR, H., 1959. "Reicht das bisherige Saprobiensystem für die Gütebeurteilung eines Gewässers aus?" Forsch. u. Beratung, Reihe A, 8: 263-265.
+72 SLADECEK, V., 1964. "Biologie der Brauchwasseralgen." Wiss. Z. Univ. Leipzig 13. 45-51.
+73 LANDESAMT FUR WASSER UND ABFALL NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN (ed.), 1982. Fließgewasser. Richtliniefür die Ermittlung der Gewassergüteklasse. Düsseldorf.
+74 BUCK, H., 1976. "Determination of water quality by coupling analysis." In: WOODWISS, F.S. (ed.): Biological water assessment methods. Technical Seminar (Commission of the European Communities), Nottingham.
+75 BUCK, H., 1986. "Vergleichende Gewassergütebeurteilung mit Hilfe der Kopplungsanalyse unter Verwendung statistischer Parameter.,, In: BAYERISCHE LANDESANSTALT FUR WASSERFORSCHUNG (ed.): "Bewertuna der Gewässerqualität und Gewässergüteanforderungen." Münchener Beitrage zur Abwasser-, Fischerei- und Flußbiologie,, Vol. 40: 117- 134.
+76 KNOPP, H., 1968. "Stoffwechseldynamische Untersuchungsverfahren für die biologische Wasseranalyse." Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 53: 409-44l1
+77 ILLIES, J., 1978. Limnofauna Europaea. 2nd Ed. Stuttgart: Fischer.
+78 SCHLICHTING, H.E., 1969. "The importance of airborne algae and protozoa." J. Air. Poll. Contr. Assoc. 19: 946-951.
+79 RATHMAYER, W., 1975. Zoologie heute. Stuttgart: Fischer.
+80 ODUM. H.T., 1956. "Primary production in flowing waters." Limnol. Oceanogr. 1: 102-117.
+81 ODUM, E.P.. 1959. Fundamentals of ecology. Philadelphia/London: Saunders.
+82 CASPERS, H. and KARBE, L., 1966a. "Trophie und Saprobität als stoffwechseldynamischer Komplex. Gesichtspunkte für die Definition der Saprobitätsstufen." Arch . Hydrobiol. 61: 453-470.
+83 CASPERS, H. and KARBE, L., 1967. "Vorschläge für eine saprobiologische Typisierung der Gewässer." Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 52: 145-162.
+84 CASPERS, H. and KARBE, L., 1966b. "Proposals for a saprobiological classification of waters." WHO/EBL/66.80: 1-28. Geneva.
+85 SLADECEK, V., 1969. "The indicator value or some free-moving ciliates." Arch. Protistenk. 111 : 276-278.
+86 TUMPLING, W.v., 1968. "Suggested classification of water quality based on biological characteristics." Fourth Int. Conf Water Poll. Research, Prague 1, 16: 1-8.
+87 FACHGRUPPE WASSERCHEMIE IN DER GESELLSCHAFT DEUTSCHER CHEMIKER (ed.), 1971. Deutsche Einheitsverfahren. Methoden der biologisch-okologischen Gewasseruntersuchung. Gruppe M: Fließende Gewasser. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie.
+88 SLADECKOVA, A., 1962. "Limnological investigation methods for the periphyton ("Aufwuchs") community." Bot. Rev. 28: 286-350.
+89 BRETTHAUER, R. and TREUERSCH, M. (in press). Neuentwickelte Expositionsgestelle fur Periphytonuntersuchungen.
+90 BREITIG, G. and TUMPLING, W.v., 1982. Ausgewahlte Methoden der Wasseruntersuchung, Vol. 2. Jena: VEB Fischer.
+91 DEUTSCHER VERBAND FUR WASSERWIRTSCHAFT UND KULTURBAU (DVKW), 1980. Verschlusselung biologisc her Taxa. Hamburg: Parey.
+92 KNOPP, H., 1955. "Grundsatzliches zur Frage biologischer Vorfluteruntersuchungen, erlautert an einem Gutelangsschnitt des Mains." Arch. Hydrobiol. 22: 363-368.
+93 HOSTED, F., 1957. "Die Diatomeenflora des Flußsystems der Weser im Gebiet der Hansestadt Bremen." Abh. naturuw. Ver. Bremen 34: 181-440.
+94 ZIEMANN, H.,. 1971. "Die Wirkung des Salzgehaltes auf die Diatomeenflora als Grundlage fur eine biologische Analyse und Klassifikation der Binnengewasser.' Limnologica (Berlin) 8: 505-525.
+95 CASPERS, H., 1959. "Vorschlage einer Brackwassemomenklatur ('The Venice System')." Int. Rev. yes. Hydrobiol. 44: 313-315.
+96 ELLENBERG, H., sen., 1979. "Zeigerwerte der Gefaßpflanzen Mitteleuropas." 2nd Ed. Scripta geobotanica. Gottingen: Goltze.
+97 KOTHE, P., 1962. "Der 'Artenfehlbetrag', ein einfaches Gutekriterium und seine Anwendung bei biologischen Vorfluteruntersuchungen." Dt. Gewasserkundl. Mitt. 6: 60-65.
+98 THIENEMANN, A., 1920. "Die Grundlagen der Biozonotik und Monard's faunistische Prinzipien." Festschrift Zschokke. Basel.
+99 STEHFEST, H., 1973. Modelltheoretische Untersuchungen zur Selbstreinigung von Fließgewassern. Karlsruhe: Gesellschaft fur Kernforschung.
+100 BUNDESMINISTERIUM FUR FORSCHUNG UND TECHNOLOGIE (ed.), 1977. Biologischer Sauerstoffumsatz im Neckar. Bonn: Federal Ministry for Research and Technology.
+101 HOFFMANN, W.M., 1977. Prognostisches Modell Neckar. Biologischer Sauerstoffumsatz im Neckar. Bonn: Federal Ministry for Research and Technology.
+102 BOES, M.; CEMBROWIESZ, R.G.; HAHN, H.H.; RUF, J.; SCHREINER, H. and WERNER, R., 1977. Prognostisches Modell Neckar. Mathematische Modelle zur Simulation und Optimierung in der Wassergutewirtschaft. Bonn: Federal Ministry for Research and Technology.
+103 BACKHAUS, D.; BAUER, L.; BESCH, W.; HERKORN, U. and PINTER, 1., 1977. Prognostisches Modell Neckar. Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Gewassergute. Bonn: Federal Ministry for Research and Technology.
+104 MULLER, ST. and DUSCHL, M., 1985. "Die Gewassergutesimulation als Planungsinstrument, dargestellt am Beispiel der wasserwirtschaftlichen Rahmenuntersuchung Donau und Main." Bayer. Landesamt fur Umweltschutz, Schriftenreihe No. 65. Oldenburg, Munich.
+105 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (ed.), 1958. International Standards of Drinking Water. Geneva.
+106 GABRIEL, J.,1946. "Principy biologicheho hodnoceni vody." Cas. Lek. Ces. 85: 1425-1431.
+107 HORASAWA, I., 1956. "A preliminary report on the biological index of water pollution." Zoo/. Mag. (Tokyo) 54: 1.
+108 CASPERS, H. and SCHULZ, H., 1960. "Studier zur Wertung der Saprobiensysteme. Erfahrungen an einem Stadtkanal Hamburgs." Int. Rev. yes. Hydrobiol. 45: 535-565.
+109 CASPERS, H. and SCHULZ, H., 1962. "Weitere Unterlagen zur Prufung des Saprobiensystems." Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 47: 100-117.
+110 SLADECEK, V. (ed.), 1977. "Symposium on Saprobiology." Arch. Hydrobiol., Suppl., Ergebn. Limnol. 9: 1-245.
+111 LANDERARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT WASSER (LAWA), 1980. Die Gewassergutekarte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Esslingen: Bechtle-Druck.
+112 SLADECKOVA, A. and SLADECEK, V., 1963. "Periphyton as indicator of the reservoir water quality. I. True periphyton." Sci. Pap. Inst. Chem. Techn., Praha, Technol. Water 7: 507-561.
+113 KRAMER, B., 19X7. Personal communication, University of Regensburg.
+114 BICK, H.; KRISHNAMOORTHI. K.P. and LAKSHMINARAYANA, J.S.S., 1967. "Preliminaiy findings concerning the potentialities of the European saprobity system for monitoring water quality under tropical conditions in India.,, WHO/EP/67.6: 1 -51 .
+115 NANDAN, S.N. and PATEL, R.J., 1984. "Saprobity systems for the assessment of river water quality by algal community.', Indian Bat. Rep. 3: 1 29-132.
+116 RAI, H., 1962. 'Hydrobiology of River Yumana at Okhla (Delhi. India)." Sci. Pap. Inst. Chem. Techn., Prague, Technol. Water 6: 77-98.
+(Entries 117 - 143)
+DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN UNICELLULAR SPECIES IN THE TROPICS (an alphabetical listing of relevant literature):
+117 ACLETO, C., 1966. "Algae de ague dulce de las cascades de Barranco. "Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado (Lima), ser. B, 21 : 1 -65.
+118 ACLETO, C., 1910. "Algae de valle de Camana." Rev. Progr. Oceanografica y Pesceria (Univ. de Villaria, Lima) 1 : 7-22.
+119 BEEBE, W., 1925. ,'Studies of a tropical jungle; one quarter of a square mile of jungle at Kartabo, British Guyana.(VI,Fauna, l.Protozoa)." Zoologica (New York) 6: 1-193.
+120 BICUDO, C.E.M. and BICUDO, R.M.T., 1970. Algas de aguas continentais brasileiras. Universidade de Sao Paulo.
+121 BORROR, A.C., 1977. "Ciliophora.,, In: HURLBERT, S.H. (ed.): Biota acuatica de Sudamerica austral. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, California, pp. 55-56.
+122 BOVEE, E.C., 1957. "Protozoa of Amazonian and Andean waters of Colombia, South America.,,J. Protozool. 4: 63-66.
+123 COMPERE, P., 1980. "Argues de l'Air (Niger).,, Bull. Jard. bot. nat. Belg. 51 : 3-40.
+124 COMPERE, P., 1984. ,'Some algae from the Red Sea Hills in north-eastem Sudan." Hydrabiologia 1 10: 61-77.
+125 ELSTER, H.J. and VOLLENWEIDER, R., 1961. "Beiträge zur Limnologie Ägyptens." Arch. Hydrobiol. 57: 241343 .
+126 GREEN, J.; EL MOGHRABY, A.J. and ALI, O.M.M., 1984. "A faunistic reconnaissance of Lakes Kundi and Keilak, Western Sudan."Hydrobiologia I 10: 33-44.
+127 GRIFFITH, C.. 1977. "Zoomastigina." In: HURLBERT, S.H. (ed.): Biota acuarica de Sudamerica austral. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, California, pp. 44-47.
+128 HECKY, R.E.; KLING, H.J. and RUDD, J.W., 1978. "Studies on the planktonic ecology of Lake Tanganyika." Can. Fish. Mar. Serv,. Tech. Rep. 816.
+129 HECKY, R.E. and KLING, H.J., 1981. "The phytoplankton and protozooplankton of the euphobic zone of Lake Tanganyika: Species composition, biomass, chlorophyll content, and spatio-temporal distribution." Limnol. Oceanogr. 26: 548-564.
+130 ILTIS, A., 1980. "Les argues." In: DURAND, J.R. and LEVEQUE. C. (eds.): Flore et faune aquatiques de l'Afrique sahelo-soudanienne. Vol. l: 9-61. Paris: Office Rech. Sci. Tech. Outre-Mer.
+131 LAKSHMINARAYANA, J.S.S., 1 965. "Studies on the phytoplankton of the River Ganges, Veranasi, India." Hydrobiologia 25: 119-137. 138-164.
+132 LEWIS, W.M., l978. "A compositional, phytogeographical, and elementary structural analysis of the phytoplankton in a tropical lake: Lake Lanao, Philippines." J. Ecol. 66: 849-880.
+133 MOSS, B., 1979. "Algae in Lake Chilwa and the waters of its catchment area.,' In: KALK, M.; McLACHLAN, A.J. and HOWARD-WILLIAMS, L. (eds.): Lake Chilwa, Studies of changes in a tropical ecosystem. The Hague: Junk.
+134 PANKOW, H., 1979. "Algae from Sudan." Willdenovia 8: 485-491.
+135 PAYNE, A.I. , 1986. The ecology of tropical al lakes and rivers. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
+136 SINADA, F. and ABDEL KARIM, A.G., 1984. "A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Blue and White Niles at Khartoum.,, Hydrobiologia 110: 45-46.
+137 STARMACH, K., 1975. "A1gae in the Gebel Marra Mts. in West Sudan." Acta Hydrobiol. 17: 211-221.
+138 THOMASSON, K., 1971. "Amazonian algae." Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, ser. 2, 86: 1-57.
+139 UHERKOVICH, G., 1981. "Algen aus einigen Gewässern Amazoniens." Amazoniana 7: 191-219.
+140 UHERKOVICH, G., 1984. "Phytoplankton." In: SIOLI, H. (ed.): The Amazon. The Hague: Junk.
+141 YACUBSON, S., 1969. "Algae de ambientes acuaticos continentales, nuevas pare Venezuela (Cynophyta, Chlorophyta).,, Bot. Centro Invest. Biol. Univ. Zulia 3: 1-87.
+142 ZAFAR, A.R., 1984. "Seasonality of phytoplankton in the South Indian lakes." Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 11-73.
+143 ZUTSHI, D.P. and WANGANEO, A., 1984. "The phytoplankton and primary productivity of a high altitude subtropica1 lake." Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 1168-1172.
+(End of list)
+144 MAUCH, E., 1976. Leitformen der Saprobitat für die biologische Gewasseranalyse. Frankfurt: Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 21 .
+145 SLADECEK, V., 1982. "Kenntnisstand und aktuelle Probleme bei der Beurteilung der Wassergüte mittels Bioindikatoren." Decheniana, Suppl. 26: 99-104.
+146 LAUTERBORN, R., 1914-17. Die sapropelische Lebewelt. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie des Faulschlammes natürlicher Gewasser. Verh. Naturhist. Med. Verein. Heidelberg 13.
+147 WETZEL, A., 1952/53. Aktuelle Aufgaben der biologischen Wasseranalyse. Z. Karl-Marx-Univ. Leipzig 7/8.
+148 PATRIK, R.; HOHN, M.H. and WALLACE, I.H., 1954. A new method for determining the pattern of the diatom flora. Notulae Natural Acad. Sci. Phila. No. 259.
+149 BICK, H., 1957. "Beiträge zur Okologie einiger Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems.,, Vom Wasser 24: 224-246.
+150 LIEBMANN, H., 1947. Die Notwendigkeit der Revision des Saprobiensystems und deren Bedeutung für die Wasserbeurteilung. Gesundheitsingenieur 68.
+151 RUTTNER, F., 1930. "Hydrographische und hydrochemische Beobachtungen auf Java, Sumatra und Bali.', Arch. Hydrobiol., Suppl. 8: 197-454.
+152 VAAS, K.F. and SACHLAN, M., 1955. "Limnological studies on diurnal fluctuations in shallow ponds in Indonesia.,, Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 12: 309-319.
+153 PRUTHI, H.S., 1933. "Studies on the bionomics of fresh-waters in India. I. Seasonal changes in the physical and chemical conditions of the tank in the Indian Museum compound.,, Int. Revs yes. Hydrobiol. 28: 46-47.
+154 POWELL, TH.; KIRKICH, M.H.; NEALE, P.J. and RICHARDSON, P.J., 1984. "The diurnal cycle of stratification in Lake Titicaca: Eddy diffusion.,, Verh. Internat. Verein Limnol. 22: 1237-1243.
+155 WORTHINGTON, E.B.. 1930. "Observations on the temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration, and other physical conditions of-the Victoria and Albert Nyanzas." Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 24: 328-357.
+156 TAILING, J.F., 1957. "Diurna1 changes of stratification and photosynthesis in some tropical African waters.,, Proc. Royal Soc.. B, 147: 57-83.
+157 NEDELKOVIC, R., 1959. Skadarsko jezero. Biol. Inst. Beograd.
+158 ARNDT, U. and SCHWEIZER. B., 1987. Bioindikatoren und ihr Einsatz zur Uberwachung in tropischen und subtropischen Landern. Here: Contr. No. 4.
+159 STEUBING, L.; BIERMANN, J. and DEBUS, R., 1987. Bioindikatoren für Luftschadstoffe im asiatischen Raum. Here: Contr. No. 5.
+160 BIBELRIETHER, H., BIRNBACHER, D.; BUCHWALD, K.; ORCHOWY, G. and PREISlNG, E., 1984. "Schutzgebiete und Schutzobjekte.,, In: BICK, H.; HANSMEYER, K.H.; OLSCHOWY, G. and SCHMOOCK, P. (eds.): Angewandte Okologie. Mensch und Umwelt. Vol. 2. Stuttgart: Fischer, pp. 282-312.
+161 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., 1976a. "The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. 1. Effects of environmental variables on uptake of metals." Mar. Biol. 38: 59-70.
+162 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., 1976b. "The common musseI Mytilus edulis as an indicator of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. II. Relationship of metals in mussel to those discharged by industry.', Mar. Biol. 38: 71 -80.
+163 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., 1977a. "The use of biological indicator organisms to monitor trace metal pollution in marine and estuarine environments." Environ. Pollut. I 3: 281 -317.
+164 CUNNINGHAM, P.A., 1979. "The use of bivalve molluscs in heavy metal pollution research." In: VERNBERG, W.B.; CALABRESE, A.; THURBERG, F.P. and VERNBERG, F.J. (eds.): Marine pollution: Functional responges. New York: Academic Press, pp. 183-221.
+165 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 1980. The international mussel watch. Washington D.C.: Office of Publications, Nat. Acad. Sci.
+166 KRUEGER, K.E., 1985. "Fish as bioindicator for pollution of the environment with harmful substances." Arch. Lebensmittelhyg. 36: 130- 131 .
+167 ELSTER, H.-J., 1987a. "Definitionen. 7-8." In: LILLELUND, K.; DE HAAR, U.; ELSTER, H.-J.; KARBE, L., SCHWOERBEL, J. and SIMONIS, W. (eds.): Bioakkamulation in Nahrungsketten. Zur Problematik der Akkumulation von Umweltchemikalien in aquatischen Svstemen Ergebnisse aus dem Schwerpunktprogramm "Nahrungskettenprobleme". Bonn: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
+168 AL-MOSSAWI, M.J., KADRI, M.: SALEM, A.A. and CHUGH, T.D., 1983. "The use of clams as bioindicator of fecal pollution in seawater." Water Air Soil Pollut. 20: 257-264.
+169 GOLDBERG, E.D.: BOWEN, V.T., FARRINGTON, J.W.; HARVEY, G.: MARTIN, J.H.; PARKER, P.L.; RISEBROUGH, R.W.; ROBERTSON, W.; SCHNEIDER, E. and GAMBLE, E., 1978. "The mussel watch." Environ. Conserv. 5: 101-125.
+170 SCHULZE-BALDES, M., 19X2. "Tiere als Monitoren für Schwermetalle im Meer. Ein Uberblick." Decheniana, Suppl. 26: 43-54.
+17 1 SCHULZE-BALDES, M., 1974. "Lead uptake from seawater and food, and lead loss in the common mussel Mytilus edulis." Mar. Biol. 25 : 117- 193.
+172 KARBE, L., 1987. "Kinetik der Akkumulation und Dekontamination von Schwermetallen." In: LILLELUND, K.; DE HAAR, U.; ELSTER, H.-J.; KARBE, L.; SCHWOERBEL, J. and SIMONIS, W. (eds.): Bioakkumulation in Nahnungsketten. Zun. Prohlematik der Akkumulation von Umweltchemicalien in aquatischen Systemen. Ergebnrisse aus dem Schwerpunktprogramm ,,Nahrungskettenprobleme." Bonn: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), pp. 75-88.
+173 MORIARTY, E., 1975. "Exposure and residues.,, In: Organochlorine Insecticides: Persistent Organic. Pollutants. London: Academic Press, pp. 29-72.
+174 ERNST, W., 1982. "Tiere als Monitororganismen fur organische Schadstoffe." Decheniana, Suppl. 26: 55-66.
+175 FOWLER, S.W.; HEYRAUD, M. and LA ROSA, J., 1978. "Factors affecting methyl and inorganic mercury dynamics in mussel and shrimp.', Mon.. Biol. 46: 267-276.
+176 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., l977b. "Effects of salinity on the net uptake of zinc by the common mussel Mytilus edulis." Man.. Biol. 41: 79-88.
+177 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., 1977c. "The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in Scandinavian waters. 1. Zinc and cadmium." Mar. Biol. 43: 283-291 .
+178 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., 1978. "The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in Scandinavian waters. II. Lead, iron, and manganese." Mar. Biol. 46: 147- l 56.
+179 JAKIM, E.; MORRISON, C. and STEDE, R., 1977. "Effects of environmental factors on radiocadmium uptake by four species of marine bivalves." Mar. Biol. 40: 303-308.
+180 KARBE, L.; BIAS. R. and BORCHARDT, T., 1987. "Aufnahmekinetik und Anreicherung von Blei und Cadmium in Muscheln und Fischen." In: LILLELUND, K.: DE HAAR, U.; ELSTER, H.-J.; KARBE, L.; SCHWOERBEL, J. and SIMONIS, W. (eds.): Bioakkumulation in Nahrungsketten. Zur Problematik der Akkumulation von Umweltchemikulien in aquatischen Systemen. Ergebnisse aus dem Schwerpunktprogramm "Nahrungskettenprnbleme". Bonn: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), pp. 219-225.
+181 BRYAN, G.W., 1973. "The occurrences and seasonal variation of trace metals in the scallops Pecten maximus (L.) and Clamys opercularis (L.)." J. mar. trio. Ass. U.K. 53: 145-166.
+182 COSSA, D.; BOURGET, E.: POULIOT, D.; PIUZE, J. and CHANUT, J.P., 1980. "Geographica1 and seasonal variation in the relationship between trace metal content and bodyweight in Mytilus edulis." Mar. Biol. 58: 7-14.
+183 FOWLER, S.W. and OREGIONI. B., 1976. "Trace metals in mussels from N.W. Mediterranean." Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7: 26-29.
+184 FRAZIER, J.M., 1975. "The dynamics of metals in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. I. Seasonal effects."Chesapeak.eSci. 16: 162-171.
+185 BOYDEN, C.R., 1977."Effects of size upon meta1 content of shell fish." J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 57: 675-714.
+186 RISEBROUGH, R.W.; DE LAPPE, B.W.; WALKER, W.I.I.; SIMONEIT, B.R.T.; GRIMALT, J.; ALBAIGES, J.; REGUEIRO, G.J.A.; NOLLA, B.A. and FERNANDEZ, M.M., 1983. "Application of the mussel watch concept in studies of the distribution of hydrocarbons in the coastal zone of the Ebro delta, Spain." Mar. Pollut. Bull. 14: 181-187.
+187 MOMOSHIMA, N.; SHIKI, A.; TAKASHIMA, V.; MAKI, T.; KORIYAMA, M.; SHIMOZONE, S.; INAMURA, H. and NAKAMATA, K., 1985. ,'Radioactive and stable cobalt concentrations in mussel in Kyushu Island, Japan.,, Radioisotopes 34: 257-261.
+188 GOLDBERG, E.D.: KOIDE, M.; HODGE, V.; FLEGAL, A.R. and MARTIN, J., 1983. " mussel watch 1977-1978. Result on trace metals and radionuclides." Estuarian Coastal Shelf Sci. 16: 69-94.
+189 BRIX, H.; LYNGBY, J.E. and SCHIERUP, H.H., 1983. "Eelgrass Zostera marina as an indicator organism of trace metals in the Limfjord Denmark. Mar. Environ. Res. 8: 165-182.
+190 RIISGARD, H.U., 1984. "Mercury pollution in the waters around Harboore-Tange and Limfjord Denmark." Mar. Pollut. Bull. 15: 129-133.
+191 WARD, T.W.: CORRELL, R.L. and ANDERSON, R.S., 1986. "Distribution of cadmium, lead, and zinc among the marine sediments, sea grasses, and fauna, and the selection of sentinal accumulators near a lead smelter in South Australia." Aust. J. Man.. Freshwater Res. 37: 567-586.
+192 SCHULZE-BALDES, M., 1973. "Die Miesmuschel Mytilus edulis als Indikator fur die Bleikonzentration im Westästuar und in der Deutschen Bucht." Mar. Biol. 2 1 : 98- 1 02.
+193 POHAM, J.D.; JOHNSON, D.C. and D'AURIA, J.M., 1980. "Mussel (Mytilus edulis) as 'point source' indicators of trace metal pollution. ,' Mar. Pollut. Bull. 11 : 261 -263.
+(Entries 194-232)
+AQUATIC ORGANISMS AS BIOMONITORS FOR DETECTION OF POLLUTANTS, IN PARTICULAR HEAVY METALS (an alphahetical listing of relevant literature)
+194 AGADI, V.V.; BOSHLE, N.B. and UNTAWALE, A.G., 1978. "Metal concentration in some seaweeds of Goa ( India)." Botanica Marina 21 : 247-250.
+195 ARGAWAL, H.C.; MITTAL, P.K.; MENON, K.B. and PILLAI, M.K.K., 1986. "DDT residues in the river Jumana in Delhi, India." Water Soil Air Pollut. 28: 89- 104.
+196 AL-DABABS, M.A.M.; HUBBARD, F.H. and McMANUS, J., 1984. "The shell of Mytilus as an indicator of zonal variations of wafer qualify within an estuary."Esruarine Coastal Shelf Sc.i. 18: 263-270.
+197 AMIARD-TRIQUET, C.; BERTHET, B.; METAYER, C. and AMIARD, J.C., 1986. "Contribution to the exotoxicological study of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis. II. Experimental Study." Mar. Biol. 92: 7-14.
+198 BADAWY, M.I. and EL-DIB, M.A., 1984. "Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fish from the Egyptian delta lakes." Environ. Int. 10: 3-8.
+199 BONN, J.P. and DUINKER, J.C., 1986. "Monitoring cyclic organochlorines in the marine environment." Environ. Monit. Assess. 7: 189-208.
+200 BROMAN, D., 1984. "Oil deposits off Stockholm, Sweden." Fauna. Flora 79: 239-244.
+201 BROMAN, D. and GANNING, B., 1986. "Uptake and release of petroleum hydrocarbons by two brackish water bivalves, Mytilus edulis and Macoma baltica." Ophelia 25: 49-58.
+202 BRYAN, G.W.; LANGSTON, W.J.; HUMMERSTONE, L.G.; BURT, G.R. and HO, Y.B., 1983. "An assessment of the gastropod Littorina littorea as an indicator of heavy metal contamination in U.K. estuaries." J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.. U.K. 63: 327-346.
+203 BURDON-JONES, C.; DENTON, G.R.W.; JONES, G.B. and McPHIE, K.A., 1982. "Regional and seasonal variations of trace metals in tropical phaeophyceae from North Queensland, Australia." Mar. Environ. Res. 7: 13-30.
+204 BURTON, K.W.; MORGAN, E. and WILLIAMS, A.T., 1983. "Trace heavy metals in Fucus vesiculosus and Patella vulgata along the Glamorgan Heritage coast South Wales, U.K." Water Air Soil Pollut. 19: 377-388.
+205 BRYAN, G.W. and HUMMERSTONE, L.G., 1971. "Adaptation of the po1ychaete Nereis diversicolor to sediments containing high concentrations of heavy metals. I. General observations and adaptation to copper." J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 51 . 845-863.
+206 CALMET, D.; DABURON, M.L. and WILLEMOT, J.M., 1985. "Evolution of artificial radioactivity of the Mediterranean Northwestern littoral and evaluation of the sanitary consequences.,' Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med. 77-78: 59-72 .
+207 CARPENE, E. and GEORGE, S.G., 1981 . "Absorption of cadmium by gills of Alytilus edulis (L.)." Mol. Physiol. 1 : 23-24.
+208 HASSARD-BOUCHAUD, C.; CALMET, D.; ESCAIG, F. and KLEINBAUER, F., 1983. "Uranium bioaccumuration by Mytilus edulis occurrence in mussels collected from the French coast of the English channel and exeperimental contamination. A secondary ion emission microanalysis." C.R. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. III Sci. Vie 296: 1095-1100.
+209 CRESCENTI, N: MARTELLA, S.; MARTINO, G. and MONO, L., 1982. "Heavy metals mercury, cadmium, lead content in Patella coerulea." Mem. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 7: 79-92.
+210 FERNANDEZ-LEBORANS, G. and ANTONIAO M.T., 1 984. "Study of synergetic action of two metals lead and zinc on a community of ciliate protozoans.', J. Protozool. 312: 70A-71A.
+211 FERNANDEZ-LEBORANS, T.A.G. and CORPAS-VAZQUEZ, I., 1985. "The effect of lead on some protozoan communities. Ci1iates of the Santillana reservoir and Ciudad-Universitaria Madrid, Spain." Acta Protozool. 24: 85-110.
+212 GRANAY, R.L. and GIESY, J.P. jr.. 1986. "Effects of long-term exposure to pentachlorophenol on the free amino acid pool and energy reserves of the freshwater amphipod Gamnnarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield, Crustacea, Amphipoda." Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 12: 233-251.
+213 JENKINS, K.D.; BROWN, D.A.; OSHIDA, P.S. and PERKINS, E.M., 1982. "Cytosolic metal distribution as an indicator of toxicity in seaurchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus from the Southern California bight, ." Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13: 413-421.
+214 KOEHLER, A.; HARMS, U. and LUCKAS, B., 1986. "Accumulation of organochlorines and mercury in flounder. An approach to pollution assessment." Helgol. Meeresunters. 40. 431-440.
+215 KUIPER, J., 1986. "Monitoring fate and effects of oil in the marine environment." Environ. Monit. Assess. 7. 221-232.
+216 LANGSTON, W.J., 1984. "Availabi1ity of arsenic to estuarine and marine organisms. A field and laboratory evaluation." Mar. Biol. 80. 143-154.
+217 MARTINIC, D.; NURNBERG, H.W. and BRANICA, M., 1987. "Bioaccumulation of metals by bivalves from Limski kanal, North Adriatic Sea. III. copper distribution between Mytilus galloprovincialis LKM and ambient water." Sci. total Environ. 60: 121-142.
+218 MIKAC, N. and PICER, M., 1985. "Mercury distribution in a polluted marine area. Concentrations of methyl mercury in the sediments and some marine organisms." Sci. total Environ. 43: 27-40.
+219 MIYAZAKI, T.; YAMAGISHI, T. and MATSUMOTO, M.. 1987. "Component patterns of chlordanes in seawater, river water, fish, and shellfish."J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. 27: 49-58.
+220 MUIR, D.C.G.; RAWN, G.P. and GRIFT, N.P., 1985. "Fate of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin in small ponds. A mass balance study." J. agric. Food Chem. 33: 603-609.
+22 l NIENHUIS, P.H., 1986. "Background levels of heavy metals in nine tropical seagrass species in Indonesia." Mar. Pollur. Bull. 17: 508-5 l l.
+222 OGRADY, K.T. and ABDULLAH, M.I., 1985. "Mobility and resistance of zinc in brown trout Salmo trutta. Results of environmentally induced change through transfer." Environ. Pollut. Ser. A Ecol. Biol. 38: 109-128.
+223 PATEL, B.; PATEL, S. and BALANI, M.C., 1985. "Can a sponge fractionate isotopes?" Proc.. Royal Soc.. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 224: 23-42.
+224 PHILLIPS, D.J.H., 1979. "The rock oyster Saccostrea vancouveri as an indicator of trace metals in Hong-Kong." Mar. Biol. 53: 353-360.
+225 POPHAM, J.D. and D'AURIA, J.M., 1982. "Eudistylia vanvouveri a new sentinel organism for vanadium and tie tanium." Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13: 25-27.
+226 RAMELOW, G.J., 1985. "A study of heavy metals in limpets Patella sp. collected along a section of the Southeastern Turkish Mediterranean coast." Mar. Environ. Res. 16: 243-254.
+227 RIBEYRE, F. and BOUDOU, A., 1984. "Experimental study of the process of decontamination in Salmo gairdneri following direct contamination by 2 mercury derivates mercury chloride and methyl mercury chloride analysis of transfers at organisms and organ levels." Environ. Pollut. Ser. a Ecol. Biol. 35: 203-228.
+228 RICE, C.P. and WHITE, D.S., 1987. "PCB availability assessment of river dredging using caged clams and fish." Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6: 259-274.
+229 ROESIJADI. G.; YOUNG, Y.S.; DRUM, A.S. and GURTISEN, J.M, 1984. "Behavior of trace metals in Mytilus edulis during a reciprocla transplant field experiment." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 18: 155-170.
+230 SATSMADJIS, J. and VOUTSINOU-TALIADOURI, F., 1983. "Myulus galloprovincialis and Parapernaeus longirostris as bioindicators of heavy meta1 and organo chlorine pollution." Mar. Biol. 76: 115-170.
+231 SEELIGER, U. and CORDAZO, C., 1982. "Field and experimental evaluation of Enteromorpha sp. as a qualitative, quantitative monitoring organism for copper and mercury in estuaries.,' Environ. Pollut. Ser. A Ecol. Bio. 29: 197-206.
+232 THOMSEN, E.A.; LUOMA, S.N.; JOHANSSON, C.E. and CAIN, D.J., 1984. "Comparison of sediments and organisms in identifying sources of biologically available trace contamination." Water Res. 18: 755-766.
+(End of list)
+233 LILLELUND, K., 1987. "Die Bedeutung abiotischer und biologischer Randbedingungen fùr die Bioakkumulation der im Schwerpunkt eingesetzten Umweltchemikalien." In: LILLELUND, K.; DE HAAR, U.; ELSTER, H.-J.; KARBE, L.; SCHWOERBEL, J. and SIMONIS, W. (eds.): Bioakkamulation in Nahrungsketten. Zur Problematik der Akkumulation von Umweltchemikalien in aquatischen Systemen. Ergebnisse aus dem Schwerpunktprogramm "Nahrungskettenprobleme". Bonn: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), pp.89-101.
+234 WACHS, B., 1983. "Aquatic organisms for indication of heavy metals in flowing waters." Naturwissenschaften 70: 577-580.
+235 ELSTER, H.-J., 1987b. "Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Befunde." In: LILLELUND, K.; DE HAAR, U.; ELSTER, H.-J.; KARBE, L.; SCHWOERBEL, 1. and SIMONIS, W. (eds.): Bioakkumulation in Nahrungsketten. Zur Problematik der Akkumulation von Umweltchemikalien in aquatischen Systemen. Ergebnisse aus dem Schwerpunktprogramm "Nahrungskettenprobleme". Bonn: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
+236 SCEPAN, J.; ESTEES, J.E. and CARLSON, R.M., 1986. "Remote sensing for detection of oil in the marine environment. An evaluation of the USA coast guard aireye surveillance system." Sci. total Environ. 56: 287-293.
+237 SCHAPER, P.W., 1976. "Infrared sensing methods." In: SCHANDA, E. (ed.): Remote sensing for environmental sciences. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, pp. 84-109.
+238 KAKHRU, M., 1986. "Vertical heterogenity and possibilities for remote sensing of the chlorophyll distribution in the Baltic Sea." Okeanologiya 26: 667-672 (in Russian).
+239 DE LOOR, G.P., 1976. "Radar methods." In: SCHANDA, E. (ed.): Remote sensing for environmental sciences. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, pp. 147-186.
+240 SOULE, D.F. and KLEPPEL, G.S. (eds.), 1988. Marine organisms as indicators. New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, London, Paris, Tokyo: Springer.
+241 SCHILCHER, M. and FRITSCH, D. (ed.), 1989. "Geo-Informationssysteme". Karlsruhe: Wichmann.
+242 BAYERISCHE LANDESANSTALT FUR WASSERFORSCHUNG (ed.), 1986. "Bewertung der Gewasserqualitat und Gewasserguteanforderungen". Munchen, Wien: Oldenbourg.
+243 SCHRODER, R., in press. "Relevant Parameters to Define the Trophic State of Lakes". Arch. Hydrobiol.
+244 SCHMIDT, G.W. et al., 1989. "Sistema de monitoramento limnologico e de classificacao de lagos e reservatorios tropicais do Brasil, através de sen gran de comprometimento". Superintendéncia dos Recoursos Hidricos e Meio Abiente, German Agency for Technical Cooperation: Curitiba, Eschborn.
+<section>The Use of Bioindicators for Environmental Monitoring in Tropical and Subtropical Countries</section>
+by Uwe Arndt and Birgit Schweizer
+<section>1. Introduction</section>
+In the industrial countries of the earth, during the last 15 years the importance attached to having a healthy environment has steadily grown. In the Federal Republic of Germany it is currently one of the three most-discussed topics, on a par with means of reducing unemployment and topped only by issues related to maintaining world peace (SCHUTZE, 1982). Although this public attention is not synonymous with concrete measures to protect the environment, it is nevertheless clear that broad sectors of the population have become sensitive to this matter, even resulting in changes in existing political parties and the emergence of new ones in our country. Political decisions have been made in favor of environmental protection, and in spite of the fact that many people believe these measure are inadequate, it is nevertheless true that they have placed greater priority on ecological goals than on economic needs. Apparently, the time was ripe for a reconciliation of economy with
+ecology.
+The situation is significantly different in the developing countries, which are still struggling to become industrialized. The ongoing shift of industrial production facilities from Europe and the United States to countries of the Third World are confronting these with a new complex of problems: that of environmental pollution. With a view to alleviating their serious economic and social problems, however, many Third World countries portray their lax or completely absent anti-pollution legislation and regulations as an advantage, hoping to attract foreign industry. As a result, multinational chemical companies establish subsidiaries in the Third World in order to get around the stringent checks and controls in many industrial countries (GLOBAL 2000, 1980). Not enough environmental awareness of the right kind has been able to develop, and cannot be realistically expected to develop as long as excessively fast rates of population growth are forcing developing countries to
+practice destructive exploitation of natural resources (PECCEI, 1981). Experience has shown, however, that unless appropriate laws are passed and enforced, the densely settled metropolitan areas preferred by heavy industry will inevitably be subjected to alarmingly high concentrations of pollutants. The outlook is worsened even further by the fact that the industrial countries have always exported goods to tropical and subtropical countries exclusively with an aim to increasing their own economic gain, and have consequently failed to provide the required infrastructure and know-how for dealing with the resulting environmental problems. In the light of this fact, it becomes understandable why the developing countries are repeating the same mistakes which we have already made with the environment. The threat to the ecology posed by anthropogenic activities is much more serious in tropical and subtropical regions, however, since, for example, the vegetation reacts much more
+unfavorably to atmospheric pollution than in Central Europe. The claim is occasionally made that the geographical and meteorological conditions in tropical regions exclude any possibility of atmospheric pollution reaching a harmful level (PETERSEN, 1966; NG'ANG'A, 1980). But studies of air quality in the vicinity of large South American cities (SANHUEZA et al., 1982) have documented that even when wind conditions are predominantly favorable, a high rate of atmospheric pollution is attained as soon as the emission rates exceed the ability of the atmosphere to disperse the pollutants.
+Any concept aimed at helping to remedy the situation must establish priorities and begin with collection, review and evaluation of existing publications. The present study is devoted to this purpose. It concentrates on biological monitoring methods suited for demonstrating the effects of toxins, in particular environmental pollutants, on the plants of terrestrial ecosystems. In Chapter 2, a number of key concepts are defined and a general survey of the possibilities and limitations of biological monitoring is given (cf. ARNDT, 1983). This is followed by presentation of a selection of approaches which have been successfully applied in Central Europe, including a discussion of their technical details and aspects related to their practical application. Then a survey is given of the known relevant studies which have been conducted in the tropics and subtropics, and the usefulness of their results for routine environmental monitoring discussed. The study concludes with
+recommendations for continued action.
+<section>2. Definitions and basic principles of biological monitoring</section>
+One of the most fundamental attributes of living organisms, including human beings, animals and plants, is their ability to respond to external stimuli, i.e. these stimuli activate processes which normally help organisms to survive (MERIUS, 1955). Such a stimulus can, for example, be present in the form of pollutants in the environment, and provoke corresponding responses in living organisms. This peculiarity of living organisms can be utilized as a criterion or indicator for determining the presence of pollutants in the environment (SCHONBECK et al., 1970). When organisms are used as bioindicators for environmental monitoring purposes, however, they take on the role of instruments (RAVERA, 1975). In other words, only those biological responses need be evaluated that are caused by substances in the environment, with pollutant accumulations in excess of normal levels also being defined as effects in this sense (VDI-Richtlinie L 2329, 1983).
+Bioindicators can thus be defined as organisms or communities of organisms that respond to environmental pollution by changing their vital functions or by accumulating toxins (ARNDT et al., 1987). In contrast to SCHUBERT (1985), this definition purposefully excludes indication of natural site conditions while at the same time improving on an earlier definition formulated by ARNDT et al. (1982).
+The many proposals and new developments in the field of biological monitoring have also given rise to numerous designations for the methods and approaches which have developed in connection with different lines of pursuit and practical applications. The scheme illustrated in Figure I is discussed below.
+In keeping with the definition cited above, two basic kinds of biological indicators exist: response indicators and accumulative indicators. Both types occur with all three possible kinds of utilization of indicator organisms.
+Pointer organisms are defined here as biological indicators or communities of indicators that can provide information on conditions in an ecosystem (cf. Fig. 1). In the simplest of cases they can provide data on a certain pH value or on heavy metal concentrations in the soil. Certain plant species respond to changes in the environment, such as the appearance of pollutants, by dying out or multiplying. In other words, the size and species composition of plant and animal communities change. Quite frequently, mapping and observation of vegetation is better suited than monitoring of fauna, since plants have environmental requirements that are easier to assess, remain in one place and are more numerous (RAT VON SACHVERSTANDIGEN FUR UMWELTFRAGEN, 1978). It is generally impossible to quantify data obtained from pointer organisms or to draw reliable conclusions on pollutant levels. In order to identify changes in ecosystems, long-term and repeated collection of data from pointer
+organisms is necessary. Such long-term studies lead to the compilation of comprehensive environmental inventories like those proposed by MULLER (1978), which can yield information on the extent of anthropogenic influences.
+Test organisms are used primarily in toxicological laboratory tests and for water analysis. They are generally highly standardized and are often used chiefly to detect immediate risks for human beings. Accordingly, animals are often also used for this purpose (BESCH, 1977). Although the results of such tests cannot always be directly transferred to actual ecosystems (cf. Fig. 1), during recent years they have played an increasingly important role in connection with testing of environmental chemicals, for example pesticides, and environmental toxicology (SCHAFER, 1983). Test organisms such as algae, bacteria and higher animals generally yield quantifiable data (RIPPEN, 1984). Test organisms are also used for monitoring and control of air pollution. This means that polluted air samples and/or pollutants must be brought to the laboratory and their phytotoxicity tested there. The cress test developed by GARBER (1974) is used more frequently. In this test, the rate of germination
+and/or the growth of sprouts and roots are studied under the influence of pollutants. A proposal which involves studying the effect on algae of particulates which settle out of the air must also be assigned to this category (ARNDT, 1974).
+Monitor organisms, finally, include all those living organisms which are used for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of pollutant levels in the environment and their repercussions on the ecology. Response and accumulative indicators can be more clearly distinguished here than is the case with pointer or test organisms; both kinds can either already be present in an ecosystem (passive monitoring) or be introduced to it in standardized form (active monitoring). In both cases, the observed injury and/or chemical analyses performed permit more or less accurate conclusions to be drawn on the quantitative levels of specific pollutants, once appropriate benchmarks have been established.
+The terminology used here for different types of indicators must necessarily remain somewhat vague in certain borderline applications. It is for this reason that Fig. I shows overlap zones between the pointer organisms and organisms used for passive monitoring on the one hand, and between test organisms and those used for active monitoring on the other hand. No clear distinctions are possible in either of these areas, and the extent to which pointer organisms for acid soil environments (ELLENBERG, 1982) lists a large number of such organisms for dry, moderately moist and wet soils) can be simultaneously used for passive monitoring of air pollution depends largely on the knowledge and objectives of the investigators.
+Where monitoring of air pollution is concerned, the monitor organisms play the most important role of all biological indicators. They provide data on various different biological levels, depending on which attributes are suited for use as criteria in each individual case (STEUBING, 1982). The ways in which an organism responds to exposure to a pollutant can be observed or measured in biochemical or physiological terms (JAGER, 1982). If it is assumed that the appearance of visible injury to a plant must be preceded by metabolic changes, then this fact can be taken advantage of for early detection. Unfortunately, however, the existing techniques for doing this - developed for medical applications - are for the most part extremely complicated and have not yet been sufficiently adapted for use on plants.
+Another proposed approach which is also quite involved and thus of only limited practical usefulness for air quality monitoring, is to utilize changes in subcellular structures as criteria. This approach calls for use of electron microscopy and the services of an appropriately trained specialist, so that although it has indeed permitted effects caused by pollution to be demonstrated, it cannot be regarded as a practical and easy-to-use instrument. The advantages and disadvantages of this and similar proposals are discussed by GODZIK (1982).
+Optical methods such as those used for measuring the thicknesses of annual rings in trees are simpler to perform. To a certain extent, they can be used for reconstruction of events that represent long periods of past history. For instance, measurements of the annual rings of oak trees in the vicinity of an isolated pollutant source have been successfully used to reconstruct the history of pollution in that area without any other data being available on pollution levels (ARNDT and WEHRLE, 1982). Biological monitoring with annual ring thicknesses is also being used within the scope of studies of forest dieback in Europe (ECKSTEIN et al., 1983). Comparisons of healthy and diseased trees have shown not only that there has been a general decline in annual ring thicknesses, but also that there has been a high percentage of complete absence of annual rings in diseased trees (ATHARI and KRAMER, 1983). Measurements of annual diameter growth can also be used to determine the
+effectiveness of forest fertilization (ARNDT and WEHRLE, 1982). It should be noted, however, that these studies only permit conclusions to be drawn on the causes of injury if the data on climate and tree age can be supplemented by data on pollution levels. Due to the relatively uniform site conditions in the tropics and subtropics, studies of growth zones in tree trunk cross sections are only feasible and meaningful there in special cases.
+Biological monitoring approaches which are based on ecophysiological methods and make use of cellular and tissue-related criteria are also of interest for practical applications. This refers above all to measurement of plant respiration and other techniques that permit non-destructive assessment of the condition of plants. In spite of the fact that special equipment is also required in these cases, techniques exist that are acceptable in terms of cost and labor, especially considering that these parameters exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to environmental pollution (KELLER, 1978). Some of the metabolic processes frequently used for biological monitoring are summarized in Table I (WEIGEL and JAGER, 1985).
+Quite a large number of plant species are now used for biological monitoring approaches in which visible symptoms of injury to certain organs and/or entire organisms serve as criteria. Most of the monitor plants routinely used today belong to this group. One reason for this is that they more or less meet various demands which are made of biological indicators:
+1. They are easy to handle and care for.
+2. They can be standardized.
+3. The conditions under which they respond are well-known.
+4. They are cost-effective.
+5. The responses are easily evaluated.
+6. The effects of pollution are obvious and quantifiable.
+7. Genetic uniformity can be achieved.
+8. The responses can be statistically evaluated.
+It is not absolutely essential for a bioindicator to fulfill all of these conditions at the same time. Depending on the objectives, different attributes can gain and lose in importance, or additional requirements may be imposed for use within the scope of pollution response inventories.
+The indication criteria dealt with so far have to do with biological aspects of individual organisms. They are thus of an auto-ecological nature, and the data they yield can be extrapolated to entire systems only within certain limits. The situation is different if passive monitoring is used, i.e. observation of naturally occurring plant species. Observation of entire phytocoenoses, i.e. investigation of the species makeup of plant communities and the changes which this undergoes under the influence of atmospheric pollution, opens up new possibilities for monitoring of the environment (KUTSCHERARITTER et al., 1982; SCHUBERT, 1982). In particular, the response of dominant species to pollutants provides a wealth of synecological information, since the injuries which they sustain then rapidly manifest themselves throughout the entire ecosystem (TRESHOW, 1968; ARNDT and WEHRLE, 1982).
+Table 1: Physiological and biochemical response criteria for biomonitoring (WEIGEL and JAGER, 1985).
+Procedure
+Measured metabolic activity or parameter
+Porometrics
+- Transpiration
+- Photosynthesis
+Stomatal behavior
+- Water budget
+- Pollutant uptake
+Gas exchange measurement
+- Photosynthesis
+- Respiration
+Chlorophyll fluorescence
+- Photosynthesis
+- Condition of pigment system
+Electron microscopy
+- Surface structure
+- Scanning electron microscope
+- Ultrastructure
+- Transmission electron microscope
+Chemical analysis
+- Pollutant content
+- Pollutant uptake
+- Nutrient content
+- Nutrient leaching
+Mass spectroscopy of sulfur isotopes
+- Sulfur uptake and accumulation
+Biochemical methods
+- Enzyme activity
+(e.g. peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, gluta mate dehydrogenase, catalase)
+- Pool values of metabolites
+(e.g. amino acids, amines, sugars, lipids, proteins)
+- Pigment content
+(e.g. chlorophyll a/b)
+- Buffer capacity
+- Membrane integrity
+(e.g. malonidialdebyde, ethane)
+Formation of volatile substances
+(e.g. H2S, ethylene, ethane)
+- Allocation of primary products of photosynthesis
+- Special photosynthetic reactions
+(e.g. ATP formation, electron transport, Cal vin cycle)
+It must therefore be stressed that system-related biological monitoring has yet to be extensively applied. Especially in the form of active monitoring, in other words the calculated exposure of a model ecosystem, it has not progressed beyond the experimental stage. This must nevertheless be regarded as a promising field of endeavor, since in such plant communities competition among individuals plays a role in addition to the direct effects of environmental pollutants. This can serve to intensify responses - the observed signals are amplified, a fact which could be used to particularly great advantage for long-term monitoring of chronic low pollution in areas that are in a natural or nearnatural state (DE WIT, 1982).
+The concept of monitor organisms as used here does indeed go far beyond the definition normally cited for bioindicators, and it is necessary to distinguish between two different approaches or functions. On the one hand, monitor organisms can provide information on the causes of injury, i.e. permitting the disease to be diagnosed, in this case the impact of environmental pollutants. On the other hand, they can also be used for spatial and temporal quantification of pollutant levels; in this case bioindicators are integrated into an impact-related measurement process, becoming monitor organisms in the true sense of the term.
+For monitoring purposes, procedures must be standardized as far as possible. Unfortunately, practical fulfillment of this requirement is not keeping pace with the numerous proposals being made for biological monitoring. However, since standardization is a prerequisite for routine use, e.g. for compilation of pollution response inventories, during recent years various proposals have been published. In particular, the Commission on Air Quality Control of the Association of German Engineers (VDI) has been actively making major contributions to standardization (SPIEGELBERG, 1984).
+The goal of such efforts is to attain essential comparability of results and to increase their accuracy by reducing error margins. This is accomplished by means of careful definitions of methods, issued in the form of guidelines. The most well-known example is probably the standardized grass culture. This is an accumulative indicator which has been used for years for active monitoring both locally and regionally. It was originally developed by SCHOLL (1971, 1972) and the State Institute for Environmental Protection of North-Rhine/Westphalia (Landesanstalt fur Immissionsschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen). The Commission on Air Quality Control of the VDI published the approach in 1978 in its guideline no. 3792, sheets I and 2. This guideline refers explicitly to "measurement of effective dosages", thus identifying its orientation as that of a monitoring approach (VDI, 1982, 1985). All aspects of the method are defined and described in detail, ranging from the quality of the seed,
+cultivation and means of ensuring an independent water supply to exposure and analysis of results; during the last 15 years, this method has been successfully tested and applied under a wide variety of conditions.
+Active monitoring with lichens is standardized to a similar extent. The principles involved were first formulated by BRODO (1961), but it was SCHONBECK (1968, 1969) who introduced this technique to Central Europe and developed it to its present state of sophistication.
+Further examples could be cited, but those mentioned so far are sufficient to show that some of the approaches will require a number of technical improvements before they can be successfully applied. One of the major prerequisites for routine use of plants as bioindicators was the invention of a means to automatically ensure a supply of water to the exposed plants, since otherwise the labor involved in watering the plants during sunny weather would have made large-scale monitoring grids unfeasible. The first usable techniques to be developed for this were publicized at about the same time as the standardized grass culture procedure, and these two aspects must also be regarded as being intimately linked (SCHOLL, 1969; v. HAUT et al., 1972). Since that time, a number of improvements on the original technique have been made which reduce the likelihood of problems and permit easier handling (ARNDT, 1983).
+The current state of the art is the use of a standardized "bioindicator fan". This involves simultaneous exposure of a number of different bioindicator species, such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, var. BEL W 3), broad bean (Vicia faba, var. Herra), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, var. Pinto, Blue Lake, Hilds Maja, etc.), red clover (Trifolium pratense, var. Hege) etc., the different responses of which provide additional information. The varying sensitivities of common bean varieties to different pollutants and ozone concentrations permit more accurate conclusions to be drawn on pollution levels (SCHLUTER, 1984). The "indicator fan" is exposed in special frames (cf. Fig. 2) that are designed and placed in such a way as to ensure standardized shade, water supply, orientation and height above the ground. They are now in use at over 100 monitoring sites in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg (ARNDT and SCHLUTER, 1985: ARNDT et al., 1985; LfU, 1984).
+The technologically most sophisticated devices for exposure of bioindicators are likely the mobile chambers developed by VAN HAUT (1972). These can be used for concurrent observation, at a single monitoring site, of control plants receiving only filtered air and plants exposed to contaminated air; this is accomplished by keeping the plants under plexiglass hoods. This arrangement has the advantage of permitting direct comparison, but for cost reasons can only be used in special instances (cf. Fig. 3).
+Biological monitoring (German: Bioindikation), is defined as the measurement of changes in organisms and/or ecosystems induced by environmental influences of anthropogenic origin (cf. SCHUBERT, 1984). It takes its orientation from a "normal state" established by benchmarking, and is performed in a spatially and temporally differentiated manner using monitor organisms. It is important to note that it does not involve quantitative determination of stress factors such as pollutants present in the atmosphere, but instead response-oriented monitoring procedures that should not be regarded as a substitute for methods involving direct measurement of pollution levels (ARNDT, 1983). The use of such systems is favored by attributes which only they possess:
+- Indication of responses; this obviates having to deduce effects, on the basis of a constructed model, from data collected from a grid of pollution monitoring sites, an approach which is possible in principle but associated with a significant degree of uncertainty.
+- More or less integral indication of the effects of a given pollution type, at least in the case of response indicators; in other words, the "cross-sensitivity" that can occur in connection with analytical measurement techniques no longer interferes with accuracy, instead simply contributing to the overall effect.
+- All external influences affecting the nature of the response are unified, even if the bioindicator has varying degrees of sensitivity both to different types of air pollution and other parameters as well.
+- Bioindicators can also permit detection of chronic pollution levels by, for example, enrichment of pollutants until a sufficiently large quantity for measurement has accumulated, or by showing reduced growth.
+- Since the goal of air quality control is to contain the effects of pollution, and monitoring of this can take its orientation from response threshold values, for this purpose only bioindicators can provide useful data.
+On the other hand, the wish to correlate specific responses with given pollutant types has proven to be virtually unattainable. To be sure, bioindicators exist which are particularly sensitive to certain types of atmospheric pollution, but it is not now nor will it likely ever be possible to definitively prove that these responses are exclusively tied to certain triggers. This statement does not hold for accumulative indicators, in the case of which concentrations of individual substances can be determined by chemical analysis.
+There are two basic approaches to biological monitoring. One is aimed at identifying the environmental impact of known pollutant sources, and the other is usthis would also serve to describe the usefulness of given bioindicators. However, this should not be taken as a reason to forgo practical applications, on the contrary, enough basic data can be collected in the course of routine operations for assessment of the criteria listed above, although it should always be kept in mind that the use of bioindicators does not involve analytical test procedures, but instead effect-related, "biological measurement approaches".
+In one case passive monitoring was successfully applied in the surroundings of a brickworks to simultaneously achieve three of the major goals of such methods (ARNDT et al., 1984). Firstly, use of a standardized technique for assessment of damage to a wine-growing area comprising about 100 ha revealed the spatial distribution of the effects, and secondly, it was possible to unambiguously identify the source (Fig. 4). Thirdly, another survey following installation of a filter at the source showed that the area had recovered from the damage. Numerous other publications have reported on studies of this type using both response and accumulative indicators (KUNZE, 1972; WALLIN, 1976; KELLER, 1980). The use of bioindicators along linear sources is used for studying the effects of pollution emanating from roads (KELLER, 1970; LAGERWERFF and SPECHT, 1970; KLOKE, 1974; LAAKSOVIRTA et al., 1976) or the paths followed by aircraft taking off and landing at airports (RUGE and BURKHARDT,
+In order to collect evidence against environmental polluters or in order to test the environmental compatibility of technical facilities, bioindicators are frequently used within the scope of active monitoring. This can take the form of, for example, placing standardized organisms in a tract of land on which the establishment of industrial plants is planned. The plants can be exposed either in a checkerboard pattern or placed along lines radiating from a single point, but in most cases they are arranged irregularly, i.e. following the slope of the land, any buildings present, etc. In many cases, response or cumulative measurements are continued until a normal state has been identified (benchmarking) and the influence of the technical measures or industrial facilities can be determined. This can sometimes make it necessary to maintain a monitoring grid for several years. In this context, the standardized grass culture developed by SCHOLL proved itself in practice in
+connection with the establishment of aluminum smelters in the Ruhr between 1965 and 1975 (SCHOLL. 1971). In 1974, LITTLE and MARTIN (1974) exposed Sphagnum moss in bags made of fine nylon fiber in the vicinity of a zinc and lead smelter near Bristol (United Kingdom). With the aid of this technologically simple method, they were able to identify zones with different levels of heavy metal pollution in the area around the plant, and the usefulness of this procedure was reconfirmed a year later at another location (RATCLIFFE,1975).
+The objectives pursued by large-scale use of bioindicators are as a rule somewhat different from those in the above-mentioned cases. The aim here is to obtain information on the condition of ecosystems, and it is logical to concentrate on passive monitoring. Of course, when establishing test grids covering entire regions or countries difficulties can arise in connection with comparison of the data obtained from various sites, since their climatic and edaphic conditions can vary widely.
+Nevertheless, the taking of adequately standardized samples permits collection of an amount of information much greater than that obtainable with any other approach. During the past 2() years, a large number of monitoring grids of this kind have been successfully established in densely settled metropolitan areas. In particular, the lichen mapping projects in Freiburg (KUNZE, 1974), along the lower course of the Main River (STEUBING et al., 1974) and in the Munster area (HEIDT, 1978), as well as other, similar programs conducted on a trial basis (including that of SCHUSCHKE et al., 1974) have contributed to the assessment of air quality. Nonetheless, the reliability of data obtained from lichen mapping may be jeopardized if site factors are not given sufficient consideration (MULLER et al., 1981).
+For active monitoring, during recent years the ozone-sensitive tobacco variety Bel W 3 has been increasingly used. One drawback is that it often exhibits a weaker response in city centers than in outlying districts, a phenomenon which is attributed to the ozone "expending itself" by reacting with primary air pollutants such as NO, as well as meteorological factors in urban landscapes (STEUBING, 1982; ARNDT and SCHLUTER, 1985; ARNDT et al., 1985; RUDOLPH, 1977; FLOOR and POSTHUMUS, 1977; HORSMAN, 1981; ARNDT et al., 1983).
+Large-scale application of biological monitoring procedures has also made it possible to obtain an overview of the condition of forest ecosystems in the Federal Republic of Germany. For example, the State Institute for Ecology, Landscape Development and Forestry Planning of North-Rhine/Westphalia (Landesanstalt fur Okologie, Landschaftsentwicklung und Forstplanung Nordrhein-Westfalen) developed a highly standardized procedure for surveying the ecological situation of forests with respect to pollution (KNABE, 1981) based primarily on assessment and analysis of spruce trees and their needles. SCHROTER (1983) was able to develop an assessment procedure for Baden-Wuerttemberg based on pine and spruce trees, which has now been in use for over 5 years. Finally, all of the experience gained in connection with forest damage in the various parts of the Federal Republic of Germany (SCHOPFER and HRADETZKY, 1984a+b) have been collected in the form of uniform national guidelines, which
+were then used for implementation of a corresponding inventory by all forestry operations in the Federal Republic of Germany (excluding West Berlin) in 1983. This inventory probably represents the most extensive application of a biological monitoring approach to date (BML, 1985).
+The systematic use of bioindicators can be used as the basis for pollution re.sponse in`,entories. This involves the collection of data on injuries caused by air pollutants to organisms and materials across space and through time. Pollution response inventories are now one of the standard measures employed by the Lùnder of the Federal Republic of Germany for identification and assessment of polluted areas. Credit goes to the Land of North-Rhine/Westphalia and its State Institute for Pollution Control (Landesanstalt fur Immissionsschutz) in Essen for having introduced such surveys to air pollution control practice (PRINZ, 1974; DREYHAUPT et al., 1979). These activities provide additional information not contained in the frequently already existing source and pollution inventories, and are therefore not a substitute for these but instead a valuable supplement, providing the justification required by the Federal Pollution Control Law (Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz) of 1984 for
+implementation of concrete measures. This fact has probably also been responsible for the establishment of further such regional and statewide monitoring grids outside of North-Rhine/Westphalia (ARNDT et al., 1982; LfU, 1984; RIJKSINSTITUT, 1978; RUDOLPH, 1979).
+In the Federal Republic of Germany, Article 47 of the Federal Pollution Control Law has a major bearing on the performance of pollution response inventories; this law outlines the determination of environmental damage caused by pollution following delineation of contaminated areas. In this way, important data for the necessary air pollution control plans are obtained.
+The overall size of a biological monitoring grid and the density of the monitoring sites must respond to the demands placed on the expected results. If it is wished to clarify a local matter, such as identification and localization of a pollutant source, then a denser grid must be used than for monitoring programs spanning entire regions. Quite frequently, economic considerations play a role, but these must not be allowed to endanger the usefulness of the data. Various grid densities have been used for monitoring of polluted areas in North-Rhine/Westphalia, varying between 16 x 16 km and I x I km (PRINZ and SCHOLL, 1975, 1978). The statewide surveys carried out in Bavaria used a spacing of 16 x 16 km, and it has been proposed that this grid be directly extended to cover the neighboring state of Baden-Wuerttemberg as well (ARNDT et al., 1982; RUDOLPH, 1979).
+If suitable monitoring procedures are combined, to a certain extent it is possible to use correlative comparisons of the various results to deduce the causes of the observed damage. This can be facilitated by a threestep approach.
+In the first step, an accumulative bioindicator is used to identify the amount of individual pollutants absorbed. The second step involves use of response indicators in an active monitoring approach that demonstrate an integral effect. Finally, the naturally occurring plants in the vicinity of measuring sites are studied (passive monitoring). If the various results are then correlated with one another, it often emerges that the data yielded by different kinds of indicators reinforce one another. For example, there is a relatively close correspondence between the response of fluoride-sensitive gladiolus species and the effect which fluoride has on grass cultures, and appropriate statistical methods can be used to demonstrate a correlation with pollutant concentrations as well. In general, the results are depicted in the form of bar diagrams superimposed on maps, with connecting lines drawn between the measured levels without any measurement data to support these intermediate
+values. The advantage of this approach is that overall patterns are easier to view (Fig.7).
+For practical reasons, comparative methods involving computation of correlations and regression analyses for different biological monitoring systems can be combined in an effort to identify the causes and nature of air pollution and develop an impact-related air pollution control strategy. For this purpose, evaluation is carried out in the form of interpretation of an identification and documentation pattern on several levels:
+1. If data are available from continuously measuring permanent stations or intermittent field measurements made with mobile equipment, then these are documented. The statistical parameters, such as mean annual values, etc. are compared with the corresponding pollution values of the German Technical Guidelines for Air Quality Control (TA Luft 1974) or the maximum permissible pollutant concentrations (MIK values) stipulated by VDI guideline no. 2310 (1986).
+2. This pollution data can then be used to deduce the potential risk for plants posed by SO2 and NO2 as stipulated by VDI guideline no. 2310 sheets 2 and 5 (1986) and by ozone, the most important photochemical oxidant, based on the "proposal for maximum ozone concentrations for vegetation" advanced by GUDERIAN et al. ( 1983).
+3. When interpreting the results, data from the various different approaches are first compared with one another. At the same time, the responses of the plants used as bioindicators are compared with direct measurements of air pollution in order to correlate pollution levels with effects and, if possible, to deduce dose/response relationships for the area under study.
+Studies carried out with 20 bioindicator stations in the Stuttgart area to determine the environmental compatibility of a proposed industrial facility exhibited a high degree of correlation among the biological monitoring approaches used, for instance between the dry matter of standardized grass cultures, the fresh matter of radishes (r = 0.79+++) and the needle coats of spruce trees (r = -0.76+). A correlation between lead concentrations in grass cultures and benzo(a)pyrene concentrations in green cabbage (r = 0.83+++) indicated that both were derived from automobile exhaust. Finally, correlations were established between mortality rates measured with standardized exposure of lichens on the one hand and fluoride concentrations in elderberry leaves (r = 0.80++) and the results of lichen mapping (r = -0.76++) on the other hand.
+These results show that additional knowledge can be gained from statistical analysis of parameters such as yields, enrichment and responses. If measurements of pollution levels and injury to plants are compared and correlated, even more can be found out. The causal relationships between pollution levels and effects depicted in Table 2 were revealed by the above-mentioned surveys.
+Regression analysis can be applied to deduce dose/effect relationships for given areas. For instance, in the study area it was possible to correlate lichen mortality rates greater than 10% with the following pollutant concentrations, defined as arithmetic mean values: SO2 0.02 mg/m3; NO2 0.03 mg/m3; lead 0.05 mg/m3 · d; cadmium 0.7 mg/m3 d.
+If it is wished to use plants as bioindicators on a routine basis and to utilize the data they yield for practical air pollution control measures, then similarly stringent standards must be applied to them as to physical and chemical analytical procedures. The following seven criteria are important (FRANKE, 1969; KAISER, 1973; STOCKER, 1977, 1981).
+Table 2: Correlation coefficients between pollution types and their effects, based on studies in the Stuttgart area.
+Pollution type
+Response criterion
+Correlation coefficient
+Mean annual O3 concentration
+Fresh weight of radishes
+Leaf injury in tobacco plants
+SO2 concentration
+S content in grass cultures
+Lichen mortality rate
+Lichen mapping (occurrence)
+Lead in deposited particulates
+Lead in elderberry leaves
+Mean annual NO2 concentration
+Lichen mortality rate
+Significance levels: +++, p = 0.1%; ++, p = 1%
+1. Accuracy is defined as exact quantitative capture of actual symptoms of pollution injury. What is important is not necessarily high resolution of the "measurements", but rather the provision of precise information on the margins of error associated with this quantitative data capture. The degree of accuracy reflects the deviations between measured and actual values, in other words the system-related or methodological error inherent in a measurement or observation.
+2. The precision of the data yielded by a measurement procedure is determined by the limits within which these can be regarded as reliable. These limits can be expressed either in measurement units or as a percentage, and they also take into account changing spatial, temporal and staff conditions (cf. FRANKE, 1969). The concept of precision is equivalent to that of replicability, which is expressed as a relative standard deviation.
+3. The concept of specificity is often incorrectly applied. The specificity of an indicator is understood as being the response of an organism to a given pollutant. But it can also refer to a certain response of the organism which can be clearly differentiated from other changes. This requires that all changes caused by other air pollutants and stress factors be clearly distinguishable.
+4. The sensitivity of a measuring instrument is defined by DIN 1319 as the ratio of the change in the value indicated by the instrument to the actual value of the variable being measured. Applied to bioindicators, this means that clearly distinguishable responses or response levels must be present in response to different pollution levels.
+5. The validity range of biological monitoring results refers to their spatial and temporal transferability. In the case of plants, for example, it is limited to the extent that results are only applicable to the growing season. In the case of pointer organisms a given indication can only have validity if the organism used actually occurs or could potentially occur in the studied ecosystem.
+6. Representation refers to the transferability of biological monitoring results obtained from one type of organism to other living organisms. So far only a limited number of bioindicator organisms are known that possess this desirable attribute. It is naturally necessary to carry out extensive comparative studies before statements can be made on representation.
+7. The last criterion to be mentioned here for bioindicators is their importance. This must be regarded as being large if the organism plays an essential role for human beings (e.g. domestic animals) or for an ecosystem (dominant species), or if the indicator organism possesses a high degree of representation.
+It should be stressed that the criteria listed above are still under discussion. It still remains for them to be formulated in exact physical and mathematical terms and thus for a precise description of the procedural parameters to be provided, although this would also serve to describe the usefulness of given bioindicators. However, this should not be taken as a reason to forgo practical applications, on the contrary, enough basic data can be collected in the course of routine operations for assessment of the criteria listed above, although it should always be kept in mind that the use of bioindicators does not involve analytical test procedures, but instead effect-related, "biological measurement approaches".
+Table 3: Biomonitoring with aquatic plants (NOBEL et al., 1983).
+Indicator type
+Approach
+Criterion
+Example
+Pointer organisms
+Passive
+Existence
+Studies of vegetation and flora, mapping.
+Response
+Surveys of ecological site types and groups of species.
+Assessment of injury to naturally occurring species.
+Passive
+Accumulation
+Determination of concentrations in naturally occurring
+species.
+Monitor organisms
+Accumulation
+Transplanting. Determination of concentrations in
+exposed individuals.
+Active
+Response
+Transplanting. Assessment of injury to exposed indi
+viduals.
+Test organisms
+Active
+Response
+Exposure experiments under laboratory or feld-like
+(and accumulation)
+conditions. Toxicity tests.
+The nomenclature used here, the methods and their application to pollution response inventories all apply to the field of air pollution. They can also be easily applied to aquatic ecosystems, and - particularly during recent years - water-dwelling macrophytes have increasingly been used as bioindicators (KOHLER, 1982). These are used as pointer plants or even for passive monitoring. It is very positive that efforts are being made to use the same terminology for both aquatic and terrestrial bioindicators (NOBEL et al., 1983), cf. Table 3.
+In the following chapters, a number of different biological monitoring procedures are described in accordance with the distinctions defined above; experimental approaches and methods which have already proven their usefulness in practice are both discussed.
+<section>3. Bioindicators in tropical and subtropical countries</section>
+In many instances, the use of bioindicators requires quite some technical equipment and a fair amount of specialized knowledge and experience. The latter qualities are still almost entirely lacking in the tropical and subtropical countries of the earth, so that very little is still known about the routine use of bioindicators there. Moreover, far too little is known about the responses of tropical and subtropical plants to pollutants. Such knowledge is an essential prerequisite for the use of response indicators, and the compilation of corresponding reference works is urgently needed. In the industrial countries there already exist such works that could serve as models; they represent invaluable practical guides (VAN HAUT and STRATMANN, 1970; JACOBSON and HILL, 1970; LACASSE and TRESHOW, 1976; MALHOTRA and BLAUEL, 1980).
+In the following, a few selected publications are reported on which either provide direct information on biological monitoring in tropical and subtropical countries or deal with phenomena which could be utilized for this purpose. Attention is also paid to publications from the southern United States, since some of the procedures developed there could be transferred to the countries under discussion here.
+<section>3.1 Pointer species and pointer communities</section>
+As already mentioned, certain plant species respond to changes in their environment, such as the appearance of pollutants, by dying out or multiplying. In the vicinity of abandoned African copper mines it has been observed that in Cu-contaminated soils the natural forest savanna vegetation had been replaced by a sparse cover of metal-tolerant plant species (DREW and REILLY, 1972). Becium homblei can be regarded as an especially suited pointer organism, since within the study area near Lusaka, Zambia it occurs exclusively on soils with high copper concentrations. The results of analytical measurements showed a correlation between copper concentrations in the soil with the copper concentrations which had accumulated in the aerial parts of the plants. The same phenomenon was demonstrated with Phynchosia monophylla, also a flowering plant, although this species is less suited for use as a pointer organism since it is not widespread on copper-contaminated sites.
+WOOD et al. (1976) studied changes in the natural vegetation in the surroundings of an abandoned copper smelter in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona. It emerged that the occurrence of certain wild annual plants (Plantago purshii, Cryptantha barbigera, Pectocarya recurvata, Bromus rubens, Erodium cicutarium, Eriasirum diffusum) was clearly correlated with the distance from the facility. Within a radius of 0.4 km these plant species had died out completely. The same applied to species of the genus Opuntia, with dead cactus skeletons providing evidence that they had previously grown within this zone. The species diversity, species density and coverage of all plant species occurring at the site were inversely proportional to the measured heavy metal concentrations in the soil.
+WONG (1978) reports on studies of the natural vegetation in the area of an SO2 source in Hong Kong. Vegetation samples were taken along a transect, with changes in the species distribution at various distances from the source being recorded.
+Table 4: Relative sensitivity of annual desert plants to O3 and SO2, based on studies performed in 1982 and 1983 on threshold concentrations and extent of injury at increasing concentrations of O3 and SO2 (from THOMPSON et al., 1984).
+No.
+Plant species
+Sensitivitya
+No.
+Plant species
+Sensitivitya
+O3
+SO2
+O3
+SO2
+Baileya pleniradiata
+III
+II
+Langloisia schott
+II
+II
+Bromus rubens
+II
+II
+Lepidium lasiocarpum
+III
+II
+Camissonia californica
+II
+I
+Lotus tomentellus
+II
+II
+Camissonia claviformis
+I
+I
+Lupinus concinnus
+II
+II
+Camissonia hirtella
+I
+I
+Malacothrix glabrata
+I
+II
+Caulanthus cooperi
+II
+II
+Mentzelia albicaulis
+I
+II
+Chaenactis caphoclinia
+II
+II
+Oenothera californicab
+II
+II
+Chaenactis fremontti
+II
+II
+Pectocarya heterocarpa
+I
+II
+Chaenactis stevioides
+II
+II
+Pectocarya platycarpa
+I
+II
+Chorizanthe brevicornu
+II
+II
+Perityle emoryi
+III
+II
+Coreopsis bigelovii
+II
+II
+Phacelia campanularia
+II
+II
+Ctyptantha angustifolia
+II
+II
+Phacelia crenulata
+II
+Cryptantha circumscissa
+II
+II
+Plantago insularis
+II
+II
+Cryptantha micrantha
+II
+II
+Platystemon californica
+II
+II
+Cryptantha nevadensis
+I
+I
+Salvia columbariae
+II
+II
+Cryptantha pterocarya
+II
+II
+Schismus barbatus
+II
+Descurainia pinnata
+II
+II
+Spaeralcea ambigua
+III
+II
+Erastrum wilcoxii
+II
+II
+Stephanomeria exigua
+II
+II
+Erigonum pusillum
+II
+Streptanthella longirostris
+II
+II
+Erodium cicutarium
+II
+II
+Stylocline filaginea
+II
+II
+Eschscholzia parishii
+I
+II
+Thelypodium lasiophyllum
+II
+II
+Eucrypta micrantha
+II
+II
+Thysanocarpus curvipes
+II
+II
+Festuca octoflora
+III
+III
+Viguiera deltoideab
+II
+II
+Gilia stellata
+II
+aSensitivity categories:
+I threshold concentrations: approx. 0.1 ppm of O3 or 0.2 ppm of SO2 for 32-40 hours
+II threshold concentrations at 0.2-0.3 ppm of O3 or 0.5-1.5 ppm of SO2
+Ill little or no injury at 0.3 ppm of O3 or 1.5 ppm of SO2
+bPerennial plants
+<section>3.2 Response indicators</section>
+THOMPSON et al. (1984) exposed various annual plant species from the Mojave Desert to ozone and sulfur dioxide in open-top chambers. The greatest sensitivity to both of these pollutants was exhibited by Camissonia claviformis and Camissonia hirtella, in which the leaf necroses typically caused by these two pollutants were observed at low concentrations. The results of this study are depicted in detail in Table 4.
+Where the effects of combined exposure to SO2 and NO2 are concerned, various wild perennials from the Mojave Desert exhibited prominent differences (THOMPSON et al., 1980). While Larrea divaricata Cav., Chilopsis linearis Cav. and Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne sustained extensive foliar injury, slowed growth and reduced dry weight, with combined exposure to both pollutants having an additive effect, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. proved to be relatively resistant to these pollutants. All of the studied annual plant species showed a significantly greater sensitivity to SO2, with combined exposure having a potentiating effect. Extreme sensitivity was demonstrated by Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her and Plantago insularis, high sensitivity by phacelia crenulata Torr, and moderate sensitivity by Baileya pleniradiata. It must nevertheless be pointed out that these exposure trials were conducted with very high pollutant concentrations of up to 2 ppm of SO2 (5340 mg/m³) and I ppm of
+NO2 ( 1910 mg/m³).
+In addition to environmental pollution with photochemical oxidants and sulfur dioxide, pollution from fluoride emissions from brickworks and aluminum smelters is of major importance. PANDEY (1981) studied the effects of fluoride pollution on a tropical broad-leaved forest in the vicinity of an aluminum smelter in Mirzapur, India. The dominant tree species of this forest area include Shorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa, Anogeissus latifolia, Acacia catechu, Buchanania lanzan and Diospyros melanoxylon. The understory is formed primarily by Holarrhena antidysenterica and Woodfordia fructicosa. Chlorotic and necrotic injury to foliar tissue were used as a basis for classifying the sensitivity of the ornamental and economically important plant species occurring at this site. The results are shown in Table 5. It emerged that the arboreous species were the first to be affected by pollution of the air with hydrogen fluoride, followed by shrubs and grasses, although it is unclear
+whether these variations are due to differences in resistance or to differing degrees of exposure.
+Reduced chlorophyll contents were found by PANDEY (1985) in the leaves of Terminalia tomentosa and Buchanania lanzan trees growing near a fluoride source. This pigment reduction, like foliar biomass, correlated negatively with the accumulated fluoride concentrations in the leaves.
+LAL and AMBASHT (1981) observed a reduction in the overall chlorophyll contents of leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon - a broad-leaved tree species that plays an economically important role for production of aromatic Indian cigarettes - in the vicinity of a factory which emitted hydrogen fluoride. They also established that foliar biomass was 32% less and leaf size 27% less than the corresponding values for control trees in unpolluted areas.
+The rapid development of fluoride-emitting industrial plants in Australia, in particular aluminum smelters and coal-fired electric generating plants, has led to growing interest in the responses of indigenous wild plants to this pollutant class. The varying resistances to fluoride of a large number of naturally occurring plant species were studied in extensive field and laboratory trials, and comprehensively reported on in depth by HORNING and MITCHELL (1982). It was shown that, as a rule, gymnosperms and monocotyledons are more susceptible, while significant differences in resistance levels occur within the dicotyl plant families.
+Table 5: Relative sensitivities of various plant species to atmospheric pollution caused by emissions from aluminum factories (from PANDEY, 1981).
+Sensitive
+Less sensitive
+Resistant
+Aegele marmelor
+Acacia catechu
+Achyranthes aspera
+Alternanthera moniera
+Amaranthur spinorus
+Ageratum sp.
+Aneilema nudiflorum
+Anogeissus latifolia
+Albizzia lebbek
+Apluda mutica
+Boerhaavia diffusa
+Alysicarpus monilifer
+Aristida adscenscionis
+Bothriochloa pertusa
+Bonnaya brachiata
+Bauhinia tomentosa
+Bridelia retusa
+Buchanania lanzan
+Blepharis molluginifolia
+Butea monosperma
+Cassia tora
+Boswellia serrata
+Cassia obtusifolia
+Cosmos sp.
+Cassia fistula
+Cassia pumila
+Cynodon dactylon
+Cassia occidentalis
+Chrozophora rottleri
+Dactylacetenium sp.
+Celosia arghentea
+Chrysophogeon fulvus
+Desmodium triflorum
+Chloceisn completa
+Corchorus acutangulus
+Dichanthium annulatum
+Convolvulus pluricaulis
+Dendrocalamus strictus
+Diospyrus melanoxylon
+Crotalaria medicagenia
+Desmostachya bipinnata
+Diospyrus tomentosa
+Cymbopogon martini)
+Digitaria sangunalis
+Ecplipta alba
+Emblica officinalis
+Eragrostis alsinoides
+Eragrostis tenella
+Eriolaena hookeriana
+Hardwickia binata
+Euphorbia hirta
+Evolvulus alsinoldes
+Holarrhena antidysenterica
+Heteropogon contorts
+Flacourtia indica
+Justicia diffusa
+Lagerstroemia parviflora
+Gardenia turgida
+Oldenlandia corymbosa
+Leonotis nepetaefolia
+Grewia tiliaefolia
+Pterospermum marsupium
+Leucas aspera
+Helicteres sp.
+Ricinus communis
+Malvastrum tricuspidatum
+Lannea grandis
+Sachharum munja
+Sida acuta
+Madhuca indica
+Schrebera swietenioides
+Solanum xanthocarpum
+Miliusa tomentosa
+Scoparia dulcis
+Terminalia arjuna
+Mimosa himalayana
+Sehima nervosum
+Terminalia tomentosa
+Nyctanthes arbortristis
+Shorea robusta
+Tephrosia purpurea
+Oplismonis vermanis
+Tridex procumbens
+Woodfordia fruticosa
+Paspalidfum flavidum
+Vendellia crustacea
+Zizyphus glaberrima
+Phaseolus mungo
+Vernonica cinerea
+Zizyphus nummularis
+Phyllanthus emblica
+Xanthium strumarium
+Samalia malabarica
+Schleichera oleosa
+A further in-depth discussion of the effects of fluoride pollution on Australian plant species has been published by DOLEY (1986). In addition to a description of pollutant accumulation and effects on metabolic processes, the book also contains a large number of colored plates depicting the symptoms of injury caused by fluoride to a large number of species belonging to different plant families. The authors of the present study would also like to recommend the many plant tables included by DOLEY as representing an invaluable source of information.
+The dominant tree species of southwestern Australia belonging to the genus Eucalyptus, many of which have major economic importance as sources of timber and firewood, have been shown to be highly sensitive to sulfur dioxide (MURRAY, 1984). In particular, Eucalyptus punctata exhibits foliar injury and accelerated leaf senescence even at low pollutant concentrations. However, no changes in the chlorophyll content of the leaves have been observed in response to SO2 pollution; nor were any visible signs of foliar injury observed in Eucalyptus crebra or Eucalyptus moluccarna. Increased sulfur concentrations were measured in the leaves of all three studied species as a result of SO2 pollution. The high sensitivity and wide distributibon of Eucalyptus species are arguments in favor of their use as response bioindicators for biological monitoring of pollution of the air with SO2.
+A study carried out in Nagda, India showed that the mango tree (Mangifera indica L.), widespread in the tropics, is highly sensitive to air pollution situations in which SO2 plays a major part (PAWAR and DUBEY, 1983). Within a radius of 0.5 km of a point source, all of the trees belonging to this species exhibited extensive foliar necroses. Other signs of injury included sparse foliage, stunted growth, short lateral shoots, modified crown structure, failure to bear fruit, and low pigment contents. There was also a clear correspondence between the degree of injury and the pigment contents of the leaves on the one hand, and pollutant concentrations on the other.
+In the vicinity of a petroleum refinery emitting SO2 and NO2 in India, mango trees and wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) exhibited conspicuous foliar injury in the form of irregularly arranged bifacial chloroses and necroses in the intercostal zone (PRASAD and RAO, 1985). Here and there injury to leaf apices was also observed, which spread down through the middle of the leaves in the form of brown spots. The teak trees growing in the same area (Tectona grandis) were characterized by prominent bifacial necroses in the intercostal zone. The percentage of injured leaf surface area and the sulfur concentrations in the leaves decreased inversely proportional to the distance from the source (cf. Fig. 8). Trees growing on the lee side of the refinery 1.5 km away were used as control plants.
+The use of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) for biological monitoring of photochemical oxidants has been practiced for many years and is highly standardized. The particularly sensitive variety BEL-W-3 has been selected for use in most of the investigations. The foliar tissue sustains necrotic injury, the severity of which is in direct relation to the intensity of pollution. Tobacco is well-suited for use as a response indicator for active monitoring for a number of reasons, including the ease with which it can be raised and its high sensitivity to atmospheric pollutants. However, its ecological requirements where length of the day and temperature are concerned impose restrictions on the period of time during which it can be used in temperate zones, although this plant species is particularly well-suited as a bioindicator in warmer climatic zones. Relevant studies have been carried out in Australia (HORSMAN, 1981) and Israel (NAVEH and CHAIM, 1978).
+The leaf disease which has been afflicting potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) during the last few years in the north of India was shown by BAMBAWALE (1986) to be linked with the occurrence of high ozone concentrations in the air. This disease is characterized by numerous light grey, irregularly rimmed spots that grow within a few days to form bifacial lesions. On the underside of the leaves the necrotic tissue appears shiny, and dull and brownish on the upper leaf surfaces. In studies conducted in the United States (HEGGESTAD, 1973) with the potato variety "Cherokee", which responds sensitively to ozone, the described characteristic symptoms first appeared on the oldest leaves of potato plants 40-50 days old, affecting more than a third of the leaf surface area. By contrast, the resistant variety "Teton" sustained injury to only 0.2% of overall leaf surface area. The tobacco variety BEL-W-3 was used in this open-air trial for monitoring of ozone pollution, and the tobacco
+plants exposed concurrently with the potato plants - also developed the same foliar injury characteristically caused by ozone.
+The effects of cement-kiln dust, SO2 and NH3 emissions on fungi growing on potato plants of the variety "Chandramukhi" were investigated by RAI and PATHAK (1981), also in India. While Mortierella subtilissima and Fusarium semitectum proved to be resistant to sulfur dioxide and NH3 pollution, but occurred only sparsely on sites with and without, respectively, cement-kiln dust pollution, reduced occurrence of Trichoderma spp. was registered in areas with ammonia and cement-kiln dust pollution.
+Other subtropical agricultural crop plants also proved to be sensitive to photochemical oxidants.
+THOMPSON et al. (1976) studied the sensitivity of two maize hybrids (Zea mays) to photochemical oxidants, primarily ozone. While both varieties - "Bonanza" and "Monarch Advance" - responded with reduced height and dry weight, the variety "Monarch Advance" additionally developed visible injury in the form of premature yellowing and senescence of the leaves.
+Within the scope of the "National Crop Loss Assessment Network" carried out in the United States, a 2-year study was devoted to the effect of various ozone concentrations and varying water supply on cotton yields (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (TEMPLE et al., 1985). Half of the plants received an optimum supply of water in open-top chambers, while the other half was subjected to water stress. During the first hot and dry growing season the yields of the optimally watered cotton plants were as much as 45% less than control plants not exposed to ozone. In the case of the plants subjected to water stress, no response to ozone exposure was observed. By comparison, during the second year of the study both groups sustained yield reductions of as much as 65%, although this greater sensitivity of the cotton plants to ozone can be ascribed to the cooler and moister weather during the second year. Ozone exposure experiments carried out with the cotton variety "Stoneville 213", also in
+open-top chambers, revealed that this variety reacts very sensitively to naturally occurring ozone concentrations, suffering yield reductions of 11% as compared with control plants grown in filtered air (HEAGLE et al., 1986). Simultaneous fumigation with realistic concentrations of SO2 had no effect on the sensitivity of the cotton plants to ozone pollution.
+The grain sorghum variety of which is grown as animal fodder in low-precipitation areas of the United States (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) was exposed to ozone concentrations of between 16 and 129 ppb (KRESS and MILLER, 1985). Foliar injury occurred in the variety used, "DeKalb A28+", only at ozone concentrations in excess of 100 ppb. Depressed yields were shown to result from 7-hour exposure to O3 concentrations of 40 ppb or higher. Two other sorghum millet varieties with differing susceptibilities to hydrogen fluoride were studied by MacLEAN et al. (1984). The more sensitive of the two varieties, "Northrup King 222A", developed prominent symptoms of injury in the form of necroses of leaf tips, chlorotic spots in the intercostal zone of the leaves, and chlorotic and necrotic injury to the tissue along the borders of the leaves, the severity of all of these symptoms increasing with pollutant dosage (0.6-3.3 ~gF/m³); by contrast, only necroses of leaf tips and chlorotic bleaching
+in the intercostal zone occurred in the more resistant variety, "DeKalb C44C". Other symptoms of HF-induced injury observed in the "Northrup King 222A variety" were reduced numbers of seeds, and a decline both in foliar mass and total dry mass.
+NAKAMURA and OTA (1977) showed that the so-called "akagare disease" which has widely afflicted rice plants (Oryza sativa) in Japan since the late 1960s is caused by photochemical oxidants. Tests in open-top chambers showed that when rice plants grown in unfiltered ambient air were exposed to high ozone concentrations, after just one day the stems developed a large number
+of small reddish-brown spots and chlorotic bleaching. The greatest susceptibility was exhibited by young plants with 4-10 leaves, while the leaves of older plants were characterized by loss of chlorophyll and yellowing. By comparison, no foliar lesions occurred in control plants grown in filtered air. The symptoms of pollution injury observed in plants grown under field conditions were identical with those observed in the fumigation experiment, and a high degree of correlation was also shown in the field study between oxidant concentrations and incidence of the akagare disease.
+AGRAWAL et al. (1982) fumigated rice plants with ozone and sulfur dioxide. Rice plants fumigated with ozone concentrations of 80 ppb (160 g/m ) developed chlorotic patches that gradually turned brown on all of the leaf surfaces after 7 days. Plants exposed for three days to SO2 concentrations of 500 ppb ( 1,135 g/m³) were characterized by chlorotic streaks in the intercostal area. Combined exposure to 40 ppb (80 1lg/m³) of O3 and 250 ppb (667 1lg/m³) of SO2 induced the same symptoms of injury after just one day, particularly on the leaf tips. The greatest reductions in chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves was also observed in rice plants which were exposed to a combination of both pollutants (cf. Fig. 9). Besides the visible injury to the plants, therefore, pigment contents could also be used as objectively measurable criteria for biological monitoring.
+VALENZONA and MENDOZA (1976) investigated the influence of sulfur dioxide pollution on young rice plants in the Philippines. The first visible signs of injury appeared after 25 days of fumigation with 400 ppb (1,070 mg/m³) of SO2; the injury took the form of isolated brown spots 2-3 mm across following the leaf veins on the upper leaf surfaces. After 30 days of exposure the same symptoms were observed at the leaf edges and on the lower leaf surfaces. After 36 days of fumigation all of the foliar tissue had died. Parallel experiments resulted in significant reductions in growth and depressed grain yields, increasing in severity at higher SO2 concentrations.
+In the vicinity of porcelain factories and brickworks in Taiwan that emitted fluorides into the atmosphere, SUN and SU (1985) observed conspicuous foliar injury to rice plants; this injury took the form of acute symptoms such as necrosis of the leaf tips
+and chronic symptoms like yellowing and mottling of the foliar tissue. In fumigation experiments with hydrogen fluoride the studied plants exhibited the same symptoms as had been observed under field conditions. Depending on the extent of injury, the injured leaves contained fluoride concentrations up to 80 times as high as levels in healthy leaves.
+Numerous studies have been conducted on the influence of atmospheric pollutants on soybean plants (Glycene max.).
+The cotyledons and primary leaves responded very sensitively to ozone; 7-8 days after germination, the primary leaves exhibited the highest degree of injury in the form of necroses on the leaf surfaces. In an investigation conducted by HOWELL and KREMER (1972) with 5 different soybean varieties, the "Kent" variety proved to be very susceptible, while the "Cutler" variety was the most resistant. PRATT and KRUPA (1981) established a relationship between ozone concentrations and duration of exposure on the one hand and incidence of chlorotic spots on the primary leaves and trifoliate leaflets in 25-to-30-day-old plants of the "Hodgson" variety on the other hand. A high degree of correspondence between extent of injury and reductions in leaf chlorophyll was also demonstrated (cf. Fig. 10). This relationship can be used to objectify assessment of pollution injury and can serve as a criterion for biological monitoring. REICH et al. (1986) also carried out tests on the "Hodgson"
+variety, and found that the reduction in leaf chlorophyll induced by ozone pollution was accompanied by a parallel decline in the net photosynthesis rate (Fig. I I ). The profile shown in Fig. I I shows the net photosynthesis rates for leaves of various ages at different ozone concentrations, giving an indication of when indicative measurements can be meaningfully performed.
+TINGEY and BLUM (1973) found that a single l-hour exposure to 75 pphm ozone decreased the number and size of nodules on soybean plants. They also reported that ozone decreased the leghemoglobin content in plant roots, a red pigment related to hemoglobin which plays a role in the symbiotic fixation of nitrogen in the root nodules of legumes. The ozone-exposed soybean plants were also characterized by reduced growth. These results are of great interest for biological monitoring purposes, although their routine application would require considerable expertise.
+After exposing soybean plants for 5 weeks in open-top chambers to ozone concentrations of 17-122 ppb (34-244 mg O3/m³), KOHUT et al. (1986) measured reductions in biomass that closely correlated with the pollutant concentrations used. The relative distribution of total biomass among leaves, shoots and pods was not affected. AMUNDSON et al. (1986) reported a linear reduction in growth at increasing ozone concentrations, as well as delayed flower development.
+Combined exposure lo SO2 and O3 caused visible foliar injury to soybean plants, as well as a significantly greater reduction in leaf chlorophyll content as compared with exposure to ozone alone (PRATT et al., 1983). At exposure to a concentration of 400 ppb of SO2 acting alone, after 4 hours neither visible injury nor changes in the leaf chlorophyll content could be observed.
+HEAGLE et al. (1974) found that, whereas low ozone concentrations merely caused foliar injury and increased shedding of leaves, at both higher concentrations of ozone acting alone and with combined exposure to SO2 and O3 these symptoms were accompanied by reduced growth and depressed yields.
+The experiments performed by REICH and AMUNDSON (1984) provided no evidence of synergistic interactions between these two pollutants with regard to reductions in growth and yields in soybean plants. However, these fumigation experiments, which were performed with low pollutant concentrations, did demonstrate that soybean plants possess a significantly higher susceptibility to ozone injury than to injury induced by sulfur dioxide. The parameters employed were the numbers of seeds and pods (Fig. 12).
+THOMPSON and TAYLOR (1969) undertook a study of the effects of the complex of atmospheric pollutants typical of the Los Angeles area, consisting mainly of photochemical oxidants and hydrogen fluoride, on growth and yield of several Citrus spp. widely grown in that area, focusing on lemon and orange trees. Whereas growth was in general not adversely affected, visible signs of injury occurred in the form of increased shedding of leaves, and, especially in the case of orange trees, a greater incidence of premature fruit fall (Fig. 13). Fruit yields were also reduced by up to 50%. It may well be feasible to standardize these criteria and apply them for passive monitoring purposes.
+Grapevines (Vitis vinifera) can also be classified as being sensitive to photochemical oxidants in the atmosphere (THOMPSON et al., 1969). In addition to foliar lesions in the form of speckling, the studied variety, Vitis vinifera L. "Zinfandel", also exhibited reduced chlorophyll content, a decline in the weight of the grapes, and lower sugar content of the grape juice.
+MURRAY (1984) exposed grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. "Shiraz") in open-top chambers to hydrogen fluoride. Depending on the pollutant concentration used, foliar necrosis occurred in varied order of appearance. Whereas the fluoride concentrations in the grapes increased, chlorophyll a levels in the leaves dropped. No effects were observed on the weight or number of grapes, i.e. on yield, or on the chlorophyll b content of the leaves. However, LEECE et al. (1982) reported that the symptoms of injury observed on the grape leaves in response to exposure to hydrogen fluoride can also be due to other factors such as lack of water, lack of potassium and salt stress. Visual diagnosis of fluoride-induced injury should therefore always be supplemented by chemical analysis of the leaves.
+TAYLOR et al. (1958) fumigated avocado saplings (Persea americana) with synthetic smog consisting of a mixture of ozone and 1-n-Hexane and studied the effects on growth. Reductions in height growth, leaf width, leaf length and fresh and dry weight were observed. Brown discolorations occurred on the lower surfaces of young leaves, and necrotic lesions also occurred on the edges and tips of a scattering of leaves of varied age. Since the shrublike avocado tree is grown throughout the tropics today, further studies of its pollution susceptibility would be useful.
+The effects of aqueous soil extracts on the germinative capacity of the seeds and growth of the roots of three vegetable species - Brassica chinensis, Brassica parachinensis and Daucus carota - were studied by WONG and LAU (1983) with the aid of soil samples taken from along streets and roads in Hong Kong with varying traffic densities. The highest heavy metal concentrations were measured in soil samples taken from a predominantly agricultural region with a relatively low traffic density; these extracts had the greatest inhibitory effects on root growth and on the germinative capacity of seeds. The authors of the cited study attribute the high pollutant concentrations in the soil of this area, which has a very low level of pollution from motor vehicle exhaust, to the use of fertilizers and pesticides containing heavy metals.
+GUPTA and GHOUSE ( 1986) conducted studies of the effects of emissions from coal-fired generating plants on the epidermal structures of eggplants (So/unum me/angenu var. Pursa Purple Long). 20-day-old eggplant individuals were transplanted to two different sites. The plants exposed in the vicinity of a power plant complex in Kasimpur, India were characterized by a significant reduction in the size of epidermal cells and the density, total number and size of stomata as compared with the control plants that were exposed at a considerable distance from all pollutant sources. By contrast, trichome length and number were increased. The study results provide evidence of the sensitivity of eggplant leaves to pollutants discharged into the air by coal-fired generating plants; the adaptive epidermal alterations which occur could be used for monitoring of these pollutants.
+Studies conducted by YUNUS et al. (1979) using electron microscopy to examine the epidermis of Ricinus communis L., a domesticated plant which is widespread in India and Pakistan and is frequently grown for industrial and medicinal uses, showed that individuals taken from the bank of a sewage canal were characterized by a significant increase both in the total number of stomata and the percentage of abnormal stomata, for instance having only one guard cell. Moreover, clearly visible changes in the surface structure were observed.
+The injurious effect of cement-kiln dust on wheat (Triticum aestivum) was studied by SINGH and RAO (1980). They were able to establish a relationship between the distance of the growing site from the pollutant source on the one hand and leaf chlorophyll content and biomass production on the other hand. Visible injury such as cracking, surfacial peeling and wilting occurred only in plants grown in the immediate vicinity of a cement factory, within a radius of 500 m. Grain analyses carried out parallel to this revealed reductions in both quantity and quality. In fumigation experiments involving exposure of plants 40-100 days old to cement-kiln dust, linear relationships were established between pollutant dose and effects on transpiration rate, chlorophyll content and biomass production (SINGH and RAO, 1981).
+MISHRA (1982) investigated the effects of fly ash and sulfur- dioxide on the weed Commelina bengalensis L, which occurs widely in northern India. Plant populations studied in the vicinity of a coal-fired generating plant exhibited significant reductions in biometric parameters such as shoot length, leaf surface area and size of fruits and flowers as compared to samples taken from an unpolluted region. Whereas the stomata! frequency was also reduced, increased trichome density and length were measured.
+The effects of motor vehicle exhaust gases on the activities of certain enzymes in wild herbaceous plants were studied by SARKAR et al. (1986) in India. Samples were taken of five different species at varying distances from the National Highway 2, which connects Calcutta with Bombay. Visible symptoms of injury in the form of reduced growth, chloroses and dark discolorations were observed in all plants up to a distance of 25 m from the edge of the road (cf. Fig. 14). Moreover, in all studied plants a significant rise in peroxidase and catalase activity was determined, the magnitude of which could be directly correlated with the distance of the sampling sites from the road (Figs. 15 and 16).
+EBEL et al. (1984) found that Phyllanthus fluitans BENTH (Euphorbiaceae) is suited for biological monitoring of 502 in humid tropical regions. Phyllanthus fluitans occurs in swamps and bodies of water in northern South America, and has a habit similar to that of Salvinia. The plants were exposed to various SO2 concentrations (by combined fumigation and sprinkling) for 8 hours in artificial light. At the end of this period, the leaves, originally middle green to reddish in color, had suffered a significant loss of pigment. At SO2 concentrations of 0.17 mg/m³ or less no visible signs of injury at all were observed. However, even at low SO2 concentrations changes were observed in the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b, as well as reduced protein content and increased carbohydrate content.
+Tillandsia aeranthus and Tillandsia recurvata (Bromeliaceae) collected in South Brazil and adapted to Central-European conditions were fumigated with an average SO2 concentration of 400 g/m³ in order to obtain ecotoxicological data for the development of a bioindicator procedure (ARNDT and STREHL, 1989). After 25 days, the experiments led in the case of Tillandsia aeranthus only to distinct visible injuries, such as the folding of leaf tips, chloroses, and tip- and striping necroses. Also, many changes could be observed within the plants by means of light- and electron-microscopy. Particularly striking were the formation of crystals in the cells and the total closure of the trichomes, which is related to the coverage of the stomata. Given the fumigation applied, the sulfur content of the plants was, however, rather low. The results show that a great deal of further investigation is required in order to develop a bioindicator for sulfur dioxide.
+<section>3.3 Accumulative indicators</section>
+In addition to the response indicators described above, a number of plants are suited for use as accumulative indicators for monitoring of air quality (cf. Chapter 2). In order to gain information on heavy metal pollution in tropical regions, SCHRIMPFF (1981) carried out studies in the densely populated Cauca Valley in Colombia, in which the city of Cali is located. The plants used as accumulative indicators were the epiphytic bromeliaceous species Tillandsia recurvata L. and Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss), both of which also occur in urban areas in this region. Epiphytes are particularly well-suited for monitoring of atmospheric pollutants, since they satisfy their nutritional requirements exclusively from airborne dust and precipitation, and accumulate pollutants, including heavy metals, in their tissues. Plant samples were collected at the nodes of both a widely spaced grid (10 km) and a closely spaced grid (2 km), and the concentrations of various heavy metals in
+their tissues analyzed. On the basis of a comparison of the heavy metal values from the Cauca Valley with average values for the southern United States, it was possible to perform an initial assessment of heavy metal pollution in this tropical region: the lead levels can still be considered very low, while Cd and Zn are present in concentrations similar to those in the southern United States, and Cu and Ni have even reached significantly higher levels.
+Other studies conducted in the vicinities of two large Colombian cities showed that Tillandsia recurvata L. can be used for monitoring not only of anorganic trace elements (cf. Fig. 17), but also atmospheric pollution with organic compounds such as pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cf. Fig. 18) (SCHRIMPFF, 1984). The"biofilter method" used has proven to be a timesaving and cost-effective way of obtaining initial reliable data on relative air pollution levels and the spatial distribution of heavy metal deposition, even in the developing countries.
+In order to study whether long-range transport of atmospheric pollutant s is taking place to remote parts of the Amazonian rain forest in southwestern Venezuela, MONTAGNINI et al. (1984) collected various moss species and tree leaves with and without epiphytic mosses near the small settlement of San Carlos de Rio Negro, which is 900 km away from the Venezuelan centers of heavy industry and 3,000 km away from those of Brazil, and analyzed their heavy metal concentrations. They found significantly higher concentrations in the leaf samples with attached epiphytic moss than in those without epiphytes, indicating the possibility of heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere as a result of long-range transport, even though it is minimal (cf. Figs. 19 and 20). No differences were observed between the generally low heavy metal concentrations in moss samples taken from live trees and dead tree stumps. Compared with regions far from industrial centers in the temperate latitudes, the
+heavy metal concentrations measured in this study were characterized by significantly lower levels. They had approximately the same magnitude as those measured in lichens in Panama, and were noticeably lower than those in mosses in rural parts of Nigeria.
+In Nigeria, ONIANWA and EGUNYOMI (1983) studied the heavy metal concentrations in 17 different moss species in the urban zone of Ibadan and in several rural areas. Whereas it was not possible to correlate the lead concentrations in samples taken from within the urban area with traffic densities, all of them were much higher than those in samples from the botanical garden of the university. Significantly lower lead concentrations were measured in moss samples from rural areas. The situation was similar with zinc, but in the cases of the other studied metals (Cu, Cd, Ni, Mn, Mg, Fe) no differences were found between rural and urban areas.
+Within the scope of another study in Nigeria, ONIANWA et al. ( I 986a) collected various acrocarpous and pleurocarpous mosses in forested areas and at the edges of settled areas within a radius of 120 km around the city of Ibadan, which is the capital of the Westem State and has a population of over 1 million, and examined their heavy metal concentrations. The authors of the cited study compared the measured concentrations with study results from Central Europe and North America. The lowest lead concentrations were found in moss samples from very remote areas with very little road traffic, but on average were still far higher than the so called "background" concentrations measured in other parts of the world far from industrial centers. High lead concentrations were measured near densely populated areas, although these were less than values from comparable areas with high air pollution levels in Scandinavia and the Federal Republic of Germany. The same situation was
+established with regard to zinc, cadmium and nickel concentrations. The high copper concentrations found in the moss samples from some parts of the study area were attributed by the investigators to the use on cocoa farms of fungicides and pesticides containing copper. Compared with iron and manganese concentrations measured in the industrial nations of Central Europe and North America, the mosses sampled in Nigeria were characterized by extremely high and greatly varying accumulation rates, for which reason they are not suited for monitoring of changes in the deposition rate of these metals.
+The same investigators also studied the ability of three of the moss species used as accumulative indicators in the above-mentioned study to absorb and retain Pb, Cu and Cd ions (ONIANWA et al., 1986b). All three species - Rhacopilopsis trinitensis (C. Muell) Britt. et Dix., Stereophyllum virens Card. and Thudium gratum (C. Muell) were found to possess high absorption and retention capacities for these ions, and may therefore be regarded as suitable accumulative indicators for the corresponding metals.
+In order to study the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution caused by industrial facilities and automotive exhaust in Kampala, Uganda, NYANGABABO (1987) collected samples of the lichen Calyrneferes usambaricum at various sites within and outside of the urban zone and subjected them to analysis. Whereas no differences in calcium, magnesium and nickel concentrations were found between urban and rural areas, lead, cadmium and iron accumulations at urban and suburban sites could be correlated with motor vehicle traffic densities and the nearness of stationary pollutant point sources.
+For the purpose of determining the influence of atmospheric pollutants on desert vegetation, GARTY (1985) measured the heavy metal concentrations in various different lichen species growing in the Negev desert in Israel. A high lead accumulation rate was found in the thallic tissue of samples of Squamarina crassa, which is eaten by grazing goats, taken from directly alongside a major desert highway. The lead concentrations measured in the lichens were considerably higher than those in the soil substrate on which they grew.
+In the provincial capital of Benin City (located in the Nigerian rain forest zone), in which 75-80% of atmospheric pollution is caused by motor vehicle exhaust, ADEMOROTI (1986) took bark and fruit samples from individuals of five different economically important tree species (Delonix regia, Terminalia catapa, Casuarina equiselifolia, Mangifera indica and Citrus sinensis) growing along streets with varying motor vehicle traffic densities and measured their levels of various heavy metals. A clear relationship was found between the measured concentrations of lead and zinc and traffic densities at the sampling sites; in addition, a rough surface texture of the bark was correlated with a high rate of deposition of these metals (see Fig. 21). By contrast, no relationship could be established between traffic density and cadmium or copper accumulation in the bark of the trees. The measured lead concentrations were significantly less than those found by studies in Canada and Great
+Britain. ADEMOROTI nevertheless calls attention to the fact that. especially because it is to be expected that traffic density will continue to increase in the near future and heavy metal enrichment in the studied tree species will therefore also be intensified, health hazards for the population can arise? since almonds, mangos and oranges play a major nutritional role locally and the leaves and bark of the trees are also widely used for treatment of malaria.
+ELSOKKARY (1982) studied the Hg concentrations in various vegetable varieties in Alexandria. The Hg pollution in this area is principally caused by local industrial plants that use salt electrolysis for production of caustic soda and chlorine gas. The results showed that, in particular, growing of lettuce, radishes, parsley, cabbage and jute is inadvisable due to high mercury concentrations in the edible plant parts. Parallel soil analyses also showed a close correlation between mercury concentrations in plant tissue and in the soil at various distances from the industrial facilities.
+Also in Egypt, SHAKOUR ALI and NASRALLA (1986) performed investigations that showed a clear relationship between lead and cadmium concentrations in various clover species that grow on roadsides on the one hand and motor vehicle traffic density and distance from the road on the other hand. Concentrations of as high as 40 mg Pb/g and 1.6 mg Cd/g were found in the samples, which were taken from alongside the highway linking Cairo and Alexandria and washed prior to analysis.
+In the vicinity of an industrial complex containing chemical plants which mainly emitted SO2 and HF, GANESAN et al. (1978) studied pollutant concentrations in sorghum plants (Sorghum vu/gare). All of the samples taken from a farm close to the factories exhibited the foliar necroses characteristically caused by hydrogen fluoride pollution, and their leaves consistently had far higher fluoride contents than those of plants from a farming area 4 km distant.
+WONG and TAM (1978) found high lead accumulations in two Brassica species grown next to roads in Hong Kong. The result of the study showed that in Brassica parachinensis and Brassica alboglabra there was a clear correlation between the lead concentrations in the soil and in the plants on the one hand and the distance of the sampling sites from the road on the other with a positive correlation between the concentrations in the individual plant parts and the lead concentrations in the soil. In both plant species the accumulations were greater in the leaves and roots than in the stalks (cf. Figs. 22 and 23).
+Along five major roads connecting the city of Erbil, situated in a major dairy and meat production area in northern Iraq, with other parts of the country, HAQUE and HAMEED (1986) collected various wild plant species that account for most of the forage eaten by the livestock kept in this region and subsequently analyzed their lead concentrations. They found very high lead concentrations with maximum values of 23 mg/g of dry matter in all of the examined samples, with concentrations in plant material taken from locations 60 m away from the roads being higher than those in samples taken directly at the road edges, with variation governed by the prevailing wind directions.
+In Puerto Rico, RODRIGUEZ-FLORES and RODRIGUEZ-CASTELLON (1982) took samples of the most widely occurring grass species, Cenchrus echinatus L., Sorghum halopense, Paspalum paniculatum L. and Stipa ichu, at various distances from the edges of heavily travelled roads and investigated their Pb and Cd contents. They found that the measured concentrations correlated closely with the motor vehicle traffic densities at the sampling sites. A correlation was also established between the lead concentrations in the grass plants and their distance from the roads at different wind directions (cf. Fig. 24).
+The effects of automotive lead pollution on two weeds growing along the edges of the Bombay-Ahmedabad highway in India were studied by KRISHNAYYA and BEDI (1986). The parameters they examined were pollutant accumulation, pollen grain germination, pollen tube growth and germinative capacity of the seeds of Cassia tora L. and Cassia occidentalis L. individuals taken at varying distances from the road. Whereas the magnitude of lead accumulation in the plant tissue was inversely proportional to the distance from the road, there was a direct relationship between the percentage of pollen grain germination, pollen tube growth and germinative capacity of seeds on the one hand and both the measured lead concentrations in the plants and the distance of the sampling sites from the road on the other hand as compared with control plants from unpolluted areas.
+Because of the wide distribution in many tropical and subtropical countries of the grass Panicum maximum, which is grown as animal fodder, this species can be regarded as suited for use as an accumulative indicator. WUSTEMANN (1983) found that the lead concentrations in plants growing in the vicinity of a lead recuperation facility in Guacara, Venezuela were found to permit reliable conclusions to be drawn on pollution of the environment with lead at varying distances from the facility (WUSTEMANN, 1983).
+DE LACERDA (1982) designated the halopyhtic species Sesuvium portulacastrum as being a suitable indicator plant for heavy metal pollution of the environment. The advantages of Sesuvium for this purpose are its large biomass and wide distribution in the tropics. Relevant studies were carried out around the mouth of the Iraja River near Rio de Janeiro. The measured heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Ni) were of the same magnitude as levels measured in temperate regions.
+Another halopyhtic plant species which grows along the shores of the Iraja River, Philoxeros vermicularis, contained chromium concentrations 10 times higher than those in plants growing in a control area (PFEIFFER et al., 1982). It was also shown that the aquatic plant Paspalum vaginatum developed chromium accumulations corresponding to the concentration in the surrounding medium.
+All of the studies discussed so far deal with passive monitoring, but active monitoring approaches could also be applied. In Central Europe, transplanted lichens and other plants have already proven their usefulness as response bioindicators. Studies by GARTY and FUCHS ( 1982) in Israel showed that the lichen species Ramalina duriaei, which grows on the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), is also suited for use as an accumulative indicator for evaluation of air quality within the scope of active biological monitoring. The criterion which can be used is enrichment of various heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni) in transplanted specimens (cf. Figs. 25 and 26). In further studies of this lichen species concentrations of Ca, P, K, Br, Cl, S, Ti, Li and Sr were determined (FUCHS and GARTY, 1983). The decline in the chlorophyll a contents of pigment extracts from transplanted individuals was also measured. While increased concentrations of Br, Pb, Fe and Ti were associated with
+decreased chlorophyll a contents, no significant relationship between pigment contents and other elements could be established (e.g. S, Ca, Cl, Sr, Zn, P).
+A summary of the potential biological monitoring procedures reported on in this chapter is provided in Table 6.
+Table 6: Survey of possible bioindicators for the tropics and subtropics.
+Indicator
+Country
+Response criteria
+Pollutants
+Degree of usefulness
+References
+Wild annual
+Zambia
+Pointer organisms
+Cu
+DREW and
+plants
+REILLY,
+Wild annual
+Sonoran Desert
+Cu
+WOOD and
+plants. Cacti
+United States
+NASH, 1976
+Wild plants
+Hong Kong
+SO2
+WONG, 1978
+Wild plants
+Mojave Desert
+Response indicators
+SO2/O3
+THOMPSON
+United States
+(passive)
+et al.,
+Necroses
+Wild plants
+Mojave Desert
+(passive)
+SO2/NO2
+THOMPSON
+United States
+Necroses
+et at.,
+Growth
+Wild plants
+Australia
+(passive)
+HF
+HORNING
+Necroses
+and MIT
+CHELL,
+1982, DO
+LEY 1986
+Wild plants
+India
+(passive)
+Automotive
+SARKAR
+Necroses
+exhaust
+et al., 1986
+Growth
+gases
+Enzyme activity
+Commelina
+India
+(passive)
+SO2/fly ash
+MISHRA,
+bengalensi,
+Growth
+Ricinus
+India
+(passive)
+Sewage
+YUNUS et
+communis
+Epidermal injury
+al., 1979
+Phyllanthus
+South America
+(passive)
+SO2
+EBEL et al.,
+fluitans
+Necroses
+Pigment content
+Tillandsia
+Brazil
+(passive)
+SO2
+ARNDT and
+aeranthos
+Necroses
+STREHL,
+Tropical dry
+India
+(passive)
+HF
+PANDEY,
+broad-leaved forest
+Necroses
+Terminalia
+India
+(passive)
+HF
+PANDEY,
+tomentosa
+Pigment content
+Buchanania lanzan
+Foliar biomass
+Dyopsyros
+India
+(passive)
+HF
+LAL and
+melanoxylon
+Pigment content
+AMBASHT,
+Foliar biomass
+Mangifera
+India
+(passive)
+SO2
+PAWAR and
+indica
+Necroses
+DUBEY,
+Growth
+Pigment content
+Mangifera indica
+India
+Necroses
+SO2/NO2
+PRASAD and
+Tectona grandis
+RAO, 1985
+Eucalypts
+Australia
+(passive)
+SO2
+MURRAY,
+Necroses
+Pigment content
+Nicotiana
+Israel
+(active)
+O3
+NAVEH and
+tabacum
+United States
+Necroses
+CHAIM,
+HORSMAN,
+Solanum
+India
+(passive)
+O3
+BAMBAWA
+tuberosum
+Necroses
+LE, 1986
+Indicator
+Country
+Response criteria
+Pollutants
+Degree of
+References
+usefulness
+Zea mays
+United States
+(passive)
+O3
+THOMPSON
+Necroses
+et al.,
+Growth
+Gossypium
+United States
+(passive)
+O3
+TEMPLE et
+hirsutum
+Growth
+al., 1985
+Yields
+HEAGLE et
+al., 1986
+Sorghum
+United States
+(passive)
+O3
+KRESS and
+vulgare
+Necroses
+MILLER,
+Yields
+Necroses
+HF
+MacLEAN et
+al., 1984
+Oryza sativa
+Japan
+(passive)
+O3
+NAKAMURA
+India
+Necroses
+and OTA,
+Pigment content
+AGRAWAL
+et al., 1982
+Philippines
+Necroses
+SO2
+VALENZONA
+and
+MENDOZA,
+Taiwan
+Necroses
+HF
+SUN and
+SU, 1985
+Glycine max
+United States
+(passive)
+O3
+HOWELL and
+Necroses
+KREMER,
+Pigment content
+Photosynthesis rate
+PRATT and
+KRUPA, 1981
+REICH et al.,
+Growth
+TINGEY and
+BLUM, 1973
+Biomass
+KOHUT et
+al., 1986
+Necroses
+SO2/O3
+PRATT et al.,
+Pigment content
+Growth
+HEAGLE et
+Yields
+al., 1974
+REICH and
+AMUNDSON,
+Triticum
+India
+(passive)
+Cement-kiln
+SINGH and
+aestivum
+Necroses
+dust
+RAO, 1980,
+Pigment content
+Biomass
+Citrus spp.
+United States
+(passive)
+O3/HF
+THOMPSON
+Defoliation
+and TAYLOR
+Yields
+Indicator
+Country
+Response criteria
+Pollutants
+Degree of
+References
+usefulness
+Vitis
+United States
+(passive)
+O3
+THOMPSON,
+vinifera
+Necroses
+et al.,
+Pigment content
+Yields
+Australia
+Necroses
+HF
+MURRAY,
+Pigment content
+Persea
+United States
+(passive)
+Synth. smog
+TAYLOR et
+americana
+Necroses
+al., 1958
+Growth
+Solanum
+India
+(active)
+SO2
+GUPTA and
+melangena
+Epidermal injury
+GHOUSE,
+Brassica spp.
+Hong Kong
+(passive)
+Automotive
+WONG and
+Root growth
+exhaust
+LAU, 1983
+Germinative
+gases
+capacity of seeds
+Wild plants
+Iraq
+Acumulative
+Pb
+HAQUE and
+indicators
+HAMEED,
+(passive)
+Wild plants
+India
+(passive)
+Pb
+KRISHNAY
+YA and
+BEDI, 1986
+Wild plants
+Puerto Rico
+(passive)
+Pb/Cd
+RODRIGUEZ
+FLORES and
+RODRIGUEZ
+CASTELLON,
+Wild plants
+Egypt
+(passive)
+Pb/Cd
+SHAKOUR
+ALI and
+NASRALLA,
+Sesuvium por-
+Brazil
+(passive)
+Heavy
+DeLACER
+tulacastrum
+metals
+DA 1982
+Philoxeros
+Brazil
+(passive)
+Cu
+PFEIFFER
+vermicularis
+et al., 1982
+Paspalum
+vaginatum
+Tillandsia
+Colombia
+(passive)
+Heavy
+SCHRIMPFF
+spp.
+metals
+Organic
+compounds
+Epiphytic
+Venezuela
+(passive)
+Heavy
+MONTAG
+mosses
+NINI et al.,
+Indicator
+Country
+Response criteria
+Pollutants
+Degree of
+References
+usefulness
+Mosses
+Nigeria
+(passive)
+Heavy
+ONIANWA
+metals
+and
+EGUNYOMI,
+ONIANWA
+etal.,
+1986a/b
+Calyrneferes
+Uganda
+(passive)
+Heavy
+NYANGA
+usambaricum
+metals
+BABO 1987
+Squamarina
+Negev Desert
+(passive)
+Pb
+GARTY,
+crassa
+Israel
+Ramalina
+Israel
+(active)
+Heavy
+GARTY and
+duriaei
+metals
+FUCHS, 1982
+Broad-leaved
+Nigeria
+(passive)
+Heavy
+ADEMORO
+trees
+Tl, 1986
+Panicum
+Venezuela
+(passive)
+Pb
+WUSTE
+maximum
+MANN, 1983
+Sorghum
+India
+(passive)
+SO2/HF
+GANESAN
+vulgare
+et al., 1978
+Vegetables
+Egypt
+(passive)
+Hg
+ELSOKKA
+RY, 1982
+Brassica
+Hong Kong
+(passive)
+Pb
+WONG and
+spp.
+TAM, 1978
+- not useful at the time
++ might be suitable for use in active monitoring after extensive development or adaptation
+++ further development may be promising
++++ developed procedures, which need only be adapted
+<section>4. Discussion and recommendations</section>
+If the results summarized in Table 6 are considered in the light of knowledge gathered in the industrialized countries (Chapter 2), then the conclusion is unavoidable that possibilities exist today for application and further development of biological monitoring in tropical and subtropical countries as well. Nevertheless, a great deal remains to be done in the way of preliminary work before practical application can commence.
+When making decisions on the methods which have the greatest likelihood of success in given instances, the principal criteria which must be examined are the ecological and sociological conditions in the countries where studies are being planned. This refers above all to site factors, but also has to do with the level of knowledge and expertise on the part of those who will be conducting the studies, laboratory capacities and the behavior of local populations. The last-mentioned aspect can have a crucial bearing on the success of some active monitoring procedures, since theft and destruction of test stations can occur out of ignorance. For instance, there is always a certain risk involved in setting out self-watering pot installations, although these are without a doubt indispensable during dry periods. Yet, it is precisely such active monitoring methods deployed in source-oriented grids that yield the most reliable data when collecting evidence against environmental
+polluters or investigating the environmental compatibility of planned installations. Only such approaches can eliminate uncertainty caused by unknown soil and nutrient conditions and competition from other vegetation. By arranging the stations in a checkerboard pattern or in radiating lines it is sometimes even possible to partially overcome unfavorable topographic reliefs.
+Table 6 lists only one plant species which could be used for active monitoring relatively unproblematically and without major preliminary studies. This is the tobacco variety BEL-W-3, which responds to photochemical oxidants, especially ozone, and as such can be classified as a response indicator. Since photochemical oxidants are secondary atmospheric pollutants, this plant can be used to perform a kind of background measurement. In addition, young eucalypts would be suitable for use as response indicators for SO2, although the heterophyllous nature of these trees would have to be taken into account. The same holds for various lichens, if it is possible to transplant them onto exposure installations and adapt them to different sites. One accumulative indicator which has already been successfully used for active monitoring is the lichen Ramalina duriaei. It would also be possible, following the example of the standardized grass culture, to test suitable species and varieties
+native to tropical and subtropical countries. However, the required investigations, above all testing of tolerances, accumulation abilities, suitability for being cut back, etc., would be extensive and require a long period of time.
+A number of organic and anorganic materials may also be suitable for active monitoring, since they react to pollution with physically measurable responses. Sheet steel, for example, exhibits an accelerated corrosion rate when exposed to SO2 or other acidic gases, manifesting itself in the form of increased weight. Trials and/or modifications of this approach would definitely be required in especially dry regions, since the formation of iron oxide depends on a certain minimum atmospheric humidity.
+The expansion of natural rubber can be measured simply by taking readings with a millimeter scale, without the need for any laboratory tests. It is influenced by the concentration of ozone in the ambient air. Preliminary trials still remain to be performed on this method, however, so that it will not be ready for use until sometime during 1988.
+Little interference from local populations need be feared in the case of passive monitoring. In this approach, either standardized methods are used for examining naturally occurring vegetation for pollution injury in situ, or else apparently undamaged plant organs are removed and their pollutant concentrations analyzed in the laboratory. The reliability of the data which can be obtained in this way increases with the number of points sampled around a source. Compared to active biological monitoring, therefore, this requires a more closely spaced grid in order to permit conclusions to be drawn on the atmospheric pollutants that are causing injury to the plants.
+In general, with passive biological monitoring it is essential to take the vegetation at the site of study and surrounding region into account. The only alternatives are therefore to exclusively address such plant species that occur widely within a given biome, like certain domesticated plants, or else to perform assessments of each individual site on the basis of thorough familiarity with local conditions. The latter possibility will not be discussed any further here, since at this time only a handful of ecotoxicologists from the industrial nations are likely to possess the required knowledge.
+Great care is required when undertaking routine use of wild plants as bioindicators within the scope of a passive monitoring program. Only a few studies have been performed on the effects of pollutants on such organisms, but they show that even varieties of one and the same species can respond very differently. Particularly where herbaceous plants are concerned, experience has shown that several different varieties can occur within an area spanning just a few hectares, thus potentially leading to completely wrong assessments. It should be mentioned in this connection, however, that "mosses" of the genus Tillandsia have been used quite successfully as accumulative indicators for passive monitoring (SCHRIMPFF, 1987, 1988).
+Of the species listed in Table 6, it is particularly the eucalypts which react sensitively to SO2 that appear to hold promise for passive monitoring. The fact that during the last 20 years their silvicultural utilization has spread rapidly in the subtropics outside of Australia, where they originated, ensures that they would have a large validity range and importance (cf. Chapter 2). Their degree of representation for other tree species would have to be investigated. The low-growing citrus trees which have proven to be sensitive to photochemical smog in California may well also play a useful role. In addition, the mango tree has also expanded far beyond its native range, namely the Malay Archipelago, and is now cultivated nearly everywhere in the tropics. Because of its wide distribution it can also be regarded as a potential bioindicator species.
+Various varieties of grape plants have repeatedly been observed to respond to fluoride pollution and ozone with visible symptoms. The degree of sensitivity is dependent on the variety, however, a fact which would make it necessary to conduct preliminary tests.
+Finally, certain lichens could also be used as response indicators, although it must be taken into account that in hot, dry regions these plants are only metabolically active for a few hours each day. Here, too, preliminary studies would be a must.
+Lichens can also be utilized as accumulative indicators within the scope of passive monitoring. However, an essential prerequisite for this type of approach is the availability of staff and equipment for effective laboratory analysis, an aspect which even in the industrial countries does not always attain the required standards. However, appropriately dried and prepared samples can be relatively easily transported and thus centrally processed in specialized laboratories. Besides lichens, Panicum maximum could also hold promise as an accumulative indicator, as studies at my own institute have shown (WUSTEMANN, 1982).
+From what has been said above, a few conclusions can be drawn regarding future work aimed at use of plants as bioindicators in tropical and subtropical countries. Accordingly, the following steps must be carried out:
+1. Review and evaluation of the studies which have already been carried out in tropical and subtropical countries on the effects of pollutants. Centrally coordinated compilation of documentation on various relevant fields at appropriate specialized institutes.
+2. Compilation of an atlas containing plates illustrating the effects of pollution on selected agricultural and silvicultural plants from the tropics and subtropics as a basis for development of response indicators.
+3. Development and/or adaptation of response indicators for tropical and subtropical conditions. Cooperation with institutions in industrial and threshold countries (South Africa, Brazil, Australia) of these regions.
+4. Identification and development of accumulative indicator plants together with appropriate analytical techniques.
+5. Preparatory studies and development work in specialized German laboratories within the scope of a feasibility study.
+6. Implementation of a selected model biological monitoring project in a tropical or subtropical country.
+On the whole, it can be ascertained that, although much remains to be learned, our present level of knowledge nevertheless represents a firm basis for continued work. If activities are appropriately coordinated by a national working group, it should be possible to concentrate on a few promising goals. In cooperation with institutes in the countries where these biological monitoring procedures could potentially be applied, preparations could then be carried out for field studies.
+We would like to conclude by reiterating our conviction that biological monitoring is highly suited for use in the developing countries. This conviction is based above all on two factors. One is that, in general, biological monitoring is technologically less demanding than physical sampling and analysis of pollutants, a fact which responds well to the situation in these countries. The second, even more important, aspect has to do with the inherently different type of information provided by biological monitoring (cf. Chapter 2). If use of bioindicators and response-oriented monitoring approaches in the tropical and subtropical countries begins soon, it may well be possible to set a development in motion which is based on obtaining evidence of and preventing pollution injury, and which is not limited to implementation of cost-intensive pollution monitoring networks.
+<section>5. Summary</section>
+The present study begins by defining important concepts related to biological monitoring, and goes on to discuss the possibilities and limitations of this approach at all levels, including comprehensive response oriented pollution inventories. Focussing on biological monitoring of atmospheric pollution, a few relatively well-developed techniques from Central Europe are presented. Those chosen for discussion are relevant for the objectives of the study and, after being modified somewhat, could also be applied to other conditions elsewhere.
+Based on a review of existing literature on relevant studies conducted in the tropics and subtropics, a number of biological monitoring procedures are then discussed which could be of importance for the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. The responses of inanimate materials such as steel and rubber to pollution are also given attention.
+On the whole, the conclusion is arrived at in the study that, on the basis of what is known today, it would definitely be of advantage to apply and develop biological monitoring in the world's tropical and subtropical countries. Recommendations are also presented on the steps which need to be taken.
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+RIPPEN, G., 1984. Handbuch der Umweltchemikalien -physikalisch-chemische und okotoxikologische raten ausgewahlter chemischer Stoffe. Munchen: ecomed Verlagsges., Blattsammlung.
+RODRIGUEZ-FLORES, M. and RODRIGUEZ-CASTELLON, E., 1982. "Lead and cadmium levels in soil and plante near highways and their correlation with traffic density." Environ. Pollut. (4): 281 -290.
+RUDOLPH, E., 1977. "Uberwachung der Luftqualitat in Munchen mit ausgewahiten Testpflanzen." VDI-Berichte (270): 175-177
+RUDOLPH, E., 1979. "Wirkungen von Luftverunreinigungen auf pflanzliche Indikatoren in Bayern." Schriftenr. fur Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege (9): 7-44.
+RUGE, U. and BURKHARDT, H.J., 1979. "Sind in der Nahe eines Flughafens sowie in den Einflugschneisen Vegetationsschaden zu erwarten?"Angew. Bot. (53): 183-194.
+SANHUEZA, E.; AFRICANO, M. and ROMERO, I., 1982. "Air pollution in tropical areas." Sci. Total Environ. (23): 3-10.
+SARKAR, R.K.; BANERIEE, A. and MUKHERII, S., 1986. "Acceleration of peroxidase and catalase activities in leaves of wild dicotyledonous plants as an indication of automobile exhaust pollution." Environ. Pollut. (41): 289295.
+SCHAFER, E., 1983. Entwicklg. und Erprobung eines terr. Modell-Okosystems bestehend aus einer Vegetationskammer und einem Agrarokosystem -Modellausschn. fur quantitative okoc hem. Verhaltensstudien v. Umweltchemikalien. Mitt. Bio. Bundesanstalt f. Land- und Forstw. Berlin (25).
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+SCHOLL, G., 1969. "Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Erkennung von immissionsbedingten Pflanzenschadigungen." Schriftenreihe der LIB Essen (17): 73-80.
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+SCHONBECK, H., 1969. "Eine Methode zur Erfassung der biologischen Wirkung von Luftverunreinigungen durch transplantierte Flechten." Staub-Reinhalt. Luft (29): 14-19.
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+SCHUSCHKE, G.; MIELKE, U. and SCHULZE, H.D., 1974. "Rinderbewohnende Flechten als lufthygienischer Bioindikator in Magdeburg." Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Hygiene (20): 415-421.
+SHAKOUR ALI, E.A. and NASRALIA, M.M., 1986. "Impact of motor vehicle exhausts on the cadmium and lead contents of clover plants grown around Egyptian traffic roads." Int. J. Environ. Studies (28): 157-161.
+SINGH, S.N. and RAO, D.N., 1980. "Growth of wheat plants exposed to cement-dust pollution." Environ. Pollut. (26): 241-249.
+SINGH, S.N. and RAO, D.N., 1981. "Certain responses of wheat plants to cement-dust pollution." Environ. Pollut. (26): 75-81.
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+STEUBING, L., 1982. "Wirkungserhebungen uber die Verbreitung von Photooxidantien in der Region Untermain mit dem Bioindikator BEL-W-3." Angew. Bor. (56): 1-8.
+STOCKER, G., 1977. "Ein Modell der Dominanzstruktur und seine Anwendung - 11. Bioindikationen, allgemeine Ergebnisse." A Arch. f. Naturschutz und Landschaftsforsch. ( 1 7 ): 89- 1 1 8.
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+SUN. E.J. and SU, H.J., 1985. ''Fluoride injury to rice plants caused by air pollution emitted from ceramic and brick factories.'' Environ. Pollut. (37): 335-342.
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+TECHNISCHE ANLEITUNG ZUR REINHALTUNG DER LUFT: Erste allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum BlmSchG von 28.08.1974 sowie deren Anderungen.
+TEMPLE, P.J.; TAYLOR, O.C. and BENDIT, L.F., 1985. "Cotton yield responses to ozone as mediated by soil moisture and evapotranspiration." J. Environ. Qual. (14): 55-60.
+THOMPSON, C.L. and TAYLOR, O.C., 1969. ''Effect of air pollutants on growth, leaf drop, fruit drop and yield of citrus trees." Environ. Sci. and Technol. (3): 934-940.
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+THOMPSON, C.R.; KATS, G. and CAMERON, J.W., 1976. "Effects of ambient photochemical air pollutants on growth, yield and ear charakters of two Sweet Corn Hybrids." J. Environ. Qual. (5): 410-412.
+THOMPSON, C.R.; KATS, G. and LENNOX, R.W., 1980. 'Effects of sulphur dioxide and/or nitrogen oxide on native plante of the Mojave desert and eastern Mojave-Colorado desert." JAPCA (30): 1304- 1309.
+THOMPSON, C.R.; OBSZYK, D.M.; KATS, G.; BYTNEROWICZ, A.; DAWSON, P.J. and WOLF, I.W., 1984. "Effects of ozone or sulphur dioxide on annual plants of the Mojave Desert."MPCA(34): 1017-1022.
+TINGEY, D.T. and BLUM, C., 1973. "Effects of ozone on soybean nodules." J. Environ. Qual. (2): 341 -342.
+TRESHOW, M., 1968. "Tine impact of air pollution on plant populations." Phytapathology (58): 1108-1113.
+VALENZONA, F.F. and MENDOZA, N.S., 1976. "111 effects of sulphur dioxide on plants. I. Rice." NSDB Technology Journal: 33-38.
+VDI-RICHTLINIE 2309: Ermittlung von maximalen Immissions-Werten. Blatt 1: Grundlagen. Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft. Dusseldorf: VDI-Verlag, March 1983, Vol. I.
+VDI-RICHTLINIE 3792: VDI-Richtlinien. Blatt 2: Messen der Immissions-Wirkdosis von gas- und staubformigem Fluorid in Pflanzen mit dem Verfahren der standardisierten Graskultur. Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, Dusseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1982: pp. 1 -6.
+VDI-RICHTLINIE 3792: Blatt 1: Messen der Immissions-Wirkdosis von Blei in Pflanzen mit dem Verfahren der standardisierten Graskultur. Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, Dusseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1985: pp. I -7.
+VDI-RICHTLINIE 2310: Zielsetzung und Bedeutung der Richtlinien. Blatt 1: Maximale Immissions-Werte (Entwurf 1986). Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft. Dusseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1986: pp. ] -4.
+WALLIN, T., 1976. ''Deposition of airborne mercury from six Swedish chlor-alkali plants surveyed by moss analysis." Environ. Pollut. ( 10): 101 -] ]4.
+WEIGEL, H.J. and JAGER, H.C., 1985. "Physiologische und biochemische Verfahren zum Nachweis von Schadstoffwirkungen." Stauh-Reinhalt. Luft (45): 269-271 .
+WONG, M.H. and TAM, F.Y., 1978. "Lead contamination of soil and vegetables grown near motorways in Hong Kong."J. Environ. Sci. Health (13): 13-22.
+WONG, M.H., 1978. "An ecological survey of the effect of sulfur dioxide emitted from an acid work factory." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (19): 715-723.
+WONG, M.H. and LAU, W.M., 1983. "Effects of roadside soil extracts on seed germination and root e]ongation of edible crops." Environ. Pollut. (31): 203-215.
+WOOD, C.W.Jr. and NASH, T.N., 1976. "Copper smelter effluent effects on Sonoran desert vegetation." Ecology (57): 1301-1316.
+WUSTEMANN, M., 1983. Beispiele zur Problematik von Immissionswirkungen in tropischen und subtropischen Landern. Untersuchungen in der Umgebung eines Bleiemittenten in Venezuela. Unpublished graduation thesis (Diplomarbeit), Univ. of Hohenheim.
+YUNUS, M.; AHMAD, K.J. and GALE, R., 1979. "Air pollutants and epidermal traits in Ricinus communis L." Environ. Pollut. (20): 189-198.
+<section>Bioindicators for monitoring of atmospheric pollutants in Asian countries</section>
+(A survey of the literature up to 1986)
+by Lore Steubing, Jutta Biermann, Reinhard Debus
+<section>1. Introduction</section>
+In view of the growing problems caused by environmental pollution in both the industrialized and the developing countries, there is a justified interest in finding appropriate methods for monitoring the environment and detecting the level of atmospheric contamination.
+Because of the inherent limitations imposed on the information yielded by individual measurements of physical and chemical parameters, as well as practical difficulties associated with performing them, it is worthwhile investigating whether- especially in developing countries - biological indicators could be used alternatively or additionally to monitor the environment in tropical and subtropical ecosystems.
+The aim of this survey of the literature is to show where in Asia biological monitoring ("biomonitoring") has already been practiced, and which, if any, unique aspects or special problems have arisen or must be taken into account in future.
+A survey is provided of the techniques of biological indication which have been applied in India, China and Hong Kong. In addition, work which has been done in South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia is also given consideration. Japanese studies are discussed only by way of illustration.
+Considerable difficulties had to be overcome in order to obtain some of the publications surveyed here. We were provided with most of the articles from China and India with the assistance of scientific colleagues in the respective countries. It was possible to obtain part of the literature by way of libraries, especially the library of the University of Hanover.
+Almost without exception, the Chinese publications are also written in Chinese. Only a few of the articles begin with a brief English abstract. In order to carry out a detailed study of the literature, however, it was necessary to have certain of the articles translated.
+In connection with articles that appeared in the periodicals "Journal of Environmental Science" and "Journal of Ecology", the problem arose that, evidently, in each case two journals exist with the same name, and the Chinese ones were not available in the Federal Republic of Germany.
+For the above reasons, the present survey - finished in 1986 - cannot lay claim to being exhaustive.
+The basis for decisions on whether or not and in what way a given plant species is suitable for use as a biological indicator is provided by laboratory experiments in which the resistance or sensitivity of crop and meadow plants to selected environmental contaminants are investigated. For this reason, the presentation of practical examples is preceded by a survey of fumigation experiments and their results.
+These publications on bioindicators have been organized on the basis of the different monitoring techniques and biological indication types which they deal with. In the case of a few selected examples, the results are presented in graphical and tabular form. Potential sources of error are pointed out.
+Finally, all of the surveyed publications are listed in a bibliography, grouped by country.
+<section>2. Applied biological monitoring techniques in Asia, with special consideration given-to the developing countries</section>
+<section>2.1 Fumigation and dusting experiments as the basis for selection of biological indicators</section>
+The surveyed publications from India describe fumigation experiments which were carried out on agricultural crop plants. The concentrations of pollutants used for fumigation were between 0.25 ppm and 2 ppm. The experiments were conducted for maximum durations of 3 months, between I and 8 hours per day. As far as can be gleaned from the articles, the experiments were conducted either in simple fumigation chambers or in the open. Recently, single experiments have also been conducted in open pots.
+PRASAD & RAO (1980 and 1981) exposed Triticum aestivam (wheat) to SO2 and studied its calorific value, respiration rate, carbohydrate content and biomass. RAO (1980) worked with Medicago sativa (alfalfa). He also studied the effect of SO2 fumigation on biomass, as well as that on primary production, root and shoot lengths, and chlorophyll content. SINGH & RAO (1980 a and b) extended the above-mentioned measurements to Solanum melangena (eggplant) and Phaseolus aureus (bean), also determining citric acid content and the pH value of leaf extract, and assessing leaf damage. The work of AGRAWAL et al. (1982) focused on monitoring of pigment, assessment of leaf damage and a description of pollution induced symptoms. The object of their study was Oryza sativa (rice). VARSHNEY & VARSHNEY (1981) studied the effects of SO2 pollution on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Cicer arietenum (chick-pea), Nasturtium indicum (watercress), Petunia alba (petunia) and Tradescantia
+axillaris (tradescantia).
+AGRAWAL (1985) performed SO2 and O3 fumigation experiments on Oryza sativa (rice), Panicum miliaceum (Indian millet), Cicer arietenum (chick-pea) and Vicia faba (broad bean). He chose the symptoms of leaf damage, transpiration rate, pigment and metabolite contents, as well as catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity and biomass production as parameters for assessing the potential of each of these plant species as biological indicators.
+AWANG & ZAINUN (1985/Malaysia) exposed plants to environmentally significant concentrations of gaseous SO2. They studied the effect of SO2 on transpiration, diffusion resistance, potassium loss of leaves, and chlorophyll content in Petunia sp. (petunia), Ixora javanica (evergreen shrub) and Cinnamon iners (cinnamon tree); these are ornamental plants that grow in the parks of Kuala Lumpur.
+In a study by JIANG MEI-ZHEN (1983/China), the effects of SO2 on ornamental plants of varying sensitivity were investigated. Potted Petunia hybrida (petunia), Pelargonium hortorum (geranium), Begonia semperflorens (begonia), Dianthus barbatus (carnation), Euphorbia pulcherrima (spurge), Tulipa gesneriana (tulip) and Hyacinthus orientalis (hyacinth) plants were exposed to the air of different parts of Hang Zhou with varying intensities of SO2 pollution. An oil refinery was named as the source of the pollutants. The plants were grown from cuttings or seed, either in a greenhouse or directly in the open. The exposed pots were watered once a day. No additional information on the fumigation conditions is supplied. After 24 and 48 hours the damage to the leaves was assessed and the plant species assigned to one of three groups depending on the degree of damage suffered:
+1. Very sensitive; 50% of the leaf surface area is damaged after 24 hours, and the flowers droop.
+2. Sensitive; no obvious symptoms until fumigation has lasted 48 hours; 50% of the leaf surface area is damaged, the leaves wilt and turn yellow, but are not shed prematurely.
+3. Non-sensitive; the leaves remain green, less than 10% of the leaf surface area is damaged.
+CAO HONGFA and TAYLOR (1985/China) studied the growth and stomatal response of pinto bean plants following long-term fumigation with low SO2 concentrations. They were able to show that SO2 levels below the toxic threshold led to reduced growth, but that just one day after beginning fumigation the transpiration resistance reached the control value.
+A large number of publications by Japanese researchers have appeared on fumigation experiments with SO2, O3, NO2 and ethylene:
+Exposure to SO2
+FUJINUMA & AIGA (1980) carried out SO2 fumigation trials with the aim of identifying sensitive rice varieties. The effects of SO2 on photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal resistance in Helianthus annuus (sunflower) were described by FURUKAWA et al. (1980) and USHIJIMA & TAZAKI (1977). The latter also studied Pharbitis nil (morning glory), Zea mays (maize) and Sorghum vulgare (sorghum). Investigations were also carried out on Helianthus annuus (sunflower) by OMASA et al. (1980) and SHIMIZU et al. (1980). SHIMIZU et al. (1980) observed its growth behavior at different pollutant concentrations. FURUKAWA et al. (1980) listed the damage caused to the leaves of 25 herbaceous plant species following SO2 exposure, and measured the changes in transpiration rates. KATASE et al. (1983) provide data on the responses of three C4 and three C3 plants with respect to photosynthesis and transpiration. Their results throw light on the absorption of SO2 by the leaves. YAMAZOE & MAYUMI
+(1977) report on the effects of SO2 pollution on the chlorophyll content of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco).
+Exposure to O3
+A comprehensive study on the effects of ozone on the epidermis, chloroplasts, ribosomes and mitochondria in leaves of Pharbitis nil (morning glory) was conducted by NOUCHI et al. (1977). In a later study, NOUCHI and AOKI (1979) assessed leaf damage in Pharbitis nil induced by exposure to various O3 concentrations.
+The response of Oryza sativa (rice) was studied by FUJINUMA & AIGA (1980), NAKAMURA & OTA (1975 and 1977) and YAMAZOE & MAYUMI (1977). The observed deleterious effects of fumigation were assessed, examined under the microscope, and correlated with the physiological parameters of photosynthesis and chlorophyll and protein content. YAMAZOE & MAYUMI (1977) also used Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and Zea mays (maize) for their fumigation experiments.
+Exposure to NO2
+YONEYAMA et al. (1980) describe the influence of NO2 on leaf surfaces and the drymatter weights of leaves, shoots and roots. They exposed Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Zea mays (maize), Phaseolus sp. (bean), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Solanum Iycopersicum (tomato) and Beta vulgaris (beet) to NO2. YAMAZOE & MAYUMI (1977) determined the extent of leaf damage and the protein, nitrogen and sulfur contents in Zea mays (maize) after NO2 fumigation.
+MATSUSHIMA (1977) exposed various tree species to NO2 and rated them in order of their sensitivity. In the case of zelkova, he also studied the effects of nitrogen dioxide on the microscopic structures of the cells.
+Exposure to ethylene
+After carrying out fumigation experiments, MATSUSHIMA (1977) rated a group of herbaceous plants according to their sensitivity to ethylene.
+Exposure to dust
+Another important aspect of pollution dealt with in these studies of biological indication is dusting of plants, especially with cement dust, which has been investigated most thoroughly by Indian researchers. SINGH & RAO (1978 and 1981) exposed wheat to cement dust in the laboratory. The dust treatments were performed in an open-top chamber in order to eliminate wind-induced drifting. Dust was applied at the rate of 7g/m³/d. Productivity, transpiration rates and chlorophyll contents were studied under the influence of the cement dust. The studies revealed a clear linear relationship between the amount of dust applied and the responses of the plants.
+PERIASAMY & VIVEKANANDAN (1982/lndia) concerned themselves with the morphological and physiological effects of coal particle pollution on various angiosperms. They investigated the number of stomata, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and the transpiration activity of Calotropis giganta ("aak"), Leucas aspera (Labiatae), Tephrosia purpurea ("pila"), Croton sparsiflorus (Euphorbiaceae), Prosopis spicigera ("sami tree" or "sacred tree") and Boerhauvia diffusa ("peta-sudupala"). The specimens for the test were obtained from the immediate surroundings of a locomotive shed and from a control area which is not described in greater detail. The experiments showed that the responses of the selected plants to coal particle pollution varied greatly. While Calotropis, Leucas and Tephrosia suffered greater damage, the changes observed in Croton were minimal, and Prosopis and Boerhaavia were not affected at all.
+<section>2.2 Active monitoring</section>
+2.2.1 Cumulative bioindicators
+2.2.2 Sensitive bioindicators
+Active monitoring is the term used to refer to fumigation of uniform plant material in the field under largely standardized conditions. The plants for fumigation are raised in uncontaminated soil of standardized, uniform characteristics. They are subsequently placed in the field in pots or containers. The use of cloned individuals permits the number of specimens per site to be kept relatively low. Either cumulative or sensitive biological indicators can be used. The choice depends on which atmospheric pollutants are to be tested for.
+Plant species used as bioindicators are characterized by high sensitivity to air pollutants or ability to accumulate contaminant(s). One of the major advantages of active monitoring is that physiology and ecology of the indicator plants are well known. Reactions to environmental stress are easier to evaluate with these exposed plants than the reactions of the local flora.
+2.2.1 Cumulative bioindicators
+Active monitoring with cumulative bioindicators was carried out with trees, herbs and grasses.
+FANG CAI-GIN & DUAN JI-GUANG (1982/China) carried out trials with potted specimens of the Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), two other Sophora species, and one Populus (poplar) and one Pinus (pine) species in industrial areas of the city of Beijing with differing pollution levels. The Latin designations of the species used are not indicated in the Chinese text, for which reason it is not possible to accurately identify them here. Information provided on the conditions and duration of fumigation is also insufficient.
+Afterwards the sulfur content of the dustfall on the leaves and of the leaves themselves was determined. Measurements of the SO2 concentrations in the air were not carried out.
+Where high sulfur contents were measured in the leaves, the authors concluded that the trees in question had a high filtering capacity, and consequently that this served to reduce the sulfur levels in the air. This conclusion must be regarded critically, however.
+Another study is from India (EIAS/1/19851986), and is concerned with lead pollution from automobile exhaust in New Delhi. Once a month, the SO2, NO2, dust and lead pollution of the air at traffic intersections with varying traffic densities were measured analytically. At six selected sites, Cynodon dactylon (devil grass), Alstonia scholaris (alstonia), Nerium indicum ("kaner" = a dense shrub) and Eugenia jambolana ("jamun" = a tree species) were exposed. The Cynodon dactylon plants failed within just a few days, however, due to nibbling by rodents. No information is provided on the fumigation conditions or on whether the water supply of the plants was standardized, which is an important aspect. On the basis of the lead contents measured in the soil and in the plants, as well as biomass, chlorophyll content and leaf surface area of the individual plant species at the different sites, a "lead pollution tolerance index" (LPTI) was calculated. It was not possible to establish
+any correlation between traffic density and the lead content of the plants. It did emerge, however, that the tree Eugenia jambolana and the dense shrub Nerium indicum, due to their high accumulation capacity, are effective filters and suitable for planting along roadsides.
+2.2.2 Sensitive bioindicators
+DUN WAN-RU et al. ( I 985/China) were able, using a nucleolus test with Tradescantia cells, to demonstrate the lead pollution caused by a factory producing dry-cell batteries. The mutagenic effect of lead can be quickly and simply diagnosed by determining the nucleolus frequency.
+Since only fragments of the original Chinese article are available, it is not possible to provide any further details on the method used.
+YIAN LI-YING et al. (1985) carried out active monitoring with plants of varying sensitivity to sulfur dioxide in the immediate vicinity of a sulfur factory, and in an unpolluted control area. The plants used as indicators were Pittosporum tobira (hedge laurel), Rhododendron simsii (rhododendron), Nerium indicum ("kaner"), Michelia alba (Magnoliaceae) and Eucalyptus maculata (a eucalypt). After 45 days they observed visible signs of damage, analyzed the sulfur content of the leaves, and used electrophoresis to determine the number of peroxidase isoenzymes. They also used analytical means to measure the SO2 concentration in the air, and recorded weather and microclimatic factors.
+Table 1: Sites selected for phytomonitoring of ambient air quality around a fertilizer factory in Bombay, using Ipomoea carnea.
+Site No.
+Site
+Description in brief
+I
+Research center
+Green area treated as control. South of factory.
+II
+Training institute
+Southwest of factory; stacks not in wind direction.
+III
+Effluent treatment plant
+North of stacks; not in wind direction.
+IV
+Ammonium nitrophosphate plant(ANP1 )
+In the downwind direction on the eastern side and near the stack.
+V
+Ammonium nitrophosphate plant(ANP2 )
+20 m south of site IV.
+VI
+Trainee hostel
+In the downwind direction on the eastern side, about 500 m away from the stack.
+VII
+Collectors' colony
+In the downwind direction on the eastern side and500 m east of site IV.
+VIII
+Highway gate No. 111
+Fairly green area, to the north of the factory com plex.
+It turned out that Rhododendron responded sensitively. Nerium and Pittosporum, by contrast, proved to be resistant to sulfur dioxide pollution, as evidenced by their external symptoms, the sulfur content of the leaves, and the numbers of isoenzymes.
+VARSHNEY (1985/lndia) presents a pollen germination test as a suitable method of active monitoring with sensitive indicator plants. Numerous fumigation experiments showed that pollen grains are more sensitive to emissions than the assimilation organs. Within just a few hours, exposure to atmospheric contaminants results in a reduced pollen germination rate and diminished pollen tube growth.
+CHAPHEKAR et al. (1985/lndia) carried out active monitoring in the area around a fertilizer factory in Bombay using the ruderal plant Ipomoea carnea. This plant species is readily available and can be easily propagated by means of cuttings; moreover, it responds sensitively to air pollution.
+The authors gathered plant material at eight different polluted sites in the city (Table 1) and weighed the dry matter of the individual specimens (Figure 1).
+Here, too, the authors express criticism of the lack of standardization. In additional studies they intend to optimize the procedure.
+Very extensive active monitoring with a sensitive bioindicator was carried out by BORALKAR & MUKHERJEE (in press/India). The indicator plant used was Medicago sativa (alfalfa), which was exposed at five sites in New Delhi with varying levels of air pollution, under controlled conditions which are not described in detail. After 21 days, shoot length, oven-dry weight and soluble sulfate content were measured. All three parameters underwent distinct changes as a result of the air pollution. The extent to which they changed corresponded to the physically measured levels of atmospheric contamination (SO2, NO2, dust particles and sulfur deposition). The reduction in shoot growth and dry matter and the increase in sulfur content of the foliar material, all expressed as percentages, were used to derive an "Air Pollution Index" (API). The API is thus intended to be a measure of the level of air pollution. It is depicted graphically as a circle, the radius of which is proportional to
+the API of Medicago sativa at that particular measuring site (Figure 2).
+The authors of the study point out the difficulties associated with tending the measuring stations and with providing the exposed plants with a uniform supply of water. However, they exclude the possibility of the growth parameters being inhibited primarily by lack of water.
+<section>2.3 Passive monitoring</section>
+2.3.1 Cumulative bioindicators
+2.3.2 Sensitive bioindicators
+In this approach as well, the sensitive or accumulating properties of plants with respect to atmospheric pollutants are utilized. Deviations from the normal behavior of flora growing at a given site (wild, crop or forest plants) are observed and analyzed.
+Repeated vegetation mappings can also be described as a kind of passive monitoring. Such measures include the making of maps and lists of species, and descriptions of distribution patterns. One special technique involves mapping the cryptogamic vegetation of an area; if the sensitivities of the individual species are known, a correlation can be established between the degree of atmospheric pollution and the distribution of moss and lichen species.
+In the studied developing countries, passive monitoring techniques were used far more frequently than active monitoring procedures.
+In the following, all of the relevant publications are grouped together according to bioindicator type and the principal sources of emissions, irrespective of country of origin. Greatest attention has clearly been focused on SO2 and F pollution by industry, as well as on lead and particulate contamination from automobile traffic.
+2.3.1 Cumulative bioindicators
+Industry
+FANG CAI-GIN & DUAN JI-GUANG (1982/China) analyzed sulfur concentrations in the leaves of various tree species in industrial areas with varying pollution levels in the city of Beijing.
+YIAN LI-YING & ZHU TIANJI (1983/China) also measured the sulfur content of the leaves of four different plant species at 18 sampling sites in the city of Guang Zhou, and subsequently divided the city up into four zones on the basis of a calculated sulfur content index (IPC):
+I: IPC < 1.0
+clean
+II: IPC between 1.0 and 1.5
+lightly polluted
+III: IPC between 1.5 and 2.0
+moderately polluted
+IV: IPC > 2.0
+heavily polluted
+Similar studies were carried out by CHEN QINGNAN (1984/China) in the city of Tianjin, and SONG et al. (1988) in Shanghai.
+MEENAKSHY and coworkers (1981/lndia) investigated fluoride accumulation in forage plants, in particular Cynodon dactylon (devil grass), in the vicinity of a phosphatic fertilizer factory. Over an extended period of time, fluoride levels in the ambient air and in the plants were periodically determined. The test sites were chosen in such a way that the plants growing there were subjected to different levels of pollutants at different times of the year, depending on the prevailing wind directions. The studies yielded a clear correlation between atmospheric fluoride contamination and the fluoride content of the plants (Figure 3).
+CHENG DONG-JI et al. (1983/China) used three relatively insensitive tree species to assess the atmospheric burden in the city of Hang Zhou. Under standardized conditions, Ligustrum lucidum (privet), Cinnamomum comphora (camphor tree) and Platanus acerifolia (plane tree) were tested at a height of 5 m above the ground and in three different directions. In addition, the atmospheric fluoride content was determined by mounting alkaline collector traps in the selected trees, also at a height of 5 m above the ground, and measuring the amount of adsorbed fluoride after I month. The fluoride content of the plant tissue was measured with an ion-selective electrode following treatment with perchloric acid.
+There was a strong correlation between the fluoride content of the leaves and that of the air. The authors were thus able to show that the pollutant content of the leaves could be used to monitor atmospheric quality with respect to fluoride pollution.
+GAO DE & LIU HUANZHI (1985/China) and SHI GUANG (1986/China) used a similar approach to determine the fluoride content of the atmosphere and plants in the immediate vicinity of iron and steel works in Baoutou. The fluoride contents measured in the leaves had a clear positive correlation with atmospheric fluoride pollution. However, SHI GUANG's endeavors were primarily directed towards identifying tree species which are particularly tolerant of fluoride and therefore suited for planting in the city.
+SUCKCHAROEN (1980/Thailand) measured the mercury content of various food plants in order to determine the extent of mercury contamination emanating from a caustic soda factory (TACSCO) (Table 2). In the course of his investigations he was able to observe a "chimney effect". For instance, he found less mercury in samples of Sporobolus virginicus taken from directly next to the factory than at a short distance from it. It is not apparent from the article at what distances from the factory the other plant samples were taken. Neither is any detailed information provided on the control area.
+PARTHASARATHY et al. (1975/lndia) investigated the effect of dust emitted by a cement factory on the physical properties of the soil and spike production of maize plants. It emerged that the cement dust had a significant deleterious effect on the production of maize spikes. The authors attributed this to diminished photosynthesis by the maize plants as a result of dust accretion on the assimilation organs.
+Automobile exhaust
+WONG & TAM (1978/Hong Kong) used two different species of brassica (Brassica alboglabra and Brassica parachinensis) as cumulative bioindicators for detection of lead contamination caused by road traffic.
+Table 2: Mercury content (on dry-weight basis) in the leaves of plants from the TACSCO area and from the control area.
+Species
+TACSCO area
+Control area
+Leucaena glauca (horse tamarind)
+Coccinia indica (small gourd)
+Psidium guayava (guava)
+Solanum melongena(eggplant)
+Morinda citrifolia(Indian mulberry, brimstone tree)
+Sporobolus virginicus (grass) Distance from the factory
+5m
+10 m
+20 m
+45 m
+At various distances from a major thoroughfare, soil and plants were sampled and atomic absorption spectroscopy used to determine their lead content. The plant samples were differentiated into leaves, shoots and roots that were unwashed, washed with distilled water, or cleaned with a detergent (Figure 4).
+HO & TAI (1979/Hong Kong) demonstrated the importance of leaf surface characteristics for the propensity of plants to trap airborne pollutants. They also established the relationship between meteorological factors, in particular rainfall, and the degree of leaf surface contamination - Alocasia odora (Araceae) for example possesses smooth, ceraceous leaves, while those of Mikania guaca ("17-miles-a-minute") are covered with hairs (Figure 5).
+Taking an approach similar to that of WONG & TAM, AGRAWAL et al. (1980 and 1981/India) determined lead contamination levels caused by automobile exhaust in Baroda. However, no precise information is supplied on the plant species used.
+ZANG CHUN-XING et al. (1984/China) used the lead levels measured in poplars, willows and locust trees to divide the city of Shenyang into four zones (seriously polluted, polluted, lightly polluted, relatively clean).
+BORALKAR et al. (in press/lndia) investigated the increase in atmospheric lead levels caused by automobile emissions in New Delhi during the IXth Asian Games, which lasted from November 19 to December 4, 1982.
+During the months of October, November and December, they took samples of Nerium indicum ("kaner") and Eucalyptus rostrata (a eucalypt) at seven selected traffic intersections. At the beginning of the games in November a clear increase in the lead concentrations in the leaves was recorded (Figure 6; based on Nerium indicum samples). In December the values dropped off again drastically.
+2.3.2 Sensitive bioindicators
+Industry
+In the surveyed articles, four principal methods are described for delimitation of the area affected by pollutants emitted by a given source.
+Phytosociological studies in combination with soil analysis were carried out (WONG, 1978/Hong Kong), macroscopic evaluations of visible damage were performed, in part combined with quantitative analysis of pollutant levels (BORALKAR, 1980/lndia; CHAPHEKAR, 1972/lndia and DENG RUIWEN, 1985/China); and physiological parameters and decreases in yields were investigated (SINGH & RAO, 1980/lndia; LAL & AMBASHT, 1981/India and HE YANLING & JIA XIU-FENG, 1986/China). Most of these studies involved morphological and microscopical examination, with attention focusing on leaf surface characteristics and epidermal cell types.
+Table 3: The results of soil analysis and the distribution of plant species along transects I and II.
+Distance from the factory (m)
+Transect I
+pH
+Soluble sulfate (ppm)
+Ground coverage of plants (%)
+Transect II
+pH
+Soluble sulfate (ppm)
+Ground coverage of plants (%)
+WONG (1978/Hong Kong) performed vegetation mappings along two transects with differing degrees of exposure to a pollution source (Figure 7). He collected data on how the distribution of plant species changed at varying distances from the SO[2] source (5-100 m) and at differing orientations with respect to the source. Parallel to this, WONG recorded the damage sustained by plante and carried out soil analyses (Table 3). In addition, he carried out a greenhouse experiment to determine the effect of soil collected from the site on growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Phaseolus mungo (mung bean).
+Macroscopically visible damage to vegetation caused by fluoride pollution was assessed by BORALKAR (1980/lndia) along a transect 500 m long and 3 m wide extending out from a glass factory. The degree of damage at each point was assigned to one of four categories:
+"S" slight: less than 25% of the leaf surface area is damaged
+"M" moderate: 26-50% of the leaf surface area is damaged
+"H" heavy: 51-74% of the leaf surface area is damaged
+"C" complete: 75% or more of the leaf surface area is damaged
+He observed that the crowns of the surveyed mango and Ficus trees had not grown toward the glass factory. The fluoride content of the ambient air and the plants was not measured, however.
+CHAPHEKAR (1972/India) proceeded in a similar way to delimit the contamination caused by a fertilizer factory.
+Both were only able to draw the conclusion that the responses of the plants to fluoride contamination varied widely.
+DENG RUI-WEN (1985/China) measured the fluoride levels in the air, the soil and plant samples (Prunus persica (peach), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and the bulbs of scallion and garlic) and evaluated leaf damage within a radius of 4,000 - 7,500 m from the contaminant source (an aluminum foundry), and on the basis of the results divided the area into four zones of differing pollution levels, thus defining the environmental impact of the source. There was a direct correlation between atmospheric fluoride levels and leaf damage and fluoride content of the plants.
+Reductions in yield and physiological parameters, in particular chlorophyll content, were used by SINGH & RAO (1980/India), LAL & AMBASHT (1981/India) and HE YAN-LING & JIA XIU-FENG (1986/China) to evaluate various environmental burdens caused by industrial emissions.
+SINGH & RAO determined the influence of cement dust on the chlorophyll content, biomass and grain quality of Triticum aestivum (wheat) (Figure 8). They were able to establish a positive correlation between growth of the plants and the distance from the source of contamination. LAL & AMBASHT measured the following reductions in chlorophyll, biomass and leaf sizes caused by fluoride pollution in Diospyrus melanoxylon (ebony tree of southern India), the leaves of which are used in India for manufacture of aromatic cigarets (Figure 9).
+AHMAD and YUNUS (1985/lndia), in their publication "Leaf surface characteristics as indicators of air pollution", provide an extensive survey of studies conducted using light or scanning electron microscopes at the National Botanical Research Institute in Lucknow (India) on the effects of air pollution on leaf surface structures (JAFRI et al., 1979; KULSHRESHTHA et al., 1980; SRIVASTAVA et al., 1980 and 1982; YUNUS and AHMAD, 1980 and 1981; YUNUS et al., 1979 and 1982).
+On the basis of the results of these studies, they recommend using the micromorphological leaf characteristics and their modifications as indicators of air pollution as listed in Table 4.
+YUNUS et al. (1979) examined, among other tissues, the epidermis of Ricinus communis (castor-oil plant) populations in four different pollution areas and one control area. A scanning electron microscope was used to determine the frequency of stomata, epidermal cells and idioblasts, stomatal size, and the stomatal index (Is).
+Table 4: Modifiable leaf surface traits and their responses to air pollution.
+Trait
+Indication
+Epicuticular wax
+Deposition, ornamentation (tubes, rods, granules and plates)
+Cuticle
+Thickness, configuration of striations, folds, leaching, etc.
+Epidermal cells
+Frequency; size; cell wall thickening; cell injury, necrotic lesions; particulates,
+crystals
+Stomata
+Frequency; size; abnormal, degenerated/aborted stomata; size of openings
+Trichomes
+Frequency; size; degeneration or disorganization
+Special features
+Idioblasts (size, shape and frequency); cystoliths (size, shape and frequency)
+IS = S x 100 / (E + S)
+S = number of stomata
+E = number of epidermal cells
+The work with the electron microscope was done in England, however.
+DEBNATH & NAYAR ( I 983/lndia) also studied the effect of gaseous emissions on the number and size of stomata in nine different tree species.
+MISHRA (1982) observed morphological changes (in the shoot length, leaf surfaces and fruit sizes) and modifications of the epidermis (trichome length and density, stomatal frequency and size) in two Commelina hengalensis ("Diya-meneriya") populations in two areas in Kanpur with different levels of SO2 pollution (Figure 10).
+BHIRAVAMURTHY et al. ( I 985/lndia) used different staining techniques for microscopic examination of changes in the epidermis of Cassia tora ("peti-tora" or "sennes") (an annual herbaceous mesophyte) and Pergularia daemia (Asclepiadaceae) (a perennial succulent) that had been exposed to emissions from a fertilizer factory. The leaf characteristics studied were:
+- Specific weight per unit area (mg/cm2)
+- Leaf thickness (mm)
+- Thickness of epidermis (mm)
+- Thickness of cuticle (mm)
+- Stomatal frequency, stomatal index and stomatal size
+- Frequency of epidermal cells
+- Frequency of abnormal and dead cells
+The authors characterized the chosen methods as being cost-effective, easy to perform, and yielding clear results, being effective for determining the extent of air pollution in large parts of a given area; however, they failed to take into account the importance of orographic, edaphic and climatic factors.
+Automobile exhaust and particulate pollution in urban areas
+For the purpose of assessing the degree of contamination in the city of Seoul, LEE et al. ( 1982/South Korea) performed a mapping of lichens within the urban zone. The area was divided up into a grid of squares measuring 4 x 4 km, and the incidence of lichens on trees was recorded. 10 to 20 trees with a bole diameter of > 20 cm were studied in each square. Since it was not possible to apply the IAP method and the ecological index Q for procedural reasons, the authors drew up their own 4-point rating scale:
+0: No lichens present
+1: Low frequency, individual lichen individuals very small
+2: Frequency high, but individuals small
+3: High frequency and large lichen thalli
+10 lichen families with a total of 13 genera and 20 species were found in Seoul. Of the 80 surveyed squares, 10 had no lichens at all.
+In 1979, automatic SO2 gas analyses were carried out at 14 sites in the city. The results are depicted in Figure 11. A comparison with the map of lichen zones showed that lichens with a normal threshold value of around 30 ppb of SO2 occurred in the study areas with a SO2 concentration of 100 ppb. The authors speculated that orographic factors had not been taken into account sufficiently when measuring the SO2 concentrations, and call attention to the fact that the lichens could be utilized for more reliable long-term monitoring of air pollution levels.
+THROWER (1980) proceeded in a similar way in Hong Kong. By applying the method advanced by GILBERT (1974), but with a simplified rating scale, he was able to show that the distribution of tropical lichen species is clearly influenced by the presence of power plants and heavy industry. As in the temperate climatic zones, the vitality of lichens and the number of lichen species increased at greater distances from contaminant sources.
+LI DENG-KE (1986/China) investigated the possibility of utilizing liverworts for monitoring the air quality in Shanghai. He mapped the number of liverwort species occurring in areas of the province with different air pollution levels. In all, 39 liverwort families were identified in the study area, with 87 genera and 154 species. In less heavily polluted zones up to 55% of these species were observed, while only 13 - 18% of them occurred in the city center and in industrial areas.
+The author points out that it is not yet possible in China to carry out analytical measurements on the scale which would be necessary in order to monitor the quality of the air. Consequently, because of the low costs involved and the high sensitivity of the plants, liverwort mappings represent a suitable method of assessing air pollution.
+BHATNAGAR et al. (1985/lndia) and VORA et al. (1986/India) carried out experiments in the urban district of Ahmedabad with the aim of identifying plant species which are sensitive and resistant to urban and industrial particulate contamination. While BHATNAGAR and coworkers investigated the chlorophyll content of the leaves of 9 different arboreous plants as a function of the intensity of particulate pollution, VORA et al. studied the same plant species in order to determine the effect of dustfall on soluble sugar content. For 4 of these plant species, Table 5 and Figure 12 illustrate the relationship between leaf surface characteristics and the ability of the plants to trap or filter out dust particles from the air.
+Table 5: Filtering ability and sensitivity to particulate contamination of four different plant species.
+Plant species
+Leaf position Leaf surface
+Filtering ability
+Sensitivity
+Aelianthus excelsa
+horizontal
+high
+sensitive
+(Simarubaceae)
+hairy
+Ficus religiosa (fig tree)
+glabrous
+low
+sensitive
+Cordia myxa (Boraginaceae)
+horizontal
+low
+sensitive
+Nyctanthus arbortristis ("night-flowering jasmine")
+hairy
+high
+insensitive
+<section>3. Summary in table form of the surveyed publications</section>
+On the following pages, all of the surveyed publications are compiled in the form of a table, separately for each country.
+The publications are organized according to the different monitoring approaches and bioindicator types used.
+<section>3.1 India</section>
+Active monitoring
+Cumulative bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Cynodon dactylon
+Lead;
+Pb content in plants and
+EIAS/1/1985-1986
+Alstonia scholaris
+Automobile
+soil, biomass, leaf,
+New Delhi
+Nerium indicum
+exhaust
+surface,
+Eugenia jambolana
+chlorophyll content
+Sensitive bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Medicago sativa
+SO2, NO2 and
+Biomass, length growth,
+BORALKAR &
+particulates
+sulfur content
+MUKHERJEE in press
+New Delhi
+Various species
+General
+Pollen bioassay,
+VARSHNEY 1985
+pollen germination,
+pollen tube growth
+Ipomaea carnea
+Fertilizer factory
+Biomass
+CHAPHEKAR et al. 1985
+Bombay
+Passive monitoring Cumulative bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Zea mays
+Cement dust;
+Leaf surface, growth
+PARTHASARATHY et al.
+cement factory
+height, size and number
+of spikes,
+water capacity,
+thermal
+conductivity and
+pore size
+distribution of the soil
+Various
+Lead;
+Pb content in
+AGRAWAL et al.
+unspecified
+Automobile
+plants and soil
+1980 a+b
+species
+exhaust
+Baroda city
+Nerium indicum
+Lead;
+Pb content of leaves
+BORALKAR et al.
+Eucalyptus
+Automobile
+New Delhi
+rostrata
+exhaust
+Cynodon dactylon
+Fluoride;
+Fluoride content in
+MEENAKSHY et al. 1981
+Phosphate
+air and plant
+Bombay
+fertilizer factory
+samples
+Sensitive bioindicators.
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+All site
+Fertilizer
+Assessment of
+CHAPHEKAR 1972
+vegetation
+factory
+macroscopically
+visible damage
+Fluoride;
+BORALKAR in press
+Glass industry
+Karad, Maharashtra
+Diospyrus
+Fluoride;
+Biomass, leaf surface,
+LAL & AMBASHT,
+aelanoxylon
+Aluminum factory
+chlorophyll content
+Triticum aestivam
+Cement dust;
+Qualitative and
+SINGH & RAO 1980
+Cement factory
+quantitative grain analysis,
+biomass, chlorophyll
+content
+Calotropis procera
+Particulates
+Chlorophyll a, b
+BHATNAGAR et al. 1985
+Aelianthus excelsa
+Dustfall
+Ahmedabad
+Nyctanthus
+arbortristis
+Ficus religiosa
+F. bengalensis
+F. drupacea
+Polyalthia longifolia
+Cordia myxa
+Terminalia catappa
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Calotropis procera
+Particulates
+Sugar content
+VORA et al. 1986
+Aelianthus excelsa
+Dustfall
+Ahmedabad
+Nyctanthus
+arbortristis
+Ficus religiosa
+F. bengalensis
+F. drupacea
+Polyalthia longifolia
+Cordia myxa
+Terminalia catappa
+Mangifera indica
+General Industry
+Microscopic studies
+DEBNATH & NAYAR
+Ficus bengalensis
+Ficus religiosa
+Psidium guayova
+Syzygium jambos
+Artocarpus
+integrifolia
+Minusops elengi
+Alstonia scholaris
+Polyalthia
+longifolia
+Commelina
+SO2 and coal dust;
+Morphologic and
+MISHRA 1982
+bengalensis
+Coal-fired power plant
+microscopic studies
+Kanpur
+Cassia tora
+SO2, H2S,
+Microscopic studies
+BHIRAVAMURTHY et al.
+Pergularia daemia
+NO2;
+of leaf epidermis
+Fertilizer factory
+Ricinus communis
+H2S, CH4;
+Scanning electron
+YUNUS et al. 1979
+Sewage canal
+microscope studies
+of epidermal traits
+<section>3.2 China</section>
+Active monitoring
+Cumulative bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Various tree species,
+SO2
+Sulfur content of leaves,
+FANG CAI-GIN & DUAN
+incl.:
+dust accretion
+JI-GUANG 1982
+Sophora japanica
+Beijing
+Sophora spp.
+Pinus spp.
+Sensitive bioindicators.
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Tradescantia sp.
+Lead;
+Nucleolus test,
+DUN WAN-RU et al.
+Industry
+frequency of nucleoli
+Petunia hybrida
+SO2;
+Assessment of leaf
+JIANG MEI-ZHEN
+Pelargonium
+Oil refinery
+damage
+hortorum
+Begonia
+semperflorens
+Dianthus barbatus
+Euphorbia
+pulcherrima
+Tulipa gesneriana
+Hyacinthus
+orientalis
+Pittosporum tobira
+SO2;
+Assessment,
+YIAN LI-YING et al.
+Rhododendron
+Sulfur factory
+sulfur content,
+simsii
+peroxidase and
+Nerium indicum
+isoenzyme contents
+Michelia alba
+(electrophoresis)
+Eucalyptus
+maculata
+Passive monitoring
+Cumulative bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Trees*
+General
+Infrared photography,
+CHEN QINGNAN 1984a
+sulfur, fluoride and
+Tianjin
+chloride contents,
+pH values of bark
+Populus spp.
+Lead
+Pb content of leaves
+ZANG CHUN-XING et al.
+Salix spp.
+1984 Shenyang
+Robinia spp.
+Various tree
+SO2
+Sulfur content of leaves,
+FANG CAI-GIN & DUAN
+species, incl.:
+dust accretion
+JI-GUANG 1982
+Sophora japanica
+Beijing
+Sophora spp.
+Pinus spp.
+Trees
+SO2
+Sulfur content of leaves
+CHEN QINGNAN 1984b
+Tianjin
+Not specified
+SO2
+Sulfur content of leaves
+YIAN LI-YING & ZHU
+TIANJI 1983
+Guang Zhou
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Platanus
+Lead, Copper,
+Heavy metal
+SONG, YONGCHANG
+acerifolia
+chromium, Zinc
+content of
+GO, YONGJIE 1988,
+bark and leaves
+Shanghai
+Herbaceous plants
+Fluoride;
+Fluoride content in air
+GAO DE & LIU
+Iron and steel
+and plant samples
+HUANZHI 1985
+industry
+Baoutou
+Various tree species
+SHI GUANG 1986
+Ligustrum lucidum
+Fluoride,
+Fluoride content in
+CHENG DONG-JI et al.
+Cinnamomum
+Steel, glass
+air and plant samples
+comphora
+and thermos
+Hang Zhou
+Platanus
+container
+acerifolia
+industry
+No additional information is provided in the available articles
+Sensitive bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/=
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Liverworts
+General
+Mapping
+LI DENG-KE 1986
+Shanghai
+Salix motsudana f.
+HCl, SO2;
+Carbohydrates
+HE YANG-LING &
+pendula
+Electrolyte
+JIA XIU-FENG 1986
+Ulmus pumila
+and steel factory
+Acer negundo
+Prunus persica
+Fluoride;
+Fluoride content in ah,
+DENG RUI-WEN 1985
+P. Armeniaca
+Aluminum
+soil and plant samples
+Lanzhou
+Allium ascalonicum
+Allium sativum
+<section>3.3 Hong Kong</section>
+Passive monitoring
+Cumulative bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Alocasia odora
+Lead;
+Pb content of plants
+HO & TAI 1979
+Mikania guaco
+Automobile exhaust
+Brassica
+Lead;
+Pb content in soil and
+WONG & TAM 1978
+alboglabra
+Automobile exhaust
+plant samples
+B. parachinensis
+Sensitive bioindicators:
+Plant species
+Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+All site vegetation
+SO2; Sulfur factory
+Mapping, assessment,
+WONG 1978
+soil parameters
+Lichens
+General Industry
+Mapping
+THROWER 1980
+<section>3.4 Other countries</section>
+Passive monitoring Cumulative bioindicators:
+Plant species Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Site vegetation Mercury
+Hg content of
+plants
+SUCKCHAROEN 1980
+Thailand
+Sensitive bioindicators:
+Plant species Pollutant(s)
+Methods and/or
+Authors
+and/or source
+parameters
+Study area
+Lichens SO2
+Mapping
+LEE et al. 1982
+South Korea
+<section>4. Conclusions</section>
+Active monitoring is clearly underrepresented in the surveyed countries. Only 22 - 26% of the publications from India and China deal with this approach to bioindication, and no studies at all on this aspect are available from Hong Kong, Thailand or South Korea. The problems involved are apparently associated with technical aspects of monitoring the established measurements stations and with the required standardization of procedures. In one study involving only 5 measurement sites, the authors (BORALKAR & MUKHERJEE, in press/lndia) pointed out the difficulties posed by management and supervision, and in particular the problems involved in providing a uniform water supply to the exposed plants. On the whole, insufficient information was supplied on fumigation conditions (FANG CAI-GIN & DUAN JIGUANG 1982/China, EIAS/1/1985-1986/lndia and CHAPHEKAR et al. 1985/India).
+Equally little attention was paid to hydrocarbons and to photochemical oxidants. The latter class of pollutants comprises a special case in the sense that no component storage takes place. The extent of contamination can only be evaluated by using active monitoring to observe the incidence of typical symptoms.
+A far larger number of publications deals with passive monitoring. This approach was used mainly to assess certain kinds of pollution within narrowly defined areas, serving to delimit and characterize the zone of influence of a contaminant source or to identify areas or urban zones with differing degrees of pollution. In some of the articles, information was given on the ability of individual plant species to filter out heavy metals, particulates or cement dust, and their potential significance for helping to prevent health hazards for humans discussed (FANG CAI-GIN & DUAN JI-GUANG, 1982/China; EIAS/1/1985-1986/lndia; BHATNAGAR et al. 1985/India; and VORA et al. 1986/lndia). The problem of bioconcentration of contaminants in the nutrient cycle was also dealt with (MEENAKSHY et al. 1981/lndia and SUCKCHAROEN 1980/Thailand).
+The techniques and methods used correspond largely to those used in western industrialized nations. In a few cases, coauthors from western countries participated (YUNUS, AHMAD and GALE, 1979/lndia), the studies were conducted by foreign scientists in an Asian country (THROWER 1980/Hong Kong), or the inspiration for conducting the study in the first place was obtained by the author during a stay abroad (LEE et al. 1982/South Korea and SUCKCHAROEN 1980/Thailand). In some cases, the chemical analyses (SUCKCHAROEN 1980/Thailand) and electron-microscopic examinations (YUNUS et al. 1979/India) were carried out in Europe or North America.
+The focus was on measurement of yields, assessment of macroscopically visible damage, morphological studies, light- or electron microscopic examinations, chemical analyses (of heavy metals, fluoride and sulfur content), and physiological measurements. In this context it should be noted that analysis of physiological parameters for assessment of the pollution situation can only be recommended if the stress factor "transport to the measuring station" can be eliminated. It is not apparent from the articles whether sufficient consideration was given to this aspect.
+Only a few lichen, moss and liverwort mappings were carried out. However, THROWER (1980/Hong Kong) was able to show with his studies that the response of tropical lichen species to atmospheric pollution is similar to that of temperate varieties. Thus, lichen zones develop which reflect air pollution levels.
+One attempt was made to utilize phytosociological mapping to obtain information on air pollution (WONG 1978/Hong Kong). It would be appropriate to continue this work by carrying out detailed research on plant successions, following the example of recent successful studies in western countries on continually observed study areas within the scope of endeavors to compile environmental impact inventories for certain pollutants.
+The advantages of passive monitoring are that relatively little equipment is required and that the reactions of the bioindicators can be relatively dependably used to infer the condition of other organisms at the same site. A disadvantage of this method is that the sensitivity and ability to respond of a given plant individual is strongly dependent on its genetic disposition and on the conditions under which it has grown to maturity. For this reason, additional data is required on pollutant concentrations, the climate, soil parameters, etc., as well as information on the condition, chemical composition and reaction of the plants in order to permit interpretation of the results.
+In many of the surveyed studies, an exceedingly one-dimensional approach was taken that failed to give adequate consideration to the complex functional processes of the organisms and their mutual interreactions. Two extreme examples of this are the studies by BORALKAR (1980/lndia) and CHAPHEKAR (1972/lndia). They merely assessed the leaf damage of all of the site vegetation along a transect and attributed the observed damage to pollutant emissions, without performing any chemical analyses on plant or soil samples. Climatic and soil parameters were ignored completely.
+The importance of orographic and edaphic factors, climatic conditions and plant attributes - e.g. differing propensities of leaf surfaces to trap airborne particles- was only recognized and incorporated by WONG (1978/Hong Kong), HO & TAI (1979/Hong Kong) and MEENAKSHY et al. (1981/lndia).
+The majority of the studies made only a first step towards fulfilling the conditions which must be met for successful analysis of air pollution over an entire area. In order to corroborate the results and facilitate their interpretation, it is essential for standardization of the test conditions to be optimized and for a comprehensive study to be made of meteorological and microclimatic factors.
+Finally, on the basis of the results of numerous fumigation experiments and the Asian publications surveyed here, concrete proposals for phytomonitoring techniques can be made, in particular for active monitoring:
+The reactions of Oryza sativa (rice) and Pharbitis nil (morning glory) to different pollution levels are sufficiently well known from a large number of fumigation and open-site experiments. In the studies by MATSUNAKA (1977/Japan), Pharbitis nil is utilized as a sensitive bioindicator in a passive monitoring approach. This species responds to high ozone burdens with chlorosis, necrosis and curling of its leaves. Extensive studies on the effect of O3 on its epidermis, chloroplasts, ribosomes and mitochondria (NOUCHI et al. 1977/Japan), and assessment of leaf damage following exposure to different ozone concentrations (NOUCHI & AOKI 1979/Japan), have provided additional data which permit evaluation of the potential of this plant species as a bioindicator.
+A great deal is also known about the sensitivity and reactions of Oryza sativa to air pollution. FUJINUMA & AIGA (1980/Japan) established that the rice varieties Nihonbare and Kinmaze react sensitively to ozone and sulfur dioxide. Their sensitivity to NO2 is significantly lower. The effect of ozone on
+Oryza sativa was also investigated by NAKAMURA & OTA (1975 and 1977/Japan). They described the macroscopic damage caused by fumigation. YAMAZOE & MAYUMI (1977/Japan) studied the effect of NO2, O3 and SO2 fumigation on rice leaves. Similar studies were performed by AGRAWAL et al. (1982/lndia). They studied chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and assessed leaf damage after exposure to SO2.
+On the basis of the results of the above-mentioned studies, it can be assumed that Pharbitis nil is suitable as a sensitive bioindicator for ozone and Oryza sativa for active monitoring of ozone and SO2. We recommend proceeding in accordance with VDI guideline 3792, sheet I (1978). This source contains both guidelines for fumigation and a description of a semiautomatic technique for supplying the plants with water.
+In a large number of independently performed studies, Nerium indicum ("kaner") has demonstrated a high filtering capacity and low sensitivity to atmospheric contaminants (EIAS/1/1985- 1986/lndia; BORALKAR et al. in press; and YIAN LI-YING et al. 1985/China). Under standardized fumigation conditions, it could therefore be used as a cumulative indicator within the scope of an active monitoring approach.
+<section>References</section>
+INDIA
+AGRAWAL, M., 1985. Plant factors as indicators of SO2 and 03 pollutants. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 225231.
+AGRAWAL, M.; P.K. NANDI and D.N. RAO, 1982. Effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide pollutants separately and in mixture on chlorophyll end carotenoid pigments of Oryza sativa. Water,AirandSoilPollution 18 (4): 449-454.
+AGRAWAL, Y.K.; M.P. PATEL and S.S. MERH, 1981. Research report: Lead in soils and plants: its relationship to traffic volume and proximity to highway (Lalbag, Baroda City).lnter.J. Environmental Studies 16: 222-224.
+AGRAWAL, Y.K.; G. PRAKASH; VIRENDRA PAL SINGH and V. SINGH, 1980. Some effects of fluoride pollutant on the seed growth and productivity in Pisum sativum. Science and Culture (India), 46 (4): 135- 136.
+AGRAWAL, Y.K.; K.P.S. RAJ; S.J. DESAI; S.G. PATEL and S.S. MERH, 1980. Effect of lead from motor-vehicle exhausts on plant and soil along a major thoroughfare in Baroda City. Inter. J. Environmental Studies 14 (4): 313315.
+AHMAD, K.J. and M. YUNUS, 1985. Leaf-surface characteristics as indicators of air pollution. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 254-257.
+BANERJEE, A.; R.K. SARKAR and S. MUKHERJI, 1983. Reduction in soluble protein and chlorophyll contents in a few plants as indicators of automobile exhaust pollution. Intern. J. Environmental Studies 20: 239-243.
+BHATNAGAR, A.R.; A.B. VORA and T.S. PATEL, 1985. Measurement of dustfall on leaves in Ahmedabad and its effects on chlorophyll. Indian J. Air Pollution Control, 6 (2): 77-90.
+BHIRAVAMURTHY, P.V; P.V. KUMAR; P. RETHY and Y.V. ANURADHE, 1985. Foliar traits as indicators of air pollution in Cassia tora L. and Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Blatt.&McC. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 249253.
+BORALKAR, D.B., in press: Effects of atmospheric pollution due to glass industry on plants in Karad, Maharashtra.
+BORALKAR, D.B. and U. MUKHERIEE, in press: Use of alfalfa plants for the ambient air quality monitoring in the city of Delhi.
+BORALKAR, D.B.; U. MUKHERJEE and S.B. SINGH, in press: Increase of lead concentration in ambient air during the IX. Asian Games. New Delhi, 1982, as indicated by the plants.
+CHAPHEKAR, S.B.. 1972. Effects of atmospheric pollutants on plants in Bombay. J. Biol. Sci., Bombay (15): 1-6.
+CHAPHEKAR, S.B., 1978. Biological indicators: The concept and new additions. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. (4): 4552.
+CHAPHEKAR, S.B., 1978. Urban ecosystems-a challenge for plant ecologists. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. (4): 19-31.
+CHAPHEKAR, S.B., M. RATNA KUMAR and V. BHAVANI SHANKAR, 1985. Biomonitoring of industrial air pollution with plants. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 258-263.
+DAS, T.M., 1985. Lower and higher plant groups as indicators of air pollution. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 232-234.
+DEBNATH, H.S. and M.P. NAYAR, 1983. Comparative studies on the stomata of some arboreal taxa in the industrial area and non-industrial area of greater Calcutta. Indian J. Bot. 6 (1): 58-60.
+EIAS/1/1985-1986: Impact of autoexhaust lead pollution on vegetation in union territory of Delhi Ecological Impact Assessment Series.
+JAFRI, S.; K. SRIVASTAVA and K.J. AHMAD, 1979. Environmental pollution and epidermal structure in Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeel. Indian J. Air Pollut. Control (2): 74-77.
+KULSHRESTHA, K.; M. YUNUS; A.K. DWIVEDI and K.J. AHMAD, 1980. Effect of air pollution on the epidermal traits of Jasminium sambac Ait. New Botanist (7): 193- 197.
+LAL, B. and R.S. AMBASHT, 1980. Effect of cement dust pollution on plants of Psidium guayava. Indian J. Environ. HLTH 22 (3): 231 -237.
+LAL, B. and R.S. AMBASHT, 1981. Impairment of chlorophyll content in leaves of Diospyrus melanoxylon by fluoride pollution. Water, Air and Soil Pollution ( 16): 361 -365.
+MEENAKSHY, V.; T.N. MAHADEVAN and U.C. MISHRA, 1981. Nature and extent of bio-magnification of fluoride in forage around a phosphatic fertilizer plant. In: Workshop on Biological Indicators and Indices of Environmental Pollution 1981 Cent. Bd. Prav. Cont. Water Poll./Osm. Univ. Hyderabad, India.
+MISHRA, L.C., 1982. Effect of environmental pollution on the morphology and leaf epidermis of Commelina bengalensis Linn. Environmental Poll. A, (28): 281-284.
+MISHRA, U.C., 1985. Bioindicators as environmental pollution identifiers. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 235242.
+PARTHASARATHY, S.; N. ARUNACHALAM; K. NATARAJAW; G. OBLISAMI and G. RANGASWAMI, 1975. Effect of cement dust pollution on certain physical parameters of maize crop and soils. Indian J. Environ. HLTH 17 (2): 114-120.
+PERIASAMY, K. and M. VIVEKANANDAN, 1982. Morphological and physiological effect of coal particle pollution on some angiosperms. Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 7 (3): 157- 160.
+PRASAD, B.J. and D.N. RAO, 1980. Energetics of SO2 exposed wheat plants. In: 5th International Clean Air Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-26 Oct. 1986.
+PRASAD, B.J. and D.N. RAO, 1981. Effects of SO2 exposure on carbohydrate contents, phytomass and caloric values of wheat plants. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 16 (3): 287-291.
+RANGASAMY, S.R. SREE and R. JAMBULINGAM, 1973. Cement dust pollution on maize crop. Madras agris. J. 60: 1310-1313.
+RAO, D.N., 1980. Response pattern of SO2-exposed and concomitantly rain-drenched alfalfa plants. In: 5th Intern. Clean Air Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-26 Oct. 1986.
+RAO, D.N., 1985. Biomonitoring of air quality. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 262-263.
+RAZA, S.H.; N. VIJAYA KUMARI and M.S.R. MURTHY, 1985. Air pollution tolerance index of certain plants of Hyderabad. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 243-245.
+SHETYE, R.P. and S.B. CHAPHEKAR, 1978. An inexpensive method for the determination of airborne dusts. Proc. Symp. Man and His Environment, Bombay (in press).
+SINGH, S.N. and D.N. RAO, 1978. Effect of cement dust pollution on soil properties and on wheat plants. Indian J. Environ. HLTH 20 (3): 258-267.
+SINGH, S.N. and D.N. RAO, 1980. Ecophysiological responses of eggplants to 03, SO2 and a mixture of these two gases. In: 5th Intern. Clean Air Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-26 Oct. 1986.
+SINGH, S.N. and D.N. RAO, 1980. Studies of the effects of SO2 pollution on Phaseolus aureus plants. In: 5th Intern. Clean Air Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-26 Oct. 1986.
+SINGH, S.N. and D.N. RAO, 1980. Evaluation of photosynthetic potential of wheat plants exposed to cement dust pollution. In: 5th Intern. Clean Air Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-26 Oct. 1986.
+SINGH, S.N. and D.N. RAO, 1981. Certain responses of wheat plants to cement dust pollution. Environmental Pollution A (24): 75-81.
+SRIVASTAVA, K.; S. JAFRI and K.J. AHMAD, 1980. Effect of air pollution on epidermal features of Tabernaemontana coronaria Willd., New Botanist (7): 167- 170.
+SRIVASTAVA, K.; S. JAFRI and K.J. AHMAD, 1982. Effect of air pollution on cuticular features of Croton sparsiflorus Morong. New Botanist (9): 27-29.
+VARSHNEY, C.K., 1985. Pollen bioassay for air quality monitoring. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 246-248.
+VARSHNEY, S.R.K. and C.K. VARSHNEY, 1981. Effect of sulphur dioxide on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Environmental Pollution A, (24): 87-92.
+VORA, A.B.; A.R. BHATNAGAR and T.S. PATEL, 1986. Comparative studies of dust fall on the leaves in high pollution and low pollution areas of Ahmedabad. ll. Effect on carbohydrates. J. Environ. Biol. 7 (3): 155-163.
+YUNUS, M. and K.J. AHMAD, 1980. Effect of air pollution on Psidium guayava L. Indian J. Air Pollut. Control (3): 62-66.
+YUNUS, M. and K.J. AHMAD, 1981. Changes in cuticular and epidermal features of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) due to air pollution. Kalikasan Philipp. J. Biol. (10): 275-282.
+YUNUS, M; K.J. AHMAD and R. GALE, 1979. Air pollutants and epidermal traits in Ricinus communis L Environ. Pollut. (20): 189-198.
+YUNUS, M; K. KULSHRESTHA; A.K. DWIVEDI and K.J. AHMAD, 1982. Leaf surface traits of Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy as indicators of air pollution. New Botanist (9): 39-45.
+CHINA
+CAO HONGFA et al., 1985. Responses of plants to SO2 pollution (A Survey). Journal of Environment Science (6): 59-66.
+CAO HONGFA and O.C. TAYLOR, 1985. Growth and stomata! response of pinto bean under long-time exposure of low concentration SO2. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 5 (2): 234-238.
+CHENG DONG-JI et al., 1983. Monitoring and assessing fluoride pollution in atmosphere with trees in Hang Zhou. Journal of Environment Science (5): 49-52.
+CHEN QINGNAN, 1984a. The use of Tian Jin colour infrared film in the study of the relationship between vegetation and air pollution. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica (2): 112-122.
+CHEN QINGNAN, 1984b. Relationship between S content of tree leaves and air SO2 pollution in Tian Jin. Journal of Ecology(5): 15-19.
+DUN WAN-AU; DONG BAOXIAN and LIU JUNYAN, 1985. The effect of lead pollution monitoring by chromosome distortion of plant cells. Environmental Science in China 5 (1): 45 -49.
+DENG RUI-WEN, 1985. The effects of fluoride pollution by an Al smeltery on plants in Lan-Zhou. Acta Phytophysiologica et Geobatanica Sinica (2): 132-141.
+FANG CAI-GIN and DUAN JI-GUANG, 1982. Problems of woods for purifying SO2 in the ambient air. Journal of Environment Science (4): 35-38.
+GAO DE and LIU HUANZHI, 1985. Influence of air fluoride pollution on herbages. Journal of Ecology (3): 5-9.
+HE YAN-LING and JIA XIU-FENG, 1986. The effect of air pollution by chloride and sulphur dioxide on the soluble carbohydrate in common tree leaves in the north of China. Plant Physiology Communications (1): 22-24.
+JIANG MEI-ZHEN, 1983. Effects of sulphur dioxide in the ambient air on the flowers. Journal of Environment Science(1): 39-40.
+LI DENG-KE, 1986. The application of liverworts in environmental monitoring. Shanghai Environmental Science (4): 23-24.
+QIAN DAFU et al., 1984. Mulberry silkworm ecosystem affected with fluoride. Journal of Envirottment Science (1): 7-11.
+SHI GUANO, 1986. A preliminary study on the selection of anti-atmospheric F-pollution tree species in urban district. Journal of Ecology 5 (1): 48-49.
+SONG, YONGCHANG and GU, YONGJIE, 1988: Assessment of heavy metal content in city trees to monitor air pollution. Urban Environm. and Urban Ecol. 1: 34-38.
+WANG HUAN-XIAO and WU YU-SHU, 1981. The changes of leaf liquid pH and cell membrane permeability after being harmed by chlorine. Environmental Science in China (5): 61 -64.
+YIAN LI-YING and ZHU TIANJI, 1983. Using plants to monitor and evaluate the level of sulphur dioxide pollution in the atmosphere of Guang Zhou City. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica 7 (4): 265-272.
+YIAN LI-YING et al., 1985. Effects of air around a sulphur factory on peroxidase in the leaves of plants. Joutnal of Environment Science 6 (2): 7- 12.
+ZANG CHUN-XING et al., 1984. Lead content in leaves of woody plants as an index of air lead pollution. Journal of Ecology (4): 5-9.
+HONG KONG
+HO, Y.B. and K.M. TAI, 1979. Effect of rain on lead levels in roadsides vegetation in Hong Kong. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23 (4/5): 658-660.
+THROWER, S.L., 1980. Air pollution and lichens in Hong Kong. Lichenologist 12 (3): 305-311.
+WONG, M.H., 1978. An ecological survey of the effect of sulfur dioxide emitted from an acid work factory. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19 (6): 715-723.
+WONG, M.H. and F.Y. TAM, 1978. Lead contamination of soil and vegetables grown near motorways in Hong Kong. J. Environ. Sci. Health, A,13 (1): 13-22.
+JAPAN
+FUJINUMA, Y. and 1. AIGA, 1980. Selected rice strains as an indicator plant for air pollution. In: SASA, M.: Studies on the effects of air pollutants on plants and mechanisms of phytotoxicity. Research report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (11): 255-262.
+FURUKAWA, A. et al., 1980. The effect of SO2 on net phytosynthesis in sunflower leaf. In: SASA, M.: Studies on the effects of air pollutants on plants and mechanisms of phytotoxicity. Research report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (11): 1 -8.
+FURUKAWA, A. et al., 1980. Interspecific difference in resistance to sulfur dioxide. In: SASA, M.: Studies on the efforts of air pollutants on plants and mechanisms of phytotoxicity. Research report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (11): 113 - 126.
+KATASE, M. et al., 1983. The relationship between absorption of SO2 and inhibition of photosynthesis in several plants. Bot. Mag. Tokyo (96): 1 - 13.
+MATSUNAKA, S., 1977. Utilization of morning glory as an indicator plant for photochemical oxidants in Japan. Proc. of IV Int. Clean Air Congress Tokyo: 91 -94.
+MATSUSHIMA, 1., 1977. Sensitivities of plants to ethylene and nitrogen dioxide and the characteristic changes in fine structure of the cell. In: KASUGA, S. et al.: Proc. of IV Int. Clean Air Congress Tokyo: 112 - 115.
+NAKAMURA, H. and Y. OTA, 1975. Photochemical oxidants injury in rice plants. 1.: Occurrence of photochemical oxidants injury in rice plants at Kanto area (Japan) and its symptoms. Proc. Crop. Sci. Soc. Japan 44 (3): 312-319.
+NAKAMURA, H. and Y. OTA, 1977. Investigation on injury to rice plants from photochemical oxidants in Japan. Proc. of IV Int. Clean Air Congress Tokyo: 103- 105.
+NOUCHI, I.; T. SAWADA and T. ISHIGURO, 1977: Studies on injury of morning glory leaves by photochemical oxidants. Proc. of IV Int. Clean Air Congress Tokyo: 95-99.
+NOUCHI, I. and K. AOKI, 1979. Morning glory as photochemical oxidant indicator. Environ. Pollut. (18): 289-303.
+OMASA, K. et a]., 1980. Evaluation of air pollution injury to plants by image processing. In: SASA, M.: Studies on the effects of air pollutants on plants and mechanisms of phytotoxicity. Research report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (11): 249-254.
+SHIMIZU, H. et al., 1980. Effects of low concentrations of SO2 on the growth of sunflower. In: SASA, M.: Studies on the effects of air pollutants on plants and mechanisms of phytotoxicity. Research report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (11): 9 - 17.
+USHIJIMA, T. and T. TAZAKI, 1977. The influence of SO2 on the photosynthetic and transpiration rate in several higher plants. In: KASUGA, S. et a].: Proc. of IV Int. Clean Air Congress Tokyo: The Japanese Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations: 84-87.
+YAMAZOE, F. and H. MAYUMI, 1977. Vegetation injury from interaction of mixed air pollutants. In: KASUGA, S. et al.: Proc. of IV Int. Clean Air Congress Tokyo: The Japanese Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations: 106-109.
+YONEYAMA, T. et al., 1980. Absorption of atmospheric NO2 by plants and soils. V. Day and night NO2 fumigation effect on the plant growth and estimation of the amount of NO2 nitrogen absorbed by plants. In: SASA, M.: Studies on the effects of air pollutants on plants and mechanisms of phototoxicity. Research report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (11): 31 -50.
+KOREA
+LEE, U.-H. ; C.W. PARK; S. K. LEE and U. H. HONG, 1982. Untersuchungen zur Bewertung der Umweltbelastung durch Flechten. Inst. f. Wissenschaft und Technik, Abt. Umwelt, Seoul, Sudkorea.
+MALAYSIA
+AWANG, M. and N. ZAINUN, 1985. Physiological responses of ornamental plants (Petunia spp., Ixora javanica and Cinnamon iners) to SO2 with special reference to Kuala Lumpur ambient air pollution. Symp. Biomonitoring State Environ.: 106-113.
+THAILAND
+SUCKCHAROEN, S., 1980. Mercury contamination of terrestrial vegetation near a caustic soda factory in Thailand. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. (24): 463-466.
+GENERAL REFERENCES (see ARNDT)
+ARNDT, U., NOBEL, W. and SCHWEIZER, B.,1987: Bioindikatoren - Moglichkeiten, Grenzen und neue Erkenntnisse. Stuttgart, Ulmer Verlag.
+DASSLER, H. G. and S. BORTITZ, 1988: Air pollution and its influence on vegetation Junk Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster.
+FLOOR, H. and A.C. POSTHUMES, 1977. Biologische Erfassung von Ozon- und PAN-lmmissionen in den Niederlanden 1973, 1974 und 1975. VDI-Bericht Nr.270: 183-190.
+GILBERT, O.L., 1974. An air pollution survey by school children. Environ. Pollut. (6): 175-180.
+STEUBING, L. and H.J. JAGER (eds.), 1982:Monitonng of air pollutions by plants. Junk Publ., The Hague.
+VDI-Richtlinie 3792, Blatt 1: Verfahren der standardisierten Graskultur. VDI-Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, 1978.
+<section>Chemical Substances and Compounds</section>
+Aluminum
+Al
+Ammonia
+NH3
+Ammonium
+NH4+
+Antimony
+Sb
+Bromine
+Br2
+Cadmium
+Cd
+Calcium
+Ca
+Calcium fluoride
+CaF2
+Calcium sulfate
+CaSO4
+Carbon dioxide
+CO2
+Copper
+Cu
+Ethylene
+C2H4
+Fluorine
+F2
+Hydrochloric acid
+HCl
+Hydrogen fluoride
+HF
+Hydrogen sulfide
+H2S
+Iron
+Fe
+Lead
+Pb
+Magnesium
+Mg
+Manganese
+Mn
+Mercury
+Hg
+Methane
+CH4
+Methylmercury
+HgCH3, Hg(CH3)2
+Molybdates
+M2 MoO4, MoO4--
+Nickel
+Ni
+Nitrogen
+N2
+Nitrogen dioxide
+NO2
+Nitrogen oxides
+NOX
+Orthophosphate
+PO4--, Me3PO4
+Ozone
+O3
+Perchloric acid
+HClO4; also known as Fraude's reagent
+Perchlor Ethylene
+C2Cl4
+Phosphorus
+P
+Polychlorinated biphenyl
+PCB.
+- Normally a multitude of different PCB's, characterized by varying extent of chlorination: position and number of Cl-atoms connected to the C-atoms of the biphenyl may vary. These PCB's differ in quality and quantity of impact on living organisms. In many cases they are accompanied by other toxic substances such as dioxines.
+Potassium
+K
+Radioactive isotope of cobalt
+Co-60
+Radioactive isotopes of plutonium
+Pu-238 etc.
+Sodium chloride
+NaCl
+Steranes
+Cycloalkanes derived from a sterol. Any compound with one or more sulfur atoms in which the sulfur is connected directly to a carbon, metal or other non-oxygen atom; for example, sodium sulfide (Na2S)
+Sulfide
+S2-
+Sulfur
+S
+Sulfur dioxide
+SO2
+Tin
+Sn
+Titanium
+Ti
+Tungsten
+W
+Zinc
+Zn
+<section>Glossary</section>
+Acrocarpous
+In some mosses of the subclass Eubrya, having the sporophyte at the end of the stem, thus exhibiting an erect habit.
+Active monitoring
+Cf. text by Ellenberg - Fig. 4.
+Aerial
+Relating to or occurring in the air or above the ground.
+Alkaline collector traps
+Artificial surfaces coated with an alkaline medium to absorb acidic atmospheric components.
+Allochthonous nutrients
+Nutrients that are transported from elsewhere into an ecosystem.
+Allochthonous organic matter
+Organic matter of external origin, such as fallen leaves in a brook.
+Andesite
+An extrusive, usually dark greyish, rock consisting essentially of plagioclase feldspar with dark ferromagnesian minerals and little or no quartz.
+Angiosperms
+The common name for members of the plant division Magnoliophyta.
+Anion
+A negatively charged atom or group of atoms, or a radical that moves towards the positive pole (anode) during electrolysis.
+Aquatic system
+Cf. text by Bretthauer.
+Arthropods
+Members of the large phylum of the Arthropoda, comprising invertebrate animals with jointed legs and a segmented body; e.g. insects, spiders and myriapods.
+Assimilation
+The incorporation or conversion of nutrients into protoplasm that in animals follows digestion and absorption, and in higher plants involves both photosynthesis and root absorption.
+Assimilation organs
+(Mainly) leaves.
+Atomic absorption spectroscopy
+AAS - physical method of determining heavy metal contents.
+Autotrophic soil algae
+Self-nourishing green algae living in soil (capable of synthesizing organic nutrients directly from simple inorganic substances).
+Azonal soils
+Soils that have developed under special conditions not typical of the surrounding area, mostly influenced by the action of wind and water (e.g. the soils of valley bottoms and sand dunes).
+Background contamination
+The natural heavy metal content in the stones and soils of an area that is being investigated to determine pollution of it with the same metals.
+Bar diagram
+Block diagram depicting data from measurements.
+Binoculars
+An optical instrument with two eyepieces.
+Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
+The quantity of oxygen that organisms need to mineralize degradable organic matter, especially in the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in a water body.
+Biocoenosis
+A community of biologically integrated and in terdependent plants and animals.
+Biodegraded
+Organic compounds that have been broken down by microorganisms.
+Biological indication
+Cf. text by Ellenberg.
+Biomass
+The amount of living matter (expressed per unit area or volume of habitat).
+Biome
+A complex biotic community covering a large geographic area and characterized by the distinctive life forms of important climax species.
+Examples: tundra, taiga, tropical rain forest.
+Biomonitoring
+Cf. text by Ellenberg - Fig. 4.
+Biota
+All of the living organisms of a given region, including flora, fauna and microorganisms.
+Biotope
+A habitat that is uniform in its principal climatic, soil and biotic conditions (e.g. a sandy desert).
+BOD
+Biochemical oxygen demand (cf. above).
+C/N ratio
+The quantitative relation between carbon and nitrogen.
+Calcination
+The process of heating an organic material to a high temperature (but without fusing it) in order to drive out volatiles or affect it in some other way (e.g. oxidation or pulverization).
+Canopy roughness
+The unevenness or vertical geometric variations in the upper surface of a plant stand (e.g. a forest).
+Carbon-14dating
+A technique in which a radioactive isotope of carbon (carbon-14) is employed as a tracer in chemical and biochemical research. Because this isotope is present in all carbon-containing matter, it is useful for dating archaeological specimens, fossils, etc.
+Carotenoid content
+Cf. text by Arndt.
+Carotenoids
+Pigments that occur in plants and some animal tissues; they include carotene, xanthophylls and other fat-soluble pigments.
+Catalase
+An enzyme that occurs in plant and animal tissues; it decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
+Cations
+A positively charged atom or group of atoms, or a radical that moves to the negative pole (cathode) during electrolysis.
+Checkerboard pattern
+A regular pattern of squares like that of a checkerboard.
+Chironomids
+Insects belonging to the family of slender, long winged, long-legged, small and very delicate nemotoceran Diptera, commonly called midges or true midges. They are scavengers, not blood suckers.
+Chloroplasts
+A type of cell plastic occurring in the green parts of plants; they contain chlorophyll pig ments and play a role in photosynthesis and protein synthesis.
+Chlorosis
+An abnormal condition in plants characterized by the absence of green pigments; it can becaused by lack of light or a deficiency of iron or magnesium. (Cf. text by Arndt).
+Chlorotic injury
+A disease condition of green plants, manifesting itself as yellowing of the green parts of a plant.
+Cilicate
+A single-celled animal with cilia on its surface.
+Combined exposure
+Exposure to different toxins in combination.
+Compacted soils
+Soils with few openings through which exchange of gases or percolation of water can take place.
+Composite
+A plant of the large Compositae family of dictyledonous plants with flower heads composed of dense clusters of small flowers surrounded by a ring of small leaves or bracts; the daisy, thistle, artichoke, chrysanthemum, etc. belong to this family.
+Cumulative biological indicators
+Cf. footnote to text by Ellenberg - p. 18, Fig. 4.
+Coupling analysis
+A special method for determining saprobity levels by using only a small number of very characteristic indicator species; only employed in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Federal Republic of Germany).
+Cushion plants
+Plants with globular or regularly rounded surfaces adapted to minimize water losses from transpiration, typical of high mountainous areas affected by frequent, strong winds.
+Cumulative bioindicators
+Cf. texts by Ellenberg and Steubing.
+Cystolith
+A concretion of calcium carbonate arising from the cell walls of modified epidermal cells in some flowering plants.
+Defoliation
+The loss of leaves in plants caused by a toxin or some other external effect.
+Degradability
+The decomposability of organic matter by the metabolic processes of animals or plants in the soil.
+Diatoms
+Unicellular algae; common name of the bacilla riophyta. Some are colonial, green or brownish in color (but all contain chlorophyll), with siliceous and often highly sculptured cell walls. They make up much of the producer level in marine and freshwater food chains, and they have contributed to the formation of oil reserves.
+Dicotyls
+Plants belonging to the plant class Dicotylae, all having two cotyledons, i.e. two leaves at the very early stage of life, as opposed to monocotyls.
+Diffusion resistance
+Stomatal resistance to exchange of gases and vapours.
+Dioecious
+Of plants, having the staminate and pistillate (male and female) flowers on separate individuals.
+Disease vector
+An animal, such as an insect, that transmits a disease-producing organism from one host to another.
+Dissilimation
+The disintegration of protoplasm, principally by oxidation.
+Ecochemicalcomposition
+The chemical composition of the surrounding environment.
+Ecologicalvalence
+The ranges of biological and abiotic factors within which an organism is able to live.
+Ecosystem
+A system made up of a community of plants, microorganisms and animals, along with their physical and chemical environment.
+Ecotoxicologist
+A specialist who works to determine the impacts of pollutants on the environment.
+Ecotype
+A biotype or a characteristic population of a species of organism resulting from natural selection in a given habitat.
+Electrophoresis
+An electrochemical process in which colloidal particles or macromolecules with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current; also known as cataphoresis.
+Endemic
+Confined to a given region and having originated there.
+Enrichment horizons
+Soil horizons in which salts such as lime, gypsum or clay accumulate.
+Environmental impact inventory
+A survey of the influence of polluting substances on the environment.
+Environmental specimen
+An animal or plant taken as a sample from an ecosystem for analysis. Within the scope of biological monitoring, the sample is designed so as to be representative of that ecosystem.
+Epicuticular wax
+The superficial layer of wax that covers leaves.
+Epilothic
+Of plants, growing on the surfaces of rocks and stones, e.g. algae and lichens.
+Epiphyte
+A plant that grows nonparasitically on another plant, deriving moisture and nutrients from the air. Also known as aerophyte. Cf. text by Steubing.
+Euryhaline species
+Organisms that are capable of tolerating a wide range of saline conditions.
+Euryoecic
+Not narrowly limited by ecological conditions. The opposite condition, when organisms are only able to live within a narrow range of ecological conditions, is called "stenoecic", e.g. a plant that does not tolerate any shade, or a trout that requires oxygen-rich water.
+Eutrophication
+The process by which a body of water or a terrestrial ecosystem becomes rich in plant nutrients; in this volume, reference is principally made to nitrogen and phosphorus.
+Evapotranspiration
+The combined evaporation of water from the soil surface and transpiration from plants.
+Exposure experiments
+Experiments in which organisms are exposed to certain environmental conditions, especially pollutants.
+Eyrie
+The nest of an eagle or other large bird of prey.
+Filiform bacteria
+Threadlike bacteria.
+Flotation processes
+The separation of the constituent particles of a mass of pulverized ore by taking advantage of their differing ability to float on a given liquid.
+Foliar
+Referring to leaves.
+Gastropods
+A large, morphologically diverse class of the phylum Mollusca, containing the snails, slugs, limpets, and conchs.
+Genus (pi. genera)
+A class, kind or group of organisms marked by common characteristics or by one common characteristic, specifically: a category of biol ogical classification ranking between the family and the species, comprising structurally or phylogenetically related species or an isolated species exhibiting unusual differentiation, and designated by a Latin or latinized capitalized singular noun.
+Germinative capacity
+The capacity to reproduce.
+Gonads
+Organs that produce reproductive cells, especially an ovary or testis.
+Gymnosperms
+The common name of members of the division Piniphyta; seed-bearing plants having naked ovules at the time of pollination. Example: pine trees.
+Halobiontic
+Living in water or on the bottom of a saline water body.
+Halophilic
+Salt-loving; thriving under saline conditions.
+Halophobic
+Thriving only in extremely salt-poor water; also called haloxenic.
+Halophytic
+Refers to shore plants capable of thriving on salt-impregnated soils.
+Halophytic plant communities
+Communities of plants growing on salty soils.
+Hard cushion bogs
+Marches or mires consisting of hard, solid cushion plants (cf. above).
+Herbivorous
+Feeding on plants; plant-eating.
+Heterophyllous
+Having more than one form of leaves on the same plant or stem.
+Heterotrophic
+Deriving nourishment from organic substances, e.g. parasitic plants and all animals; antonym: autotrophic.
+Heterotrophic soil algae
+Organisms that nourish themselves by ingesting and breaking down organic matter (these algae are not green).
+Hygrophilous
+Living or growing in places with moist air, in many cases on moist or wet soils.
+Hymenopters
+Bees, wasps and the like.
+Hypertrophication
+A situation in which considerably more plant nutrients are available in an ecosystem than are needed, thus leading to problems.
+Idioblast
+A plant cell that differs markedly in shape or function from neighboring cells within the same tissue.
+In-site production
+Production in position, in its original place; autochthonous production, like algae growing in a brook.
+Intercostal zone
+The zone between the veins or nerves of a leaf.
+Ion-selective electrode
+A physicochemical method of measuring ion concentrations.
+Isoenzyme
+Any of the electrophoretically distinct forms of an enzyme, representing different polymeric states but having the same function. Also known as isozyme.
+Katabatic winds
+Cold winds that drop down from high mountains to warmer valleys during the night. Also known as gravity winds.
+Large-lobed foliose lichens
+Lichens with large, leaf-like lobes.
+Leaf necrosis
+Localized death of living tissue in leaves.
+Leghemoglobin
+Red pigment involved in symbiotic fixation of nitrogen from the air by legumes.
+Lichen thalli
+A group of organisms consisting of fungi and algae growing together symbiotically.
+Limnic water
+Fresh water in a lake.
+Limnology
+The study of the physical, chemical and biological components of fresh water.
+Littoral zone
+The part of a lake extending from the shore down to the limit for rooted vegetation.
+Liverworts
+The common name for members of the Hepaticae; small plants, mostly terrestrial, attached to the substrate by rhizoids. Related to hornworts and mosses.
+Lotic water
+Flowing water, i.e. rivers and streams. Antonym: lentic = standing.
+Macchia
+A characteristic type of Mediterranean brush or scrub landscape, the result of centuries of fires and grazing by sheep and goats.
+Macrophytes
+Large aquatic plants, as opposed to phytoplankton and other small algae.
+Marchantiales
+The thalloid liverworts, an order of the class of the Marchantiopsida, having a flat body composed of several distinct tissue layers, smoother walled and tuberculate-walled rhizoids, and male and female sex organs borne on stalks on separate plants.
+Metabolic changes
+Chemical changes; the sum of the processes by which a given substance is dealt with in an organism.
+Metabolite
+A product of metabolism or a substance essential to the metabolism of a given organism or metabolic process.
+Metabolization
+The chemical and physical processes continuously going on in living organisms and cells, comprising those by which assimilated food is built up into protoplasm and those by which organic compounds are used and broken down into simpler substances and waste, with release of energy for all vital purposes.
+Metamorphic rocks
+Rocks produced by metamorphism (a change in the constitution of rock, especially a pronounced change effected by pressure, heat and water that results in a more compact and more highly crystalline condition). Example: Gneiss.
+Mitochondria
+Membrane-bounded particles that are present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria contain enzyme systems which are responsible for providing energy in the form of ATP.
+Mobilization
+Enhancement of mobility.
+Molybdates
+Salts of molybdenum containing the group MoO4 or MoO2.
+Monocotyledons
+All plants of the class Liliopsida; they have a single cotyledon (the first leaf of the embryo of seed-bearing plants).
+Mormyridae
+A fish family, including the so-called Nile perch.
+Moss bag test
+Cf. texts by Steubing and Arndt.
+Multiple layer palisade
+Refers to leaves that have several parenchymal layers of densely packed cells containing many chloroplasts.
+Mycorrhizae
+Symbiotic associations of the roots of higher plants with a fungus. Singular: Mycorrhiza.
+Net primary production (NPP)
+The net product of photosynthetic assimilation by a green plant, minus immediate metabolic needs (in energy terms).
+Nitrogen cycle
+Nitrogen metabolism, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, assimilation of nitrogen into proteins and other organic compounds, and the reverse processes.
+Nodules
+Small knoblike structures (e.g. the nodules of grass blades).
+Non-homoiothermal terrestrial
+Any animal except mammals and birds. The in
+vertebrates
+tensity of life and activity of these animals de pends on climatic temperature conditions.
+Nuclide
+A species of atom characterized by the number of protons, number of neutrons, and energy content in the nucleus, or alternatively by the atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass.
+Nutrient leaching
+The removal of plant-available nutrients from the soil by being washed out by water.
+Orache
+Any of a genus of plants of the goosefoot family, widespread in salty and alkaline areas, usually having silvery foliage and small green flowers.
+Orographic
+Penaining to relief factors such as hills, mountains, plateaus, valleys and slopes; describing the surface of the earth.
+Osmotic pressure
+The applied pressure required to prevent the flow of a solvent across a membrane which of fers no obstruction to passage of the solvent, but does not allow passage of the solute, and which separates a solution from the pure solvent.
+Overlapping accumulation periods
+Overlapping time spans for the accumulation of toxins in plants.
+Oxidophilic organisms
+Organisms that live in oxygen-rich waters.
+Paleozoic schists
+Schists that originated in the era of geological history extending from the beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian.
+Parasitism
+An association of two kinds of organism in which the parasite is benefited and the host is usually harmed.
+Passive monitoring
+Cf. text by Ellenberg - Fig. 4.
+Peat horizon
+Peat layer.
+Pedological
+Related to the soil with its living organisms, and including its water, nutrient and other physical components.
+Pentacyclic triterpenes
+Squalenoids; a group of organic compounds with 5 carbon rings, cf. Iist of chemicals.
+Perchloric acid
+Cf. Iist of chemicals.
+Perioxidase
+An enzyme that catalyzes reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is an electron acceptor.
+Periphyton
+"Aufwuchs"; the organisms attached to under water rooted plants.
+Persistent halogenated hydrocarbons
+Toxic compounds that are nearly impossible to metabolize, etc. DDT and PCBs.
+Phenology
+The study of natural phenomena that recur periodically.
+Phosphatase activity
+The (chemical) activity of enzymes found in body tissues and fluids, that hydrolyze phosphoric acid esters of organic compounds, liberating phosphate ions.
+Photochemical oxidant
+Any of the chemicals that enter into oxidation reactions in the presence of light or other radiant energy, particularly ultraviolet light.
+Photochemical smog
+Chemical pollutants in the atmosphere resulting from chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight.
+Physicochemical measurement
+Measurement of both purely physical and chemical properties, changes and reactions as opposed to the biological monitoring approach.
+Phytomonitoring methods
+Methods by which the amount and impact of pollution can be evaluated using plants as indicator organisms.
+Phytosociological survey
+Cf. text by Steubing.
+Phytotoxicity
+Poisonousness to plants.
+Plant tissue
+An aggregation of cells more or less similar morphologically and functionally.
+Plantaginacae
+The family including plantain and ribgrass.
+Pleurocarpous
+Having the sporophyte in leaf axils along the side of the stem or on lateral branches; refers specifically to mosses.
+Pollen germination test
+Cf. text by Amdt.
+Pollen grain germination
+Germination of the haploid microspore of seed bearing plants.
+Pollen tube growth
+Growth of the pollen tube; a tubular process developed from pollen grain after attachment to stigma, and growing towards the ovule carrying male nuclei to an embryo sac.
+Pollution gradients
+The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent of pollution.
+Pollution response inventory
+A survey of bioindication methods or biological measurement approaches.
+Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
+Organic compounds consisting of two or more hydrocarbon rings; included in many insecticides. Cf. list of chemicals.
+Population turnover
+The exchange of older organisms (after their death) for younger ones, from the point of view of population dynamics.
+Porometrics
+Measurement methods for determining stomata! aperture and CO2/H2O gas exchange.
+ppm
+Parts per million
+Predation
+The ecological relationship between food organisms and the organisms that feed on them, if the food is still alive when taken. Typical predators are lions, wolves and goshawks; strictly speaking, however, herbivores are also predators.
+Primary producers
+Green plants.
+Protista
+A proposed kingdom to include all unicellular organisms lacking a definite cellular arrangement, such as bacteria, algae, diatoms, and fungi.
+Protozoa
+A diverse phylum of eukaryotic microorganisms; the structure varies from a simple uninucleate protoplast to colonial forms.
+Radionuclide
+A nuclide that exhibits radioactivity.
+Regression analysis
+A comparative method for identifying the gradual loss of differentiation and function in an organism; a functional relationship among two or more correlated variables that is often empirically determined from data and used above all to predict values of one variable when the values of the others are known.
+Relative standard deviation
+Variance.
+Remote sensing
+The gathering and recording of information without actual contact with the object or area being investigated.
+Respiration rate
+The rate at which tissues and organisms take up oxygen from their environments and produce carbondioxide.
+Rhizome grasses
+Grasses with an underground horizontal stem, often thickened and tuber-shaped and possessing buds, nodes and scale-like leaves.
+Ribosome
+One of the small, complex particles composed of various proteins and three molecules of ribonucleic acid which synthesize proteins within the living cell.
+Roast
+To heat ore to effect some chemical change that will facilitate smelting.
+Root zone
+The layer of soil within which plant roots occur.
+RPC system
+The "reducer-producer-consumer" system, a relatively unsuited method for determining water quality.
+Salt electrolysis
+Induction of chemical changes by passing an electric current through an electrolyte (a non metallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the motion of ions), in this case salt.
+Sapropel
+Sediment consisting of dead aquatic organisms, principally occurring in eutrophic waters where anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter by biochemical means.
+Saprophyte
+A plant that lives on decaying organic matter.
+Schist
+A large group of coarse-grained metamorphic rocks which readily split into thin plates or slabs as a result of the alignment of lamellar or prismatic minerals.
+Sclerophyllous
+Characterized by thick, hard foliage.
+Secondary atmospheric pollutants
+For instance: ozone, which only emerges under certain climatic and chemical conditions.
+Sensitive bioindicators
+Cf. text by Ellenberg - Fig. 4.
+Sessile ciliates
+Ciliates attached to the substrate. Antonym: free-swimming.
+Sessile organisms
+Organisms attached to the substrate, for instance the common marine mussel Mytilus edulis.
+Sheet erosion
+Movement of upper soil layers on minimally in clined surfaces, induced by the action of running water.
+Siliceous magma
+Magma containing silica or silicates.
+Soil water capacity
+The capacity of the soil to retain water against the pull of gravity.
+Species
+A taxonomic category ranking immediately below a genus and including closely related, morphologically similar individuals which actually or potentially interbreed.
+Specimen tissue
+Tissue sampled from an organism ("specimen") that is thought to be representative of the organism or a population or organisms - used here in the context of chemical residue analysis with biological monitors.
+Stenobiontic
+Said of organisms which only tolerate changes in their environmental conditions within certain narrow limits.
+Steranes
+Modern name: gonanes; a special class of steroids without angular methyl groups at the 10th and 13th carbon atoms.
+Stoma (pi. stomata)
+A small opening or pore in a surface, especially one of the minute openings in the epidermis of higher plants which are regulated by guard cells and through which gases and water vapor are exchanged between internal spaces and the external atmosphere.
+Stomatal density
+The number of stomata per unit area.
+Stomatal response
+The opening width of stomata is regulated by both internal factors (e.g. internal CO2 concen tration and water vapor pressure) and indirectly by external (environmental) factors.
+Subarid climate
+A climate with a very pronounced dry season of considerable duration and only a few months of scant rainfall.
+Subhumid climate
+A climate in which a dry season is clearly present but not pronounced.
+Sublethal
+Insufficient to cause death, not quite lethal (= causing death, deadly), at least for most of the organisms under observation.
+Substrate
+The base on which an organism lives, e.g. the soil or a part of another plant (in the case of epiphytes); a substance that is acted upon (e.g. by an enzyme).
+Succulent
+A plant with juicy, fleshy tissues adapted to conserve water, covered by a surface that minimizes evapotranspiration.
+Synecological information
+Information about the structure, development and distribution of ecological communities.
+Terrestrial ecosystem
+Cf. text by Ellenberg.
+Thalassogenic
+Said of waters that are influenced by marine water.
+Thallic tissue
+Cf. thallus.
+Thallus
+A plant tissue or body that is not differentiated into specialized tissue systems or organs such as leaves or stems; it may vary from a single cell to a complex, branching multicellular structure.
+Thermal stratification
+Tabular strata in standing water (for instance, in most Central European lakes during the summer: warm surface water, medium-temperature boundary layer, cool bottom water), caused by the distinct specific densities of water of differ ent temperatures.
+Thermohygrograph
+An instrument for measuring and recording variations in atmospheric humidity and temperature.
+Third primary quill
+The third large feather of the wing of a (large) bird, counting from the body side towards the wing tip.
+Toxin
+A poisonous substance, poison.
+Transpiration resistance
+Resistance to diffusion of water vapor.
+Transplanted specimens
+Organisms, normally plants, taken from a given stand - naturally grown or artificially raised - and planted or exposed at another place. They are taken for experimental purposes as being 1. an item representative of others in the same class or group, and/or 2. a sample selected for testing, examination, or display.
+Trichome
+An appendage occurring on the cuticles of plants, such as hairs and scales.
+Trifoliate
+Of leaves, consisting of three leaflets.
+Trophic level
+Herbivore, carnivore, parasite, saprovore, etc. Herbivores belong to the "first" trophic level, while predators that feed upon herbivores be long to the "second". Predators that normally feed on other predators are situated on the "third" or even higher levels, e.g. sparrow hawks when feeding on insectivorous birds.
+Trophic relationships
+Feeding relationships; of or relating to nutrition. Trophic relationships constitute one of the principal relationships among organisms of different species in an ecosystem.
+Trypanosome
+Any of a genus of flagellate protozoans that live as parasites in the blood of human beings and other vertebrates. They are usually transmitted by insect bites, and often cause serious diseases such as sleeping sickness, chagas disease, etc.
+Trypanosomiasis
+Any disease caused by a trypanosome.
+Tubificids
+Red blood worms, a family of red, tubivolous, oligochaete annelids (worms).
+Ultrastructure
+The fine structure of cells as seen with an ultra microscope.
+Vascular plant
+A plant having vascular bundles for liquid transport, such as phanerogams and Filicales. Mosses or algae are not vascular plants.
+VDI Guideline
+A guideline of the Association of German Engineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure).
+Water body
+A coherent section of water, i.e. a pond, lake,
+Xeromorphic
+Having an exterior structure and a shape that is adapted to dry living conditions.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/habitat_ha30te.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/habitat_ha30te.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3d5ecfff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/habitat_ha30te.key
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+WOMEN
+DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
+PARTICIPATION
+UN
+DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
+LIVING STANDARDS
+LAND OWNERSHIP
+HOUSING
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/habitat_ha30te.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/habitat_ha30te.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59be61cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/habitat_ha30te.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+<title>Towards a strategy for the full participation of women in all phases of the united nations global strategy for shelter to the year 2000</title>
+United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) Nairobi, 1990
+<section>Foreword</section>
+This document reports on the process initiated by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) to promote the role of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000. The main objective of the Global Strategy is to facilitate the provision of shelter for all by the year 2000. "Shelter for all" means affordable shelter for all groups in all types of settlements, meeting basic requirements of tenurial security, structural stability and infrastructural support, with convenient access to employment and community services and facilities.
+Although each country will have to adopt its own timetable, the general framework for the GSS is as follows:
+1989-1991 - Establishment of national policies and strategies, and design of new institutional arrangements;
+1992-1994 - Introduction of new institutional arrangements, and strengthening of existing national programmes;
+Enabling policies, whereby the full potential and resources of all governmental and non-governmental actors in the field of human settlements are utilized, must be at the heart of national and international efforts. The public sector, rather than attempt to shoulder the entire burden of shelter production and distribution, should concentrate on those needs, e.g., infrastructure provision, which people are usually not able to meet themselves, while encouraging and facilitating the shelter-production efforts of other participants, including the formal and informal private sector, small entrepreneurs, civic and community groups, voluntary organizations and private individuals. Women, as income-earners, home-makers and heads of households, have a crucial role, as contributors to the solution of human settlements problems, which should be fully recognized and reflected in equal participation of women in the elaboration of housing policies, programmes and projects.
+This report is presented in three parts. The Introduction outlines the general process followed by UNCHS (Habitat) to define and create awareness of women's shelter issues. Part One presents highlights of findings and required actions identified during 1988-1989 at five regional seminars organized by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and funded by the Governments of the Netherlands and Norway. Part Two presents the strategy or plan of action which was developed and recommended by the Interregional Seminar to Promote the Full Paticipation of Women in all Phases of the Global Strategy For shelter to the year 2000, held at Nairobi, from 4 to 8 December 1989.
+Dr. Arcot Ramachandran
+Under-Secretary-General
+Executive Director
+<section>Introduction</section>
+<section>A. Women and shelter</section>
+Although there have been three United Nations International Development Decades, the role of women in the process of development did not capture the attention of international planners until 1975, when the General Assembly of the United Nations declared 1976 to 1985 to be the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace. It was not until the end of the Decade, however, that shelter issues of concern to women began to appear on the United Nations agenda.
+Shelter issues were brought to the attention of women's movements and of Member States of the United Nations in 1985, when the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development, Peace adopted the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. These called on governments to:
+"integrate women in the formulation of policies, programmes and projects for the provision of basic shelter and infrastructure. To this end, the enrolement of women in architectural, engineering, and related fields should be encouraged, and qualified women graduates in these fields should be assigned to professional, policy-making and decision-making positions. The shelter and infrastructural needs of women should be assessed and specifically incorporated in housing, community development, and slum and squarer projects.
+"Women and women's groups should be participants in and equal beneficiaries of housing and infrastructure construction projects. They should be consulted in the choice of design and technology of construction and should be involved in the management and maintenance of the facilities. To this end, women should be provided with construction, maintenance, and management skills and should be included in related training and educational programmes.",
+<section>B. The Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000</section>
+The main objective of the Global Strategy is to facilitate adequate shelter for all by the Year 2000. "Shelter for all" means affordable shelter for all groups in all types of settlements, meeting basic requirements of tenurial security, structural stability, and infrastructure support, with convenient access to employment and community services and facilities.
+Two important principles sustain the Strategy. The first is that governments must adopt an "enabling" approach - facilitating the activities of all the present and potential participants in the shelter production and improvement process. The second principle is that, while the main focus of the Strategy is on low-income population groups, it is not limited to any one group but, rather, is based on a comprehensive view of all demand actors.
+The operational focus of the Global Strategy is on national strategies to be developed by all governments. International support is recognized as crucial for the success of the Global Strategy and must be directed towards enhancing national capabilities to formulate and implement national action components. The Global Strategy is a commitment by the world community and a mandate for the entire United Nations system.
+The answer to the question of encouraging the participation of women in the Global Strategy is to be found in the very processes of social and economic development sweeping the countries of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America and Oceania. These processes have changed the roles and responsibilities of women. Women, as income-earners, homemakers, and heads of household, and women's organizations fulfil a crucial role as contributors to the solution of human settlements problems. This has to be fully recognized and reflected in the equal participation of women in the elaboration of housing policies, programmes and projects, and more specifically in the formulation and implementation of the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+<section>C. UNCHS (Habitat) activities related to women</section>
+Since the World Conference, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), which has always placed housing policies and programmes in the context of national development plans, has been actively engaged in the promotion of women both as beneficiaries and as agents of change in the area of human settlements. One of the Centre's first follow-up activities after the World Conference was an international seminar on women and shelter, organized jointly by the Centre for Social
+Development and Humanitarian Affairs/Division for the Advancement of Women and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat). That Seminar, held in December 1985 in Vienna, brought together representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations for women from many countries of the world.
+The purpose of the Seminar was to familiarize women's organizations with key issues of settlements management. It was felt that, through familiarization with mainstream development issues, women's organizations could formulate proposals related to them for inclusion in national agenda for action. At the end of the Seminar, the participants had an increased appreciation of the broad scope of settlements but they felt that, in order to achieve the greatest impact, it was not enough for women's organizations alone to be made aware of the issues; policy-makers in the settlements sector also had to be familiar with women's perspectives on housing and residential environments. It was stressed that only through joint collaborative efforts could realistic and practical national plans of action evolve.
+The Commission on Human Settlements, at its ninth session in May 1986, recommended that:
+"regional or subregional seminars be organized ... in order to exchange experiences on pilot projects and to define and evaluate the role of women and the organizations that represent them..."
+As a result, work intensified to promote the role of women in the management of settlements. In addition to the resources of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), funding required for regional seminars was received from the Governments of Netherlands and of Norway during and shortly after the tenth (Commemorative) session of the Commission which took place in April 1987.
+The following regional and subregional seminars were organized by the Centre and the respective host countries in 1988 and 1989:
+(a) Asia and the Pacific: 24-29 February 1988 in Indonesia;
+(b) French-speaking African countries: 28 March to 1 April 1988 in Tunisia;
+(c) Caribbean countries: 6 to 10 June 1988 in Saint Vincent and Grenadines;
+(d) English-speaking African countries: 31 October to 4 November 1988 in Zambia;
+(e) Latin American countries: 27 to 31 March 1989 in Argentina.
+The participants, who were drawn from governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as from donor agencies, were all involved in human settlements activities, particularly those concerning women.
+The objectives of the seminars were:
+2/ See Adjustment with a Human Face (New York, United Nations Children's Fund).
+(a) To provide policy and procedural guidance to high-level policy-makers, in such ministries as housing, public works and industry, on the incorporation of women's concerns in their programmes;
+(b) To provide technical information to representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations on means of ensuring the effective participation of women in human settlements development and management, with particular emphasis on community participation;
+(c) To facilitate the identification of special problems concerning the participation of women in settlements development and management;
+(d) To enhance communication and co-operation between institutions dealing with issues concerning women and those dealing with mainstream sectoral development Issues;
+(e) To create a readiness in institutions to support policies, programmes and projects to mobilize the participation of women in the development and upgrading of settlements;
+(f) To discuss the effectiveness of different communication and information technologies in promoting gender-awareness in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies, programmes and projects;
+(g) To develop national advocacy strategies for the continuous promotion of the involvement of women in the development and management of settlements.
+The following key issues were deliberated upon at each regional seminar:
+(a) The role of women in the formulation and implementation of housing policies;
+(b) Women and land;
+(c) The participation of women in housing finance;
+(d) The participation of women in the construction sector;
+(e) The participation of women in shelter projects;
+(f) Women, water, and sanitation;
+(g) Community participation as a means of enhancing the role of women in the development and management of settlements;
+(h) Communications and information as instruments to enhance the participation of women in the development and management of settlements.
+Highlights of the findings and recommendations of the seminars are presented in Part One of this paper.
+The Interregional Seminar to Promote the Full Participation of Women in all phases of the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 was convened to give further impetus to the process begun by the earlier series of seminars. The participants (governmental and non-governmental), observers, resource personnel and donors were drawn from each of the five earlier seminars. The Seminar built on regional experiences to develop a plan of action for the continuation of the process which the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) had initiated. Part Two of this document provides an overview of the Seminar.
+The process initiated by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) is directed towards the achievement of the following long-term development objectives:
+(a) Involving women at all levels of the planning and implementation of human settlements policies and programmes;
+(b) Improving the residential/work environment of women, especially urban and rural low-income women, their families and communities.
+The strategy developed during the Seminar was formulated in the total United Nations context. In his introductory remarks at the regional meeting in Indonesia, the Executive Director of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) had pointed out that the declaration of 1976-1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women had been a result of the recognition that the scales of world equality had been out of balance. Not only had women experienced negative effects of the shift from traditional to "modernized" societies through the development process, they had been, by and large, excluded from the development planning process itself.
+During the Decade, efforts had been introduced to improve the status of women, and, despite difficulties confronted by all countries, those efforts had resulted in substantial achievements, although they had been unevenly distributed between developing and industrialized countries and among sectors of the economy. Noteworthy among the achievements had been the increase in visibility of women's issues throughout the world; the growth of worldwide women's networks; the expansion of research, writing, and scholarship on the status of women and world development; progress in legislation; the rapid expansion of the female labour force; the narrowing of educational gaps between men and women at the lowest levels of the education system; and a general acknowledgement of the need to include women in development policies and programmes not only for reasons of social equity, but in order to realize overall national development objectives.
+The Fourth United Nations International Development Decade is about to be launched after a decade that has witnessed difficult and painful adjustments to the global economic crisis. As many studies have shown, the debt crisis has affected women and their dependent children especially. The prospects for the 1990s, according to international analyses, indicate that the trends of the 1 980s are likely to continue, given current policies. Macroeconomic trends, particularly the continuing world economic crisis, have negatively affected the shelter conditions of women. Fewer employment and income-generation opportunities have resulted in more homeless women: reduced social expenditures on child care and education have pushed women into marginal, temporary and low-paid jobs. in addition, continuing social prejudices against women keep their needs secondary to those of men, and the process of including women in decision-making is agonizingly slow. The increased fragmentation of the
+family, because of migration, divorce, separation etc., has resulted in a greater number of households being headed by women, but the specific shelter needs of such households have been largely unrecognized.
+For the majority of women in developing countries, the challenge is still one of survival and the satisfaction of the basic needs of their families. They still have to struggle for a bare minimum income, for food, for shelter and for employment. They still have to acquire literacy, an acceptable level of education and training, and health standards which will allow them to work productively and to enjoy the fruits of their work. However, there are signs that women and shelter issues have found a permanent place on the United Nations agenda if not in the reality of daily life. The first such sign is the process initiated by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) to ensure the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000.
+Human settlements are where organized human activity takes place. They function as a system at the global, regional, sub-regional, national and sub-national levels down to the lowest unit of human habitation. Human settlements are not simply housing or the physical structure of a city, town or village but an integrated system of all human activities residence, work, education, health, culture, leisure - as well as the physical structures that support them.
+Human settlements form an important component of a country's fixed capital assets. Public investment in human settlements development - unlike investment in so-called "productive" sectors which, more often than not, suffer rapid obsolescence - are rarely wasted. Investment in human settlements invariably contributes to improvement of a society's ability to respond to basic development needs, such as shelter, education, health, mobility, and (generally) productive output, as well as to conservation of the natural environment.
+It might be said, therefore, that while the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) has a special interest in the provision of shelter (decent and affordable housing) for all, this is placed within a broad concept of human settlements which links the issue, as it should be, with almost every aspect of economic and social development. The strategy developed during the Seminar for the full participation of women, therefore, was squarely in this broad context - viewing women, the family and shelter as parts of integrated community development and the community in toto as a contributor to national development plans and the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000.
+It is becoming apparent that national development targets can only be achieved if women are approached as the main agents of change. The total sum of their available knowledge and talent is indispensable to progress and the development of humanity. Therefore, in the interest of national development as a whole, the contributions of women to development, which have remained unacknowledged for so long, must be seen by national planners as a valuable resource to supplement and balance those of the long-dominant male.
+As development planners and activists look to the participation of local communities in the development process, they are finding that it is the women in communities who are the main providers of food, water and energy for their families, who build houses and who care for children and the sick. In addition to child-bearing and child-caring, women are often engaged in small-scale businesses in the informal sector. Reaching women at the community level is reaching the prime "agents for change": when only men are targeted for action and provided with resources, women, families and communities do not automatically benefit.
+Human settlements activity requires a specific focus on women, because, in the majority of countries the shelter needs of women are still subsumed under those of the family, even though there is ample evidence that the specific needs of women and the contributions they can make are distinct from those of men. If it is accepted that human settlements are more than physical structures accommodating people i.e., that they are "places to live and produce in, and a space within which the socialization process and social interaction occur, safeguarding the social fabric and social values of all its dwelles", as they were described by the Minister of Women's Affairs of Indonesia, H.E. Mrs. A. Sulaskin Murpratomo, at the seminar in Indonesia, it is essential to the social fabric of a country that the concerns and needs of women be taken into account in all policies, plans, programmes and projects related to human settlements. Women are, after all, the primary users and providers of
+the infrastructural facilities in a settlement, i.e., water supply and sanitary and health services, carrying out income-generating as well as household and child-caring tasks in extremely difficult conditions within the home and, also, contributing to the informal construction of shelter in poor rural and urban areas.
+The earlier series of seminars had addressed the concerns and needs of women in general, but the focus of the meetings and the priority of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) were given to urban and rural poor and low-income women. Further delineations will no doubt result from future national and sub- national studies, as the process of involving women in the Global Strategy for Shelter progresses. For example, during the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, two meetings on women and shelter (planned in consultation with the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat)), identified additional categories of low-income women. A seminar held in Harare, from 30 November to 5 December 1987, delineated the categories: urban poor women, women on peasant farms, and women on plantations and other worksites. The United States National Congress of Neighbourhood Women Conference on "Housing Options for Women", held at Camden, New Jersey, in
+October 1987, focused on another growing category: the increasing number of homeless women in industrialized urban centres.
+<section>Part one: Overview of regional seminars</section>
+This Part of the report draws upon the work of the five seminars in the earlier series organized by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and on selected papers on the subject: women and shelter. It highlights only the main findings of the seminars; detailed regional and country reports are in the Centre's archives for further reference. These highlights were also included in a background paper that provided a framework for the Interregional Seminar to Promote the Full Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000. They are discussed below under housing policy, land, finance and construction, as they relate to women, and community participation and communications and information as means of enhancing the involvement of women in the development and management of settlements.
+Women are central to the activities performed for the daily subsistence of families and communities, yet are unrecognized and, hence, are marginal in the sweep of development planning and programmes. However, it has to be emphasized that each community and country should be analyzed in the context of its own history and culture, in order to design appropriate responses to women's issues in human settlements. Thus, when this overview states that women, generally, are experiencing certain problems, it should be kept in mind that there are many distinctions not developed within the scope of this document. These differences need to be studied before making specific plans for action at national and community levels.
+<section>A. Women and housing</section>
+1. Findings policy
+In the formulation of shelter-development policies, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) has identified two aspects of women's participation.
+The first is the direct participation of women themselves in the formulation of the policies; the second is the inclusion of considerations specific to women in the formulation of policy. Both are essential but, with few exceptions, both were found to be poorly developed in all regions.
+One reason for the low levels of participation by women is the assumption/hat women are only potential recipients of the benefits generated in the human settlements sector, not contributors. This implies a purely welfare-oriented focus on women, even in those national economies that can afford welfare programmes. Another consideration is that shelter is often viewed merely as a physical structure accommodating a group of people - the family. The provision of shelter to the family is, thus, misinterpreted as being the same as the satisfaction of the shelter needs of women.
+Changing social conditions, which tend to disrupt the traditional patterns of family and kinship, are increasing the number of households headed by women in low-income urban settlements. Rural-to-urban migration is also increasing the number of woman headed rural households which must survive precariously on remittances from family members in urban areas, supplemented by income derived from subsistence-level agricultural production and/or paid agricultural work. The double burden of managing the household and generating income places women at a disadvantage in dealing with the complications of obtaining shelter through conventional housing programmes.
+The gender-specific discrimination to which women heads-of-household are subjected costs society a great deal without benefiting any specific segment. Households headed by women are often excluded from programmes and projects simply because existing laws or statutes recognize only males as heads-of-household. In other cases, eligibility criteria for housing applications require a partner. Public announcements, application procedures, down-payment requirements and repayment procedures all discriminate against women - especially against women heads-of-household.
+A particularly intractable difficulty identified at the seminars was the rapid rise in the number of people in need of housing at a time of a severe limitation on overall governmental resources, a situation exacerbated by adjustment policies being followed in many countries. It was pointed out that, in Latin America, economic stagnation and absolute poverty are spreading into the mushrooming spontaneous settlements (slums, shanty towns, ranchos and favelas) that girdle the urban centres of the region, casting doubt on the conventional belief that urban development and economic growth are positively linked. Rural poverty is being exported to the city, especially in the absence of positive urban-development programmes to raise the economic and social status of the poor, particularly women. This situation increases the need for national priorities and policies that will guide human settlements growth equitably.
+The seminars addressed the question of why governments should single out women, in the face of the vast number of men and children who are also not benefiting from current housing programmes. The following points were made in this connection:
+(a) Within the target universe of the disadvantaged population of a country (in many cases, as high as 80 per cent), the needs of the great majority of women are poorly addressed, even when policies generally correspond to the needs of the poor as a whole;
+(b) Many women who are members of "conventional" households are at a disadvantage, because shelter programmes on the whole are not benefiting the poor, and, as a result, women suffer disproportionately;
+(c) Women who are not members of "conventional" households are at a disadvantage, because programmes actively discriminate in favour of "conventional" households;
+The removal of the first type of disadvantage was considered to be relatively easy, because it does not necessarily result in a confrontation over the allocation of limited financial resources. Nevertheless, it does create a confrontation over attitudes and power - essential elements for lasting change - which it might be very difficult to avoid.
+The consensus also recognized that shelter policies are a compromise between conflicting aspirations of different groups in a settlement and their respective stakes in the decision-making process. There appear to be two prevailing ways of viewing and treating urban growth. One approach views the city purely in terms of its market value and land purely as a commodity, the price of which must be maximized in order to sustain municipal finances through property taxes. This approach dismisses the urban poor, their informal economy and their residences as low-value occupiers of urban space. The second approach looks at the city in terms of its use-value as a place in which to live and produce, and tries to safeguard the traditional social fabric and the residential and economic activities of the informal sector. This people-oriented approach, however, is steadily losing ground to conventional economic analysis.
+Planning instruments, such as building codes, redevelopment schemes, zoning ordinances and land-use regulations, tend to further the objectives of large-scale influential businesses rather than those of poor and disadvantaged households. Mixed-use restrictions (which contribute to the destruction of traditional crafts and small-scale workshops to the advantage of corporate manufacturers), banning of street vendors (who are often perceived as a threat to organized trade) and the introduction of various licensing and regulatory devices (which favour formal over informal businesses) all claim priority in urban space for the corporate economy. It is obvious that the losers from such trends are the informal sector and people who obtain their work and their housing from it, particularly women.
+The demand for urban space created by market forces, narrowly defined, has an important impact on the traditional residential-cum-working neighbourhoods inhabited by the poor. It particularly affects women who earn a large portion of their income in the informal sector as well as in home-based crafts and manufacturing activities. Removed from their traditional locations, their employment opportunities disrupted and their transport costs increased, the urban poor in developing countries are often impoverished by the very policies which were ostensibly intended to benefit them.
+The seminars acknowledged that progress has been made in all regions towards the achievement of equality for men and women in access to housing, land and credit, but reiterated that women are under-represented at decision-making levels and, therefore, make but a minimal contribution to the formulation of housing policies. In Latin America, the Costa Rican Government was cited as an exception, because its official programme gives priority to the housing problem and expresses the need for changing the role of women in society through improved conditions for the participation of women in the production process, as well as in social, political, and cultural life.
+During the seminar for French-speaking countries in Africa it was reported that in Tunisia women have had the benefit of advanced legislation since independence. Wives are not under the guardianship of their husbands with regard to the management of their possessions, the acquisition of land or access to credit. Participants at the seminar stressed the need for ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by the United Nations in 1979, and for a popularization of women's legal rights - both of which require above all, a change of attitudes. A Moroccan woman stated that, in her country, laws currently in force were in women's favour and are not discriminatory, but that there was a difference between what the law said and the way things were actually done. Men were not ready to accept women in business, management or labour. Women's organizations still had a lot to do to sensitize women to the need to join together to
+assert their rights and their opinions. She cited a positive example which was beginning to bear fruit in Morocco - that of co-operatives. Women were creating women's co-operatives which gave their members negotiating power with financial institutions and local-government authorities. A woman from Niger also posed the problem this way: "Theoretically women are wanted; their place is reserved and recognized. But because of their inferior level of education they cannot participate." This clearly underscores the inter-relatedness of all facets of development and the need to analyze and act on women and shelter issues within the scope of broad development policies and programmes.
+It was also noted that, in recent years, efforts have been made by some governments in Asia and the Pacific to repeal laws and regulations which discriminate against women and to encourage the participation of women in the political process. Nonetheless, progress is slow, and obstacles persist.
+In all regions, it was stressed that shortfalls in the formulation of human settlements policies and the gap between legal rights and enforcement had the greatest effect on the poorest urban social classes. In this situation men as well as women are excluded from participatory processes. In the rural setting, too, there are distinct land and settlement configurations according to local customs and systems that must be factored into human settlements policies. Without exception, each region stressed the adverse impact of policies on women in all rural and urban economic and social categories.
+2. Action needed to tee taken
+All the seminars confirmed the universally accepted dictum for bringing about policy change in favour of low-income women, their families and communities - there must be a political will to do so. In order to strengthen political will in this direction, they suggested the following:
+(a) Help to establish housing and human settlements as a fundamental right, rather than a market decision;
+(b) Develop plans at the national and local level to communicate this concept to policymakers and to inform women, their families and communities of their rights and responsibilities as citizens - through public education;
+(c) Campaign for the allotment of funds for research that can be applied to improve data on women and their shelter needs;
+(d) Formulate appropriate policy recommendations on such issues as space distribution and design, access to basic public services and amenities, labour-saving technologies, construction-skill development, transport needs, employment options and the special needs of women heads-of-households;
+(e) Analyse current policies and legislation in relation to the needs of low-income women, their families and communities in terms of sustainable human settlements, and determine changes that are needed;
+(f) Work with women's bureaux to encourage other governmental agencies particularly planning ministries and legislative bodies -to disaggregate data by gender (and, where possible, by class and ethnicity, as well) and to apply gender analysis to all sectors at all levels of development planning and programming;
+(g) Elicit the support of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) - for both men and women - to create an impact on national housing policy formulation, implementation and monitoring, in order to ensure inclusion of women's concerns in the process;
+(h) Create regional, national and local committees, with equal participation of knowledgeable men and women from government, NGOs and CBOs, to plan, implement and evaluate the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+<section>B. Women and land</section>
+1. Findings
+Each of the earlier seminars identified the access of women to land as a critical link that receives almost no attention in the human settlements chain. Monopolization of urban land by commercial interests, escalations in land prices and reluctance of governments to address land issues are obstacles to the acquisition and retention of land by the rural and urban poor in general. Poor women meet many added obstacles, such as low incomes, limited or no access to credit, and cultural biases reflected in restrictive policies on women's ownership of property.
+The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) has observed that neither agricultural programmes with a land-reform component nor urban sites-and-services projects have addressed the issue of the right of women to own land. The rights of women, in general, and of women heads-of-households or of wives in polygamous marriages, in particular, have been neglected. With land providing one of the few recognized forms of collateral, the access of women to shelter and to investment finance in other sectors is constrained.
+The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which came into effect in 1981, deals with the property rights of women in three separate articles:
+(a) With reference to rural women (article 14), the Convention calls for equal treatment in land and agrarian reform, as well as in land-resettlement schemes;
+(b) With reference to the status of women before the law, article 15 calls for equal rights for women to conclude contracts and to administer property;
+(c) With reference to marriage and family relations, article 16 calls for the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposal of property.
+Although the Convention does not make a general call for all categories of women rural or urban, daughter, wife or mother -to have equal access to all forms of property, nevertheless, even those property rights agreed upon within the framework of the Convention are not recognized in a large number of countries which have signed and ratified the Convention.
+The problem of the access of women to urban land presents additional complications, requiring understanding of the processes of urban land development and allocation. Access to legitimate and secure shelter in the vicinity of income-earning opportunities, with an acceptable level of essential services such as roads, water supply and drainage, remains an impossible dream for millions in developing countries. Governmental strategies to increase the supply of land to the poor through public-sector interventions, such as squatter-settlement upgrading and sites- and-services schemes, have been insufficient to meet the need, and increasing numbers of low-income people are finding accommodation through informal channels. Non-commercial arrangements include unauthorized invasions of public or private land, encroachments on marginal lands or occupation of abandoned proper ties: unfortunately, the general tendency is for informal arrangements to be increasingly commercialized. Very
+often, residents are subjected to harassment and exploitation and are, therefore, reluctant to invest their savings. Commercial arrangements include the illegal sale of public land, substandard land subdivision, land rental and land fragmentation. Such arrangements normally require a down-payment to the landholder and recurrent charges for services.
+Public-sector intervention usually leaves out the lowest strata among low-income groups, since ability to repay is an eligibility criterion for public-sector schemes. These arrangements have a particularly adverse affect on women, because applying this criterion means that households headed by women are seldom deemed eligible for plots in sites-and-services schemes (although actual repayment performance has not been shown to be related with certainty to apparent repayment ability). In the private sector, poverty, lack of information and social pressures place women in a particularly disadvantaged position with respect to both commercial and non-commercial land arrangements. The decreased availability of vacant land open to squatter invasion or encroachment, strict enforcement of legal measures by the authorities, the decreased supply of cheap rental accommodation in inner-city slums and rises in the number of evictions are factors that have changed the nature of the
+prevailing informal processes of land acquisition - again with particularly negative effects on women.
+The participants in the earlier seminars stressed that much needs to be done by governments to increase the availability of land for shelter through legal and administrative means, so that the poor, the majority of whom are women, may gain access to land and shelter. Access to land for all has to be a component of human settlements development strategies, paying special attention to the needs and contributions of women and other marginalized groups in shelter and infrastructural development.
+In Malaysia, the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) allocated land based on a nuclear-family concept, the head of household was expected to be male, and the role of a woman was to assist in development. On the death of her husband, a woman could not claim title to the land; instead, the land was passed to the eldest son. If he was below the legal age, the widow might only hold the title deed until the son attained the age at which he could claim title.
+In Papua New Guinea, land was described as falling into two categories - customary and alienated, i.e., where Western forms of land tenure obtain. Customary land is said to account for approximately 97 per cent of the land area and is viewed as being much more than a commodity. It plays a complex role in the economic, social, and cultural life of the people. Ownership rests with clans and tribal groups, and title is based on historic occupation. However, little or no attention is given to women's specific needs or concerns with respect to land and housing policies. The decision-making process is, by tradition, a male responsibility, and women have little or no control over land distribution, use, or demarcation.
+In India, land is a very scarce resource, with 70 to 80 per cent of it owned by 20 to 30 per cent of the population. Land-reform legislation was enacted for redistribution of land, by placing a ceiling on holdings and providing for the takeover of "surplus lands" to be redistributed to the landless.
+However, implementation of the land-reform law is not considered a success. Urban ceilings on land holdings have been a distinct failure. In any event, it was pointed out that if the law were to be successfully implemented, beneficiaries would be relatively few (less than 1 million) compared with the many millions in need. Guidelines with respect to land rights for women have been issued by the Government, instructing that whenever surplus lands or other governmental lands, house sites etc. are distributed, the title is to be held jointly by husband and wife. The rights of women heads-of-household are not mentioned. In the parts of India where a matriarchal system prevails, however, the access of women to land is reported to be good.
+The Women's Charter of Singapore, passed in 1961, stipulated that married women had the possibility and capacity to acquire, hold and dispose of property in their own names. Creditors of the husband could have no claim against property given by the husband to the wife. Once again, there was no mention of the rights of unmarried women or women heads-of-household in the Charter.
+The participants in the seminars in Africa said that, in general, Africa has two systems of land tenure existing side-by-side. On the one hand, under the inheritance and customary systems dominant in rural areas, where the chief of a tribe is solely responsible for land allocation to different members of the community, women are not permitted to own land or participate in decision-making about land use and shelter policies, although they can have access to land through their fathers, husbands, brothers or sons. On the other hand, there is the legal land- tenure system, introduced by colonial administrations, where land ownership changes according to an individual's capacity to pay; land is seen as a commodity which can be bought and sold. Land ownership has affected the production of housing for all income groups, in particular for low-income people. Land ownership also has implications for the extraction and production of building materials. Under the legal land system,
+anyone can own land, regardless of sex; however, as women are the poorest of the poor, access to land is, for them, an impossible dream. Evidence shows that, in most African countries, customary land tenure is quickly being transformed into legal land tenure, where titles of ownership are guaranteed by governmental legislation. Modern systems discriminate against women more than traditional, even patrilinear, when women had right of use (as men did). Now "ownership" is vested in men only, even in previously matrilinear areas.
+The Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat has determined that the urban population of many large sub-Saharan cities - Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Nouakchott, Lusaka, Lagos, and Kinshasa among them - grew more than sevenfold between 1950 and 1980. The demand for land for commercial and office purposes and to build houses for profit is on the increase. This commercial pressure on urban land has given rise to land speculation. In recent decades, the urban poor, needing shelter close to their workplace and unable to participate in the land market, occupied vacant land on the outskirts of cities and made their own shelter arrangements. There is evidence that the amount of such vacant land for these informal arrangements is decreasing. Poor urban women in these areas, who cannot afford to buy food and would like to have a garden and livestock to feed their families, are often prevented by law from carrying on such activities in urban areas. There is a need for
+allotments in and around urban areas to allow low-income people, particularly women, to grow subsistence foods.
+Governmental interventions in land issues to favour the poor were considered to be negligible, generally confining their role to planning controls and zoning. Even in recognized squatter settlements, governments have been reluctant to grant occupancy titles to residents. This is particularly stressful for women who need to own land for security purposes, e.g., old age and credit-worthiness.
+In Zimbabwe, the Legal Age of Majority Act of 1982 secured for women the right to own land and property, but, in practice, women who wish to buy land have to have the husband as a referee, to secure the transaction. Women who live in rural or mining areas are at a particular disadvantage.
+Land ownership is in the hands of large farm and mine employers (mines and farms occupy 40 per cent of the land and account for over 15 per cent of the population). Farmers and mine employers are responsible for providing housing and services for their employees, but occupancy rights for women only possible through husbands who are employees. Should the husband cease to be an employee, become ill or die, the woman loses her right of occupancy.
+In the United Republic of Tanzania, under modern law, every one over 18 years of age can acquire land. However, in practice, women are still restricted in land ownership because of complicated procedures, inheritance customs and the bureaucracy. In the Ujamaa village system, ownership of land is vested in the heads of households who, by governmental criteria, are men. Upon the husband's death or separation, a woman cannot claim a legal right to property which is in the husband's name.
+In Zambia, women did not have customary rights to own land or buildings, but this has changed with legislation, since independence. Married women, however, must have their husbands consent to any transactions.
+Current legislation in Swaziland was reported to forbid women's possessing land or property or engaging in contractual agreements. The position of women is aggravated by the existence of polygamy. Yet, the low position of women seems to contradict the realities of Swazi society. Historically, the country has a large number of women heads-of-household, as a result of male migration to South Africa (approximately 25,000 a year) and to urban areas. Women have been responsible for producing and maintaining their own shelter, but they have no access to land or property.
+In Egypt, women have the right to own land and property, if they can afford it. A woman automatically shares half the husband's property on marriage.
+The Caribbean seminar highlighted the Sou Sou land concept - the makings of a gender-aware policy on human settlements in Trinidad and Tobago. This concept allows for the development of an explicitly gender-aware approach to human settlements, so that the specific needs and aspirations of women for land and shelter can be understood and addressed. The Sou Sou land concept is a departure from the highly centralized, State-funded and bureaucratized system of settlement planning. It offers an opportunity for opening up dialogue on the variability of the social and economic situation of women who seek land and shelter as a fundamental human right. The non-zoning approach to land use and the organization of shelter, with respect to the provision and use of space, implicitly recognizes the triple role of women, in the home, at work and in the community particularly in the informal sector of the economy. All three can be brought together under one roof, so to speak, thereby
+alleviating hardship for those women who must, of necessity, reconcile their triple involvements related to production, reproduction, and the management of both the domestic household and community action groups.
+The Sou Sou land approach does not appear to assume that the household of the beneficiary needs to be male-headed. Financial viability is definitely not tied to the usual demand that there must be a strong collateral base linked to criteria, such as set income levels, proof of employment stability, and a credit record. While putting the burden of responsibility for financing settlement on the beneficiaries, this approach sustains the idea of State support by categorizing beneficiaries (e.g., squatters and non-squaflers), by initiating the collection of "hands," or partial payments, from would-be beneficiaries and by making provision for a Government-arranged savings plan to be used for land purchase.
+A gender-aware settlement policy requires sensitivity and responsiveness to the social and functional literacy levels of the large number of working women who need shelter. The communication network to make this happen must be "user-friendly." For example, in Trinidad and Tobago, community meetings are conducted to alert the citizenry to the need to participate in the determination and resolution of settlement problems.
+Such meetings, which are held regularly in community centres or other suitable areas in the town or village, allow for face-to-face contact and understanding between settlement administrators and the people. Through such networking, the sensitivity of these "grassroots" planners, many of whom have subsequently assumed public office in Trinidad and Tobago, can be easily attuned to the gender-aware dimension of development planning for settlements.. The incumbent Minister of Settlements, for example, is a former Sou Sou land administrator, involved from the inception of the project. Her commitment to the institutionalization of the Sou Sou land concept, as an integral part of multisectoral State planning is highly regarded. So too, is her dedication to the task of uplifting the status of women in society. This augurs well for the movement to develop a distinctly gender-aware policy on shelter needs.
+Looking at the land issue from the perspective of development and the environment, the recent environmental report, Our Common Future, points out that, in many countries where land is very unequally distributed, land reform is a basic require meet. Without it, institutional and policy changes, meant to protect the resource base, can actually promote inequalities by shutting the poor off from resources and by favouring those with large farms, who are best able to obtain the limited credit and services available. By leaving hundreds of millions without options, such changes can have the opposite of their intended effect, ensuring the continued violation of ecological imperatives.
+2. Action needed to be taken
+The primary focus of the recommendations from all the seminars, concerning women and land ownership, centred on legal aspects. There was a consensus that gender-awareness needed to be institutionalized in the formulation and execution of public policy. For that reason, they called for efforts to develop strategies for sensitizing policy-makers, technocrats, administrators, NGOs and other agencies to:
+(a) Take account of the capability and needs of women in human settlements development and land tenure rights;
+(b) Act on the principles stated in the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, by establishing and implementing an equal-opportunity policy on land, by removing all customary and legal constraints which prevent access by women (including women heads-of-household) to land, by enforcing positive discrimination in favour of women, by setting up a publicity campaign aimed at informing women of their rights and, above all, by using planning power to make land available to the poorest group of the population;
+(c) Ensure that planning standards and zoning regulations take into account the need for spatial arrangements allowing women to function as producers, reproducers and community members.
+It was agreed that governments should use regulatory powers to intervene in the urban land market in order to release land for low-income housing which would otherwise remain vacant or be designated for other uses. Governments should also consider including land-sharing the partitioning of a plot of land owned by one set of people and occupied by another - as a housing service. Such a mechanism has been applied successfully in Bangkok. Rural homesteads for women heads of families and single women could take the form of condominiums. Finally, governmental and non-governmental agencies should activate "grassroots" efforts such as the Sou Sou land strategy described above.
+<section>C. Women and construction</section>
+1. Findings
+In all regions, a large portion of the contribution of the labour of women to the construction sector is channelled through the family or the community and concentrated in the informal sector, particularly in rural and poor urban areas. Much of that labour is, therefore, unrecognized and unremunerated. In addition, the labour contributed by women is considered not to involve skills worthy of upgrading for improved human settlements development.
+There is a great deal of cultural variation in the involvement of women in shelter and infrastructural development. Where cultural constraints control the social activities of women outside the home, their work contribution is often confined to the improvement of the family shelter unit. Where cultural norms do not prohibit the participation of women in "outside" activities, their contribution provides an important element in shelter and infrastructural development.
+The participation of women in the formal construction sector is amazingly low - more so in developing than in industrialized countries. Reliance on high technology and imported materials in urban formal construction seems to have pushed women out of a sector in which they have traditionally played an active role. While women have achieved some penetration into the professional ranks of the sector, i.e., as engineers and architects, women constitute a minority among all ranks and levels of employment in the formal sector. Indeed, the female participation ratio in construction is far below the average for all industries.
+According to International Labour Office statistics, female participation in construction in 1984 ranged between 0.18 and 18.84 per cent and averaged less than 5 per cent for countries for which data were available. The ratio tends to be highest in industrialized countries, because of the high ratio of clerical and related workers included in the count. In developing countries, however, women tend to be hired as production workers. Again, regional variations are significant. The participation of women in construction is particularly low in African countries, whereas, in several Asian countries, such as the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand, the female ratio is relatively high.
+Lack of training is one of the most limiting constraints to the participation of women in construction. Proper training of women could mobilize unemployed or underemployed labour, promote a balanced distribution of jobs in the construction industry, and help women to acquire shelter through self-help construction. However, existing conventional training institutions do not have the capacity to train the required numbers of skilled and professional workers, and their training programmes are not comprehensive enough for the range of activities in the construction industry.
+It was pointed out that training should not become an end in itself. The link between training and employment has to be made clear. Training, without job placement, credit, or technical assistance for resulting small businesses, is ineffective.
+A training programme for Caribbean women in non-traditional skills was launched to provide an orientation for women in plumbing, refrigeration and electrical installation, that would allow them to assess whether they would wish to pursue long-term training in those areas. Eighteen young women between the ages of 18 and 25 participated - fourteen from Grenada and four from from Dominica and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. After the assessment, a special two-year accelerated programme was planned for the Grenada participants, most of whom did not have the initial academic qualifications to enter the regular programme at the Grenada Technical and Vocational Institute (GTVI). They did, however, have the potential to complete the entire technical training, and graduates will receive the normal GTVI diploma. Programmes for women in non-traditional fields are being started in other Caribbean countries and are benefiting from direct contact with the Grenada programme. In Dominica,
+participants are being helped to undertake apprenticeship programmes that will qualify them to enter the technical college, if they wish.
+An alternative to the technical colleges is exemplified by the Jamaican experience. The Women's Construction Collective initiated a programme for women, consisting of three months' basic training in carpentry and masonry. The women go directly on to work sites as paid apprentices and, as their skills develop, work their way up to fully-paid workers. At the beginning of the programme, 10 women were trained - with commitments from contractors to place them on-site on a trial "job audition" basis. Every woman who had auditioned had been hired, and the group then expanded (with national and international support) to 34 women from different communities. At the end of the course, more than 90 per cent of the women trained had been placed in employment that used their skills in plumbing, masonry, carpentry, electrical-installation, painting, and steelwork.
+Little by little, examples of women's construction training programmes are beginning to appear in all regions. As in Jamaica, training can lead to jobs and an income, and the construction industry acquires skilled labourers. In addition, employers are reporting the positive influence of women on building sites. In Jamaica, in addition to productivity increases, violence and pilfering decreased. It should be noted, however, that, it women are to be accepted in the use of these new skills, it is necessary to take measures to change the negative attitude of building-site supervisors.
+Another important facet of the construction sector is the choice and use of building materials. The critical role of the informal sector, which accommodates a large proportion of women's work, and the importance of promoting small-scale indigenous building-materials production are largely unrecognized. As a result, the effective participation of women in the shelter sector, as beneficiaries and contributors, is hindered. The importance of the informal sector in the construction of shelter is clear. In many urban areas of developing countries, up to 70 per cent of the population lives in buildings constructed by the informal sector, and rural housing is almost exclusively built by self-help and/or through the informal sector, which also produces a large proportion of the building materials used by the poor.
+The choice of building materials is important for women, both as potential employees of the construction sector and as users of shelter and infrastructure. The use of imported building materials, produced with capital-intensive high technology, not only reduces employment in the national construction industry, but also diverts limited resources from employment-generating activities to other sectors. Traditionally, building materials have been readily available to both rural and urban people, because they have been obtained from the local surroundings. They took many forms - earth in the form of bricks, mud or adobe, fired by heat, sun-dried or solidified by stabilizing agents (lime, dung, ash, shell etc.); wood as timber - poles, beams, shingles, rods and branches; vegetable products, such as bamboo, reeds, palm leaves and grasses; skins and cloths; and stones, sands, gravel, lime, gypsum and cementitious mortars. New industrial products have recently taken over the market,
+supported by rules and regulations, standards and codes, and financing and credit facilities. Some of the new materials have become accessible for popular consumption - concrete wall blocks, flooring slabs and roof panels; asbestos-cement and steel sheets for roofing; steel rods and window frames; plywood panelling. Yet, these materials do not necessarily provide durable or comfortable shelter, are often more expensive than traditional materials and can have serious negative effects on health.
+The majority of developing countries have followed a policy of import substitution, establishing local industries which produce materials identical to those previously imported, e.g., machinery and equipment. What is needed, instead, participants pointed out, is the adaptation of indigenous low-cost building materials that require minimal amounts of capital and foreign exchange and make use of locally available raw materials and skills in small-scale operations. The financial benefits of such a policy could be great. Construction prices could be lowered to a range affordable by low-income populations with the use of such inexpensive local materials; since, with proper design and treatment, they can last a long time. This would create significant savings in building and maintenance costs as well. Such a strategy would especially benefit women.
+For women, the choice of appropriate building materials is very closely linked to their specific roles and associated needs as entrepreneurs, construction labourers, traders, or users of shelter and infrastructure. In construction work, small, light components could easily be handled by women who, with training, could play an important role in the installation of electrical, plumbing and sanitary systems and in the installation and maintenance of ceramic tiles and sanitary ware. As consumers of building materials, women have very specific needs. In Queretaro, Mexico, for instance, 27 per cent of families live in houses which are mixtures of brick and board, with earth floors. Women had been demanding floor materials which were easy to clean and maintain. The informal sector could easily produce soil-cement or lime-pozzolana blocks and clay tiles to meet such needs.
+There is an enormous range of small-scale production units in developing countries, producing a variety of building materials. In the Philippines, for instance, cottage industries produce bamboo, bricks and roofing materials on a substantial scale. In Indonesia, small-scale building-materials industries in both rural and urban areas (mostly unorganized, labour-intensive cottage industries run in traditional ways) produce clay bricks, tiles, cement products, lime, bamboo, timber elements, stone, gravel, sand and pozzolana-lime blocks. In Sri Lanka, small-scale and traditional production units produce bricks, country tiles, sand, and lime, supplying more than 35 per cent, by value, of the total building materials used in the country. In China, 80 per cent of the building materials, including bricks, tiles, fly ash, sand and stone, and 64 per cent of the cement is produced on a small scale by building brigades and communal enterprises.
+In all these small-scale production units, women and, even, children play an important role in the production line, and there is scope for women to have an entrepreneurial role as well. Production in small units, located close to markets, creates local employment and lowers transport costs. It is not necessary to acquire large amounts of land through the formal market for installations. Finance, too, can often be informally acquired. Training of labour is done on the job through apprenticeship, with women and youths doing their share. Locally made machinery and tools are used, and, when foreign machines are brought in, innovative solutions are found to cope with any lack of spare pads.
+While the question of infrastructure in connection with construction projects was not a specific topic of the regional seminars, it was woven throughout the discussions. in all countries in all regions, it was stressed that women tend to suffer most from inadequate water and sanitation services. An enormous amount of a woman's energy is spent in procuring water from distant places. Where water supplies are contaminated, as is often the case, women have the task of nursing the sick or seeking health care to combat waterborne diseases. Inadequate sanitation services also contribute to the high incidence of disease in slums and squatter settlements and in rural areas. In all instances, children are an especially high-risk group.
+Because of their traditional roles, women are the key target group for all water and sanitation projects in both rural and urban areas. Yet, in planning and development for shelter projects, authorities and, in households headed by men, husbands often prevent women from participating in various aspects of housing projects and infrastructural services. To look at housing construction without infrastructural supports bodes ill for the quality of life of a community. Women know this only too well. They are primary users who take care of their families' needs and promote behavioural change. It makes good sense that they should be involved from the planning stage onward.
+2. Action needed to be taken
+Researchers, women's organizations and NGOs should collaborate in a plan of action concerning women and shelter construction, including: campaigns for changes in social attitudes and public policy; development of technical courses in building for women; promotion of self-help, low-income housing schemes that include infrastructural support; and recognition of the need for full participation of women.
+Programmes should focus on women's interest in entering non-traditional fields and should initiate training programmes, keeping in mind lessons learned from others' experience. The following points are from the Caribbean experience in this area:
+(a) Assess the market - the need or local demand for certain skills and potential job opportunities;
+(b) Allow adequate time for pre-planning and preparation - clarify objectives and assess available human and material resources;
+(c) Ensure thorough screening of participants, taking into account their level of education and seriousness of purpose, in particular paying attention to upgrading female trainees' competence in mathematics and basic science skills, so that they are not at a comparative disadvantage in relation to their male counterparts;
+(d) Begin with an orientation programme for potential trainees to help them understand what will be expected of them during the training programme - this will also provide important guidelines for the training programmes;
+(e) Sensitize tutors to the situation/needs and learning styles of women trainees, as well as the inter-relatedness of the various skills being taught;
+(f) In addition to basic theory, include appropriate tools for "hands-on" experience, as well as a personal development component to foster self-confidence and group cohesion and to cope with attitudes that trainees are likely to face in society;
+(g) Pay particular attention to the needs of trainees who have children, so that their participation is not constrained by their domestic responsibilities;
+(h) Ensure that the programme design includes exposure to role models of local trades-women, as well as audio-visual presentations by women working in different fields in the region;
+(i) Contact governmental and private agencies to get their commitment for apprenticeship and job opportunities for trainees;
+(j) Document the training experience, particularly the factors that promote or inhibit women's participation, and disseminate to authorities and other groups interested in promoting such programmes.
+Governments should take measures to incorporate women in general adult education programmes - specific classes for women's groups in locations accessible to them, with childcare facilities as needed, would be appropriate. NGOs and community groups should pressure authorities to look at the needs of poor women, promote co-operatives or building groups based on existing communities, and promote building materials, products and industries based on local natural resources.
+<section>D. Women and housing finance</section>
+1. Findings
+The world survey on the role of women in development, prepared by the United Nations for the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development, Peace, suggested that the stabilization policies employed by many developing countries, in an attempt to cope with the world economic crisis, had affected women, particularly poor women, more negatively than they had men. While recent trends in the financing, insurance, real estate, and business service sectors had been found favourable to the employment of women, the occupational status of women in that sector had not improved significantly. Women tended to be clustered at the bottom of the ladder; their visible under-representation at the policy-making and decision-making levels contributed to the lack of consideration for women's concerns in the formulation of both macro policies and institutional rules and procedures.
+The economic and financial policies, the priorities of financial institutions and the rules and procedures commonly employed for loans, mortgages and other forms of credit in both the formal and informal sectors have put women at a significant disadvantage in acquiring credit for housing, as well as for other types of investment in the housing sector. The constraints on women in obtaining housing finance are societal and operational, having to do with social prejudices and institutional practices. On the one hand, there is no social and economic recognition of the contribution made by women to the household; on the other, the income women earn outside the home, in the formal and informal labour markets, is viewed as "secondary", because it is disproportionately generated at the bottom of job hierarchies under unstable and temporary circumstances. Even when women are the sole or main supporters of their families, societal norms in general - and laws, regulations and
+institutional practices in particular - discriminate against them.
+Loans taken to finance dwelling units are large, entailing long-term (10-25 years) repayment, require legal-tenure documentation and cover only a percentage (usually 60-80 percent) of the price. Conventional lending institutions need to safeguard their capital, and applicants, thus, have to provide proof of an adequate and dependable (usually interpreted as formal employ meet) income as well as of ownership of the property. Applicants also have to provide a down-payment of 25-40 per cent of the cost of the dwelling unit. However, experience shows that many low-income applicants, especially women, have difficulty raising even 10 per cent.
+The problems of down-payment requirements and savings are closely related. A woman's lack of formal savings precludes her from access to loans for house-building. Results of an International Centre for Research on Women survey of women heads-of- household who had applied for housing in the Solanda project at Quito, Ecuador, for example, showed that only 15 per cent of the women surveyed who were eligible in terms of income had sufficient savings to make a down-payment on a minimum-cost housing unit. Seventy per cent had savings that were not even half the minimum down-payment; and, even where the value of liquid assets, assuming stringent divestiture, had been calculated and added to savings, only 46 per cent of them could raise the minimal down-payment required. Unfortunately, reduced down-payment requirements would not necessarily improve the access of women to housing projects, because of the trade-off between low down-payments and high monthly payments.
+Even where women do have savings, they might not be able to afford both the down-payment for the scheme and the costs of housing their families during the construction period. In sites-and-services schemes, people have to continue renting while they construct a habitable unit on the plot. That means having to find money not only for rent and materials but also for transport between the two sites.
+Other factors are no less important in hindering the access of women to finance. For instance, women might be discouraged from obtaining an application form because of the payment required - money which they prefer to use to purchase staple food rather than to gamble on a "housing lottery"; or they might lack information on the availability of loan opportunities. Then again, women might simply lack the time or child-care support facilities to allow them to travel to commercial institutions, often inconveniently located vis-à-vis poor communities.
+Participants of all regions noted that women have not been recognized as a special group of housing beneficiaries or contributors. Their view was that the removal of conventional barriers to women's participation in socio-economic life and the encouragement of women to assume new responsibilities in the development effort in general are an important prelude to their full participation in all aspects of human settlements development. Accessibility to housing finance is a critical factor at both levels of involvement.
+In Peru, the National Housing Programme proposes to establish the Housing Mortgage Bank which is seen as a significant step towards the financing of public lending institutions with the proviso that low-income groups be accorded priority.
+The Government of Saint Christopher and Nevis encourages private-sector housing development to provide housing for low-income and middle-income earners. In implementing its housing policy, the Government will give due consideration to social infrastructure, recreational facilities and community development programmes. In its Low-income Housing Programme of 1987, 56 per cent of the houses went to women. In order to provide financial assistance to house-owners, the Government did not ask for a down-payment. The applicant paid $EC100 as one year's insurance and paid the cost of one month's rent. Today, the same system is followed. A building-and-repair loan programme was also put in place, so that sugar workers and employees of the Central Housing and Planning Authority could borrow up to $EC10,000 for house repairs or purchases. From 1983 to 1987, 28 loans were granted, 50 per cent of them going to women.
+Participants from Uganda reported that their Government had not taken action on counteracting the effects of inflation and its effects on prices of building materials. There have been some instances, in squatter-settlement upgrading schemes, where women have borrowed money for house construction but, because of increases in the cost of building materials, have been unable to complete the work.
+To overcome a similar problem in the United Republic of Tanzania, loans are provided systematically according to the different stages of house construction. The lenders check each stage of construction before issuing the next instalment. This system also allows for changes in interest rates.
+In Zambia, the Government provides loans at low interest rates for house construction and the provision of infrastructure, after every effort is made to mobilize individual and community financial resources and labour.
+In Egypt, the Government subsidizes special banks which facilitate loans to low-income households at low interest rates. It was reported that, although this system is appropriate for supporting low-income households, it is often misused by clients who apply for a loan to build a second house with the intention of renting it. The Government has now introduced stringent criteria, and only first-time owners can apply for a low-interest loan.
+In the Dandora sites-and-services project in Kenya, women were given financial support towards the cost of building materials, but, as the project developed, new contingency costs arose for which women were not prepared. The inclusion of a sewerage system increased the total cost of the units, and there was an increase in the price of building materials; but the women were unable to obtain extra loans from banks, because they did not fulfil credit requirements. Some women managed to raise the extra money from relatives and informal moneylenders to finish their units: others, particularly women heads-of-household, were unable to continue with construction. Partial subletting of rooms was allowed to provide women with extra income for loan repayment. Again, women heads-of-household were unable to take advantage of this measure, because their units had not been completed.
+In Sri Lanka, women, through their own efforts, had formed co-operative societies. They placed their savings in rural banks managed by women, and, when interest had accrued, small loans were made to members at a 6-per cent interest rate. That facility was especially useful to women in the low-income bracket, who might also be heads-of -household.
+The representative of the Philippines reported promising institutional reforms in that country. Lending policy had been altered to include private developers and a strong emphasis on low-income housing. The social housing package for low-income families provided funds for five to seven households which were then regarded as a mortgage unit. The self-employed in the informal sector were being recognized, and a mechanism for validating the informal income of low-income households had been introduced.
+That development should be particularly beneficial to women engaged in cottage industries. Another noteworthy development has been the promotion of livelihood projects at the community level. They were aimed at providing opportunities for women, who worked at essentially domestic chores and child-rearing, to engage in income-generating activities in their homes. That gave them an income which could be used for shelter and other human settlements improvements, while still allowing them to watch over the children. In general, housing finance in the Philippines was viewed as an integral component of the housing process. That meant that all financing packages were considered in connection with all other resources - land, building materials and labour.
+In Indonesia, some efforts were afoot to increase the access of women to finance. The formal banking systems had instituted small credit programmes aimed especially at grassroots people without collateral: women had equal access to such loans. However, women had not taken full advantage, owing to low confidence and limited knowledge about the necessary procedures. A programme had been established to provide information and skills to women entrepreneurs, to enable them to understand and use the available facilities offering credit. Plans were also being made for an information and consultation centre on financial matters for women.
+In India, housing is not regarded as an industry and, therefore, is not considered productive. Financial institutions give housing low priority, and about 70 per cent of the finance for housing comes from private sources. In high-income brackets, it comes mainly from such things as the sale of jewelry and other household assets. In rural areas capital is saved gradually in the form of building materials, and construction becomes a long, incremental process for low-income groups. Women suffer from restrictive credit facilities for housing. Because of their low incomes and the informal nature of their work, they fail to gain access to finance from banks and other formal institutions. It has been estimated that less than 1 per cent of the total loans made by banks went to women. The Government of India, therefore, decided to establish a National Housing Bank, so that women would have access to credit. Voluntary agencies have played an important role in implementing housing
+programmes. The India National Council of Women, for instance, established a programme for grassroots women to become familiar with finance procedures. One organization, SPARC, works with the pavement dwellers of Bombay to improve their condition through education, advocacy and access to credit.
+2. Action needed to be taken
+NGOs, CBOs and other relevant voluntary groups should advocate measures for the adaptation of terms and conditions of loans to meet the problems of affordability, creditworthiness, down-payment, and repayment by low-income women. Governmental and non-governmental groups should institute income-generating projects for women prior to the start of shelter projects, perhaps in the production of construction materials, and allow reduced initial payments that might gradually be raised as incomes increase. A revolving loan fund and a negative-amortization option might also be introduced.
+Groups could be made responsible for repayment of loans (as a substitute for employment and income as collateral for low-income women), or the possibility of loan-insurance systems and guarantee funds set up by government could be pursued. Some programmes might even accept vendor operating licenses and the house itself as collateral.
+Urban community groups could be encouraged to pool their savings to start their own credit systems - in much the same way as building societies when they were first begun. NGOs could be encouraged to disseminate the experience of successful women's credit systems (e.g., Grameen Bank in Bangladesh; Working Women's Forum, Madras, India; and Women's World Banking). This could encourage finance institutions to accept informal types of collateral, such as trusts or local leaders' guarantees. NGOs can also document self-employed women's repayment-performance records in the various regions and develop methods of assessing informal-sector activities and income and their impact on the lives of women and their families.
+<section>E. Community participation and communications and the implementation of programmes on women and human settlements</section>
+1. Community Participation
+The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) defines community participation as the voluntary involvement of people in making and implementing all decisions directly affecting their lives as well as the activities undertaken by low-income households, with or without outside assistance, to improve their living conditions. By this definition, community participation has always existed in the form of mutual aid in rural societies and was not invented by development agencies. However, with the rapid pace of urbanization in most countries, community participation has been given more attention and taken on new meanings and dimensions. It is sometimes viewed from outside the community as merely an "instrument" for causing change to happen, particularly in low-income settlements. This view has the limitation of organizing outside interventions by "mobilizing" the poor for achieving externally- conceived plans and programmes, rather than providing support for the
+empowerment of men and women themselves to determine the type, degree and direction of change they need and want - which is a basic tenet of democracy.
+While some governments are still reluctant to encourage the latter type of community participation, an increasing number of governments, as well as national and international agencies, have become aware of the importance of full community participation in housing schemes. The disappointing experiences with conventional human settlements programmes in developing countries have helped to convince some governments that it is beyond their financial and administrative capacities to plan for and provide shelter and basic physical and social services for the expanding numbers of poor rural and urban households.
+Instead, governments are recognizing the necessity of fostering and complementing the efforts and investments that poor families themselves are making to meet their basic needs. They are seeing that community participation not only can improve the chances of project success but is a human right - an end in itself. People have the right and responsibility to participate in the planning, implementation and management of projects which affect their lives. Community participation in human settlements development can also stimulate people to seek participation in other spheres of life.
+In an attempt to identify basic models for the application of community participation, the participants in the earlier series of seminars identified the following:
+(a) The first model (usually found in situations where governmental policies explicitly encouraged independent community action) placed final planning and decision-making at the settlements level and assigned agency and technical personnel to advisory and regulatory roles.
+(b) The second model saw the main planning initiatives in the hands of agencies, with community involvement limited to mere consultation on the plans. The pragmatic principle underlying that model was that, if the community agreed to the plans, it would not obstruct implementation and might prove co-operative in undertaking some role in the implementation and subsequent maintenance of development works.
+(c) The third model, which was still the most prevalent, was the "sweat-equity" approach. This confines community participation to individual or group contributions of labour to the construction of houses, the installation of infrastructure or the carrying out of some services, such as garbage collection or drain-cleaning.
+Participants identified several constraints that have been encountered when introducing community participation in human settlements programmes, including difficulties in altering established administrative procedures. National housing authorities and local governments did not enter into serious dialogue with communities but, instead, restricted community participation to the mobilizing of controlled self-help in housing construction and of labour contributions to infrastructure projects. Too often, government officials, whether professionals at the national planning level or technicians at the local project level, have been unwilling to change their established perspectives and procedures, to allow sharing of information and decision-making. As a result, the projects they initiate might be designed and implemented without any real consideration of the particular community's human and financial capacities.
+Other dimensions of the attitudinal resistance of bureaucrats to community-participation approaches resulted from their genuine concern to maintain standards and procedures, as well as from a conservative mentality and a desire for predictable results within a preconceived time-span. Some of these attitudes can be changed over time, particularly if efforts are made to modify institutional links and internal reorganization and agencies (and recruitment of appropriately skilled personnel) is undertaken. Some of the obstacles to realizing the full potential of community participation derive from the fact that it is very new to agencies and to national administrative systems as a management strategy. It cannot be reduced to a tightly scheduled set of fixed procedures that can be replicated in every community. On the contrary, although the concept is transferable, its practical applications vary in accordance with the people, history, and conditions of each community.
+The poor, particularly women, find the greatest difficulty in being informed about, participating in and benefiting from intended community-based projects. When families are struggling to survive and putting in long hours at low-income employment, they usually have little time or energy to attend project meetings and participate in various required activities at specified hours. The limited physical capacity to participate is often compounded socially and psychologically by vexed neighbourhood relationships, by distrust and fear of officials accumulated from early negative encounters and by despair of any change going in their favour. In many cases people, who have experienced severe physical deprivation and have been downtrodden for too long react negatively to pressures to participate, and the whole process might only serve to deepen their isolation.
+There are many other context-specific factors which hinder the participation of a community as a whole, including heterogeneity along economic, racial, ethnic, religious or political lines (and, as stressed earlier, there is also the culturally- biased gender factor). Often, the social and economic vulnerability of the poorest families forces them to seek the patronage or protection of others more affluent and better connected than they. Such patrons can deliver certain services and have contacts with prominent people and governmental officials which might prove of some benefit to their client families. The important point is that, whether they are genuine patrons or exploitative impostors, they have a vested interest in reinforcing attitudes of dependence among the people. Such attitudes and the social patterns crystallized by them are often difficult to change.
+Participants pointed out that, where autonomous community organization was perceived by a government to constitute a threat to national stability, the degree of participation was usually very low. Established top-down patterns of decision-making were confined to activities of priority to government. Whatever has been achieved in social and physical terms through such participation could not be expected to be sustained, maintained or developed.
+Even where governments were sincerely disposed towards fostering grass-roots participation in determining the directions of human settlements development, historical and contextual factors often constrained the capacity and willingness of communities to participate. High expectations about what newly established governments could deliver to their citizens sometimes resulted in communities being unwilling to participate in activities such as mutual-aid construction of settlements infrastructure, which they perceived to be the responsibility of their government. Frequent political changes damaged the potential for community participation, because programmes of a participatory nature did not have enough time to nurture the commitment and participation of hesitant staff and sceptical communities before they were scrapped and replaced by other programme approaches.
+In most developing countries, the very centralized administrative systems that have been developed are not well-suited to the task of developing partnerships with communities at the local levels. Generally, local municipal authorities are not staffed with technicians who have been trained in participatory skills or who have been accorded the necessary discretionary or decision-m -king powers to enable them to engage communities in effective participation.
+It has also been observed that frequently the status accorded to community development departments and to community-development workers has been relatively low: that usually became a serious obstacle to the department's attracting able personnel to carry out crucial functions. All too often, community development work was seen as an optional activity rather than as the key to success of a project, and budget allocations reflected that attitude.
+In the previous sections, where women and policy, land, construction and finance were discussed, many of the recommendations that were made have direct implications for community participation. Rural and urban communities are where poor and low-income women are already carrying out their daily subsistence tasks, including house-building. This is not always counted as community participation but it is indeed contributing to the welfare of the family and the community.
+A quantum leap in strategic planning is required to provide women with options and channels to resources for the integral and sustainable development of human settlements at the community level. This will require a demonstration on the part of governments of a strong political will, supported by a sound systematic plan for sensitizing officials and technicians and for implementing national "enabling" strategies that bring together the governmental, for-profit and voluntary sectors in new partnerships- with the full participation of women in the creation of housing, essential water and sanitation services, transport and employment Opportunities. NGOs can help "ready" communities to participate in these partnerships, by encouraging the start-up of CBOs. CBOs have begun to spring up all around the world, and a large percentage of them are women's organizations. The seminars identified many groups, too numerous to include in this document, whose experiences in organizing,
+motivating, and training community women and men in the participation process (i.e., planning, training, implementation and assessment) can be helpful to others. The participatory approach may be considered by many officials to be slow, but it stands the best chance of producing sustainable results in the long run.
+2. Communications
+While the fundamental causes of underdevelopment are essentially structural, it is increasingly recognized that deficiencies in information and communication processes are among the causes of policy, programme and project ineffectiveness and failure. Each of the seminars devoted time to the discussion of information and communication as an essential policy instrument in support of human settlements development. The impediments to and essential elements of communication methods were given detailed attention that is beyond the scope of this document to present. Each seminar discussed the steps that might be taken to develop a communication strategy for the implementation of specific national policies, programmes and projects.
+It was pointed out, time and again, that women have been excluded from the information chain and that, because information is power, it is critical that links be established for their inclusion. If low-income communities, especially the women, do not have knowledge of the plans, programmes, and resources available to improve their communities and are not aware of their actual and potential roles, as well as of the constraints to participation in human settlements programmes, they are unlikely to exercise their rights and responsibilities in this area. If decision-makers and the general public are not provided with information and knowledge about the current contributions of women to human settlements, as well as the obstacles that must be removed in order for them to participate fully as contributors and beneficiaries, they are unlikely to respond appropriately to the needs, rights and responsibilities of women and their communities. Therefore in addition to the need for
+information, knowledge or data on human settlements, there is a need for communication - or means of transferring or relating this information to others. This calls for a range of social exchanges, i.e., transmitters and receivers on the personal and institutional levels.
+At a recent Seminar on Women and Media in Asia, the status of women in the communications media, the skill-development needs of women in different communications media and the portrayal of women by communications media were examined. The Seminar noted that issues tended to relate to educated and urban women, with very little attention given to rural women who constitute the majority in Asian countries. The Seminar also identified the need for training in order for women to increase their participation in communications professions and related activities.
+The content of what is communicated should also be given high priority. Women's organizations, particularly community- based organizations, have an important role to play in collecting data on the views of women on housing and infrastructure and making them known to the relevant authorities and the local communications media. This cannot be overstressed as the voices of women have for too long gone unheard on matters that directly affect them and their families. It is a known fact that many women and villages have been targets of research the results of which have not been shared with the women themselves or with decision-making authorities.
+Participatory or action-oriented research is an approach that is being employed frequently. It involves women in a partnership with professionals (often students from local universities) in the collection of data on the community and analysis of the data from a woman's perspective. This not only provides baseline data for project design but is a tool for educating women and other community members on the history and current situation of their community. The information and analyses can also be communicated to authorities as a basis for advocating the type and direction of human settlements interventions needed and desired.
+As communication implies dialogue, methods must be devised - with the collaboration of governmental and non-governmental agencies - to communicate policies, programmes and the availability of resources to women and their communities. Seminar participants cautioned that modern media, such as print and radio, often did not reach low-income women who have no time to listen to radio announcements, do not have radios or are illiterate. They found interpersonal communication to be an effective means not only of disseminating information but of effecting behavioural change. Demonstrations, verbal presentations, and displays had also been used to good effect.
+<section>F. Conclusion</section>
+It was apparent, from the discussions in all the seminars, that there was a universal concern about the lack of awareness of and attention to the question of women and human settlements. Participants underscored the urgency of working to place this question high on the agenda of national and international governmental agencies, as well as on the agendas of women's organizations. Another area of concern, highlighted across all regions, was the global trend of random urban growth that was having devastating effects on the urban poor everywhere, i.e., slum living conditions that were not only physically intolerable and psychologically impoverishing to the entire family but also particularly debilitating to the energy and status of women. The position of women heads-of-household and single women was another area of concern that regional participants insisted should be given special study and action, along with study of the informal sector and the importance it has in the lives
+of low-income urban/rural women and the general economy.
+There was a heightened sensitivity to the need for women to find ways of working together with men at all levels and of establishing partnerships between poor-community women and professional women from other economic levels. In this regard, it is recognized that NGOs played an important role in joining their knowledge and skills to the knowledge and skills of low-income women and in helping to organize community-based women's organizations, skill-training programmes, advocacy for policy change, infrastructure and services, and participatory human settlements development. NGOs generally were flexible and adaptable, and could open up cost-effective ways for governments to invest in local communities.
+Another concern of the seminars was the lack of accurate data on the contributions and needs of women. That constituted an obstacle to women's, particularly poor women's, ever achieving the full benefit of development. Participants called upon national and international agencies to develop systematic disaggregated data-collection methods and gender-sensitive analyses for all facets of human settlements plans and programmes. Some initiatives were under way and should be encouraged to develop indicators for measuring the impact on women and their families of action taken in the human settlements areas covered during the seminars, e.g., policy, land, construction, finance, community participation and communication.
+<section>Part two: overview of the interregional seminar to promote the full participation of women in all phases of the global strategy for shelter to the year 2000</section>
+Introduction
+In his opening address to participants at the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in All Phases of the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000, Dr. Arcot Ramachandran, the Executive Director of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) said;
+Of one conclusion has emerged from the regional seminars, it is the recognition that without the mobilization and participation of women - and the removal of obstacles to their full participation - the goal of the Global Strategy of providing adequate shelter for all cannot and will not be met."
+The establishment of this basic premise by the Executive Director at the outset of the Seminar helped to allay some concerns of the participants that their work toward the design of a strategy might marginalize women from the mainstream implementation of the Global Strategy. Recommendations made by women about women too often have that kind of result. Because the Global Strategy has already been designed and is on its way to being elaborated and implemented by national governments, it is imperative that the strategy for the full participation of women also be elaborated immediately and be given priority in the formulation of national strategies for shelter.
+Another basic premise of the Seminar was that the goal of improving shelter conditions for all must give priority to the poor and that, as the Executive Director said:
+"in the world of the urban and rural poor, it is the women who are more often than not the poorest of the poor, and this is why one can speak with some justification of the 'feminization' of poverty in the third world, a condition that is most shockingly visible in the slums and squatter settlements which are such a prominent feature of the urban landscape in the developing countries."
+This premise, the Seminar participants emphasized, makes it essential that formulation of the strategy for women's full participation be made not only at the global and national levels but at the community level as well, i.e., community strategies for shelter.
+<section>A. Objectives of the Seminar</section>
+The Seminar, which was held at the headquarters of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) at Nairobi from 4 to 8 December 1989, was clearly a participatory event. Women (governmental and non-governmental) who had attended the five earlier seminars, observers, resource personnel and donor representatives (many of whom also had attended the earlier seminars) all participated in the discussions, and the active exchanges in the working groups laid the groundwork for eventual agreement on a strategy.
+The Seminar's objectives were:
+(a) To exchange information among regions on the experience each had had since the earlier seminars;
+(b) To develop a strategy for improving current practices and involving women in the implementation of the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000;
+(c) To recommend the types of technical and financial resources needed by governmental and non-governmental agencies in the implementation of the strategy developed during the Seminar.
+<section>B. Update on regional activities</section>
+Following a brief review of the findings of the earlier seminars, as highlighted in Part One of this document, participants made informal presentations on some of the actions that had been taken under the auspices of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat). Because there had not been time nor had provision been made for a systematic assessment in each country represented at the earlier seminars, the reports were more indicative than definitive. Nevertheless, they illustrated the types of actions taken in many of the countries.
+The participant from Zambia said that while no concessions were given to women, they were not discriminated against, either. After the earlier meeting held in her country, however, special attention was given to the issues of housing design and finance, and a new policy was being framed for implementation from 1990 onward.
+There was also some evidence that efforts were being made to treat women as a non-homogeneous group. The problems and needs of single women, women heads of-household, and women in other situations, for example, were being considered for discrete treatment.
+In Uganda, a Ministry of Women's Affairs, set up in 1988 under the President's Office, was conducting activities related to women and human settlements. Two projects had been launched to enable women to obtain loans without collateral.
+Kenyan participants cited progress through the Ministry of Co-operative Development, which had broadened the possibilities for poor women to acquire land. A national housing policy has been drafted, and a Commission on Urbanization was recently established. The Land-Use Commission provided land along the coast to landless people, and slum improvement programmes were increasing. The need for revision of inheritance laws, that deprived a woman of access to her husband's property if she had only daughters, was also noted. It was also pointed out that town planning regulations should be modified to take into consideration the need for land for food production, even in urban areas.
+Twenty-eight African governments and institutions have established and were co-operating through the Company for Habitat and Housing in Africa (Shelter-Afrique) to help the poorest of the poor in Africa. Governments, by and large, seemed to have realized that the need for housing of the poor was a challenge which had to be faced.
+The emphasis was on establishing income-generating activities and improving the housing and sanitary conditions of the poor.
+Indicative of the signs of advances being made in Asia were three developments inIndia since 1988:
+(a) The National Commission on Urbanization had been created to address the issue of land titles, which had become more acute in the urban context than in rural areas;
+(b) A National Housing Policy had been designed to cover the issues of access to land, housing finance, and the needs of the landless;
+(c) Indira Awas Ujna, a rural project, has initiated construction of houses in the joint names of husband and wife.
+There had also been some success stories in slum-improvement projects, and the Government has decided to set up a national housing bank and has asked other banks to support housing as well.
+Among significant developments in Pakistan were the creation of a People's Works Programme and the emergence of trends towards decentralization of authority to local governments. A five-point programme had been established, to include the regularization of slums and the creation and the development of small plots of land in urban and rural areas. The policies and programmes are directed to helping the poor in general but, it was pointed out, no special attention had been given to the specific needs of women.
+Some participants from the Latin American and Caribbean region reported having organized working seminars for town council officials and for professionals within ministries concerned with human settlements issues. However, because the economic and social situation in that region had become worse since the regional meeting at Buenos Aires in March 1989, the daily lives of poor women were becoming increasingly more difficult as a result of less employment, less investment, public and private, in housing, and deterioration in such public services as transport, health, water supply and education. Development of human settlements, therefore, had not received a high priority. Further, the number of women heads-of-household is increasing at a phenomenal rate as a result of war, natural disasters and the normal deterioration of the economic and social situation, while the gap of female unemployment was continuously widening compared with that for males.
+The Sou Sou land concept, that had been discussed during the Caribbean seminar, focused on providing an opportunity for dialogue on the social and economic situation of women who sought land and shelter as a human right. Based on that concept and practice, the National Housing Authority of Trinidad and Tobago had defined its strategic goals as bringing affordable shelter solutions to low-income groups in society, particularly female heads-of-household who headed 30-40 per cent of all households, and fostering and encouraging self-help and self-reliance in the provision of shelter and community facilities and the creation of sustainable human settlements.
+Participants underscored the need to reconcile the triple roles of women (production, reproduction and the managing of both the domestic household and community action groups) in shelter planning, to take into account the need for spatial arrangements allowing women to function adequately in those three areas. Research in Jamaica had found that, although 75 per cent of women who headed households were renters, housing policy did not address renters. Escalating speculation in urban land had eliminated "yards" and had commercialized open spaces. The aftermath of Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 had increased the housing crisis, particularly because relief had not reached renters.
+Members of the Habitat International Coalition (HIC) Women and Shelter Group spoke of the Plan of Action on Women and Shelter launched by HIC in April 1988. The Plan of Action was a response to the Regional Seminar on Women and Shelter held at Harare in 1987 in connection with International Year of Shelter for the Homeless (see annex 1). It called for the setting-up of a global network on women and shelter. This is currently based at the Mazingira Institute, Nairobi, and operates as an outreach system, collecting and disseminating information from and to NGOs and CBOs in the different regions, through focal points. The HIC Women and Shelter Group acts as a policy group which will be constituted by the network of NGOs and CBOs, as it grows, and should represent poor women in rural and urban settlements. The first issue of the HIC Women and Shelter Network Newsletter has been produced in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. It contains news from slums and other low-income
+settlements in several regions.
+The participants' statements indicated the following overall trends:
+(a) There had been a gradual change in attitudes about the need to focus on women and human settlements;
+(b) Policy-makers were beginning to view women as a force to be reckoned with, and women themselves were seeing the need to make their initiatives more visible;
+(c) There had been an increase in popular and women's organizations and in international networking;
+(d) The ease with which women worked in groups was a sign of hope as a "lead-in" to community level action.
+At the same time, several participants pointed out that housing did not always appear on women's lists of priorities. Priority was given to the need for food, water, sanitation, education, health, income-earning and transport, thus underscoring the wisdom of an integral approach to sustainable development of human settlements and addressing housing needs in that context.
+Participants continually returned to the premise that, they stressed, must be repeated over and over again, even at the risk of annoying those in authority, namely, that global, national and community strategies for shelter must give priority to the poor and, especially, the poorest of the poor who are women. As the global economic crisis widened the gap between the rich and the poor, it was all too easy to lapse into general rhetoric or into plans and programmes for the development of human settlements without a focus on the poorest populations who constituted the majority in most developing countries. The dramatic structural changes required for bridging that gap would necessarily affect those at highest economic levels. (At a discussion meeting after a site visit, participants added that equally dramatic structural changes were needed in community structures as well, i.e., poverty alleviation and strategies that simply managed poverty were not good enough.)
+C. The United Nations Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000
+The participants had before them General Assembly resolution 43/181, adopted on 23 December 1988, as a point of reference for the development of their strategy for the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000.
+The General Assembly had, among other things:
+(a) Adopted the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000;
+(b) Decided that the main objective of the Strategy was to facilitate adequate shelter for all by the year 2000, that the principal focus should therefore be on improving the situation of the disadvantaged and the poor, and that the following fundamental objectives and principles should form the basis of the Strategy:
+(i) Enabling policies, whereby the full potential and resources of all governmental and non-governmental actors in the field of human settlements are utilized, must be at the heart of national and international efforts;
+(ii) Women, as income-earners, home-makers and heads of households, and women's organizations fulfil a crucial role as contributors to the solution of human settlements problems which should be fully recognized and reflected in equal participation of women in the elaboration of housing policies, programmes and projects, and the specific interests and capabilities of women should be adequately represented in human settlements policy formulation and at all levels of government mechanisms for the implementation of housing policies, programmes, and projects;
+(iii) Shelter and development are mutually supportive and interdependent, and policies must be developed in full recognition of the important links between shelter and economic development;
+(iv) The concept of sustainable development implies that shelter provision and urban development must be reconcilable with sustainable management of the environment.
+(c) Designated the Commission on Human Settlements as the United Nations intergovernmental body responsible for co-ordinating, evaluating, and monitoring the Strategy, and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) as the secretariat for the Strategy and the lead agency for co-ordinating and monitoring the relevant programmes and activities of other United Nations organizations and agencies concerned.
+The general framework for the Global Strategy for Shelter was set up in the following plan of action:
+1989-1991:Establishment of national policies and strategies. Design of new institutional arrangements.
+1992-1994:Introduction of new institutional arrangement and strengthening of existing national programmes.
+1995-2000:Full-scale operation of national programmes. Progressive strengthening of institutions for activities beyond 2000.
+The plan of action fixes the responsibilities of the various actors: the Member States of the United Nations, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Commission on Human Settlements, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), United Nations agencies and organizations, multilateral and bilateral agencies and non-governmental organizations.
+It will be progressively updated and refined by the Commission on Human Settlements during its biennial sessions throughout the period up to the year 2000. A timetable, covering the period 1989-1991, is currently under implementation.
+D. A strategy for the full participation of women in all phases of the Global
+The intention of involving women as contributors to and beneficiaries of the Global Strategy for Shelter is eminently clear from the General Assembly resolution. The Interregional Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 was organized by the United Nations Centre for Human Strategy for Shelter Settlements (Habitat) to develop a strategy that would help transform that intention into a practical reality that could be acted upon.
+The strategy (plan of action) outlined below evolved from the discussions and workshops which centred their attention on regional findings and methods for eliminating obstacles to the participation of women in human settlements activities.
+Participants addressed two basic questions:
+(a) What is a gender-sensitive, enabling shelter strategy?
+(b) What is a gender-sensitive human settlement?
+In answer to the first question, the following links were emphasized between the enabling and the gender-sensitive shelter strategies:
+Enabling (removing obstacles)
+Gender-sensitive
+Using public-sector resources to facilitate and encourage action taken by other sectors: private (formal and informal) and the community
+Using public-sector resources to facilitate and encourage gender-specific action taken by other sectors (promoting women and women-in-development issues)
+Stimulating the use of untapped capacities and resources in all sectors
+Stimulating the use of untapped capacities of women (especially low-income women as individuals producers, home- makers and professionals); and effectively utilizing resources, including the managing and organizing skills of NGOs, CBOs and women's organizations
+Defining the complementary roles of the private and public sectors in the most efficient
+Recognizing and encouraging the role of women in the private and public sectors and defining way possible the complementary roles of those sectors by promoting full participation by women's governmental and non-govern mental organizations
+Concentrating direct public- sector involvement on tasks not covered by other sectors
+Concentrating direct public- sector involvement on tasks specifically relating to women and not covered by other sectors; also directing public- sector support to the poor, taking into account that the majority of the poor are women
+In answer to the second question, participants spoke in terms of the need for a "vision" (a term not uncommon to women and communities) of a gender-sensitive human settlement in order to work towards it. In familiar planning terms, there was a need to have a concept of what were the basic elements of a human settlement that took women, as well as men and children, into consideration.
+First and foremost, the approach is integral and participatory. From the beginning, the planning includes women as well as men (particularly the poor of all ethnic groups). It responds to women's perspectives (as well as men's) on the use and function of private and communal living and working space. It ensures the co-ordination of the services of agencies that take into account practical family needs for water, sanitation, waste-recycling, health, child-care and education. There is no gender division of labour, and the burden of domestic chores is lessened. Of particular relevance to housing, institutional forms of discrimination are eliminated by creating equal rights to land ownership and access to credit. There are opportunities for employment and/or income-generating enterprises for both men and women, with access to transport and markets. CBOs involving women are included in local-government planning and the implementation of programmes favourable to the sustainable
+development of the environment.
+From discussions in working groups on community participation, training, communication and the roles of government, private and community sectors, several points arose that indicated the direction participants thought the strategy for women should take:
+(a) As part of the Global Strategy for Shelter, it should focus on poor women and not try to cover all levels.
+(b) Within the Global Strategy for Shelter it is analogous to the "life blood" (as distinct from a limb) of the human system. There was no way to integrate the strategy for women in the Global Strategy; it is a vital part of it which had to become visible.
+(c) Its emphasis on progressively improving the conditions of women should ensure that the relations between male and female members of households and societies be structured in such a way that the advancements made by one generation of women were not lost to the next - and that new relationships were embodied in law.
+(d) It implied a "paradigm shift" - from focusing on central government to decentralizing planning and implementation to local-government and community levels. It should stress that NGOs should function as a bridge between the official male-dominated policy-making mechanism, with its interdisciplinary and technical language, and the practicality of local communities; that bridging should result in the emergence of a "shared language".
+(e) It required a new system of training and communication within the human settlements and shelter sectors which provided for "bottom-up" activities. It recognized that women are, in great numbers, excluded from the existing formal education system while they were very much involved in non-formal learning-by-doing processes which should be developed and facilitated. Training as a learning and capacity-building process was currently being carried out for women by NGOs and CBOs and should be put on the agenda of governments and receive adequate support by international agencies. The new strategy called for a system of communication which was dependent not upon documents and papers only but also upon the deliberate creation of attractive information means, such as video and radio programmes, conducive to open exchange. Negotiating and leadership capacities were skills that women should acquire through specific training programmes.
+(f) It should support the process of rethinking and reshaping the operational objectives and mechanisms and/or institutions of housing and human settlements, in order to be ready to function when governments wanted to "enable" NGOs and CBOs. Success ful approaches needed to be documented, and their results disseminated for wide use.
+(g) It should recognize and value the contributions of NGOs and CBOs, both of which should increase their network activities - horizontally and vertically, in furthering the goals of the strategy. Enlisting the co-operation of NGOs and CBOs should be accompanied, when possible, by financial assistance, by, for example, making contracts related to human settlements activities open to bids from NGOs and CBOs.
+(h) It should recognize that NGOs and CBOs had a vital role to play in closing the gap between government and the grass-roots, by being informed about governmental policies and programmers and by disseminating that knowledge for use by grassroots organizations. Conversely, they could make their knowledge about the conditions, needs and desires of grass-roots communities known to government and to society as a whole through the mass communication media. Institutional arrangements had to be worked out for NGOs to obtain local and national representation, participation in decision-making processes and financial resources in recognition of the intermediary role they were fulfilling.
+(i) It should support the development of partnerships within the family and the community, and (in the context of the Global Strategy for Shelter) among the public, private and community sectors. It should look for further elaboration, in the Global Strategy for Shelter, of the role of the private sector, on which topic the participants in the Seminar limited their discussions to the need for employment and assistance in the starting up of informal small businesses. Further elaboration was also needed on ways of ensuring equality in the development of those partnerships.
+(j) It should be set in the context of integral sustainable development of human settlements, as envisioned above. To that end, the strategy for women saw it as vital that there should be a further elaboration, in the Global Strategy for Shelter, of the infrastructural components needed in human settlements development, e.g., water, sanitation, roads and transport;
+(k) It implied a heavy reliance on the ability of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) to "enable" governments to make the strategy effective. One of the principal instruments would be the establishment of a focal point on women that would be provided with credentials and resources commensurate with the scope of the task assigned to it by the Commission on Human Settlements.
+<section>E. Plan of action</section>
+The Seminar participants developed a plan of action patterned after the Global Strategy for Shelter Plan of Action. The actions that need to be taken are identified specifically under:
+A. Member States;
+B. The General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Commission on Human Settlements and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat);
+C. United Nations agencies and organizations, multilateral and bilateral agencies and non-governmental organizations; and
+D. Local governments and community-based organizations, an addition to the list of actors in the Global Strategy Plan of Action which the seminar participants saw as a necessary and logical progression from the insistence that particular attention be given to poor women at the local-government and community level.
+The plan of action is set out in annex 1. The material in bold type is taken verbatim from the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000: Plan of Action 1989-1991.
+These items are included to indicate how the Women's Plan of Action meshes with the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+<section>F. Monitoring and evaluation</section>
+The Global Strategy for Shelter has been characterized as a framework for a continuous process towards the goal of facilitating adequate shelter for all by the year 2000. The strategy for women developed at the Seminar could also be described as an evolving framework for the process, to include the full participation of women, especially poor women, in the Global Strategy. As with the Global Strategy, the strategy for women would need to be monitored and evaluated continuously and modified accordingly.
+To ensure that each national strategy and programme on human settlements, assisted by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and other agencies, included a woman's perspective in its formulation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, the participants asked that the most critical and practical indicators concerning women and human settlements be developed in consultation and partnership with the Commission on the Status of Women, the United Nations Children's Fund, the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) and international women's organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, and be tested as soon as possible.
+With regard to evaluation, participants proposed that:
+(a) The Guidelines Manual of the United Nations Development Programme for technical cooperation project preparation be reviewed from the perspective of gender, making use of the findings of the earlier series of seminars and the strategy for the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter;
+(b) Technical co-operation projects and programmes incorporate indicators with gender differentiation (providing guidelines on, for example, disagregation by gender and income level among others) making use of the base-line data and impact-assessment system of the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the monitoring and evaluation recommendations and other studies related to human settlements development with a women's perspective.
+<section>G. Conclusion</section>
+In its resolution 9/9 of 16 May 1986 the Commission on Human Settlements recommended that:
+"... regional or subregional seminars be organized, within the framework of the preparations for the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in order to exchange experiences on pilot projects and to define and evaluate the role of women and the organizations that represent them, in the conception, financing and execution of such projects, such seminars to be funded from specific resources made available by Governments and organizations in a position to do so;" and in its resolution 10/17 of 16 April 1987 it urged:
+"... continuation of regional seminars initiated during the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless in order to exchange experiences on projects and to define and evaluate the role of women and the organizations that represent them, in the conception, financing and execution of such projects."
+This report has presented the findings of those seminars end outlined actions needed to be taken concerning women and human settlements issues, i.e., policy, land, construction and housing finance. It has also presented the outcome of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 which launched a strategy for the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000. The participants in the Seminar expressed the hope that the report would be used to inform the Commission on Human Settlements of the Seminar's views on the essential contribution of women and of organizations for women to the development and management of human settlements.
+The hope that the strategy for women would be taken as seriously as the drafters took the development of it stimulated the further hope that significant progress towards achieving the objectives of involving women at all levels of planning and implementation of human settlements policies and programmes, and of improving the residential/work environment of women, especially urban and rural poor women, their families and communities, would be seen by the year 2000.
+<section>Annex I: Suggested revision of the plan of action of the global strategy for shelter to the year 2000</section>
+<section>A. Member states</section>
+Review progress In implementing a national shelter strategy (NSS) and adjust action programmes in light of experience.
+Ensure that NSS is considered as an integral part of national economic-development strategies by:
+· Designating a person to co-ordinate the strategy for women in the key economic ministry;
+· Setting up a database system to support monitoring of NSS, with data collected as a normal procedure by gender, particularly those on households.
+Take immediate action to improve living conditions of women in low-income settlements; projects for upgrading which include the participation of women should be given priority.
+Strengthen the involvement of all participants in the shelter- delivery process.
+Strengthen legal and institutional frameworks.
+Expand the provision of training and information.
+Develop an integrated approach to gender-awareness in NSS by:
+· Forming or using existing interministerial committees (e.g., a national human settlements commission);
+· Including women's representatives in the national machinery to formulate policy and establishing training programmes for those women;
+· Ensuring that neighbourhood and women's groups are represented in local and national government;
+· Developing ongoing communications between community based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and ministerial levels;
+· Linking integrated sectoral committees with integrated ministerial committees;
+· Conducting workshops on gender-awareness for public employees, both male and female.
+Legislate to eliminate obstacles to women's equal access to housing, land, infrastructure, training, building materials and finance, with particular attention to the following points:
+· Land titles should be granted on a family basis;
+· Laws of inheritance and tenure rights should be non- discriminatory;
+· Women need to be informed of their rights, and their rights should be facilitated.
+Ensure that initiatives developed at the community level can be responded to at governmental level, by:
+· Mobilizing and distributing financial resources;
+· Ensuring financial support of NGOs that can provide the technical assistance needed for community groups to prepare proposals;
+· Ensuring that the improvement of living conditions meets the basic needs of those concerned;
+· Providing financial assistance, e.g., investments, grants and credit, needed by women to begin income-generating activities.
+Continue holding national workshops and support sub-regional seminars.
+Develop and integrated approach among government, the private sector and the community sector, and, especially, form or use joint co-ordination committees to ensure representation of women's agencies at all levels, e.g., women's bureaux, professional and business women's NGOs and CBOs.
+Ensure that workshops and seminars are held on women and shelter themes, to deal with:
+· Communication/information/education needed for women;
+· Training in participation, leadership, leadership skills, facilitation, concensus-building, caucusing, political organization and negotiation.
+Prepare monographs and case studies on selected aspects of NSS Create mechanisms for receiving proposals relevant to women's involvement in NSS;
+Develop videos to inform government officials of the needs of women;
+Prepare inserts in leading newspapers to highlight gender-sensitive shelter strategy;
+Remove obstacles to land delivery, infrastructure installation, building-materials output and construction productivity;
+Integrate approaches to planning settlements, through joint participation by agencies responsible for housing, services, health and transport and by women of the community;
+Make planning standards and design of technology gender-sensitive, through:
+· Legislation;
+· Training of planners and executives;
+· Consciousness-raising;
+· Policy reformulation.
+Relate water supply, sanitation, waste disposal and environmental management to gender-sensitive shelter strategies;
+Emphasize training for the participation of women in all aspects of the construction sector, including planning and management.
+Prepare a national report for submission to the Commission on Human Settlements at its thirteenth session and for worldwide dissemination.
+Ensure that recommendations of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 are taken into consideration in national reports.
+Observe World HABITAT Day (WHD) by highlighting the achievements to date and plans for the future.
+· Special attention should be given to the achievements of women within the chosen theme for WHD.
+<section>B. United Nations General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Settlements and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat)</section>
+Continue to provide Member States with substantive support for the formulation and Implementation of shelter strategies and assistance In obtaining technical assistance Ensure that gender issues are incorporated in an integrated manner across all sections of the Strategy from the very beginning, by:
+· Appointing a woman to the staff of the United Nations Centre for Human
+Human Settlements (Habitat) to facilitate implementation of the strategy for the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter;
+· Relating human settlements issues to other sectors of the economy and aspects of social life;
+· Establishing a link between the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and the Habitat International Coalition Women and Shelter Group for outreach on human settlements issues at the national, sub-regional, regional and inter-regional levels;
+· Involving other networks in these issues (e.g., Women and Law, Women and Environment;
+· Consulting with the Commission on the Status of Women, the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women and international NGOs.
+Plan an institutional framework to carry out the strategy for the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter, and establish a mechanism for maintaining dialogue between authorities and women's organizations in regard to:
+· Policy formulation;
+· Implementation;
+· Monitoring;
+Improve gender-sensitivity within all sections of the secretariat of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and the Commission itself through:
+· Training programmes in all divisions;
+· Placement of women at decision-making levels;
+· Presentation of the strategy for the full participation of women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to United Nations Development Programme Resident Representatives and to other United Nations agencies;
+· Giving of high priority in technical co-operation projects to the role of women and their participation in the conception, execution and maintenance of human settlements.
+Continue to prepare and disseminate information on the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+Increase public awareness dot the concern of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) with women and shelter issues, by:
+· Initiating mass media campaigns focusing on women and shelter within the Global Strategy for Shelter;
+· Featuring "women and shelter" in Habitat News.
+Set up a database system to support monitoring of the Global Strategy for Shelter and ensure that data collected are disaggregated and analysed by gender for:
+· Policy formulation;
+· Implementation;
+· Monitoring;
+(breakdown of data by age and gender should be established as a normal procedure. It is particularly important to have data on households as beneficiaries/participants of programmes including women-headed households).
+The Economic and Social Council will receive a progress report on the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+Carry out a follow-up evaluation on how recommendations have been carried out.
+Prepare a monitoring report on national action on the Global Strategy for Shelter for submission to the Commission on Human Settlements at its thirteenth session.
+Ensure that the recommendations of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 are taken into consideration.
+The Commission on Human Settlements at its thirteenth session will:
+(a) Review the monitoring report on implementation of the Global Strategy for Shelter;
+(b) Review and recommend targets and timetables for the second phase of the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+Place the final report of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 on the agenda of the Commission on Human Settlements at its thirteenth session.
+The Economic and Social Council will receive a progress report on:
+(a) Targets and timetables for the second phase of GSS;
+(b) The 1992-1993 work programme of UNCHS (Habitat).
+Ensure that the women's strategy on shelter is taken into consideration in progress report.
+The General Assembly will receive a progress report on the Global Strategy for Shelter.
+Ensure that women's strategies on shelter are taken into consideration.
+<section>C. United Nations agencies and organizations multilateral and bilateral agencies, and non-governmental</section>
+Circulate a summary of the report of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 to agencies.
+United Nations agencies and organizations, multilateral and bilateral agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Regional commissions will review their activities in:
+(a) Exchange of information on GSS;
+(b) Policy research on GSS issues;
+(c) Data collection for GSS.
+Incorporate the women's strategy in the review of activities of the regional commissions and other organizations and agencies with reference to:
+· Exchange of information on the Global Strategy for Shelter;
+· Policy research on Strategy issues;
+· Disaggregated data collection by gender;
+Donor agencies should re-evaluate their assistance policies and channel more of their funding assistance to projects which directly benefit women in the human settlements sector;
+Equal status should be given to NGOs and CBOs at international seminars;
+Regional United Nations offices and other international organizations should make use of the Habitat International Coalition Women and Shelter Network's focal points as sources of information, so that the voice of poor women can be strong and also channelled to policymakers;
+Projects should be identified that can become demonstration projects;
+Emergency support should be given to poor, peasants and urban dwellers, of whom women are the poorest, and to those suffering from threats of eviction or dislocation due to natural disaster, drought, war or other disturbances;
+Women's organizations should be brought together with policy- makers to discuss women's strategy issues in international fore;
+Gender-sensitivity should be improved within the donor community, by:
+· Demonstrating gender-based effects of specific loan conditionalities;
+· Analysing connections between poverty, environment and women's subsistence roles;
+The use of land by women for subsistence purposes (food, fuel), which is not planned for in land-use policies or economics, should be recognized and incorporated in the planning process.
+Other United Nations organizations and agencies will prepare annual plane for Global Strategy for Shelter activities
+Ensure that the recommendations of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 are taken into consideration.
+Multilateral and bilateral agencies and NGOs will be invited to submit annual plans for Global Strategy for Shelter activities.
+Ensure that the recommendations of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 are taken into account;
+Submit status reports to the Commission on Human Settlements at its thirteenth session.
+All agencies and organizations will be invited to participate In WHD celebrations to mark the end of the first phase of GSS to distribute Information material focused on this theme.
+<section>D. Local governments and community-based organizations</section>
+Circulate a summary of the report of the Seminar to Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 to CBOs;
+Local governments should become involved in NSS both in planning and implementation. Local governments should then channel information from and into the community to local decision-makers and poor women through:
+· Local meetings;
+· Traditional fairs;
+· Local social gatherings;
+· Posters;
+· Radio announcements;
+Strengthen the capacity and voice of activists within government and NGOs by:
+· Allocating financial resources for training programmes for interface personnel in NGOs and government agencies;
+· Ensuring the participation of these interface personnel on inter- ministerial and inter-sectoral committees;
+· Supporting direct donor contributions to NGOs and CBOs active in women's shelter strategies;
+· Including the representation of women's organizations in decision-making positions in bodies responsible for shelter programmes;
+· Developing vertical communication channels using existing women's organizations as facilitators at all levels;
+· Forming an umbrella organization for lobbying, networking and outreaching CBOs, and ensuring that there is local representation on its board;
+Publicize work implemented at the community level by:
+· Inviting decision-makers to specific functions so that they can see at first-hand what is happening and be informed of needs "on the spot";
+Neighbourhood women's groups should:
+· Identify their needs and priorities;
+· Establish their autonomy;
+· Develop an informal grassroots network;
+Training seminars for local groups should provide:
+· Information sessions;
+· Assertiveness training;
+· Videos on women's needs and women's issues;
+At the local level, there is need to:
+· Review and, if necessary, change zoning regulations to enable women to work for remuneration at home;
+· Use extension workers for outreach systems. (It is important to have independent extension workers employed by local NGOs, in addition to local government employees.)
+Women should be encouraged to become both small-scale and large-scale entrepreneurs through:
+· Practical training apprenticeships for unskilled women;
+· Skill-training programmes;
+· Credit facilitation;
+· Consciousness-raising.
+<section>Annex II: International year of shelter for the homeless regional seminar on women and shelter 30 November to 5 December 1987 Harare</section>
+This Seminar, supported by the Government of Sweden and planned in consultation with the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), was organized by the Governments of Zimbabwe and of Sweden and the Mazingira Institute, a Kenyan-based non-governmental organization (NGO) which is the home of Settlements Information Network Africa (SINA). The Seminar was the culmination of a year-long participatory process. Fourteen countries and two liberation movements were represented. Papers were presented by women in the settlements field, from central and local governments and from NGOs.
+An overview based on the papers and other documents served as the agenda for an action plan for women in three types of shelter situation - the urban poor, peasant women, and women living on plantations and other worksites. The 70 participants produced detailed action plans and a common statement, the Harare Statement on Women and Shelter:
+"The key role which women play in human settlements must be more fully recognized... It is up to us as women to organize and take action... Women's poverty and excessive burdens of unpaid work, including provision of basic services, limit their opportunities for action. These conditions are exacerbated by drought, war, famine and environmental degradation... As women become aware and informed of their situation... they can conscientize their children... This is the main step in a more generalized strategy of improving women's access to land, shelter, credit, training, better health and services, education and representation in decision-making bodies".
+There has been no formal follow-up, but informal networks of women who met at the Seminar and at the later seminar organized by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) in Zambia, have been involved in some joint projects, including proposals by African NGOs for support to grass-roots women's groups from Swedish NGOs. More focus on women's issues in the SINA programme on promotion of housing and construction co-operatives in the region has also resulted. Perhaps most directly, the Habitat International Coalition Women and Shelter Network, formed as a global follow-up to the meeting, addresses itself to the strategic need for more information from and to the grass-roots level through NGOs. It is hoped to hold more women and shelter meetings in the region between CBOs and NGOs.
+<section>Annex III: Statement by HIC women and shelter group adopted by the interregional seminar</section>
+Habitat International Coalition (HIC) speaks on behalf of shelter NGOs in their dealings with international organizations, including the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat). It is a regionally representative coalition which acts in defence of the rights of the homeless, the poor and the inadequately housed, promoting the right of everyone to a secure place to live in dignity, in developing and developed countries.
+The HIC Women and Shelter Group is a sub-committee of HIC, which assists HIC to represent women's shelter concerns, capacities and contributions. It has three representatives on the Board of HIC. It is responsible for the growth and support of the HIC Women and Shelter Network, which operates as an outreach system collecting information from and disseminating it to NGOs and CBOs in the different regions through focal points.
+The Women and Shelter Group proposes to act as a hard-core group which understands the seriousness of the shelter situation of poor women world-wide. It is a policy group which will be constituted by the network of NGOs and CBOs, in HIC, and must represent the poor women in rural and urban settlements. These are the ones to whom the regional members of the Group must listen (they speak only the local language) to ensure that their message gets through.
+It is intended that the HIC Women and Shelter Network should act as a clearing house, giving local women and shelter groups moral support, accurate information about the local power structure, and accurate representation to others. The Network newsletter will contain news from local slums and other low-income settlements in each region.
+The HIC Women and Shelter Group makes the following proposals which have implications for the United Nations Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000:
+(a) There should be an institutional linkage between the headquarters of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and the HIC Women and Shelter Group on women and shelter issues;
+(b) Regional United Nations offices and offices of other international organizations should utilize the HIC Women and Shelter Network focal points as a source of information so that the voice of poor women can be loud and strong and channelled to policy-makers;
+(c) Emergency support is needed for the poor of whom women are the poorest, among the peasants, urban dwellers end those living on plantations, who are suffering from threats of eviction, dislocation due to natural disasters, drought, war or other disturbances;
+(d) The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) should have a woman in the unit monitoring implementation of the Global Strategy, to ensure incorporation of women's issues;
+(e) The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) should have a women officer dealing with women and shelter issues.
+<section>Annex I V: Lists of participants</section>
+A. Regional Seminar on Women in Human Settlements Development and Management Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 February 1988
+Australia
+Mr. Eric Olbrei Second Secretary Embassy of Australia Bangladesh Ms. Maryum Katun Deputy Director Social Services Directorate Ms. Nazma Majid Programme Officer Women's Affairs Directorate Brunei Darussalam Ms. Dayang Hajjah Senior Housing Development Officer Sarinah Hj. Umar Housing Development Department Ms. Dayang Rohana Senior Housing Development Officer Hj. Ering Housing Development Department India Ms. Sarla Gopalan Joint Secretary Ministry of Rural Development Ms. Nirmala Buch Development Commissioner Madhya Pradesh Indonesia Ms. A.S. Luhulima Assistant to the State Minister for the Role of Women for the Development of Socio-cultural Environment Mr. Sunarjono Danudjo Director General of Human Settlements Department of Public Works Mr. Lego Nirwono Assistant to the Minister for Housing Mr. Soearli Salam Deputy Assistant to the State Minister for Housing
+Mr. Samedi Sumintaredja Assistant to the State Minister for the Role of Women for the Welfare of the Family
+Mr. Djuwanda Djoekaridi Director for Housing Department of Public Works Mr. Izhar Ibrahim Director of International Organizations Department of Foreign Affairs Mr. Sugeng Soemarto Head of Planning and Legislation Bureau Directorate-general for Village Development Department of Home Affairs Mr. Suyanto Director for Youth Services Programmes Directorate-general of Social Weifare Department of Social Affairs Ms. Sutamtinah Marsaman Head of Sub-directorate for Social Services Directorate-general of Social Welfare Department of Social Affairs Mr. Wahyu Widodo Director for Health Environment of Human Settlements Department of Health Mr. Soedjino Special Staff of the Hardjosutowo Minister of Transmigration Ms. Riga Adiwoso Deputy Assistant to Suprapto State Minister for Population and Environment Mr. Hassan Poerbo National Research Council Ms. O.K. Panjaitan Council member of Real Estate Indonesia (REI) Ms. K. Sumhadi Wariadinata Women's Congress (KOWANI) Ms. C. H. Wardoyo Member
+of KOWANI Ms. Titie Said Head of Public Relations Family Welfare Movement (PKK) Ms. Wahyudi Third Chairperson PKK Ms. Cyinthia Sonnevile REI
+Ms. Sujatni Yayasan Srikandi Dr. Yulia Sumirat Slamet Environmental Technique Division, ITB Ms. Sukanti Suryochondro University of Indonesia Jordan Mr. Shafiq Zawaideh Minister for Housing and Public Works Ms. Hind Nasir Mr. Bassan Attari Deputy Director General Housing Bank Malaysia Ms. Siti Balkish Bte Principal Assistant Director Sharif Agriculture Section Economic Planning Unit Prime Minister's Department Mr. Ooi Eng Chor Principal Assistant Secretary Planning and Development Division Ministry of Housing Mr. Abdul Latif Omar Under-Secretary Planning Development Division Ministry of Housing Nepal Ms. Prathiba Rana Chairperson Women's Social Co-ordination Committee Ms. Roma Kunwar Geographer Housing, Building and Physical Planning Department The Netherlands Mr. H. Van Eyk Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment Directorate General of Housing International Relation Division Ms. Nel Van Essen Women's Advisory Committee Ms. Lily Hutjes Women's Advisory
+Committee
+Pakistan Mr. Shamsul Haq Joint Secretary Environment and Urban Affairs Division Mrs. Akhtar Riazudin Secretary Women's Division Papua Hew Gulaaa Ms. Molly Willie Project Officer Women's Services Division Department of Home Affairs Ms. Bungtabu Brown President National Council for Women Philippines Ms. Sonia Galvez Department Manager Corporate Planning Office National Housing Authority Ms. Yolanda Velez Manager Corporate Planning Department National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation Ms. Marilu Alferez Director General Central Planning and Administration Offices Housing and Landuse Regulatory Board Ms Marcela Sales Department Manager Financial Management Department National Housing Authority Ms. Alma R. Recio Assistant Manager Research and Development Housing and Urban Development Council Singapore Ms. Yang Ai Fong Senior Principal Architect Housing and Development Board Ms. Beo Yut Mei Singapore Council of Social Services Sri Lanka Mr. Neville Piyadi-Gamma Additional
+Secretary Ministry of Women's Affairs and Teaching Hospitals
+Ms. L. D. Dissanayake Manageress Victoria Project Mahaweli Development Authority Additional Government Agent
+Thailand
+Ms. Ruanko Kuyyakonond Chairperson National Branch Council of Women of Thailand
+Ms. Rataya Chantian Deputy Governor National Housing Authority
+Mr. Narong Nitayaporn Director Social Project Division National Economic and Social Development Board
+Mr. Yuwat Vuthimedhi Deputy Director General of Community Development Ministry of the Interior
+Mr. Sunthand Sochevita Director Environmental Policy and Planning Division National Environment Board
+United Nations Development Programme
+Mr. Magdi Resident Representative United Nations Development Programme Jakarta
+Ms. Wiwiek Sudjono
+Ms. Amelia Yani
+International Labour Organisation
+Ms. Els Klinkert International Labour Organisation Jakarta
+Ms. Djoa Sioe Lam
+World Health Organization
+Mr. Pancaroglu Representative World Health Organization Jakarta
+B. Seminaire international sur la participation des femmes a la gestion et au développement des étaiblissements humains Tunis, Tunisie 28 mars-1 avril 1988
+Benin
+Mme. Karimou Rafiatou Chef adjoins du DAS/CC
+Burkina Faso
+Mme. Marie Suzanne Somda Assistante sociale Directrice provinciale de l'action sociale du Kadiogo
+Mme. Lydia Ouedraogo Géographe Direction de l'urbanisme
+Cameroon
+Mme. Youana Chargee d'etudes Ministere de la condition feminine
+Cote d'Ivoire
+Mme. Adjoua Therese Koffi Ingénieur des techniques des travaux publics Chargee de Mission Ministère de la construction et de l'urbanisme
+Mme. Rachel Gogoua So us-direct rice Chargée des operations urbaines Ministère de la promotion de la femme
+Gabon
+M. Georges Ollomo-Mezui Directeur general adjoins de l'urbanisme et des aménagements fonciers
+Mme. Laurence Paulette Nzang Directeur général adjoins du crédit foncier
+Guinea
+Mme. Mariama Deo Balde Secretaire generale des affaires administratives Prefecture Conakry 11 (Association des femmes de Guinee pour la recherche et le developpement)
+Mall
+M. Bakary Keita Chef du personnel Ministere des transports et des travaux publics
+Mme. Kadiatou Camara Beye Tresoriere generale du bureau executif national Union rationale des femmes du Mali
+Morocco
+Mme. Fatima-Zohra Souleimani Chef de division Ministere de l'equipement, de la formation professionnelle et de la formation des cadres
+Mme. Amina Touhami-Chahdi Administrateur sociologue urbaniste Chargee de projets de developpement urbain Ministere de ['habitat
+Halima Nazih Fonctionnaire Chargee d'etudes au cabinet du Ministere de l'interieur et de ['information
+Niger
+Mlle. Rayanatou Loutou Architecte Chargee de Projets Ministere des travaux publics et de ['habitat
+Mme. Bibata Diallo Directrice condition feminine Ministere de la sante publique
+Senegal
+Mr. Seydou Sy Sall Coordonnateur Bureau d'assistance aux collectivites pour ['habitat social Ministere de l'urbanisme et de l'habitat (DCH/BAHSO)
+Mme. Khadidiatou Wiang Mboup Conseiller en ressources humaines Ministere du development social
+Tunisia
+Mme. Samira Bel Haj Architecte principale Sous directeur a la Direction de l'amenagement urbain Commissariat general au developpement Regional et a l'amenagement du territoire
+Mme. Alia Mimita Ben Hamoud Sous-Directeur a l'agence regionale de la planification et de l'amenagement du territoire Commissariat general du developpement regional et a l'amenagement du territoire
+Mr. Ridha Chaabane Charge des affaires exterieures Commissariat general au developpement regional et a l'amenagement du territoire
+Mr. Sahnoun Directeur general Ministere de ltequipement et de ['habitat Mme. Raoudha Soughir Architecte principal Sousdirection de la recherche Ministere de l'equipement et de Habitat Mr. AWelmoula Architecte principal Direction de la rehabilitation et de la renovation urbaine Ministere de l'equipement et de ['habitat Mr. Lotfi Bel Haj Architecte de direction Expert des Nations Unies (Kulenven) Societe nationals immobiliere de Tunisie Mme. Thouraya Hachicha Conseiller des services publics Chargee des etudes Direction generals Caisse rationale d'epargne logement Mme. Naziha Mazhoud Presidente Commission de sante et affaires sociales Union rationale pour les femmes tunisiennes Presidente du Conseil Municipal de Megrine Mme. Hassiba Chedli Technicienne superieure a la sante publique Tresoriere Union rationale pour les femmes tunisiennes
+C. Regional Seminar on Women in Human Settlements Development and Management Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6 to 10 June 19~
+Barbados
+Ms. Margaret M.R.B. Talma Senior Housing Planner Ministry of Housing and Lands Belies Ms. Marilyn Panton Director Department of Women's Affairs Guyana Ms. Merna A.P. Pitt Self-Help and Community Administrator Ministry of Housing Jamaica Ms. Perl Barret Inspector Indigent Housing Unit Ministry of Social Security and Consumer Affairs Ms. Cherrie Lee Director Community Services Division
+Ministry of Construction
+Ms. Maureen Aligrove Project Officer Shelter Sector Programme Urban Development Corporation Ms. Dauna R.M. Joseph Deputy LabourCommissioner Salnt Chrlstopher and Nevis
+Ms. Beatrice L.M. Lam
+Ms. Idetha E.R. Richards Acting Secretary Central Housing and Planning Authority Saint Lucla
+Ms. Iona F. Erlinger-Ford Marisule Ms. Bernadette P. Springer Women's Affairs Officer Government Buildings
+Salnt Vlacent and the Grenadines
+Ms. Jeanie McDonald Co-ordinator Women's Affairs Desk Ministry of Women's Affairs
+Ms. Jennifer Glasgow-Brown Assistant Secretary of Planning CPD
+Ms. Lafleur John Assistant Secretary Ministry of Housing Ms. Muriel Byam President National Council of Women
+Mr. Wendol E. King Industrial Officer Development Corporation Trinidad and Tobago
+Ms. Joycelin T.S. Harewood Private Development Co-ordinator National Housing Authority Ms. G.A.P. Williams Lecturer Department of Management Studies University of West Indies
+United Nations Development Fund for Women Ms. Margaret Gill United States Agency for International Development Ms. Maureen Webber
+D. Regional Seminar on Women in Human Settlements Development and Management Lusaka, Zambia 31 October4 November 1988
+Egypt
+Ms. M.S. Madkour Chairman Women's Status Committee Regional Federation for Cairo Associations Lesotho Ms. T.M. MatIatsa Manager Community Development Section Ministry of Interior Ms. L.M. Maema Planning Officer Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs Malawi Ms. L. P. Kholoma Community Development Officer Ministry of Community Services Ms. D. 1. Njewa Administrative Officer Rural Housing Project Department of Housing Nigeria Ms. C.F.A. Sibeudu Chief Planning Officer Federal Ministry of Works and Housing Swaziland Ms. B.J. Dlamini Project Manager Women in Development Ms. 1. Katamzi Senior Planning Officer Department of Economic Planning Uganda Ms. J. Kagumya Senior Assistant Secretary Ministry of Industry and Technology Ms. S. Ibanda Senior Housing Finance Officer Ministry of Housing and urban Development
+Ms. Stella K. Magoye
+J.P.M. Parry and Associates Ltd.
+Ms. H. Mugerwa Senior Economist Ministry of Planning and Economic Development United Bepubilc of Tanzanla Honourable T. Siwale, MP Tanzania Home Economics Association Ms. S. Kyessi Senior Assistant Town Planner Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism Ms. M.M. Mgaza Community Development Officer Ministry of Community Development, Culture, Youth and Sports Ms. Mayawalla Planning Officer Ministry of Planning, Economic Affairs and Finance Zambia Ms. Dorothy C. Muntemba Co-ordinator Women's Programmes National Commission for Development Planning Ms. J. Mapoma Chairman Village Industry Service Ms. Chinonge Regional and Town Planner Ministry of Decentralization Ms. Mercy Siame Representative Member Zambia Association for Research and Development Ms. A. Kabwe Chairman Zambian Home Economics Association Executive Secretary Zambian Red Cross Association Mr. J. Kaona Director of Projects and Architect National Housing Authority Ms. 1. Muuka Chief Housing Officer Lusaka Urban
+District Council Ms. Susan M. Siyuyi Economist National Commission for Development Ms. J.B.C. Muchelemba Under-Secretary Human Resources Planning Department
+National Commission for Development Zimbabwe Ms. O.S. Chlyanja Senior Administrative Officer Ministry of Public Construction and National Housing Ms. R.M.M. Faranisi Assistant Secretary Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development Ms. N. Kheswa Administrative Officer Ministry of Community Co-operative Development and Women's Affairs Observers The Netherlands Ms. Gertje Second Von Banchet Co-ordinatorof Emancipation Affairs Ministry of Housing Physical Planning and Environment Ms. Nel Van Essen-Mook Vice-President Women's Advisory Committee Ms. Lilly Hutges Women's Advisory Committee Norway Ms. Birgitta Soccorsi NORAD Mission Lusaka Habitat Internatlonal Coalltlon Ms. Diana Lee-Smith Habitat International Coalition Nairobi Intematlonal Federatlon of Univeralty Women Ms. Anje Wiersinga International Federation of University Women Geneva Switzerland
+E. Seminario Regional sobre la Mujer en el Desarrollo y Gestion de los Asentamientos Humanos Buenos Aires, Argentina 27 a 31 de marzo de 1989
+Argentina Sra. M. Baranovsky Sub-Secretaria de la Mujer Direccion Nacional de Promocion y Participacion Sra. H. F. Delgado de Gonjalez Intendente Municipal de San Pedro Provincia de Jujuy Sra. Garay de Fernandez Gladys Instituto de Vivienda de Corrientes San Juan 460 Corrientes
+Sra. A Viviani Comision Municipal de la Vivienda Carlos Pellegrini 271 Piso 7 Buenos Aires Bolivla Zoila Acebey C de Blanco Comite Boliviano de Bienestar Social Enriqueta Alzerreca de Prada Paredes Guadalupe Beroni Lopez Ministerio de Asuntos Urbanos Brazil Sra. H. Pereira de Melo Hermes de Araup Universidade Federal Fluminense Chile M. C. Aracena I. Gloria Cruz Dominguez Taller Notre Ana Maria Padilla Ricke Colombh M. Dalmazzo Peillard Marie Dominique de Suremain Costa Rlca Vilma Guzman Gutierrez Apartado 10.227- 1.00 San Jose Ecuador Rafael Garcia Silva Arenas y Manuel Larrea Quito Paraguay Astrid Gustafson Fundacidn Paraguaya de Cooperacion y Desarrollo Presidente Franco 846 Silvia Elena Arias de Martinez V. Iturbe 175 1er. piso Teresita Stefanich Presidente Franco 846 Lina Amparo Yegros Pena de Velazquez 9na.1260 ent. Hidalgo y Morelo Uruguay Nelida Genisans Jose B. Lamas 2709
+Ana Maria Ruggia Br. Artigas 1267 Silvia Tron Andes 1433 United thtatbos Deve/opment Programme Ignacio Perez Salgado ResWente Representante PNUD Esmeralda 130 Piso 13 1035 Buenos Aires Eduardo Nino Moreno Representante Residente Adjunto PNUD Esmeralda 130 Piso 13 1035 Buenos Aires Eva Rodriguez Tlusti Official De Proyectos del PNUD Esmeralda 130 Piso 13 1035 Buenos Aires - Argentina Amanda Palermo Asistente de Informacion del PNUD Esmeralda 130 Piso 13 1035 Buenos Aires - Argentina World Health Organization Miguel Diaz Barriga University of New Orleans Fritz Wagner School of Urban and Regional Studies University of New Orleans t~tahitat Internattonal Coalitton Sra. M.S. Huaman de Joseph HIC America Latina
+F. InterregionalSeminarto Promote the Participation of Women in the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 Nairobi, Kenya 4 to 8 December 1989
+Ms. Gertje Second Von Banchet Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment Directorate-General of Housing International Relatbn Division The Netherlands Ms. Franc,oise Belmont Programme Officer Program me Co-ordinatbn Un it United Nations Environment Programme Ms. Outi Berghall Ministry of Environment UNCHS (Habitat) Programme Finland Ms. Nirmala Buch Development Commissioner Bhopal
+Madhya Pradesh India Misrak Elias Regional Office United Nations Children's Fund Nairobi Ms. Catalina Hinchey Trujillo Director Fedevivienda Bogota Colombia Ms. Josefina Hauman HIC Women and Shelter Representative in Latin America Lima Peru Mr. James Hokans Ford Foundation Nairobi Kenya Ms. Lilly Hutjes Women Advisory Committee The Netherlands Ms. Margaret Jobita Executive Director Housing and Social Services City Commission Nairobi Ms. Rosemary Jomo Women's Programme Officer Environment Liaison Centre International Nairobi Kenya Ms. Rebecca Katumba IPS/IFS Nairobi Kenya
+Ms Ayse Kudat World Bank Washington, D.C.
+Ms. Diana Lee-Smith Mazingira Institute Nairobi Kenya Ms. Anne Lubasi Consultant, Sustainable Agriculture Environment Liaison Centre International Nairobi Kenya Ms. Susan Macharia Planning Committee Member International GROOTS Nakuru
+Kenya Ms. Stella K. Magaye Nairobi Kenya Ms. Erica Mann Executive Vice-Chairman Council for Human Ecology Nairobi Kenya Ms. Ruth Mcleod Homeless Internatbnal Coventry United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ms. Ingrid Munro Shelter Afrique Nairobi Kenya Ms. Dorothy C. Muntemba Co-ordinator Women's Programmes National Commission for Development Planning Lusaka Zambia Ms. R. Mutunga Shelter Afrique Nairobi Kenya Mr. Per Nygaard Ministry of Local Government and Labour Oslo Norway Ms. Florence T. Ochieng Kenya Mission to the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) Nairobi Kenya Ms. Rita Pasqualini Direzione Generali per la Cooperazione al lo Svil uppo Unita Tecnica Central Ministerio Affari Esteri Rome Italy Ms. Sadiqa Salahuddin Chief Instructor NIPA Gulsham-E-lqbal Karachi Pakistan
+Mme. Fatma Zohra Souleiman Chef Division de la formation Ministere des travaux publics Rabat Morocco
+Mr. Howard Sumka Deputy Director Regional Housing and Urban Development Office United States Agency for International Development Nairobi Kenya Ms. Irene Vance Chief Technical Advisor United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) c/o PNUD La Paz Bolivia Ms. Elisabet Viklund Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning Stockholm Sweden Ms. N. Wairimu Shelter Afrique Nairobi Kenya Ms. Grace Wanyonyi Assistant Director Human Settlements Ministry of Lands and Housing Nairobi Kenya Ms. Anje Wiersinga International Federatbn of University Women The Netherlands/Switzerland Ms Gwendoline Williams Lecturer Department of Management Studies University of West Indies Trinidad and Tobago
+<section>Annex V: References</section>
+Joint United Nations Information Committee/NGO Programme on Women, Women and Shelter, Kit No. 4 (1988). English, French and Spanish versions.
+United Nations, Official Records of the Forty-third Session of the General Assembly Supplement No. 8 (A143/8), The Addendum, Report of the Commission on Human Settlements on the work of its eleventh session; Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 1990.
+United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Building- related Income Generation for Women - Lessons from Experience (Nairobi, 1990) (HS/197/9OE).
+Case Study of Women Block Makers in Kenya (Nairobi, 1988) (HS/08/86-20E).
+La Mujer y los Asentamientos Humanos en America Latina. Bibliografia anotada (Nairobi, 1989).
+La Particiapción de la Mujer en la Gestión y el Desarrollo de los Asentamientos Humanos Manual de formación (Nairobi, 1989) (HS/155/89S).
+La participation des femmes a la gestion et au developpement des etablissements humains, Manuel de formation (Nairobi, 1990) (HSI155/89F).
+The Role of Women in the Execution of Low-income Housing Projects, Training module (Nairobi, 1986) (HS/75185). Available in English, French and Spanish.
+Women and Human Settlements (Nairobi, 1985) (HS/DP/85/18).
+Women and Human Settlements: the Experience. Bibliographic Notes No. 15 (Nairobi, 1989).
+Women and Shelter. Bibliographic Notes No. 7 (Nairobi, 1985).
+Women in Human Settlements Development and Management (Radstock, Tilden Communications Ltd., 1990).
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+TECHNOLOGY
+APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
+AGRICULTURE
+FORESTRY
+FISHERIES
+POSTAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
+EQUIPMENT
+DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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+<title>101 Technologies - From the South for the South</title>
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+Coordination
+Robert Charbonneau
+Conception
+Jean-Marc Fleury
+Research and Writing
+Chusa Ginés
+Yolande Mennie
+Indexing
+Sandra Garland
+Production
+Cathy Egan
+Marie Saumure
+Distribution
+Corporate Affairs and Initiatives Division
+IDRC
+PO Box 8500
+Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9
+© International Development Research
+Centre
+PO Box 8500, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
+K1G 3H9
+IDRC, Ottawa, Ont., CA
+One hundred and one technologies. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 1992. 231p.
+/New technology/, /innovations/, /diffusion of innovations/ /developing countries/ - /agricultural innovations/, /agroforestry/, /fishery engineering/, /energy technology/, /environmental technology/, /industrial engineering/, /health services/, /educational technology/, /information technology/, /social participation/, /costs/, /research workers/, /manuals/, references.
+UDC: 600.001.6 ISBN: 0-88936-656-X
+A microfiche edition is available.
+Il existe également une édition française de cette publication.
+<section>Preface</section>
+You are looking at proof that technological innovations originate in developing countries. This book describes over one hundred innovations, new methodologies and original conclusions, produced by many of the South's most brilliant minds.
+When a problem occurs in a developing region, the local population and even governments tend, all too often, to turn to Northern "experts". This habit is encouraged by international aid agencies, which are often unaware of Southern achievements and skills. The resulting inappropriate, ephemeral solutions are depressingly familiar.
+I hope that this book, with its many examples of tangible, practical results in the fields of agriculture, environment, education, information, health and communications, will contribute to raising the profile of the successes achieved by scientists in developing countries. Although we produced the book for all development officials, it is intended specifically for non-governmental organizations in the North as well as in the South. Sometimes these organizations have few opportunities to learn about the achievements of Southern scientists who can be reached by telephone, fax or a short trip.
+I am extremely proud of this book. It shows the extent to which our cooperation has been productive, and presents just a fraction of the work done by the IDRC's scientific partners.
+At a time when IDRC is mobilizing all its energies to implement the objectives of the Agenda 21 adopted at the Earth Summit, the tangible results contained in these pages augur well for future successes.
+Keith A. Bezanson
+President
+<section>Agriculture</section>
+<section>1. The jab-seeder a tool for manual seeding</section>
+In the Northeast part of Thailand, poor soybean farmers who cannot afford power-driven farm tools spend long, tiring hours seeding their farms by hand. It is done in three steps: making the holes, dropping the seeds in, and covering them up. The task is laborious, time-consuming, unpleasant, and tiring.
+The Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok has developed a new tool called the jab-seeder, which is a low-cost, simple, easy-to-operate alternative for manual seeding of farms. It increases productivity, reduces planting costs, and reduces the drudgery of the task.
+The main advantages of the jab-seeder are that hole-making and seed-dropping are done simultaneously, and there is no bending or squatting. It significantly cuts down on the labour requirements (and therefore the costs) of the planting process. A farmer using the seeder punches it into the ground to make a hole and the seed is dropped into the hole as the seeder is lifted.
+The jab-seeder has the following features:
+· It is useful in various types of soil, including untilled (wet) soil, conventionally tilled soil (with or without residues from previous crops), sandy loam, loamy soil, or clay loam soil.
+· It weighs 2 kilograms and is 1.5 metres long.
+· It can adjust the amount of seed to be planted per hectare.
+· It can seed soybean, mungbean, rice, maize, peanuts, and cotton.
+· Its design can be adapted according to locally available materials.
+· It has four different types of soil-openers (hole-makers) for various soil conditions.
+The jab-seeder has been disseminated in Thailand through promotion on TV and through posters and pamphlets; training sessions with farmers and extension workers; and work with manufacturers and sales networks. There is interest in other Asian countries in disseminating the jab-seeder to small farmers.
+Potential users
+Small soybean, peanut, rice, maize, and cotton farmers who can't afford power-driven farm equipment.
+Cost and availability
+The jab-seeder costs approximately US $10.00. It is currently made by three Thai manufacturers:
+· Ar-ree Ar-thorn, 253/1-3 Talad Chong-kae, Amphur Takli, Nakornsawan, Thailand.
+· Kunasin, 107-108 Srisatchanalai Rd, Amphur Sawankalok, Sukhothai, Thailand. Tel.:
+· Anusarn Co. Ltd, 94-120 Chareonmuang Rd, Chiangmai, Thailand.
+Contact
+Manual Seeder Project
+Division of Agricultural and Food
+Engineering
+Asian Institute of Technology
+GPO Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
+Telex: 84276 TH; Cable: AIT BANGKOK
+Resources and publications
+The Asian Institute of Technology has published two manuals in Thai and English:
+· Operator's Manual - AIT Jab-Seeder
+· Manufacturer's Manual - AIT Jab-Seeder
+Engineering drawings and technical assistance in the manufacture of the seeder can be obtained from AIT.
+<section>2. Promoting the use of soybeans</section>
+The reduction in Nigeria's oil revenues has resulted in l a decrease in imports, including imported high-protein foods. Local production of high-protein foods has also been low, resulting in widespread malnutrition, especially among women and children.
+The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture set out in 1986 to promote the growing and eating of soybeans, a high-protein food, to improve the nutrition of rural and urban people. Soybeans need no fertilizer, grow well on poor soil, store well, and can be intercropped with other species. Made up of 40% protein, a higher proportion than cowpeas, powdered milk, or groundnuts, they are less expensive and more nutritious than many traditional foods. While soybeans have the same protein content as dried fish, they are considerably less expensive. The sale of soybean products also provides new income possibilities for women.
+The project developed a package of technologies for households and small-scale rural enterprises, including:
+· Identification of appropriate processing equipment, such as an improved oil expeller and an extrusion cooker for developing commercial soybean products that are acceptable to consumers, easy to prepare and store, and economical to produce;
+· Recipes for soybean-based foods suitable for local consumption and sale; and
+· A program for introducing soybeans to communities.
+Among the new foods that have been developed are soy vegetable soup and soy milk. Soy flour is also added to customary cowpea, yam and cassava flours in traditional foods such as gari, akara, and ogi. These foods made with soybeans taste similar to the traditional foods but have 10 to 20 times the protein content. They have gained wide acceptance both in rural and urban areas.
+New recipes and processing techniques seek to reduce the workload and simplify the production of soybean-based foods. For example, a method was developed for making soy milk from flour at home in 15 minutes, instead of the overnight soaking and grinding required in the traditional method. New, faster methods for manual dehulling of beans at home have also been developed.
+A number of booklets on soybeans have been published in English, Hausa, Ibo and Yoruba, using simple language and clear illustrations. These ínclude a step-by-step guide to planting, harvesting, storing and processing, and a booklet of recipes (see below).
+The program has resulted in a sharp increase in the growing and use of soybeans in Nigeria. In areas where the project activities took place, the percentage of people eating soybeans rose from 0 to 54% since the project started, and 35% of the farmers now grow it. The number of retail outlets selling soy products has also dramatically increased, both in rural and urban areas. Small enterprises now produce soy milk, soy oil, and soybean-based baby foods and animal feeds. Several hospitals and clinics teach mothers how soybean foods can help improve and maintain their children's health. Many women now use soy weaning foods instead of buying commercial baby foods.
+Potential users
+Farmers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), government, women's groups, co-ops, agriculturalists, small producers, particularly in areas where the diet is protein deficient.
+Contact
+Dr Kenton Dashiell, Project Leader
+Mrs Sidi Osho, Project Coordinator
+Grain Legume Improvement Program
+International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
+Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
+Tel.: 400300 - 400314; Cable: TROPFOUND IKEJA
+Telex: TDS IBA NG 20311 (Box 015) or TROPIB NG 31417
+Resources and publications
+· Soybeans for Good Health: How to Grow and Use Soybeans in Nigeria, 22-page booklet, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
+· Soybean as Food in Nigeria, S.M. Osho, 50-page booklet, IITA.
+· Soybean Recipes, S.M. Osho, 26-page booklet, IITA.
+<section>3. The improvement of chickpea and lentil production</section>
+In Jordan, lentils and chickpeas are an important part of the diet. However, production of these legumes declined dramatically in the 1980s. Originally an exporter of lentils and chickpeas, Jordan now imports 40% of local requirements for lentil and 50% of local requirements for chickpea. Farmers stopped producing lentils and chickpeas because of low yields and rising labour costs. Most lentil farmers use manual labour almost exclusively and get caught in a labour crunch at harvest. They are switching to other crops, mostly cereals, to increase profits. Cereal growing is more mechanized.
+To increase the production of lentils and chickpeas, to increase farmers" incomes, and to reduce Jordan's protein food deficit, researchers developed improved strains as well as a package of improved technologies and agricultural practices.
+The "full package" includes the following:
+· Improved agricultural practices including the use of the chisel plow and sweep to prepare the seedbeds, the grain drill for seeding and fertilizing, and the roller;
+· Improved varieties of lentils (called Jordan 1, 2 and 3) and chickpeas (called Jubeiha 1, 2 and 3);
+· Optimum seeding rates for lentils (120 kg/ha for high rainfall areas and 80 kg/ha for low rainfall areas) and chickpeas (100 kg/ha);
+· Optimum rates for fertilizer application (20 kg of nitrogen and 40 kg of phosphate per hectare);
+· Early sowing for winter varieties, which significantly increases yields;
+· Optimum methods for weed control;
+· Recommendations on equipment adapted to the terrain, for use in mechanical harvesting, including a tractor back-mounted cutter bar (single or double knife), a self-propelled cutter bar, a plant puller, a grain combine and a whole harvester.
+The most promising technique for chickpea so far is a modified conventional grain combine used at a slower speed. For lentils, pulling and swathing techniques are still being investigated to reduce straw loss, which is valuable for animal feed.
+Techniques and machinery are adapted to local conditions and socioeconomic factors. The Jordan Cooperative Organization (JCO) rents the required equipment to farmers who request it. They also conduct demonstration trials on seeding and harvesting.
+The technology has been demonstrated as a full package to farmers who possess landholdings large enough to introduce mechanization (five hectares or more), and as a minimum input (improved varieties and fertilizers) to smaller, poorer farmers. Seeds of the improved varieties are propagated by the Ministry of Agriculture and distributed to participating farmers. Use of the improved package has doubled the yields of some farmers.
+Extension bulletins in Arabic, detailing the recommended practices, have been produced for farmers and extension workers. A 45-minute video in Arabic on mechanical lentil and chickpea production has also been prepared and shown at workshops and field days.
+A similar program has been developed in Tunisia at the Institut national de la recherche agronomique de Tunisie, involving improved strains of lentils and chickpeas, seed production, and recommended agricultural practices. A publication in Arabic will be produced.
+Potential users
+Lentil and chickpea producers on rainfed farms. The package can be used by farmers with access to machinery, as well as very small farmers or farmers working on stony or hilly soils.
+Contact
+Mr Bassam Snobar
+University of Jordan
+Faculty of Agriculture
+Amman, Jordan, T1X 21629
+Tel.: 962-6-843655 ext. 2523
+Fax: 962-6-832318; Telex: 21629
+UNV JO
+In Tunisia:
+Mr Habib Halila
+Institut national de la recherche
+agronomique de Tunisie
+Avenue de l'Indépendance, Ariana, Tunisie
+Tel.: 231985 or 231 693; Fax: 216 1 711741
+Resources and publications
+· Pamphlets in Arabic describing all recommended management practices (University of Jordan).
+· 45-minute video in Arabic describing recommendations (University of Jordan).
+· Annual reports on the project are available in English.
+<section>4. Beekeeping in rural areas</section>
+"Honey hunting," or gathering wild honey in the tropical rainforest, has been a longstanding cultural tradition in Malaysia, from which beekeeping has slowly evolved. Honey and wax are widely used in medicine, as health food, and for traditional crafts such as batik. Malaysia only produces 3% of its local requirements in honey. The rest is imported from Australia, China, and the US. However, local honey at higher cost is preferred to the cheaper, imported honey. Honey hunting is therefore a lucrative business, with expeditions into the jungle bringing in between $300 and $600 a day.
+Researchers in Malaysia have now developed technologies and methods to promote beekeeping as a cottage industry with many socioeconomic benefits for rural small farmers and landless peasants. Currently, some 1000 Malaysians maintain about 5000 bee colonies. Most of these beekeepers are small farmers with less than 2 hectares or no land at all.
+The technologies that the research team developed include:
+· Methods of hive management using movable frames mounted in wooden boxes to control the production of honey, wax, and pollen;
+· Methods to control pests and disease;
+· Methods for the treatment and storage of honey;
+· Methods for breeding and rearing queen bees;
+· A technique for the mass rearing of carpenter bees for crop pollination;
+· An inventory of indigenous plants on which bees feed (in English and Bahasa Malaysia).
+The main system that has been developed is the rearing of bees under coconut trees (called "coconut complex agroecosystem"). However, bees can be kept under coffee, pineapple, star fruit, rubber trees, and in orchards. The pollination activities of the bees increase yields of orchards and other crops.
+Beekeeping has been shown to increase a farmer's income by up to 50% under favourable conditions; it requires little capital outlay, no land, and is not labour intensive. It is particularly suited as an income-generating activity for women, young people, and the landless. During the study, it was found that revenue from honey sales reached US $2160 per year; operating costs (labour, feed supplements, pest control, and bottles) cost $837. Net income was therefore $1322.
+A major dissemination project has been funded by the Communications Division of IDRC with the following components:
+· Publication of a manual on basic beekeeping, for semiliterate readers, in Bahasa Malaysia. The manual includes modules on hive design, catching wild colonies, hive management, honey collection, pest control, and the economics of beekeeping;
+· Two training programs: basic beekeeping (this course is mainly targetted at women from coconut beekeeping areas), and a queen bee rearing course for more advanced beekeepers;
+· Field days, seminars, etc.
+As a result of the success of this project, an Asia-wide network is being considered to promote and extend beekeeping to other countries.
+Prerequisites
+Cost of 36 hives and beekeeping equipment (hat and veils, bee blower, gloves, cleaning tool, and bee brush) is approximately US $2488. Pay-back period has been estimated at 2 years. The system works best under coconut trees. The bees themselves can be purchased or colonies caught in the wild (the beekeeping course provides instruction on catching wild colonies).
+Potential users
+NGOs, co-ops, small farmers, women's groups, and youth groups, particularly in coconut-growing regions of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam.
+Contact
+Dr Makhdzir Mardan
+Malaysian Beekeeping Research and Development Team
+Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Faculty of Agriculture
+43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
+Tel.: 9486101; Telex: MA 37454
+<section>5. Forage system for semi-arid areas</section>
+In Bali, Indonesia, it is common for farmers to mix crop land animal systems. In the dry regions cattle are very important, bringing in up to 43% of the total farm income. Native grasses, tree leaves, and cereal straws are used as feed, but the supply is often inadequate.
+To increase the availability of animal feed in dry areas, researchers have been working on a new forage production system based on three strata: grasses and native legumes, shrubs, and fodder trees. The system has the potential to reduce erosion and promote a sustainable system for crop and animal production.
+The system, as developed by the researchers, uses 0.09 hectares of land on the perimeter of a 0.25-hectare crop field. This land is used to grow grass and legumes (stratum 1), shrubs (stratum 2), and fodder trees (stratum 3). Cattle are kept in stalls and fed exclusively with forage from the plot, unlike traditional systems where the cattle are tethered on grass during the day. Modified versions of the system are operating in India and Southeast Asia. Farmers adapt the system by choosing appropriate forage species and deciding on the amount of land to be allocated to fodder production.
+The researchers found that the three-strata system has the potential to:
+· Produce more forage than other systems;
+· Increase the number of animals that can be sustained on a given farm;
+· Increase farmers' incomes from animal production;
+· Reduce soil erosion and increase soil fertility;
+· Provide up to 64% of a household's needs in firewood.
+Other potential benefits associated with the system are increased poultry and snail production, the possibility of honey production, and protection of the local ecosystem.
+Specific grass and tree species were found to be particularly suited to the semi-arid regions of Indonesia, including Stylosanthes, Acacia, Gliricidia, and Leucaena (trees and shrubs) and Cenchrus, Panicum, Centrosema, Verano, and Urochioa (grasses and legumes). Through the introduction of goats and more complete utilization of the available feeds, the researchers are seeking to improve the economic benefits of the system further in relation to traditional systems.
+Prerequisites
+Access to seed or seedlings of appropriate species.
+Potential users
+Small farmers, NGOs, extension services in semi-arid areas where mixed crop-animal systems are used.
+Contact
+Dr I.M. Nitis
+Department of Nutrition and Tropical Forage Science
+Udayana University
+Jalan Jendral Sudirman, Denpasar
+Bali, Indonesia
+Tel.: (0361) 23791 ext. 114; Cable: MATER,
+FAPET, UNUD
+<section>6. Women and integrated pest management</section>
+The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has resulted in new problems including poisonings, insect resistance to the chemicals, and the loss of the pests' natural enemies. In the Philippines, it is usually the women who decide on and buy agrochemicals for the farm.
+Filipina researchers have been introducing to rural women a new system of integrated pest management (IPM), an environmentally and economically sound way to control agricultural pests.
+IPM controls pests using a combination of techniques: the natural enemies of a pest; special cropping practices (such as proper timing and rate of fertilizer application, and synchronized planting, rodent control, and harvesting at the community level); pest-resistant varieties; and minimal use of chemical pesticides based on regular monitoring of the fields to diagnose pest damage.
+In the Philippines, IPM was first developed for rice and vegetable plots. Like most technologies, IPM must be fine-tuned and adapted to specific agricultural, ecological, and economic conditions, as well as to the felt needs of the farmers. It has the potential to lower the risks to human health and the environment significantly while providing higher yields and profits.
+Because IPM is a people-oriented and knowledge-based technology, a communication strategy is essential to its success. Various methods are used to bring the IPM message to rural communities and specifically to women: radio programs, audio cassettes, and local "resource centres" with exhibits and educational materials, including videos recording local people's experiences with IPM, comic books, leaflets, and posters. Intensive on-farm, hands-on training is needed to acquire the necessary decision-making skills that will make IPM effective. Education on the health hazards of pesticides is also an important component to convince people of the importance of IPM after they have been repeatedly told that pesticides are essential to their farming practice.
+Although educating the women in IPM increases its chances of success, it also provides them with the opportunity to increase their participation in decision-making and their self-esteem. A participatory approach with built-in feedback mechanisms is essential.
+When many farmers complained that monitoring the fields took too much time and was difficult for them because of poor eyesight, training in field monitoring was given to young "IPM scouts" who could then be hired by farmers and earn an income.
+Prerequisites
+IPM must be developed and tested for different locations and crops according to local conditions. Information must be available on local pests, their natural enemies, pest-resistant crop varieties, as well as social, economic, and ecological factors.
+Potential users
+Farmers everywhere. In Asia, four countries have encouraged IPM as official policy on crop protection: India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
+Contact
+Dr Candida B. Adalla
+Department of Entomology
+University of the Philippines at Los Baños
+Laguna 4031, The Philippines
+Tel.: KO 225-3527/2594; Fax: 632-817-0598
+Resources and publications
+The Philippines program has produced a number of materials, mostly in Tagalog (the local language) and some in English. These include comic books, pamphlets, leaflets, and other publications on various aspects of big-intensive gardening and agriculture. It also developed a slide-tape show on the project which is available for the cost of reproduction (US $95.50). Mailing costs for the slide show or the set of print materials is US $25.50 airmail or US $1.20 surface mail.
+<section>7. Mulbud a computerized calculator for multi-crop farm budgets</section>
+Farmers who integrate tree crops into their farms are making a long-term investment that commits them to a course of action for decades rather than one or two seasons. Because of this, it is important for them to be able to do an economic assessment before designing their tree cropping systems.
+To facilitate this, a computer package has been developed for the economic analysis of multi-period and multi-crop farm budgets. Called MULBUD (for MULti-crop and MULti-period farm BUDgets), it is an interactive, user-driven simulation tool designed for users with little or no experience with computers and minimal training in economics. It is user friendly and "fail-safe."
+The program is used to build farm budgets from data entered by the user. As a simulation tool, its aim is to provide alternatives, rather than fixed solutions. It helps to do rapid calculations of expected future earnings versus current costs, and to decide if the proposed crop combination is advantageous.
+The software has the following features:
+· 60 possible time periods;
+· Years and "seasons";
+· A built-in editor;
+· Multiple enterprise budgets;
+· Multiple products per enterprise;
+· Sensitivity analysis;
+· Loans/credit scheduling;
+· 15 different displays;
+· Final report tables and graphics;
+· Extensive HELP functions;
+· A detailed user's manual.
+The first system was developed in 1983 for use in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In 1984, MULBUD version 3 was developed and disseminated in Africa as part of an extension tool kit distributed by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). A version for use with DOS was subsequently developed, and MULBUD version 5 was released in April 1990.
+A detailed user's manual in English accompanies the software, and ICRAF has produced a training manual.
+Prerequisites
+Version 3 can be used on a 808 chip or Z80 computer with 63K RAM and CP/M 1.4 or higher operating system. The version for PC microcomputers requires an XT with 192K RAM and DOS 2.0 or higher operating system.
+Potential users
+Agricultural researchers, planners, consultants, and extensionists working with smallholder farmers in the tropics; agricultural economists, foresters, agroforesters, government, universities, credit agencies, large-scale farmers involved in orchards, vineyards or agroforestry.
+Some examples of the way MULBUD has already been used include: teaching in forestry and agroforestry courses; an economic analysis of options for intercropping under coconuts; development of credit and subsidy policies for banana farmers; analysis of alley cropping of maize and beans between rows of Leucaena; analysis of intercropping coffee with food crops; silvo-pastoral alternatives in areas suffering overgrazing. The system is in use in about 60 countries.
+Cost and availability
+The copyright is held by D.M. Etherington and P.J. Matthews in Australia. The package is available from:
+· Anutech Pty Ltd, PO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Cost of the package is US $296.
+Contact
+International Council for Research in Agroforestry
+PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
+Tel.: 29867; Telex: 22048 ICRAF;Cable: ICRAF
+Fax: 521001; E-mail: 157:CGI236
+Dan Etherington
+Economics Department
+Research School of Pacific Studies
+The Australian National University
+PO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
+Tel.: 616-06-249-3387; 249-2188; Fax: 616-06- 2671893 Telex: AA 62694 SOPAC
+<section>8. The rubber-tire groundnut sheller</section>
+Groundnuts, or peanuts, are one of the major cash crops in some regions of Thailand and are an important source of protein for rural people. Thousands of Thai farmers work farms of less than 1 hectare, producing groundnuts by manual methods. This is a labour-intensive process which, along with the low productivity of the land and the low quality of the nuts, results in a low income for farmers.
+Traditional groundnut cultivation requires substantial time for land and seed preparation, planting, cultivating, and harvesting, as well as drying, dehusking, and cleaning the nuts for selling.
+The manual peanut sheller benefits farmers by reducing time and processing costs for both commercial shelling and shelling for seed. Shelling the nuts by hand produces 7-10 kg of shelled nuts per day, whereas the sheller has a capacity of 30-60 kg per hour. It can potentially increase farmers' incomes as shelled nuts bring in twice as much as unshelled nuts. The initial investment can be recovered quickly, often within the first year of commercial shelling.
+The peanut sheller is made of a used rubber tire mounted in a metal housing with a concave wire screen bottom. As the wheel is cranked, the nuts enter the space between the tire and the screen, are dehulled, and drop through the screen into a trough. Winnowing can be done by hand or with a fan. The sheller is 95% efficient and only 3-5% of the nuts are broken. It requires very little maintenance (average cost per year for maintenance is $3 to $5), and spare parts are easily available. During trials, a single machine processed 22 tonnes of nuts in one season without any repairs.
+An "economic version" of the sheller has also been designed. It has a simpler and smaller frame and no trough (the nuts fall through the screen directly to the ground below). Its capacity is 25-30 kg per hour, and it has the same efficiency as the larger version.
+As well, a motorized rubber-tire sheller with an integrated winnowing fan has been designed for use by large-scale farmers, co-ops, and local traders.
+Mechanized equipment developed and designed in Thailand to modernize peanut farming is now being introduced in Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
+A dissemination plan for farmers, extension workers, and traders has also been undertaken in the groundnut-producing regions of Thailand. A booklet entitled Construction Handbook for Groundnut Machinery has been published in Thai and English. It includes instructions on building the manual sheller as well as other groundnut equipment such as a stripper/winnower, a motorized peanut sheller, a grinder, and two types of planters.
+Potential users
+Small-scale groundnut farmers and traders.
+Cost and availability
+The sheller costs approximately Can $150 for the manual version and $600 to $700 for the motorized version. Some 160 shellers are in use in Thailand and elsewhere. The sheller is available from the following manufacturer:
+Kunasin Manufacturing, 107-108 Sri-Satchanalai Road, Sawankalok, Sukhothai, Thailand, Tel.: (055) 642119
+Contact
+Dr Winit Chinsuwan
+Vice-President, Research Affairs
+Khon Kaen University
+Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
+Tel.: (66-043) 237604; Telex: 55303
+UNIKHON TH
+Resources and publications
+· Construction Handbook for Groundnut Machinery, booklet in Thai and English with engineering drawings.
+· Machinery for Groundnut, leaflet in Thai and English.
+· A 20-minute promotional video has been produced by the project, and covers the range of groundnut equipment developed at Khon Kaen University. In English or Thai, PAL standard.
+For all of the above, contact Dr Chinsuwan at Khon Kaen University.
+<section>9. Hand-operated wooden groundnut shellers</section>
+Groundnuts are one of the most important crops in Malawi. They currently are the fourth largest export crop and provide smallholder farmers with more than a quarter of their annual agricultural cash income, while supplying about half of domestic oil needs. Both confectionery and peanut oil varieties are produced in the country.
+Groundnut shelling in Malawi's smallholder sector is predominantly done by hand. While hand shelling keeps the rate of kernel breakage low, it is labour-intensive and leads to "sore thumb syndrome" when large quantities of groundnuts are handled. The low productivity (1-3 kg/ hour) of hand shelling puts enormous pressure on farmers, as they need to shell their groundnuts before the marketing season (June-September) ends. At the same time they are processing and marketing other crops. It was therefore important to search for a simple, efficient, low-cost machine to replace hand shelling.
+The Farm Machinery Unit of Malawi, in conjunction with the Tropical Development and Research Institute developed the first model of a hand-operated wooden groundnut sheller. IDRC funded further testing and modification of the sheller, and initial trials were run for a confectionery groundnut variety. Market standards (90% average whole kernel efficiency, WKE, or 10% visible kernel damage) were met.
+The sheller was later adapted to work with two other common peanut varieties - one confectionery and one oil. On-site development and testing established optimal factors such as the size of the grid gaps. Depending on the variety, the sheller attained WKEs of 92-96% with shelling rates of 21-42 kg/hour. A larger model of the sheller (twice as wide) more than doubled the shelling rate of the smaller sheller, while achieving similar WKE.
+Before shelling is done the groundnuts are pre-graded by size using grading sieves. The sheller is operated by two people, one at each end pushing the sheller back and forth. Groundnuts are placed in a hopper, fall through an opening called the throat, and settle into the gaps in the removable grid, which is placed in a slot in the base. The hopper is pushed against the resistance provided by the nuts, thereby shelling them. The broken shells and kernels fall through the grid gaps into a container placed under the base.
+Although the sheller has been designed and adapted for three local varieties, it is possible to use it with other varieties of similar size or to adapt it to new varieties.
+The Farm Machinery Unit has demonstrated the sheller at Science and Technology Fairs and agricultural shows for smallholder farmers, and provides information on the construction and use of the sheller. Rural carpenters have been trained in its construction. A construction manual was produced for use primarily by rural-based carpenters. The manual is available in English and Chichewa, Malawi's official language. The manual also describes how the grids are constructed. Distribution is done through agricultural and small-scale industry extension personnel. Extension staff have been trained in proper operation of the sheller with each variety of groundnut.
+Potential users
+Smallholder farmers of Malawi and other East African countries will benefit from the savings in time and labour obtained with the sheller. Rural craftsmen can manufacture and sell the sheller. The manual's instructions and drawings are meant to enable rural carpenters to build the sheller with a minimum of tools.
+Cost and availability
+The estimated cost of the original sheller is K52.84 (US $19.90) while that for the larger model is K61.31 (US $23.08). A well-made sheller will last 5 years. Budget analysis indicates that the sheller is worthwhile even for a smallholder farmer.
+Contact
+Darwin D. Singa and Wells Kumwenda Farm Machinery Research Officers Farm Machinery Unit Chitedze Agricultural Research Station PO Box 158, Lilongwe, Malawi Tel.: (265)767 222/5; Telex: 44648 MINAGRI MI
+Resources and Publications
+· Makoko, M.S., and Balaka, H.R. 1991. Instruction Manual for the Construction and Use of a Hand Operated Wooden Groundnut Sheller. Farm Machinery Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 158. Lilongwe, Malawi.
+<section>10. The grain mini-dehuller</section>
+In Senegal, the Société industrielle sahélienne de mécaniques, de matériels agricoles et de représentations (SISMAR) in collaboration with the Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles (ISRA) has modified and tested several grain dehullers under rigorous laboratory and village conditions. This has led to improvements in one model of the dehuller, making it more durable, simple, inexpensive, and easy to maintain. The mini-CIS dehuller is now being manufactured and commercialized by SISMAR.
+The mini-CIS dehuller was originally designed by the Prairie Research Laboratory of Canada's National Research Council, and modified and adapted in several countries of Africa as well as in India. These dehullers are all based on a metal shaft on which a number of grinding stones, or abrasive disks, are spaced about two centimetres apart. The discs, spinning at 1500 to 2000 revolutions per minute, rub against the freely moving grain and abrade away the outer husks. A winnower separates the grain from the bran by tossing the dehulled grain into the air while a fan blows the bran away.
+Sturdy and simple, the mini-dehuller offers many advantages:
+· It frees up women's time, improving their quality of life and providing time for income-generating activities such as gardening, if desired;
+· It can process several different types of grain, including traditional grains such as sorghum, maize, and millet, and legumes such as cowpeas;
+· Unlike traditional pounding, no water is used, which means the grain can be stored for longer periods;
+· It can mill as little as 2-5 kg of grain at a time, about what thousands of African village women manually pound each day, or as much as 10 kg.
+Once dehusked, the grain can be put through hammer mills to produce flour that can compete with the increasingly available imported wheat flour. Removal of the husks makes cooking easier and improves the texture and the taste by removing the bitter elements found in the outer hull of these grains.
+The mini-CIS dehuller is now being manufactured for use in villages, with training programs on installation, operation, maintenance, and repair for operators and village committees.
+Various models of the dehuller are manufactured in Botswana (which exports dehullers to about 10 other African countries), Canada, the Gambia, Senegal, and Zimbabwe. The dehullers are being disseminated in Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda.
+Prerequisites
+An evident demand for the mill; training for ongoing maintenance and repair of the dehuller; availability of parts.
+Potential users
+Village organizations, women's groups, and others that have traditionally handled sales of local cereals in the villages; commercial millers in urban centres; and cooperatives.
+Cost and availability
+· SISMAR, BP 3214, Dakar, Senegal, Tel.: 21.24.30/22.24.85; Fax: 51.10.59; Telex: 77121 SISMAR SG
+Produces the CIS II mini-dehuller for approx. Can $3800 including a diesel motor and $2600 including an electric motor.
+· Rural Industries Innovation Centre, Private Bag 11, Kanye, Botswana, Tel.: 340392/3, 340448/9; Fax: 340642
+Produces the full-size sorghum dehuller for US $2500 (not including diesel or electric power source). Requires a 5.5 kW 3-phase electric motor or a 10 HP engine.
+· International Workshop, Latrikunda Sabije, The Gambia, Tel.: 93649 or contact them c/o Catholic Relief Services, PO Box 568, Banjul, The Gambia, Tel.: 27120/27121; Telex: 7660202 CRS UC; E-mail 141: TCN 1423
+Produces the 1 Mark III mini-dehuller (capacity 6 kg of grain) with pulley for electric drive for US $970; the 1 Mark III dehuller with a clutch and pulley for a diesel engine for US $1190. The first model requires a 3 HP electric motor of 3000 turns per minute; the second runs on a diesel engine of at least 6 HP. Both models need a simple but rigid stand. Drawings can be supplied for suitable stands. The Catholic Relief Services can provide information on their experiences with the dehullers over the last 8 years.
+· Nutana Machine Ltd, 2615 First Avenue North, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 6E9, Canada, Tel.: (306) 242-3822; Fax: (306) 242-2671
+This Canadian company produces the Minihull Dehuller (based on the original National Research Council design) and the Nuhull Dehuller.
+The Minihull Dehuller requires a 3 HP electric motor or 5 HP gas engine. It costs Can $2300, including crating; a gas engine drive package costs $1075, and an electric motor drive package costs $725. Quantity pricing is available; contact Nutana for estimated shipping costs.
+The Nuhull Dehuller can process 5-15 kg of grain in the batch mode, and 200-500 kg per hour in the continuous flow mode (rate varies according to grain variety, operator experience, and local operating conditions). It requires a 10 HP electric motor or 24 HP gas or diesel engine. The dehuller costs Can $4900; an electric motor drive package costs $1309; crating for international shipment costs $195.
+· Environment Development Activities (ENDA), PO Box 3492, Harare, Zimbabwe, Tel.: 708568/9; Fax: 729204
+ENDA distributes two mini-dehullers: an 18-kg barrel capacity dehuller with aspiration and a 10-kg barrel capacity batch processor. Both require an electric motor or diesel engine and can process sorghum, millet, and rapoko. The 18-kg model processes 5 tonnes per day and costs US $6000. The 10-kg dehuller processes 900 kg per day.
+Contact
+Mr Hyacinthe Modou Mbengue ISRA-CNRA, BP 53, Bambey, Senegal Tel.: (221) 23-60-50; Telex: 61117 SG.
+Resources and publications
+· Abrasive Disk Dehullers in Africa - From Research to Dissemination, Michael Bassey, O.G. Schmidt, IDRC, 1990.
+· An End to Pounding, 15-mint film on mechanical dehulling, IDRC, 1980.
+<section>11. Dehulling businesses run by women</section>
+In Andhra Pradesh, India, processing sorghum and milllet using the mini-dehuller has enabled the establishment of small-scale food production businesses run by women. The businesses are an important income generator for women's groups associated with the Bharatiya
+Grameen Mahila Sangh (National Association for Rural Women) program. These enterprises produce and sell dehulled sorghum in the form of semolina and flour, as well as sorghum-based foods using recipes developed and tested among the local people.
+The Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the College of Home Science in Hyderabad, India, have combined their efforts to make sorghum and millet more accessible and acceptable to local people. Sorghum and millet are considered coarse, low-status foods, and are being displaced by imported wheat flour. Sorghum, millet and legumes, once freed of their husks, become more acceptable to consumers. Dehulled sorghum and legume flours were shown to be just as nutritional and as versatile for cooking as rice and wheat flours, and much less expensive.
+The technology itself includes:
+· Introduction of the mini-dehullers at the household, village, and periurban level. Initially, mini-dehullers were imported from Canada. The dehullers, now produced in India, have been adapted and modified to suit women users by reducing the height and adding wheels for easy movement.
+· Development of recipes using sorghum flour and semolina. These were tested and demonstrated in villages and promoted through newspaper columns. Government supplemental feeding programs for vulnerable sectors of the population are using these recipes for infant foods and in porridge, biscuits, and buns. Market research and testing has shown a solid demand for the sorghum products.
+· The establishment of small sorghum/legume processing businesses run by women. These village bakeries are popular and profitable, producing roti, sooji, flour, semia, snack foods, mixes, infant foods, biscuits, and baked goods.
+The project provided a training program for women in establishing small-scale bakeries. A video, posters, workshops, and exhibits were used to promote the new sorghum products and processing methods.
+Prerequisites
+Access to a sorghum dehuller. Different food products can be made depending on available resources.
+Potential users
+Women's groups and cooperatives, government supplemental feeding programs, child-care centres, etc., in sorghum and millet-growing areas.
+Contact
+Dr P. Geervani
+Dean of Home Science
+Andhra Pradesh Agricultural
+University
+Rafendranager, Hyderabad, India
+Tel.: 245057 ext. 284; Telex:
+425-6936 APAU IN
+Resources and publications
+· Blueprints and an instructional manual for the modified dehuller. Booklets of recipes using dehulled sorghum. Project profiles for different sorghum enterprises.
+<section>12. Small-scale rural oilseed processing</section>
+In Kenya in 1987, 80% of the vegetable oils and fats consumed by the population were imported. The intake of edible oils remains low, affecting the nutrition and health of the people. The production of oilseeds, such as sunflower and sesame, is low, and rural processing of the oils has been virtually nonexistent. The needs of the rural population for oil and animal feed have been met by urban processors at high cost.
+The introduction of small-scale processing equipment in the rural areas has the potential to reduce local people's need for cash to buy oil, improve the nutrition levels of both people and livestock, and increase farmers' incomes. It can create additional employment for farmers and oilseed press operators.
+Researchers have developed a technological package to introduce small-scale oil expelling enterprises to rural areas in Kenya. The package includes a ram press for extracting the oil, a filtration device, tools for maintenance, and information on the proper utilization of the oil and cake (the residue of the seeds after the oil has been squeezed out) and on the socioeconomic and nutritional benefits of an oilseed processing enterprise. The ram press, driven manually by a long handle, is composed of a small piston that presses a charge of oilseeds into a metal cage. The basic design was developed by Carl Bielenberg
+Of AT International, while in Tanzania. The original and improved versions are now widely used there.
+The four subcomponents of the package are the following:
+· Training in the preparation of the seeds (drying, cleaning, and warming), the proper use of the press, filtration, and storage of the oil. Filtration is used to obtain clean oil by removing particles of cake or dirt in suspension;
+· Information on oil utilization, including the advantages of home-processed oil over commercial oils and fats;
+· Information on how to mix the residual cake, which is rich in protein, with grain for use as animal feed, especially for milk production;
+· Information on the socioeconomic benefits of local oilseed processing.
+The package can potentially benefit communities by making ready-to-use oil and seed cake locally available and by providing an important energy source for young children. The presence of the press can stimulate the production of oilseeds, such as sunflower, and create the potential for developing a rural industry, which in turn can create employment and eventually reduce Kenya's edible oil imports.
+A technical manual on rural processing of oilseeds using the ram press has been produced. It includes information on the proper methods of preparing the seeds, operating procedures and optimum settings for the press, maintenance of the equipment, oil filtration methods, packaging and storage of the oil and cake, a trouble-shooting section, recipes using the oil, cake utilization, and how to make the enterprise profitable (including accounting charts).
+Current field trials are revealing an effective demand for the technology package. The project aims to leave in place a self-sustaining process, with local manufacture and credit arrangements, for the delivery of the technology to rural areas.
+Prerequisites
+· Access to oilseed varieties that provide a good yield of oil under small-scale processing conditions, and that are easy to process.
+· Knowledge of the use of the products (oil and cake) and markets for the surplus.
+Potential users
+Farmers, community groups, and NGOs in rural areas, especially semi-arid areas, who do, or could, include oilseeds in the local farming systems. With proper settings, the most recent design of the manual press can be operated by any man or woman of average strength without undue strain.
+Cost and availability
+The cost of the ram press, including a filtering system, insurance, and transportation, is estimated at about Ksh 30,000 (Can $1500). Annual costs of running the press are estimated at approximately Ksh 11,000 (Can $450). Profit margins for a Kenyan operation, whether the press is privately-owned or run by a cooperative, have been estimated at about Ksh 14,500 (Can $575) per year. This means loans on the equipment could be paid back within about two and a half years.
+Contact
+Mr John Mugeto Department of Agricultural Engineering Egerton University PO Box 536, Njoro, Kenya Tel.: 61620/61031/61032; Telex: 33075
+<section>13. Improved oilseed press</section>
+In Pakistan, the domestic production of edible oils is far below the population's requirements, resulting in a high level of imported oils and inadequate diets. Researchers from the Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research have been adapting and improving village-level oilseed processing equipment to increase the availability of edible oils, increase income and employment, and improve nutrition.
+Village-level oilseed extraction exists in the form of animal and motor-driven Kohlus (large mortar and pestle type installations) and small screw expellers, but these are largely inefficient and can only process seeds such as rapeseed and mustard. There are no village-level technologies to process "hard" seeds such as sunflower and safflower, which are increasingly being cultivated in Pakistan. Improved screw expellers will help in the introduction of these new oilseeds, by enabling communities to set up their own processing.
+The researchers have improved the design and performance of a small mechanical expeller to increase its oil extraction by 3-4%, its efficiency, and its longevity. The expeller is made of a simple screw composed of a number of segments mounted on a shaft, which can be easily removed and replaced when worn. The screw turns at about 38 rpm within a cage of iron bars with small slits that allow the oil to escape. The pressure and mixing action break the oil cells in the seeds and the heat that is generated makes the oil more fluid.
+Technical modifications have increased the expeller's capacity and reduced the amount of residual oil left in the cake from 11-12% to 7.5%. The main modification is the addition of a reverse worm at the end of the main screw assembly to produce extra frictional heat and greater pressure on the raw material. There are two expeller models with different capacities. The 40-cm expeller can process 60 kg of seed per hour; the 66-cm expeller can process up to 100 kg of seed per hour (the original model processed 35 kg per hour). The energy consumption of the modified expellers is lowered to 75 Wh from 100-120 Wh per kg of seeds. The expeller is driven by a 10 HP electric motor.
+The new expeller provides an alternative to both the existing small screw expellers and the large commercial expellers. It can compete with the commercial expellers in terms of capacity, oil recovery, and versatility. It is less expensive (half the price of a large commercial expeller) and more efficient, using only a 10 HP motor as compared to the 30 to 40 HP motor required by the large expellers.
+The modified expeller can process rapeseed, linseed, sesame, and copra. Other seeds such as sunflower, safflower, and cottonseed can also be processed either whole or decorticated.
+Potential users
+Co-ops, village organizations, farmers in Southeast Asian countries where oilseeds are grown and where there is insufficient edible oil available.
+Cost and availability
+The researchers are collaborating with a manufacturer for the commercial production of the new expeller. The expected price will be approximately Rs 25,000 to Rs 30,000 or Can $1000 to $1300.
+Contact
+Dr Shafique Ahmad Khan Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Press Centre, Shahrah-E-Kamal Ataturk Karachi 0109, Pakistan Tel.: 212114; Fax: 92-42-227057 Telex: 47115 PCSIR PK; Cable: CONSEARCH
+<section>14. Improved methods for storing corn</section>
+The main cereal grown in Togo is corn (maize), 95% of which is produced by small farmers who suffer substantial losses because of insects and mildew. Inadequate storage facilities compound the problem.
+Researchers at the University of Benin in Togo have developed a series of methods to improve storage, thereby increasing farmers' income by minimizing losses. Improved storage also increases the amount of food available to their families during the year.
+The new methods incorporate traditional granaries which are made from harvested cobs and straw. They are used for both storing and drying.
+The methods described below are recommended to increase the quality and quantity of the corn.
+- Seeding in rows (with generous spacing between) and early harvesting increase the quantity of corn and limit insect infestation. In very humid regions, a late harvest is recommended because of mildew problems.
+- Granaries should be built in sunny areas on cleared land 3 metres away from the nearest building to minimize the presence of rodents. Wire netting can be placed between the posts supporting the granaries to keep rats out.
+- In humid areas, it is recommended that granaries be raised off the ground (1.2 to 1.6 metres) and fumigated. Elsewhere or when fumigation is not carried out, granaries should be kept low (35 to 50 cm above ground).
+- The recommended size for small granaries is 2-5 metres wide and 1-2 metres high.
+- A water-resistant base reduces water reabsorption during the night.
+- The walls of corn are reinforced every five or six rows by wrapping them with creepers or rope.
+- A conical roof made from plaited straw should cover the corn.
+- Sorting before storage will remove any cobs that have already been attacked by insects or mildew. Studies show that sorting the cobs reduces the amount of corn attacked in the granaries by 36%.
+- Neem tree leaves, a thin layer of ash on the corn and fumigation create a hostile environment for insects.
+- When the corn is sufficiently dry, air circulation is reduced by partially covering the roof with plastic and lining the walls with plastic or clay.
+Farmers in Togo have shown great interest in the research findings, which involve no major changes to their usual methods and little extra cost. These simple methods increase the harvest and improve the quality of the corn. Thanks to improved methods, farmers have noted losses of 9%, compared with 15-50% using traditional methods.
+A popularization program is currently underway with the assistance of CUSO and the African Institute for Economic and Social Development. An illustrated manual in French has been produced for extension workers and brochures written in local languages are also being prepared for farmers. An information video was produced in French and a local language (Ewe) and will be translated into English.
+Potential users
+Small corn producers in West Africa.
+Contact
+Mr K. Kpakote, Director École supérieure d'agronomie Université de Bénin, PO Box 1515, Lomé, Togo Telex: UNIVERBENIN 5258 UB TO; Telegram: UNIVERBENIN
+Resources and publications
+A manual in French for extension workers and a videocassette in French and Ewe have been produced. The video is distributed by Canal France International (CFI) and an English edition is planned.
+<section>15. Improved grain storage</section>
+Traditionally, in Eastern and Southern Africa, smallscale farmers have stored their year's supply of cereal grain in granaries made of termite-resistant wood, a material that is being rapidly depleted. Given the scarcity of wood it is becoming extremely difficult to repair the traditional granaries or to build new ones. Most traditional structures do not provide adequate protection against rain, insects, and rats. High moisture and poor hygiene make the grain susceptible to mould and allow carry-over of pests. Storage losses are estimated to be in the range of 10-20%. It is therefore essential to develop new types of granaries using alternative materials.
+IDRC has supported research by Environment Development Activities-Zimbabwe (ENDA) on the introduction and testing of an affordable improved granary. Initially designed and introduced in maize-growing areas, the improved granaries are now being introduced into sorghum and millet-growing areas. The objective is to develop, test, and distribute improved technologies for
+postproduction handling and storage of cereals to communal farmers in Zimbabwe's drier areas.
+The improved granary retains the traditional cylindrical layout, but is constructed of brick, rather than poles and mud. The only materials that might not be locally available are cement and the large timbers required for the granary floor. The internal dividing walls are about chest high. Four of the resulting compartments are filled with grain, or maize on the cob - fully dried before being put into storage. The fifth enables a person to enter through the door, stand inside, and fill or empty the compartments. The outside bricks are ordinary burnt bricks - red or reddish-yellow depending on locally available clays.
+The new granary can store up to 2.5 tonnes of shelled maize, more than enough for the average maize-eating family. The size of the granary can be scaled down and adapted to various storage requirements.
+Cost and availability
+The improved structure costs approximately ZWD 600 (about Can $138). Most of the materials are locally available.
+ENDA provides information on the construction of the granary and other aspects of cereal postproduction handling and storage technologies. A dissemination package of improved farm-level storage recommendations is available to extension agents, farmers, and researchers.
+Potential users
+Small-scale farmers of Eastern and Southern Africa. The new postharvest technologies will contribute to the overall strategy of food security for the nine countries of the Southern Africa Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC).
+Contact
+Mr Charles Gore Deputy Executive Director Environment and Development Activities - Zimbabwe 14 Belvedere Rd., PO Box 3492 Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel.: (263) 708-568; Fax: (263) 729-204
+<section>16. Multi-crop dryers</section>
+Drying is a preservation process that prevents the deterioration of perishable crops and allows for handling, transport, and storage of the products for sale outside the community where they are grown. In Northeastern Thailand, researchers have adapted drying technologies to help expand the markets for fruits and vegetables.
+For individual farmers, a cabinet-type tray dryer was designed with a capacity of 100 kg, using a wood fired furnace and the natural thermal draft to move the drying air. This dryer, well accepted by the longan farmers who tried it, is useful if sufficient fuelwood is available. The project has given the design to farmers in Lamphun Province, who are building 50 dryers with government assistance.
+For traders needing a larger capacity, a mechanical dryer with a low-cost fuel oil burner was designed. A mobile mechanical dryer was also designed and was well accepted by users. The mechanical dryers are easy to use, have a fast drying time, and produce uniform products. The investment cost is low and the potential benefits high, as dry products sell for substantially more than fresh fruits and vegetables.
+The dryers were field-tested and produce an acceptable quality dry product for the following crops: goundnut, soybean, black mungbean, chili, longan, black mushroom, and Chinese apricot.
+The latest prototype mechanical tray dryer, called CMUIDRC II, measures 1.2 x 2.4 x 2.0 metres, and is made of galvanized steel insulated with 25-mm thick fibre glass. It holds 18 trays, which can dry 600 kg of fresh produce. The hot air is produced by a gas burner that uses about 0.5 kg of gas per hour. Drying time is approximately 48 hours. A 1 HP motor is needed to run the dryer.
+The dryers have been disseminated through workshops to some 2000 farmers, traders and exporters in Thailand, and have been well received. In 1991, Chiang Mai University received more than 20 orders for the mobile mechanical dryer from longan traders, farmers, and cooperatives.
+Prerequisites
+Appropriate produce for drying and available markets for dried products. Access to fuel and electricity.
+Potential users
+Farmers, co-ops, extension programs, traders, and processing factories.
+Cost and availability
+The dryers have initially been commercialized through the Centre for Engineering Services (CES) of Chiang Mai University. The natural draft dryer costs about 8000 baht or Can $400. The mechanical cabinet type dryer (model CME-IDR II) has an estimated price of 70,000 baht or Can $3500, including installation. Other costs include labour, fuel, electricity, and maintenance.
+Contact
+Dr Norkun Sitthiphong, Dean
+Department of Mechanical Engineering,
+Faculty of Engineering
+Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50002,
+Thailand
+Tel.: (053) 221699 ext. 4144; Fax:
+Resources and publications
+· Mechanical Longan Dryers, a training manual produced for a workshop on longan drying. Available from Chiang Mai University.
+<section>17. Potato based food products for low-income consumers</section>
+The poor populations living in the urban slums of Lima, Peru, suffer from chronic malnutrition and limited access to low-cost, nutritious food. In the rural areas, potatoes are a major crop, especially for small farmers, and the tubers have traditionally been an important source of calories and protein. However, seasonal price fluctuations put the potato out of reach of the urban poor at certain times of the year.
+Researchers at the Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) have been looking at ways to support potato farming while providing low-income city people with low-cost, nutritious food products based on the potato.
+Combining dried potato with cereal and legume flours, the researchers developed a food product they called M-6, which is cheaper than potatoes, nutritious, versatile, stable, and well accepted in the community. The technology, which has the potential to benefit both poor urban consumers and potato farming communities, has not been widely adopted. The reasons include the complexity of the process, demands on management to effectively run a processing operation on very tight margins, and the high price/irregular supply of potatoes. A small plant in the central highlands of Peru produces a modified version of M-6 to supply CARITAS (a local catholic NGO) with several tonnes of the product each month.
+The potato mix M-6 is made of 30% dried potato and the flours of rice, broadbeans, oat, barley, and maize. This was based on local agricultural products; in other areas different ingredients and combinations should be used, based on their availability and low cost. The mix is reconstituted with water and boiled for 25 minutes till it makes a thick soup. Because of its bland taste, it can be used in savoury or sweet dishes.
+The potato mix can be used for a wide variety of recipes including breakfast foods, main dishes, and desserts. M-6 provides one third of the nutrients needed by children, and has been shown to improve their health and nutrition when eaten regularly.
+CIP developed equipment and processes to produce M-6 both at the family and community levels (100 kg per week), and at the factory level (one tonne per week).
+The factory level process involves the following steps: weighing the potatoes; washing and peeling them using a peeling machine; "rectification", which involves a visual inspection and the removal of eyes, green areas, spots, and sprouts with a knife; cooking the potatoes in water; mashing them, using either a manual meat grinder or more sophisticated mechanical or motorized mashers; using a mixing machine to mix the mashed potato with the right proportions of cereal and legume flours that have been milled beforehand; using a shredder to homogenize the size of the granules; and finally, drying the mix in a solar or electric dryer.
+The pilot plant was able to produce 600 kg of wet mix per day, which produced 250 kg of M-6 after 48 hours of drying.
+The researchers also developed a process for family or community level production. It was estimated that 100 kg of m-6, used three times a day, could feed a family of six for 9 months. Household equipment (hand grinder, pots, knives, peelers, hand masher, tubs, spatulas) are all that's needed to produce the mix, with the exception of the wooden drying tray which has to be built.
+Cooking is done using traditional stoves, and the potatoes are peeled manually after cooking. As mashing with a hand grinder can be very tiring, CIP developed a grinder/ masher for home use. Mixing is done manually in a large tub with flours that have been milled beforehand. The mix is then dried in the sun or in an oven. CIP also developed prototype equipment for families for milling and mixing.
+CIP's work on low-cost potato-based foods has wound down, but the results of this experience are being used by CIP in Cameroon, India, and Peru. CIP continues to receive requests for information about processing, for which the M-6 experience has proven very useful.
+Potential users
+Farming communities, community organizations, small enterprises, NGOs, government, relief agencies and community kitchens in potato-growing areas.
+Contact
+Centro Internacional de la Papa
+Postharvest Management and Marketing
+AP 5969, Lima, Peru
+Tel.: (61-14) 350266/350842; Telex:
+(394) 25672 PE
+Cable: CIPAPA- Lima; Fax: (51-14) 35 15
+E-mail: 57: CG1801
+Resources and publications
+Appropriate Techniques for Development and Manufacture of Low-Cost Potato-Based Food Products in Developing Countries, Peter J. Keane, Robert H. Booth, Nilda Beltrán, CIP, 1986. Describes in detail the process used to develop M-6.
+A manual on product development for root and tuber crops will be published by CIP, CIAT and IITA, and will include CIP's experience with village level processing.
+<section>18. Diffused light storage for seed potatoes</section>
+Potatoes are a staple crop in some 130 countries world-wide, and rank fourth in production after wheat, maize, and rice. In Peru, potatoes are an important food source, and the main crop in the Andean highlands. Traditionally, small farmers store their potatoes at home in a dark room to prevent them from greening. These are used as seed potatoes for the next planting, as well as for sale and home consumption. Dark storage can be a problem, however, in the warmer lowland and coastal areas, as it can cause excessive sprouting (the potatoes need to be de-sprouted before planting) and increased losses to insects.
+The Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) in Peru, in the course of a larger research program on postproduction technologies for the potato, developed a low-cost, simple method to improve the storage of seed potatoes. The method, called diffused light storage (DLS) involves storing the potatoes in thin layers on shelves or trays in natural diffused (indirect) light with good ventilation.
+This simple technique can reduce the weight loss of the tubers during storage, increase their resistance to pests, allow the farmer to store the crop for longer periods, increase yields (by 15 to 30%), and reduce sprouting. Farmers can use their own seed potatoes for planting, avoiding the high costs of commercial seed at planting time. They have more flexibility in choosing their planting time and do not have to de-sprout the tubers (which can require up to five person-days per hectare). The major constraint of the method for small farmers is that diffused light will "green" the potatoes, making them unsuitable for eating. The method can therefore only be used for storing seed potatoes.
+Farmers adapted the diffused light concept according to their own needs and accumulated knowledge. They often used corridors, verandahs, attics, terraces, sheds, etc., experimenting with different options and only rarely reproducing the models of extension agents. The technology varied from placing potatoes in front of windows to the building of a 100-tonne diffused light store by a cooperative of producers.
+By 1984, 4000 farmers in 16 countries, including Colombia, Guatemala, Peru, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka, had adopted diffused light storage for seed potatoes. A wide array of diffused light storage designs was developed by the farmers, who almost all continued to use the technique on an ongoing basis. Continued research is being done by national potato programs in various countries.
+Potential users
+Small- and large-scale potato farmers.
+Contact
+Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) Postharvest Management and Marketing AP 5969, Lima, Peru Tel.: 366920/354354; Telex: 25672 PE Cable: CIPAPA- Lima; Fax: (61-14) 351-570
+Resources and publications
+· A chapter on diffused light storage is included in Planned Change in Farming Systems: Progress in On-Farm Research, edited by R. Tripp, John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
+<section>19. Cooling technologies for the preservation of fruits and vegetables</section>
+In the highlands of Northern Thailand, farmers who grow fruits and vegetables suffer high postharvest losses due both to the conditions in the fields and to poor storage techniques.
+Researchers from Chiang Mai University have investigated various storage and cooling technologies, to increase the potential market for the farmers' produce. In a first phase, they designed and tested a passive cooler for storing fruit. While this storage facility required no outside energy, and was inexpensive and simple, it was suitable for only a few kinds of fruit.
+The researchers then developed several prototype precooling systems using water spray. They found that precooling and refrigerated transport reduced losses by 8 to 17%. The effects of this system can be increased with careful management including harvesting at the most appropriate time, proper trimming and grading, a good marketing strategy, care in handling, and appropriate pre-treatment and packaging.
+Precooling involves reducing the product's temperature before storage and transport, and requires that a large amount of heat be removed in a short period of time, making it more expensive than cold storage. Conventional precooling uses large-capacity refrigerators that require a considerable amount of energy. Forced-air cooling, the method chosen by the researchers, is the most versatile and the most widely used form of precooling.
+Because there is a high risk of drying out the produce using this technique, the air humidity must be kept high, around 90-95% relative humidity. The prototype precooler consists of an insulated room and an air-cooling unit. Air is drawn from the room into the unit and forced upward through a large surface heat exchanger called "packing." Cold water is sprayed from nozzles above and absorbs heat from the air through direct contact. The air comes out of the packing colder and more humid. It passes through a demister to remove water droplets, then is circulated back into the insulated room where the produce is stored. The water falls to a receiving tank below and is recirculated.
+The water can be cooled using a variety of techniques, including:
+· A roof-pond system which passively cools the water during the night;
+· Ice used as a supplementary cooling source;
+· Mechanical refrigeration as a supplementary cooling source; or
+· Mechanical refrigeration alone (called active cooling).
+The prototypes were the first high-humidity precoolers that were locally designed using locally available materials. They cost about one third of comparable imported coolers, and cost can be further reduced by combining them with a passive-cooling system to produce the cooled water.
+The passive-cooling system consists of a shallow pond on the roof of a building A movable insulation panel is placed over the pond during the day and removed at night. This water-cooling method requires no energy and is simple to build and maintain. It is dependent however on an appropriate climate, ideally dry, cool nights, clear skies, and relatively little wind. It can be used in tropical climates with careful evaluation beforehand and an awareness of its limitations.
+Commercial-scale precoolers (1000 to 1300 kg) are currently in use in Thailand and are well accepted.
+Prerequisites
+The precoolers can be built using locally available materials. The packing can be made of corrugated galvanized-steel sheets, PVC tubing, or layers of wire mesh. The cooler requires pumps and a fan, an evaporator coil made of bare copper tubing, PVC nozzles, and wooden slats for the demister. A typical roof pond system uses a 40-squaremetre roof with a 4 cubic-metre water tank.
+Potential users
+Communities growing fruits and vegetables in highland areas.
+The precoolers are currently being manufactured by the Centre for Engineering Services (CES), of Chiang Mai University, at the address below.
+Contact
+Dr Piyawat Boon-Long
+Department of Mechanical
+Engineering
+Chiang Mai University
+Chiang Mai 50002, Thailand
+Tel.: (66-53) 210320; Fax:
+<section>20. Act-ais agricultural marketing information system</section>
+Foreign exchange is being used in most Caribbean countries to buy food that could be grown locally and traded regionally. Information on regionally grown crops, however, is not easily accessible. A result of this poor flow of information is that few foods are exported, other than the traditional exports of sugar and bananas.
+The Association for Caribbean Transformation (ACT) is supporting domestic food production and promoting regional trade in Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, and Antigua by providing farmers with better market information.
+The ACT Agricultural Information System (ACT-AIS) is a computerized database designed by ACT to monitor national data on the agricultural sector in five categories: commodity prices in the wholesale and retail market, the prices of agricultural inputs, estimates of costs of production of various crops, recorded data on total production and supply, and agricultural trade data. Each of these modules can be used alone to facilitate a quick retrieval of data.
+ACT-AIS helps with three basic tasks:
+· Storage, retrieval and generation of relevant data;
+· Processing of the data into useful information using standard analytical methods;
+· Using the data to formulate strategies for low-income farmers and traders to establish themselves in the market.
+For example, the Commodity Price Module can provide, among other things, a time series on any crop for any specified time period, and a comparative analysis of crop prices for a specified month, the previous month, and the same period 1 year earlier.
+The information produced by this module can be printed in a spreadsheet format to generate seasonal indexes of price changes, trends, and forecasts. The information is used to evaluate proposals for investing in certain crops; to plan production; to develop marketing strategies for specific crops; and to formulate realistic expectations of the market at any given time.
+Most importantly, ACT uses the information technology to help small-scale producers with little overt market power to estimate what the market wants and to be ready to supply it at the opportune time.
+Information is disseminated in the form of bulletins, status reports, and personalized services. To reach directly small-scale farmers - who generally get their information through institutions, traders, and large-scale farm operators - ACT is developing strategies such as providing speakers on local farm radio shows in Antigua and Dominica and producing fact sheets with large print and many illustrations.
+ACT is currently developing two new software packages. The first is to maintain an ongoing database on suppliers and buyers of agricultural produce, so as to easily facilitate market operations from a central information point. The second is to identify agricultural trade opportunities, and provide initial background data for developing agricultural trade.
+Prerequisites
+An IBM-compatible computer with 640K RAM. The program is currently written in dBase III Plus and is being adapted for dBase IV. ACT can compile the program so the dBase program is not necessary to run it. A working knowledge of DOS and a spreadsheet program is needed.
+Application of ACT-AIS to agricultural development requires knowledge of small-scale production, marketing, and the development of a network for accessing agricultural data and information from the public domain (such as from government ministries and institutions that publish such information regularly).
+Potential users
+NGOs that support productive activities by low-income groups; secondary cooperatives, especially marketing cooperatives; and groups of small-scale agricultural producers with a common production or marketing objective
+Cost and availability
+The basic programs for the ACT databases are available on request. Contact ACT for information on costs including postage. ACT has provided training activities for NGOs from Africa, which included not only the database structure, but also how it supports the credit, marketing, and technical assistance programs of ACT. Copies of the supporting training material are available upon request for the cost of duplication and postage. ACT's preference is to conduct a series of informal discussions, in which ACT can get an understanding of the objectives of the organization, then suggest how ACT-AIS can be modified to serve those objectives better.
+Contact
+Mr Allan Williams, Project Leader, ACT Ltd, 3 Pelham Street, Belmont Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago Tel.: (809) 624-2142; Fax: (809) 627-6032; Cable: ACTRANS PORTOFSPAIN
+<section>Forestry</section>
+<section>21. Alley farming</section>
+Alley farming is a sustainable farming system that could replace shifting cultivation systems in tropical Africa, reducing deforestation and land degradation. It exploits the potential of trees, primarily for maintaining the fertility of the soil, as well as for improving crop and livestock production.
+Multipurpose trees (usually leguminous) are established in rows 4-6 metres apart with crops cultivated in the "alleys" between the tree rows. Trees are pruned at the end of the first year and subsequently managed through periodic pruning of the regrowth so that interplanted food crops get enough light.
+Under this system:
+· The trees and shrubs protect the soil against water runoff and erosion, particularly on sloping land;
+Tree prunings may be applied to the soil surface as mulch or incorporated as green manure;
+· A significant amount of nitrogen, mineral nutrients, and organic matter is made available to the topsoil improving soil fertility and reducing the need for inorganic commercial fertilizer;
+· The mulch also acts as a weed-suppressor and helps earthworms to multiply;
+· The pruned branches can be used as a protein-rich livestock feed leading to improved productivity of sheep and goats;
+· The system can also produce fuelwood or poles if desired.
+The system increases the length of cropping periods, so the land can produce more, and soil fertility is rapidly regenerated and maintained. Alley farming can be used on farms of any size.
+Prerequisites
+Availability of seeds of multipurpose tree species appropriate to local climate and conditions; training of farmers and community groups interested in trying out the new techniques.
+Potential users
+Farmers, extension workers, NGOs, and development workers in the agriculture sector. Techniques are useful in areas with erosion problems (such as hill-side farming) and where population pressure and land degradation increasingly limit the availability of fertile land for farming. Alley farming is flexible enough to be used by small farmers as well as by large mechanized farms, and is close to current farming methods. It is also in use in Southeast Asia.
+Established in February 1989, the Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa (AFNETA) promotes and supports alley farming research, on-farm testing, and extension of the concept across diverse environments in tropical Africa. Technical studies are complemented by studies of some of the constraints to alley farming, such as systems of land ownership, labour requirements, gender issues, religious beliefs, ancestral traditions, and socioeconomic pressures.
+AFNETA's activities include: information dissemination, and exchange of alley farming techniques; training; and collaborative research with national and international agricultural research centres. A major priority for the network is collaboration between research institutions and development organizations. For example AFNETA co-hosted a training workshop on "Research Institution NGO Linkages" in 1991; an international conference on alley farming held in Ibadan, Nigeria, in September 1992 featured presentations from both research institutions and NGOs.
+AFNETA works in Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
+Contact
+Kwesi (A.N.) Atta-Krah, Coordinator, AFNETA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria Tel.: (234-22) 400300/400314 Telex: TDS IBA NG 20311 (Box 015) or TROPIB NG 31417/ 31159; Cable: TROPFOUND IKEJA
+Resources and publications
+· Alley Farming: the Development of Alley Cropping as a Promising Agroforestry Technique, B.T. Lang and G.F. Wilson, IITA Reprints, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 1987.
+AFNETAN, the official newsletter of the Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa (see address above).
+· Alley Farming with Livestock - Guidelines, International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1988. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, PO Box 5689; Fax: (251-1) 613218; Telex: Ilca Addis 21207.
+· Alley Farming in the Humid and Subhumid Tropics, Proceedings of the 1986 International Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria, available from IDRC.
+· Alley Farming, a review by B.T. Kang, L. Reynolds and A.N. Atta-Krah, in Advances in Agronomy, 43: 315-359, 1990.
+· Alley Farming Training Manual, resource materials and methodological guides for use in alley farming training programs, AFNETA, IITA, 1991.
+· Trees of Plenty, 19-mint film on the use of leguminous trees in farming systems around the world, 1987, IDRC.
+<section>22. Using paulownia trees for intercropping</section>
+In many Third World countries, the depletion of native forests coupled with the increased demand for timber and fuel is creating serious environmental, economic and social problems. One strategy to deal with this situation is to encourage rural people to integrate trees within existing farming systems.
+In China, the Paulownia tree has been used with great success in agroforestry programs, on nearly two million hectares of farmland. This planting has helped alleviate the chronic shortage of timber, fuelwood, and animal fodder, and at the same time has served to increase agricultural production and improve soil conservation. The successful development and use of Paulownia in China can benefit many other countries that face similar problems of competing priorities between agriculture and wood production.
+Scientists at the Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, have been studying Paulownia and have developed and distributed several improved varieties to farmers and organizations in China and other countries.
+The benefits of Paulownia trees include:
+· They are adaptable. They grow on flat or mountainous land, in various types of soil, including: rich humous soil in temperate areas, dry poor soil, rich forest soil, and clay soil in the subtropics, laterite soil in the tropics, and dry steppes.
+· Paulownia also adapts to a variety of climates, even temperatures as low as -20°C (different species vary in their resistance to the cold). The optimum mean daily temperature for Paulownia is 24-29°C. Precipitation needs also vary greatly, from as low as 500 mm to a maximum of 2000 or 3000 mm annually.
+· They grow extremely quickly (average growth 2 metres per year).
+· They have a deep root system that does not compete with the roots of crops.
+· Their branches and leaves are sparse, allowing plenty of light to come through.
+· Intercropping with Paulownia can improve the microclimate by reducing the effects of drying winds (wind speed can be reduced by 20-50% on average) and increasing air moisture, which considerably increases yields of crops such as winter wheat, millet, and maize.
+· Paulownia produces a light yet strong timber useful for furniture, plywood and musical instruments; its sale can considerably increase the income of rural people.
+· Its branches can be used for fuelwood (a 10-year-old tree produces 400 kg of branches per year).
+· The branches, leaves, and flowers are rich in protein, carbohydrates, and minerals, making them ideal for animal feed and green fertilizer (a 10-year-old tree produces 30 kg of dry leaves per year).
+· The leaves, flowers, and wood have medicinal properties.
+If the trees are used primarily to improve agricultural production, 40-67 trees are planted per hectare. This will increase yields of wheat, millet, and maize. Crops such as sesame and sweet potato are not suitable for intercropping with Paulownia and their yields may actually decrease. If 50 trees are planted per hectare, they will produce 20-25 cubic metres of timber per tree over 10 years, an important extra income to farmers.
+Paulownia trees can also be planted primarily for timber production, with the crops as a secondary activity. In this case 200-400 trees are planted per hectare. The crop yield is reduced after 4-10 years, but can still amount to some 37.5 tonnes per hectare over 10 years. From 80 to 140 cubic metres of timber per hectare can be produced after 10 years.
+Prerequisites
+Access to seedlings or root cuttings of appropriate Paulownia species for local conditions; training in planting and management of the trees and intercropping techniques. The Chinese Academy of Forestry has provided training courses for farmers, technicians, and extension workers.
+Potential users
+Farmers around the world could benefit from intercropping with Paulownia, especially in areas with poor soils, climate problems such as sandstorms, high winds, and droughts, and timber, fuelwood, and fodder shortages. Paulownia seeds have been introduced in more than 30 countries in Africa, America, Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin America, and with considerable success in Australia, India, and Pakistan.
+Cost and availability
+Seeds of different Paulownia species are available from the Paulownia Research Group (see below). Cost is approximately US $10 per 100 g plus US $15 to $20 to cover mailing, quarantine, etc.
+Contact
+Paulownia Research Group Forest Research Institute Chinese Academy of Forestry Wan Shou Shan, Beijing 100091 People's Republic of China Tel.: 2582211 ext 672; Fax: 2582317
+Resources and publications
+· A 27-minute film in English titled Paulownia in China has been produced by the Chinese Agricultural Studio.
+· Paulownia in China: Cultivation and Utilization, by the Chinese Academy of Forestry Staff, Asian Network for Biological Sciences and IDRC, 1986, 65 pp.
+· Agroforestry Systems in China, Chinese Academy of Forestry and IDRC, 1991, 216 pp. Models, development, research, and experiences of agroforestry in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and semi-arid regions in China.
+· Available from the National Paulownia Centre in the United States: Paulownia Information Packet; Kiri Newsletter (Kiri is a subspecies of Paulownia); and Kiri seed. Contact: Dr Peter R. Beckford, 4303 Kenny St, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
+<section>23. Agroforestry seed information clearinghouse</section>
+Agroforestry is quickly becoming an important component of agricultural development in many countries. Expansion of agroforestry systems, however, are hampered by lack of seed. When seeds are available they are too often expensive and of low quality. This situation is aggravated by limited knowledge of seed production, handling, and testing for quality.
+The Agroforestry Seed Information Clearinghouse (AFSICH) in the Philippines was established to serve the information needs of NGOs and government. The project collects information on seed sources and technologies for promising agroforestry species and distributes the information to NGOs and government agencies through brochures, newsletters, and training sessions.
+Activities of the clearinghouse include:
+· A database of seed resources for major agroforestry species in the Philippines, as well as organizations, resource persons, and seed production technologies;
+· Training in seed production and handling for planners, NGOs, trainers, and farmers;
+· Research;
+· Coordination of a network linking NGOs and government agencies involved in uplands development in the Philippines;
+· Production and distribution of extension materials.
+The following types of information on seeds are being generated by the clearinghouse: information sources, uses of different species, taxonomy, growth habits, adaptation, areas under cultivation, flowering requirements and characteristics, seed setting requirements and characteristics, seed handling, and requirements for establishment of the plants.
+Information from the project has been used to produce the Agroforestry Technology Information Kit and was highlighted in a special issue of the Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter on agroforestry seeds. Fifteen hundred copies of the newsletter were distributed in 75 countries. The newsletter contains information on seed technology (guidelines for production, seed collection and preparation, seed drying, seed storage and protection, seed quality testing, and pregermination treatments), as well as worldwide lists of seed sources, resource people, agencies, organizations, and projects involved in seed production.
+The project works closely with NGOs through the network, and its research agenda is based on farmers" problems as identified by NGOs and extension workers, not by the researchers. It is a model of a successful seed exchange network.
+Potential users
+Farmers, NGOs, and government agencies who do not have access to information on seeds through usual channels.
+Contact
+Dr Pamela G. Fernandez Agroforestry Seed Information Clearinghouse Department of Agronomy University of the Philippines at Los Baños Laguna, The Philippines 4031 Fax: 63-2-818-2087, c/o Paul Tengirri
+Resources and publications
+· Agroforestry Technology Information Kit, available from: Dr. Julian Gonsalves, Director, Appropriate Technology Unit, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Room 38, Elena Apartments, 512 R. Salas St., Ermita, Manila, The Philippines.
+· Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 3, Sept. 1990; available from: SAN, c/o Scott A. Killough, IIRR, Km. 39, Silang, Cavite 4118, The Philippines.
+<section>24. Agroforestry seed centre for southern Africa</section>
+As deforestation becomes an increasingly serious problem in southern Africa, agroforestry programs and community woodlots are in need of reliable sources of good-quality tree seed. There is a need for a wider selection of tree species to meet a variety of uses: improvement of soil fertility, protection of crops, provision of shelter, shade, and forage for domestic animals, provision of wood for fuel and construction, and mitigation of environmental damage.
+Current problems facing forestry and agroforestry programs include a lack of available seed (and the need to import seed), inadequate testing and storage of seed, a lack of trained personnel, and inadequate information. For the programs to work, obtaining the best possible seed at the right time is crucial. To address this situation and to promote self-sufficiency in seed supply of multipurpose trees, a regional seed centre has been established in Zimbabwe.
+The regional seed centre includes offices, workshop and conference facilities, a seed lab, and cold storage. It aims to provide the Southern Africa region with access to certified and improved seed for research and development programs; to develop standardized techniques for collecting, processing, storing, and testing seed for distribution; to provide training to seed workers in the region; to identify and record existing seed sources and tree stands in the region; to establish resource conservation tree stands for seed production; and to disseminate information (including information on problems of seed importation).
+For the first time in Africa, seed stands of major dry-zone species have been established. A system of seed stands has been set up in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The regional seed centre has organized various training activities, including a workshop for scientists on taxonomy, seed handling and testing, and a course on indigenous tree seed collection attended by seed workers from Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. A computerized list of commercial seedlots has been drawn up, and information on seeds is provided to individuals and organizations both inside and outside the region. As well, the seed centre is identifying seed sources in other countries and on other continents for promising species that can be used in the Southern Africa region.
+Potential users
+Forestry and agroforestry programs throughout Africa.
+Cost and availability
+Seed for research is available free or on an exchange basis. A price list in US dollars for different categories of seeds is available. Seeds can be sent to any country by air freight or air mail. An import permit is required for commercial seed orders, but not for seed for research purposes.
+Seed species available include:
+· Exotic species: various eucalypt and pine species, and small quantities of other species;
+· Indigenous species: a range of Zimbabwe acacias and other species.
+Contact
+Forestry Commission
+PO Box 8111
+Causeway, Zimbabwe
+Tel.: (263) (4) 706216; Fax: (263)
+Telex: 22446 FORCOM ZW
+General Manager
+Forest Research Centre
+PO Box HG 595
+Harare, Zimbabwe
+Tel.: 4687819; Telex: 2446 FORCOM
+ZW
+Resources and publications
+· FORMAT, a free newsletter published in English by The Seed Centre.
+<section>25. Agroforestry in semi-arid areas</section>
+Kenya's semi-arid areas are under increasing ecological pressure due to growing population and a lack of arable land. Grazing lands are under threat in the Kakuyuni catchment area (Machakos district), where the number of cattle, goats, and sheep is now more than twice the recommended maximum for the type of land. Rainfall is low, the land produces little, and there are shortages of fodder.
+The Kenya Forestry Research Institute is developing agroforestry technologies to counteract the soil erosion and poor conditions. The technologies include:
+· Identification of the most promising species for intercropping (planting trees with crops) and for hedges;
+· Establishment of fodder banks;
+· Technologies for the rehabilitation and management of grazing lands;
+· Identification of appropriate fruit tree species to improve nutrition and provide a small cash crop to local farmers;
+· Improved tree-planting techniques;
+· Techniques for community participation and dissemination of the new technologies.
+The growing of hedgerows of trees among crops can increase productivity and improve and protect the soil. The most promising material includes species of Leucaena, Gliricidia, Cassia, and Sesbania which provide fodder, mulch, and fuelwood while preventing soil erosion and surface water runoff.
+Wooden fences in the area are constantly attacked by termites and need to be replaced frequently, using scarce trees to provide the wood. Live fences provide a solution to this problem. Three species are recommended to farmers (Caesalpinia spinosa, Parkinsonia aculeata, and Zizyphus mauritania). The trees are planted less than 50 cm apart and are pollarded at 30 to 50 cm above ground to stimulate the growth of side branches.
+Natural vegetation in the grazing lands is prevented from maturing by lack of moisture and constant browsing by animals. A package of treatments has been devised for eroded grazing land, to protect both natural vegetation and newly planted trees and shrubs. This includes: digging a 2-metre-long V-shaped trench upslope of the tree to improve water retention; pruning the tree to one main branch to promote upward growth; surrounding the tree with thorny bush to protect it from animals while the main branch is growing; constructing ditches for erosion control; introducing appropriate tree, shrub, and grass species to enrich the land.
+Four species of fruit trees were introduced to increase available food and income: mango, pawpaw, rough lemon, and guava.
+Researchers are working with farmers to develop tree-planting and management techniques for particular species and locations. These include: pruning the roots of seedlings and the stems if necessary; digging larger planting holes to encourage rapid root development; and planting promptly at the beginning of the rainy season to take advantage of all available moisture.
+Self-help groups of farmers, predominantly women, participated in the trials and were the first to plant the most promising species on their farms. School children and self-help groups are taught the importance and the methods of rehabilitating grazing lands, and given seedlings to start tree nurseries. Information is disseminated mainly through radio programs, newspaper articles, women's groups, and schools.
+Prerequisites
+Access to seeds or seedlings of appropriate species; training in intercropping, building and maintaining live fences, and rehabilitating grazing lands. The technologies need to be adapted to local conditions, including socioeconomic factors and current farming practices.
+Potential users
+Farmers, co-ops, community groups, NGOs, extension workers, and agriculturalists working in semi-arid areas.
+Contact
+Dr Jeff A. Odera
+Director, Kenya Forestry Research Institute
+PO Box 20412, Nairobi, Kenya
+Tel.: Karuri 32173 or 32220; Cable:
+KEFRI Nairobi
+<section>26. Live fences for protecting crops and plants</section>
+In Burkina Faso, deforestation and soil erosion are having a disastrous impact on the environment. Programs for reforestation and smallholding protection have been introduced to reverse the damage. Much of the reforestation, carried out annually at great cost in terms of financial and local manpower resources, is usually destroyed in its first year by village cattle. It is estimated that the plant survival rate is less than 30%. To reduce losses in the reforestation program, researchers from the Ministry of Environment and Tourism have developed agroforestry methods using live fences.
+To protect their vegetable crops and young plants, farmers usually use wire fencing, which is expensive, or enclosures made from branches or other material that rots quickly. In contrast, live fences are cheap and quickly form permanent barriers that cattle find difficult to penetrate.
+Researchers have identified the best species and methods suited to local environmental conditions. The species were chosen according to the following criteria:
+· The plant's recovery rate after planting;
+· The plant's annual growth rate in height and diameter;
+· Ramification, which must be low and full to produce an impenetrable fence; and
+· The cover, or interpenetration of the branches.
+The following species were selected: Acacia senegal, Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, Bauhinia rufescens, Ziziphus mauritiana and Prosopis juliflora.
+The following instructions should be followed closely to ensure a healthy fence:
+· Planting the fence. A system of trenches improves water infiltration and increases root growth. The trenches, which aid plant recovery while minimizing the farmers' work, should measure 50 cm (for single rows) to 80 cm (for double rows) wide and 60 cm deep. The trees are planted in staggered, double rows with 40 cm between the rows and 30 to 50 cm between trees in the same row.
+· Upkeep. The fences must be weeded two or three times during the first year after planting, to reduce competition from weeds. During the dry season each plant needs at least 1.5 litres of water per week.
+· Pruning. The plants must be pruned once or twice a year, depending on their height, at the end of the dry season or during winter. At first, pruning should be kept low (50 to 80 cm from the ground) to encourage branches to form at the base of the trees. Subsequent pruning depends on the height to be protected, generally around 1.2 metres.
+Two major drawbacks to this method became apparent during the research stage: namely, the amount of work required to dig the trenches and the availability of plants in sufficient quantities at the right time. To overcome these problems, the researchers identified species and methods suitable for creating live fences using direct seeding rather than plants.
+Producing live fences using direct seeding is an easy, cost-effective method that does not require growing trees in nurseries and eliminates the planting process. The success of direct seeding depends on regular, frequent watering. The species producing best results using direct seeding are: Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal and Bauhinia rufescens. The seeds must be planted in early winter (June and July) in trenches that have been dug and refilled before seeding.
+The live-fence method has proved popular with farmers, especially those growing vegetables. This method is a significant step forward and will improve reforestation and vegetable farming conditions in the country.
+Prerequisites
+Seedlings, potted plants, or cuttings of the appropriate species. In Burkina Faso, the seeds of the forest species used are available from the Centre national des semences forestières (CNSF), PO Box 2682, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Tel.: 30-08-57/30-12-33).
+Plants and cuttings are available from the nurseries of the Ministère de l'Environnement et du Tourisme (see above address).
+Potential users
+Reforestation groups, farming and vegetable programs in dry regions where cattle are causing damage and efforts are being made to halt soil erosion.
+Contact
+Zigani Goudouma Direction de la production Ministère de l'Environnement et du Tourisme PO Box 7044 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Tel.: 33-12-13/33-63-11
+<section>27. A windbreak for protecting crops</section>
+Most of Tunisia is exposed to strong winds that blow in from the sea. These winds cause numerous problems, including soil erosion, increased rainfall, a reduction in the foliation area of plants, flattening of standing grain, drying out flowers, and blowing down fruit. A windbreak that reduces the wind by 40% provides effective protection for crops.
+Although windbreaks have been used in Tunisia for some time, the majority of them are incorrectly planted (trees are too close together), poorly maintained, or made up of tree species that are not suitable for the purpose.
+Tunisian researchers have shown that, with appropriate species and methods, windbreaks can increase the yield of vegetable and fodder crops by 17 to 100%, depending on the crop and local conditions. Windbreaks can also produce additional income from firewood and poles.
+Although the best windbreaks are designed to suit local conditions, they all have some common characteristics:
+· It is important to use several tree species (eg, Eucalyptus, Acacia, Cypress) to avoid the entire windbreak being destroyed by harmful insects; trees of varying heights also offer fuller protection.
+· Young plants should be protected by plastic-wrapped mulch to minimize humidity loss and to protect them against harmful insects and weeds. They should be watered regularly.
+· The windbreak should be permeable to allow a certain amount of wind to get through. An impermeable windbreak raises the temperature in the fields, thereby damaging the crops. The porosity of the windbreak varies according to the farmer's needs.
+· Since the windbreak occupies about a tenth of the productive land area, it is important that it produces additional income to compensate for the loss in crops. The species selected should be viable for lumber, firewood, and poles. Small fodder or medicinal plants can also be planted at the foot of the trees to create another source of income.
+· Hedges that are not irrigated will compete with the crops; a space or laneway must therefore be left between the windbreak and the crops. Fruit trees should be planted at least 6 metres from the hedge to avoid competition.
+· The windbreak should be maintained and pruned regularly.
+· Costs can be minimized by planting trees 1 to 1.5 metres apart and hedges 80 to 100 metres apart without reducing the windbreak's effectiveness (trees are traditionally planted 60 cm apart and hedges 50-60 metres apart). The trees also benefit from the irrigation provided for the crops.
+In the dry regions of Southern Tunisia, which receive only 100 to 200 mm of rain per year, researchers have studied the optimum methods for protecting crops and structures against the wind and blowing sand. They have tested fences erected perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. The fences that produce the best results are made from either plaited palm-tree leaves or fibre-cement sheets.
+Prerequisites
+Availability of seeds or seedlings of species suitable for local conditions.
+Potential users
+Farmers growing crops in regions exposed to frequent, strong winds.
+Distribution
+A 20-minute videocassette is available, as well as illustrated brochures in Arabic, written in a simple and lucid style. Radio programs have also been produced and extension workshops organized.
+Contact
+Mrs Jelila Benzarti
+Laboratoire de climatologie
+Institut national de recherche agronomique de Tunisie
+PO Box 2, Ariana-Tunis, Tunisia
+Tel.: 23-19-23; 23-00-24; Telex: 143570MUVM
+<section>Fishery</section>
+<section>28. Non-toxic aquarium fish-catching</section>
+Coral reefs around the Philippines are the source of 70% of the world's colourful, tropical marine fish. Cyanide is used to catch about 80% of them. It stuns them and makes the fish easier to catch. But it also kills many fish and shellfish along with their eggs and larvae, and creates a health hazard for the fishermen and their families. Repeated doses also kill the coral that provides food and shelter for numerous fish species, shrimp, lobster, shell fish, and other marine life. Over two-thirds of the coral in the Philippines is damaged. Despite being illegal, cyanide is still used widely by Filipino fishermen each of whom spends more than US $500 a year (about half his gross monthly income) on this poison.
+The coral reef ecosystem is a major source of protein for Filipinos. Healthy reefs produce 35 tonnes of fish per square kilometre each year; deteriorated reefs produce only 7 tonnes. Fish account for more than half the animal protein in the rice-based diet of Filipinos. Reduced food supplies and growing unemployment are direct results of the use of cyanide and damaged coral. The coral reefs also used to be a major tourist attraction.
+The Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources (the Philippines) and Ocean Voice International (formerly International Marinelife Alliance Canada) have trained Filipino coral reef fishermen to use fine-mesh nets as an alternative to cyanide. Once banned, hand-held nets are now allowed as long as the mesh is large enough to allow fish fry to pass through. The nets
+do not damage the coral reef, are non-toxic, cheaper than cyanide and more effective.
+A thin pleated net made of transparent mesh is draped over the coral. Divers bang bamboo sticks against the coral to get the fish to swim into the invisible net. They then use small dip nets to pick out the fish they want.
+A 2-week course that the entire community (women and children included) is encouraged to attend deals with proper use of nets, fish habits, reef ecology, diving skills, and handling of captured fish. Fishermen are paid US $70 to attend. So far some 300 people have been trained in net fishing and management of the coral reef, and the training team is now 100% Filipino.
+Potential users
+Communities that engage in aquarium fish catching in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and other regions where there are coral reefs.
+Cost and availability
+The nets cost about US $25 each. For information on suppliers contact Ocean Voice International at the address below.
+Contact
+Dr Don McAllister Ocean Voice International 2883 Otterson Drive Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1V 7B2 Tel.: (613) 990-8819 (day) and 731-1755 Fax: (613) 521-4205
+Resources and publications
+Save Our Coral Reefs is an illustrated educational manual that covers coral reef biology, causes of reef destruction, and what can be done to save the reefs. It is aimed at coastal communities whose livelihood comes from the sea, as well as inland peoples who receive their food from the sea. It is currently produced in English and Indonesian, with a Filipino version on the way. It is hoped the manual will be adapted for use in various countries and languages, substituting local examples and illustrations for those already in the text.
+<section>29. Remote sensing for artisanal fisheries</section>
+Tuna and swordfish are an important source of revenue for many artisanal fishermen along the coast of Chile. Albacore or white tuna (Thunnus alalunga) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are affected by climatic conditions, and are found seasonally in areas where the sea surface temperature varies by a few degrees along persistent (5-10 days) thermal fronts. The fishermen use thermo meters and check the water colour for signs of phytoplankton on which the fish feed. Traditionally, the fishing boats can spend 2 or 3 days prospecting the sea, using up scarce gas and time to find the elusive fish. Prospecting the sea accounts for up to 40% of operating costs on artisanal fishing boats.
+Researchers have now developed a method to produce timely maps of sea conditions to assist artisanal tuna and swordfish fishermen. The maps are based on images from the US NOAA-M remote sensing satellite, from which sea surface temperatures and the likeliest fishing grounds can be determined. The Chilean Centre for Space Research (CEE) has a NOAA receiving station and acquires daily images. The project, called SATAL and located at the Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, uses the data to prepare maps of probable fish locations. Satellite images received by 3:00 pm can generally be consulted the same evening in the communities located close to Valparaiso.
+Use of the maps has contributed to an increase in the catch for tuna and swordfish, and has extended the fishing season for these species. While the maps contribute to an increase in revenue and significantly reduce the fishermen's prospecting expenses, they are costly to produce. Mechanisms for making the service self-sustaining are therefore essential.
+Training in the use of the maps has been provided to area fishermen. To increase the independence of the fishermen and lessen the need for time-consuming training, simpler
+maps have been devised and a monthly newsletter produced.
+The newsletter, called SATAL Bulletin, provides diverse information of interest to tuna and swordfish fishermen, including articles on equipment, legislation concerning offshore fishing, statistics on catches, the satellite maps, and instructions on their use.
+In a second phase, the researchers will develop an information package on the technology for worldwide distribution. They will also investigate the potential application of the technology for small pelagic species.
+Prerequisites
+To produce the maps: access to satellite images of the desired coastal area and training in their interpretation.
+To use the maps: training in the reading of the maps and in basic navigation techniques to find the potential fishing grounds.
+Potential users
+Artisanal tuna and swordfish fishermen; fishing associations.
+Contact
+Dra Maria Angela Barbieri, Jefe, proyecto SATAL Escuela de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica de Valparaiso Avda. Altamirano 1480, Casilla 1020 Valparaiso, Chile Tel.: (56-32) 281868/9; Fax: 66-32-28.18.70 Telex: 230389 UCVAL CL
+Resources and publications
+· SATAL Bulletin, a monthly newsletter in Spanish produced by the SATAL project and distributed free to fishing associations.
+· Elementos Básicos de Navegación Costera. A publication to assist fishermen in using the remote sensing maps. Includes basic navigation techniques and case studies of problems encountered while using the maps.
+<section>30. Chinese methods for integrating fish culture with crop and livestock farming</section>
+The integration of fish, livestock and crop production is an age-old practice in China that has been developed to a fine art. The Chinese system has developed its own characteristics and has attracted world attention. Advantages of this system include:
+· It produces an artificial recycling ecosystem with no waste, reducing organic pollution. For example, livestock and poultry manure are good organic fertilizers for fish farming; combining fish farming with mulberry cultivation on which silkworms can be raised allows the pupae to be used as fish feed and the worm feces and wastewater from silk processing to be used as pond fertilizers. Pond silt can be used as fertilizer for fodder crops, which can be used to feed livestock, poultry, or the fish.
+· It increases the food supply. By using manure instead of pelleted grain and animal protein fish feeds, the system increases the food available for human consumption. Integrated fish farming can fully use the water, land, and pond silt to increase the food supply. For example, geese and ducks may be raised on the pond, pond dikes may be used for fruit tree and mulberry cultivation or for raising pigs, and dike slopes may be used for fodder crops.
+· The diverse activities on an integrated farm increase employment opportunities.
+· There is increased production and income. Currently, pelleted feeds for cultured fish are very expensive. The integrated fish farm produces its own feeds and fertilizers, thereby reducing costs.
+While this practice has been very successful, the reasons for its success have not been systematically identified and vary from region to region.
+The Asian Pacific Regional Research and Training Centre for Integrated Fish Farming in Wuxi, China, has been doing aquaculture research for 10 years, and has provided annual training courses for students from Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. The Centre is devoted to the collection, review, and scientific understanding of the traditional Chinese practice of integrated fish farming and the transfer of the technologies to other parts of the world. They have produced a manual entitled Integrated Fish Farming in China, which introduces the Chinese system and acts as a guide for adapting it to suit local conditions.
+Various Chinese integrated fish farming models have evolved according to different geographical and climate conditions, local agricultural characteristics, socioeconomic conditions and traditional practices. Most fish farms have established complex integrated farming and management systems. For example, the Huzhou sheep provide manure for growing mulberry on which silkworms live; the silkworm dregs are used to feed the fish, the autumn leaves of the mulberry serve as feed for the sheep in winter. Complementary species of fish in the same pond are also used. For example grass carp eat green fodder and their excrete fertilize the water or are eaten by the silver carp.
+The Wuxi centre has focused its research on identifying the essential elements that would allow for transfer of the technology to other regions, including: key factors influencing economic returns from the fish farms; the interrelation of economic, energy, and material factors in each system; the optimal species, stocking ratio, and input of feed and fertilizer to meet different local conditions.
+The manual reflects the understanding and experience gained by the workers in the centre, as a result of studies in China and technical cooperation with people from other countries. Because the Chinese system of carp culture is the base level from which integration with other crops, plant and livestock, has evolved, a good portion of the book begins with the biology of the major carp species and the introductory aspects of pond culture. Someone from another country who is new to the Chinese practice of integrated farming needs to understand the basic biology, reproduction, and culture of Chinese carps. The book then goes on to introduce Chinese and other models of integrated fish farming; management issues; animal raising and plant cultivation on an integrated fish farm; and the design and construction of an integrated fish farm.
+The Wuxi centre will be focusing the next phase of its research in three main areas:
+· An analysis of socioeconomic, biological, financial, and management inputs on fish farms;
+· How to implement research findings to increase income on rural farms;
+· Development of an interdisciplinary method for analyzing integrated fish farming in China and elsewhere in the world.
+The centre also provides an annual 4-month training course in integrated fish farming for aquaculturalists from developing countries.
+Potential users
+Aquaculture farmers, co-ops, extension workers, researchers, and scientists interested in maximizing use of available resources and land on fish farms.
+Contact
+Mr Guo Xianzhen Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre Asian Pacific Regional Research and Training Centre for Integrated Fish Farming Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China Tel.: 667424 or 667892; Telex: 362002 WXHBCN Cable: 3225 WUXI CHINA
+Resources and publications
+· Integrated Fish Farming in China, NACA Technical Manual 7, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, 1989.
+<section>31. Fish spawning kit</section>
+Aquaculture has been practiced in China for thousands of years. An old problem that continues today is the reluctance of fish to breed in captivity, due to their high density in the ponds. It is essential to induce spawning of cultured fish to produce fry for stocking the ponds, because the lack of fish fry limits production.
+Canadian and Chinese researchers have now developed a fish breeding kit that will reduce the costs of aquaculture and increase efficiency in fish production.
+The technique - called the Linpe method - induces ovulation in female fish by injecting them with a combination of a synthetic hormone and the drug domperidone. The hormone stimulates the sex organs of the fish while the drug inhibits the action of dopamine, a substance produced by the fish that inhibits ovulation.
+In traditional fish spawning methods, carp are raised and killed to produce a pituitary extract used to induce spawning. Many fish are sacrificed in the process and the extract has a poor shelf life. This technique also requires that the fish be injected at two separate intervals to induce ovulation.
+The new method reduces the cost of production, increases the supply of seed fish, and is more convenient. The rates of spawning, fertilization, hatching, and survival were significantly higher in the trials than could be achieved with pituitary injections. The hormone and the drug can be given together in a single injection, which means that the brood fish stock are handled only once, reducing the risk of disease or damage to the fish. The new method does not alter the reproductive cycle of the fish, and the fertility and viability of the offspring are normal. The solution does not require refrigeration and has a long shelf life. It has been tested on a wide range of fresh, salt, and brackish water species, including carp, bream, salmon, catfish, loach, and others.
+The kit consists of a vial of the synthetic hormone, a vial of the drug domperidone, saline solution, and a syringe.
+The kit has been distributed in the People's Republic of China through commercial outlets as well as through extension services by Zhongshan University, Guangzhou. Workshops have been held in fish hatcheries and with Chinese farmers to promote acceptance and proper use of the new method.
+Potential users
+Fish farmers, breeders, and hatcheries around the world. The kit has been introduced in a number of developing countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, as well as countries in South America.
+Cost and availability
+The kit has been commercialized by Syndel Laboratories under the name Ovaprim. The company has distributors in several countries and the cost of the kit varies depending on volume, import duties, distribution costs, etc. Syndel will refer enquiries to the local distributors. Ovaprim is available in 10 mL and 100 mL vials.
+Contact
+Syndel Laboratories Ltd 9211 Shaughnessy St. Vancouver, BC, Canada V6P 6R5 Tel.: (604) 321-7131; toll-free line: (800) 663-2282 Telex: 0636700394 MBX CA; Fax: (604) 321-3900
+Dr Lin Hao Ren Department of Biology Zhongshan University Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
+Dr R.E. Peter Department of Zoology University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
+<section>32. Rice-fish culture</section>
+Cultivating rice and fish together has been a 2000-yearold tradition in some parts of Southeast Asia. However, this beneficial cultivation system was gradually abandoned due to population pressures, decreasing stocks of wild fish, and the "Green Revolution" which emphasized high input, monoculture using high-yield rice varieties, pesticides, and herbicides (which are toxic to the fish). The practice, however, has been spontaneously returning, for example, in Northeastern Thailand, where poor farmers cultivate under difficult conditions and use pesticides sparingly.
+Rice-fish culture can actually increase the yields of rice (up to 25 or 30% in some cases) while providing farmers with an important source of protein and extra income. It is a low-cash-input, low-risk technique.
+To incorporate fish in a rice paddy, farmers must do the following:
+· They begin by digging a small pond or trench 0.5 to 1 metre deep in a low-lying area of the rice field. This trench becomes a refuge for the fish during planting and harvesting, or when there is little or no water. This also allows the farmer to keep the fish alive well after the growing season.
+· The excavated soil is used to raise banks around the field for better water control. These banks provide some land above water level, which can be used to grow other crops such as vegetables or fruit trees.
+· After flooding, the rice is planted.
+· Fingerlings of carp, tilapia, catfish, or other species are introduced into the trenches.
+· After 3 weeks, once the rice is well established, the fish are let into the rice fields.
+· Supplemental feeding varies from none at all to frequent feedings, depending on the farmer and the local conditions.
+· At harvest, or if chemicals are used, the water is drained and the fish collected from the trenches.
+Benefits of the system include:
+· The recycling of nutrients by the fish through feeding and depositing feces in the soil; this increases the uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen by the rice;
+· An increase in rice yields;
+· An increase in income both from the rice and the fish;
+· A reliable source of protein food for the farmers, countering the decrease in available wild fish in many countries;
+A reduction in insect pests (such as leaf-hoppers, stem-borers and aphids) and weeds, which the fish eat;
+· A reduction in the use of fertilizers.
+Some constraints to the system include:
+· The uncertainty of rainfall and limited irrigation water;
+· The possibility of water contamination by pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers, which are toxic to the fish and the organisms on which they feed;
+· Fish predators such as snakes can lower the fish yield.
+There are many different methods of rice-fish culture, which vary in terms of the types of trenches used, the stocking rates, the fish species used, and the supplemental feeding. It is important to base rice-fish culture on local farmers' current cultivation methods.
+Advantages, drawbacks, and stocking rates for various species of fish can be found in the Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter (see Resources and Publications, below).
+Prerequisites
+Availability of good water (uncontaminated by pesticides and chemicals). Availability of fish fingerlings of the right size and at the right time, as the timing of the introduction of the fish is critical to the success of the system. This means that rice-fish culture will be more successful in areas where there are local fish hatcheries. However, some farmers allow nature to stock their fields with wild fish, or use various types of traps. If supplemental feeding is necessary, it usually consists of locally available rice bran, termites, vegetables, leaves, etc.
+Potential users
+Rice-fish farming is a low-cost, low-risk option for poor rice farmers in rice-farming countries, including Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
+Contact
+Dr Achmad Fagi, Director Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops JI Kaya 9, Sukamandi, Subang West Java, Indonesia
+Mr Niran Tongpan Farming Systems Research Institute Department of Agriculture Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Tel.: 579-5595, 579-0053; Telex: 8447B INTERAG H
+Dr Catalino Dela Cruz, Coordinator
+Rice-Fish Workshop Group, c/o ICLARM
+MCC PO Box 1601, Makati
+Metro Manila, The Philippines
+Tel.: 8180466/8189283; Telex: 64794
+ICLARM PM
+Fax: (63) 2-816-3183;
+E-mail: 157:CG1226 ICLARM MANILA
+Resources and publications
+· The Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter, Volume 2, March 1990. Contains detailed information on implementing rice-fish culture. Write to: Managing Editor, Sustainable Agriculture Newsletter, CUSO, 17 Phahonoyothin Golf Village, Phahonoyothin Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand.
+<section>33. Acadja fish rearing in lagoons</section>
+Fish consumption in Côte d'Ivoire is increasing. How-ever, most of the fish is imported since existing stocks can no longer meet demand. Researchers at Côte d'Ivoire's Centre de recherches océanographiques discovered fish-rearing techniques in Benin that had been adapted to the country's ecosystem, especially the 1200 km² of lagoons suitable for fish rearing. They were looking for a cost-effective system designed around local materials that would enable the villagers to engage in fish rearing on their own, without outside help.
+Acadja fishing is traditionally practiced in Benin. The acadja or "fish pen" is an artificial reef made from branches in about 1 metre of water.
+The system has been adapted in Côte d'Ivoire for more modern, intensive rearing with the following modifications:
+· The branches were replaced with bamboo, which is more durable (it lasts for approximately 4 years, whereas one-third of the branches have to be replaced each year). In addition, algae and other organisms can easily cling to the bamboo, providing natural food in sufficient quantities for the fish and eliminating the need to feed them. The yield using bamboo is double that using branches (8-10 tonnes per hectare compared with 5-6 tonnes when using the traditional enclosure). Bamboo grows naturally along the lagoons, where it can also be planted in large quantities.
+· The enclosures are surrounded by a net that prevents the fish from entering or leaving. The net also stops other fish from being trapped in the acadjas. The system avoids possible conflict between the owner of the acadjas and the traditional fishermen who depend on the other fish.
+· The lagoon Tilapia is ideal for rearing in acadjas. It can live solely on the algae growing on the bamboo; this reduces the system's demands on the villagers. The rearing of other species, such as Arius gambensis, requires additional food input, which can account for up to half the production costs.
+The first stage in building the enclosures is setting up the nets. After this, the bamboo is spaced every 50 cm around the net, but a small section is left free of bamboo poles. This section gives the owners access to the pen for net fishing. Then the enclosure is stocked. A 2500 m² enclosure may be stocked with 25 000 fry (10 fry per square metre). The enclosure can be stocked artificially or left in a natural state. The fish can be harvested in one of two ways: a single harvest at the end of the year or selective fishing throughout the year using nets that let small fish slip through. According to research results, the preferred method is selective fishing, without moving the bamboo. Acadja fish-rearing generates work in the construction of the enclosure (this requires a lot of manpower for collecting and staking the bamboo) and in fishing - about a dozen people are needed for 5-10 days. At Adiapoté in Côte d'Ivoire, the villagers paid about 60% of the costs, excluding the
+net.
+Prerequisites
+Lagoon water about 1 metre deep, bamboo, and nets. The construction of the enclosures is highly labour-intensive (approximately 700 person-days per hectare of acadja) and requires some capital expenditure. Some sort of collective organization (cooperative or other) is necessary, given the amount of construction work, capital, and manpower required. A system to protect against poaching is also useful.
+Potential users
+Governments, NGOs, and groups of fishermen in countries where the necessary conditions exist. The enclosure method is already in use in Southeast Asia, Benin, Brazil, and Egypt.
+Cost and availability
+A one-quarter hectare enclosure costs about Can $3700. It is estimated that this sum could be recouped in 1 or 2 years. Maintenance costs are minimal.
+Research on simplifying the techniques involved and enhancing the system's profitability is ongoing in Côte d'Ivoire.
+Contact
+Mr Hem Saurin Centre de recherches océanographiques BP V18, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Tel.: 35-50-14 or 35-58-80 Telex: Mr SAURIN CRO 22563 ORMSTOM CI Telegram: OCEANO-ABIDJAN Fax: (255) 35-11-55
+<section>34. Artisanal oyster farming</section>
+Jamaican researchers have adapted and improved oyster farming methods to provide the rural population with an alternative income and employment and to help solve the problem of depletion of natural oyster stocks due to overfishing. Local materials (used car tires, bamboo) and local marine skills can be used for the artisanal farming of mangrove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae), which grow naturally in coastal waters on the roots of the red mangrove tree (Rhizophorae mangle).
+Oyster farming has the potential to create new or supplementary employment, balance the local economy's dependence on tourism, and provide an alternative source of protein in the local diet. As well, oyster racks attract more fish closer to shore.
+To provide oyster seed, hatcheries were initially determined to be too costly. The technique is to collect oyster spat (young oysters) in the wild by hanging strings of "cultch" (usually 15 x 10 cm pieces of cut rubber tire), separated by 2.5-cm hose spacers, from mangrove and bamboo racks in the intertidal zone. As the tide moves, the spat are caught on the strings and left to feed there and grow to a size of about 2.5 cm after 6-8 weeks.
+The young oysters are then sold to the oyster farmer, who suspends them from racks to "grow out" or "fatten." The large oysters are harvested after 3 months, and the others left to grow for 2 more months. They are sold to restaurants and to local vendors.
+The mangrove and bamboo racks are built in areas where the water depth is 2-3 metres. Nylon strings are hung from the racks with cultch separated by 15-cm spacers along the string. Bamboo spacers were originally used, but were replaced with old drip irrigation tubing which is available in large quantities, can be reused, and is durable and inexpensive. Racks can accommodate some 200 to 400 strings, with eight cultch pieces on each.
+To control the fouling of the spat by other organisms, such as barnacles, colonial ascidinas, and encrusting algae, the oysters must be "exposed" to the air every 2 weeks for 4-6 hours. This kills the organisms that have attached themselves to the cultch and are competing with the oysters for food. This is essential to produce a good yield of quality oysters. The strings are hung over a single upper beam, which causes less damage than the previous method of laying out the strings on rafts.
+Present production is approximately 400 dozen oysters per rack, with a ratio of small to large oysters of 4:1. Market prices in 1990 were J$5 (Can $0.30) per dozen (small oysters) and J$10 (Can $0.60) per dozen (large oysters). Damaged oysters represent between 5 and 15% of the total harvest. Although these were once discarded, they are now processed to make a delicious oyster "punch" blending oyster, boiled roots, alcohol, eggs, and milk products. The drink is becoming very popular among Jamaicans.
+Because these oyster farming techniques produce mainly small oysters, several marketing strategies are being implemented to increase farmers" profits from small oysters. These include offering catering services for various events, which use all sizes of oysters and encourage organization and cooperation among farmers; and various processing options, including oyster punch.
+Research into oyster farming in Jamaica is ongoing, in an effort to further increase incomes and yields.
+Prerequisites
+· Access to sufficient, good-quality oyster seed.
+· An adequate market demand for the oysters. Tourist areas often provide higher prices and a higher demand for oysters.
+· The water quality must conform to official standards of safety (maximum of 14 fecal coliforms per 100 mL of water).
+· Oyster farming requires appropriate sites, protected from rough seas.
+· Materials needed are mangrove or other hardwood poles and bamboo for the racks, used irrigation hose to make spacers for the strings, monofilament fishing lines, and used car tires to cut cultch and to make floats. Cultch pieces can be cleaned and reused, and even recovered from the sea floor by divers.
+Potential users Fishermen living in coastal areas appropriate to oyster farming.
+Cost and availability
+It is estimated that an oyster farmer needs 10 racks per season to earn a living, and must hire one extra person for the growing-out period and two people for the harvest. As a supplement to other income, about four racks are needed. A four-rack oyster farm cost J$3000 to J$4000 (Can $180 to $250) in 1985.
+Contact
+Karen Roberts
+Ministry of Agriculture
+Hope Gardens, Kingston 6, Jamaica
+Tel.: 809-927-1734; Fax: 809
+Gary Newkirk
+Mollusc Culture Network
+Biology Department, Dalhousie
+University
+Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H
+4J1
+Tel.: 902-494-2284; 902-494-3610;
+Fax: 902-494-6899; 902-494-3736
+Telex: 019-21863 DAL UNIV
+Resources and publications
+· Oyster Culture in the Caribbean, Proceedings of the Oyster Culture in the Caribbean Workshop, Kingston, Jamaica, November, 1990. Published by the Mollusc Culture Network.
+<section>35. Swimtop a natural piscicide to protect shellfish culture</section>
+Shellfish farming, such as shrimp and prawn culture, is an important industry in Thailand, both for the provision of protein in the local diet and for export. However, up to 40% of the crop can be lost to predatory and competing fish such as eels, mullet, sea bass, and tilapia that invade the growing ponds on the coast. A natural fish poison called teaseed cake is used to clear the ponds of fish, but it gives unreliable results and must be imported from China.
+Researchers have now developed an alternative natural piscicide from a local plant. Given the trade name SWIMTOP, it is inexpensive, nontoxic to humans and most other nontarget organisms and is effective in killing the invading fish in the pond.
+The product is made from the dried crushed leaves of a local small tree which can be cultivated. It is easy to grow and use and readily available to local fishermen. The active ingredients are called saponins, which are harmless to mammals, do not irritate the skin and do not render the fish inedible.
+The commercialized poison comes in the form of a fine powder. A calculated amount of 15 grams per tonne of pond water must be soaked in water for 2 hours. The mixture is then spread into the pond. The poison is absorbed by the fish through the gills. It destroys the gill surface, disrupting the exchange of oxygen. It does not affect the shrimp because of differences in physiology. SWIMTOP is a natural fish poison that breaks down quickly, leaving no toxic residues in the fish or the water. The dead fish are safe for eating. It has the same effectiveness as teaseed cake but is more reliable.
+SWIMTOP can be used in both freshwater and brackish water ponds. At a sublethal concentration, it will slow down the fish, which can then be easily harvested from the ponds.
+Potential users
+Shellfish and fish farmers.
+Cost and availability
+SWIMTOP has been patented in Thailand and Canada. A company is being established to handle its production, and it is expected to be commercially available in 1993.
+Contact
+Dr Pichaet Wiriyachitra
+Research Centre for Natural
+Products
+Faculty of Pharmacy
+Chiang Mai University
+Chiang Mai 50002, Thailand
+Tel.: 66-53 217288; Fax: 66-53
+Telex: 43553 UNICHIM TH
+Dr Neil Towers
+Department of Botany
+University of British Columbia
+3529-6270 University Blvd
+Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B1
+Tel.: (604) 822-3338; Fax: (604)
+<section>36. Fish attractors to increase tuna catches by small-scale fishermen</section>
+Artisanal fisheries account for almost 50% of Brazil's fish catch. In terms of value, tuna is an important resource for these fishermen, who are responsible for an important proportion of Brazil's total tuna catch.
+Researchers are helping to increase tuna catches by small-scale fisheries along Brazil's Northeastern coast through a better knowledge of tuna distribution and abundance, and through the use of improved technologies such as artificial fish attractors.
+Fish attractors have been used successfully in Asia by artisanal fisheries to catch live bait and tuna. The principle is simple: a structure is placed under the water and as algae begins to grow on it, it attracts small fish which in turn attract larger fish. Fish attractors are extensively used by commercial tuna fisheries. Simple, inexpensive structures are now being used by small-scale hook and line fishermen.
+The fish attractors built in Brazil are floating rafts made of bamboo sticks in a cylindrical form 3 metres long and 1 metre in diameter. From this construction hangs a comb-like array of dried coconut leaves and pieces of discarded fishing nets. The fishing nets provide more surface area for drifting organisms on which small fish feed. A 200-litre drum, filled with concrete, acts as an anchor for an individual attractor or group, and is tied with steel and polypropylene ropes. The attractor is installed at a depth of 100 to 300 metres.
+Once a concentration of tuna and tuna-like species occurs, fishermen can harvest as much as 100 to 200 kg per day using hooks and lines. Larger-scale fishermen use a boat with a light at night to keep the fish concentrated under the attractor. At dawn, the "light boat" detaches the line of coconut leaves and lets them drift away from the attractor. Another boat with purse nets surrounds the "light boat" with nets and pulls in the catch. The line of coconut leaves is returned to the attractor to produce another concentration of fish.
+Fish attractors can also be made in different shapes and with different materials, such as steel rafts or marker buoys.
+They can be used in fresh water lakes and rivers to catch species such as catfish, mudfish, and carp.
+In Brazil, data is being collected on tuna distribution, abundance and seasonality, and training is being provided to local fishermen's cooperatives in implementing a tuna fishing program using the fish attractors.
+Prerequisites
+Fish attractors can be made from local materials such as bamboo, coconut branches, steel drums and concrete. A good knowledge of local tuna distribution and abundance is needed, as well as training in the use of the attractors.
+Potential users
+Small-scale fishermen, particularly of tuna and other pelagic species.
+Contact
+Mr Geovanio Milton de Oliveira Centro de Pesquisa e Extencao Pesqueira do Nordeste Ministerio da Agricultura / Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da Pesca Praia de Tamandaré, Pernambuco, Brazil Tel.: (081) 627-1090; Telex: (081) 4461 SUDP BR
+<section>37. Improved technologies for artisanal fishing</section>
+Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh water lake, is shared by three East African countries: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The lake is surrounded by lake-shore savannah, which is characterized by low and unreliable rainfall. There is little arable land and agriculture is at the subsistence level. Fishing, and the processing and marketing of fish are therefore important economic activities for the people living around the lake. The fishery is a primary source of food and employment in the area.
+The fisheries in Kenya's portion of the lake have changed in the last 10-15 years, due to changes in species and the discovery of export markets for frozen Nile perch filets. The resulting increase in commercial fishing has transformed the fisheries. For example, women, who represent 75% of those engaged in artisanal processing/trading of fish, are increasingly being marginalized. Production, processing, and marketing have become more and more technology-dependent, making it difficult for women to stay in the industry. The fish species of interest to both commercial and artisanal fisheries are Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and omena (Engraulicypris).
+The export of local fish has also reduced the supply of locally available, relatively inexpensive protein.
+IDRC is supporting research by the University of Nairobi to determine the condition of artisanal fishing in the region. The researchers are looking at ways of improving the earnings of rural women fish processors and traders, through improved processing methods. The research also focuses on the socioeconomic status of fishermen and fish traders, why they succeed or fail, their linkages to other parts of the economy, and marketing channels.
+The small-scale processors and traders must acquire new skills and tools to compete effectively with larger, export-oriented fisheries. Improved processing techniques will increase both the shelf life and the value of the various fish products. Longer shelf life in turn allows for market expansion and increases the economic value of the fish as well as nutrition levels in the population.
+At the level of improved technologies, efforts are being made to identify new strategies for the participation of women's groups in Nile perch processing and marketing, and to develop improved techniques for fish handling, smoking, and marketing. More efficient Nile perch smoking kilns appropriate and acceptable to the fish processors are being field-tested and adapted to local conditions. Improved drying and smoking kilns that use only one third as much fuelwood as traditional practices were developed in a previous project.
+Omena is preserved by sun drying. Several constraints to effective and hygienic drying indicated a need for improved drying racks. Substantial reduction in post harvest fish losses can be obtained from the improved omena drying technology currently being tested.
+At the training level, an effort is being made to train fish processors in special skills, such as business management, that are relevant to development in fishing communities. Components of the training are improved market distribution, accounting and bookkeeping, better organization and stability in women's groups, cooperatives, and bank loans.
+Artisanal processing is not proposed as a replacement for large commercial-scale processing. What is needed is to establish the conditions for both to coexist.
+Potential users
+Artisanal fishermen and fish traders/processors, mostly women, along the coast of Lake Victoria. The results will be applicable to the Tanzanian and Ugandan shores of Lake Victoria. Improvements can be transferred to fishing communities on other lake fishing areas in East and Southern Africa.
+This project will forge links with personnel in Tanzania where work on artisanal fish processing is being supported through the UK-based Natural Resources Institute (NRI). Links with similar activities in West Africa are being pursued.
+Contact
+Dr Gilbert E.M. Ogutu Department of Religious Studies University of Nairobi PO Box 30197 Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: (2542)334-244
+Resources and Publications
+Artisanal Fisheries of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Options for Management, Production and Marketing. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Kisumu, Kenya, 24-26 November 1988, 158 pp. Gilbert E.M. Ogutu (ed.), 1991. Shirikon Publishers, Nairobi, Kenya.
+<section>Energy</section>
+<section>38. Micro-hydroelectricity potential in rural areas</section>
+In the remote and poor Northeastern province of Misiones in Argentina, the Instituto de Economia Energética has developed a method for identifying micro-hydroelectricity potential over large areas of remote countryside and matching it with the electricity required by rural households.
+The method was developed to identify the lowest cost option for providing electricity to rural areas, as well as to provide economic information and policy recommendations for policymakers.
+Although the importance of energy to rural communities is recognized, the provision of electricity has been hampered by low population densities and the limited purchasing power of rural people. The research undertaken by the Rural Energy Technology Assessment and Innovation Network (RETAIN) in Misiones showed that decentralized micro-hydro plants can be an attractive alternative to trying to integrate rural areas into a "central grid" system.
+Three alternative micro-systems were studied:
+· Micro-hydro systems, consisting of easily built dams on small rivers and streams (using earthfill and rocks), connected to a micro-turbine and generators. The capacity ranges from 4 to 50 kilowatts (enough for one family or a few households).
+· Thermal systems, fueled by diesel or gasifiers using charcoal (capacity 4 to 50 kilowatts).
+· Wind systems, using a three-blade design, direct current generators and storage batteries.
+The method for identifying the potential of these small energy sources consists of six modules:
+· A "diagnosis" of the region's socioeconomic and energy situation, including the underlying processes of wealth creation and their effect on energy consumption;
+· A survey of energy requirements, based on an analysis of people's energy needs as distinct from their ability to pay (up to 70% of electricity needs can't be paid for by rural users);
+An assessment of the potential of the area to supply energy from different sources;
+· A map of electricity needs overlaid with the locations of potential micro-plants, as well as existing power stations and distribution lines;
+· An evaluation of alternative packages, i.e., central grid electricity, decentralized micro-plants (thermal, hydro, or wind), or combinations of the above, with cost comparisons;
+· Development of preliminary policy recommendations, including the impact of different options on elements of the macroeconomy, such as employment, the development of local industry, and the use of foreign exchange.
+The project has gone on to a second phase to look at the legal, institutional, and financial mechanisms for using decentralized micro-hydro plants, as well as potential markets and the necessary planning for organizing and managing decentralized systems. This includes looking at the availability of credit from financial institutions, the availability of local suppliers and the ability of people to install and maintain the equipment.
+As well, research is being done on how small-scale microhydro plants can be replicated over larger areas, and how they can be integrated with a central electricity system (for example, by transfering subsidies from the central system to users of micro-hydro plants). They are looking at how to overcome opposition to decentralized provision of electricity and have already had an impact on policy-makers and energy companies in the country.
+Potential users
+Rural people would be the main beneficiaries of a small-scale electricity supply system. The method for assessing its potential can be used by governments, utility companies, NGOs, and policymakers wishing to expand microhydro projects to a full-scale rural system of electricity supply, and to overcome resistance to integrating small-scale systems within the central grid. Some interest has already been shown by policymakers and utility company officials in Argentina.
+Contact
+Mr Daniel Bouille Instituto de Economia Energética Piedras 482 - 20H, 1070 Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel.: 54(944)22050 Fax: 54-1-34-5437
+<section>39. The partial carbonization of peat to make domestic fuel</section>
+Like many other African countries, Burundi suffers from a shortage of firewood, which accounts for 90-95% of the energy used in the country. The price of charcoal is rising steadily and deforestation is a serious problem. However, Burundi has peat reserves of up to 1 billion tonnes. Peat is already extracted in small quantities for use as fuel in some institutions, including the armed forces and small factories. However, untreated peat is not readily accepted as domestic fuel because of the thick smoke and unpleasant smell it produces.
+With the assistance of the Société d'ingénierie Cartier (Canada), Burundi's national peat marketing agency, the Office national de la tourbe du Burundi (ONATOUR), has developed a small-scale procedure to transform untreated peat into an acceptable fuel for small industries and household use. Peat coking (total carbonization) is a costly process that requires sophisticated equipment, whereas partial carbonization is considerably less expensive and can produce acceptable fuel. This method, which can by used both by small and large industries, consists of the following stages:
+· The peat is cut, macerated and dried in the sun.
+· It is put into an oven and pyrolyzed until partial carbonization occurs.
+· This procedure produces biomass charcoal that is then cooled, sifted to remove any particles that are too large, mixed with water and a binder (such as molasses), formed into briquets using a press, and dried. The biomass charcoal produced using this method contains 40-45% peat.
+The combustion of the bricks was greatly improved by mixing the peat with agricultural byproducts, such as rice husks, coffee hulls, and wood shavings. The briquets now consist of at least 50% vegetable products and are accepted by customers.
+The pilot factory in Burundi can produce up to 4 tonnes of biomass charcoal per hour. Biomass charcoal is clean and efficient. Given the poor reputation of untreated peat as a fuel, an education program is required to convince users that the briquets do not have the same drawbacks as untreated peat.
+This new technology might help reduce deforestation in the country. The pilot factory created 75 new jobs as well as work in the peat bogs.
+Prerequisites
+Peat reserves; binder (such as molasses or manioc flour). The pyrolysis oven can be made using local methods and materials. The pilot oven, made from fire brick and cement, covers approximately 18 square metres and costs about Can $25 000 to build. The press for forming the briquets is imported and costs about Can $60 000. An improved version, made in Niger, has a completely sealed metal outer layer and an interior made from fire cement.
+Potential users
+Small rural industries in countries that are experiencing energy problems and have peat reserves (including Bangladesh, China, Rwanda, Senegal, Sri Lanka, and Zaire).
+Contact
+Mr Léonce Sinzinkayo
+Office national de la tourbe
+PO Box 2360
+Bujumbura, Burundi
+Tel.: 26480/26748
+Telex: 6082 CABPUB BDI
+Mr Paul Courteau
+Société d'ingénierie
+Cartier
+2045 Stanley
+PO Box 6086, Station A
+Montreal, Quebec
+Canada H3C 3Z9
+Tel.: (514) 499-4571
+Telex: 055-6120
+Fax: (514) 499-4515
+<section>40. The ceramic jiko stove</section>
+In Kenya, 80% of urban and 10% of rural families use the traditional metal "jiko" charcoal stove for cooking. The remaining rural households use firewood on a three-stone fireplace. Wood is the main energy source for cooking, light, and heat in many East African countries (80% in Kenya, 96% in Tanzania, 90% in Uganda). To help address the deepening deforestation crisis, researchers at KENGO (Kenya Energy and Environment Organisations) have developed a more energy efficient jiko.
+The new stove uses up to 50% less fuel and is light (3-6 kg) and portable. Ideal for low-income families, it reduces the cost of fuel while decreasing cooking time. For example, water can be brought to a boil faster and for a longer period using the improved jiko. Because of its shape, the stove's heat is directed only to the desired location, right under the cooking pot.
+The ceramic jiko lasts approximately 30 months with intensive use, longer than the traditional jiko. The outside casing is made of metal and produced by local crafts-people. The ceramic inner lining is produced by large and small enterprises, including several women's groups.
+Since the new stove costs slightly more than the traditional version, there is a need for educating people on the savings in fuel costs. The cost of the jiko can be recovered in fuel savings in 2-3 months. Savings to the country's forests have been estimated at 206 000 tonnes of wood or 570.000 hectares of trees per year, with some 70 000 improved jikos in active use.
+Aside from KENGO, several NGOs, including CARE (Kenya), have worked with women's and community groups on the production, demonstration and dissemination of the stoves.
+With the success of the domestic ceramic jiko, researchers have developed an improved institutional stove for rural hospitals, clinics, schools, and prisons. These institutions traditionally use fuelwood and charcoal as their main energy sources, and thus contribute to the country's fuelwood crisis. Increased costs of fuel put a major strain on their resources.
+The institutional ceramic jiko is based on the same model as the domestic jiko, with a metal outer shell and a ceramic or vermiculite inner lining. It measures 30 to 50 cm in diameter and can last for up to 5 years. Fuelwood savings can reach 50%. Cooking time is reduced and there is less gas emission than with other types of institutional stoves. As well, a water jacket can be added to the stove to warm water and prevent heat loss from the metal sides of the stove, allowing it to be handled even while in use.
+Prerequisites
+The use of the stove requires access to fuelwood or charcoal. Production of the stoves requires ceramic material and scrap metal. Training has been provided by KENGO to other regional NGOs in the manufacture of the new jiko. Quality control is an important factor in maintaining the improved efficiency of the stove.
+Potential users
+Domestic ceramic jiko: rural and urban low-income families.
+Institutional ceramic jiko: hospitals, schools, prisons, and any institutions that use fuelwood or charcoal as their main energy source.
+Cost and availability
+The trade name of the new domestic jiko is Kimathi Jiko, and it sells for 55 to 75 Kenyan shillings, or Can $2 to $3. The institutional stove sells for 25 000 to 30 000 Kenyan shillings, or close to Can $1000. The institutional stove is designed to cook for at least 100 people, using 50-litre or larger cooking pans.
+Suppliers of the stoves include:
+Domestic jiko:
+· Program Officer, Wambugu (Central Highlands), PO Box 5069, Nyere, Kenya
+· Mr Richard Kimani, Jerri International, PO Box 52747, Nairobi, Kenya
+Institutional stoves:
+· Mr C.J. Davey, Bellerive Foundation, Ngong Road, PO Box 42994, Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: 254.2.720 274; Fax: 254.2.726 547
+· Charles Gitundu, Rural Technology Enterprises, PO Box 28201, Nairobi, Kenya, Tel.: 796352
+Contact Kenya Energy and Environment Organisations PO Box 48197, Nairobi, Kenya
+Resources and publications
+· Wood Energy in Kenyan Institutions, A Summary of Research Findings, KENGO Wood Energy Series, 1988, 14 pp.
+<section>41. Integrated wood-based energy system</section>
+In remote areas where electricity is unavailable and where other fuels are too costly, people meet their energy needs by using wood for fuel or to make charcoal, both of which are environmentally damaging. Charcoal kilns can cause serious air pollution. In response to this situation, the government of the Philippines is seeking to reduce deforestation by establishing tree farms using fast-growing Leucaena species.
+The Forest Products Research and Development Institute in the Philippines is using the potential of the tree farms to develop a small-scale biomass energy system that provides rural areas with small decentralized electricity plants. The technology centres on a charcoal-producing kiln and is appropriate for areas where fuelwood is abundant and lump charcoal production is already an industry. Combustible waste gases emitted by the kiln during carbonization, which otherwise pollute the air, are captured, cleaned, and used with about 50% diesel fuel to run a power generator.
+In a first system, four sets of charcoal kilns are used to generate the combustible gases and heat energy. The simplified second system adopts a biomass pyrolyzer that produces charcoal and combustible gases using agricultural wastes such as sawdust, rice hulls, coffee bean hulls, cocoshells, and wood chips. Both systems are backed up with a gas cleaning and cooling train and an electric generator run off a diesel engine.
+The setup also generates byproducts such as better-quality charcoal, wood tar, and heat energy to operate a dryer. Ashes from the kilns are used as fertilizer. The system can also be adapted to run small buses, fishing boats, rice threshers, irrigation pumps, and small ice plants.
+Prerequisites
+An established source of agricultural and forestry wastes to supply the system and available technical support to operate the system. The annual fuel requirement to sustain the first system (charcoal production) is 2700 cubic metres of wood. It produces 200 tonnnes of charcoal per year, and can run a 12.5 kW electrical plant. The second system (biomass pyrolyzer) uses 20 kg per hour of agricultural wastes. It produces an estimated 9.6 tonnes of charcoal per year and can run a 12.5 kW power plant. The initial capital cost of setting up the plants is approximately Can $1600 for the charcoal kiln system, and Can $1400 for the pyrolyzer system. It is estimated that these costs can be paid back within 2-4 years.
+Potential users
+Communities in remote regions without electric power, particularly where there is abundant wood from tree farms and where charcoal production industries already exist; small businesses or government services, such as rural hospitals and clinics; and villages requiring a reliable, low-cost energy system.
+Contact
+Dr Emmanuel D. Bello, Director Forest Products Research and Development Institute, College, Laguna 4031, The Philippines Tel.: (63) 2377; (63) 2586; (63) 2360 Telex: 40860 PARRS PM; Fax: (63) 94 - 3630
+<section>Environment</section>
+<section>42. Iguana farming for food and tropical forest preservation</section>
+The green iguana (Iguana iguana), indigenous throughout Central America, has been traditionally used as a source of food by Latin American farmers who refer to the tasty reptile as "chicken of the tree" (gallina de palo). Unfortunately, over hunting of their eggs and meat and the destruction of their tropical forest habitat has caused a sharp decrease in the iguana population. They are classified as endangered in some countries and are extinct in others.
+The Fundación Pro Iguana Verde (FPIV) in Costa Rica is implementing a program for the conservation of green iguanas by successfully breeding and raising them in captivity for reintroduction into natural areas. Iguana farming offers an alternative source of food for local consumption and can increase the income of farmers with secondary production activities using skins and other products, such as fat and eggs for medicinal purposes.
+The green iguana is the only iguana that lives and feeds on trees. Iguana farming offers an economic alternative to cattle ranching while protecting the natural habitat of the iguana - the tropical forest. Iguana management is designed to be one component of other productive activities in Latin American farming systems. It provides incentives for reforestation, which in turn counteracts erosion, conserves water resources, and enhances soil fertility.
+The key elements of iguana farming are reproduction in captivity, controlled incubation, and raising hatchlings in captivity. Once the hatchlings are 7 months old they are released into forested areas on farms, where they grow to harvestable size in two additional years. It is estimated that iguanas can yield as much protein per unit area as cattle. Essential components of iguana farming are the restoration and protection of the tropical forests for food and habitat.
+To create the farms, enclosures are constructed with sheet-metal walls sunk 30 cm into the ground. Inside, the animals sleep in shelters made of bamboo and vegetation. Each shelter has an adjustable entrance slit through which young lizards can slither, but predators, which are usually larger, cannot. Most are set on stilts and food is served in the shade underneath. With this system, 20 to 60 young iguanas are kept in an area of 10 ma (0.5-0.17 m² per individual). In another "high density" design, 30 hatchlings are kept in cages 1 m² (only 0.05 m² per animal). The iguana farms also include an artificial nest consisting of a "tunnel" leading to a sand-filled egg-laying chamber. Both tunnel and chamber are made of predator-safe material and are easily accessible by the farmer.
+Artificial nests increase the number of hatched eggs and their survival rate to 90%, versus 50% in the wild. Using food supplements (iguana chow) it is estimated that the population can be maintained at 6 to 10 times the level possible in a rainforest, or around 50 adult iguanas per hectare. Iguana chow is a mixture of broken rice meal, meat meal, bone meal, fish meal, papayas, mangos, bananas, avocados, and a variety of leaves and flowers. Smallholders can erect simple feeding stations and keep them stocked with table scraps or weedy vegetation. This makes for very low-cost production before the iguanas reach harvesting size.
+Presently work is being carried out to study existing legislation, land use, natural resource management policies, and socioeconomic settings in target areas in Costa Rica, Panama, and Guatemala. The goal is to establish optimal conditions for sustainable production and marketing of the green iguana to benefit the small farmer.
+Cost and availability
+The main investment is the cost of the enclosures. The cost of raising the iguanas to usable size entirely in captivity is too high to be profitable. Releasing the iguanas at 6-10 months into forests, farmland with scattered trees, or into village backyards considerably reduces costs. The economic feasibility of iguana management will vary according to social and environmental circumstances.
+FPIV will establish collaborative projects for the transfer of technology providing that environmentally beneficial conditions are met. A farming manual will be made available to collaborators .
+Potential users
+Farmers living close to tropical forest areas from Mexico to northern Brazil and Peru, including a number of Caribbean islands. Small patches of remnant forest encountered on farms and buffer zones surrounding protected parks provide adequate habitat.
+Contact
+Dr Dagmar I. Werner
+Fundación Pro Iguana Verde
+Apartado 692-1007
+San Jose, Costa Rica
+Tel.: (506)40-6712
+Fax: (506)35-2007
+Resources and Publications
+· Stoney, C. The day of the Iguana. VITA NEWS, October 1987, p. 3-8. (a short description of the Iguana Management Project in Panama, sponsored by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute).
+· Microlivestock. Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. BOSTID and NRC, Chapter 33, p. 347-353. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, 1991.
+· Werner, D.I., and Rey, D.I., El Manejo de la Iguana Verde; Tomo I: Biología. Fundación Pro Iguana Verde and Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales Smithsonian, Panama. 42 pp.
+<section>43. Industrial waste exchange system</section>
+In the Philippines, pollution problems are compounded by the fact that most pollution control equipment and methods are too costly for the Philippine economy. Disposal of industrial wastes is becoming a major concern. As an alternative to costly and environmentally unsound disposal schemes, the Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, with assistance from the Geotechnical Research Centre of McGill University in Canada, has developed an industrial waste recycling system, based on reusing the wastes in-house or transfering them to another industry. The idea is to use production residues that are in fact raw materials in the wrong place.
+The project, called Industrial Waste Exchange - Philippines (IWEP), provides a contact point between industries that want to exchange materials. It is also an information centre providing lists of companies, as well as technical information and assistance on waste management. Project staff will also collect and analyze waste samples when a company is unable to do so in-house.
+The system works through a directory of available and wanted materials, that is published twice a year. The entries are coded for confidentiality, and classified into the following categories: acids, alkalis, solvents, plastics and rubber, metals and metal sludges, wood and paper, other inorganic chemicals, other organic chemicals, oils and waxes, textiles and leather, and miscellaneous. Each material listed has a location code, a company code, and technical specifications such as its physical state, pH, colour, contaminants, etc.
+Companies can fill out a listing form, free of charge, to be included in the directory. Although IWEP will put two companies in touch with each other, all agreements are negotiated directly between the generator and the potential user of the waste. In 1989, some 40 negotiations were underway in the Philippines.
+Some examples of exchanges include:
+· Using calcium carbide sludge as a neutralizing agent in wastewater treatment plants;
+· Using pineapple pulp waste for cattle fattening;
+· Using waste shrimp heads as an animal feed component;
+· Using gypsum waste for wall boards and for cement production.
+Two conferences on waste exchange were organized in 1988 and 1989, bringing together government and industry. The purpose was to explain the system, introduce new technologies in waste recycling, provide information on waste exchange and utilization, and encourage participation. The conferences were seen as essential elements in the success of the system.
+The system has the potential to reduce environmental pollution, improve the economy through the recovery of usable resources, and reduce disposal costs as well as the costs of raw materials.
+Potential users
+Environmental ministries and organizations. Industries of all kinds can benefit from the system.
+Contact
+Industrial Waste Exchange - Philippines
+Environmental Management Bureau
+6th Floor, Philippines Heart Centre Building
+East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
+3008 Metro Manila, The Philippines
+Tel.: 980421 loc. 2601/2632/2653; 975609/975698
+Telex: 2507 NEPC PU; Cable: ENVIRON MANILA
+Raymond Yong
+Geotechnical Research Centre, McGill University
+817 Sherbrooke St West
+Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
+Tel.: (514) 398-6672; Fax: (514) 398-7361;
+Telex: 05-268510
+<section>44. Recycled plastic sheets for greenhouses</section>
+In the past two decades, the use of polyethylene (plastic) films for greenhouses and for mulch has increased dramatically in the Third World. Between 1967 and 1987 in Jordan, for example, the use of plastics for greenhouses doubled every 2 years, then doubled every 3 or 4 years. Jordan began producing its own plastic films, but this entails importing plastic pellets to make the sheets. As well, the sheets are now causing a major environmental problem regarding their disposal: lasting only 1-1.5 years, they are then either discarded in neighbouring land or burned. Discarded plastic has been responsible for the deaths of cattle who have ingested it while grazing.
+Researchers in Jordan have now developed a process to recycle used plastic sheets in the production of comparable quality, less expensive films for mulch and greenhouses. The new process will lower costs for farmers, decrease pollution from plastics, and reduce imports. As well, it has the potential to increase employment, both in production plants and in the collection of the waste plastic.
+The process used is called coextrusion, which allows for the combining of layers of different materials to create a stronger and more resistant plastic. The new recycled plastic film is made up of two layers: a highly stable upper layer made from virgin plastic, and a bottom layer made from recycled plastic. In Jordan, used plastic sheets are readily available for recycling, reducing the need for imported plastic. It is estimated that a reduction of 20 to 50% in material costs occurs when using recycled plastic. The new sheets contain up to 50% recycled plastic, and have properties similar or better than virgin plastic films.
+Prerequisites
+Access to used greenhouse plastic films. The production plant requires a coextrusion machine, a fairly expensive item (US $240 000 to $400 000), 620 Kwh of electrical power, and 25 m of water to clean each tonne of used plastic. To save on water costs a closed system is recommended with a water recycling plant. The plant employs 10 people: two operators, two assistants and six labourers.
+Potential users
+There are plans to disseminate the technology to small and medium-sized plastic film producers in Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt. Currently the technology is being used in Jordan and Egypt, where it is being adapted to local materials and conditions. Researchers in Egypt are investigating as well the potential for using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) instead of polyethylene, which could reduce costs by as much as 45%.
+Cost and availability
+Raw materials (used films) cost about US $57 per tonne in Jordan. Total production costs for making regenerated plastic pellets from the used sheets is US $215 per tonne. Actual production of the two-layered recycled sheets runs from US $960 to $1150 per tonne for materials (depending on the thickness of the different layers), with production costs (covering salaries, water and electricity) at $500 per tonne. The coextrusion machine is the most expensive item, ranging from US $240 000 to $400 000.
+Contact
+Mr H. Khadra
+Royal Scientific Society
+PO Box 6945, Amman, Jordan
+Tel.: 844802 or 844702; Telex: 21276 JO
+RAMAH;
+Cable: ERRAMAH
+Professor M.R. Kamal
+McGill University
+3480 University Street
+Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
+Tel.: (514) 392-5432; Telex: 05-268510
+Professor A. Yehia
+Polymer Department
+National Research Centre
+Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
+Tel.: 701 211; Telex: 94022 NAREC UN
+<section>45. Electronic networking for african environmental ngos</section>
+Many obstacles exist in Africa which hamper the effective inter-communication of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This in turn prevents African NGOs from providing effective input as a group to international consultations such as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development that was held in Brazil in 1992.
+Electronic communications have the potential to strengthen NGO networking by increasing their capacity to exchange mail, discuss issues, and share information rapidly and at lower cost than through mail, fax, telex, and phone calls. The poor quality of voice telephone lines, the slow implementation of phone systems with packet switching, and fluctuations in the availability of electricity have all caused Africa to lag behind Asia and Latin America in electronic communication. As well, governments may not be supportive, seeing computers and modems as a security problem or as a source of revenue through high import duties and fees.
+The Environment Liaison Centre International (ELCI), in Nairobi, has become a focal point of a networking project that will build on initiatives to develop a resilient, expandable, and directly interconnected NGO network in Africa. Through the use of microcomputers, modems, and common communications software, the network has, among other things, strengthened NGO capacity for information-sharing and advocacy work, and given NGOs access to new information, including documents and inputs of the preparatory meetings leading up to the UNCED Brazil 92 conference.
+Participating institutions share responsibility for the risks and investments of the network. The aim is to develop self-sustaining networking nodes at the national level in several countries, which are linked to regional as well as international networks.
+The African network was begun by creating or strengthening electronic links among organizations in Dakar, Harare, Nairobi, and Tunis, which can then be linked through the UK-based network GreenNet to NGOs around the world. In each of these cities, independent but interconnected low-cost DOS-based bulletin boards can be accessed by the NGO "end-users" participating in the network. These bulletin boards need only a small user base to be cost-effective, and they run on regular telephone voice lines.
+Modems and software have been provided to some 40 users, along with training and online support. The network hopes to expand by building the capacity in end-users and operators to train new users. A short course and installation manual for the bulletin boards have been developed in English; French and Arabic versions are planned. Half-day workshops and users' manuals have also been developed for the end-users of the network. Each user is expected to pay their telephone costs.
+Prerequisites
+To participate in this or similar networks, an organization needs a microcomputer, a modem, a telephone line that works at least part of the time, and appropriate communications software. The small bulletin boards require an IBM-compatible computer with the DOS operating system, 40 to 100 Mbytes of hard disk space, and one telephone line, as well as the services of a part-time systems operator.
+Potential users
+African NGOs, particularly those involved in environmental work. The network could serve as a model for establishing other networks in Africa or elsewhere.
+Contact
+The Director, Environment Liaison Centre International PO Box 72461, Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: 254(2) 662015; Cable: ENVICENTRE Telex: 23240 ELC KE Fax: 254 (2) 562175 E-mail: FIDONET: 5:731/1 APC: GN:ELCIDWR
+<section>46. Costa rica's new national account system for the environment</section>
+The current increase in environmental awareness is highlighting the deficiencies in the United Nations System of National Accounting (SNA), which overemphasizes consumption in national output and fails to account for the environment in income estimation. Conventional national income figures record only the consumption value of natural resources and do not account for losses of natural capital such as standing timber or fish stocks.
+The ongoing destruction of forest, soils, and water - basic resources of the country's economy is a loss in the productive value of the economy which is not reflected in national accounts. For instance, when a forest is cut down and sold, the country appears to grow richer, even though the depreciation of the natural capital - both in regard to the forest and the increased erosion of farmland - may create future losses several times greater than the present gain. The result is that, in the existing system, those responsible for economic policies make decisions based on inadequate information. It is therefore urgent that current national accounting procedures be revised.
+An IDRC-supported study by the Tropical Science Center of Costa Rica and the World Resources Institute of the United States, had as its main objectives to:
+· Analyze a number of Costa Rica's natural resources in physical terms and assign them an economic value;
+· Treat natural resource assets consistently with other tangible capital so that resource depletion is treated as capital consumption.
+The first step in the study was to develop physical resource accounts for each sector based on available data. These accounts were designed to record and identify the sources of either an increase in or depletion of the stock. The second step was to assign economic values to the resources using appropriate economic evaluation principles which allowed for the availability or unavailability of data. The physical accounts and economic values were then combined and aggregated to the national level. Finally, the completed natural resource accounts were used to adjust the conventional national income aggregates to arrive at a net, rather than a gross, national product. For example, the results of the study estimate that, when resource depletion is taken into account, the net national product in the fisheries sector between 1982 and 1987 was on average 51% of gross national product. In 1987, it was only 37%.
+The Costa Rican natural resource accounting study represents a substantial advance over previous efforts. New techniques, such as remote sensing and satellite imaging, were used to estimate changes in forest cover, mangrove area, and other land uses. Both the data and analysis of the physical accounts were detailed and systematic. The economic analysis also represents a significant methodological advance, in that it used new bioeconomic models for fisheries accounts and assigned consumptive versus nonconsumptive use values for mangrove accounts.
+The results confirmed that the national accounting system in Costa Rica is inadequate in its treatment of natural resources. The lack of knowledge within both the private and public sectors of the many secondary values of natural resources results in the wasteful destruction of important environmental assets. The methodology developed in this study can be used to confront economic development issues realistically.
+These studies can be performed at the national or regional level, provided that basic information on economic parameters is available. As well, sectoral studies can be carried out to integrate environmental and economic policies.
+Cost and availability
+The developed methods to incorporate the depreciation and appreciation of natural resources in national accounts can be transferred and applied in other countries. Both the Tropical Science Center of Costa Rica and the World Resources Institute will provide technical support to interested groups. The collaboration of relevant government agencies is essential.
+Potential users
+Direct beneficiaries are planners, economists, and policy-makers in all sectors of government and industry. In addition, this demonstration, along with WRI's earlier case study for Indonesia, will help build support among other governments in the region, international agencies, and other official bodies for a much-needed reform of the SNA.
+Contact
+Dr Raúl Soldrzano Tropical Science Center Apartado 8-3870, San José, Costa Rica Tel.: (506) 25-26-49; Cable: SCIENCE
+Resources and Publications
+· Solórzano, R., de Camino, R., Woodward, R., Tosi, J., Watson, V., Vásquez, A., Villalobos, C., Jiménez, J., Repetto, R. and Cruz, W. 1991. Accounts Overdue: Natural Resource Depreciation in Costa Rica. Tropical Science Centre, San José, Costa Rica and World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
+· Repetto, R., Magrath, W., Wells, M., Beer, C., and Rossini, F. 1989. Wasting Assets: National Resources in the National Income Accounts. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
+· Wealth of Nature. The Economist, January 18th, 1992, 67 pp.
+<section>Engineering</section>
+<section>47. Tannin produced from pine bark</section>
+Tannin powder is an essential ingredient in the leather industry. Used to treat or "tan" hides, tannin preserves the leather's flexibility and makes it resistant to rot. Chile imports up to $1 million of natural plant tannin yearly, mostly from Argentina.
+Being a coastal nation, Chile is subject to serious corrosion problems from sea water. It imports rust transformers and inhibitors for steel at considerable cost. Researchers have now demonstrated that tannin solutions can be used as anticorrosives at much less cost.
+Chile's radiata pine plantations are providing a new source of natural tannin for both the leather industry and for producing anti-corrosives. Large volumes of pine bark are available as a waste product of the timber industry. The bark contains 15% tannin, and can be used to produce a tannin mixture suitable for commercial use. The bark is crushed and heated with water at 80°C, then cooled and decanted. An evaporator removes the excess liquid. Tannin can be produced in liquid or powder form.
+The DITECO tannin plant in Chile is now producing tannin from pine bark provided by local sawmills. Local tanneries are mixing the tannin with imported tannin for use in treating leather. The plant employs approximately 40 people, with an additional 20 people gathering bark.
+Two anticorrosive products manufactured from tannin have now been developed and patented in Chile and Brazil. The first is a rust converter for metal. It can be used as a primer before painting steel, and will convert existing rust into a smooth, sealed surface. Tests demonstrated that the pine tannin rust converter works better than commercial converters and as well as sandblasting, the most common but expensive method for cleaning steel surfaces before painting. When applied to buried pipes, bridges, and docks, the rust converter eliminates the need for sandblasting, reducing the cost of surface preparation and cleaning by 30 to 40%.
+The second product is a mineral oil-tannin compound used as a rust inhibitor for cold-rolled steel. Cold-rolled steel exposed to the elements during transport and storage is generally protected from corrosion by being immersed in mineral oil after lamination. Protection from rust lasts up to four times longer when tannin is added to the mineral oil. This reduces the cost of cleaning rusted steel before use.
+Solutions of another tannin-based product can also be used to prevent corrosion of boilers and other equipment used to produce steam.
+Potential users
+Small and medium-scale industries with access to natural plant tannin.
+Contact
+Guillermo Matamala Rivas, Facultad de Ingeniera Universidad de Concepción Casilla 53-C, Concepción, Chile Fax: 56-41-222712; Telex: 260157 INCON CL
+<section>48. Low-cost extraction techniques for essential oils</section>
+The Programa Agroquímico of the Faculty of Sciences l and Technology of the Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS) in Cochabamba, Bolivia, has applied steam-extraction technology to make Bolivia self-sufficient in the production of several essential oils such as menthol, citral, and eucalyptol. Oil extraction using steam is a comparatively simple and inexpensive process that is readily adaptable to rural areas. The primary steam-extraction techniques can be learned easily by the rural population in a matter of weeks and do not involve sophisticated industrial technologies.
+This technology has the potential to create jobs and generate incomes in rural areas. Within 5 years, the project has almost eliminated Bolivia's annual Can $800 000 of imports of menthol, citral, and eucalyptol oils needed for the production of detergents, soaps, ointments, and other domestic products that have a combined Bolivian market value of $3.5 million. Since 1990, Bolivian manufacturers have obtained almost all the oils they need from the Programa Agroquimico. In the long term, the project could make Bolivia an exporter of the oils (some exports to Brazil, France, and the US have already begun).
+The use of the simplified extraction techniques is creating jobs and generating incomes for many disadvantaged farming families in Cochabamba province, one of the poorest in Bolivia. Ten cooperatives are at work gathering the leaves and grass for extracting oils and processing the natural extracts. Each co-op has obtained a steam distillation unit from the program. Each unit is associated with a community of 80-130 families. The crude oils they produce are sold to the university, which in turn refines them into higher grade oils. The purified oils are sold to Bolivian manufacturers of candles, soaps, and other products.
+The program is successful enough that an additional 36 communities have approached the researchers to start the processing of eucalyptus and lemon grass. At current prices, average profits from each distillation unit are estimated at $30 000 per year.
+Each co-op has control over how their profits are distributed. A women's co-op has been the most successful so far. A detailed study is currently underway to assemble all the necessary information to transfer the technology to other regions and countries.
+Production of eucalyptus oil can also contribute to mitigating erosion and environmental damage by maintaining the natural tree cover, since the process only involves cutting the tree branches, which regenerate quickly.
+Prerequisites
+Availability of oil-bearing renewable resources, such as eucalyptus trees, lemon grass, and mint, and the conditions for growing them.
+Each distillation unit comprises a 5-cubic metre extractor, a steam-boiler, a condenser, and a separator. Constructed from local materials, the equipment costs about $10 000. The pay-back period is estimated at 3 to 4 years.
+Potential users
+Rural or small-town communities with available supplies of oil-bearing plants or trees, such as eucalyptus or lemon grass, and the right conditions for growing them. Eucalyptus, lemon grass, and mint can all grow in poor agricultural conditions, on land that might otherwise remain unused.
+Contact
+Jorge Soriano Ferrufino, Project Leader Programa Agroquímico Cordeco-UMSS Casilla de Correo 992 Cochabamba, Bolivia Tel.: (691-42) 32548 Telex: 6363 UMSS BV Fax: (591-42) 33648
+<section>49. Carmine dye extraction process for rural enterprises</section>
+Peru is the major supplier of carmine dye, a natural, red colouring agent derived from the cochineal insect that is used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Global restrictions on artificial colorants in food and other consumer items is giving Peru a considerable advantage in the world market. By 1991, many synthetic red dyes were prohibited in the United States, which put Peru in a unique position. Currently, Peru furnishes 80% of the world's cochineal supply - about 40% as a dye and 60% in insect form.
+The Peruvian government wants to increase the processing of the carmine dye in Peru, given that cochineal are plentiful, rural people are experienced in harvesting the insects and drying them, and extraction techniques are comparatively simple. By locating processing plants close to cochineal production areas, rural industry and local employment will increase. Currently cochineal "farmers" earn an estimated 10% of the revenue generated by cochineal. An estimated 50 000 people harvest the insects by hand, dry them in the sun, and sell them through intermediaries to carmine processors in Lima.
+The extraction process is available to small-scale enterprises and NGOs including information on how to improve management of the cochineal insects during infestation, harvesting, and drying. Extraction of carmine powder from the insects involves boiling the insects in water, followed by filtration, precipitation, and washing and drying of the final product.
+The Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica Industrial y de Normas Técnicas (ITINTEC), in collaboration with Simon Fraser University, has improved the carmine dye extraction process to give a 24% yield of 72% pure carmine. Other commercial processes give 20-23% yields of 52% pure carmine. A new phase is exploring improved infestation, harvesting, and drying processes. A pilot production plant with a capacity to produce 5 kg of carmine per day has been successful. The technology is now being made available to the private sector, with the following criteria:
+· Production units should be in rural locations close to cochineal producers;
+· A system such as producer co-ops should be used to share benefits with the cochineal "farmers";
+· Plants must be owned and run by Peruvians; and
+· Owners should have the ability to sell the carmine dye abroad.
+Prerequisites
+Access to cochineal and markets for the red dye. Cochineal grow on prickly pear cacti in the Andean region. The processing plant requires a fairly substantial capital investment, around US $400 000, suitable for medium-scale enterprises, but high for small-scale companies.
+Potential users
+Cochineal exporters and producers as well as current producers of carmine who are interested in improving yield.
+Cost and availability
+ITINTEC can provide a cost analysis for implementation of the technology. The process is available by competitive bid to ITINTEC.
+Contact
+Dr A.C. Oehlschlager,
+Department of
+Chemistry,
+Simon Fraser
+University,
+Burnaby, British
+Columbia
+Canada V5A 1S6
+Tel.: (604) 291-4884
+Fax: (604) 291-3765
+Ing. Guillermo Salas,
+Director-General
+ITINTEC,
+Lima, Peru
+Tel.:71.17.77
+Fax:51-14-71.16.17
+Telex: 20496 PE
+<section>50. Usable lumber made from waste wood</section>
+A technique originally developed and patented in Canada in the 1970s is now being adapted to help address China's current lumber shortage and use residual wood from mills and logging which would otherwise be wasted.
+The technique developed in Canada involves "finger-jointing,' mature green lumber using specially-formulated adhesives. This technique can be used on short, small, and crooked thinned-out logs that are currently thought to be useless. The bent wood is cut into sections, the wood ends are profiled into finger shapes and bonded together with adhesives to form a piece of straight and useful lumber.
+The Canadian patent holder has waived the patent in China, and Chinese researchers have developed a similar method using immature green lumber as well as dried lumber and locally-made chemicals to produce the glue. Advantages of this technique are that it is relatively inexpensive, easy to adapt and use in small factories, and the products can be handled immediately for manufacturing operations. Although green lumber must be redried after joining to be useful to industry, this process can result in some deformation, depending on the type of wood used. Therefore, whether the finger-joints should be made of green wood or dried wood depends on wood species, uses of the end products, and local production and technical conditions.
+The glue developed by the project is weatherproof, durable, stores well, and works especially well for bonding coniferous trees. The major species tested with the glue are poplar, Chinese fir, masson pine, and larch. Tests continue on other tropical wood species.
+The technique could add 15 million cubic metres of wood annually to China's production of lumber, while using waste material and providing part-time income to rural people supplying wood thinnings from their farms and community woodlots. They can make up to 45% more selling the small-diameter wood for finger-jointing than selling it as firewood. This increases the economic value of the wood and stimulates farmers' interest in planting trees.
+In 1990, local Chinese factories produced Can $1 million worth of finger-jointed products. Several pilot plants were established for testing the finger-jointed technology and glue production; two commercial plants were set up to build components for truck loading beds; and a factory using the new technology produced laminated beams used in the construction of the 1990 Asian Olympic Games building.
+By using waste wood to meet needs for lumber, the technology can contribute to reducing deforestation.
+Prerequisites
+Supplies of otherwise unusable lumber and appropriate resin adhesives. The lumber can come from thinnings, fast-growing wood stands, crooked logs, used timber, and large branch wood, so long as there are no dead knots, decay, insect holes, or bark pockets on the ends to be finger-jointed.
+To set up a finger-jointed lumber mill with an annual output of 3000 square metres, approximately US $4000 in capital outlay is required, as well as a US $2000 circulating fund and 80 to 100 employees.
+Potential users
+NGOs, government, and the private sector interested in promoting small-scale rural industry. The technology could be useful in countries of the Asia Pacific region where there are shortages of timber.
+Contact
+Zhu Huan Ming Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Wan Shou Shan, Beijingm, People's Republic of China Tel.: 2582211 ext 431; Fax: 2581937
+<section>51. Bamboo mat board - a replacement for plywood</section>
+Bamboo mat weaving is a popular tradition in India and other parts of Asia. Rural dwellers, particularly women and tribal people, weave millions of square metres of mats. Although some of the mats are for household use, most are sold in the market to supplement family income. Over the last decade however, some of the largest consumers - commercial packers and house builders - began switching to plywood and synthetic materials causing a decline in the mat cottage industry and affecting the livelihood of the mat weaving community.
+The production of boards from bamboo mats glued together constitutes a sound alternative to plywood made mostly from imported timber. The use of bamboo also conserves natural forest, which is being depleted at an alarming rate in India. The fast growth and maturation of bamboos and their easy propagation make them an important and inexpensive local substitute for plywood.
+The Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute has developed a low-cost low-input technology using local raw materials (bamboo) and adhesives from industrial waste (black liquor) for the production of commercial bamboo mat boards. This technology produces a better product at a more affordable price for the consumer and stable prices for the mats will ensure better wages and living standards for the mat weavers.
+This technology can be easily adapted by small-scale rural industries employing local labour with minimum skills. Bamboo mat board will supplement plywood, which is presently made mostly from logs and veneer imported at high cost.
+The black liquor from pulpmill waste is being used to produce lower-cost adhesives for the bamboo mat board. This approach will decrease the amount of phenol needed to make the resin adhesive, thereby reducing the cost.
+Testing of manufactured items, such as packing cases for horticultural products, especially apples, showed that up to 75% of the plywood could be replaced with the new bamboo mat boards. The cases are estimated to cost 15-20% less than the equivalent wooden packing cases. Bamboo mat boards will be used for low-cost housing, for crates, and for building grain storage rooms and bins presently made out of wood and plywood.
+Cost and availability
+Initial estimates indicate that the cost of resin for bamboo mat board is reduced by about 75% by using modified phenolic resin. Further reduction in cost is foreseen when black liquor-phenol-formaldehyde resin, which is being developed in the project, is standardized.
+The Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute (IPIRI) provides technical assistance in establishing small bamboo mat board production units in rural areas. Negotiations for technology transfer to the Philippines and other interested countries are underway.
+Potential users
+The rural housing industry and many cottage industries such as construction of packing cases will be the primary beneficiaries of this inexpensive alternative to plywood. The production of bamboo mat board will create employment for rural women and will generate additional income by reviving and expanding the bamboo mat weaving cottage industry.
+Farmers will be encouraged to grow bamboo on their land, community property, and home gardens, benefiting from the short rotation of bamboo cropping (3-5 crops per year) and better prices.
+Because of the increase in quality and the reduction in costs in bamboo mat production, entrepreneurs can now establish small-scale bamboo mat board factories. The production of bamboo mat boards is a labour-intensive process compared to plywood production and will therefore generate more employment.
+Contact
+Dr P.M. Ganapathy Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute PB No 2273, Tumkur Road Bangalore, India 560-022 Tel.: (812)394 231 and 394 341 Fax: (812)396 361
+Resources and publications
+Copies of the following technical reports are available from the institute on request:
+· IPIRI. 1992. Techno economic feasibility of bamboo mat board manufacture. Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute, Bangalore, India (in press).
+· Aswathanarayana, B.S. et al. 1990. A study on test methods for evaluating bond strength of bamboo mat board. (Doe. 4).
+· Damodaran, K. 1992. Bamboo mat board apple packing cases. (Doe. 7).
+· Zoolagud, S.S. 1990. Phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesives for bamboo mat board. (Doe. 3).
+· Padmanabhan, S. et al. 1992. Glue line preservative treatment of bamboo mat board for interior applications. (Doe. 8).
+<section>52. Synapse a system for microcomputer-based instrumentation</section>
+The National University of Singapore, together with l Total Recovery Systems International in Toronto (formerly SCADA), have developed a user-friendly, flexible hardware-software system for monitoring and controlling industrial processes using inexpensive personal computers. The system, called Synapse, provides accurate, online measurement for quality control in small industries such as soap manufacture, cheese production, and other chemical processes. It is also useful for teaching and research.
+The software package and an interface module allow the computer to be linked to instruments - such as data loggers, spectrometers, and pH meters - that monitor and control a wide range of processes such as adding ingredients, regulating temperature, and checking for colour and consistency. The system has many potential applications including such things as accurately measuring heavy metals in the environment, pH in fish ponds, and soil nutrients.
+With Synapse the user can use analytical instruments by computer without any previous expertise or training in computer programming or electronics. The system is also easy to maintain, which makes it particularly applicable in developing countries. It reduces costs for small industry, where each measuring and control instrument has to be bought as a separate package at anywhere from US $1000 to US $5000 each. The Synapse package links all these instruments to a basic IBM for about US $1000
+Several important technological advances were made in the development of the system, including the integration of artificial intelligence techniques, object-oriented programming methods, and natural language processing. The operator uses a mouse to work out the basic structure of the process he or she wants to control. From a menu of icons, the operator can pull down pictures of valves, pumps, meters, liquid levels, etc. Each is automatically linked to a hardware interface. The operator then supplies the conditions that must be fulfilled for the equipment to operate. For example, someone might tell the program to open a valve when the temperature reaches a certain range. Once this information has been input, the system's extensive database allows the computer to decide what to do, when, and how.
+The system is not rigid or frozen into specific sequences of action. In this way, the computer can decide what to do, while leaving room for the user to incorporate rule of thumb and shortcuts into the operating characteristics.
+Prerequisites
+An IBM personal computer or clone. Most users are able to use the Synapse system without previous training. A detailed manual is provided to guide the user in mastering the system.
+Potential users
+A wide range of industries including metal finishing, aquaculture, environmental control and monitoring, and factory automation. Because of the low cost of the software, the system is applicable to small- and medium-scale industries. Universities, colleges and research institutions can use the package for teaching, research and improving their experiments; hospitals can use it as a teaching and diagnostic tool. The system is currently being used in a pilot scheme for improved tea-drying in some of Sri Lanka's tea factories.
+Cost and availability
+The Synapse hardware and software is commercialized worldwide through Eutech Cybernetics. Total cost is approximately US $1000, excluding the computer, for selected institutions in developing countries (the commercial list price is higher). This includes the software and any required hardware interface cards that link electronic gauges, valves, and other devices to the computer.
+Contact
+Dr Hari Gunasingham
+Eutech Cybernetics
+Pte. Ltd
+56, Ayer Rajah Crescent
+#04-21/24, Singapore
+Tel.: 7787995
+Fax: 7730836
+<section>53. Low-cost dobby to improve small-scale commercial weaving</section>
+Family weaving enterprises own 85% of the looms currently in use in India and Pakistan. These cottage industries are competing for a domestic and export market where consumers are demanding more and more sophisticated cloth. There is a need to increase self-sufficiency in fabric production for the national textile industry, as well as to modernize the equipment of textile producers.
+Small weaving enterprises can now earn 20 to 26% more by producing designed (geometric or floral) patterns rather than plain cloth. These designs are produced on the loom using a mechanical selection device called a dobby. Currently two types of dobbies are used: modern dobbies which are efficient, high speed (200 picks per minute) and expensive; and older, less efficient, cheaper dobbies used throughout the Third World. These local low-cost dobbies, copied from imports, are cumbersome, difficult to maintain and slow (100 picks per minute).
+Pakistani and Canadian researchers have now developed a new dobby that is fast and efficient, while still relatively inexpensive and easy to make locally. Called PAKCAN, the dobby can reach speeds of 130 to 160 picks per minute and can be used on 82% of the shuttle looms in use today. Its advantages over dobbies in current use include:
+· Superior stability;
+· Perfect alignment of knives and hooks;
+· Fewer components;
+· Vibration-free;
+· Lighter and consumes less energy;
+· Streamlined appearance and easy to manufacture, maintain, and operate.
+The PAKCAN dobby provides a superior performance with low cost and low maintenance, and has the potential to increase incomes and productivity for the cottage weaving industry.
+Prerequisites
+The PAKCAN can be used on shuttle looms with speeds up to 160 picks per minute.
+Potential users
+Small and medium-scale weaving enterprises. There is already a demand for the dobby identified in Brazil, China, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey.
+Cost and availability
+The dobby is expected to sell for as little as Can $800 (based on 30% profit margin and production of 100 units per month). Although this is still higher than current local dobbies (which sell for Can $250), the low maintenance costs and higher quality fabrics made possible with the PAKCAN dobby make it attractive to small weaving enterprises. A licensing agreement will be pursued once successful field trials in India are completed.
+Contact
+Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
+Laboratories Complex
+Lahore 54600, Pakistan
+Tel.: 873866; Telex: 47115 PCSIR PK
+Cable: CONSEARCH LAHORE
+Mr Trevor Cornell
+Mechanical Engineering Division
+Manitoba Research Council
+129 Niakwa Road
+Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2J 3T4
+Tel.: (204) 945-6000/6619; Fax: (204)
+<section>54. Inexpensive bricks made from bauxite waste</section>
+In Jamaica's rural areas, there is a shortage of affordable housing, mainly because of the high cost of building materials. The Jamaica Bauxite Institute, in collaboration with the University of Toronto, has developed an inexpensive building brick made from the waste generated by the country's aluminum industry, as well as from noncommercial bauxites.
+The bauxite waste, or "red mud," when impregnated with a sodium silicate solution, hardens naturally without the need for firing. Its use has many advantages: the raw material is easily available; it requires little energy; it develops local skills; it can be used more cheaply than cement to build schools, community centres, health centres, etc.; it lessens dependence on imported materials such as steel; the bricks are strong when dry; and there is little need of sand or cement. The bricks have the potential to provide cheaper housing and increase employment in rural areas.
+A model building has been built to demonstrate the use of the bricks, and training of local people in the brick-making technique has been undertaken. Because labour costs are not significantly different for building a house from cement blocks or from bauxite waste bricks, training in self-help building is also important to keep costs down.
+Another Jamaican organization, the Construction Resource and Development Centre, is developing cyclone-resistant housing using the bauxite waste bricks. Red mud could be used for other purposes such as water pipes and floors and could become an export item to other Caribbean islands.
+The technology is environmentally friendly, uses waste from a major industry, and requires little energy (unlike production of cement blocks), thereby decreasing deforestation and dependence on imported oil.
+Prerequisites
+Availability of "red mud" produced by the aluminum industry or access to other noncommercial bauxites. Sodium silicate is used as a bonding agent. Two major pieces of equipment are used: a pulverizer to grind the mud to the required particle size and a compactor to compress the mixed mud into the mould.
+Potential users
+Rural people, governments, NGOs, and small businesses close to aluminum processing plants or other noncommercial bauxite material.
+Contact
+Dr Carleton Davis
+Executive Chairman
+The Jamaica Bauxite Institute
+Hope Gardens, PO Box 355
+Kingston 6, Jamaica
+Tel.: 92-72070/1; 92-72073/9;
+Fax:(809) 92-71159
+Telex: 2309 JAMBAUX JA.; Cable:
+JAMBAUX
+Dr J.W. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada K5S 1A1 Tel.: (416) 978-4020
+Resources and publications
+· It is envisaged that booklets, books, and video materials will become available after a proposed workshop on bauxite waste bricks planned for February 1992.
+· Radio Québec has produced a video program on the project. For information contact Françoise Bertrand, Radio Québec, Société de Radio-Télévision du Québec, 800 rue Fullum, Montréal, PQ, Canada H2K 3L7. Tel.: (514) 521-2424; Fax: (514) 873-7739.
+<section>55. Low-cost wall panels from blast furnace slag cement</section>
+In Brazil, as in most of Latin America, increased costs of building materials - especially portland cement - have compounded a housing crisis affecting the country's low-income population. In the search for alternative low-cost building materials, researchers are investigating the use of industrial and agricultural wastes.
+Slag is the product of purifying iron ore into pig iron. It sits in huge mounds outside iron furnaces. Blast furnace slag (BFS) is the water-quenched slag that has a high vitrous phase. Brazil produces some 3 million tonnes of BFS per year, and its disposal is a crucial problem for the steel mills. Sold for about Can $5 per tonne, it is an inexpensive source of cement material.
+A suitable cement is obtained by mixing ground slag with hydrated lime and gypsum (0.88: 0.02: 0.10 - BFS: lime: gypsum). Researchers in Brazil have designed and manufactured hollow wall panels and a prototype house using the BFS-based cement reinforced with coir fibres, which
+are widely available in Brazil and other Latin American countries. The hollow panels are 395 cm long and 90 cm wide, and are strong enough for use in load-bearing walls in single-storey buildings.
+The process for making the panels is suitable for small scale industrial plants or even for manufacture on the building site. An ordinary pan mixer is used to prepare the material, which is poured into moulds that are placed on a vibrating table.
+In a small plant, the cost of each panel is US $5.70 or an average of US $6.30 per square metre of wall, including labour and grout. This is considerably less expensive than ordinary brickwork, which costs US $8.00 per square metre. These savings may be increased with the development of better manufacturing plants, faster construction time, and the reduction of waste materials on the building site.
+In a new phase, the Brazilian researchers are promoting the technology to small-scale panel manufacturers, contractors, housing authorities, architects, and civil engineers. A manufacturing and construction manual will be developed, as well as a video to promote the technology as an alternative for the provision of shelter to low-income people. A manual on the process has been prepared for the public in Portuguese.
+Prerequisites
+Iron industry producing blast furnace slag; availability of good-quality lime and gypsum; coir fibres.
+Potential users
+Government, NGOs, construction companies, producers of precast components, and local people building low-cost housing in iron-producing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and others.
+Contact
+Mr V.M. Joh / Dr Carlos Eduardo de Siqueria Tango Divisao de Edificaçoes Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de Sao Paulo Cidade Universitaria 05508 Sao Paulo CP 7141 (CEP 01000), Brazil Tel.: (011) 268-2211 Fax: (011) 211-4308 Telex: (011) 83144 INPT BR Cable: TECNINST
+Dr Vahan Agopyan Escola Politecnica Universidade de Sao Paulo CP GI548, 05508 - Sao Paulo SP, Brazil Tel.: (011) 815-4322 ext. 336413452 Fax: (011) 2114308
+<section>56. Improved methods for firing bricks</section>
+To ease Rwanda's housing crisis, attempts are underway to develop construction methods that use cheap, durable local materials. Technologies using minimal energy must be developed because of the increasing shortage of firewood.
+Rwanda currently produces some 70 million fired clay bricks; 60 million are produced by cottage industries that are not mechanized, have no financing, and make inefficient use of materials and energy. Their workers have no training, so the quality and size of the bricks varies. Losses of up to 40% can occur using primitive ovens and supply is irregular.
+With the cooperation of researchers from the University of Sherbrooke, Canada, researchers at the National University of Rwanda have developed methods for improving local production of fired bricks. These methods reduce losses, improve the quality of the bricks (they are stronger and of a standard size), reduce energy needs, protect the environment, and create new jobs.
+Methods developed
+· An improved oven that optimizes firing. It gives an even temperature and uses peat as well as wood for fuel;
+· Additives to the clay, such as rice husks and sand;
+· Locally manufactured manual presses;
+· Drying bricks in the sun or the fresh air in sheds; and
+· Locally manufactured insulation bricks (for oven construction and other purposes). The improved oven is made from bricks. The walls are three bricks thick, two of them being insulation bricks. The vault is a semicircle covered with a grill onto which a
+portland cement parging is fixed. A metal clamp collar surrounds the oven.
+The first bricks to be fired in this new oven were an improvement over the previous homemade ones - they are one and a half times more resistant under compression.
+Using rice husks in brick manufacturing produces a number of advantages:
+· They strengthen the clay, which can be too malleable, and prevent cracks from developing during drying;
+· They prevent the bricks from becoming misshapen when stacked up in the oven; and
+· They improve firing in the middle of the brick.
+In an initial comparison, brick losses dropped 40% to 0.2% with the improved method. The cost of building a simple inner wall using the new bricks was reduced by nearly half.
+Prerequisites
+Deposits of acceptable-quality clay; rice husks or sand; the construction of the oven requires simple tools and the services of approximately five bricklayers. Regular and insulation bricks as well as steel bands and portland cement are needed.
+Potential users
+Small producers of fired clay bricks, especially in Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire.
+Cost and availability
+For the construction of the oven and fittings: RWF 300 000; ancillary costs (moulding, handling, fuel, and heater): RWF 1.768 per brick (compared with RWF 2.5 per brick using the traditional method).
+Contact
+Jean-Baptiste Katabarwa, Dean Faculté des sciences appliquées Université rationale du Rwanda PO Box 117 Butare, Rwanda Tel.: 30272/30273 Telex: 22606 UNR RW Fax: 260-30858
+Pierre-Claude Aitcin
+Faculty of Applied
+Sciences
+University of
+Sherbrooke
+Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
+Tel.: (819) 821-3106
+Fax (819) 821-7903
+<section>57. Quake-proof adobe housing</section>
+A collaborative effort between the civil engineering department of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and the architectural faculty of Concordia University, Montreal, has produced safer adobe housing for the poor in a major earthquake zone. Adobe houses are built of earthen brick. They are popular because adobe is easily available, inexpensive, the houses can be built by unskilled workers, and they are fire resistant. However, adobe lacks the strength to withstand earthquakes.
+Earthen buildings house 66% of the rural and 35% of the urban population in Peru. In the 1970 earthquake, 50 000 people died and 60 000 houses were destroyed - a level of destruction that can largely be attributed to traditional housing styles. When an earthquake occurs, the walls of these houses collapse outwards and the roof of dried mud, which can weigh up to 10 tonnes, crushes the occupants.
+The new construction methods that have been developed include several improvements such as reinforcing the walls with inexpensive bamboo or eucalyptus poles anchored to the foundation together with horizontal canes tied to the poles at every fourth row of bricks. The poles are secured to parallel wooden beams on top of the walls, which also act as roof supports. These structural changes allow the walls and roof to react to the vibrations of an earthquake as a structural unit rather than as separate elements.
+The improved methods were tested at the Universidad Cató1ica on a "seismic table" which simulates earthquakes. The improvements have succeeded in making the adobe constructions resistant to the force of Peru's strongest earthquakes.
+Several prototype models of schools, health outposts, a small cheese-making enterprise, and community centres were built in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, the FAO and community organizations.
+Several methods of information dissemination, such as manuals, radio shows, and videos, were also tested. Scale models and photos proved the best means of illustrating the new technology.
+Prerequisites
+The improved adobe housing requires the availability of soil, straw, sand and cane material. The practical application of the techniques requires no special skill other than that of a common mason.
+Potential users
+NGOs, community groups, governments, and local people who use adobe as a construction material in earthquake zones.
+Contact
+Gladys Villa Garcia, Laboratorio de Estrúcturas Antisísmicas Pontificia Universidad Cató1ica del Perú PO Box 1761, Lima 100, Peru Tel.: (51-14) 622-549 ext. 259 Telex: 20300 PE PB SMGL Fax: (51-14) 611-785
+Professor Cedric Marsh Centre for Building Studies Concordia University 1455 blvd de Maisonneuve West Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8 Tel.: (514) 848-3196
+Resources and publications
+· The Universidad Católica has developed educational materials including manuals, videos, photos, and scale models. A technical report on the research was produced in Spanish under the title Ensayos de Simulación Sismica de Viviendas de Adobe, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1989.
+<section>58. Low-cost cement made with volcanic ash</section>
+The Centro de Investigaciones de Ingeniería at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala and the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Calgary are testing pozzolan cement as a substitute for portland cement in such applications as blocks and masonry mortar. Traditionally, portland cement is used in building. This is an expensive option given the high energy costs involved in producing it - it needs to be fired at high temperatures - and transporting it to its final market.
+Twenty-five percent of Guatemala is in a volcanic zone that contains large surface deposits of a volcanic ash called pozzolan. Mixed with lime at a ratio of 80:20 or 70:30 (pozzolan:lime), natural pozzolan behaves like cement. Although some grinding is required to make it fine enough to work with, the pozzolan mix does not require firing which reduces production costs. In Guatemala, pozzolan cement currently costs approximately 60% of the cost of portland cement.
+Pozzolan cement can be used for blocks, plastering, masonry mortar, and as a stabilizer for adobe walls and road bases. The project has tested the cement for strength and resistance to earthquakes. Four demonstration houses will be built using pozzolan and workshops are being used to encourage small pozzolan cement production plants in rural areas near pozzolan deposits.
+About 50% of Guatemala's population lives in inadequate housing, mostly because of the high cost of building materials. Pozzolan cement production has the potential to both generate employment and reduce housing costs.
+Prerequisites
+Supplies of usable quality pozzolan and lime, some skilled workers, building standards, and quality control. Efficient and low-cost local lime production is essential to keep the cost of pozzolan cement low.
+Potential users
+Local building contractors and government agencies are building low-cost housing in regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America where there has been volcanic activity resulting in accessible pozzolan deposits of usable quality. Processes and materials will differ slightly from one region to another.
+Contact
+Ing. Javier Quinones
+Centro de Investigaciones de
+Ingeniería
+University of San Carlos
+Guatemala
+Tel.: (502-2) 76.39.92
+Fax: (502-2) 76.39.93
+Dr Robert Day
+Civil Engineering Department
+University of Calgary
+2500 University Drive NW
+Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
+Tel.: (403) 220-7489
+Fax: (403) 282-7026
+Resources and publications
+Day, R.L. Pozzolans for Use in Low-Cost Housing: A State-of-the-Art Report, IDRC, Ottawa, September 1990, 157 pp.
+<section>59. An international network to promote ferrocement technology</section>
+Ferrocement technology, in which mortar (cement, sand, and water) is spread over a steel and wire or bamboo skeleton, is a simple and inexpensive new building method, with a wide variety of uses.
+In the Philippines, ferrocement is being used to build cylindrical rainwater catchment tanks. Although the walls of the cisterns are only a few centimetres thick, they can withstand the water pressure because of the internal reinforcement with large-gauge welded steel mesh covered with fine wire mesh. In various countries, ferrocement has also been used to build silos, biogas holders, boats, roofing elements, biogas digesters, canal linings, and latrines. The technology is currently applied in more than 50 countries including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
+The International Ferrocement Information Centre (IFIC) at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) was established in 1976 to ensure transfer of ferrocement technology, which has wide application in rural areas. Although the technique is simple in theory, the centre recognizes that translating it into a technically sound, socially acceptable, and affordable village technology requires detailed research and testing. It is therefore looking at novel approaches to teach the use of this technique to rural people.
+Training is complemented with "do-it-yourself" brochures and booklets in local languages adapted for use by villagers. Technical information is repackaged to target specific groups, such as women (who are usually involved in construction) or extension workers in each country.
+IFIC has agreements with 141 universities in 50 countries to teach ferrocement technology. IFIC has also created 50 reference centres in 32 countries and is seeking to create another 30.
+A Ferrocement Information Network (FIN) was established in 1985 to facilitate and accelerate the flow of information among ferrocement users in developing countries. A directory of men and women and organizations knowledgeable in ferrocement technology is available. Network members also organize training programs and demonstrations in rural areas.
+Prerequisites
+Adequate supplies of cement, aggregate (usually sand), and reinforcement (usually steel mesh, but other materials such as bamboo are also used). The technique is easily explained by demonstration, pamphlets, and videos.
+Potential users
+Villagers and technicians working in low-income rural and urban areas. Technicians and engineers can access specialized bibliographies, directories, and computer software for the design of ferrocement structures, such as water tanks and roofing elements. As well, newsletters, brochures, and audiovisual materials are available through FIN and the various reference centres.
+Contact
+Arthur Vespry, Director Library and Regional Office Centre International Ferrocement Information Centre Asian Institute of Technology PO Box 2754 Bangkok 10501, Thailand Tel.: (66-2) 529-0900-13 Telex: 84276 TH Cable: AIT Bangkok Fax: (66-2) 516-2126 or (66-2) 524-5870
+<section>Health</section>
+<section>60. Inexpensive blood-screening for HIV</section>
+The spread of AIDS through blood transfusion has largely been eliminated in the North through routine screening of blood supplies. However, in many countries of the South, there is a lack of resources and facilities to screen blood for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In Africa, 5-10% of HIV infections occur through blood transfusions, which are very common. Freshly-donated blood is used to treat life-threatening anemia in children (common in areas where malaria is endemic). The lack of routine testing of donated blood is hampering efforts to prevent the spread of AIDS.
+PATH Canada (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) and PATH International have developed a simple, rapid, and inexpensive test ideal for areas where sophisticated equipment and trained staff are not available to do the kind of HIV screening done in the North. The HIV ImmunoDot Test is a plastic dipstick in the shape of a comb (which allows the user to test up to eight samples at once) that is dipped into serum, plasma, or whole blood samples for 10 minutes. It is then rinsed and incubated for 10 minutes in a reagent solution. If HIV antibodies are present, a red dot appears at the end of the stick.
+The method uses a synthetic peptide which is immobilized on the comb and which "captures" the HIV antibody. A solution of colloidal gold conjugated to protein A is used to produce the red dot.
+The new process has the following advantages:
+It is ideal for remote areas where only a small number of tests are done at one time (current tests are geared to high volumes);
+· Electricity or special equipment not needed;
+· Minimal training is required;
+· The whole process takes about 20 minutes, as opposed to the 2-4 hours needed for conventional tests;
+· The testing material doesn't require refrigeration, and will remain stable for up to a year at temperatures
+typical of equatorial
+Africa;
+· The method costs US 50 cents or less per test, as opposed to current tests that cost at least US $2, and sometimes as much as US $7.
+Laboratory trials in Canada, the US, and Europe, and field trials in Brazil, China, Kenya, Thailand, and Uganda confirm that the new test performs as well as the best available commercial screening tests and has a sensitivity (ability to detect antibodies) approaching 100% and a specificity (ability to detect the absence of antibodies) of 98%. The test can be used to detect antibodies to the HIV 1 virus. Work is currently underway to adapt the
+dipstick for combined HIV 1 and HIV 2 testing, as well as for the hepatitis B virus.
+PATH itself does not commercially produce the test. It has prepared the documentation and master files necessary to transfer the know-how for manufacture to the public and private sectors in developing countries. Plans for local production of the test have begun in Brazil, Cameroon, China, Indonesia, and Zimbabwe, and it is hoped that the test will eventually be widely available throughout the South.
+Potential users
+Blood banks in developing countries, clinics in poor areas, bush hospitals, and other blood transfusion settings, especially in remote areas.
+Cost and availability
+The test is not being produced commercially in the North, but will become available through the public sector of countries in the South.
+Contact
+Dr Milton R. Tam PATH 4 Nickerson Street Seattle, WA, USA 98109-1699 Tel.: (206) 285-3500 Fax: (206) 285-6619 Telex: 4740049 PATH UI
+NB: PATH is not a supplier of the test. It is assisting countries of the South with local production.
+<section>61. Solar-powered infant scale</section>
+Monitoring children's growth is generally accepted as one practical way to assess their general health and nutrition. Children who are seen to have poor growth can be targeted by health workers for special attention. In developing countries, community-based child-weighing programs are an integral part of community health strategies. A variety of weighing scales is used, from simple spring scales and locally made balances to heavy-duty hospital balances. However, most of these devices lack one or several important characteristics such as low cost, ease of use, portability, high accuracy, and durability.
+In response to the need for an appropriate scale for field use, Sensor International Inc., - a joint venture between the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) and Masstech Inc., an Australian corporation - has developed the electronic Sensor Scale. An earlier prototype scale, called PATHweigh, was a battery-operated hanging scale developed by PATH and field-tested in Bangladesh and Indonesia in 1985. The new version, the Sensor Scale, is a solar-powered electronic scale that provides a digital display of the weight in 100-gram increments. It was developed in a stand-on version and a hanging version. Prototypes of the stand-on Sensor Scale were field-tested in 1989 by UNICEF in ten countries. The trials showed the scales to be easy to use and widely acceptable to health workers.
+The prototype electronic Sensor Scale has the following features:
+· It is compact and lightweight;
+· It provides an easy-to-read digital display;
+· The hanging scale can weigh up to 45 kg (children up to 5 years);
+· It is accurate within 100 grams;
+· It reduces operator error by automatically taking into account the weight of the person or container holding the child;
+· The scale offsets errors due to the child's movements by averaging weights and providing one final reading;
+· It displays the weight in 100-gram increments, making reading and recording the weights easier;
+· The scale is solar-powered;
+· It can operate at high temperatures and humidity levels;
+· It is durable; and
+· It will shut off automatically after 5-10 minutes, if not in use.
+Potential users
+Primary health care workers in rural areas (the scale is very portable) and health clinics.
+Cost and availability
+Public-sector developing country rights are held by UNICEF. Large-scale production of the stand-on version is proceeding, and it is expected that the scales will be available in mid-1993 through the UNICEF Copenhagen warehouse. A rough estimate of the price is US $95.
+Contact
+Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) 4 Nickerson St, Seattle, Washington, USA 98109-1699 Tel.: (206) 285-3500; Fax: (206) 285-6619 Telex: 4740019 PATH UI; Cable: PATH
+PATH can also be contacted at the following addresses:
+37 Petchburi 15 (Soi Somprasong 3) Petchburi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel.: (662) 251-7338-9; Fax: (662) 253-9171 Telex: 788 20327 PRPRTY TH
+PO Box 57046, Ole Odume Road, #30, Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: (2542) 566714; Fax: (2642) 566714
+Tifa Building 11th Floor, Suite 1102 Jl. Kuningan Barat No.26, Jakarta, Indonesia Tel.: (6221) 5200737; Fax: (6221) 520-0621 Telex: 79662851 TIFA IA
+<section>62. Hand-held scale for identifying low weight newborns</section>
+Millions of underweight infants are born each year. These babies are at increased risk of illness and death and need special care to survive. Midwives and traditional birth attendants must be able to identify which newborns are in need of special care.
+The Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) has developed a simple scale for use by midwives to identify babies with a dangerously low birth weight. The scale, called BIRTHweigh, is a stainless steel spring scale which is colour-coded, inexpensive and portable. The scale is held by hand and a 100-gram cloth sling is suspended from it. If the small window on the scale has yellow showing, the child weighs less than 2500 grams and needs special care. If the window is entirely blue, the child weighs more than 2500 grams. Weight less than 2600 grams is considered to be the international standard for low birth weight.
+The scale is accurate to within 100 grams. In field trials in Egypt, Malawi, and Yemen. the scale
+was shown to be durable and very well accepted by its users. It can withstand 10 kg of overweight without any serious distortion.
+Potential users
+Midwives, nurses, and other birth attendants.
+Cost and availability
+The scales are currently being produced locally in Egypt and Malawi, and are in use in Bolivia, Guatemala, Yemen, Pakistan, and Zambia. Scales and slings can be ordered directly from the UNICEF Copenhagen warehouse catalogue by NGOs, governmental agencies, and UN agencies, for approximately US $4.50. Small orders of scales and patterns to make the slings locally can be coordinated through PATH.
+Contact
+Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) 4 Nickerson Street, Seattle, Washington, USA 98109 Tel.: (206) 285-3500; Fax: (206) 285-6619; Telex: 4740049 PATH UI
+Director, Supply Division, UNICEF
+UNICEF Plads
+DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
+Tel.: 45-31-26-24-26; Fax: 45-31-26-94-21;
+Telex: 19813
+Other addresses for PATH:
+37 Petchhuri 15 (Soi Somprasong 3) Petchburi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel.: (662) 251-7338-9; Fax: (662) 253-9171 Telex: 788 20327 PRPRTY TH
+PO Box 57046 Ole Odume Road, #30, Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: (2542) 566714; Fax: (2542) 566714
+Tifa Building 11th Floor, Suite 1102 Jl. Kuningan Barat No. 26, Jakarta, Indonesia Tel.: (6221) 5200737; Fax: (6221) 520-0621 Telex: 79662851 TIFA IA
+<section>63. Colour-coded test strips for detecting urinary protein</section>
+The detection of protein in urine, called proteinuria, is a method used to identify several medical problems, including schistosomiasis, urinary tract infection, and renal disease. Although accurate test strips for urinary protein exist, they are often too expensive for Third World health programs and must be imported.
+The Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), has developed inexpensive, accurate test strips for use by health workers with minimal training. Called PATHstrips, these tests are durable, easy to use, and able to withstand tropical conditions.
+PATHstrips are supplied in a tear-off form in boxes of 50 strips each. After the strip is dipped in urine, its colour is compared to a reference chart printed on the box.
+Independant tests have shown the strips to be as accurate as other available proteinuria tests. They have been fieldtested in Malawi, Yemen, and Zambia.
+Potential users
+Laboratory technicians, health clinic staff, and community-based health workers.
+Cost and availability
+PATH has provided production equipment and technical assistance for the production of the strips to Central African Pharmaceutical Suppliers (CAPS) in Harare, Zimbabwe. A subsidiary of CAPS, McDonald Scientific (Pvt) Limited, is currently producing the strips, at a price of US $1.25 for a pack of 50 tests. CAPS also intends to distribute the strips through the UNICEF Copenhagen warehouse catalogue.
+Contact
+McDonald Scientific (Pvt) Ltd PO Box 3590, Msasa, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel.: (263-4) 48191/48101; Telex: 24224 MMDS ZW; Cable: McDent; Fax: (263-4) 48196
+PATHstrips will be available through UNICEF, beginning in 1992.
+Director, Supply Division, UNICEF
+UNICEF Plads
+DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
+Tel.: 45-31-26-24-26; Fax: 45-31-26-94-21;
+Telex: 19813
+<section>64. Equipment and training packages for health workers</section>
+The Centro de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias en Desarrollo Rural (CIMDER) has developed a health care package consisting of simple and innovative materials and equipment for primary health care workers.
+The package contains the following items:
+· Tricoloured tape for measuring arm circumference identifies malnourished children and acts as a guide in assessing the health of children. The tape has also spurred community groups to improve community health services and to work on improving health and nutrition by forming cooperatives to increase crop production. Women particularly like the tape as it allows them to identify for themselves the nutritional state of their children.
+· Microlab for diagnosis of simple ailments. The microlab contains such elements as microstix for urine cultures and analysis, sterile bags, etc.
+· Microhealth post, with first-aid equipment and drugs for common illnesses, enables primary health care workers to manage 60% of the illnesses they encounter.
+· Master file, with its colour-card information system, allows the health worker to assess the health of the community, and includes a health flag to inform the community of its progress.
+· Other components consist of a backpack; a well chlorinator for small wells and water tanks; and manuals on primary health care, maternity and child care, sanitation, community organizing, and immunization.
+CIMDER, which designs, implements, and evaluates health technologies and programs (primary health care, social participation in health, health education, the management of health centres and institutions) emphasizes strong community organization and participation in its own health processes through training programs for family leaders, rural volunteers, community workers, and health promoters. For example, mothers receive training that enables them to practice effective health care at home, to increase their knowledge in informal community settings, and to assume an active role in community health care activities.
+CIMDER is becoming a reference centre for other Latin American countries - including Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana and Paraguay - are interested in adopting this health care model. The Colombian government has replicated parts of this model in other regions of the country.
+Prerequisites Training in the use of CIMDER's approach and technologies.
+Potential users
+Community leaders, community health workers, volunteers, health officers, NGOs, government, and others involved in health care delivery in Latin America. Materials could be translated and adapted for use in other countries.
+The health kit is available to interested groups and NGOs, for a cost of approximately Can $42. CIMDER is interested in sharing its experience with other institutions.
+Contact
+Ligia Malagon de Salazar, Director, CIMDER Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud AA 3708, Cali, Colombia Tel.: (57-23) 56.45.05; Fax: (57-23) 56.25.75; Cable: 4B # 36-00
+Resources and publications
+CIMDER has produced handbooks in Spanish on basic health care, administration of health care centres, and guides for the primary health care worker and for the use of the micro health post. They have also published a book for women on health care in the home and in the community entitled Escuela de Madres para el Autocuidado de la Salud Familiary Comunitaria, as well as other publications on health issues. These and software for the management of health institutions are available to interested groups.
+<section>65. Training materials in health systems research</section>
+Health services in developing countries are undergoing many changes to improve accessibility to quality services and to encourage effective community participation in the promotion and maintenance of good health. Countries are constantly having to decide on the best approaches to take in terms of planning and policy, administration of health services, financing, and appropriate technologies. They need detailed and accurate information on needs' possibilities, and the consequences of proposed actions to make effective decisions.
+Health systems research (HSR) aims to improve the health of a community by enhancing the health system, which is seen as an integral part of the overall socioeconomic development process. HSR seeks to provide community leaders, health workers, and managers at all levels with the information they need to make good decisions.
+The main characteristics of HSR are:
+· It focuses on priority health problems;
+· It is participatory in nature;
+· It is action-oriented;
+· It is multidisciplinary;
+· It is multisectoral;
+· It emphasizes cost-effectiveness;
+· It seeks to provide practical, timely solutions;
+· It evaluates proposed changes.
+After some years of sponsoring workshops on health services/health systems research in developing countries, IDRC, along with the World Health Organization, decided to support the preparation of a set of training materials in HSR aimed at specific target groups. The result is a five-volume set of publications, aimed at five target groups.
+The first addresses the need to promote the use of HSR as a management tool among decision-makers. Based on an analysis of experience in developing countries over the last 10 years, it provides an overview of how HSR can lead to better decisions, as well as information on how to foster effective research programs at a country level. It also includes descriptions of specific strategies for promoting HSR among policymakers and senior managers.
+The second volume, in two parts, is the core course, presented in a modular format. Part I covers the development of research proposals of a participatory nature and the implementation of a field study. Course participants select a priority health problem that cannot be solved without additional information, then carry out the planned research as a team. Part II deals with data analysis and the dissemination of results.
+The third volume is a review of strategies to assist universities and research institutes to integrate HSR concepts into health and social sciences degree programs. It includes important guidance for those in the research community who want to involve their institutions in multidisciplinary HSR programs.
+The fourth volume is a course outline in a modular format for managers of health systems research programs. It includes topics such as the processing of research applications, funding and coordinating research projects, and utilizing research results.
+The fifth volume is also a course outline in a modular format to assist those who organize and conduct training in HSR. Intended for short courses, it contains 15 modules on the basic concepts of HSR, educational methods and training strategies. The teaching methods outlined have general application for training health staff in a variety of topics.
+Users of the manuals are encouraged to look at the materials critically, and to choose and adapt whatever elements fit their needs. The course outlines are meant to be used in a flexible manner, with the trainer adapting the scheduling, sequence of modules, and content to fit the needs of the participants.
+Potential users
+Policymakers, health care managers, health workers, researchers and research managers, trainers and facilitators in health systems research.
+Cost and availability
+Each volume costs Can $12.95 with the exception of volume 2 which is priced at Can $19.95. All volumes are available free of charge to developing countries. The five volumes will be published in Spanish in 1992-93, followed by French versions. To order publications (see list below) write to IDRC's Corporate Affairs and Initiatives Division.
+Contact
+Coorporate Affairs and Initiatives Division
+Marketing and Distribution
+International Development Research Centre
+PO Box 8500, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 3H9
+Tel.: (613) 236-6163; Fax: (613) 238-7230
+Telex: 063-3753; Cable: RECENTRE OTTAWA
+For further information on the project, contact the Health Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre, at the address above.
+Resources and publications
+· Promoting Health Systems Research as a Management Tool: Vol. 1; for Decision-Makers, Ann Brownlee, IDRC, 1991, $12.95.
+· Designing and Conducting Health Systems Research Projects: Vol. 2: Part I: Proposal Development and Fieldwork, and Part II: Data Analysis and Report Writing, Corlian M. Varkevisser, Indra Pathmanathan, Ann Brownlee, IDRC, 1991, $12.95 each or both for $19.95.
+· Strategies for Involving Universities and Research Institutes in Health Systems Research. Vol.
+3, Ann Brownlee, Lilia Duran Gonzales, Indra Pathmanathan, IDRC, 1992, $12.95.
+· Managing Health Systems Research: Vol. 4, Indra Pathmanathan, IDRC, 1992, $12.95.
+· Training of Trainers for Health Systems Research: Vol. 5: For Trainers and Facilitators, Indra Pathmanathan, N.I. Nik-Safiah, IDRC, 1991, $12.95.
+<section>66. Poisons information package</section>
+The World Health Organization (WHO) through the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) and the Centre de toxicologic du Québec (CTQ), and with the participation of poisons information centres around the world, has developed a poisons information package for developing countries.
+Every year around the world, 100 million tonnes of chemicals are produced; 4000 industrial chemicals are currently in common use. Some 565 generic pesticides are in circulation, and account for 1 million poisoning cases each year, of which 40 000 cases in the Third World are fatal. Poison information centres are springing up all over the Third World, but lack the necessary technology to handle the data or simply don't have access to the information they need.
+The package consists of two parts:
+· A global database of information on substances that are commonly involved in cases of poisoning; and
+· A database management software program, called IPCS/INTOX, for poison information centres.
+The global database is an internationally-compiled bank of information on toxic substances. The information is packaged in the form of poisons information monographs (PIMs), which give detailed information on the physicochemical and toxicological properties of substances including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and plant and animal poisons, as well as information on how to diagnose, manage, and prevent poisoning by these substances. PIMs are available in English, French, and Spanish in hard copy or on compact disc read only memory (CD/ROM).
+The software program allows each poison centre to develop two interrelated databases, according to their own needs. The first is a database of substances and products; the second is a communications database to record cases and treatments.
+The software is available in English, French, and Spanish. System manuals and user guides in English, French and Spanish are planned.
+The package will be in use in mid-1992 by poisons information centres in Algeria, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Uruguay, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe. CCOHS will provide training, follow-up, and maintenance on a fee-for-service basis.
+Prerequisites
+The software package requires a 286 or 386 compatible microcomputer. Best performance is achieved with a 386 running at 20 Mhz or greater, with 4 Mb of RAM and a 80-Mb hard disk. It also requires a "super VGA" video card and a VGA colour monitor for the presentation of pictures with optimum clarity. A DOS 5.0 or higher operating system is recommended, along with Windows 3.0 or higher and a suitable mouse. A CD/ROM player is needed to access the database of PIMs and other material.
+Potential users
+Poison information centres in developing countries, as well as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and other professionals such as firemen, police, and first-aid workers who deal with poisonings or accidents involving chemicals.
+Cost and availability
+The package will be issued by WHO on behalf of the project partners. WHO will hold the copyright.
+Contact
+Dr John Haines
+International Programme on Chemical Safety
+Division of Environmental Health
+World Health Organization
+1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
+Tel.: 9135 73; Fax: 41-22 788 1949; Telex: 27821 OMS;
+Cable: UNISANTE-GENEVA
+Dr P.K. Abeytunga
+Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
+250 Main St E., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
+Tel.: (416) 572-2981; Fax: (416) 572-2206;
+Telex: 061-8532
+Dr A.J. Nantel
+Centre de toxicologic du Québec
+Le Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval
+2705, boul. Laurier, Quebec, PQ, Canada G1V 4G2
+Tel.: (418) 654-2254; Fax: (418) 654-2754
+Uruguay:
+Dr Eva Fogel de Korc
+Centro de Información y Asesoramiento
+Toxicológico
+Facultad de Medicina
+Montevideo, Uruguay
+Tel.: 804000; Telex: 26991 BINAME UY
+Fax: (00598) 23 70 11/47 03 00
+Egypt:
+Dr. Bahira Fahim, Director
+Poisons Control
+Centre - Cairo
+Ain Shams University
+Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
+Sri Lanka:
+Dr Chandina de Mel
+Senior lecturer,
+Faculty of Medicine
+University of Colombo
+Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
+Tel.: (94-1) 686142/ (94-1) 694016
+The Philippines:
+Prof. Nelia P. Cortes-Maramba
+Department of Pharmacology
+University of the Philippines College of Medicine
+547 Pedro Gil, Manila 2801, The Philippines
+Tel.: 5218251/500 011
+<section>67. Improved housing to fight the spread of chagas' disease</section>
+Chagas' disease is one of the more serious diseases in Latin America, with some 15 to 20 million people infected, 10% of whom will develop chronic Chagas' disease. The disease has an asymptomatic acute phase right after infection, and a chronic phase that only appears 15 to 20 years later. The chronic phase affects the heart, oesophagus, lower intestine, and peripheral nervous system.
+The disease occurs mainly in rural areas, but is spreading to the cities through rural migration and through blood transfusions. The loss of work productivity is important, and rural migrants to cities can be refused employment if they are infected.
+The disease is caused by a parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi), which is transmitted by the blood-sucking insect Triatoma infestans. The insects infest and breed in cracks in the walls of homes, in thatched roofs, and in cracks and spaces between wooden boards. They thrive in dark, poorly ventilated, humid environments. They also live behind furniture and wall hangings as well as in chicken coops and other animal shelters. Animal reservoirs of the vector are also common.
+Because of the absence of effective drugs or vaccines, the disease must be controlled through preventive measures, such as controlling the vector insects inside people's houses. In Paraguay, a research team has studied the effects of two types of intervention in rural areas:
+· Spraying, using the insecticide Deltametrine; and
+· Housing improvements to create a hostile environment for the insects.
+The housing improvements consist of modifying the existing structures in each house using improved materials to ensure smooth, flat, crack-free inside and outside walls and ceilings. Four main methods are used:
+· Plastering the walls and filling the joints between wood boards;
+· Smoothing the roof and ceiling;
+· Using light-coloured paint on the walls to help in the detection of insects;
+· Improving ventilation and light through better doors and windows.
+Some examples of effective techniques used for housing improvement include:
+Plastering and painting brick walls; plastering adobe and wattle walls using nails or small twigs to hold the plaster;
+· Using bamboo cane as supports for the ceiling, which is then plastered with a cement and soil mixture;
+· Finding the best natural locally-available additives to add to paint (such as cactus juice) to prevent cracking;
+· Finding the best plaster combinations and proportions (cement, sand and lime) to prevent cracking;
+· Incorporating a window in the kitchen for the smoke to escape; bamboo canes in a netlike structure in the window can keep insects out while letting smoke escape;
+· Mosquito netting can be used to keep insects out of the house.
+Most of the modifications can be done using locally available, low-cost materials.
+The use of insecticides is a helpful and fast solution, but it can be too costly for rural people and is not permanent. However, it does provide 2-3 years of protection for the family while other interventions are being implemented.
+The advantages of the housing improvements over building new houses are:
+· The improvements respect the original home, lifestyle, materials, and techniques of the inhabitants;
+· Beauty and variety are maintained, and changes are more easily accepted;
+· The value of the house increases; pride in their work increases the self-esteem of the inhabitants;
+· New houses are often not adapted to the needs of the inhabitants.
+These interventions adapt and combine known technologies to solve a problem affecting both health and housing quality. Results of the research show that although the interventions can help reduce the incidence of Chagas' disease, they do not provide total control of the insect vectors. The key to their success is community involvement and cooperation from the outset. Because of the late onset of symptoms, Chagas' disease is not taken seriously by rural communities, who are more concerned with day-today survival than with a problem that will only emerge 15 to 20 years later. Strategies to combat the disease must be part of a holistic approach to community health, including interventions on such immediate concerns as maternal and child health and treatment of diarrhea and other infections. They must be an integrated part of general development initiatives undertaken by the community and incorporate other community goals and cultural values.
+Potential users
+Communities and organizations working in the areas of health and housing throughout Latin America. In Paraguay, the idea has been "bought" by the Ministry of Health and the Council on Housing.
+Cost and availability
+During the course of the study, costs for housing improvements averaged US $12 per square metre, or about US $400 per house (not including the owner's labour). This is well below the national average cost for improved housing in Paraguay.
+Contact
+Dr Luis Rios Centro de Tecnología Apropriada Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologia Universidad Católica de Paraguay Asunción, Paraguay Tel.: 913865
+Dr Antonieta Arias Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Rio de la Plata y la Gerenza Asunción, Paraguay Tel.: 81312/82069/83618
+<section>68. A community-based approach to schistosomiasis control</section>
+Schistosomiasis affects more than 300 million people in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Another estimated 600 million are at risk from the debilitating water-borne disease. The disease is caused by a tiny parasitic flatworm that lives part of its life-cycle in humans where it causes rashes, abdominal pain, fatigue, fever, and diarrhea as well as damage to the liver and spleen. The eggs of the worm are passed through urine and feces and hatch in water, where they live inside snail hosts. Once they become infectious, they leave the snail for water and infect humans through the skin.
+Schistosomiasis impedes growth, school performance, and productivity, especially among women and children. It aggravates anemia, malnutrition, and parasitic diseases. Of Zimbabwe's 9 million people, it is estimated that more than 2 million suffer from schistosomiasis. In rural Zimbabwe, infection rates can be as high as 80%.
+Drug treatment for the illness exists but people simply get reinfected when they come into contact with contaminated surface water: bathing, swimming, fishing, washing clothes, or simply crossing an infested river or stream. Chemicals used to kill the carrier snails are expensive, toxic, and provide only a short-term solution. The cost of both drugs and commercial molluscicides and the need to import them has meant that most countries have drastically reduced or abandoned their schistosomiasis control programs. As a result, prevalence of the disease is rising.
+The Blair Research Laboratory (Ministry of Health), which developed the Blair Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine and the Blair series of PVC handpumps, has tested an integrated community-based program to control schistosomiasis within the primary health care system in two rural communities of Zimbabwe.
+The program incorporated the following features:
+· Community sanitation and water programs were implemented, including latrine building, a hand-drilling rig for shallow wells, simple pumps, and slabs next to the pumps and wells for washing clothes.
+· Health education activities were undertaken to increase awareness of the disease cycle and to encourage use of latrines, pumps, and washing slabs. Drama, an important part of local culture, was the most popular and effective educational tool, in the form of yearly school drama competitions on schistosomiasis and water and sanitation topics.
+· Testing and treatment of infected people with the drug praziquantel was undertaken.
+· Molluscicides were used to kill snails in nearby surface water.
+Research on the impact of these measures showed the potential viability of an integrated approach. Village women were involved in evaluating the pumps and latrines, and in describing changes in water contact habits. School children were tested on their knowledge of schistosomiasis and its transmission. Results of the research were fed back into the communities. A second evaluation phase has produced recommendations for a national control program, and highlighted the need for further research to develop molluscicides derived from local plant sources to kill the carrier snails.
+Prerequisites
+Community structures, involvement, and interest in an integrated effort; appropriate water and sanitation technology.
+Potential users
+This approach could be adapted in countries where schistosomiasis is endemic. Its practicability on a large (or national) scale is still under evaluation.
+Contact
+Dr S.K. Chandiwana
+Blair Research
+Laboratory
+PO Box 8105
+Causeway, Harare,
+Zimbabwe
+Tel.: (263-4) 79.27.47
+Fax: (263-4) 79.24.80
+Resources and publications
+· Community-Based Schistosomiasis Control in Zimbabwe, Final Report, Blair Research Laboratory and IDRC, 1989. A detailed and easy-to-read description of all aspects of the program.
+· The Ministry of Health of Zimbabwe has developed easy-to-follow instructional materials on Blair pumps and on how to build Blair latrines, available from the Blair Research Laboratory at the above address.
+<section>69. An environmentally friendly means of malaria control</section>
+Coconuts may provide a major boost in the battle against malaria. Coconuts are proving to be a simple, inexpensive medium in a new and economical way to check the spread of the disease. In 1988, malaria accounted for 2.5 million deaths and 489 million clinical cases in the Third World. The disease has been on the increase in recent years despite the wide use of chemical insecticides. These chemicals are expensive, have a short-term effect, are damaging to the environment, and pose additional health hazards to people.
+Biological control of mosquitos has now become possible. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces a toxin lethal to mosquito larvae. It has been shown to be safe for people and the environment; Bti is now being produced commercially, but is expensive to import.
+The Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (Peru) is devoted to research, training, and service in infectious and tropical diseases. The researchers have developed a new, simple, inexpensive method to produce Bti locally using coconuts. In many tropical areas, coconuts are both cheap and abundant. The coconut can be used as a medium for culturing Bti, which is then applied to ponds where malaria-transmitting mosquitos breed. The mosquito larvae eat the bacteria along with algae and are killed. Coconuts that have fallen naturally to the ground and may be unsuitable for eating can also be used to grow Bti.
+The toxic strain of Bti fermented in coconuts, when applied in the field, kills virtually all the mosquito larvae and stops further larvae development for up to 45 days. A Bti kit, which requires minimal instruction, has been prepared for use by local people. Other techniques are being explored for use in areas where coconuts are not plentiful.
+The kit contains a plastic bag full of swabs doused in Bti and cotton plugs. The villager inserts one swab into each coconut through a hole drilled at the top and plugs it with cotton. After the coconuts have fermented 2-3 days depending on their size and the local temperature, the villager takes them to a nearby pond, breaks open the fruit over the water and throws it all in. A typical pond needs 2 to 3 coconuts for one treatment.
+In a second phase, the project is focusing on the active participation of the community through a comprehensive education program. The kit offers the advantages of low cost, sustainability, and the use of a local resource to combat malaria.
+Prerequisites
+Preparation of Bti kit for field coconut inoculation: microbiologist and technician; culture medium; 2-litre fermenter; Bti H-14 strain. Production time required: 72-96 hours. Quality-control period: 24 hours.
+· Proper use of Bti kit in the field: trained local people; dependable source of coconuts; small bench area for preparation of kits; educational efforts for community sensitization and dissemination of technique; distribution system for Bti kits and for inoculated coconuts.
+Potential users
+Combined with a major educational effort, this technique can be used by rural people in any area where malaria is endemic and coconuts are plentiful.
+Contact
+Dr Jumberto Guerra, Director Instituto de medicine tropical Alexander Von Humboldt Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia / Centro de Investigación en Salud Hugo Lumbreras Cruz Instituto Nacional de Salud AP 5045, Lima 100, Peru Tel.: (51-14) 823-401; 823-903; 823-910; Fax: (51-14) 823-404
+<section>70. Fertilizer- producing no-pit latrine</section>
+Fecal contamination is a major contributor to mortality among children. The double-vault dry alkaline fertilizer family (DAFF) latrine was adapted from the successful Vietnamese double-vault latrine by the Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios sobre Tecnología Apropiada (CEMAT) in Guatemala. The Guatemalans call them LASF: letrinas aboneras secas familiares.
+Besides contributing to an improvement in health by breaking the cycle of fecal contamination and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, hepatitis, typhoid, and parasitic infections, the DAFF latrine also provides farmers with fertilizer for their crops. This economic incentive has provided a major breakthrough for CEMAT in overcoming resistance to latrine use by the rural population, who believe that defecating in the fields improves the soil's fertility. The high-quality organic fertilizer produced by the DAFF latrine reduces farmers' costs and helps to avoid the long-term environmental problems caused by chemical fertilizers.
+Other advantages of the DAFF latrine include the fact that it requires no digging, uses local materials, does not pollute soil or water (a hazard of pit latrines), and produces fewer microorganisms than pit latrines (thereby reducing the risk of disease).
+The DAFF latrine is an aboveground, two-chamber system. A portable toilet seat is placed over the opening of one chamber. Each chamber funnels off urine into a special container. The urine is mixed with water and allowed to stand for 3 days, at which time it can be used as a liquid fertilizer. After each defecation, wood ash or a mixture of soil and lime is placed in the chamber. This keeps the deposit dry, inhibits odours, reduces the presence of flies, and helps speed composting to fertilizer. The toilet seat is moved to the empty chamber when the first is full. The first chamber is sealed for 6 months, while heat and evaporation eliminate the moisture, thereby killing the bacteria. The contents are transformed into a safe, rich fertilizer. An opening in the back wall of the chamber gives easy access to the fertilizer.
+During 1982-86, CEMAT transferred the DAFF latrine technology to 10 national and international NGOs and five public national institutions working in the field of sanitation. At the international level, the technology was transferred to Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Panama. At a session in Mexico, 43 community leaders from seven countries were trained in DAFF latrine technology.
+Later in 1986-87, a survey conducted in Guatemala showed that 16 institutions had installed 3000 DAFF latrines in different parts of the country. CEMAT has implemented a project to provide support to these groups in the promotion of the latrines, including: how to promote social acceptance; sanitary control and maintenance; and research on the performance of the fertilizer.
+National workshops have been organized to discuss the benefits and limitations of the latrines; videos and demonstrations have been used to inform farmers.
+Prerequisites
+Local materials for building (soil, adobe, brick, cement or stone, bamboo or cane, grass); availability of ash, lime, or dry organic soil. Community involvement and training is essential for social acceptance.
+Potential users
+Rural farmers anywhere; NGOs and community groups concerned with health promotion and agricultural improvements. The technology is especially useful in areas where it is difficult to dig pit latrines.
+Cost
+Cost depends on materials used. The entire unit can be built with cement, mud, and grass for less than $100.
+Contact
+Dr Edgardo Caceres Executive Director, CEMAT la Av. 32-21, Z. 12, AP 1160 Guatemala 01012, Guatemala Tel.: (502-2) 762-355; 762-018 Fax: (502-2) 762355
+Resources and publications
+· Ficha No.1: La Letrina Abonera Seca Familiar, CEMAT, 1990, 37 pp. Updated manual in Spanish on the building, maintenance, use, advantages, and agronomic use of the DAFF latrine.
+· LASF - Una Letrina para la Familia, Jacobo Schiere, Comite Centra Menonita, Guatemala, 1989, 67 pp.; US $8.
+· Social, Sanitary and Agricultural Evaluation of Dry Alkaline Family Fertilizer Latrines in Guatemala, CEMAT, 1988, 15 pp.; US $2.
+· Boletin RED, CEMAT. A trimestrial Spanish-language newsletter dedicated to disseminating information on appropriate technology for Latin American peasants. Subscriptions (incl. airmail): Latin America, US $5 per year; other, US $7 per year.
+<section>71. Action-oriented methods for workers to assess occupational health</section>
+In Mexico as in many countries, there is a lack of aware-ness and action relating to occupational health. Haphazard complaints are rarely sufficient to get an effective response from management. There is a need for hard facts to reinforce demands for better working conditions. In response to this situation, researchers at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in Mexico City developed and tested participatory techniques that enable workers in developing countries to measure for themselves occupational hazards and their impact on workers' health.
+The method was tested in a steel factory called SICARTSA, in collaboration with the local union and 830 union members. The methods used included collective questionnaires, site inspections, analysis of health data obtained from the union, environmental measurements in the workplace, and data analysis using epidemiology techniques.
+The study began with the premise that a useful methods must be accessible to groups of organized workers, produce reliable information on health risks and damages, be action-oriented, and use preventive and epidemiological criteria.
+The main technique used and evaluated was the collective questionnaire on the assumption that the day-to-day experience of a group of workers is a rich source of knowledge that needs to be systematized. The process provides a global diagnosis of the main risks and health effects of the workplace, how they are produced, and where they are concentrated in the labour process. The collective questionnaire also provides a forum for collective consciousness-raising and concrete action proposals, and doesn't require many technical resources. It increases workers" confidence by involving them in the identification of problems and their solutions.
+Workers are divided into groups according to work stations, and information collected from them. Only information that is recognized by the whole group is admitted, and there is some verification of the information in the work areas, through medical examinations or with other groups of workers. The information is tabulated and a "risk map" drawn up, which illustrates the labour process, risks, disease symptoms, protective measures already in place, and proposals for new actions. The risk map is an instrument for action that allows workers to see relations as well as changes that are made.
+Information is divided into five risk groups:
+· Risks from temperature, noise, light, humidity, etc. inside and outside the factory;
+· The work environment (dust, fumes, gases, vapours, radiations, vibrations);
+· Intense physical activity and forced positions;
+· Psychological strain (shiftwork, night work, danger, tight supervision, monotony, high work speed);
+· Insufficient security in the machinery and installations.
+The project has produced a manual (see Resources and Publications, below) in a popular format for use by workers and unions. The manual is divided into three sections:
+· Information on work-related health problems and what workers can do;
+· The advantages and disadvantages of different methods for studying health effects in the workplace;
+· The results of the study done in the SICARTSA steel mill, including the characteristics of the workplace, the health risks of metal work, preventive measures, and the demands made by the workers to solve the problems.
+This very detailed manual also includes sample questionnaires.
+Potential users
+Workers' organizations and unions in developing countries. The first of its kind, the manual is being used by unions in several countries including Brazil and Spain. In Mexico, the package was used by the 45 000-member
+Mexican electricians union to organize a study on occupational health.
+Contact
+Profesor Cristina Laurell
+Universidad Autónoma de México, Sede Xochimilco
+AP 70-212, CP 04510, Mexico, D.F., México
+Fax: 52-5 6711621
+Profesor Mariano Noriega
+Prolongación Narciso Mendoza
+No. 24, San Miguel Ajusco 14700, Mexico
+Resources and publications
+· A video has been produced recording the process undertaken at the SICARTSA steel mill. Contact the researchers above.
+· Trabojo y Salud en SICARTSA, Programa de difusión cultural del SITUAM, 1987, 144 pp. Detailed report on the SICARTSA study.
+Conocer para Cambiar, Estudio de la Salud en el Trabago, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 1989, 211 pp. A detailed manual in Spanish, written in a popular format.
+<section>72. Fog-water catchment for water supply in arid areas</section>
+Various regions around the world suffer from chronic water shortages. In some, such as the Pacifc coast of South America, the Atlantic coast of Southern Africa, and some Arab countries, there are persistent fogs coming in from the sea that do not provide rain but that could be a source of good-quality water.
+The Northern part of Chile is one of the driest areas in the world. There is a lack of good groundwater, very little rain, and practically no rivers that can be used for irrigation and human needs. In the coastal fishing villages of Northern Chile, potable well water has to be trucked in from as far away as 50 km at great expense. It often arrives contaminated. The local people use very little water, and the lack of water is a major contributing factor to the migration of people to the cities.
+Researchers have now developed a means to use the local fog (called camanchaca) as a source of good water. Along the coast of Chile, there is a persistent and extensive cloud deck (but little or no rain) that creates fog in the slopes and peaks of the coastal mountains, where the ground intercepts the low clouds. Small natural forests have developed using only the camanchaca moisture for survival. Artificial collection of water from the camanchaca is believed to have been an ancient native tradition that has now been lost.
+The fog moisture can be caught using large rectangular water collectors, some 40 square metres in area, made of a nylon mesh called Rashell. This mesh is available locally at low prices and performs well. The installation of the collectors is straightforward and relatively inexpensive. Little maintenance is required, and it can be done easily by local populations. With simple chlorination, the water is of much higher quality than the treated water of Santiago.
+The collected water can then be channeled to local villages and afforestation projects. A dependable source of water has the potential to increase human settlement in the area, reduce urban migration, and develop local resources, such as fishing and mining.
+For the villagers, fog-water catchment will mean 10 to 20 times more water available at a much lower cost. Currently, villagers in the area use an average of 14 litres of poor-quality water per person per day; fog-water catchment using 60 water collectors can produce for the same village from 25 to 50 litres of better-quality water per person per day. In 1988, trucked-in water cost US $8 per cubic metre (partially subsidized by the government). Fog-water catchment is estimated to cost significantly less, perhaps as little as $2 per cubic metre.
+Currently 50 collectors are in place, providing up to 7200 litres of water per day. The pipeline to the village of Chungungo was inaugurated in May of 1992. Meanwhile a new prototype collector, easy to construct and maintain, has been developed and tested. Twenty-five collectors based on the new design are being installed on a new site in 1992. It is expected that they will be able to produce an average of 10 litres of water per square metre of mesh.
+Fog-water catchment is now also being used in Islay province on the coast of Peru, in collaboration with the Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Agro-Industrial of the Ministry of Agriculture. Seven collectors have been installed, providing an average of 4.5 litres of water per day per square metre of mesh, for a total of about 120 litres of water per day.
+Prerequisites
+Consistently available fog that can be intercepted on land. Other than a persistent cloud deck, four other conditions are important:
+· A mountain range with an average altitude of 500 metres or more;
+· The principal axis of the range should be perpendicular to the prevailing wind (this increases the amount of water collected);
+· The site for water collection should be close to the coast;
+· The presence, on the other side of the mountains, of a broad basin with high daytime temperatures helps to suck the ocean air through the mountains.
+Cost and availability
+The cost of each water collector was approximately US $285 in 1988. Sixty collectors plus reservoirs, pressure-relief stations, and pipes was estimated at $27 000. This implies a cost of approximately $8 per cubic metre of water over 1 year, and $2 per cubic metre of water over 5 years.
+Potential users
+Coastal communities in Northern Chile and Peru and others around the world in coastal areas or islands with little rainfall and similar atmospheric conditions. These include: the Atlantic coast of Southern Africa (Angola, Namibia); Cape Verde; China; Haiti; and Oman and Eastern Yemen.
+Contact
+Profesor Pilar Cereceda Instituto de Geografiá Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Tel.: 5522375 ext. 4721; Fax: (56-2) 552-5692
+Dr Waldo Canto, Director
+CONAF-SERPLAC, IV Region
+La Serena, Chile
+Dr Humberto Fuenzalida Departamento de Geología y Geofisica Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile Tel.: 6968790
+Dr Robert Schemenauer Atmospheric Environment Service Environment Canada 4905 Dufferin Street Downsview, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4 Tel.: (416) 739-4606; Fax: (416) 739-4211
+Resources and publications Plans are underway for the production of a booklet and two 20-minute videos to promote the technology.
+<section>73. Portable water testing kit</section>
+In Malaysia, as in many other countries, testing the quality of drinking water is essential to protect people from water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, polio, and hepatitis. Standard methods to test bacteriological water quality are costly, time-consuming, and require well-trained staff and laboratory facilities. This makes it difficult to routinely test water sources in remote areas.
+Researchers in Malaysia have now developed a prototype portable water-quality testing kit that is inexpensive, easy to use, and effective under field conditions. The kit uses an adapted version of a test called APHA 919C, for the detection of coliphages in water samples. Standard tests measure the presence of coliforms in the water, which is a more complex process. Coliphage testing is simpler, less expensive, and has been shown to be a useful indicator of the level of fecal contamination in the water. The test involves incubating the sample in a host culture. Various changes to the test have simplified the process and allow for incubation at ambient temperatures (25 to 35°C).
+The method is useful for testing water in open wells, tube wells, rivers, and other surface waters, and small-scale water supply systems. The quality of untreated surface waters can be determined rapidly with a 6-8 hour incubation time. Standard water quality tests need a 24-hour incubation time for an accurate assessment.
+The prototype kit consists of a styrofoam box in a canvas sheet, which protects the contents from sun and rain, and maintains a constant temperature inside the box. With a capacity for eight tests, each kit contains: media in bottles in stainless steel trays; the bacterial host in dried form; petri dishes; syringes; receptacles; a camping gas burner; a lighter; and a pair of tongs. It can be carried by hand, on a bicycle, or in a vehicle. It measures 38 cm x 25.5 cm x 33.5cm and weighs 6.4 kg.
+The kit has proven to be reliable. The design is currently being modified for mass production. Further improvements may include: reducing the weight by using plastic bottles instead of glass; replacing syringes with pipettes; finding a less expensive gas burner. A manual and training course are also being prepared. The kit has the potential to develop self-sufficiency of communities in testing their own water.
+Potential users
+Health and environment government departments and other organizations involved in monitoring water quality.
+Prerequisites
+About half a day of training is all that is required to use the kit.
+Cost and availability
+The kit is still at the prototype stage. It is estimated that it will cost about US $95 for an 8-test unit, and US $175 for a 24-test unit. This amounts to US $7 per test with 44 cents per test for replacement items (media and syringes). This compares favourably with existing field kits which cost US $1000 to $1700 for a 24-test unit or about $50 to $75 per test.
+Contact
+Dr Wang Chee Woon Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Pantai Valley, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel.: 03-574 422; Telex: UNIMAL MA 39845
+<section>74. Solar-powered desalinators to provide drinking water in arid areas</section>
+Providing potable water is a major problem in many areas across Africa. Years of drought in desert regions have meant that surface water and shallow wells are not being replenished by rainfall. Climate changes in the fragile ecosystems can affect the survival of entire groups of people. In Botswana, 80% of the population depend on boreholes for their water. However, drilling for water is expensive and often disappointing. More than half the boreholes in some areas of Botswana result in scarce or salty water. Some 70 communities depend on trucked-in water, but this system is expensive and often unreliable.
+The Solar Energy Section of the Rural Industries Innovation Centre has developed and tested several prototypes of small-scale desalinators for areas with water that is too salty for human consumption. Saltwater can come from boreholes or salt pans (surface depressions that collect water).
+The desalinators are simple to operate and maintain, are relatively inexpensive, and can provide drinking water under harsh conditions. They produce clear, good-tasting water and also provide salt for cooking, preserving meat, and curing game skins.
+The desalinators have been well accepted by remote communities in the Kalahari desert, where they have contributed to community spirit and served as a basis for other development initiatives.
+As opposed to trucking in water, desalinators promote self-sufficiency of communities in relation to water supply. Although the desalinators don't meet all the water needs of a community, especially in the winter, the people have assigned them a high social value. They also reduce migration to other areas because of an unreliable water supply.
+The desalinator is a glass-covered airtight basin with a black base that absorbs the sun's radiation. The salty water is introduced into the desalinator and left in the sun to evaporate; the air becomes saturated with water vapour and condensation occurs on the coolest surface: the glass. The glass is set at an angle so that the condensed water flows down it rather than dropping back into the salty water. It is collected in gutters and directed to storage tanks, leaving the salt in the basin.
+Two types of solar-powered desalinators have been developed. The first, the Mexican modified still, gives good performance and is simple to use. Its fibreglass basin is strong, flexible, does not corrode or leave a taste in the water, is easy to clean, and remains stable at high temperatures. It is small and portable (1.6-m² long and 62-cm high), can be stacked, and is designed to withstand transport over unpaved roads. The installation of the stills does not require skilled labour. The main drawback, however, is that fibreglass can be expensive.
+The second model, the brick still, is much less expensive but is less durable and portable and produces less water. In Botswana, the brick stills were cracking because of the low quality of sand for plaster. Skilled labour is needed for installation or the effectiveness of the still will be compromised.
+During the study, the Mexican still yielded 8 litres of water per day in summer and 2.5 litres per day in winter; the brick still yielded 4 litres per day in summer. Supplemental water had to be trucked in in the winter.
+The distilled water is virtually salt-free. Because humans need some salt in their drinking water, the distillate has to be mixed with some of the salty water before being used as drinking water. An educational effort is often needed to persuade people of the importance of this step, which can seem superfluous or self-defeating.
+The desalinators should not be seen as an end in themselves but as a means to an end. They are complementary to other water technologies and can serve as a base for other initiatives in a settlement. They can relieve human hardship in areas with harsh climatic conditions, while developing within the community a sense of purpose and self-sufficiency.
+Potential users
+NGOs and community organizations working in desert areas where water supply is difficult and where salty water is available. The desalinators can be used communally, domestically, or for schools, clinics, etc.
+Prerequisites
+A reliable supply of salty water. Training in installation, operation, and maintenance is essential for the stills to be effective. A sense of participation and ownership of the technology by the community is also essential. They must see the technology as important for their survival or they won't maintain it. Building materials must be robust and resistant to corrosion by salt and degradation by sunlight and heat. All the materials used are locally available in Botswana and include: vermiculite-cement for insulation from the ground, cement, silicone sealant, fibreglass, resin resistant to sunlight, bricks and mortar for brick stills, PVC or cement for gutters, polypropylene pipes, nylon joints, clamps, weatherstripping, brass bolts, galvanized pipes, and standard 4-mm window glass (thinner glass will not resist hailstorms).
+Cost and availability
+The desalinators are not being produced commercially, but the RIIC will provide information and technical assistance to organizations wanting to undertake similar projects in other countries.
+While the desalinators can be expensive, other methods of supplying water to remote arid areas are usually more expensive. Estimated total cost per still is US $340 plus US $230 for materials (storage tanks, fencing to keep out animals, etc.) for the Mexican still; and US $53 per square metre (or approximately $150 per still) for the brick still. The Mexican still pays for itself within about 2.5 years; the brick still pays for itself in less than a year, but requires more skill for repair.
+Contact
+Rural Industries Innovation Centre
+Private Bag 11
+Kanye, Botswana
+Resources and publications
+· R. Yates, T. Woto, and J.T. Tlhage, Solar-Powered Desalination: a Case Study from Botswana, IDRC, 1990. Detailed information on all aspects of the desainators and their use.
+<section>75. Ferrocement rainwater catchment tanks</section>
+The problem of the availability of potable water in rural areas is an ongoing challenge in many countries. Where there is adequate rainfall, the harvesting of rainwater for domestic use can be an inexpensive alternative providing relatively safe drinking water. Although rainwater catchment is not new, the technology is not widely used, in part because of the high cost of concrete to build catchment tanks. With the development of ferrocement technology, tanks can now be built that are durable and much less expensive.
+In the Philippines, in the province of Capiz, 90% of the people have no access to safe, reliable water. The ground-water table is low and often salty. A low-cost, simple tank design using ferrocement technology has now been developed; it is accessible to the villagers, who can build the tanks themselves using materials commonly available throughout Southeast Asia.
+In the Philippines, villagers expressed a strong interest in and acceptance of the tanks, which they built themselves after undergoing training. The technology has the following advantages:
+· Materials are easily available;
+· The tanks can be built in various shapes and sizes;
+· The construction skills are easily acquired;
+· Construction requires only simple tools;
+· Ferrocement is cheaper than concrete;
+· The tanks require little maintenance (traditional tanks require overhauling every 2 years);
+· The tanks are durable (they are expected to last up to 30 years), water-resistant, and have a high impact resistance.
+The tanks can be built to hold from 4000 to 10 000 litres of water. The walls are only 3-10 cm thick, depending on the size of the tank, but because they are reinforced internally with a framework of large-gauge welded steel mesh covered with fine wire mesh, they can support the water pressure.
+The building of the tank consists of four major steps:
+· Preparing the foundation (a concrete pad covered with a polythene sheet or waterproof cement bags);
+· Constructing the mesh "cage," made of two layers of large-gauge welded steel mesh, each covered by fine wire mesh held in place by short lengths of wire;
+· Plastering the cage with mortar, made of 10 parts cement, 15 parts sand, and 4 parts water;
+· Curing the tank, which takes one full month. The tank then be checked for leaks, dried out for 3 or 4 days and the inside painted with nontoxic paint. The tank is then connected to the roof gutter and household pipes.
+A builder's manual that can be used by semiliterate villagers has been published in Tagalog by Kabalikat Ng Pamilyang Pilipino, a Philippine NGO (see below). Training for the villagers of Capiz included clean water usage, community organizing, how to choose an appropriate technology, site selection, and building and maintenance of the tanks. A revolving fund has been set up to finance the building of the tanks.
+Prerequisites
+A tank can be built in about 1 week by three to five masons. Materials needed are concrete (for the base), large-gauge welded steel mesh, fine wire mesh, mortar, and pipes.
+Potential users
+Individuals, communities, schools, clinics, etc. in areas where potable water supply is a problem but where there is adequate rainfall.
+Costs and availability
+Cost of materials (but not labour) will vary from about Can $300 to $1200, depending on size.
+Contact
+Mr Cornelio L. Villareal, Jr Vice-chair and Chief Executive Officer, Capiz Development Foundation Inc. PO Box 57 Roxas City, Capiz Province, The Philippines Tel.: 704202/781471
+Resources and publications
+Ferrocement Rainwater Catchment, a builder's manual based on drawings and minimal text in Tagalog and Ilonggo. The manual can be obtained from: Kabalikat Ng Pamilyang Pilipino, MCPO Box 189, Makati 3117, Metro Manila, The Philippines; tel.: 8184158; telex: 722-23102; cable: PIACTMNL.
+(Refer to technology 59 for more information about ferrocement).
+<section>76. The PVC handpump</section>
+For many years, handpumps installed in rural areas of the Third World failed because they were not adapted to the rugged conditions (they were often used continuously for up to 18 hours a day by different people at different rythms, with little maintenance). In 1978, IDRC supported research at the University of Waterloo which resulted in a new prototype shallow-well handpump.
+The pump's innovation was that certain underground parts (piston, cylinder) were made from an inexpensive plastic material called polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This highly resistant material is used extensively both in the North and the South and is easier to handle than metal (PVC parts are glued rather than soldered). PVC does not rust, which gives water obtained from a PVC pump a better taste and odour. The new pump was light, sturdy, easy to transport and install, needed little maintenance, and was inexpensive.
+Researchers in various countries have adapted the model to suit local conditions and needs. The most successful model to date, the UNIMADE handpump, was developed at the University of Malaya, Malaysia. This model is being used and adapted in 13 countries. Organizations in Ethiopia and Sri Lanka have developed their own prototypes. Feedback from pump users in various countries has been taken into account in the design of the latest models, which represent state-of-the-art plastic handpump technology. Currently some 7500 PVC pumps are in use around the world.
+In Sri Lanka, a modified pump is being used in a program to train women pump technicians. The Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement, Sri Lanka's largest NGO, has developed a unique training program that provides young, rural women with the opportunity to become self-sufficient economically while providing a much-needed service to their rural communities. A division of Sarvodaya, the Sarvodaya Economic Enterprises Development Services (SEEDS), provides training to the women in handpump technology, metal work, carpentry, masonry, shallow well-drilling techniques, health and sanitation, management, accounting, and village-level economics.
+These "women of the handpump" operate workshops for the manufacture of pump components as well as tools such as axes, knives, and coconut scrapers, thereby ensuring themselves an income and increasing their technical skills for other village-level work.
+Prerequisites
+Adequate groundwater supplies; willingness of villagers to accept and use the handpump; ability to build, install, maintain, and repair the pump (the pump should be adapted to local conditions and availability of materials and parts).
+Potential users
+NGOs, governments, community groups, women's groups, and others working in the area of water provision from groundwater in rural areas.
+Network
+The University of Malaya is the headquarters of a network in PVC handpump technology that links China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand in Asia; Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Mali in Africa; and Costa Rica in Latin America. It has become a forum for research, information-sharing and training for small businesses and community groups on all aspects of the technology, including manufacture, installation, maintenance, evaluation of performance, financing, and community organization.
+Cost and availability
+The UNIMADE handpump comes in four models ranging in price from US $70 for a lift type pump with a depth capacity of 12 metres, to US $136 for one with a depth capacity of 50 metres. The most commonly-used model, with a depth of 30 metres, costs US $120, a third to a fifth of the cost of similar handpumps on the international market. Various other adapted models have been developed in other countries. Information on these can be obtained through the PVC handpump network, at the address below.
+Contact
+UNIMADE Handpump, Professor Goh Sing Yau Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Malaya Lembah Pantai, 59 100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel.: (0-3) 755-3466, ext. 260 Fax: (0-3) 757-3661; 757-8308 Telex: UNIMAL MA 39845 Cable: UNIVSEL
+For information on the Sri Lanka women's handpump project, contact:
+Mr Dulan de Silva Sarvodaya Economic Enterprises Development Services 41 Lumbini Mawatha Ratmalana, Sri Lanka Tel.: (94-1) 71-4577 or (94-1) 72-3597 Fax: (94-1) 72-3091
+Other members of the handpump network:
+· Mr Vernick Barthelus, CARE Project Manager, BP 26, Bertoua, CAMEROON
+· Mr Feng Bingyuan, Director, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, No. 1, Beishatan, Deshengmen Wai, Beijing, People's Republic of China
+· Mr Elias Rosales E., Fundación Tecnológica de Costa Rica, Apdo. 159-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
+· Mrs Samiha El-Katsha, American University in Cairo, 113 Sharia Kasr El Aini, Cairo, EGYPT
+· Mr Aseged Mammo, R&D Engineer, Ethiopian Water Works Construction Authority, PO Box 1008, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+· Dr Ranjit Singh, Reader, Mechanical Engineering Department, MR Engineering College, Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
+· Ms Christina Aristanti, Assistant Director, Yayasan Dian Desa, 7 Km Jalan Kaliurang, Bulksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
+· Mr Mohamed Karama, Research Associate, Medical Research Centre, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 20752, Nairobi, Kenya
+· Mr. Mamadou Diallo, Vice President, AMRAD, BP 1647, Bamako, Mali
+· Mr Marieto Perez, Executive Director, Tulungan Sa Tubigan Foundation Inc., 2nd Flr Dona Maria Building, 1238 EDSA, Quezon City, The Philippines
+· Mr Pairojana Sornjitti, Director, Community-Based Appropriate Technology and Development Services, Population and Community Development Association, 8 Sukhumvit Soi 12, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
+Resources and publications
+· A Handle on Health, 28-mint film on the design and local manufacture of simple, durable handpumps and how women can take control of the water-delivery system and its maintenance, IDRC, 1986.
+· Waternet News, a quarterly newsletter published by the Research and Training Centre, University of Malaya, and distributed to the members of the PVC handpump network.
+<section>77. Water disinfection using solar radiation</section>
+Obtaining clean drinking water is a continual challenge in many countries. Often the only water available is rife with disease-causing bacteria, and must be disinfected to make it safe. Conventional methods for disinfecting drinking water, including boiling and the addition of chlorine compounds, can be time-consuming and expensive. There may be procurement and distribution problems for chlorine compounds can also give the water an unpleasant taste. In many areas there is no fuel for boiling water.
+Researchers in Lebanon have developed a low-cost, practical means to provide safe drinking water to rural and urban areas, using the ability of sunlight to destroy bacteria. Solar radiation is a form of renewable energy that is abundant and accessible in most Southern countries.
+The researchers began by exposing water to sunlight in batches, in plastic bags and clear or blue-tinted pyrex glass containers. The bacteria in the water were destroyed in about 75 minutes. Water in regular glass containers required 175 minutes. They also tested a process called the halosol technique, where relatively high doses of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) are used to disinfect small volumes of heavily polluted water. The water is then dechlorinated through exposure to solar radiation, which removes the bad taste and smell. In pyrex containers, 99% of the chlorine was removed after 110 minutes of exposure. In plastic bags, only 35 minutes of exposure was required.
+After confirming the success of exposing water to the sun in batches, the researchers designed a flow-through system for continuous disinfection of larger quantities of water. In this system, a storage reservoir is connected to a tank, from which the water is directed by gravity at the desired rate through a solar reactor. In one prototype, the reactor is a serpentine pyrex tube resting on a metallic surface angled at 35° facing South, for maximum exposure to the sun (this angle may vary according to the location). The second prototype uses a solar reactor made up of four pyrex glass containers and one pyrex glass helix, which increases its total capacity. The disinfected water is then conducted to a distribution tank.
+The flow-through system can also be used with the halosol technique, to remove excess chlorine from heavily-treated water. The researchers continue to work on improvements to the system. These improvements may include increasing the system's capacity by increasing the diameter of the pyrex tubes, and installing a radiometric device to synchronize the water flow with variations in the intensity of sunlight.
+Prerequisites
+The system can be made locally from pyrex, which is a good transmitter of solar radiation, durable, and locally available in Lebanon. In areas where pyrex is unavailable, other durable plastics that are relatively inexpensive and can be locally molded can also be used. In the first prototype, called type I, the glass tubing is 13.4 m in length, 22 mm in diameter, and 1.5 mm thick. In the type II prototype, the glass helix is 10.5 m long, 12 mm in diameter, and 1 mm thick.
+Potential users
+Primary health care workers and technical people working in the areas of solar energy and water disinfection. The system can potentially be used in small communities, refugee camps, institutions, and in disaster situations where water supply is interrupted.
+Contact
+Dr Aftim Acra
+Acting Chairman
+Faculty of Health Sciences
+American University of Beirut
+Beirut, Lebanon
+Telex: AMUNOB 20801 LE
+Resources and publications
+· Water Disinfection by Solar Radiation, Assessment and Application, by A. Acra, M. Jurdi, H. Mu'allem, Y. Karahagopian, Z. Raffoul, IDRC 1989, 86 pp.
+<section>78. Rice husk ash filters for potable water</section>
+In India, 80% of public health problems come from water-borne or water-related diseases. There is a strong need for low-cost, indigenous technologies to help in the provision of potable water to the rural and urban poor.
+Indian researchers have developed a family-size filter, using rice husk ashes, that is simple, inexpensive, and easy to build at the village level.
+Rice husk ash (RHA) is an agricultural waste product that is abundant all over India, and costs almost nothing. It can be bonded with cement, moulded and shaped into any form, and does not require firing.
+The researchers compared three filter models (using RHA bonded with prefired clay, RHA bonded with portland cement, and RHA bonded with cement in a pebble matrix). The performance of all three was acceptable, as they were able to remove nearly all suspended matter in the water as well as 99% of the bacteria. However, the filter design with the pebble matrix gave the best results.
+The pebble matrix filter using RHA bonded with cement is a new concept. A cylindrical container is filled with pebbles, and the RHA mixed with 7.5% ordinary portland cement is then poured into it. The use of fine RHA (212 micron, but no finer) increases the efficiency of the filter. The pebbles, preferably small, support the filter material and provide the following advantages:
+· Filtration is improved as the water has to follow a tortuous course;
+· The pebbles prevent cracking and shrinking of the RHA-cement filling when it dries;
+· The weight of the pebbles compresses the filling, decreasing the porosity continuously from top to bottom, which is an ideal filter characteristic.
+The RHA-cement filter can be poured into a container of any shape, and does not require firing, only a few days of setting. The pebbles can be washed and recycled when the filter is clogged.
+In tests, the filtered water was well within World Health Organization standards. Although it does not provide 100% bacteria-free water (it removes 99% of bacteria), it is argued that water that is completely bacteria-free could lead to the loss of natural immunity which is the first defense of people living in areas with inadequate sanitation and a lack of access to medical services.
+Prerequisites
+Availability of rice husk ash, portland cement and pebbles.
+Potential users
+NGOs, government services, and people living in rural or marginalized urban areas in countries where rice is grown.
+Contact
+Dr A.C. Subbarao Tata Research and Development Design Centre 1 Mangaldas Road Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
+<section>Education</section>
+<section>79. Community-run preschool centres in low-income areas</section>
+Preschool education and child-care development are rare in poor and marginal areas in Chile; government-funded programs have limited capacity and privately-run programs are out of reach for the "poblaciones" - the people living in poor communities.
+The Centro de Estudios y Atención al Niño y a la Mujer (CEANIM, Centre for studies and care of children and women) has developed and tested a model to enable poor communities to run their own preschool centres. The preschools are seen as one way to reduce failure and drop-out rates in elementary schools.
+The main characteristic of CEANIM's model is the participation of mothers in the development, administration, and organization of the centres, as well as teaching of the children. The mothers receive training in workshops where they learn about socialization, health, hygiene, and nutrition. The centres are a low-cost alternative for these mothers, who need only to give one period of duty per week and bring in cleaning supplies once a month.
+Each centre is developed in three stages:
+· During the first year, CEANIM sets up the centre and ensures its basic functioning.
+· During the second year, mothers and the community as a whole participate in teaching at and running the centre, as preparation for operating the centre themselves, with human and material resources provided by CEANIM.
+· In the third stage, the centre functions autonomously, with occasional help from CEANIM to solve specific problems.
+The main objective of this initiative is to transfer the project from the hands of the institution (CEANIM) to the hands of the "pobladoras," the women from the poor barrios of Santiago. An evaluation of the program showed that the women's confidence was significantly increased by their participation at these centres, both as administrators and as educators of their children. The quality of the children's education was improved when mothers were involved, and the children's verbal communication and psychomotor skills were also improved. Children from these centres were better prepared to enter the formal school system.
+CEANIM has established some 15 preschool centres in poor areas of Santiago. As well as providing improved social services for the children and mothers, the centres facilitate community participation in deciding on the objectives and the content of their children's education. CEANIM has also developed an evaluation model that can be applied to assess these preschool programs.
+Potential users
+Government agencies, NGOs, and other organizations involved in preschool education and child-care in poor communities.
+Contact
+Dr Maria Angelica Kotliarenco
+Centro de Estudios y Atención al Niño y
+a la Mujer
+Bueras 182
+Santiago, Chile
+Tel.: 380-043 or 330-514
+Fax: 56-2-383-040
+Resources and publications
+· La Comunicación en el Proceso de Aprendizaje - Una Experiencia Preescolar, CEANIM, 1988, 195 pp. (an evaluation of the impact of paraprofessionals and mothers in preschool teaching).
+<section>80. A school-community integrated system for literacy</section>
+Under the auspices of the Institute for Teacher Education, Kyambogo (Uganda), a system to promote literacy in the schools and community has been developed and implemented in four primary schools. MINDSACROSS is not a structure or organization, but rather a concept that can be interpreted and put into practice in many different formats and contexts.
+MINDSACROSS gets students to compose, write, read, discuss, and publish indigenous literature that can then be shared in small learning networks with classmates, schoolmates, and the community. The purpose is to provide a forum for all participants to be active teachers and learners, cooperating to make literacy a powerful tool for social and intellectual development and change.
+Years of political conflict, instability, and economic mismanagement in Uganda have led to the deterioration of social services including education. There is a lack of affordable, available, and culturally relevant material. Literacy is not taught in the schools in the context of the students' daily lives; as a result a majority of graduates with few prospects of further education lose their literacy skills once they leave school. MINDSACROSS seeks to promote literacy as an individual and collective meaningful skill for the acquisition and sharing of knowledge to improve life in the schools and the communities.
+MINDSACROSS has two main objectives:
+· To encourage school management, parents, teachers, and pupils to practice and consolidate pupils' developing skills in reading, writing, and drawing;
+· To build confidence among pupils as innovators and as capable and permanent communicators with themselves, their peers, and other audiences.
+MINDSACROSS consists of four basic activities, designed to broaden the leachers' perception of their roles as literacy teachers, and to get children to practice and consolidate their developing skills. The four basic activities include the following elements:
+· Discussions with teachers to help them to reconceptualize the process of teaching and learning literacy within the core curriculum (English, social studies, math, science, and health);
+· Professional assistance in implementing creative writing in the classroom;
+· Development of a forum for pupils to share and discuss their writing with their peers within and outside their classroom, school, and community;
+· Assistance to compile, duplicate, read, discuss, display, and disseminate the writings and drawings to other children and other audiences. This includes publication of booklets and displaying texts in classrooms and on notice boards.
+Some 70 booklets have been published so far, containing stories, poems, texts, and drawings both entertaining and educational. Examples of titles include: Peoples of Uganda; Mr Bee and His Good Friends; My Small Book About Seeds; AIDS: From 7th to 1st Killer Disease; Water: A Miracle by God; Accidents at School. The texts can be used for children at other levels in school, children in preschool centres, drop-outs doing practical training, and adult literacy learners.
+The children's responses suggest that their involvement in the creative writing activities helps them to understand concepts and knowledge relating to themselves and their communities. They are given the power and the opportunity to reflect on what they know and believe, or as one pupil explained: "of telling in my own words on anything I want."
+Potential users
+The MINDSACROSS concept can be adapted for use in schools and communities anywhere where literacy skills are low or become lost from lack of use. The materials produced by MINDSACROSS have application mainly in Uganda but could be useful in other East African countries.
+Contact
+Dr Katherine Namuddu
+MINDSACROSS
+PO Box 6577
+Kampala, Uganda
+Tel.: 233595 or 257792
+Resources and publications
+· MINDSACROSS: A School-Community Integrated System for Living Literacy; Case Study of Uganda Primary School Pupils As Authors, Katherine Namuddu, 1990, 195 pp.
+· MINDSACROSS: A School-Community Integrated System for Living Literacy; An Overview of the Status of the Project, Katherine Namuddu, 1990; a 38-page booklet giving an overview of the project.
+· Some 70 booklets of texts by Ugandan schoolchildren.
+<section>81. Educational games for preschool children</section>
+In the Andean countries of Latin America, rural and urban indigenous children suffer various socioeconomic and cultural constraints which result in low educational achievement and high drop-out rates at the primary school level.
+The rich cultures of the Andean countries include numerous educational traditions whose potential to increase children's abilities and confidence is now being recognized. Children's games are one of them. Once transmitted from generation to generation, the world of indigenous knowledge is rapidly disappearing under the influence of foreign cultures.
+The Centro de Investigación sobre el Desarrollo Infantil (CIDIE), with IDRC support, has researched and collected traditional Indian games from communities in four Andean countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru), for use as inexpensive, easy-to-use techniques to prepare indigenous children for school. The games have been adapted to develop competence in language, math, abstract thinking, and social learning, and to develop cultural values.
+In a second project, CIDIE is developing and testing a complete package of both indigenous and nonindigenous games and materials, with a practical guide to their use for mothers and child-care workers. The package complements the work of an alternative community-based program for preschool education run by the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar in rural communities and in centres for disadvantaged children.
+Prerequisites
+Manuals and a brief training program.
+Potential users
+Educational and preschool child-care organizations (governmental or nongovernmental) working with rural and urban indigenous preschool children throughout Latin America.
+Cost and availability
+Two manuals describing the games are available from CIDIE (see below). As well, a package of 60 games for children 4-6 years old is being assembled for use by mothers and child care workers in rural and marginal communities. The package costs about US $320.
+Contact
+Dr. Cecilia Bustamante
+Carrera 19, No.74-44, Bogotá,
+Colombia
+Tel.: (57-1) 217-6067
+Fax: (57-1) 13.92.19 or (57-1)
+Resources and publications
+· Una Alternativa de Educación No Formal, Juegos para Niños Preescolares de Comunidades Indigenas y Campesinas, CIDIE, 1988, 92 pp., US $3.50.
+· Jugar para Aprender, CIDIE, 1989, 27 pp., US $1.50.
+· A Spanish-language VHS video describing the application of traditional games in children's centres and a package of games and materials to develop cognitive and language skills.
+<section>82. Spanish-language software for basic education</section>
+The Instituto SER de Investigación (Colombia) has developed and tested a software package to help disadvantaged children at the elementary level to improve their math and Spanish skills, two major stumbling blocks experienced by rural indigenous children. The pilot program resulted in an improvement in creativity, reasoning skills, self-esteem, and achievement among the school children.
+The software was developed after an evaluation of the impact of computers in rural Colombian schools undertaken by SER. They concluded that Spanish-language, culturally appropriate software adapted to Colombian needs had to be designed. The software was developed in collaboration with teachers, and is flexible enough for them to adapt it to different grades and individual skill levels. For example, teachers can increase or decrease the level of difficulty of the exercises or even incorporate subjects from their social or cultural environment.
+The programs take the form of games which enable students to master the basic concepts of math and Spanish. For example, one game consists of a series of simple addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication questions. If the player makes three errors, the computer wins the game. The game can be set at different levels of difficulty. Another program provides a short text for reading, then asks a number of questions to assess the child's understanding and encourage word associations and the identification of synonyms.
+Two math and two Spanish programs were originally developed, followed by four additional programs.
+Students who took part in the pilot program have shown a higher interest in school, remain in school longer, and get higher grades. Their confidence in their learning abilities has increased as they can learn at their own rate.
+Currently more than 5000 students in Bogotá have access to the programs, through the Ministry of Education. Each program comes with a teacher's manual.
+Prerequisites
+There are two versions of the program. The first requires an Atari (130 XE or 65 XE) computer. The newer version is used on IBM or DOS compatible computers with graphics cards.
+Potential users
+Elementary schools with Atari or IBM compatible computers in Spanish-speaking Latin-American countries, particularly those with indigenous or disadvantaged students; ministries of education and others working within the formal education system.
+Contact
+Carlos A. Rojas C. Instituto SER de Investigación Carrera 15A, No 45-65, AA1978 Bogotá, Colombia Tel.: (57-1) 288 01 00; Cable: SERIN Fax: (57-1) 245-5248 or (57-1) 226-803
+Resources and publications
+· VHS video (15 min.) in Spanish, which shows the program undertaken by the Secretaría de Educación de Bogotá to provide computers and software to 40 public schools in Bogotá.
+<section>83. Rural community-based system for university-level education</section>
+The Fundación pare la Aplicación y Enseñanza de las Ciencias (FUNDAEC), founder of the Rural University located in Perico Negro near Cali, Colombia, has a philosophy that rural populations should not only benefit from higher education but should actively participate in the creation and generation of knowledge and technologies to improve their quality of life and standard of living. FUNDAEC seeks to dispel the image of the poor farmer whose life must be planned and managed by the more privileged members of society.
+The Rural University is a community-based system for the development of human resources. A general strategy of research-action-learning permits scientific knowledge to be directly linked to the application of technology and to channel what has been learned back into the curriculum. The University's strategy includes strengthening of community structures, application of science and technology to the rural economy, and formal training.
+The Rural University's plans and strategies for the development of human resources in the rural areas include the training of rural youth as promoters, technicians, and high-school graduates in rural well-being. This training is realized through the Sistema de Aprendizaje Tutorial (SAT), a tutorial learning system with an innovative educational curriculum recognized by the Colombian Ministry of Education. Students, who live and work in their communities, join the system as they begin to study service to the community, mathematics, language, science, and technology with the tutors that are trained by the Rural University.
+The rural youth who finish high school, be it through the SAT or traditional high-school programs, can continue their university studies in rural education. During their course of study the university students, who are being trained in an innovative program that integrates the educational, productive, and organizational aspects of rural life, undertake joint research and development ventures with members of their communities. They also participate in the activities of the agroindustrial centre on the university campus which provides training and support to small local agroindustries, such as soy milk, fruit juice, and chocolate production. The centre has developed courses in rural agroindustry for potential entrepreneurs and is intimately involved with the development, support, and dissemination of agroindustry in the region.
+Prerequisites
+Training and use of educational materials developed by FUNDAEC. Agricultural and animal production techniques are linked to community organizations and initiatives. FUNDAEC provides training by means of seminars and workshops for interested organizations.
+Potential users
+Ministries of education, institutes for the improvement of agricultural and animal production, NGOs, agricultural or microenterprise policymakers.
+Contact
+The Director
+FUNDAEC
+AA 6555
+Cali, Colombia
+Tel.: (67-23) 536-489
+Fax: (57-23) 536-491
+Resources and publications
+· Numerous textbooks on math, science, agricultural techniques, etc., produced by FUNDAEC.
+· Rural University - Learning About Education and Development, Farzam Arbab, IDRC, 1984, 72 pp., $7.95.
+· To the Heart of the Campesino, VHS video, FUNDAEC.
+· Footholds, a film showing different innovative educational models in Latin America, including the Rural University. IDRC, 1984, 28 min.
+<section>84. Materials to improve rural primary education and counter school leaving</section>
+In Mexico, as in many countries, the educational system has deteriorated with the advent of economic crisis. The problem of academic failure and school leaving is especially acute in the rural areas and among the indigenous population. The rural education system is still not fully relevant to the realities of peasant life. As a result, between 1980 and 1986, only 10% of the children in rural primary schools completed their sixth year.
+To address this ongoing problem, researchers from the Centro de Estudios Educativos (CEE) have developed an integrated community-based education program to overcome academic failure among rural children. The methods and materials invite the participation of children, teachers, parents, school authorities, and community leaders. The basic assumption behind the program is that academic failure is rooted in the gap between the educational system and the ways disadvantaged children communicate, learn, and interact. It is also linked to the generally poor preparation of rural teachers.
+Three separate programs have been developed. In the community preschool program, Conociendo a Nuestros Hijos (knowing our children), a model for a preschool curriculum has been developed, based on activities that involve the family and the community. Teaching materials are aimed at preschool teachers, mothers, and community participants, and the goal is one of prevention of school leaving and academic failure. The pilot program proved very popular. A package of materials was prepared for mothers of preschoolers, on health, hygiene, nutrition, parent-child interaction, and on how to create a good home environment for learning. A package for teachers on working with parents' groups to foster good home environments includes manuals on research methods, how to interview mothers on their child's development, how to plan work sessions with mothers, how to systematize models for health, hygiene, nutrition, etc.
+The community primary school program aims to adapt curriculum to make it relevant to rural conditions. An upgrading program for rural teachers has been developed, focusing on strengthening basic reading, writing, and math skills, and encouraging innovation in their teaching methods and curriculum. The program seeks to involve the community in the educational process and link the curriculum to the socioeconomic activities of the community.
+The training program lasts two years, at the end of which the teachers become part of the process of developing new primary education methods integrated with rural life. The program has three components: theory, which is presented in 16 independent study manuals; research and learning on the problem of school leaving and academic failure, with research exercises in each manual; encouraging innovation through the integration of theory and practice. This component includes workshops on Spanish language skills and math, where the teachers learn about child development and the learning process; use of research tools to identify problems and make changes; and teacher-led programs for parents, to encourage a better home environment for learning.
+Results of the pilot program for teachers showed an increase in leachers' motivation, a greater pride in of their role and their ability to identify and solve problems, a better understanding of rural realities, and a reduction in the turnover rate. Eighty-five percent of the teachers enrolled in the program completed it.
+The study guides for teachers are on the following topics: learning theories; academic failure; interests, expectations and images of the teacher; characteristics of the rural population; rural schools in Mexico; educational planning, authority and discipline in the classroom; personal interactions between education professionals; child development; pedagogical methods; personal history and career development; teaching, the school and the education system; philosophies of education; values and daily life; values and the curriculum; the role of education in society.
+A basic education program for primary school drop-outs is aimed at 9 to 14 year-olds, and is based on an alternative curriculum model that is flexible and adapted to the children's situations. The program suffered from a lack of interest in the community and a lack of belief in the value of basic education for drop-outs. A manual was prepared on diagnostic tools and educational strategies for recuperating school drop-outs and reducing absenteeism.
+Potential users
+Educators, school authorities, community groups in rural areas in Latin America. The materials should be adapted to local conditions.
+Contact
+Lic. Sylvia Schmelkes
+Centro de Estudios Educativos
+Av. Revolución 1291, México 20,
+D.F., Mexico
+Tel.: 593-5776; 593-5977
+<section>85. Teaching building techniques with picture-scripts</section>
+The poorest people in India do not have access to either the technical know-how or the financial resources to build effective housing. The Communication Centre of Scientific Knowledge for Self-Reliance has developed a novel approach to teaching low-cost house-building techniques to the urban poor. "Picture scripts" offer a simple way to communicate knowledge directly to those concerned, even if they cannot read; the scripts are easily understood, easy to copy by hand, and adaptable to different skill levels. The scripts represent technical information translated into simple drawings accompanied by short explanations.
+The project in India disseminates information on house-building techniques, with special emphasis on the roof, which is the most difficult and crucial part to build. For example, one script shows how to flatten tin cans to turn them into sheet metal. Another shows how to use old bottles to let light into the house. The picture-script booklets, in Hindi and Tamil, address different climatic conditions. They focus on bamboo and aluminum foil, two inexpensive materials that are readily available and provide excellent insulation from heat and humidity, respectively. Local craftspeople can easily prefabricate the bamboo structures.
+The manuals will be combined into a Popular Encyclopedia of Survival, which is being used by India's Directorate of Adult Education in its national literacy programs. Besides Hindi, Urdu, and Tamil, they are translated into several local dialects. The manuals are adapted to suit each audience and change form from place to place. They are estimated to have reached some 10 million people.
+Potential users Individuals and community-based organizations involved in low-cost housing; literacy programs.
+Contact
+Mr Yona Friedman Communication Centre of Scientific Knowledge for Self-Reliance, 33 Boul. Garibaldi, 75015 Paris, France Tel.: (33-1) 47.83.20.24
+<section>86. Rural information and training services</section>
+INADES-Formation Cameroon is exploring ways to collect and communicate both traditional knowledge and new technologies to literate and illiterate people in rural areas. The most popular activities in its information and training program are correspondence courses in agriculture, animal husbandry, and health. It also conducts seminars in villages to discuss traditional and new farming techniques and health practices.
+INADES-Formation Cameroon publishes a lively, popular English-language magazine, Rural Development Review, written in an informal style that encourages a sense of ownership among its rural readers by speaking directly to them. Rural Development Review is complemented by a variety of question-and-answer booklets in French, English, Fee-fe, and Éwondo. A popular radio show, Rural Rendez-vous, reaches a large audience in North-West Province.
+Disseminating information is made more complex by the close to 200 languages spoken in Cameroon besides the two official languages (English and French). For this reason, INADES-Formation Cameroon uses Pidgin (the lingua franca of the western and coastal areas) as well as English in its radio broadcasts and publishes materials in French, English, and several local languages.
+One of the strengths of INADES-Formation Cameroon is recognition of the essential role women play in agriculture and development. Their publications and seminars acknowledge this by directing specific material to women and seeking information from them. INADES also addresses environmental issues such as the devastating effects of bush fires and the importance of trees.
+The close links of INADES-Formation with farmers, the two-way dialogue, the emphasis on disseminating both traditional knowledge and innovative technologies, have helped to ensure the popularity and success of this process of learning and development in the farming regions of Cameroon.
+Potential users
+NGOs and community groups working in the area of rural information dissemination could learn from INADES's extensive experience and successful techniques. The materials themselves would need to be adapted to local needs and realities.
+Contact
+The Director
+INADES-Formation Cameroon
+BP 11
+Yaoundé, Cameroon
+Tel.: (237) 23.16.51
+For Rural Development Review and information on the Bamenda program, contact:
+INADES-Formation, Bamenda Delegation PO Box 252, Bamenda North-West Province, Cameroon Tel.: 36-11-80
+Resources and publications
+· Numerous educational booklets, including a series on farming (how to sell products; how to use credit; animal husbandry; information on different crops; etc.); and a series on development (African history; development and international relations; rural development; industrial development; etc.). French only.
+· Textbooks for courses in small project management. French only.
+· Rural Development Review, a publication of the Bamenda Delegation of INADES-Formation. Contains articles on agriculture, health, and social issues of local concern, as well as practical information and a question-and-answer column for farmers. English only.
+· IAgripromo, a quarterly inter-African magazine promoting rural life is published by INADES. French only. For information or subscriptions contact: INADESFormation, 08 BP 8 Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire; tel.: 44-31-28; telex: 20 2139 F RCINF (ATTN IF17 INADED FO).
+<section>87. Education materials for the consumer</section>
+The Consumer Association of Penang (Malaysia) or CAP, does grassroots work linking consumer issues with environment and development issues. It has produced many educational materials and held workshops, seminars, and rural information programs. For programs in rural areas, CAP produced four-page brochures consisting mostly of sketches and using few words. CAP is helping people to become more responsible consumers and it is also helping to protect them from marketplace malpractice and abuse.
+CAP has produced a series of pamphlets with detailed information and analysis for use by teachers, women's groups, university students, youth leaders, and workers. The pamphlets are used in teacher-training courses to help in the teaching of "life skills" - what to buy, spending and saving, health, nutrition, and safety - and as resources for consumer clubs in schools.
+The pamphlets are printed in English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. Among the titles and topics included in the series are:
+· Safety at Home, at Work, and on the Road;
+· Advertising: The Price You Pay;
+· Protect Your Money;
+· Sugar Destroys Your Health;
+· Towards a Non-Smoking Generation;
+· The Third World Environmental Crisis: A Third World Perspective;
+· Be Healthy: A CAP Guide for Malaysian Women;
+· Good Nutrition, Good Health;
+· Product Safety for Women;
+· Malaysian Environment: Today and the Future;
+· Stand Up for Your Rights!
+· Breast Feeding: The Best Start in Life;
+· Medicines: Some Do's and Dont's.
+Potential users
+NGOs, community groups, government, and schools in Southeast Asia.
+Cost and availability
+The pamphlets are available from CAP. They range in price from US $1 to $3.
+Contact
+Martin Khor Kok Peng, Research
+Director
+Consumer Association of Penang
+87 Cantonment Road, Penang,
+Malaysia
+Tel.: (60-4) 37.35.11 or 37.37.13 telex: 40989 CAPPG MA
+<section>88. Critical and selective TV viewing</section>
+We are becoming ever more aware of the power of television to convey messages to large segments of the population. In many countries, concern is mounting about the content of the programming, the negative impact of TV messages on children, and the lack of mechanisms to educate the TV audience to make more active and critical use of this media. In Chile, the Centro de Indagación y Expresión Cultural y Artística (CENECA), has developed a comprehensive program of education for television viewing, to encourage a more democratic and participatory use of TV by parents,.teachers, and children.
+CENECA has been working on the theme of education for TV viewing, with IDRC support, since 1982, and has now developed an educational package for schools and community organizations, based on its extensive experience.
+The two main objectives of CENECA's educational program are:
+· To provide different social groups with the capacity to create their own interpretations of TV messages. This includes the ability to view TV programs critically, and to define one's own interests and needs and compare them to what TV has to offer.
+· To strengthen cultural expression among different social groups so that they can participate in influencing TV programming to better suit their needs.
+The program has the following characteristics:
+· It is flexible, and can be used in different educational settings (schools, families, community groups, etc.).
+· It is adaptable to different age groups and sociocultural backgrounds.
+· It is a low-cost program which requires little or no outside financial help.
+· It is decentralized, and can be incorporated into existing organizations.
+· Strategies have been developed to incorporate the program into different institutions and groups, such as schools, unions, women's groups, etc.
+The program is composed of the following elements:
+Educational materials and activities (simulations, games, etc.). See Resources and publications below for a list of the manuals that have been published. These include manuals for working with children and adults, low-income youth, and low-income women's groups. The manuals have been very much in demand and have been reprinted several times.
+· Training. CENECA has organized workshops, courses, and seminars with teachers, parents, community leaders, labour groups, women's groups, and youth. The activities aim to encourage creativity. For example, in the schools, the manuals can be adapted to different ages and grades; they can be added to the regular courses or used in extracurricular activities. Workshops can be organized for parents, out-of-school youth, and other groups.
+· Evaluation and monitoring.
+· Dissemination of the methodology within local and regional organizations in Latin America. The aim is to decentralize the program, adapt the methodology to different contexts, and set up institutional bases to provide continuity.
+· Research into the concrete relation of different groups of viewers to TV messages. This provides scientific information and contributes to theoretical knowledge
+about the effects of TV on society. A manual has been produced to help educators (both formal and informal) find out how TV affects the group they wish to work with. The results can help to decide on how to develop an educational program for a particular group or class (see Resources and publications below).
+· A program to enable viewers to demand the kind of programming they want from TV producers. This involves both educating viewers to the possibilities and limitations of TV production, and educating TV producers to the real social needs of their audiences.
+Potential users
+Schools, community groups, popular education practitioners, church groups, unions, parents' groups, women's groups, etc., in Latin America. CENECA has organized workshops in Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Uruguay. The materials could also be adapted for use in other regions.
+Contact
+Valerio Fuenzalida Centro de Indagación y Expresión Cultural y Artistica Santa Beatriz 160 - Providencia, Santiago, Chile Tel.: 43772; Telex: 346386; Fax: 2233355
+Resources and publications
+· Módulo de Educación para la TV, Valerio Fuenzalida, Paul Edwards. A manual for teachers and parents on how to teach children and youth to watch TV critically and selectively. Includes nine units, with games and activities that don't require technical infrastructure or special knowledge. CENECA-CENCOSEP, under the auspices of OREALC-Unesco, 1984, 170 pp. In Spanish only.
+· TV y Recepción Activa, Valerio Fuenzalida, Paula Edwards. A guide for working with low-income urban youth. CENECA-CENCOSEP, 1985, 136 pp. In Spanish only.
+· Mujer TV - Guia de Trabajo en Educación Para la TV con Grupos de Mujeres Pobladoras, Paula Edwarda, Soledad Cortes, Maria Elena Hermosilla. A guide for working with low-income women's groups. CENECA, 1986, 180 pp. In Spanish only.
+· Explorando la Recepción Teleuisiva, Maria Elena Hermosilla. A manual containing 15 simple techniques for discovering the relation between TV and a group of viewers. CENECA-CENCOSEP, 1987, 150 pp. In Spanish only.
+· TV-Padres-Hrijos, Valerio Fuenzalida. A manual aimed at parents and educators, showing how the influence of TV can be managed within the family, in school, and in youth groups through special activities. CENECA-Ediciones Paulinas, 1984, 205 pp.
+· Educación para la Comunicación Teleuisiva, edited by Valerio Fuenzalida. A book on the most significant experiences in education for TV viewing in Latin America, with contributions from seven countries. CENECA, 1986, 230 pp.
+<section>89. A program and materials for street girls</section>
+In many Latin American cities, a large portion of poor children live in the streets. They survive through activities such as watching and waxing cars, begging, thieving, drug trafficking, and prostitution. Without family guidance, political consciousness, or education, they are vulnerable to exploitation and are destined to remain marginal and poor.
+A number of educational programs and shelters have been set up throughout Latin America, with an emphasis on street boys. However, there are few social and educational programs for girls that take into account their special needs, in spite of the fact that in Bogotá (Colombia) alone, there are approximately 15 000 street girls, most of them prostitutes, under 12 years of age.
+In Colombia, the Fundación de Servicio de Orientación Juvenil (Youth Orientation Service Foundation) has developed and tested an educational model aimed at enhancing the lives and future educational options of young girls involved in prostitution.
+The strategy uses scientific information in such areas as humanistic psychology, health, and the law, to help the girls develop social skills to communicate with others, and enhance their self-respect and personal autonomy.
+Called Ambiente de Mutuo Apoyo (Environment for Mutual Support Program) or AMA, the method seeks to provide an atmosphere where the girls can learn to value themselves and others, develop social skills, and increase self-esteem and cooperation through group problem-solving.
+The system seeks to build an alternative positive culture for the girls, teaching them the importance of mutual support and responsibility for identifying and solving their problems.
+Some of the main strategies used include: providing the girls with an open and trusting environment; creating an atmosphere that promotes change rather than complacency; addressing the girls' problems in the here and now, valuing each person as she is now rather than analyzing or dwelling on the past; using problems as opportunities for learning and change; expecting mature behaviour from all participants (girls, educators, administrators); using values as the basis for establishing rules, with the basic value being that of mutual help and support; using the concept of responsibility as an essential factor for change.
+The researchers concluded that the best results were obtained in groups of 9-10 members of the same age. The success of the method depends to a great degree on the training and motivation of the group leaders, and their ability to develop an alternative environment that is pleasant, participatory, and creative, with a positive moral atmosphere. Their relation to the youth must not
+be conflictual or complicit, but rather that of a guide helping to rechannel the girls' energy in a positive direction.
+Illustrated manuals, written in a popular education style, have been produced for the teachers/facilitators of the program and the "students." They include detailed descriptions of the method as well as numerous exercises and techniques. (See Resources and publications).
+As well, a series of short booklets has been published as educational tools that can be distributed directly on the street or used in the program. Focused on women, they deal with topics such as mental health, women's rights and dignity, women in the workplace, and health issues.
+Researchers have found that the program has been successful in increasing the girls' serf-esteem, and reducing anxiety and negative attitudes toward themselves and their environment. The strategy was effective in helping the girls to internalize the concept of personal and social responsibility, leading to more constructive behaviour. It promoted reflection on the moral aspects of daily life without using moral "recipes" or abstract concepts. Although the program does not produce overnight transformations, it has been shown to be an educational technique of great usefulness for working with troubled teens.
+The basic strategy has been adapted for use by organizations in Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela.
+Potential users
+Educators, social workers, psychologists, and others working with young girls aged 12-18 years, involved in prostitution, abandoned, or living on the street.
+Contact
+Carlos Canon Fundación de Servicio de Orientación Juvenil Carrera 30 No. 78-12 AA 080470 Bogotá, Colombia
+Resources and publications
+· Ambiente de Mutuo Apoyo: a general description of the method and its philosophical base.
+· Acogida: how to create a welcoming environment and get a group started.
+· Personalización: promoting personal development and self-esteem.
+· Socialización: training in social skills; the process of socialization; difficulties in adolescence; support techniques; value formation through social relationships.
+· Interiorización de Valores: activities for group discussion; group problem-solving; promoting values of mutual support, responsibility, etc..
+· Juridico: human rights and responsibilities in judicial terms and in relation to the realities of street children; developing the children's awareness and decision-making capacities concerning rights and obligations in the areas of life and personal integrity, personal identity, family, sexual activities, and work.
+· Educación Sexual: human sexuality, reproductive responsibility, health and human ecology.
+<section>Communication and information</section>
+<section>90. Trilingual training package for video production</section>
+Video has become a new and important tool used by many Third World groups for popular education, information, and training. With portable video, groups now have an inexpensive and manageable medium with which to create their own material according to their own cultural tradition and needs. Lack of or poor training of users of the medium, however, often makes video ineffective.
+Montreal-based Vidéo Tiers-Monde collaborated with the Instituto pare América Latina on a trilingual training package (English, French, and Spanish) for using portable video. This self-training package includes a 45-minute video on all aspects of production and distribution, supported by three illustrated booklets containing technical information.
+The kit can be used in the classroom during training seminars or be a "teacher" to people who are learning to use video on their own.
+The training package was developed in Canada and Honduras and has been tested in Chile, Peru, and Zimbabwe. More than 600 copies have been distributed in Algeria, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Uruguay, and Zaire.
+Prerequisites Adequate power supply and access to a video unit and a television screen.
+Potential users NGOs and community groups that want to use video as an organizing/development tool.
+Cost and availability
+The kit is available in English, French, and Spanish. Italian and Swedish versions are in the works. Approximate prices (Can) are as follows: English: $250; French: $120; Spanish: $75. Orders from developing countries for English and French versions are also about $75.
+Contact
+All languages in NTSC standard:
+Alain Ambrosi, Vidéo Tiers-Monde
+3575 Saint-Laurent, Suite 608
+Montréal, PQ
+Canada H2X 2T7
+Tel.: (514) 982-0770; Fax: (514)
+French or Italian kit in PAL standard:
+Jean-Paul Guillet
+Organisation catholique internationale du cinéma et de l'audiovisuel
+Pal 220 San Calisto, 00120, Città del
+Vaticano
+Rome, Italy
+Tel.: (39-6) 698-7255; Telex: (504) 2014 C.I. VA OCIC;
+Fax: (39-6) 698-7335
+In Spanish for all Latin American countries (NTSC or PAL):
+Instituto pare América Latina
+AP 270031, Lima 27, Peru
+Tel.: (51-14) 61.79.49; Telex: 25202
+PE HCSAR;
+Cable: IPALC; Fax: (51-14) 46.63.32
+<section>91. Using video to introduce new technologies</section>
+Community participation and organization are essential to the effective introduction of new technologies. Based on the experience of introducing UNIMADE handpumps in several communities in Costa Rica, the Fundación Tecnológica de Costa Rica (FUNDATEC), in collaboration with the villagers who participated in the handpump project, developed a set of dynamic participatory strategies for introducing new technologies (particularly water supply and sanitation technologies) in rural areas. Out of this process they produced a series of video training modules in Spanish entitled Con Calor de Amigos.
+These training modules do not constitute a "how-to" package, but are designed to promote reflection and discussion, to encourage development workers to look critically at their own attitudes and methods, and to help in the development of effective strategies. They stress the importance of building awareness, self-esteem, and confidence as a prerequisite to technical and material development. For FUNDATEC, "appropriate technologies" imply that both technical and social aspects are considered in any technology dissemination project.
+Each module comprises a short video in NTSC format, accompanied by printed material - an easy-to-read pamphlet providing a synopsis of each module and a manual for animators to lead discussion. Using TV-style situation dramas, the videos dramatize key human elements in the relations between field workers and communities that can contribute to or prevent the success of community-based interventions. The videos are designed to be presented in a discussion format.
+The following eight modules make up the package. Two narrative voices provide the perspectives of the NGO and of the community.
+· Los Expertos: this video looks at the NGO world, the handpump project, and the theme of community participation on a theoretical level. It covers the setting up of a multidisciplinary team, and the problems that arise when people from different career backgrounds work together.
+· El Arranque: this video looks at the community, its living conditions and health conditions, and the decision by the NGO and the community to undertake a common project. It covers the new experiences coming out of the first visit of the project team and the community.
+· Encuentros: this video shows initial contacts and reactions, convocations and meetings, as well as the human and professional reactions of team members from various fields.
+Los Bigotes de la Pulga: this video covers health education, the discovery of the microbial world (using a microscope), and the need for handpumps. Because it is difficult to understand the existence of something you can't see, it is also difficult to correlate some diseases with water. The microscope becomes a tool to open people's minds to a new concept.
+Enredados: the community doesn't accept the rules of the game. The local committee matures with experience and takes the project into its own hands. They present their own decision to the community rather than the project team's choice.
+· El Turno: there is a shift in attitudes, an increased emphasis on larger realities. Both the community and the project team have many other concerns in their lives other than the project.
+Mi Bomba: this module shows the appropriation of the technology and training in handpump installation and maintenance. When someone is able to understand how the technology works, can change that technology, and teach others about it, one can speak of true appropriation
+· La Instructora: the final video looks at the training of instructors from the community, from both NGO and community perspectives. It demonstrates, through the real process lived by a local woman, that local people are better able to reproduce the project experiences in their own daily language, using their own examples. The "instructora" learns that she is able to go beyond her traditional housewife role.
+Local actors took part in the videos as well as professionals. The production provided training to local people in the use of video and became a catalyst for further drama activities in the community.
+The project reached the following conclusions regarding the strategies used for introducing the handpumps:
+· It is essential to look at community participation, health and hygiene, and cultural values when introducing any new technology;
+It must be possible to repair and maintain the technology locally to create a real sense of local "ownership";
+Community participation must be real and direct in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the project;
+The technology becomes a key element that must be clearly linked to related topics, such as preventive health care, environmental sanitation, reforestation, community organizing and administration;
+Training of local instructors returns the capacity for knowledge-sharing to the community, and increases self-esteem and humanitarian values;
+· Community participation is a dynamic process that can't be summarized in a rigid "format."
+Potential users
+Community field workers, for use in their organizational and promotion activities; NGO staff and government fieldworkers, to sensitize them to the process of community involvement in the introduction of new technologies, especially water supply technologies.
+Contact
+Elias Rosales Escalante
+Fundación Tecnológica de Costa Rica
+Apartado 159 - 7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
+Tel.: 51-53-33 ext. 2335
+Fax: (506) 51-5971; (506) 51-5348; or
+Resources and publications
+· As well as the videos and related materials, four manuals in Spanish were developed by the project, on the following topics: health and hygiene; rehabilitating hand-dug wells with ferrocement; handpump installation, repair, and maintenance; work manual for community instructors on how to organize and lead workshops on health issues, community organizing, and administration.
+· The final report submitted to IDRC on the production of the videos provides detailed information on the community participation process.
+<section>92. Children as agents of change</section>
+During the 1980s, there was a growing recognition among educators and health workers that children can be effective change agents in the areas of health and hygiene. Children often communicate and share more than adults, and in some cases are more literate than their parents. Many children also have responsibility for younger siblings while their parents work.
+The "child-to-child" approach was developed and named during the Year of the Child (1979) by a group of health and education professionals. The goal was to improve health and reduce infant mortality by engendering positive health practices among children. Based on activity-oriented learning methods, the approach is now used in programs in over 70 different countries. These range from structured programs in schools to the participation of children in community health programs in urban slums.
+There are two main goals in the child-to-child approach:
+· Making children competent through activity-based learning that can be applied in their everyday lives;
+· Using children as change agents in the environment (through sanitation or tree-planting programs), with other children (by using positive health practices in sibling care), with their families (by sharing their knowledge with parents), and in their communities (through plays, participation in immunization campaigns, etc.).
+Programs in different countries emphasize different aspects. For example some programs emphasize community activities, while others will focus on teaching children effective sibling care. People in each community know best how to adapt the concept to local conditions.
+The following are examples of programs using the child-tochild approach in India, where the concept is being widely applied.
+· In Malvani, a health clinic uses local children as outreach workers in community health programs. These "mini-doctors" take younger children to the clinic for examinations and check them for scabies. They apply simple treatments under the supervision of a health worker and explain to their charges the importance of cleanliness. Responsible for some six families each, they encourage mothers to bring in their babies for vaccinations. Other community activities include plays and skits (for example on malaria), storytelling, action songs, puppetry, and the sale of nutritious snacks to replace fried or sweet street snacks. In an IDRC-sponsored evaluation undertaken by the Aga Khan Foundation, it was found that child-volunteers were instrumental in identifying 477 cases of scabies, 233 cases of vitamin deficiency, 979 cases of anemia and 150 cases of tuberculosis. They performed 289 demonstrations of oral rehydration therapy.
+The Mobile Creche program runs some 20 daycare centres on construction sites. They have incorporated activity-based teaching of health and nutrition into their programs. An evaluation of this program showed that parents were accepting their children's messages about oral rehydration therapy, and the negative impact of alcohol and chewing tobacco.
+A number of schools in Bombay and New Delhi have begun teaching health topics in science class using child-to-child approaches. In New Delhi, the project began in 32 schools in 1987, and expanded to 108 schools in 1990.
+In rural India, various programs including nonformal education given to children before school and in daycare centres, provide training to the older children who bring their younger siblings to the centres. In Rajistan and Gujarat, the Centre for Health and Nutrition Awareness provides training and technical support to local NGOs in teaching children basic health skills and encouraging their dissemination through skits, neighbourhood cleanups, and the recruitment of infants for vaccination.
+The programs offer particular opportunities for girls to develop self-confidence and be more visible in the community. They also can be helpful in disseminating important information to out-of-school youth.
+In Honduras, IDRC has also been involved in a similar program. In the urban slums of Tegucigalpa, a program using child-to-child techniques is being used to improve health and sanitation. The children observe the relation between sanitation and health through visits to clinics, and "clean" and "unclean" sites. They are taught the importance and methods for handwashing, boiling water, maintaining latrines, etc. They prepare skits and plays for families and school, and draw posters to take home and post in their communities.
+Prerequisites
+Organizations wishing to incorporate the child-to-child approach in their programs will require training in activity-based learning methods.
+Potential users
+Schools, daycare centres, health clinics and community organizations that have access to children and want to have an impact on the health of the community.
+Contact
+Rajni Khanna, Program Officer Health and Education
+Aga Khan Foundation
+Sarojini House, 2nd Floor, 6 Bhagwan Dass Road
+New Delhi 110001, India
+Judith Evans Aga Khan Foundation
+Rue Versonnex 7, 1211 Geneva 6
+Switzerland
+Tel.: (022) 360344
+Telex: 27545 AKF CH
+Cable: AKFGVA Geneva
+In Honduras:
+Douglas A. Matamoras c/o Project HOPE/Honduras AP 1587, Tegucigalpa, Honduras Tel.: 22-4806 Telex: 1501 HOPE HO
+The Institute of Child Health of London University (UK) collects and shares information on the child-to-child approach around the world. They can be reached at:
+Child-to-Child London University Institute of Child Health Institute of Education 20 Bedford Way London, WC1H OAL, United Kingdom
+Resources and publications
+· Activity sheets and readers in English, Arabic, French, and Spanish (some titles) are available from: Teaching-Aids at Low Cost, PO Box 49, St Albans, Herts AL1 4AX, United Kingdom. Tel.: (0)727 53869. English materials produced in India are available from the Aga Khan Foundation, India (see address above); French materials available from l'Enfant pour l'enfant, Institut Santé et Développement, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris - cedex 06, France; Nepali readers available from Centre for Health Learning Materials, TU Institute of Medicine, PO Box 2633, Kathmandu, Nepal; Urdu readers available from Hamdard Foundation, Pakistan, Hamdard Centre, Nazimabad, Karachi 18, Pakistan.
+· One free set of activity sheets (English; Arabic and Spanish available in 1992) can be requested by overseas groups. Contact the Child-to-Child Trust at the Institute of Child Health, above.
+· Child-to-Child, Another Path to Learning, Hugh Hawes (UIE Monographs 13), 1988, ISBN 92820 1049X. Available through sales agents for Unesco publications and bookshops.
+· Aga Khan Foundation (India) has produced a video about the child-to-child projects they have sponsored (1988), see address above.
+<section>93. Policies to limit effects of volcanic disasters in Latin America</section>
+The 1985 volcanic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia left 22 000 people dead and 6000 families homeless. The high losses were not inevitable. They were due to several factors including a lack of systematic volcano monitoring, the absence of public policies for disaster prevention and preparedness, and insufficient coordination among the various bodies responsible for hazard assessment and emergency planning.
+Researchers who studied the El Ruiz eruption concluded that while there was sufficient scientific information to point to the likelihood of an eruption, a number of social and institutional factors prevented both effective communication of this information to the communities at risk, and the elaboration of specific emergency plans to deal with a possible disaster.
+Researchers in Peru and Colombia have now developed specific policies for volcanic zones in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Peru based on existing scientific, technical and organizational capacities in each country.
+The researchers began by studying the 1985 El Ruiz eruption and the response of local and national governments and international agencies, as well as the inhabitants of the region. They assessed the scientific, technical, and management capabilities needed to limit the effects of volcanic eruptions, as well as the capabilities already existing in each country, and made policy recommendations. They also produced a video aimed at educating communities at risk, organized an international workshop in Bogotá, and identified ways to share expertise and resources throughout the region.
+Policy recommendations are in the areas of prevention of casualties (through education and use of the media) and reaction to eruptions (using civil defense measures). The researchers have identified specific volcanoes that pose the greatest risk and have evaluated existing volcanic maps.
+Specific recommendations deal with, among other things, the need to decentralize administrative responsibility for emergency planning and response; the need to establish better linkages between the scientific community and the mass media; and the importance of ongoing geological and historical analysis of high-risk areas, including, where warranted, the elaboration of detailed volcanic maps.
+The recommendations stress the need for equipment as well as political will to implement permanent monitoring of high-risk volcanoes, and encourage international organizations to support this capacity in developing countries.
+Potential users
+Governments and organizations involved in emergency planning in volcanic zones.
+Contact
+Dr Alberto Giesecke, Director
+CERESIS (Centro Regional de Sismologia pare America del Sur)
+Postal address: apartado 14-0363, Lima, Peru
+Street address: Av. Arenales 431, Of. 702, Lima, Peru Tel.: 247421; Fax: 51-14 336750
+Telex: 20053 PE PB LIMTC Atención
+CERESIS
+Cable: CERESIS
+Resources and publications
+· Riesgo Volcánico Evaluación y Mitigación en America Latina, Aspectos Sociales, Institucionales y Científcos, CERESIS, 1989.
+· El Neuado del Ruiz y el Riesgo Volcánico en America Latina, CERESIS, 1990 (Executive summary).
+· A la Sombra del Volcán (In the Shadow of the Volcano), Spanish video, 36 minutes.
+<section>94. Procedure to obtain infant mortality rates in marginalized areas</section>
+The infant mortality rate provides useful information on levels of development, child rearing behaviour, sanitation and health, and communities at risk. However, it is often difficult to measure accurately and inexpensively.
+Areas where the infant mortality rate is high are often the most difficult to assess, due to the lack of hospitals, records, and health infrastructure, as well as the isolation of communities and low literacy levels. Retrospective surveys are expensive and time-consuming, and mothers often don't remember specifics about pregnancies and deaths. The average time between the collection of the information and its analysis is 2 years.
+Three organizations in Argentina, Chile, and the Dominican Republic have tested a new procedure to obtain infant mortality rates in poor areas. The method is simple, fast, and inexpensive.
+When a woman delivers a baby at a hospital, a clinic, or at home with the help of a midwife, she is asked three simple questions on the results of her previous pregnancy:
+· Have you had a previous baby born alive?
+· If yes, is that child now alive or dead?
+· If the child is dead, did he/she die younger or older than one year of age?
+With this method, health officials can accumulate accurate indirect estimates of the infant mortality rate. The method goes directly to the mother for information and reduces memory errors. It can be incorporated into a permanent system of data collection using hospitals, clinics, and midwives; or it can be used in routine census surveys.
+Accurate estimates using this method were obtained in Argentina, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Honduras. The results were comparable to those obtained through traditional survey methods. Further research is being undertaken in Brazil to refine and test the method in different contexts, and look at ways to disseminate it for general use.
+Potential users Health and development planners, government ministries, NGOs, local governments, and communities.
+Contact
+In Argentina:
+Eduardo Ramis, German Pollitzer, Jorge Somoza Fundación Cruzada Patagónica Gines Ponte s/n Neuquen, Argentina Tel.: (0944) 91286/91295
+Centro de Estudios de Población Avda. Corrientes 2817 Piso 7 Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel.: (0541) 9610309/9618195
+In Chile:
+José Miguel Gúzmán Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia, Casilla 91 Santiago, Chile Tel.: (0562) 485051 up to 485061
+In the Dominican Republic:
+Bienvenida Rodriguez Consejo Nacional de Población y Familia Avda. San Cristobal esq. Avda. Tiradentes Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Tel.: (01809) 5665866
+<section>95. An information system for child protection agencies</section>
+The problem of abandoned street children in the cities of Latin America is becoming more acute. Child protection agencies and other organizations working with children are overburdened. In 1987, the National Children's Institute of Uruguay (INAME) had some 10 000 children (abandoned, orphaned, and young offenders) in its care, and the number keeps growing. Lacking resources and accurate records, the organization can sometimes take days to track down a child in care. As well, there are no inventories of foster homes and available adoptive parents and their characteristics.
+With the help of the Inter-American Children's Institute, INAME is now using a computerized information system to keep track of the children and the services available to them. As well, statistics and records generated by the system help to identify trends and problems and to improve services.
+The system, called SIPI, is based on Clipper and dBase III+ software. Manuals describe step-by-step procedures for data collection, validation, and correction. The package includes a pilot database with access through telephone lines. Currently some 150 institutions (daycare centres, rehabilitation centres) call INAME at a prearranged time to transmit information on the children's whereabouts. The database includes some 300 variables (name, birth date, height, date of registration, reason for being care, etc.).
+The system was developed in consultation with child protection agencies in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Jamaica and Peru. The information structure developed through this process is therefore more universal and independent of the administrative structure of different organizations. Negotiations are currently underway to transfer the system to Brazil and Ecuador.
+Prerequisites IBM or compatible microcomputer. The system works in a network environment.
+Potential users Child protection agencies and other organizations working with large numbers of children.
+Contact
+Julio Max Rosenblatt, IIN-OAS
+Casilla de Correo 16212
+Montevideo (11600), Uruguay
+Tel.: (5982) 47 - 2150
+Fax: (5982) 47 - 3242; Telex: 23119
+IIN UY
+<section>96. Minisis multilingual software for information management and research</section>
+Organizations involved in information management in the South need appropriate tools. This includes having access to software that can produce and manage information in their own language and character set.
+MINISIS is a versatile, multilingual, easy-to-learn information management system developed by IDRC for use on the Hewlett Packard 3000 family of minicomputers.
+The system is flexible enough to handle many different applications. For example, IDRC uses MINISIS to manage the operations of the library, the Centre's mailing list of some 30 000 names, and a research project data bank, called IDRIS, which contains information on research activities by IDRC and other donor agencies. The system can be used to search for information on thousands of topics, and computer specialists can use it to develop their own specialized information tools.
+Other examples of applications supported by MINISIS include: registries of correspondence; directories of consultants and experts; land data banks; press clipping services; record and music libraries; legislative assembly documentation systems; germplasm registries; meteorological information databases; student record systems; chemical toxicology databases.
+One of MINISIS's most useful attributes for international organizations is its capacity to operate in and process data stored in a variety of Roman-based languages as well as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, and Thai, through the use of "dialog files" that are independent of the software. IDRC distributes the software in English, French, and Spanish. The Arabic version is distributed in cooperation with the Arab League, which has translated the dialog files into Arabic. A Chinese version has also been produced.
+First developed in 1978, the system is now being used by 350 organizations around the world, some two thirds in the South.
+The MINISIS Users' Group is a forum for users to share ideas as well as specialized software they may have developed. This international group meets once a year, and several regional groups hold regular meetings. As well, IDRC manages a library of software tools developed by users, and distributes the software to all MINISIS users. Regional MINISIS Resource Centres provide training and assistance to users in their region (see addresses below).
+Organizations can acquire MINISIS by signing a licence agreement. The software is provided with documentation in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, or Arabic, and training in the use of the system is also provided. Each user then receives any new enhanced versions of MINISIS and any repairs that have been made to correct reported problems. Users also receive a newsletter with articles relating to MINISIS activities.
+MINISIS version G.01 is the one currently in use. IDRC is developing an improved version (Version H) which will enable MINISIS to be used on low-cost DOS-based microcomputers used by most nongovernmental organizations. It is expected to be available in the spring of 1993.
+Prerequisites
+For Version G.01: Hewlett Packard series 3000 minicomputer, with 256 K of memory, and the following software: Version IV or later of MPE, HP FOS including EDITOR, FCOPY, SORT/MERGE, and KSAM.
+Version H, to be available in 1993, will require an IBM or compatible PC/XT/AT microcomputer with 640K RAM and a MS or PC DOS 3.3 or higher operating system.
+Potential users
+Documentation centres, information centres and departments, universities, research agencies, and any organization involved in information management.
+Cost and availability
+The software is available at no cost to organizations in the Third World. Elsewhere, it is licensed through commercial distributors.
+Contact
+MINISIS Outreach
+Information Sciences Division
+International Development Research Centre
+PO Box 8500, Ottawa, Ontario
+Canada K1G 3H9
+Tel.: (613) 236-6163; Fax: (613) 238-7230
+Telex: 053-3753; Cable: RECENTRE
+Regional Resource Centres
+Arab speaking countries:
+· M. Mohamed Gasmi, Directeur du département, Technologie de ['information, Arab League Documentation and Information Centre, Tahrir Square, Cairo, Egypt
+Latin America:
+· Ing. Enrique Barreto, Coordinator, Centro de Recursos MINISIS-América Latina, Centro de Información Científica y Humanística, Cindad Universitaria, AP 70-392, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
+China:
+· Mr Jiang Xiang-Dong, Computer Centre, Scientech Information Centre, Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industries, 1 Nanli Baiwanzhuang, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China
+Francophone West Africa:
+· M. Dieudonné Kameni, Organisation africaine de la propriété intellectuelle, BP 887, Yaoundé, Cameroon
+<section>97. Information on human rights</section>
+Human rights violations affect large numbers of people around the world. Many organizations collect vast amounts of data on these events, to assist imprisoned, ill-treated, and displaced people, or to locate those who have disappeared. Accurate information about rights, laws, processes, and evidence of violations allows individuals, groups, and organizations to take action. However, when each organization uses a different format, it becomes difficult to make comparisons and cross-check information, a problem which, for example, hindered the processing of cases involving disappearances in post-military Argentina.
+The Human Rights Information and Documentation System International, or HURIDOCS, has developed a system of standard formats for recording human rights events and cases that will allow faster and more efficient exchange of information among organizations. This follows on the development, in 1985, of standard formats for the recording and exchange of bibliographic information on human rights, now used by some 50 documentation centres.
+The standard formats are designed to:
+· Be a practical aid to documentation for action;
+· Provide a coherent and compatible system within an organization;
+· Provide for rapid, effective, and precise retrieval;
+· Interface with both manual and computerized systems;
+· Enhance networking;
+· Be flexible enough to meet the needs of different organizations;
+· Provide "action material" to the more formal information channels;
+· Provide a basis for higher-quality statistical research.
+The system can be used manually or by computer. A manual in English has been published, and there are plans to translate it into French and Spanish.
+Although the formats can be used for any violations, their emphasis is on torture, arrests and detentions, deaths and killings, displacements and destruction of property, disappearances, deportations, external exile, and banishments. The following formats are included in the package: information on the event, on the victim, on the source, on the alleged perpetrator, on interventions, and on additional details.
+The formats can be used separately or in combination. They are a tool to be integrated into systems by each organization, according to its needs. They are fast and easy to complete, but not simplistic, and aim to facilitate analysis.
+Each organization is free to develop its own software for using the formats. For organizations using computers but unable to develop their own software, a HURIDOCS software program called EVSYS will be available in English, French, and Spanish as soon as translations are complete. An earlier version is available in English and Spanish.
+EVSYS, like the formats themselves, is a tool that will allow organizations to develop their own systems according to their own needs. The software can be used on microcomputers using the DOS operating system, and will eventually be able to run under other operating systems.
+The next step is the development of a training program that can be used worldwide. Already one member of the HURIDOCS Task Force has provided training in the standard formats and the EVSYS software to 17 human rights organizations in Colombia and five in Ecuador.
+Potential users
+All organizations involved in human rights work can use the formats. Small legal and human rights groups can improve their effectiveness through cooperation and exchange with larger international organizations such as the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and Amnesty International. Human rights include the right to development. This makes the formats potentially useful to other groups involved in a wide range of social issues such as housing, consumer rights, refugee work, and disaster relief.
+Contact
+HURIDOCS International Torggate 27, 0183 Oslo 1, Norway Tel.: 47-2-20-02-47; Fax: 47-2-11-05-01 Telex: (051) 918023 geonet G (quote on first line: "Box:GEO2:HURIDOCS") E-mail: Geonet: GEO2:HURIDOCS
+<section>98. Redatam software package to access and use small-area census and other data</section>
+To plan adequate services and development initiatives at a local level, planners, policymakers, and researchers, among others, need access to the wealth of information generated by the census process. However, it can be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to access specific information on small areas such as townships, city neighbourhoods, or even particular blocks.
+In 1985, the United Nations Latin American Demographic Centre (CELADE) in Chile developed a userfriendly interactive software package that helps to introduce disaggregated population and housing information into development planning. It provides organizations with a simple means to store and access large amounts of census or other data on a microcomputer. Called REDATAM (for Retrieval of Data for Small Areas by Microcomputer), it stores all the original census or other microdata on a hard disk or laser disk in a hierarchical database. Users can obtain tabulations to their own specifications rapidly, at low cost, and without the assistance of a programmer.
+A new version, called REDATAM-Plus, has been developed and incorporates the following features:
+· The database structure will be changed into a multidisciplinary database that can include microdata from two or more censuses or surveys as well as aggregate information from sectors other than population and housing, such as rainfall, clinic services, or population projects in specific areas;
+· The system will be able to interface with the Geographic Information System, or GIS software, which will allow the user to define easily the areas being analyzed, as well as to produce graphs and maps;
+· The system will be able to operate in a Local Area Network, allowing several people to use it simultaneously;
+· It will have the capacity to produce camera-ready tabulations for publication.
+REDATAM-Plus allows the user to create self-contained sub-databases that can be moved to regional offices. There are also various facilities for the administration and editing of the databases.
+There are certain limitations to the software that users should be aware of. REDATAM-Plus is designed to work with data that is relatively stable (such as data from a census or survey, or vital statistics) and will not be changed once it is in the REDATAM database. It cannot replace commercial database systems for information that must be updated or corrected frequently, nore does it replace conventional statistical packages such as SPSS, SAS, etc. Its main function is to facilitate the rapid manipulation, selection, and processing of subsets of data on the microcomputer.
+The previous REDATAM 3.1 package has been used in over 25 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Zimbabwe. A French version of REDATAM 3.1 is being distributed in African countries. During 1991, a number of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean began using test versions of REDATAM-Plus.
+Prerequisites
+An E;M or compatible microcomputer with 640K RAM memory and a DOS 3.0 or higher operating system. If the area of interest to the user is likely to have hundreds of thousands or millions of cases, or if a GIS will eventually be employed, a 386 running at 20 MHz or faster is recommended along with a coprocessor. The software and tutorial database occupy about 5.2 Mb. A single census with one million records will normally compress into about 20 Mb.
+A programmer may be required to convert a large census database into a REDATAM-Plus database, but once it is created, users can work on the system without assistance. The demonstration package includes a tutorial based on a ready-made population and housing database with about 7000 people living in a hypothetical country.
+CELADE can provide technical assistance and training on the creation of REDATAM-Plus databases and the use of population-related applications with GIS to Latin American and Caribbean countries, and possibly elsewhere.
+Potential users
+Development planners, municipal and provincial authorities, researchers, statisticians, housing authorities, health planners, economists, demographers, etc. Some examples of uses of REDATAM include: detection of pockets of poverty at the municipal level and identification of possible social investments (Chile); a study on-the geographical distribution of poor communities (Paraguay); the elaboration of a demographic map (Uruguay); the availability of health workers (Pan American Health Organization); and a database for road maintenance (Costa Rica). The English-speaking Caribbean countries and various Latin American countries have, or are planning to disseminate their 1990 census data using REDATAM-Plus.
+Cost and availability
+The software and user manuals for REDATAM 3.1 and REDATAM-Plus are available in English and Spanish. REDATAM 3.1 will be discontinued around March 1992, except for the French version A demonstration disquette for REDATAM-Plus in English and Spanish will be available free on request after March 1992. If the requestor decides to use REDATAM-Plus, the software will be provided with a user manual in English or Spanish at a low cost (estimated at US $50 to $70 plus postage and handling) to governmental organizations and NGOs in developing countries. A French version of REDATAM-Plus is planned.
+Contact
+Dr Arthur Conning Chief, Population Information and Technology Area Mr Ari Silva, Head, Data Processing Section Latin American Demographic Centre United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Casilla 91, Santiago, Chile Tel.: 011-56-2-208-5051 or 206-1519 Fax: 011-56-2-208-0252 or 228-1947 Cable: UNATIONS
+Resources and publications
+· REDATAM Informa, a newsletter for REDATAM users in Spanish, produced by the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, Chile, Casilla 498-3, Santiago, Chile; Fax: (562) 696-1929.
+· Various papers on REDATAM and REDATAM-Plus have been written by CELADE and published in various periodicals. Contact CELADE for more information.
+<section>99. Information system for juvenile courts</section>
+In Colombia, delays in juvenile (or family) courts have created a crisis of confidence in the system. Citizens feel alienated, defenseless and fearful due to the ineffectiveness and delays in the courts. For example women have to wait up to 5 years for a judgement on child support. The inefficiency of the courts can also lead to corruption and prevent timely information from reaching judges, lawyers, social workers, and litigants.
+The Instituto SER de Investigación has developed a software package to address this problem. Designed for civil court cases involving minors (child support, parental rights, custody, adoption, etc.), it enables the court or judge's office to record daily information on cases and schedules and improve notification processes. It can assist in analyzing bottlenecks and provide statistical information on caseloads for the Ministry of Justice. It can help court staff with scheduling and make information more accessible to the public, which in turn should help to improve the public's perception of the legal system.
+The package is currently in use in a family court judge's office in Bogotá, and has shown excellent results. It is used for data entry on child support requests, division of assets, etc., and to manage information on court processes and outcomes. Since the system was adopted, the productivity of the judge's office has increased by about 68%. This has had a direct stabilizing effect on what can be a confusing judicial process.
+The system not only increases the quantity of work that can be done, but also improves the quality. For example, staff have more time to keep abreast of the latest developments in legislation and jurisprudence, and show increased motivation.
+The software and user's manual are available in Spanish. The system is easy to install and use.
+Prerequisites
+An IBM or compatible microcomputer with 20 M capacity.
+Potential users
+Juvenile courts and judges' offices in Spanish-speaking countries.
+Cost and availability
+Use of the software is negotiated on case by case basis. Users normally require modifications to the system for it to meet their specific needs.
+Contact
+Instituto SER de Investigación Carrera 15A No. 45-65, AA 1978 Bogotá, Colombia Tel.: 2880100; Fax: (571) 288-2106
+<section>100. CGNET a network for agricultural research</section>
+An effective research community can facilitate the search for appropriate solutions to the many problems facing agriculture and food self-sufficiency, especially in the South. The strengthening of crucial research linkages can contribute to this process.
+The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a grouping of international agricultural research centres in both the North and the South, has pioneered a computerized communication network called CGNET. The network was developed to address the need to improve the quality, quantity, and speed of communications. In light of increasing costs of conventional communication methods (phone, fax, telex, cable), and decreasing or frozen budgets, a lower-cost method was needed to enable CGIAR members to exchange information on research and solutions.
+The result, CGNET, is a network that has been in daily use for the past 7 years. It began with a feasibility study on potential users' needs, technical possibilities, and potential means of implementation. A recommendation was then made on appropriate technology and procedures, and a pilot project designed. Initially, staff at seven centres were trained in the use of an internationally available computer-based messaging system.
+CGNET now provides its users with the following possibilities:
+· Computer messaging;
+· The collection of data from field sites, which can be sent directly to research centres;
+· Joint authorship of reports and papers;
+· Easy distribution of surveys and reports (a text can be sent to several locations at once, replacing costly mail, fax, or telex);
+· The use of news collection services maintained by the major wire services which are linked to the CGNET system; these services can also provide such things as the USDA's monthly statistics on wheat rust or accurate daily reports of world exchange rates;
+· The ordering and publicizing of publications;
+· A gateway to the World Bank electronic network;
+· Gateways to other e-mail networks, such as commercial message services and academic networks;
+· An alternative means of sending faxes or telexes: messages can be deposited for transmission to telex or fax machines in countries with lower fax and telex rates; CGNET will also try to deliver a telex or fax to a location with unreliable telecommunications systems until the message gets through, saving the sender much time and frustration;
+· Easy communication with advisory boards;
+· Easy communication with researchers who are traveling or on leave.
+The network has been very successful. Before its implementation, CGIAR had been spending US $2 million annually on phone, telex, telegram, and postage costs. Savings from using CGNET have been estimated at US $3 million by 1990, and perhaps as much as a further $3.5 million in reduced travel. As well, the network quickly expanded to include users outside CGIAR. By 1991, there were over 300 CGNET mailboxes in 48 countries and nearly all of the CGIAR centres were online. The network also provides a model of what is possible in computer communications.
+A consultant who worked on setting up the initial system established a private firm called CGNET Services International, which provides administrative assistance, training, and consultative services to the participating network members in addition to overall network management.
+Prerequisites
+To join the network: a microcomputer, a modem, and a telephone line. In areas where telephone lines are very noisy, better quality modems are required. The situation will differ in each country and area. Some countries require special permits to operate a modem and e-mail. The electronic mail installation should include a few days of training for local staff.
+Cost and availability
+In areas where there are inexpensive data network services (mostly in the North and some Southern capital cities such as Mexico City), users use a local phone call to access the data network, which puts them in touch with CGNET. A low-cost (US $60 to $150) modem can be used. In some countries, the data networks can be expensive, because they charge high rates, or because a long-distance call is needed to reach them. This increases the cost per page, and a more expensive (US $200) modem is recommended to compensate for noisy telephone lines. In countries that do not have national data networks, users must dial a network in another country, which considerably increases costs. High-quality modems (US $600) must be used to ensure error correction.
+Approximate costs for using the system have been estimated as follows: for users with access to low-cost data networks, US $30 per month in fees and $0.21 per page sent or received; for users with access to higher-cost data networks, US $85 per month in fees and $0.98 per page sent or received; for users who must dial another country, costs run from US $160 to $360 per month in fees and $0.68 to $2.18 per page sent or received. These costs can vary a great deal according to the quality of local phone systems and the way the system is used.
+Potential users
+Researchers, scientists, planners, administrators, and others concerned with addressing the problem of food self-sufficiency. As well, donor agencies that fund agricultural research, scientific organizations in related disciplines (resource management, forestry, environmental studies), and national research institutions in developing countries could all benefit from a CGNET connection.
+Contact
+Consultative Group on International
+Agricultural Research Secretariat
+1818 H Street N.W., Washington, DC, USA 20433
+Tel.: (202) 4738951; Fax: (202) 3348750
+Telex: 82987 WORLDBANK; E-mail: Dialcom
+157:CGI001
+CGNET Services International
+1024 Hamilton Court
+Menlo Park, California USA 94025
+Tel.: (415) 325-3061; Fax: (415) 325-2313
+Telex: 490 000 5788 (CGN UI)
+E-mail: Internet Postmaster@CGNET.COM;
+Dialcom 157:CGI100
+Resources and publications
+· International Computer Networking: The Experience of the CGIAR, Linksey, Novak, Ozgediz, and Balson, to be published 1992, IDRC.
+<section>101. Computer model for analyzing third world economies</section>
+Researchers in Colombia have adapted an economic model used in the North for policymakers in the South, taking into account Third World economic conditions, such as high inflation rates and different financial systems.
+The research was undertaken by the Fundación pare la Educación Superior y el Desarollo (FEDESAROLLO) to confront the economic crises brought on by debt and the deteriorating primary goods markets. The model allows policymakers to plan careful management of savings and investment.
+In two previous phases, the project developed separate models of the "real" economy (savings, investment, balance of payments), and the "financial" economy (role of the central bank, the financial system, determination of interest ratea). The third phase integrated the two models into a third that can be used to determine the influence of financial variables (money, credit, and interest rates) on the real economy (production, consumption, investment, and balance of payments), and vice versa.
+The model can be used to address issues such as the taxation of primary goods exports, further devaluation of the peso, management of foreign debt, and import controls. It can also simulate the outcomes of monetary policies, interest rate controls, and sectoral credit policies. A number of simulations carried out to replicate the behaviour of the Colombian economy between 1980 and 1985 illustrated the model's ability to capture adequately the reality of the country's finances.
+The technology is based on the adaptation of a Northern model - the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model - to meet the needs and requirements of the Colombian economy. Within the CGE model is a social accounting matrix, a tool used to assess the effects of policy changes on different income groups. These models are at the forefront of the development of new techniques for analyzing Third World economies.
+Prerequisites
+To run such models, reasonably powerful desktop computers are needed (with 640K RAM and a hard disk of at least 10M). Although the use of the model entails some degree of computer knowledge, there are several solution packages available that greatly facilitate the process. In Colombia, the package is used in connection with a program named GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System), originally developed by the World Bank and presently distributed by GAMS Development Corporation (1520 New Mapshire Ave. N.W., Washington, DC, USA 20036). Researchers at FEDESAROLLO have been approached to provide training in the use of these models to researchers in the Dominican Republic and Uruguay.
+Potential users
+Policymakers and analysts in the public and private sectors. The Colombian government's planning department is currently using the model to evaluate the effects of macroeconomic policies and to make projections. It has also been used to evaluate the impact of specific agricultural policies, including changes in internal coffee prices negotiated between government and coffee producers. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is using the model to evaluate the effects of structural adjustment on the poor. Although the program is useful mainly for Colombia and is not sold commercially, the experience acquired by FEDESAROLLO has enabled them to develop similar programs for other uses, such as one for macroeconomic programming in Nicaragua (used by the Central Bank and the Ministry of Economics).
+Contact
+Mr Eduardo Lora Fundación pare la Educación Superior y el Desarollo AA 75074, Bogotá, Colombia Fax: 571-212-6073 Cable: FEDESARROLLO Bogotá
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/idrc_id19ee.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/idrc_id19ee.key
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+ENERGY RESOURCES
+ENERGY MANAGEMENT
+RESEARCH
+ENERGY SOURCES
+ENERGY CONSUMPTION
+CASE STUDIES
+DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/idrc_id19ee.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/idrc_id19ee.txt
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+<title>Energy research in developing countries</title>
+Compiled by Stephen Graham
+International Development Research Centre
+Ottawa · Cairo · Dakar · Johannesburg · Montevideo · Nairobi
+New Delhi · Singapore
+Published by the International Development Research Centre
+PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9
+©International Development Research Centre 1994
+Graham, S.
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+Compiled by Stephen Graham
+International Development Research Centre
+Ottawa · Cairo · Dakar · Johannesburg · Montevideo · Nairobi
+New Delhi · Singapore
+Published by the International Development Research Centre
+PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9
+©International Development Research Centre 1994
+Graham, S.
+Energy research in developing countries. Ottawa, ON, IDRC, 1994. xvi + 307 p.
+/Energy sources/, /energy resources/, /energy consumption/, [energy demand/, /research!, /developing countries/-/energy economics/, [electric power/, /fuels/, /biomass energy/, /human power/, /planning/, /models/, /Africa/, /Asia/, /Latin America/, /case studies/, references.
+UDC: 620.9.001.5 ISBN: 0-88936-709-4
+A microfiche edition is available.
+All rights reserved. NO part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the International Development Research Centre.
+IDRC BOOKS endeavours to produce environmentally friendly publications. All paper used is recycled as well as recycleable. All inks and coatings are vegetable-based products.
+The assistance and contribution of the following individuals in compiling this book is gratefully appreciated: Steven Diener, Tony Friend, Dorothy Lele, Brigid Rowan, Jack Ruitenbeek, Brenda Segal, Nancy White, and Roger Young. The names of the scientists who contributed to the original publications are listed just below the title of each paper. Their hard work and dedication to the Energy Research Group is remembered and acknowledged.
+About the Institution
+The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support technical and policy research to help meet the needs of developing countries. The Centre is active in the fields of environment and natural resources, social sciences, health sciences, and information sciences and systems. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
+About the Publisher
+IDRC Books publishes research results and scholarly studies on global and regional issues related to sustainable and equitable development. As a specialist in development literature, IDRC Books contributes to the body of knowledge on these issues to further the cause of global understanding and equity. IDRC publications are sold through its head office in Ottawa, Canada, as well as by IDRC's agents and distributors around the world.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+David B. Brooks
+The Energy Research Group (ERG) was a joint project of the International Development Research Centre and the United Nations University. Conceived in 1981, at the same time as the United Nations
+Conference on New and Renewable Forms of Energy, ERG consisted of a panel of 11 scientists from as many developing countries. Because the bulk of energy research was both funded by and carried out in developed countries, ERG chose to suggest how to focus that research more directly on the needs and priorities of developing countries and, if possible, how to shift some energy research to those countries.
+The broad conclusions of ERG were published in 1986 (ERG 1986) and fulfilled the two main parts of its mandate, which were to
+· Recommend priorities in the conduct and use of energy-related research and present its findings to decision-makers, researchers, and other interested parties, and
+· Recommend ways to determine the allocation of resources for energy-related research and ways in which this allocation could be improved, both nationally and internationally.
+The preface to Energy Research: Directions and Issues for Developing Countries (ERG 1986) provides a history of the project and a summary of its approach and conclusions.
+The two main parts of the ERG mandate were supported by several other elements, which allowed ERG to
+· Carry out a thorough review of energy-related research and technology relevant to developing countries,
+· Survey the existing and likely capability in developing countries to conduct, finance, diffuse, and use energy-related research and development, and
+· Survey energy-related research and technology in developed countries, its relevance to developing countries, the terms under which access was available, and the ways of using this information for the greatest benefit of developing countries.
+These three elements of the ERG mandate were essential to its main work. However, they required knowledge of such a wide range of technologies, geographies, and issues that the 11 members of ERG could not hope to know all or even most of what was required. To fulfill these three supporting elements of the ERG mandate, over 100 state-of-the-art reviews were commissioned. The list of authors reads like a "Who's Who" of energy analysis in the 1980s. A full list of these reviews appears in the Bibliography. Copies of the typescript versions of all reviews are housed in a special collection at the IDRC Library.
+The final element of the ERG mandate was to
+· Disseminate the views of the Group, invite informed opinion, and provoke discussion on the energy-related issues facing developing countries.
+This part of the mandate was fulfilled, in part, by the publication of the main ERG report (ERG 1986). As well, 14 additional volumes were published under the general editorship of Ashok V. Desai, a member and the coordinator of ERG. These volumes were organized by subject matter (according to commodity, region, or issue) and contained information from 60 of the original 103 commissioned reviews. In a number of cases, several reviews were combined into a single paper.
+All studies were subject to peer review by two, or in some cases three, energy experts. Comments were also received from staff at the World Bank Energy Policy Program and at the Science Policy
+Research Unit at Sussex University. In principle, those studies selected for publication were considered by the reviewers and by the ERG panel as methodologically sound and as a contribution to their field. However, some subject areas (notably environment and institutions) were not included.
+This book is a one-volume summary of the 14 volumes of research reviews. These reviews, despite their gaps, present a reasonably complete picture of the relevance of energy knowledge to developing countries from the perspectives of the natural and social sciences in the mid-1980s. As such, the book completes the final element of the ERG mandate.
+Each chapter in this summary volume represents one of the original 14 volumes. Within each chapter, the main points and conclusions of each review are summarized. The summaries were prepared in 1992 and 1993 by a number of energy specialists under the general direction of Stephen Graham, a consultant to the ERG. They were subsequently edited to their final format by Michael Graham.
+Energy specialists may wish to explore the full studies; however, this book should be useful to a wide audience. No attempt is made to summarize the main ERG report, which stands on its own.
+Relevance Today
+Energy Research: Directions and Issues for Developing Countries was published in 1986. However, for a number of reasons, largely related to communication with globally dispersed authors and copublishers, publication of the 14 commodity-, region-, and issue-oriented volumes was delayed. When they appeared in 1990, interest in the issue of energy had waned considerably, particularly in the North. The issues that had led to the oil-generated energy crisis of 1973 (and the less widely recognized but more traumatic crisis of 1978-1979) were no longer as pressing because energy supplies had grown and sources had become more diversified.
+Economic forces also pushed energy to an issue of secondary importance. Income growth lagged behind the optimistic expectations of the early 1980s (throughout the world but notably in developing countries), and, as a result, growth in demand for commercial energy lagged. As well, because large blocks of capital were no longer as readily available, projections that energy investments in developing countries would double from 2 to 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) (World Bank 1983) were not fulfilled. Certainly, energy prices never again reached the levels of 1979. Today, most forms of energy cost little more in real (inflation-free) dollars than they did in the 1960s.
+However, these reviews are still relevant because of
+· The perspective they offer on the history of energyin-development as an issue,
+· The information they contain on energy technologies and options, and
+· The gaps that are now evident in both perspective and content.
+This threefold relevance is, in some ways, more evident in this single summary volume than it was in either the main report or the 14 separate volumes.
+Perspective
+The main ERG report, the 54 reviews published in the 14 volumes, and the remaining unpublished studies represent an important stage in the history of energy analysis. They indicate how energy-in-development was seen by competent and involved scientists from developing countries during the mid-1980s. Notable is the broad shift in perspective that is represented by the three explicit premises on which the ERG study was conducted and the reviews were commissioned (ERG 1986, pp. 1-3). These premises were that
+· Energy research must be related to research on the entire economy and society,
+· Energy sources must be studied in the context of the demand for them, and
+· Energy saving is as important as energy production.
+ERG deserves enormous credit for basing its work on these premises, which are, if anything, even more important today than they were when the group was active. The fact that the collection of reviews does not fully live up to the challenge of these premises - energy saving received less attention than energy production, and social issues received much less attention than technical issues - is less relevant than the cast they put over the whole body of work. The work of ERG represented a significant advance over most of what had come before.
+The ERG program of work was designed in the early 1980s, at a time when conventional wisdom held that large increases in energy capacity would be needed to power development in the South. Therefore, its perspective on the energy problematique was almost radical. A similar perspective was also emerging in the industrial world, where more and more studies were, implicitly or explicitly, based on the same three premises. However, with the partial exception of "soft energy path" analyses, these studies fell equally short.
+Content
+Research funding, and to a lesser extent research interest, follows political and economic trends. Because interest in energy as an issue waned during the latter half of the 1980s, funding and interest in energy research slipped. Advances continued to be made, particularly in end-use efficiency and in some new supply technologies (for example, fuel cells). However, for the most part, the reviews commissioned by ERG have stood up remarkably well over the last decade. If they were offered for publication today, they would require little revision to provide an accurate reflection of current methods to assess options for the use of energy research in development planning. In short, the ERG work provides sensible, clear information on such topics as patterns of energy use in developing countries, alternative liquid fuels, and energy in Africa.
+Gaps
+Despite the breadth of perspective, and the deliberate look for alternatives, some aspects of the energy-development discussion are missing from the research reviews and, to a lesser extent, from the main ERG report. The two gaps that deserve specific attention are energy and environment, and energy and politics.
+Only two of the studies commissioned by ERG could be considered environmental. One was by El-Sayed (Health and Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems), and the other was by Smith and Ramakrishna (Traditional Fuels and Health: Social, Economic, and Technical Links); neither was published. Although some of the other studies did refer to environmental issues, they did so only in passing and without any overall perspective on the nature or extent of environmental impacts resulting from energy use. Much better work on energy and environment was available than is reflected in the research reviews, although little of it was specifically focused on developing countries (for example, Holdren et al. 1980; UNDP 1985).
+In the main ERG report, environment does get a fair bit of attention-certainly more than would be expected from its comparative neglect in the research reviews. One must surmise that, in the late stages of their work, the members of ERG realized that
+· Environment was a more critical development issue than had been recognized at the start, and
+· Energy production and use were among the most serious sources of environmental degradation at the local, regional, and global levels and were closely tied to development problems.
+Perhaps, too, the notion that "environment" was more a Northern than a Southern issue had begun to lose the credibility that it unfortunately held for some time after the United Nations conference in Stockholm in 1972.
+If environment was neglected as an issue in the ERG reviews, it would appear that politics was deliberately avoided. With the partial exception of some references to women's issues, fuelwood and nuclear proliferation, the role of energy availability as a form of empowerment at the local level was almost totally ignored. Also ignored was the role of large and typically transnational corporations in energy supply at the global level.
+There was no discussion of various collective approaches to energy supply and delivery (for example, village-scale electrical cooperatives). Absent, too, were references to workers' actions aimed at the oil industry in Nigeria (for example, Turner 1990) as well as reviews of the ways in which both private and public energy corporations organize to protect their interests. There was also no discussion of the fact that alternative transportation fuels imply not merely different energy systems but also a different distribution of economic gains and environmental losses. In a few cases, political aspects were emphasized. However, these reviews by Peter Hayes, Wereko-Brobby, and a few other analysts were neither published nor cited in the main ERG report.
+In the selection of reviews to publish, and in the editing, almost all political discussion was eliminated (for a perspective on Hayes' political views, see Hayes (1981); Wereko-Brobby's views can be found in a number of reports he prepared as Director of Ghana's National Energy Board, for example, Wereko-Brobby (1988)). In contrast to the environment, politics received no greater attention in the main ERG report. It was rather as if the world was seen as a very orderly place, where the only difference between rich and poor nations was that the former were rich and the latter poor-a world in which the politics that linked energy and development could be left safely to nongovernmental organizations (typical examples involving electricity include Goldemberg et al. 1988; Butera 1989; Foley 1990; Geller 1991).
+With the benefit of hindsight and of the considerable shift in perspective after the publication of the Brundtland Report (WCED 1987), it is now apparent that the absence of environmental and political aspects weakened the impact of ERG's work. More broadly, it reflects the Group's failure to recognize a still only partially emerging new development paradigm. As Gus Speth said in an address to UNDP staff after he assumed his post as Administrator in mid-1993:
+What is this new paradigm? ...it says that development that does not improve the lives of the great mass of the poor has no soul, that development that impoverishes the environment has no vision. It says that development does not occur in a political vacuum but depends both on effective governance and also on the empowerment of the many communities in civil society to participate in the decisions that affect their lives.
+These were just the areas ignored or downplayed by ERG in what was likely an attempt to constrain the energy-development debate within reasonable bounds and to ensure that South-North consensus would be as strong as possible. The goal was to emphasize the potential benefits of cooperation in energy research, not to focus on the political conflicts implicit in their patterns of development.
+Nonetheless, this one-volume overview of the ERG research reviews brings out the merits of the 14 separate volumes. Despite the caveats, the effort represented by the sum of the main ERG report and the reviews was, and is, impressive. For the most part, the work stands up well to inspection nearly a decade after most of the analyses were completed. This is certainly a tribute to the individual researchers, the members of ERG, and the secretariat that managed the process for 4 years.
+<section>Volume 1: Patterns of energy use in developing countries</section>
+<section>Energy consumption patterns and their implications for energy planning</section>
+Joy Dunkerley, with the assistance of Michele Gottlieb
+Overview
+This paper uses an energy balance, which is an accounting system that defines energy flows at the national level, to review patterns of energy consumption. There are four demand sectors (industry, transportation, household, and commercial) and a nonenergy or petrochemical feedstock sector. Energy flows are influenced by the primary factors that affect the demand sectors and by energy transformation processes. Energy conservation and fuel substitution can further influence the energy balance.
+Analysis
+The Energy Balance
+Data on energy supply-demand from the United Nations, the International Energy Agency, and the Latin American Energy Agency for 55 countries provide useful comparative information in an energy balance format. This format produces energy information on total consumption of each primary fuel, transformation of primary to secondary energy, and energy demand for four sectors. Variations in the energy balance formats, the treatment of electrical conversion, and the units of measurement can lead to different methodologies. Final energy demand and useful energy, which incorporate the concept of the efficiency of conversion and the notion of energy embodied in trade commodities (particularly steel), are conceptually important to understanding the methodology.
+The Sectoral Energy Demand
+Energy intensity, or energy (E) consumed per unit of gross national product (GNP), appears to be higher in developing countries. However, when a correction is made for "exchange rate bias," which understates the level of income in developing countries, the E to GNP ratios are comparable (with some variations) with those of developed countries.
+There are considerable differences in the structure of energy demand among low-, middle-, and high-income countries. In low-income countries, the highest demand sector is the household because the largest energy use is cooking and the devices are inefficient. As incomes rise, energy consumption for cooking may decrease because more efficient cooking devices and more efficient fuels are used. Fuel subsidies, commercialization of fuelwood, and access to modern fuels affect the energy demand of the household sector.
+Industrial energy use is correlated to the size of the industrial sector, the types of industry, and the energy intensity of the individual processes used by industrial plants (for example, open-hearth burners or basic oxygen burners for steel, and either the wet or dry process for cement). The most important factor in determining industrial energy demand is the type of industry. India and Jamaica are examples of heavy-industry countries with large industrial energy demands. The mix of fuels used in the sector varies by industry type because the agroindustry may continue to use traditional fuels. whereas heavy industry requires modern fuels.
+The transportation sector has the widest variation in energy demand within developing countries. Most of this variation can be explained by income or GNP because economic development requires or causes wider transportation networks for goods, and higher income causes a shift to a higher intensity transportation mode (for example, cars) for personal travel. Country size and geographical conditions, as well as government policies, regulations, and taxes, also help determine the energy demand in the transportation sector.
+The transformation sector, principally the generation and distribution of electricity, becomes a large consumer of energy in middle-income countries when the requirement for electricity grows, principally in the industrial sector. In turn, electricity pricing and other government policies (for example, rural electrification) are the prime determinants of electricity demand.
+The Potential for Conservation and Fuel Substitution by Sector
+There is limited possibility for petroleum substitution in the transportation sector because rail transportation is appropriate only for high-volume routes. However, liquefied coal, ethanol, and methanol may be substitutes that require limited costs for vehicle conversion. Improving the efficiency of each mode that uses petroleum products is a more feasible option for petroleum conservation. Conservation measures include improved public transit and traffic flows in cities and the use of taxes to reduce demand for inefficient cars. The industrial sector provides the greatest possibility for substitution of fuels, but it requires a large capital investment. However, correct pricing policy and training in industrial management for energy "housekeeping" could also help conserve energy. In the household sector, access to free fuelwood and resistance to new cooking devices retard improved energy efficiency. Subsidies for kerosene use worsen the problem because the subsidy is
+abused by the middle class. However, this demand sector has large substitution and conservation potential.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed to analyze
+· Sectoral energy demand (with particular attention to the impact of price),
+· Possibilities for interfuel substitution,
+· The determinants of biomass use and its substitution potential,
+· The impact of development strategies on energy demand,
+· The relationship between economic development and transportation services,
+· The determinants of energy demand in households and the substitution potential of fuels in this sector, and
+· The potential to substitute other fuels for oil and other factors of production, such as labour, for energy.
+<section>Energy use in industry</section>
+B.G. Tunnah
+Overview
+This paper reviews the major processes that consume energy in an energy-intensive industry and focuses on thermal processes (for example, combustion, drying, and distillation). An energy audit, which measures and monitors energy use, can be used by industry. Inefficiency in energy use can be addressed by conservation techniques and government policies. The conservation programs of six developing countries demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches.
+Analysis
+The three industrial energy processes are thermal, mechanical, and chemical. The highest proportion of industrial energy is used in thermal processes (for example, combustion, steam generation and distribution, heat exchange, electricity generation, evaporation, and melting). In the conservation of thermal energy it is useful to understand the terminology (for example, complete combustion, coefficient of heat transfer, boiler efficiency, and distillation towers). Other energy processes include gas compression, space conditioning, grinding, refrigeration, and electrolysis. Examples of typical energy intensities in the industrial sector are 2-6 MJ/L of beer, 3.3 MJ/kg of sugarcane, 5.6 GJ/t of wet cement, and 4 GJ/t of bricks.
+Energy Audit
+An energy audit is the first step to reducing the energy intensity of an industry. There are nine steps to planning and conducting an energy audit. Measurements of energy use focus on the efficiency of boilers and heat exchangers and on heat loss from pipes and vessels. Measurements can be made of energy use in dryers and distillation towers.
+Common areas of inefficiency often include
+· Energy management-lack of commitment by top management, lack of proper instrumentation, lack of accurate reporting, and lack of acceptable standards of plant housekeeping,
+· Combustion processes-poor instrumentation, lack of air control, and poor maintenance,
+· Heat transfer-failure to monitor performance, poor or inadequate insulation, and poor maintenance,
+· Steam generation-poor water treatment and inefficient or leaking steam traps,
+· Drying-poor control over product moisture and moisture of wet feed and poor insulation, and
+· Evaporation-poor insulation and poor control of moisture.
+Major differences in energy intensity within the same industry can be explained by the different processes used and by the age and size of the equipment. Management skill is one of the most critical elements.
+Some constraints to improving energy efficiency are
+· A lack of understanding of the equipment and techniques available,
+· A lack of proven technology,
+· A lack of capital for investment,
+· Institutional constraints (for example, incorrect energy prices and price uncertainty), and
+· A lack of decision-making and no commitment by management.
+Energy Conservation Principles and Programe
+A principal focus of any conservation program should be the recovery and use of waste heat. In any conservation program it is important to determine the potential heat sources, establish the potential quantities of heat that can be recovered, determine the overall costs (including investment and maintenance), and balance these costs with energy savings. Fuel substitution may also produce cost savings and should be investigated.
+In the early 1980s, conservation programs for industrial energy were undertaken in China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tunisia, and Uruguay. These programs provided useful demonstrations, although most only estimated potential savings and trained plant engineers in energy management.
+The most important elements of any program of energy management are the commitment, communication, leadership, and expertise of management and the appointment of an energy manager to coordinate record-keeping, give technical advice, identify areas of waste, prioritize plant activities, and advise senior management.
+Industrial activity must be supported by government policy on energy management. This policy should include sending correct price signals on energy and modifying market forces to achieve other objectives. It should also include regulations on mandatory equipment standards and energy reporting, incentives and subsidies for efficient equipment, demonstration projects and training, energy audits, and information dissemination.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Applied research may present new opportunities for energy efficiency in multifuel burners, small-scale coal gasifiers, small-scale coal boilers, low-cost plate heat exchangers, low-cost heat pumps, and small-scale wood and biomass residue gasifiers.
+<section>Energy-lntensive materials</section>
+Alan M. Strout
+Overview
+This paper reviews the methods used to determine the energy intensity of materials and explores the importance of energy-intensive materials (EIMs) to overall energy demand. The relationship of ElMs to income or gross domestic product (GDP) is explored, and current KIM production sites are discussed. The theoretical impact of increases in energy price on KIM prices is calculated, and the potential for reducing energy intensity is discussed. The future of developing countries in the production of specific ElMs is explored.
+Analysis
+Discussion of the energy intensity of materials (measured as energy input per unit weight of commodity) has focused on a small number of commodities. However, a more accurate and complete view of energy intensity can be gathered from an input-output approach, which includes the indirect energy embodied in transportation, the capital equipment of production, and measurements or coefficients per dollar of output. Some studies also include the input of solar energy to production. The Energy Research Group has produced coefficients of energy intensity for 357 input-output sectors. Several paper and food products are among the most energy-intensive commodities, all of which consume more than 73.8 MJ/USD of output.
+Industrial energy accounts for a significant share of all energy. The 17 most energy-intensive materials required just under 26.9% of all the world's energy from 1978 to 1980. Technological improvements may have reduced this figure, but new EIMs have been added. In terms of embodied energy in traded commodities, this may add 50% to the energy recorded in exports. About 50% of this embodied energy is in the most energy-intensive commodities.
+Developing countries were low producers of EIMs. However, middle-income developing countries produce more EIMs than industrialized countries. In general, 52 countries account for 98% of the world's production of 10 ElMs and 95% of their consumption. Chile, Greece, Peru, and Spain were among the middle-level net exporters.
+ElMs, GDP, and Increases in the Price of Energy
+Consumption and production of EIMs grow until per capita GDP reaches about 2 000 USD (1970). The contribution of KIM to GDP then declines because of growth in the service sector, which is less energy intensive. Consumption of EIMs usually exceeds production in low-income countries as the demand for manufactured goods increases. The rate of consumption of EIMs decreases more quickly than the rate of production when per capita GDP is higher than 2 000 USD.
+Based on the increases in the price of energy from 1976 to 1980, a 70% increase in fuel cost led to only a 6% increase in the price of EIMs (relative to an average index of commodity prices). An economy-wide model was constructed for the UN in the 1970s to show the impact of increased energy prices on energy-consuming goods. Technological improvements and substitution of other commodities for EIMs significantly reduce the impact of higher prices.
+Rapid declines in energy intensity can be achieved (for example, in the cement industry before the 1970s). Energy-intensive sectors may experience some dramatic productivity declines, but gradual savings in energy over 40 years (from 1970 to 2010) should result in reductions of 21-40% in the energy coefficients.
+Conclusions for Developing Countries
+The demand for EIMs continues to be strong in countries that are developing their infrastructure. Surpluses in production capacity are still concentrated in industrialized countries. However, production capacity continues to increase in developing countries as income increases. It is likely that export capacity will shift to countries with lower energy costs and vigorous markets. In some cases (for example, Brazil, Indonesia, the Middle East, and Venezuela), the willingness to price energy (gas) below its economic cost will attract development of the aluminum industry.
+The steel industry has developed mini-mills that are attractive to developing countries because of their lower investment cost per tonne of capacity, faster construction times, and lower energy costs. However, the optimum size of a steel plant is still considered much larger than mini-mill size, and the attraction of locating large steel mills in oil-producing developing countries (for example, Algeria, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) was outlined by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1980. For the chemical industry, supply of feedstock may offset market proximity and may favour developing countries. For all three industries, the location of future capacity will be affected by the large markets of developing countries and by the fuel-cost advantages of oil- and gas-producing countries.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+KIM requirements must be considered to forecast demand. The tradeoffs between importing energy to produce EIMs and importing EIMs that are produced elsewhere should be explored. Research on the future international division of labour in KIM production should include
+· Assessing the KIM-GDP break-even point for specific countries and commodities,
+· Examining the assumptions and other considerations that have led to increased production of EIMs in developing countries,
+· Exploring the agglomeration principle that attracts KIM production in steel, wood pulp, and paper, and
+· Exploring both the backward links to nonenergy inputs and the forward links to second-stage processing in developing countries.
+<section>Transportation and energy: a survey and discussion of research needs</section>
+David Geltner
+Overview
+This paper outlines the contribution of the transportation sector to development and defines the energy problems related to the sector. It also discusses the economic policy literature, the technological and engineering literature, and the institutional, finance, and planning literature related to transportation energy and the achievement of energy efficiency.
+Analysis
+A transportation system contributes to production, distribution, communication, and integration in an economy. Generally, it accounts for 20-40% of all petroleum use. The transportation sector includes informal, noncommercial, and nonorganized transportation, private motorized passenger transportation, commercial motorized transportation, and private freight transportation provided within firms. A fifth part of the transportation sector is the building, maintenance, and repair of infrastructure, facilities, and equipment.
+Although the value added to production by the transportation sector is estimated at only about 5% for most countries, its contribution is essential for economic development. In developing countries, most transportation is by road (because rail networks are limited and are focused on exports) and includes nonmotorized transportation. A key role is also played by air transportation because of its relatively low capital requirement. In general, the industry that supports the transportation sector is small, and the demand is met by imports (Brazil, China, India, and Mexico are notable exceptions).
+The energy intensity of the transportation sector varies among countries because of the market share and energy intensity of each mode and the size of the country. The fundamental energy problem in this sector is the high cost of petroleum, which has increased the percentage of world income absorbed by petroleum costs. Four possible solutions are proposed to improve energy efficiency in the transportation sector:
+· Reduce the amount of transportation required by making changes in location and infrastructure.
+· Increase the use of less energy-intensive modes of transportation.
+· Make technological changes to reduce the energy intensity of each mode of transportation.
+· Reduce the demand for oil by modifying engines and developing substitute fuels.
+Economic and Technology Issues
+A review of the rules for pricing and investment focuses on cost-benefit analysis. Theoretically, pricing should achieve marginal social opportunity cost, and investment should maximize total net social benefits. However, the costs of transportation to the individual user include the value of time and convenience, and this value must be incorporated in the investment equation. Price distortions imposed by other government policies must also be incorporated. A review of different pricing rules suggests that "second-best pricing" policies prevail.
+Economic modeling of supply and demand reveals interesting trends. On the supply side, economies of scale are not found to necessarily improve energy efficiency. Transportation outputs
+should be defined carefully to show differences in the quality of service. On the demand side, there is an inelastic demand for transportation that is related to the cost of lower-priced modes of transportation. This results in a relatively inelastic response of the transportation sector to increases in fuel prices.
+Studies on technology and engineering systems point to improved efficiency with larger vehicles and modes of transportation and to the efficiency potential of advances in combustion control, new engine types, improved transmissions, and new fuels (particularly biomass).
+Research into institutional and planning structures suggests that the preferred policy approach includes more efficient energy pricing, less government regulation, and reduced subsidies for transportation services. The use of high energy prices to justify capital-intensive improvements in transportation should be avoided.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+A synthesis of the information already gathered from economic, financial, engineering, and political studies is most important. It could be used to conduct case studies in specific countries or studies of specific policies.
+Additional basic research would be useful to
+· Develop energy-saving investment rules for transportation and practical guidelines to estimate energy savings and shadow prices,
+· Develop econometric data on the demand for energy for transportation, especially demand elasticities and cross-elasticities of demand in developing countries,
+· Develop biomass-based fuels (which do not require prime agricultural land) to substitute for both gasoline and diesel fuels,
+· Explore the feasibility of electric vehicles in developing countries, especially light-rail mass-transit and battery-powered vehicles,
+· Explore urban planning and land-use control to promote nonmotorized methods of personal transit, and Explore the role of deregulation and privatization of transportation services to improve energy efficiency.
+<section>Urban energy use in developing countries: a review</section>
+Jayant Sathaye and Steven Meyers
+Overview
+This paper reviews the use of energy in the urban home for cooking, lighting, and other energy-intensive activities. Urban transportation (mass transit and cars) and commercial and institutional needs are also important in an urban setting. Factors that influence energy use, including the impact of government policy on efficiency, are considered.
+Analysis
+Increased urbanization is a hallmark of development. In 1984, urban dwellers made up 78% of the population in industrialized countries, 34% of the population in lower- to middle-income countries, and 20% of the population in lower-income countries. Urbanization also brings changes in the collection, distribution, and consumption of energy and leads to increased energy use because of growth in income and the associated increases in demand for services.
+Household Use
+Cities often promote change in cooking fuels from traditional fuelwood and charcoal to modern fuels (for example, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity) because of higher incomes and the increased availability of the modern fuels. Among the lower-income groups in cities, wood continues to be used for cooking, even when a lengthy trip is necessary to collect the wood. Lack of wood accelerates the transition to modern fuels if these are available. Often homes have more than one cooking device, which offers the flexibility to respond to interruptions in fuel supply. With the use of more efficient fuels and devices, the actual monthly energy use per capita may decrease, but energy demand may remain constant.
+In major urban areas, some fringe areas may use kerosene for lighting. However, in areas where electricity is provided, higher income brings more demand for the service. The first appliance acquired by an urban family is a refrigerator, and ownership rates grow with income. Water heating has a much lower priority in urban areas, and air-conditioning is uncommon, except in the wealthiest families. Families are quick to acquire other appliances (for example, televisions, rice cookers, and washing machines) as income grows. Increased efficiency in cooking devices is soon outweighed by the additional energy demands of these appliances.
+Transportation Use
+In cities, the options for transportation vary from bicycles and rickshaws to motorcycles, buses, and cars. Mass transportation around cities usually involves privately or publicly owned buses that provide different levels of service and energy efficiency. Within cities, new modes of transportation exist (for example, shared taxis and minibuses). Cars are owned by the wealthiest, and ownership rates vary with the cultural norms in different countries. Buses are 5-10 times more energy efficient than cars on the basis of passenger-mile costs.
+Because the number of car trips taken correlates to income, the share of the total expenditure on energy that is accounted for by gasoline and diesel fuels also increases with income. In Kuala Lumpur, for example, the share was found to be 6% for low-income groups and 46% for middle- and high-income groups. The proportion of total income spent on fuels was 1% for low-income groups, 6% for middle-income groups, and 3% for high-income groups.
+Commercial and Institutional Use
+Few studies have been undertaken on the use of energy in the commercial and institutional sectors. The percentage of energy used by these sectors in urban areas is related to the number of food services and to the number of recreational, religious, and educational establishments. Most energy is required for lighting, ventilation, cooking, and air-conditioning, and energy represents a significant operational cost in these sectors.
+Government policies have had an impact on the demand for energy in urban areas. In the transportation sector, the price of fuel has affected the transportation mode, the modal efficiency, and the demand for transportation services. Import tariffs based on fuel efficiency have resulted in more efficient fleets, and programs have been used to promote new fuels from indigenous sources. In the household sector, pricing programs have been used to encourage the import of energy-efficient appliances. In the commercial sector, energy audits, management training, and standards for energy use in buildings have been used to encourage conservation.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Patterns of urban energy use must be studied in association with the activities that require the energy. The changes that are caused by increases in income levels must also be understood (for example, switches in the type of fuel used for cooking and the purchase of cars). Cross-country research may provide rules of thumb that could be applied elsewhere.
+<section>Energy and agriculture: a review</section>
+Ramesh Bhatia and Rishi Sharma
+Overview
+The agricultural sector is both a consumer and a producer of energy. This paper presents data on the use of both direct and indirect energy, by crop, by fuel type, and by agricultural process (for example, irrigation, land preparation, and harvesting). Data on the production of energy from crop residues and dung are reported, and conclusions are drawn about the optimum use of agroenergy production.
+Analysis
+The use of agricultural products for fuels raises the question of whether to use crop residues and dung for cooking, and thus lessen deforestation, or to ferment the residues to produce alcohol or gas for cooking. Either way, fertilizers are required to replace soil nitrogen. This dilemma poses energy questions related to the agricultural system. A systems approach to energy use in agriculture has rarely been undertaken, and when it has, studies vary in coverage and approach, which makes comparisons useless.
+For energy purposes, farm systems can be characterized according to type (seasonal, plantation, and livestock), size and organization (private or collective), level of commercialization, and extent of irrigation. The key elements that determine energy use are irrigation, crop type, the technology applied (bullocks or tractors), and farm size. The last element infers a certain efficiency of technology use and an appropriate choice of energy source (for example, bullocks or tractors).
+Energy use varies by crop and across countries and depends on the type of technology or fuel used. The sum of energy inputs (from humans, animals, fuel, oil, seed, fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and irrigation) is more or less equal for both mechanical and traditional farm systems. As farm systems mechanize or change from purely traditional energy types (animal and human energy), irrigation is first improved, then threshing. Harvesting and drying are usually the last activities converted from human or animal labour.
+From 1972 to 1980 there was a 117% increase in the consumption of commercial energy in the agricultural systems of developing countries. This increase was accounted for mostly by fertilizer use. However, the same increase was not recorded in crop output. In India, for example, fertilizer consumption rose 257%, but crop yields rose only 23%.
+The Economics of Energy Technologies
+The sources of energy for irrigation include human, animal, electric, diesel, wind, solar, and biomass. Improvements have been made in the efficiency of hand-pumping devices and of shallow tubewell irrigation. Some countries (for example, India) have many modern irrigation systems powered by electric and diesel pumps. Subsidies are offered on both the equipment and the power to operate the electric pumps. In India, calculations on the farm size needed to financially support this type of irrigation range from 0.8 to 10.2 ha. The true social costs of irrigation, however, are likely higher because of subsidies. Questions remain about the choice of diesel in preference to electric pumps.
+The economic and social costs of displacing animals and humans with tractors differ. Although the financial cost of a tractor ranges from three to six pairs of bullocks, the social costs inherent in displaced labour, the effects on foreign exchange, and the concomitant increase in farm size are more dramatic. Harvest operations can account for one-third of the total energy costs of a crop like rice. Because the harvest must occur over a short period, it offers high wages and attracts urban dwellers. In India, the costs of reaping were approximately equal whether done by tractors or by humans. Threshing is often converted to mechanical power to ensure rapid completion, but combines are economical only on large farms and likely have a high social cost.
+Agriculture as a Producer of Energy
+Crop residues often significantly exceed grain weight (for example, for maize the ratio is 2.08: 1 and for cotton the ratio is 7.55: 1). The residues can also provide a high percentage of animal feed or cooking fuel. Dung is usually estimated to weigh 30% of the fodder consumed, and it can contribute substantially to both cooking fuel and plant nutrients. In Bangladesh, 90% of the energy used in agriculture is produced in the system (principally as animal fodder and plant nutrients).
+Countries like China, Egypt, and India, which use a high percentage of traditional fuels in agriculture, function almost as a closed system by using energy from agriculture to produce food and energy. The efficiency of agroenergy use can be improved if biogas and ethanol are produced from crop and animal residues. India has had experience with ethanol production from sugarcane; the profitability depends on the relative prices of sugarcane and oil.
+Animal dung is more efficient in energy terms as a fuel than as a fertilizer. However, biogas digesters produce a clean fuel for lighting and cooking, and the plant nutrients in the slurry can be used to fertilize crops. To make this technology more widespread, the cost of biogas equipment must be reduced, appropriate alternative feed-stock must be found, and the efficiency of gas utilization must be improved.
+To be feasible, biogas outputs must substitute for other previously purchased commodities (for example, fertilizer), the primary barriers are social and organizational, large community-size plants and commercial-feedlot plants look promising, and fuel subsidies continue to distort the viability of biogas plants.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+To improve research on agricultural energy, researchers must adopt consistent methodologies and measurement techniques and use a large sample size to produce relevant, credible, and comparable results.
+Research is needed to produce
+· A consistent set of comparable data on the use and the costs of energy sources for various farming systems, crops, and climates,
+· Estimates of crop and animal residues in various countries,
+· An assessment of the energetics of work animals, and the development of methods to improve their work capacity,
+· An assessment of the energy implications of improvements in the efficiency of the use of water and chemical fertilizers,
+· An assessment of the use of compact crop residues in boilers, and
+· A summary of the socioeconomic impacts of ethanol programs in Brazil, India, and other countries.
+<section>Volume 2: Energy demand: analysis, management, and conservation</section>
+<section>Energy demand analysis in developing countries</section>
+Ramesh Bhatia
+Overview
+Energy demand analysis (EDA) is an important component of integrated energy plans and policy in developing countries. Planners and policymakers must understand the factors that affect the growth and pattern of energy demand to forecast energy demand and design policies for energy conservation. In turn, the analysis of demand requires the assembly of a consistent set of data (broken down by energy type and end-use sector) on the consumption of, and demand for, various forms of commercial and noncommercial (traditional) energy.
+This paper reviews methods used to estimate consumption and demand. It includes estimates for commercial and traditional energy forms, methods of aggregation, data presentation, assessment of unfulfilled demand, and analysis of the shift from noncommercial to commercial sectors. Methods to analyze changes in energy consumption and demand are addressed (including methods of EDA at the macro and sectoral levels). Finally, a number of research issues pertaining to improved EDA are identified.
+Analysis
+Methods for Estimating Consumption and Demand
+Estimates for Commercial Sources-Al though data on commercial forms of energy (for example, coal, natural gas, and electricity) are generally available, substantial effort may be required to assess the quality of information and to develop a consistent database for energy production, trade, and final consumption. Some of the difficulties encountered in developing a consistent set of energy tables include
+· An inability to distinguish between transformation uses or losses and final consumption,
+· Problems in separating consumption figures into relevant end-use sectors (for example, retail diesel sales do not identify the quantities consumed by trucks, buses, tractors, and irrigation pumps),
+· Difficulties in distinguishing between energy consumed as fuel and energy consumed as a feedstock, and
+· A lack of data on indirect fuel exports (for example, sales of oil products to international airlines and energy exchanges between neighbouring countries).
+Estimates for Traditional Sources-The data on noncommercial forms of energy are generally weak. Surveys are necessary to collect information on the consumption of biomass and of animal-derived fuels. Data are also required on the energy content of these fuels, variations in moisture content over seasons, and energy conversion and appliance efficiencies (for example, the efficiency of wood-to-charcoal conversion and of cooking with woodstoves). The estimates of energy use must also be cross-checked with the estimates of animal stocks and biomass resources. The consumption data should be presented in terms of end uses such as household cooking and heating, industrial heating and steam-raising, brick-making, and animal work in agricultural operations.
+Methods of Aggregation and Presentation-The use of standard energy conversion factors (for example, tonnes of oil equivalent) to aggregate fuel-specific energy use may distort the relative contribution of each energy source. These accounting measures do not recognize differences in fuel quality (for example, oil is a more convenient fuel and has higher efficiency than coal in many end uses). Therefore, data in original (natural) units should be used, and aggregation should indicate only rough orders of magnitude. Animate energy can be measured by estimating the number of work animals and converting this to energy output based on output (for example, 1.3 MJ/h) per animal, using the energy equivalent of the fodder consumed by the animals, or estimating the diesel oil that would be required to replace the animals with tractors.
+Two methods of presenting data on energy transactions are the energy balance table (EBT) and the reference energy system (RES). The EBT presents data on energy production, imports, transformation losses, exports, and final consumption in a consistent matrix format. The RES focuses on estimates of the efficiencies with which fuels are converted, transported, and consumed by various end-use devices. The RES provides this information in a flow diagram that traces various stages from production to consumption. A time series of EBTs can be used to study the determinants of energy demand, whereas the RET can be incorporated into planning models by using mathematical programing techniques.
+Assessment of Shift from Noncommercial to Commercial Sources-Estimates of consumption can be used to assess trends in fuel switching between noncommercial and commercial forms of energy. This analysis is helped by the results of special surveys on fuel usage and by studies of the impact of relative energy prices on the demand for these energy forms. A particularly important sector is agriculture, where mechanization increases both the sector's reliance on commercial energy forms and its energy intensity.
+Assessment of Unfulfilled Demand-Frequently, the consumption of energy does not reflect demand because of supply constraints, transmission and distribution problems, and adverse conditions of income distribution and purchasing power. Two approaches to estimating unfulfilled demand are special surveys of energy consumers and the collection of indirect evidence (for example, greater deforestation, illegal sales, and increases in the prices of uncontrolled fuels).
+Understanding Changes in Consumption and Demand
+EDA at the Macro Level-Some of the many ways in which energy demand may be analyzed include
+· Comparing the growth rate of energy use with the growth of GDP over a given time and estimating the elasticity of energy consumption with respect to GDP,
+· Computing energy consumption per unit of real GDP over time and interpreting the results with respect to trends in the energy-GDP ratio,
+· Estimating the demand elasticity with respect to GDP based on regression analysis over historical data (observations) on GDP and energy consumption, and
+· Using general equilibrium models that take into account the interactions among economic output, sectoral patterns of growth, energy prices, and energy consumption.
+The analyses should be done separately for commercial and total energy and for different sources of commercial energy. This will ensure that the generally weak database for consumption of traditional energy forms does not affect the analysis of commercial sources of energy.
+EDA at the Sectoral Level-Macro analysis does not identify sector-specific factors affecting energy use. To identify these factors, sectoral models of energy demand must be developed and adapted to the availability of data and the causal factors involved in each sector (for example, agriculture, industry, transportation, and households). To ensure consistency across the sectoral studies, it is advisable to use the database embodied in EBTs as the starting point for the analysis. The sectoral studies should then attempt to quantify the relationship between sectoral energy use and economic variables (for example, sectoral output, energy prices, and demographics).
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed to
+· Identify end uses in which traditional fuels are most important, and identify data gaps,
+· Study issues such as changes in supply and demand for biomass fuels, including the impacts of conversion and utilization efficiencies and different processes of production,
+· Identify the groups facing a shortage in biomass supply, and assess the welfare effects of the commercialization of biomass fuels and the switch to commercial fuels,
+· Review and collate the results of studies of energy demand, including the role of energy prices, fuel switching, and energy conservation,
+· Assess methods of estimating unfulfilled energy demand and the effects of shortages, and
+· Evaluate the social profitability of energy conservation compared with supply augmentation.
+<section>Policy issues in energy demand management and conservation</section>
+Mohan Munasinghe
+Overview
+The objectives of this paper are to define the role of management and conservation of energy demand in national energy planning, explain their importance for developing countries seeking to achieve rapid overall economic development, propose an analytic framework and a practical implementation methodology, identify appropriate research issues and priorities, and describe several case studies.
+Analysis
+Integrated Planning and the Management of Energy Supply and Demand
+Integrated national energy planning (INEP) is a framework designed to assist investment planning, pricing, and management in the energy sector. INEP is an essential part of national economic planning. Energy supply and demand management (ESDM) is the process used to implement energy plans and policies. Although ESDM has a short-to medium-term orientation, its activities should be consistent with the long-term perspectives and policies defined by INEP. In turn, energy supply management (ESM) and energy demand management (EDM) are components of ESDM. Energy conservation is a subset of EDM. The objectives and tasks of INEP and ESDM include
+· Detailing the energy needs of the economy to achieve growth and development targets,
+· Choosing the mix of energy sources that will meet requirements at the lowest cost,
+· Minimizing unemployment,
+· Conserving energy resources and eliminating wasteful consumption,
+· Diversifying supply and reducing dependence on foreign sources to save scarce foreign exchange,
+· Meeting national security requirements,
+· Supplying basic energy to the poor,
+· Contributing specific energy demand and supply measures to develop special regions or sectors of the economy,
+· Raising revenues from energy sales to finance energy development,
+· Stabilizing prices, and
+· Preserving the environment.
+To achieve these goals, the policy instruments for ESDM include physical controls, technical methods (including research and development), direct investments or policies to induce investments, education and promotion, and pricing, taxes, subsidies, and other financial incentives. The steps involved in planning include the analysis and forecasting of the supply and demand for energy, energy balancing, ESM and EDM policy development, and impact analysis. The responsible institutions should fall under a central energy authority or ministry of energy. Line agencies (for example, the electric utilities) should implement policies and deliver the product.
+Shadow Pricing
+Shadow prices represent the costs of goods and services when market imperfections cause these costs to differ from market prices. This is a common situation in developing countries, where market distortions (for example, monopoly practices and market interventions such as taxes and duties) result in gaps between market prices and true economic values. In the case of traded items, the world price (excluding taxes and duties) can serve as the shadow price. In the case of nontraded items, a more complex set of calculations, based on the marginal social costs and benefits of using a particular resource, may be required. If the nontradeable item is not important enough to warrant individual attention, a standard conversion factor can be used (the ratio of the official exchange rate and the shadow exchange rate). Because the estimation of shadow prices is generally a lengthy and difficult task, it is suggested that previously calculated shadow prices be used.
+Pricing Policy
+Pricing is an important tool for EDM, especially in the long run. Energy pricing has efficiency and social objectives. The efficiency or economic-growth objective requires that pricing promote an efficient allocation of resources both within the energy sector and between it and the rest of the economy. Efficiency prices are determined on the basis of marginal opportunity cost and include, to the extent possible, environmental costs. Adjustments to efficiency prices are made to account for social objectives (for example, subsidized prices for low-income consumers, a fair rate of return on assets, energy conservation, price stability, simplicity of pricing structures, and promotion of regional or sectoral development). Methods of price control exercised by governments include price subsidies, cross-subsidies (higher prices for some groups subsidize lower prices for others), import and export duties, excise and sales taxes, quotas, and conservation regulations.
+Energy Conservation
+Energy conservation is an element of demand management that seeks to reduce the use of energy below some level that would otherwise prevail. The reduction involves elimination of waste, decreases in activities that use energy, interfuel substitution, and substitution of capital and labour for energy. In essence, the adoption of a conservation measure is economically justified if the marginal benefit of energy savings exceeds the sum of marginal costs for additional energy and for nonenergy inputs and the marginal costs of reductions in consumption benefits.
+The technical efficiency of energy use is defined by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, which are also known as the conservation and thermodynamic efficiencies. The first law defines efficiency as useful energy output divided by total energy input. The second law efficiency is defined as the theoretical minimum energy required, divided by the maximum useful work available from the actual energy input. The second law efficiency recognizes that a "high-quality" fuel (for example, natural gas) is not ideally matched to "low-quality" end use (for example, space and water heating). Although these thermodynamic concepts are important, especially in energy audits, energy bookkeeping, and energy balances, they should be used only to supplement the economic assessment of conservation measures. They should never be the sole criterion for selecting the optimal level of energy use for a given activity.
+Applications of Energy Conservation
+The practical application of policies for energy conservation requires a disaggregated analysis of the technical, economic, environmental, and behavioural relationships in each sector-specific end use. Four case studies are used to illustrate an electric power project, a solar energy project, an electricity tariff study, and a conservation measure. A review of more than 30 country studies identifies constraints to effective conservation and suggests a number of corrective measures (Gaskin and Gamba 1983). Other studies analyze the relative effectiveness of various conservation measures (Beijdorff and Stuerzinger 1980) and the policy applications of conservation methods (Pinto 1984).
+Suggestions for Further Research
+To improve the effectiveness of policy implementation, research should
+· Identify the determinants of energy demand,
+· Assess the impact and effectiveness of different policy instruments for EDM,
+· Seek ways to overcome barriers to the effective application of EDM policies,
+· Monitor, adapt, and develop technology to enhance EDM efforts and facilitate the transfer of technology, and
+· Study the likely effects of structural and technological changes on patterns of demand.
+<section>Energy conservation in the industrial sector</section>
+G. Anandalingam
+Overview
+The development and implementation of technologies that are energy efficient are necessary components of any responsible energy plan. Research and experience in industrialized countries suggest that efficient technologies can play a vital role in improving industrial productivity and sustaining high rates of economic growth. They are also less costly and more environmentally benign than an exclusively supply-oriented strategy. This paper discusses the technical concepts of industrial energy efficiency, reviews energy consumption and the potential for savings in several selected industries, presents the concepts of economic analysis applied to conservation, discusses
+policy options designed to encourage industrial energy conservation, and suggests a number of research issues that deserve further study.
+Analysis
+Industrial Energy Efficiency
+Energy efficiency is measured using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law defines efficiency as the ratio of energy output to energy input. The second law efficiency is defined as the minimum energy input required to perform a task, divided by the actual input of energy. Energy conservation measures have the potential to improve first law efficiencies by 10-60% and second law efficiencies by 65-99% in various industrial subsectors.
+Industry uses energy not for its own sake, but to satisfy end-use requirements for process heat (40% of total industrial energy use), for a feedstock (20%), and for mechanical drive and other services (40%). In most industries, process heat represents the dominant requirement. Measures designed to improve industrial energy efficiency include investment in efficient boilers and cogeneration systems, recovery systems for waste heat, pipe insulation, and improved housekeeping (for example, boiler maintenance). These measures are cost effective in terms of achieving energy savings with relatively short payback periods. For example, insulation and other housekeeping measures have payback periods under 3-6 months; recovery of waste heat, including cogeneration, has a payback period of up to 3 years; and process modifications and improved mechanical drives have somewhat longer payback periods.
+Industrial Consumers
+In developing countries, industry typically accounts for the largest share of the consumption of commercial fuel. Generally, the largest five or six industries represent more than 70% of the use of industrial energy. The major energy consumers are the aluminum, cement, chemical (including fertilizers), iron and steel, mining, and pulp and paper industries. Although the food and textile industries are not energy intensive, they too are major energy consumers in developing countries.
+Developing countries have higher energy intensities than developed countries. The differences are caused by a variety of reasons (for example, the use of older, inefficient equipment, the use of different technologies, the existence of subsidies on fuel prices, the lack of expertise in energy conservation, and the lack of capital and incentives for investing in conservation). The scope for improvements in energy efficiency is substantial in most industries. The cement industry has the potential to improve by 20%, iron and steel
+industries by 10-15%, ammonia production by 5-15%, and pulp and paper production by 10-15%. New processes in the aluminum industry could save about 40% of current energy consumption.
+Economic Analysis
+Rigorous economic analysis requires more than a calculation of payback periods. Ideally, a discounted cash-flow model should be developed and opportunities to make investments in energy savings should be assessed using such criteria as the net present value and the internal rate of return before and after taxes. A recent study used this type of model to analyze the economics of industrial energy conservation in developing countries. The first part of the study consisted of a comparative economic analysis of measures of energy conservation (based on actual case studies) and of investments to develop new domestic supplies of oil and coal. The second part of the study assessed the impact of government incentives for energy conservation in cases where it was economical from the national perspective but not cost effective for the individual firms. The case studies were selected to provide a representative sample of measures to save energy. The projects ranged from minor changes
+in energy management in specific firms to industry-wide process changes.
+The results confirmed that nearly all the conservation measures were economical from the national perspective as measured by their "supply price" per unit of energy savings. In other words, investments in energy savings provided energy at a cost that was competitive with the cost of investments in conventional new energy supplies. For those energy-saving projects that showed net economic benefits but did not meet commercial investment criteria, the appropriate level of financial incentives (for example, tax credits) was analyzed.
+Policy Options
+Firms do not make investments in energy savings when barriers make investments in conservation less economical than in a distortion-free economy and prevent the adoption of cost-effective measures.
+Economic barriers include
+· Fuel prices that do not reflect full social costs (including replacement and environmental costs),
+· High costs for conservation equipment because of the low volume of sales, the lack of economies of scale, and the impact of import taxes on foreign goods, and
+· High rates of interest and corporate income tax.
+Noneconomic barriers include
+· Price controls on manufactured products (discouraging firms from improving their energy productivity),
+· Inadequate information on energy-saving measures and technologies,
+· Lack of technical know-how on energy management,
+· Fuel rationing (which encourages firms to maintain their current level of fuel use), and
+· A preference on the part of firms for investing in new productive capacity rather than in plant retrofitting and energy savings.
+Policies to overcome barriers to energy conservation pertain to pricing, financial incentives, and nonfinancial incentives. Pricing policy should aim to remove price subsidies and make prices equal to economic (including environmental) costs. Tariffs may also be imposed on imported oil, and taxes can be levied on energy products. Financial incentives include income tax credits and accelerated depreciation for conservation investments. These, however, have the potential drawback known as the "free-rider" problem. In this case, incentives are provided inefficiently for all investment proposals, not just for those that require incentives to achieve financial viability. Nonfinancial incentives include standards, targets, and regulations, technical assistance and information programs, and rationing and allocation schemes to encourage energy productivity.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed to
+· Estimate the potential for specific energy savings in specific industries and specific countries (starting with an energy audit of major industries),
+· Estimate the growing use of commercial fuels in cottage industries,
+· Estimate the magnitude of economic disincentives to conservation,
+· Create a model to help analyze the effects of various incentive programs,
+· Study noneconomic disincentives to conservation in various developing countries to identify implementation problems, and
+· Study the links between inefficient energy use and inefficiency in the overall economy.
+<section>Retail pricing policies for energy in developing countries</section>
+Russell J. deLucia and Michael C. Lesser
+Overview
+Retail prices for energy commodities are generally determined by both market and regulatory forces. Government policy on energy pricing is designed to satisfy several objectives, including economic efficiency, equity of income distribution, demand management, security of energy supply, protection of particular sectors or groups, and increased government revenues. Because of frequent conflicts among these multiple objectives, pricing policies must be analyzed comprehensively. This paper describes various pricing objectives and presents the elements of different methods of analyzing policies on energy pricing.
+Analysis
+The Multiple Objective.
+Economic Efficiency-Economic theory suggests that to maximize economic efficiency, and therefore national welfare and income, the price of a good should be equal to its marginal social cost. (This is known as first-best pricing, as opposed to the read world of second-best prices.) Marginal social cost at the wholesale point is based either on the border price for imported fuels or on the marginal production and delivery cost plus a depletion premium for domestic fuels. The border price of an energy good is defined as its international price plus costs of transportation, insurance, and freight. The depletion premium or economic rent reflects the value of the nonrenewable resource in the ground. Marginal social cost can also incorporate an adjustment for the scarcity value of foreign exchange, a security premium (for example, the cost of stockpiling), and the costs of local processing and transportation. If imported crude oil is refined, the lower boundary for marginal cost is
+the border cost of crude oil plus an allocation of refinery costs to each product according to the relative border price of these products. The retail marginal cost may include additional factors such as the costs of externalities (for example, environmental damage and traffic congestion) and the recovery of transportation system costs.
+Revenue Generation-Many governments use fuel pricing to generate revenues. Prices are regulated to achieve this objective through import duties and sales taxes, which raise wholesale and retail prices, respectively. Commonly, some fuels are taxed, and others are subsidized. Fuel taxes can also be justified to meet goals of energy conservation. Regardless of rationale, the impact of higher taxes, which distort fuel prices away from efficiency prices, should be analyzed when policies on fuel pricing are set.
+Promotion or Protection-Subsidies and cross-subsidies on fuel prices lower the retail prices below efficiency levels. These policies are designed to protect particular groups or to promote particular sectors (for example, subsidizing kerosene for low-income users or fuel oil for industrial users). There are several problems with using fuel prices for this purpose. First, subsidies have a direct impact on the national budget. Second, subsidies and price differences can have unintended effects such as providing a subsidy to the wealthy. For example, gasoline is used by both high- and low-income groups and kerosene may be used as much by high-income rural groups (for lighting) as it is by low-income urban groups (for cooking). Third, distorted prices can induce unintended capital investment or a misuse of fuels (for example, overpriced gasoline leads to overinvestment in more expensive diesel vehicles). Fourth, under-priced fuels "leak" across borders and may be sold locally at
+inflated prices, particularly if supplies are scarce. More effective policy would offer exporters tax credits rather than subsidies or would give farmers subsidies on inputs that are less likely to leak across borders or to other sectors.
+Price Discrimination-Price discrimination by consumer and producer groups is relatively easy to administer in the natural gas and electricity sectors because the delivery systems can be controlled and monitored. In general, the price that users are willing to pay differs by type of customer. In the case of natural gas, the fuel is most valuable to users whose alternatives are higher-cost fuels and feed-stock. Therefore, in these cases, appropriately designed discriminatory prices can meet both efficiency and revenue objectives.
+Policy Analysis
+Policy analysis can be conducted either in a static framework for a particular base year or, preferably, in a dynamic framework for about 10 years. The objective is to quantify the interrelationships and tradeoffs among the multiple objectives of pricing policy. These estimates can pertain to the impacts of various measures on output, employment, household cost of living, prices, government revenues, balance of payments, profits, and welfare or efficiency losses. Sector-specific impacts such as refinery imbalances can also be assessed. The major elements of a pricing study include
+· Analysis of pricing policies for energy,
+· Economic analyses (international and domestic),
+· Analysis of energy use, and
+· Impact analysis.
+Analysis of Pricing Policies for Energy-The first step in a study of fuel prices is to understand current government policies and how taxes and duties are incorporated into wholesale and retail prices. If retail prices differ from efficiency prices, the analysis should determine whether the differences are an effective way to attain the government's objectives. In a pricing study in the Philippines, some of the scenarios developed to address the goals of the policymakers were
+· Efficiency (world prices of fuels, shadow price of foreign exchange, security premium, and transportation system cost recovery),
+· Modified efficiency with resource constraint (definition of constraint (for example, constant share of GDP) and constant tax per litre of product),
+· Demand management (adjusted prices to eliminate refinery imbalances and to promote energy conservation), and
+· Tradeoffs between efficiency, revenue, and household impacts (economic losses associated with distortions in fuel prices and tradeoffs between household impacts, revenue, and demand management).
+Economic Analyses (Internationl and Domestic)-Analysis of pricing policies requires projections of macroeconomic variables (for example, world prices of energy, foreign exchange rates, the GDP deflator, and the growth rate and sectoral composition of GDP). Other economic parameters that are needed are the shadow exchange rate and the investment and social discount rates.
+Analysis of Energy Use-Energy analysis should begin with an examination of energy use by end-use sector and fuel type. To understand the effects of pricing policies on energy use and sectoral output, the relationships among these factors must be characterized. Analytic tools that can quantify these relationships include econometric models (to relate energy demand to prices and output), input-output (IO) models (to capture intersectoral effects and direct and indirect energy use), and engineering process analysis (based on such factors as generic process analysis and plant visits with energy audits).
+Impact Analysis-Several types of impacts must be considered: · Sector level (sectoral changes in costs and output can be estimated using IO models),
+· Welfare losses, including decreases in producer profits and decreases in consumer surplus (decreases arise when tax-inclusive prices induce producers and consumers to switch to a more expensive mix of other inputs or goods),
+· Households (the impact of changes in fuel prices on households can be measured by changes in the cost-of-living index for each household group),
+· Revenues and subsidies (revenue impacts are the differences between future government revenues under alternative scenarios of prices for fuel),
+· Financial feasibility of supply companies (impact of different pricing policies on cash flow and return on capital),
+· Balance of payments (for each pricing scenario, the value of imports and exports), and
+· Refinery balance (differences in net revenue from refinery operations).
+Overall Analysis of Pricing-The selection of a pricing policy should be based on informed discussions that include quantitative estimates of the tradeoffs and relative impacts of a range of pricing scenarios, including the "status quo," an efficiency scenario, and other relevant scenarios.
+<section>Wholesale pricing policies for energy in developing countries</section>
+Russell J. deLucia
+Overview
+This paper discusses pricing policies at the wholesale level, with particular emphasis on domestic fuels. First, the factors influencing wholesale pricing, including issues related to the energy-supply system, scarcity rent, risks and contract terms, and other general contract issues are reviewed. Second, various approaches to policy analysis, including sensitivity analysis and contract and taxation schemes, are discussed.
+Analysis
+Factors Affecting Wholesale Pricing
+Supply Systems-Some of the characteristics of the supply system that affect wholesale pricing are the source of the fuel (imported or domestic), the characteristics of the fuel (traceable or nontradeable), the nature of the supply companies (public or private and, if private, local or multinational), and the stage of development of the resource. Each of these features affects how the efficient wholesale price of fuels is determined. For example, in the case of domestic fuels, the efficiency price includes a cost of supply and a scarcity rent. The relative weights of these elements are strongly influenced by the risks associated with the development of local fuel resources, which are, in turn, related to the characteristics of the fuel system.
+Scarcity Rent-The framework used to analyze the economic price of a depletable resource is based on the economic theory of exhaustible resources (Hotelling 1931). The theory suggests that the depletion cost today of using a unit of an energy good (for example, coal) for power generation is equal to the present-valued difference, at the time of exhaustion of the coal resource, between the cost of using coal and the cost of using the next-best substitute (for example, oil) for the same purpose. Depletion cost is also called depletion premium, scarcity rent or premium, and user cost. The economic (efficiency) price of coal is the sum of the extraction (producer) cost and the depletion cost. If coal reserves were infinite, the economic price would simply be the extraction cost because the price of the substitute would be irrelevant. At the other extreme, if reserves are small relative to demand and, therefore, the time interval to resource exhaustion is nearly zero, the economic
+price is close to that of the substitute.
+It is often assumed that the scarcity rent is captured by government, whereas the cost of supply goes to the supply company. In practice, the distinction is less clear. Supply costs depend on more than physical factors and include the economic returns required on not just capital, labour, and other material inputs, but also risk, the use of scarce knowledge or technology, and the structure of the market (for example, control of information or technology). These complications are often present in the supply of coal, oil, and natural gas, and they influence how much of the scarcity rent is captured by the government. The negotiated sharing arrangements for these rents is a critical element of pricing policy for developing countries.
+Risk and Contract Terms-The earlier the stage of development of the resource, the more difficult it is to distinguish the cost of supply from the scarcity rent and to determine who captures the rent. Contracts between suppliers and governments must address a number of uncertainties pertaining to geology (the size of the resource), markets (future world prices of energy goods), and contracts (how the partners will live up to their agreement). Governments generally want to minimize the cost of supply and maximize both the scarcity rent and the portion that is captured by them. In contrast, suppliers want to maximize the supply cost and, therefore, the portion of the scarcity rent they capture. Policies that both minimize the cost of supply and capture the maximum scarcity rent are not easily designed, particularly because of the risks that affect the supply cost. Many tradeoffs must be made. For example, a stringent policy can deter investment, whereas a lax policy raises the
+effective cost of supply and allows much of the scarcity rent to flow to suppliers. Efficiency goals may also conflict with revenue considerations. Governments generally have large current-revenue needs, and these lead to policies with contracts and tax regimes that distort the investment decision away from the most efficient one. However, more flexible contracts and tax policies have been devised recently.
+General Contract Issues-In contracts, a critical factor is the sharing of risk. If the government chooses to bear the risk, it may offer a "pure-form service contract" in which the supplier receives a specified return on investment regardless of the success or failure of the project. More common are "risk-service contracts" in which the supplier bears the geological risk and gets a service contract for resource development if an exploitable reserve is found. The degree to which costs and returns are fixed or conditional is important. For example, fixing the expenditures for exploration or development is relatively easy to administer, but it may lead to overinvestment or underinvestment. A different and more usual alternative is to fix the amount or rate of the revenue stream by using either a percentage share or an income or profit tax independent of the relative success of the project.
+Policy Analysis
+An overall study of pricing policy specific to wholesale pricing contains an analysis of the scarcity rent and an analysis of domestic pricing, taxation, and contract structures. Other elements relevant to both retail and domestic wholesale pricing are the generation of government revenue and an estimate of how the pricing policies will affect the finances of supplier companies.
+Sensitivity Analysis-An example of an estimate of efficiency prices that includes sensitivity analysis is the study done for the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (Meta Systems Inc. 1983; PEIDA 1983). The purpose of the study was to establish the economic transfer price of lignite for power generation, which in turn could be used to determine the appropriate level and structure of electricity rates. Some of the key study tasks included evaluations of lignite reserves, estimates of mining costs, projections of alternative uses, calculations of the costs and value of lignite, analysis of substitute fuels, and adjustment of economic prices to reflect nonefficiency objectives. The risks that were considered included future demands for lignite, international prices of energy commodities, and the size of lignite reserves. An important source of uncertainty was the future price of imported coal. The analysis showed the impacts of different energy prices on the economic
+price of lignite.
+Contracts and Taxation-An example of a comparative analysis of different contract and taxation schemes is the study by Palmer (1980). A simulation model was used to compare a proportional profits tax, a version of a resource-rent tax, and a "tripartite" tax. The resource-rent tax is a high tax on profits after a prescribed return has been achieved. The tripartite alternative was designed to combine the resource-rent tax and a corporate tax that included conditional accelerated depreciation. Ideally, the tax scheme that is selected will collect a high fraction of the rent but not squeeze the supplier to a point below the target return, which represents the investor's supply price. The pure resource-rent tax always collects the same percentage of rent. The proportional profit tax is the least attractive because it sacrifices collection of some rents (relative to the resource-rent tax) from highly profitable projects and pushes returns below target for marginally profitable
+endeavours. The tripartite tax appears to be the most attractive alternative because it comes close to capturing the rent share of the pure resource-rent tax at high levels of profitability and narrows the range of profitabilities in which investors" returns fall below target.
+The analysis of issues surrounding scarcity rents, contracts, and taxation policies must be tailored to specific countries and situations. It should consider, for example, the treatment of local taxes under the tax code of the supplier's home country (or dividend distribution for local subsidiaries of multinationals) and the administrative feasibility of the various policy options.
+<section>Volume 3: Energy economics</section>
+<section>Economics of energy and natural resources: review of an expanding field of transdisciplinary research</section>
+Alvaro F. Umana-Quesada
+Overview
+This paper reviews the literature on energy economics. Assumptions are made about the efficacy of prices to signify levels of resource scarcity and thus stimulate efficiency of use, the expectation of progress in technology to find substitutes for exhausted supplies, and the physical limits to the availability of resources, particularly in the area of minerals. Optimists and pessimists clash over questions about price indicators and technology and the methods employed to evaluate the nonmarket benefits of environmental services. In other words, can shadow prices effectively capture the social and ethical values implied in a holistic, analytic system?
+Analysis
+The eagerness of some authors to discover a new paradigm to topple the neoclassical system has pitfalls that might lead to oversimplifications and border on pseudoscience. Other authors take a more balanced view and recognize that insight can be gained by introducing the concept of entropy in the economic process-in particular by redefining the nature of production, consumption, and capital accumulation.
+The central debate is whether current projections of increasing energy-material consumption bear the seeds of their own destruction or whether increasing prices for scarce resources and enlightened technology will restrain the overuse of natural resources and lead ultimately to an unlimited cornucopia. Although historical trend analysis demonstrates a potential for both outcomes, these questions are not amenable to unbiased scientific inquiry. The debate is further complicated by the lack of communication among physical and biological scientists on one side, and economists and most social scientists on the other.
+Three distinctly different approaches to energy analysis are net energy analysis, which defines the problem in terms of energy efficiencies in material transformations; energy balance analysis, which is essentially energy accounting; and energy theories of value, which view the embodied energies of economic goods and services as a true measure of the social costs of production and consumption.
+Many of these issues are unresolved and suffer from the weakness of single-factor theories. Economic analysis is clearly far more complex, and economic efficiency is not necessarily equal to physical or engineering efficiency. Much of the literature extends thermodynamics to broader issues of ethics, intergenerational equity, and the organization and dissipation of social systems. The early proponents of this approach attempted to apply the principles of the laws of thermodynamics to social policies because they recognized the need to incorporate the energy budget of the planet in long-term social planning. More recently, these ideas have reemerged in the growing literature of systems analysis and emphasized, in particular, the properties of the behaviour of complex systems and their influences on social evolutionary processes.
+Economists are concerned about the proper rate of exploitation of exhaustible resources. The resource economist Gray rightly recognized that this question needed to be restated in terms of a socially optimal arbitration between present and future consumption. Gray (1913) developed the "present value maximization criterion" and explored the influence of interest rates on the level of extraction of natural resources. In other words, the problem was posed in terms of maximizing income streams from fixed assets. These questions were further formalized in the "Hotelling Rule," which states that the net price of an exhaustible resource must grow at a rate equal to the rate of interest (Hotelling 1931). The concept of the discount rate (the inverse of compound interest) was introduced to take into account the preference of current to future consumption, including the risk that future incomes might never be realized. Under ideal assumptions about resource markets, the optimum rate
+of exploitation would maximize the (discounted) income stream that could be derived during the life of the asset.
+Another economic issue in this analysis is the implication of resource substitution caused by growing scarcity or the discovery of cheaper (and abundant) alternatives. Further complexity is added to the analysis if future social trends and changes in values (implied by the ethics of conservation) are anticipated. Much of this analysis is concerned with policies on the management of common property. The dilemma is clearly laid out by Hardin (1968).
+A natural resource is an economic concept. Resource boundaries (inclusion and exclusion) vary with cultural values and technological possibilities. These inherent ambiguities in the definition of natural resources lead to considerable confusion in economic analysis. Classical economics viewed land, and the destructible properties of the soil, as a limiting factor of production. Neoclassical economists largely ignored this factor and emphasized the role of (reproducible) labour and capital in economic growth. Recently, "land" has been rehabilitated, redefined as environmental carrying capacity, and once again viewed as a limiting factor.
+Reserves of minerals and fossil fuels are also defined by economic, as opposed to geologic, variables. What constitute a reserve are access and the cost of extraction, and these, in turn, are functions of the state of technology and selling price. New discoveries of minerals are correlated to growth in output. This counter-intuitive observation is a function of investments in exploration and development that provide a cushion between annual (projected) output and proven reserve stocks. Four caveats should be noted to dampen the overly optimistic viewpoint of infinite future supplies. First, although the global supply of minerals may not be threatened by shortages, local (or regional) exhaustion of reserves could have a catastrophic effect on local and national economies. Second, the recoverability of minerals depends to a large extent on spatial distribution, concentration in orebodies, and depth of orebodies. Therefore, some rare minerals may, for practical purposes, become
+exhausted. Third, there are steep energy costs (in some cases a 10-fold increase) associated with extracting very low grade minerals or difficult-to-access reserves (for example, deep offshore oil). Fourth, although in principle minerals are recyclable, recycling is very expensive.
+The distinction between nonrenewable and renewable is largely based on convention. For example, the conversion of a tropical rainforest (a renewable resource) to agricultural use is for all practical purposes a permanent loss. Similarly, extinct genetic stock is nonrenewable. Nonetheless, it is useful for analytic purposes and policy options to distinguish between biological resources that are renewable systems and nonrenewable minerals such as fossil fuels. Nonrenewable minerals and fossil fuels present problems in the choice of the rate of consumption (intergenerational equity), whereas with biological resources the question is largely of social values in environmental conservation and protection.
+Economists are drawn to optimization models. Faustman (1968 [1849]) pioneered the development of models of forest management based on the timing of harvests (rotation rates) to maximize income streams over an indefinite time (in perpetuity) given prices, interest rates, and costs of stand maintenance and harvest. Similar models have been developed for fisheries. These fisheries models need, in addition, to consider problems of common access to stocks and uncertain estimates of fish populations.
+According to Georgescu-Roegan (1979), the problem with natural resources is their intergenerational allocation. The pioneering work in the development of models of optimum exploitation (maximization of the stream of potential income) depended on assumptions based on complete certainty about the availability of resource stocks and future demands, perfect information and competitive markets, constant marginal extraction costs, and no externalities. Given that resources in the ground are unproductive, the only way owners can earn a return on them is through capital gains that result from price increases. These increases must parallel the market rate of interest. Hotelling (1931) demonstrated that the application of this principle is a necessary condition for maximizing the present value of producer and consumer surpluses in a partial equilibrium framework. Much of the subsequent theoretical work has been aimed at applying the Hotelling Rule to conditions of uncertainty in
+knowledge and in future prices of resources. In other words, attempts to explain, under real world conditions, observed price behaviour and planning decisions in the mining industry.
+The economic model for optimizing present value is based on the premise that an appropriate discount rate can be found to arbitrate the allocations between present and future consumption. This approach has raised several objections not only because of the uncertainty in future supply and demand, but because of ethical considerations about discounting the potential well-being of future generations. As Ramsey ( 1928) put it, "Although a person may have grounds for discounting future benefits because of uncertainty, impatience, or weakness of imagination, this is not necessarily appropriate for society as a whole." The legitimacy of using the discount rate to determine the rate of depletion of exhaustible resources depends on unknown answers to such questions as the efficacy of substitution, the compensation in growth of manufactured capital stock, and, in general, whether in balance (for example, through technological advances) the future generation will be better or worse off
+than the present generation. A zero, or even negative, discount rate may be the most appropriate choice if resource depletion leads to long-term impoverishment.
+A major controversy among resource economists is the capacity to resolve the problem of resource scarcity. Some take the view that technology will free the world from the traditional material and energy bonds by substituting relatively abundant resources for potentially scarce resources. Others see a dilemma in this process. First, the substitute resource may not be inexpensive to produce; therefore, a low-cost input will be replaced with a high-cost input. Second, an abundant resource, such as fusion energy, must be supported by complex capital infrastructures. The cost of maintaining these systems may ultimately exhaust the producer and consumer surplus. Third, complex technologies are in themselves unstable and therefore increase the potential for chaos and social instability.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Although economists generally hold a fairly optimistic view of the potential for long-term economic growth, this view is not shared by earth scientists and biologists, who perceive a steady, and inexorable, degradation of the environment and a depletion of resources. An important conclusion is that the study and resolution of the problems of energy economics and natural resources requires contributions from many disciplines. Although the recent trend toward integration is encouraging, there is still much conflict and misunderstanding about the interpretation of facts and appropriate policy recommendations.
+There are serious gaps between the conceptual models of natural resource supply and demand processes and their empirical applications. It is difficult to test a hypothesis derived from theory, and empirical models give notoriously unreliable predictions of how the supply will behave when prices and other economic incentives change. In addition to the problem of predicting supply behaviour, there is a need to integrate these models into macroeconomic frameworks and, moreover, place greater emphasis on externalities of production. Therefore, models of resource exploitation and processing should account for waste generation and for the effects of pollution and contamination on local and global ecosystems.
+New insights into the management of natural resources stem from advances in ecological research and theory. The traditional maximum sustainable yield (MSY) model is considered largely inadequate in light of these findings, which have introduced stochastic fluctuations into population modeling (for example, flow dynamics for nutrients, chemicals, and energy in ecosystems) and emphasized the need for biodiversity to maintain healthy, productive stocks. Models of complex systems that exhibit chaotic behaviour and dissipative structures are also contributing to the understanding of evolutionary processes in nature. These ideas are generating new scientific paradigms for the strategies of sustainable resource management and promise to open new areas of research in the economics of energy and natural resources.
+Finally, there is a need to improve risk analysis and its application to the management of natural resources. This includes the adoption of conservative approaches to identify "safe minimum standards" for critical resources. Further research is suggested on adaptive management models that couple uncertainty in resource management with sensitivity analysis to explore different scenarios.
+<section>Energy-related issues in early economic literature</section>
+Juan Martinez-Alier, with the assistance of Klaus Schlupmann
+Overview
+This paper seeks to explore the origins of the literature on an ecological approach to economics. It is noted that the use of an energy paradigm in economic analysis has been largely undertaken by non-economists and that this continues to be the case.
+Analysis
+By the middle of the 1 9th century the quantitative relationship between the amount of solar energy radiating onto the Earth's surface and its conversion to organic matter was known. The process of nutrition as the oxidation of carbon was also understood, as was the use of energy in metabolism and in work. Serhii Podolinsky, beginning in 1880, was one of the first to apply this knowledge to input-output ratios in agriculture. The starting point of the analysis was the laws of thermodynamics. The total quantity of energy in the universe is constant, and the energy used, for heat or work, is transformed from a higher to a lower order of organization (dissipated). This is also known as entropy, or the transformation of energy from available to unavailable forms.
+Sacher (1881) attempted to calculate the economic product and process in terms of energy units. The essential thesis was that the natural sciences could provide a rational basis for economic productivity. The importance of the analysis was that it linked economic production with natural energy sources, the ultimate source being solar radiation. In this analysis, the sources of energy were agricultural crops (nutrients) and domesticated animals, wood and other combustible biomass, water and wind, and fossil fuels. Sacher calculated, in kilocalories per day, the potential energy available per person-year in central Europe.
+Other important concerns of the time were soil exhaustion and the need to replace soil nutrients. A major problem was the potential exhaustion of the supply of Peruvian guano and Chilean sources of saltpetre (potassium nitrate). What was envisaged was a chemical process of soil restoration based on the application of chemical fertilizers supplied by a reliable manufacturing process. The problem of maintaining a nitrogen cycle in intense agricultural production systems required the support of a large chemical industry. At the time, the side effects of the application of artificial chemicals were not realized-only the benefits of the marriage between industry and agriculture.
+Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) was best known for his theories of and ideas on town and country planning; nonetheless, he wrote frequently about the subject of economics both as a critic and as an advocate of an ecological approach. He wrote in the context of the emerging marginalist theories of economics that "they can do everything with no assistance from applied physics for studies of material production, with no assistance from biology for the study of organisms which make up society, with no assistance from modern psychology ... or from research done by the historical or anthropological school!" (Jaffe 1965).
+The development of culture, according to Ostwald (1853- 1932), depends on the availability of energy and the efficiency of its transformation. This is an "energetics" interpretation of history. Max Weber (1864-1920), in a review of Ostwald (1909), noted the lack of data to support the theoretical assumptions (Weber 1968 [1909]).
+Weber also questioned the interpretation of economic processes on such an abstract concept as energy compared, for example, with the concrete reality of materials. Costs appeared to depend as much on material abundance and scarcity as they did on the availability and the efficiency of conversion of energy. Weber pointed to the low energy cost in hand weaving compared with machine weaving, but the machine was less costly in money terms. Although development can be correlated with increases in energy consumption per capita, the question for Weber was whether this apparent availability of energy should be interpreted as a cause of development or whether this merely reflected a tautology.
+While Soddy's (1877-1956) scientific endeavours won him acclaim (Noble Prize for Chemistry in 1921) his economic writings were largely ignored. Nonetheless his insights into the nature of production anticipated the modern ecological critique of economic theory. An important distinction is made between the conversion of solar energy to support life and stored solar energy translated into work. In the 19th century, the source of the energy translated into work came increasingly from coal: "sunlight of a hundred million years added itself to that of today and by it was built a civilization such as the world has never seen (Soddy 1922, p. 20)."
+Soddy thought that the concept of economic growth based on the accumulation of capital stock was founded on ignorance of physical processes. Entropy, or what Soddy referred to as compound decrement, is an inevitable characteristic of all material structures. The energy cost of maintenance and repair of this stock increases over time and eventually decays. Soddy thought that the projection of constantly growing wealth through compound interest was the ultimate absurdity and that it could not be observed in historical processes. In essence, there is no permanent physical basis for savings to accumulate interest. What is defined as financial wealth merely represents claims on communities' current consumption. This rejection of stock as wealth led to the conclusion that economic wealth should be defined as flow. That is, wealth is revenue, and the source of this wealth is the flow of solar energy.
+Joseph Popper (1838-1921) was primarily concerned with the nature of scarcity and with the policies of equitable distribution. His studies were based on calculations of material and energy flows through the economic system and the means to reduce the consumption of exhaustible resources. Popper provided a detailed account of the resources available to the German economy just before 1914, and he estimated the human work requirement to guarantee the whole population a subsistence of food, clothing, housing, education, and health services.
+Karl Ballod (1864-1933) could be classed as a technoecologist. His enthusiasm for applying technology to agriculture (mechanization) was constrained by the harmful effects he predicted from large urban agglomerations and the use of private cars. Ballad predicted an oil crisis, pollution, and the decline of the use of public transport. His books on production and consumption in a socialist state were written between 1898 and 1927 and emphasized the need to develop a sustainable economy. Small towns with sufficient gardens to grow food, recycling of wastes, and careful management of resources were all part of his prescription for a pleasant and sustainable society.
+All these authors were off the mainstream of economic thought and remained largely unknown. What distinguished their analysis was that, unlike the conventional economic model of a circular flow of exchanges between producer and consumers, they viewed the economy as an entropic throughput of materials and energy. In other words, they saw the need to take into account the unidirectional flow of energy (and also the impossibility of full recycling of materials) in the economic process. The principle that the allocation of resources should respond to the preference of economic agents (backed up by purchasing power) encounters an ontological difficulty. How can current economic bargaining agents represent yet unborn individuals and calculate the risk premiums of unknown futures? Also, as noted by Soddy, the depletion of natural capital is treated as a source of income, whereas consumption of manufactured capital is not. This critique of the economic model is fashionable in
+today's world of environmental degradation and exponential growth in resource consumption.
+<section>Energy for small-scale engines: a review of potential energy sources</section>
+Christopher Hurst
+Overview
+Mechanization in agriculture can demonstrate growth in output per hectare. This paper examines the technological and economic parameters of small engines (for example, small tractors, pumps for irrigation, and small-scale generators for electricity). The objective is to assess alternative technologies in terms of physical efficiency and capital and operational costs.
+Analysis
+Biomass fuel has received increased attention as a renewable alternative to petroleum. After several decades of neglect, producer gas (combustible gas generated by gasifier processes) is once again being produced in large quantities, particularly in China and, to somewhat lesser extent, in India. Gasifiers are necessary to produce the fuel to power gasoline and diesel engines. Engines that use producer gas have approximately the same efficiencies as engines powered by petroleum. The traditional biomass gasifier is fuelled either by charcoal (which produces a clean mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen) or by wood or other vegetative matter. Some experimental work is under way to produce small-scale gasifiers at costs sufficiently low to compete with large-scale commercial producer gas. The alternative technology, anaerobic decomposition or biogas, is currently feasible for household or village-level production units. This gas is predominantly methane and can be
+used directly to power small engines.
+The feasibility of harnessing solar and wind energy to drive small engines is also examined. The attraction is that these sources of energy are "free." Nonetheless, the capital cost of converting sufficient quantities of these types of energy for work is relatively high and limits the use of these energy sources. Two methods of energy conversion are direct transfer of heat to power an external combustion engine and conversion to electrical energy by a photovoltaic technique. The technical feasibility of photovoltaics is improving as the production costs of semiconductors are reduced.
+Animal work or (metabolized) energy has been the major source of power for pumping water for irrigation. Although several systems have been used for centuries, the most common type is the Persian wheel. However, a major cost is the need for brick- or concrete-lined wells as opposed to much cheaper tubewells. As well, it is feasible (with a very high gear ratio) to use bullocks to drive centrifugal pumps in tubewells. Human power is rarely used to draw water for irrigation. The traditional methods are the Shaduf (a counterweighted tripod system with buckets) and the hand pump.
+For low levels of demand for irrigation water (less than 10 000 m³m/year), the hand pump and Persian wheel are the most efficient in energy-capital cost terms. Even the photovoltaic cell, if the price was about 5 USD, could be considered as an efficient technology for driving low-capacity pumps. At medium levels of water demand (up to 50 000 m³m/year), small gasoline-driven (1.5 kW) and bullock-powered tubewells are the optimal technologies. However, after demand reaches 100 000 m³m/year, larger diesel (3.75 kW) and gasoline (2.25 kW) engines converted to run from charcoal-fuelled gasifiers are most energy and cost efficient. This general order is the same for high-price petroleum, although biogas becomes an increasingly attractive alternative fuel. Renewable energy sources entail higher costs than fossil fuels when high-level power pumping is required because the capital costs are still high per unit of energy. Nonetheless, animal power and human power are still efficient
+for low power requirements if realistic Third World opportunity costs are taken into account.
+<section>Volume 4: Electricity</section>
+<section>Electric power: essential infrastructure for development</section>
+Mohan Munasinghe
+Overview
+This paper explores some of the important ways that utilities in developing countries are seeking to become more efficient in the supply of electricity and the mobilization of resources. Integrated planning and policy, pricing policy, supply efficiency, and the organization and financing of the sector are discussed.
+Analysis
+The power sector in many developing countries is under pressure to both meet a growing demand, which will hopefully fuel economic expansion, and reduce the inordinately high investment burden the sector represents. In many Latin American countries, for example, costs in the power sector represent more than 75% of energy investments and more than 40% of annual public investment.
+One of the primary steps to rationalizing power-sector requirements is the development of an integrated national energy plan. In this plan, investment planning for electricity supply and all other energy forms is coordinated to anticipate the development aspirations and the resource capabilities of the nation. Planning must encompass energy-economy interactions and be detailed at the subsectoral level. A second important area is pricing and investment policy. Utility efficiency is a third key area because resource requirements can be lowered as services are expanded.
+Pricing Policy
+Long-run marginal cost (LRMC) tariffs are based on the future costs of economic resources rather than on the sunk or invested costs. This method is a superior format for tariff setting because it is based on the incremental economic cost of providing the next kilowatt of energy, and it gives appropriate signals to consumers about the national cost of the resource. The LRMC approach is flexible because it allows tariffs to vary with a host of variables (for example, consumer categories, voltage levels, and system peaks or time of day). LRMC is the "first-best" approach to setting tariffs.
+Practical considerations must always be taken into account; therefore, it is fortunate that LRMC methods provide a benchmark by which to set tariffs while other issues are considered. Some of these issues are of particular importance to developing countries. LRMC-set tariffs are invariably higher than those set to meet the strict financial needs of a utility, particularly when the cost of supply is increasing. This does not necessarily mean that tariffs should be lowered. Rather, it is an opportunity for flexibility when issues not normally brought into LRMC calculations are considered. These include
+· Social equity (provision of basic services to low-income customers at subsidized rates),
+· Inducements to new customers (subsidies for connection charges), and
+· Competition with substitutes (other fuel substitutes such as kerosene may not be priced according to marginal cost principles, and electricity may require subsidy among certain customer classes or regions to prevent excessive use of the alternative).
+LRMC principles are counterproductive if the utility is not operating efficiently. Tariffs can be inflated for service that is unreliable. As well, increases in revenue provide no incentive for utility efficiency. Therefore, a prerequisite for LRMC-based tariffs is supply efficiency.
+Supply Efficiency
+System reliability and, by extension, system capacity are important factors in the efficient provision of electricity. Traditionally, system planners have attempted to establish programs to supply sufficient capacity at the least cost to meet some implicit criteria for system reliability. This least-cost approach may not be sufficient, and it is better replaced with explicit standards for reliability. This is an improvement because it defines capacity requirements and encompasses other system-optimizing factors (for example, improved operation and maintenance procedures) and design features (for example, conductor size and pole strength). This approach requires that planners develop system costs the same way as they developed costs for variations in system capacity. It also requires a more difficult and qualitative procedure that estimates shortage costs and the "benefits" associated with given levels of reliability. This more dynamic approach is superior, but shortage costs
+are difficult to estimate.
+To operate efficiently, utilities in developing countries must move to greater autonomy and institute management reforms. It is common for a central government to play a strong role in the management and direction of utilities. This interference has led to inefficiencies such as
+· Costly procurement and investment decisions,
+· Uneconomic setting of tariffs, which leads to high losses, and
+· Poor hiring practices and salaries, which lead to declining morale and performance.
+Utilities must be reformulated to provide greater autonomy in the operation of the enterprise. Governments should be responsible for broader questions concerning the allocation of resources within the energy sector, but their role with regard to the utility must be buffered by an appropriate board of directors. At the same time, this implies the need for greater accountability (measured against specific objectives and monitored indicators) at all levels of management. With appropriate training and experience, managers and employees must be given responsibility for well-defined roles if human resources are to be allocated efficiently.
+Organization and Financing
+The large public-sector monopolies, which are characteristic of utilities in developing countries, likely lead to inefficiencies. These inefficiencies could be reduced by the introduction of competitive market forces. Resource allocation could be made competitive by
+· Contracting civil works (for example, dams, roads, and pipelines),
+· Contracting distribution networks, billing, and meter reading,
+· Decentralizing into independent regional power grids, and
+· Encouraging independent power producers (cogenerators) by ensuring economical, long-term buy-back rates.
+Innovative financing options often used in developed countries are also appropriate for developing countries. Some of these include
+· Leasing of individual pieces of equipment or whole plants by local or foreign investors,
+· Bartering exports for energy imports (counter trade),
+· Issuing revenue bonds with yields tied to enterprise profitability, and
+· Providing guarantees for international capital investment in developing countries against the financial risk common in these financial environments (these are provided by the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) of the World Bank).
+<section>Markets for utility electricity</section>
+David B. Brooks
+Overview
+This paper explores the markets for electricity in developing countries and focuses on the major grid-fed markets of residential, commercial, and industrial users in urban areas. Concepts of thermodynamic efficiency and supply-demand matching are shown to be important to the development of utility markets. The paper calls for a better understanding of demand in terms of the quantities of electricity and the qualitative factors that influence use. Policy directions that emphasize demand efficiency are recommended.
+Analysis
+Markets for electricity in developing countries have experienced an extremely high rate of growth-in the early 1980s as much as 9% or more a year. A combination of factors, general to developing countries and specific to rapidly industrializing nations, might explain this growth. The release of suppressed demand, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and the growth of real income are all factors. Several problems constrain the servicing of these markets or put pressure on national capabilities:
+· Too many consumers pay less than the "book cost" for electricity.
+· Generation projects are subsidized by national or international funding agencies, and the book costs understate actual costs.
+· Full costs often overlook unplanned environmental and social costs.
+It is important when characterizing markets to identify those aspects that will help focus debate on the physically and economically efficient use of electricity.
+Data on use of electricity are good relative to those on other fuels because billing data for the utility are generally segregated by customer class. The main market sectors are urban residential (20-40%) and industrial (at least 40%), wherever that sector is located. The commercial sector is also rapidly expanding, but lack of consistency in defining what customer base is "commercial" and high income elasticity in the customer class have led to confusion in reporting and great variation in data.
+Market concentration is clear in urban areas where there is a high demand for this clean and flexible fuel to complement the other infrastructure found in cities. Resource-based industry may create demand nodes in rural areas. Otherwise, rural electricity, although historically a sizable component of a utility's development budget, does not constitute a large demand. The nature of rural demand may, in fact, place strains on the system by increasing the load factor.
+Identification of Efficient Markets
+Certain principles can be used to identify appropriate markets for electricity in developing countries. The first principle is that energy services can generally be increased more quickly and more efficiently by improving the efficiency of conversion and generation than by providing more supply.
+The second principle is that, of all common forms of energy, electricity is of the highest quality. In other words, to deliver one unit of electric energy requires three units of fuel (for thermal generation). Electricity is therefore a highly refined source of energy that involves high thermodynamic costs in its manufacture. Appropriate markets for this high-quality form of energy are those for which there are no other efficient or convenient substitutes. There are three reasons for the higher rates of growth in demand experienced in developing countries compared with the developed world:
+· Demand for electricity is suppressed by lack of income, lack of electricity-intensive industry, and lack of dependable supply (to the extent that these are reversed, as they are in particular in the newly industrialized countries, rapid growth occurs).
+· Governments in developing countries have generally supported development of infrastructure in the power sector that is out of proportion to the actual energy demand that is met by electricity compared with other fuels (this is done for nationalistic and economic development reasons).
+· Electricity is used inefficiently, particularly in industry.
+Identification of Markets
+Residential Use-Growth in the use of household electricity is correlated closely with family income. Even the poorest families will use power for lighting if it is available. As incomes increase, so do uses. Major end uses are lighting, communications and electronic devices, air conditioning, small and large appliances (generally motors), cooking, and water heating. Major efficiency improvements are possible in each of these uses based largely on technological improvements that have occurred in industrialized nations.
+Future growth of demand in this sector will result from grid expansion and growth of incomes. This latter factor will be dampened somewhat by the large efficiency improvements that are possible in residential technology.
+Commercial Use-Major uses in this category are lighting, space conditioning, ventilation, and in some cases hot water. Efficiency improvements are available not only in new technologies (for example, lighting) but in patterns of use and in building design. For example, the use of daylight and appropriate shading of windows can reduce the air conditioning load by reducing the heat produced by lights.
+Industrial Use-Electricity conservation in industry has the potential for large savings. Examples from developed countries show that reductions of two-thirds of the demand for motor drives, about one-sixth for process functions, and one-sixth for other demands (for example, lighting) can be achieved.
+Countering the trend of reduced demand because of efficiency is a higher overall demand from industry. This can be explained by shifts to electricity-intensive processes and the concentration of energy-intensive industries in developing countries. These opposing tendencies create uncertainty about the direction of growth in industrial electricity.
+Matching Supply and Demand
+To help focus the discussion of appropriate electricity markets, it is useful to recall that electricity is a form of energy of the highest quality. Three categories of electricity use can be defined:
+· Uses for which electricity is entirely or almost always essential (for example, electronics, telecommunications, stationary motors, residential and commercial lighting, and electrometallurgy),
+· Uses for which substitutes are adequate but lack the convenience, control, or cleanliness of electricity (for example, pumping, heating, cooling, and remelting), and
+· Uses for which other fuels easily, and perhaps more efficiently, perform the same function (for example, water heating, steam raising, and space heating).
+· These categories can be useful when priority markets for a utility are determined. However, it is almost impossible to develop hard rules. Much depends on the circumstances within the country (in particular, economic circumstances such as short- and long-run marginal costs of power and political choices).
+However, it seems clear that the development of efficiency in markets is constrained largely by institutional barriers arising from lifestyles and habits, those protecting vested interests, and outmoded or misdirected policies.
+Of a range of institutional barriers, the ones most specific to developing countries are the lending practices of international agencies. It is apparent that these institutions prefer loans for supply projects rather than loans for conservation projects, although this situation may be changing.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed to
+· Better understand patterns of demand for electricity in key sectors (disaggregated by end use),
+· Reevaluate load forecasts (based on expectations of savings resulting from improvements in technology) as a basis for showing potential efficiencies,
+· Understand patterns of demand for electricity based on the qualitative service it provides,
+· Implement efficiency programs based on cost-effective measures and the capabilities of local staff, and
+· Consider several factors related to efficiency and conservation (for example, efficient pricing, government policies and programs, education and training, and the development of a focal group, likely the utility, for a conservation program).
+<section>Recent research in electrical power pricing and load management</section>
+Richard D. Tabors
+Overview
+The recent experience of utilities in developed countries (Europe, Japan, and the United States) is reviewed with respect to direct-load management and innovative tariff systems and their relevance to developing countries. A gradual, stepped approach to introducing these techniques to developing countries is recommended.
+Analysis
+An efficient power sector is of tremendous importance to developing countries. Reliable electricity is a key to economic development. The electric-power sector is expanding at a rate that exceeds total energy or GDP. It is the largest consumer of commercial energy (up to 30-40%) and a large consumer of capital (15-20% of development investment).
+It is important that electric utilities be aware of, and adapt to, recent developments in technology that are revolutionizing the industry. These changes are forcing a reconsideration of high-cost central generating plants and permitting an unprecedented degree of freedom in communication between utility and customer. Although systems in Europe, Japan, and the United States will be slow to change because of the massive infrastructure already in place, it is research carried out in these countries that will help direct the development of new systems in developing countries.
+Pricing of Electricity
+There are currently three approaches to tariff setting that provide increasingly sophisticated means of cost recovery and of sending market signals to the customer. The first and most common approach, often known as embedded rates, is based on the cost of service. Typically, this system seeks to recover capital and ensure return on investment. It encourages increased consumption by incorporating the declining block structure. This system has come under pressure to change because of increases in fuel prices, changes in economies of scale, and greater ability for communication between utility and customer.
+A second approach has developed from these changes. It is based on tariff setting from LRMC analysis, and it is strongly promoted by the World Bank.
+The third approach argues that the correct base for pricing is the short-run marginal cost (SRMC) and that the best approximation of this cost is the real-time marginal cost to the utility. The most basic of these measures differentiates peak and off-peak periods, 2- or 3-day periods during weekdays, and seasonal periods. These rates are generally available only to large commercial and industrial customers because of metering and billing costs. Increasing complexity can be introduced by increasing tariff steps to hourly or even 5-min blocks. Blocks are restricted only by the ability of customers to react and by the cost to the utility for administration. Equipment and software for the provision of spot pricing to commercial and residential customers are currently under development in Britain and the United States.
+Real-time marginal-cost pricing can provide benefits to a utility in a developing country during periods of rapid price transitions (for example, currency devaluations) and during times of high variability in supply (for example, the variability that might be found in a hydro-dependent system).
+Systems of Load Management
+The critical issues in a system of load management can be seen in the circumstances that create the need. These are
+· Unanticipated system emergencies,
+· Times of system peak, and
+· The general need for load evening.
+Unanticipated system emergencies require fast response times and can be directed either to large, responsive, industrial customers through short-term interruptible rates or to appliances that can be taken off line either manually by the customer or remotely by a signal from the utility. System peaks occur on a more predictable basis. The utility can also control appliances (for example, air conditioners) or use a more flexible system of rates that apply to time of use or spot pricing. Load evening does not require rapid communications and is related to a general smoothing of the load curve.
+The response of the customer depends on a number of factors. Generally, industrial customers have the highest response rate to economic signals. The type of communication system the utility uses can influence the response. This communication system can range from a simple contractual statement on time-of-use rates, to appeals for public conservation, to the publication of 24-h spot prices. More sophisticated systems can involve one- and two-way communication over telephone lines, coaxial cable, and radio signals. Interruptible rates are usually used with large-scale industrial users. These rates give the utility the right to demand a specific response from the customer on call. The rate, in return, is concessionary.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research and commercial implementation of load management and of innovative tariff structures have taken place almost exclusively in countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). A stepped approach to extending these measures to a representative sample of developing countries is recommended. This would involve
+· Case studies of the variable energy costs and of the potential for shifts in load growth in different customer classes,
+· An evaluation of the feasibility of load management and innovative tariffs, and
+· Pilot implementation and evaluation.
+<section>Optimizing electrical distribution systems</section>
+Walter G. Scott
+Overview
+A method is discussed to plan and design systems for the distribution of electricity from the substation to the customer. Computer methods that match the skills and hardware in developing countries are emphasized. Recommendations are made for advanced computer techniques to plan distribution systems that will have supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA).
+Analysis
+Proper distribution planning lays the foundation for decisions on construction and operation criteria, quantity and sizing of plant additions, and quality of service. Computerization of plans allows the simulation of options and the optimization of a system plan. The distribution plan is the initial step in the system plan. Distribution plans incorporate disaggregated load forecasts that determine the loading at substations. Aggregate substation loads are a basis for generation plans. Alternative system plans can evolve from this framework if key parameters (for example, voltage levels, conductor sizes, and generation capacity) are varied. Broad feasibility studies can help optimize alternative scenarios and allow the selection of a long-term system plan. These studies should include engineering, operation, and economic evaluations. More detailed analysis and costing of the selected alternative permit an assessment of the financial impact of the plan on the utility.
+Load forecasts are the key to realistic long-term plans for distribution facilities. The primary components of a forecast are future use of land (by consumer class), division of areas into distribution regions, and determination of power and energy requirements (by customer class). Input data consist of load areas, land use, customer density, energy requirements, and historical loads.
+Systems of Analysis
+Current computer models can optimize the design of the primary system from the substation to the distribution transformers. By varying parameters (for example, conductor size, voltage, loads, power factor, and switching), one can optimize each line section from the substation to prevent voltage drop and line losses.
+A transformer model can help design transformer configurations by specifying no-load losses and load losses. Both substation and distribution transformers require configuration. Distribution transformers will be of either US design and serve 2-20 customers or European design and serve up to several hundred customers.
+System Losses
+In the design of distribution networks, losses have become the primary criterion (rather than voltage) for delivery of services to customers. This shift means that several design features will change. For example, average loading on components will be reduced, the power factor will be controlled more carefully, and operations will be designed for automation.
+A study of loss optimization in the Punjab (India) provided the following conclusions:
+· Distribution loss is significant and loss reduction should be given high priority because it is a relatively neglected topic.
+· Important data for loss calculations are generally available from a variety of sources (for example, peak, peak-equivalent hours, load factor, load duration, and loss factors).
+· Load management of distribution transformers uses the metered demand of customers to monitor transformer loading, and investment in this technology shows significant benefits over costs (about 15: 1 ).
+· Losses are the most important design criterion, but current practice often uses thermal characteristics and reliability as the criteria.
+· Within practical limits, it costs less to save power and energy by reducing losses than it costs to increase supply.
+· Distribution substations, primary systems, and distribution transformers and secondary lines account for about 10, 55, and 35% of annual losses in the distribution of energy, whereas economic losses in distribution are in the range of 3-5% of annual energy and 5-8% of power at peak.
+Advanced computer tools will permit more sophisticated optimization of distribution networks. These tools include graphics (for example, the plotting of circuit diagrams), real-time analysis of voltage, and loading and loss studies that use actual data on substation voltage and loading.
+<section>Electrical transmission technology</section>
+K.R. Shah
+Overview
+A detailed, technical account is given of recent and past advances in transmission technology for both alternating and direct current. Recommendations are made for a research centre on transmission technology to help developing countries adapt technology to their needs.
+Analysis
+The capacity of transmission networks has risen steadily. Today, extra-high voltage (EHV) transmission from 34.5 to 230 kV is common in industrialized countries. Technology is available to transmit at ultra-high voltages (UHVs) of up to 1500 kV. Attempts have been made to transmit at increasingly higher voltages because costs are reduced as the voltage increases. Transmission voltages are currently constrained by the poor operating performance of large generating stations and by the desire to maintain the system's stability, voltage regulation, and reliability.
+High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission has gained acceptance for integration into alternating current (AC) transmission grids because HVDC is more economical than AC over long distances, as long as the direct current (DC) connecting link has the capacity and additional transmission capacity can be readily added. The stability of the system is enhanced because of the inherent flexibility in the magnitude and direction of current flow in a DC system. A comparison of the additional costs of HVDC with the benefits of AC transmission reveals that the break-even distance for overhead lines is 650-1300 km and for underground and underwater cables is 30 100 km.
+Transmission Design
+The design of lines and their rights of way involves consideration of technical performance criteria and environmental impacts (for example, ecological factors, electrical interference factors, aesthetics, and social benefits). The object of line design is to select line size, clearances, insulation, and number of shield wires. These design features depend on a range of factors (for example, atmospheric conditions, reliability against flashover, aesthetics, and safety). Poles and towers are designed for structural safety and to minimize cost. Most high-voltage and EHV substation transformers are air insulated. In urban areas, where space is at a premium and air quality is poor, gas-insulated substations are popular. The 30-40% cost premium is easily recouped in land savings, reduced maintenance, and ease of installation. Other emerging transmission technologies that increase efficiency include fault recorders, system control and data acquisition at substations, fibre optics
+for supervision, control, and protection, and compact high-voltage transmission lines.
+Although certain design considerations are universal for transmission of both AC and DC, there are unique features related to HVDC transmission that warrant consideration. Reliable and proven technology exists to transmit HVDC at about 600 kV. The heart of the technology is the convertor at one end of the transmission route to convert from AC to DC and the invertor at the other end to convert it back again. Solid-state thyristors are now used as valves in convertors. These thyristors are modular and can be arranged in parallel or series to give the required valve rating. Recent research suggests that the capacity of thyristors can be increased while costs are decreased. Care must be taken in the design of convertor/transformers to avoid a range of problems created by stressing the equipment simultaneously with AC and DC.
+Transmission Grids in Developing Countries
+Existing problems with the transmission networks of developing countries must be recognized:
+· Networks are weak or have underdesigned portions that lead to system instability or collapse (for example, during an outage of a key substation transformer).
+· Grids may be established without sufficient economic criteria, which leads to a large, overdesigned system that serves areas of insignificant demand.
+· It may be difficult to justify connecting large metropolitan load centres that are often served by dispersed generating sites.
+· Training and motivation are weak, and many staff lack access to necessary computer controls.
+Developing countries should be prepared to take advantage of opportunities to improve the efficiency of their transmission networks. Some recommendations for more efficient execution and operation are the following:
+· Where possible, buy equipment locally (for example, use local wooden or concrete poles, oversized conductors, and porcelain or glass insulators).
+· Upgrade existing systems with improved technology rather than increase facilities to transmit more power.
+· Cut costs in urban areas by using compact transmission lines and in rural areas by increasing spans.
+· Plan carefully before incorporating HVDC because this requires extra costs and skilled labour.
+· Ignore more expensive niceties current in developed countries (for example, planning for structural aesthetics or reducing audible noise and radio interference) and run lines that follow the most economical routes based solely on engineering criteria.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+An international research centre for transmission technology integration should be established to
+· Adapt available technologies to meet the needs of developing countries by modifying existing equipment or creating specifications for its development, and
+· Train personnel for the efficient operation, repair, and maintenance of facilities.
+<section>Comparative evaluation of nuclear power in developing countries</section>
+Gustav M. Obermair
+Overview
+This paper reviews the technical, economic, and social factors particular to the development of nuclear power in developing countries. The major conclusion is that the nuclear option is not feasible.
+Analysis
+The feasibility of nuclear power is determined by the types of reactors available, grid size and demand projections.
+The three types of reactors are pressurized water reactors (PWRs), boiling water reactors (BWRs), and Canadian deuterium uranium (CANDU) reactors. PWRs are expected to dominate the market and have net capacities between 500 and 1300 MW. Some new reactors have capacities of 200-400 MW, but these are uneconomical compared with generating plants that use fossil fuels.
+The capacity of any single generating station should not exceed about 10% of the capacity on the grid. An outage of a larger station could cause the collapse of the entire grid and perhaps damage the station. If it is assumed that 600 MW is the average economic capacity of a single nuclear generator, the total system capacity should be 6-7 GW before the first nuclear station is added.
+A review of developing countries, which assumes historical demand patterns and keeps in mind the above restrictions on system capacity, reveals that 6 countries had nuclear power by 1981 and that fewer than 10 other countries will show technical feasibility before the year 2000. The market for nuclear power in developing countries is small.
+The Economics of Nuclear Energy
+The actual costs of nuclear generation are still hotly debated in industrialized countries despite more than a decade of experience. Using conservative estimates from US sources, a study by the Department of Energy showed that the costs of coal generation were lower in a majority of US regions. Capital costs have more than doubled in real terms in a decade largely because of technical problems, increased safety standards, long approval and construction delays, and increased interest rates.
+Economic analysis from industrial countries shows that nuclear power can be competitive if there is a completely developed utility infrastructure, the producer and installer are experienced, and cost estimates for fuel handling are not exceeded. Because conditions in developing countries do not meet these standards, costs have been estimated to be 70-100% higher than in developed nations.
+The share of value added by nuclear plants in developing countries is almost zero. Very little, if any, of the equipment can be produced locally, and construction labour must be skilled and imported. Because the real cost of imports has increased by 30-50% in a decade, these imports can weigh heavily on the budget of a developing nation. In broader terms, the large investments required for nuclear power do not make it as flexible an option as less capital-intensive investments in smaller power stations.
+Other Issues
+The presence of uranium and thorium deposits should not necessarily be viewed as an asset for countries aspiring to nuclear power. PWRs and BWRs require enriched uranium fuel that is currently available only from France, Russia, and the United States. Enrichment is technically and economically beyond the capabilities of developing countries. Nonenriched fuel for use in the CANDU reactor requires the production of heavy water, a process that is also beyond the means of developing countries.
+Nuclear plants present extreme safety risks not often associated with other forms of power generation. Earthquake-prone countries will be forced to overdesign stations, which adds to cost. The risk of war increases the vulnerability of countries with nuclear stations because these stations are likely targets. Above-ground disposal of nuclear waste forces countries to maintain especially high security and safety standards for unspecified periods.
+<section>Atoms for peace, atoms for war, atoms for profit</section>
+Nikbil Desai
+Overview
+This paper reviews worldwide experience with nuclear generation, particularly in the developed countries. Emphasis is placed on economic performance and the dangers of contributions to nuclear proliferation. A gloomy forecast is made of the potential contribution of nuclear generation in the 1990s and beyond. Recommendations are made for developing countries that are interested in exploring the nuclear option.
+Analysis
+Consumption of the four primary energy sources (oil, coal, gas, and primary electricity) grew much faster than the world average in developing countries during the 1970s. This trend is expected to continue. The contribution of nuclear energy has been small (0.3% of total primary consumption), and it is not expected to play a major role in developing countries in the foreseeable future. Nuclear power has not lived up to projections. For example, in 1975 energy agencies forecast that worldwide nuclear capacity would be 2 600-5 300 GW by the year 2000; by 1983 this projection had been reduced to 576-851 GW. The long-term outlook for nuclear growth is in doubt.
+Experience indicates that, especially in developing countries, the claims of favourable economics and exclusive use for peaceful means cannot be substantiated. Construction costs have escalated steadily, and the threat of conventional oil shortages has not materialized. What is more disturbing is the link between nuclear power generation and arms. There has been scant evidence that enrichment or reprocessing technology has spread through unauthorized channels, that a terrorist has gained access to special nuclear material or facilities, or that a civilian energy facility has directly contributed to weapons capability or weapon stockpiles. However, countries have steadily inched toward the development of nuclear weapons. The deployment of nuclear facilities has certainly, at least indirectly, contributed.
+Worldwide investments in nuclear power plants up to 1984 were high (about 200 billion USD or 400 billion USD in replacement costs). These costs include not only capital investments but also research, development, and demonstration costs. The "investing" industry is a combination of large business interests and other governmental or quasigovernmental agencies (for example, military and utility interests). These investments have been made despite the fact that operating experience is lacking. Almost 90% of the nuclear electricity ever generated was generated in one decade (1973-1983).
+The international market for nuclear power is dominated by the US light water reactor (LWR). This may be because of some astute (although not always accurate) marketing and because of the economies of scale provided by the large US domestic market. The market is further constrained because large reactors are now necessary to achieve economies of scale. The minimum capacity for an economic reactor appears to be 900 MW. There are expectations for economies of scale in large reactors, although experience to date does not back up this hope. Utilities have taken too long to build plants, and during this time inflation and high interest rates have taken their toll. Plants are experiencing increasingly long lead times to startup, and increases in the price of fossil fuels have placed a greater financial burden on utilities. Real costs were expected to increase from 200 USD/kW for plants completed in the late 1960s to 3 500 USD/kW in the latter half of the 1980s. These costs,
+coupled with poor technical performance, point to a gloomy economic future for nuclear generation. Although capacity factors of 75-85% had been planned, working experience shows that utilities barely average the lower limit and that some countries may experience averages as low as 50 or 33%.
+The Nuclear Steam Supply System Industry, the Fuel-cycle Industry, and Fast Breeder Reactor Programs
+The nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) industry encompasses the "nuclear" components of the generation system (reactor vessel, steam generators, and all related equipment). The NSSS industry has been dominated by the United States, although British, Canadian, French, German, Swedish, and recently Russian technologies have been making inroads. However, national and international markets are constrained, and few orders are expected in the coming years. No orders were placed between 1978 and 1984, and as many as 119 plants were cancelled between 1974 and 1983. In the United States and elsewhere, vendors have been faced with declining domestic markets. This has created a stronger interest in export markets. The response from developing countries has not been great because of weak market positions and restrictions on the transfer of certain technologies. Only eight units were ordered by developing countries between 1976 and 1984. Of these, six were from Korea. Other than the US
+vendors, no other vendors have sold a repeat round of nuclear plants. It is expected that the NSSS market will be characterized by retrenchment and consolidation, a loss of US dominance, and a weakening of the international nonproliferation regime.
+The fuel-cycle industry can be divided into uranium mining and conversion, fuel enrichment and fabrication, and spent-fuel management. There are eight leading uranium producers in the world, and the United States predominates. Of developing countries, only Gabon, Namibia, and Niger are producers of note, and all their uranium is produced for export. The supply market for uranium is characterized by soft prices, declining growth in sales, and a world surplus of enriched fuel.
+Reprocessing of spent fuel is at a standstill because of the depressed price of uranium. Reprocessed fuel can be used in convertor power reactors or in fast breeder reactors (FBRs). Unfortunately, FBR programs in the United States have been cancelled, and in France and Germany they have been slowed drastically because of operating difficulties. The management of spent fuel is therefore becoming a growing problem, and safe disposal is certain to be a major issue by the turn of the century. Further implications for the industry are that the mining and milling industry will go through a phase of retrenchment and consolidation, the US share of the enrichment market will decline, and countries will have to reexamine high-level waste-handling strategies.
+Economic Analysis of Nuclear Energy
+The accounting of costs and benefits for nuclear energy should not be the same as for other forms of electricity generation. This is because of the possibilities of severe accidents, accidental exposures at all levels of the fuel cycle for centuries, and the manufacture of weapons. As well as these uncertainties, there are the unknown costs of decommissioning and permanent disposal of generation facilities and of the disposal of spent fuel.
+It is difficult to estimate accurately the full costs of nuclear generation because of the industry's secretive nature and the variations in accounting procedures and subsidies between nations. Capital costs are the major component of nuclear generation costs (between 50 and 90%) compared with electricity generation with fossil fuels (between 25 and 50%). This heavy capital weighting makes total costs vulnerable to real escalation during construction and to financing costs. Because nuclear generation has a high proportion of "sunk" costs, the cost of power is much more sensitive to capacity factors than that of other fuel sources. The performance of nuclear plants has not been encouraging; therefore, it is unlikely that nuclear plants can compete with coal-fired generation.
+An economic comparison of nuclear and coal plants (under varying discount rates and capacity factors) showed that capital costs per kilowatt (1985) for nuclear power varied from 2 000 to 2 835 USD, whereas costs per kilowatt for coal plants varied from 1 200 to 1 400 USD. If variations in plant life and escalations in the cost of coal are taken into account, unit energy costs for nuclear power compare favourably with those for coal only under conditions of a low discount rate and high capacity.
+The experiences with the LWR in the United States provide the largest body of long-term data in the world. Comparison of these experiences shows that there are tremendous variations in cost and performance that are not readily explained by any one circumstance. Capital cost per kilowatt ranged from 1 871 to 6 134 USD (1983), construction time from 71 to 187 months, and concrete requirements per megawatt from 106 to 450 m³. These same variations can be expected in developing countries.
+Given the greater uncertainties associated with the nuclear option and the costly experience of developing countries (for example, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, Mexico, and the Philippines), for most developing countries today, the promise of "atoms for profit" is no longer real.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Slow expansion of nuclear generation might be expected beyond the 1990s if operating performance is improved, methods are found to decrease capital costs without sacrificing safety, costs of nonnuclear fuel show long-term real growth, and the problem of high-level waste disposal is solved.
+Before they make investments, developing countries should wait until the costs and performance of generation technology are stabilized and the global nuclear industry is restructured to provide a strong institutional base for in-country development.
+Research is required on
+· Case histories of decision-making processes in developing countries, using a common analytic approach that would identify the decisions that were taken and the alternatives that were investigated,
+· Construction and operating experiences in developing countries to gather data that will help others to make decisions about economic feasibility, and
+· The experience of developing countries with technology transfer to determine how these countries have "unpackaged" the technology and what the prospects and precursors are for the development of manufacturing and regulatory capabilities.
+<section>Volume 6: Oil and gas</section>
+<section>Analyzing the prospects for exploration and development</section>
+D.C. Ion
+Overview
+Exploration for and development of oil and gas are fraught with considerable risk and uncertainty. Although developing countries harbour significant proportions of the world's oil and gas reserves, they face substantial technical challenges in realizing the development of their indigenous resources. Fortunately, solutions are available, and with the appropriate knowledge, expertise, and international support, developing countries can optimize resource development. However, the key is to access these technical solutions in a manner that ensures that clearly set domestic objectives, which satisfy the needs of the people, are met.
+Analysis
+There is substantial interest in exploration for and development of petroleum resources (both oil and gas) in developing countries. Excluding the (former) communist countries, the non-OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) developing countries harbour about 10% of the demonstrated reserves of crude oil and an estimated 26% of the undiscovered recoverable natural gas in the world. In 1976, a few years into the energy crisis, oil companies were active in 71 non-OPEC developing countries. By the early 1980s, the industry was quite active all over the world and was expanding into the South Pacific, Western Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and the Far East. China in particular was a centre of attraction.
+Technical Challenges and Solutions
+The first challenge is to isolate the likely conditions under which petroleum was originally formed and subsequently migrated. Because of its viscous nature and the porous nature of subsurface strata, it is not unusual for petroleum to migrate hundreds of kilometres before it becomes trapped. Sophisticated mathematical models have been constructed over the past 10 years to describe this behaviour, and they have assisted in the identification of likely petroleum sites. Complex geological surveys and analyses also contribute to our understanding of petroleum formation and accumulation.
+Additional challenges arise when the petroleum is produced. Conventional production methods at best produce no more than 30% of the oil in place. Enhanced methods of oil recovery that use water, solvents, steam, or other agents can significantly increase these recovery rates.
+Other challenges associated with the full-cycle development of resources can be successfully addressed by new technical developments. Aerial surveys, remote sensing, radioactivity surveys, and computer-based image processing all assist exploration activity. Sonic logs, radioactivity logs, and advanced methods of coring provide important insights into optimal reservoir development. Directional drilling technologies have contributed to lower-cost operations, improved recovery, and decreased disturbance of the environment.
+Inherent Uncertainty and Risk
+Although technology has been steadily improving, exploration and development are subject to significant exploration uncertainty and production risk. Likely areas for exploration may hold water instead of hydrocarbons, or if there is oil present, it may be of a quality or quantity that does not warrant commercial development. Daily production from wells may range from as low as 10 barrels to as high as 20 000 barrels ( I barrel - 0.16 m³). Exploration costs for drilling also vary tremendously (for example, a single well on the Alaska North Slope cost 130 million USD to drill). Economic uncertainty (because of price fluctuations) poses a particular risk for developing even well- delineated deposits of oil shales or oil sands. These heavy oils rely on sophisticated extraction techniques that themselves require a great deal of energy. Even if oil prices rise, the commercial feasibility of these prospects may not be improved because of the energy needed to produce the oil.
+Accessing Technology to Optimize Prospects
+A major challenge for any developing country is to gain access to the technology that is capable of finding and producing the hydrocarbons, while minimizing the degree of risk exposure. Up-to-date technological expertise is often absent in developing countries, and most approaches to exploration and development have relied on various cooperative arrangements with outside organizations or industries. The most successful approaches have been those that relied on either a risk-sharing agreement or a strict nonrisk technical services contract. Long-term concessions for petroleum development are no longer common. Important aspects of any of the these approaches include a delineation system or grid to define tenure, an incentive framework that provides operators with adequate financial incentives to look for and develop the resource, a regulatory system that is consistent with the operating customs and practices of the industry, and a business and institutional arrangement in
+which confidentiality of information can be ensured. These factors have contributed to successful exploration and development programs in developing countries.
+Role of Local Expertise
+Local experts play an important function in providing an assessment of domestic needs and priorities, although to be effective these people must also have a sound understanding of the technical conditions and risks. Furthermore, to ensure that a receptive environment is established for technology transfer and resource development, the local experts must understand the needs of the industry. An effective way to achieve this is to conduct in-country modeling and forecasting exercises to identify priorities and options in the energy sector. This provides a basis both for developing expertise and for energy planning.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+To ensure that developing countries can exploit their indigenous petroleum resources (both crude oil and natural gas), additional research support is urgently needed at the local level. In any given country, this research support should concentrate on
+· The development of local programs to establish a team with adequate technical expertise to monitor the work of hired specialists, and
+· The development of a model of future long-term energy needs that places domestic options in a global context, allows for regular monitoring, and provides some mechanism to assist with decisions about energy.
+<section>Ensuring exploration and production in developing countries</section>
+R.J.R Ross
+Overview
+Continued exploration for and production of oil and gas in developing countries are constrained by the fundamentally different perspectives of the governments of these countries and the transnational corporations that are engaged in the oil and gas sector. The objectives of governments focus on domestic concerns, whereas the objectives of industry focus on corporate profitability in a global setting. Governments are often constrained by a limited number of development options, whereas industry has the flexibility to invest in different parts of the world under potentially quite different regimes. These factors contribute to the markedly different strategies that governments and industries might have for oil and gas exploration and production. Reconciling these strategies requires careful cooperation between industries and governments. In many circumstances, it must be recognized that the strategies are so divergent that there is inadequate common ground for working together.
+To address these circumstances, alternative institutions are required to ensure that feasible oil and gas prospects are discovered and developed in developing countries. For example, a company might be established explicitly to explore for and produce hydrocarbons in developing countries and to concentrate on opportunities currently being neglected by transnationals.
+Analysis
+National governments and transnational corporations have quite different objectives in the exploration and production of petroleum. Governments require technical programs that can delineate the detailed extent and producibility of their resource base and pay attention not only to large-scale oil potential but also to small deposits and to natural gas. Transnationals, because of the diversity of global prospects, require a more general assessment of exploration potential and risk to establish whether a region warrants additional investment compared with options elsewhere. Transnationals concentrate on large-scale oil potential, and natural gas is usually not the primary target because of its limited marketability. Governments require commercial arrangements that provide adequate financing and transfer the risk to an external operator, but they do not give up control over the rate of development of the resource. Transnationals, on the other hand, require arrangements that
+provide expected financial rewards under fiscal, legislative, pricing, and production-sharing regimes that are comparable with those available elsewhere. Governments require that local personnel be trained, that local industry be developed, and that technology and information be transferred. Transnationals are often concerned with the confidentiality of information and technology and with their freedom to make decisions that would increase the operational success of the venture. Finally, governments are often concerned with ancillary objectives (for example, environmental impacts or conflicts between different sectors of development).
+Limited Choices
+In contrast to the many objectives that the government of a developing country might have, its available options for developing the resource are quite limited. Self-reliance is difficult even for the richest of nations. Reliance on foreign assistance is too often tied to the use of technologies that may not be appropriate. The development of a national oil company is not a realistic short-term option for most developing countries that do not already have one. Complete reliance on transnational corporations creates problems if the country does not have the means to attract and retain these companies in the first place.
+Divergent Strategies
+Because of these different objectives and constraints, governments and industries will typically adopt different strategies for exploration and development. To supply local markets or obtain hard currency from exports, the government will want to use whatever technology is available to recover the resource (however small). Industrial strategies, in contrast, will concentrate on using tried, tested, and trusted technologies to find and develop large prospects with readily marketable products. Different strategies for technology transfer, training, and information transfer will also be adopted. Governments often see these transfers as a source of power or wealth, but some experiences have shown that the transfer of inappropriate technology or the misuse of proprietary data can lead to further conflicts. These transfers should only be conducted if it can be demonstrated that the technology can be used and that the transfers realistically take into account the learning curve of
+2-5 years that is often required.
+Role of an Alternative Institution
+If objectives, options, and strategies diverge so considerably, how can a developing country develop its modest hydrocarbon potential if it cannot attract and retain industry's interest? A cooperative, regional, or alternative institution could provide an appropriate mechanism. The role of the institution would be to assess when and how to use transnational corporations, to cooperate with several transnationals in certain ventures, to use medium-size oil companies as appropriate, to retain land, to structure arrangements to ensure appropriate technology transfer, and to meet local employment and industrial objectives. Tasks that such an institution would need to fulfill include exploration and development, marketing, provision of information about transnationals, local sourcing, financing, and research. Adequate financing of such a venture would be required to ensure flexibility and credibility and would best be sought from developing countries and from organizations that
+assist with development. To ensure its success, this type of institution would have to focus on South-South cooperation and continue to search for alternatives.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+To ensure that exploration for and production of reserves in developing countries proceed effectively, additional research needs to be undertaken to
+· Develop methods to stimulate exploration and production in the Third World, especially in oil-importing developing countries,
+· Enumerate the activities of transnational companies to identify the types of activities that are currently being left out and that might profitably be pursued by an alternative institution,
+· Assess the feasibility of establishing a company that would explore for, and produce, 10-20 of the best opportunities that are currently being neglected by transnationals (gas and small deposits of oil would be accepted as good candidates), and
+· Assess the feasibility of establishing a technology centre that would emphasize technology transfer, funding, and commercial applications.
+<section>Exploiting reserves of natural gas</section>
+Glenn W. Mortimer
+Overview
+Domestic reserves of natural gas are a potentially important resource in many developing countries. As reserves of crude oil are depleted and global demand for energy continues to increase, natural gas will be viewed increasingly as a substitute. However, these gas reserves pose special challenges because the commercial feasibility of any development of natural gas is often inextricably tied to the identification and capture of specific markets. Traditional markets for natural gas include domestic uses (power generation, industry, and space and water heating) and exports as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or as a feedstock for ammonia and urea. Developing countries can benefit from new market opportunities for natural gas as a transportation fuel and as an input in methanol production. Methanol has applications as a chemical product, a fuel additive, and an input to the manufacture of protein substitutes. If developing countries are to realize any of these new market
+opportunities or are to build on traditional markets, they will require knowledge and expertise to develop coherent supply strategies and policies for natural gas.
+Analysis
+Annual trade in natural gas is about 100 billion to 200 billion USD. However, natural gas has generally been regarded as a less desirable exploration or development target than crude oil. The collection, transportation, treatment, and distribution of crude oil and refined products are much cheaper than for natural gas on an equivalent heating basis. In addition, because much of the institutional structure is focused on solid and liquid fuels, conversion to natural gas can add further costs. Investments in natural gas infrastructure (pipelines, distribution systems, and liquefaction and regasification terminals) are substantial, and because it has very little flexibility after it is constructed, it can normally be justified only when a market has been established. In most developing countries, these challenges hinder gas development. Although potential reserves may be large, domestic markets may be inadequate to provide the required incentive to develop the gas. A key to
+successful exploitation of gas reserves is to focus on market development.
+Development of Traditional Domestic Markets
+Traditional domestic markets for natural gas rely on extensive uses in power generation, industry, and the commercial and residential sectors. Gas can be used in steam turbines, combustion turbines, or diesel units to generate electric power, and it can also be used in the overall power system to balance and optimize the loads from hydroelectric and thermally generated electricity. An attractive feature of gas-fuelled units is that they can be added relatively quickly and economically in small increments. Natural gas can also be used in most industrial applications that currently rely on coal or refined petroleum products. Conversion is technically straightforward, and after completion, the equipment accommodates multifuel use, which gives operators greater flexibility in the choice of fuels. In the residential and commercial sectors in developing countries, the most common applications for natural gas are for water heating and cooking (and for space heating in cooler
+climates). A major constraint to successful market penetration in the residential sector is that the poor (who are typically in the majority) cannot afford the modest capital outlay required to purchase gas burners. Subsidies for the gas or equipment have often been provided as an incentive to use gas.
+Development of Traditional Export Markets
+A traditional activity for developing countries is to export natural gas as LNG or to use it as a petrochemical feedstock to produce ammonia and fertilizers (for example, urea). LNG projects liquefy the gas, ship it through a cryogenic LNG terminal to a source where it is regasified, and then distribute it through conventional distribution systems for gas. About 20% of the global gas trade is LNG, but the feasibility of this trade relies on long-term commitments and contracts of 15-20 years. These arrangements underline the importance of establishing the existence of adequate reserves to meet the long-term obligations and of having low-cost gas available at the point of liquefaction to ensure that the project is commercially feasible. In contrast, ammonia or fertilizer exports are attractive because they are not tied to any single consumer and can be directed to a number of markets. Demand for these products grows as agricultural output grows, but the feasibility of any
+project depends on global demand and the availability of low-cost gas.
+New Market Opportunities
+New market opportunities are associated with natural gas as a transportation fuel and with the demand for methanol, which is produced from natural gas. Propane or compressed natural gas (CNG) can be used as a transportation fuel in engines that currently operate on gasoline. Its advantages are that it is cheaper than gasoline, less corrosive, and safer. Its disadvantages include storage problems, reduced power, and significant capital outlay for vehicle conversion. Methanol has a number of applications that provide important prospects for new markets. Its major chemical use is the production of formaldehyde, which is used primarily in the manufacture of resins and paints. As a fuel, methanol can be used directly in gasoline, diesel, or natural gas engines or boilers, upgraded to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) as a gasoline blending agent, slurried with coal, or upgraded to a synthetic gasoline. Some of these technologies are well developed, whereas others are still
+experimental. Finally, methanol has a potential food use when used to manufacture singlecell proteins (SCP). Commercial projects do exist to market SCP as an alternative to soybean meal and fish meal for animal feed.
+Realizing the Opportunities in Developing Countries
+The development of projects to take advantage of growth in traditional markets or to penetrate new markets will require considerable expertise and planning. Supply planning must be oriented to ensure that tax and royalty terms, joint ventures, production-sharing agreements, and service contracts encourage exploration for natural gas. Local knowledge and expertise must be developed so that policies for natural gas that account for both domestic needs and export opportunities can be formulated. Local capabilities are also needed in techniques of project valuation to assess the feasibility and risks of any natural gas development.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+To ensure that reserves of natural gas are exploited optimally in developing countries, additional work needs to be undertaken to
+· Develop an educational program (on alternative production, transportation, and utilization technologies for natural gas) that is directed both to developing countries and to organizations that advise them,
+· Establish, in developing countries, demonstration projects that use unconventional approaches to the production, transportation, and utilization of natural gas,
+· Concentrate research on small-scale liquefaction of natural gas and methanol production, and
+· Concentrate research on the development of vehicles that can use methanol and natural gas.
+<section>Volume 6: Alternative liquid fuels</section>
+<section>Alternative fuels: a Brazilian outlook</section>
+Jose R. Moreira and Gil E. Serra
+Overview
+This paper reviews the production of alternative liquid fuels in Brazil. The economics of biomass cultivation and of fuel production is examined. A careful costing is made of all operations involved in the biomass crops (wood, sugarcane, and cassava). Industrial conversion technologies, market analysis of liquid fuels, and displacement of conventional energy are also analyzed. The paper concludes with a discussion of institutional problems and draws conclusions about the future of biomass as an alternative energy source.
+Analysis
+Biomass Crops
+Wood-Because of increased consumption and export of wood, the Brazilian government began to offer fiscal incentives to stimulate reforestation in the 1960s. In the 1970s, the use of financial resources improved as better technology was introduced and forests were restocked with selected foreign species, mainly rapid-growing eucalyptus and pine.
+Eucalyptus is more suitable than pine for energy production because it provides a quicker return on investment, has denser wood, and is more easily harvested. Impressive gains in productivity have been achieved from genetic breeding. Eucalyptus traditionally reaches harvest age in 7 years. The total production cost for 1 ha of planted eucalyptus forest over 21 years, the time commonly required for three harvests, is 1 274 USD. This assumes an opportunity cost of capital of 10%, a tax incentive of 200 USD/ha, and yields of 175 m³ in the first and second harvests and 137.5 m³ in the third harvest. The crop is already economical by the second harvest at a price of 1.88 USD and shows a profit at 2.19 USD. This suggests that tax incentives may not be necessary, but their existence is justified by the 7-year wait between the initial investment and the first returns. Because of the 25-year span between planting and first harvesting of pine, this species cannot compete with
+eucalyptus as an energy crop.
+Sugarcane-Because sugarcane represents about 60% of the cost of ethanol production, the success of a sugarcane-based program of ethanol production depends on sugarcane productivity. Annual productivity varies greatly in Brazil (from 50 to 150 t/ha; national average 53 t/ha). It is common to obtain four harvests in 5 years. The National Alcohol Programme increased investment in sugarcane cultivation and led to significant increases in cane productivity and quality. A program for sugarcane breeding seeks to obtain new and improved varieties. For maximum productivity, the sugarcane grower should harvest the sugarcane when it reaches its period of maximum growth.
+Processors normally use better technology and achieve higher sugarcane productivity than independent growers. The custom, in most developing countries, is to pay for a crop by weight and to make minimal quality stipulations. In 1984, Brazil established a payment system based on sucrose content to improve quality and increase profits from ethanol and sugar manufacture. Although the sugarcane industry is flexible in the substitution of mechanization for labour, several operations, in particular cane harvesting, are manual. The employment of seasonal labour for the harvest is still common, but there is a tendency for mills to maintain a full-time labour force.
+With the improvements in sugarcane productivity and quality, it is possible to obtain yields of 120 t/ha for plant cane and 95,80, and 70 t/ha for the three subsequent ratoon crops. If it is assumed that these yields are obtained and that the annual interest rate is 10%, the total costs for the cultivation of I ha of plant cane would be 1 022 USD and the total costs for 1 ha of ratoon cane (yield 80 t) would be about 454 USD. Therefore, sugarcane sold at the market price in July 1984 (8.40 USD/t) should have yielded a profit. The exploitation cost of sugarcane was 7.40 USD/t.
+Cassava-Cassava is produced for human and animal consumption generally by subsistence cultivation and without technological improvements. Although four new cassava distilleries were built in Brazil in the early 1980s, they have faced a shortage of raw materials. The cassava plantations have failed because of the overestimation of the ability of cassava to thrive on poor soil and the absence of large, established plantations and intensive production.
+For human consumption, cassava is harvested at the end of one vegetative cycle (8-12 months). For industrial use (to produce starch or ethanol), it is harvested at the end of two cycles (15-24 months) when the starch content is sufficiently high (27% is considered a reasonable average). Most planting and harvesting are manual, but some mechanized planters and harvesters are being introduced. Based on production of 20 t/ha, cassava was a profitable crop at the July 1984 market price of 45 USD/t (the break-even point was 35 USD/t).
+Other-Nontraditional crops for ethanol production are sweet sorghum, corn, sweet potatoes, and Jerusalem artichokes.
+Industrial Processing
+Wood-The commercial processes of combustion use wood as a substitute for petroleum or gas to produce heat, steam, or electricity. The thermochemical processes of pyrolysis, gasification, and sac-charification and fermentation are not yet commercial. These processes attempt to use wood for the synthesis of various products that are designed as fuels for boilers, kilns, and internal combustion motors.
+The direct combustion of wood to produce heat or steam has an efficiency of 68%. Predrying and powdering of wood help to improve boiler efficiency. Brazil built more than 500 boilers for steam production as part of its National Alcohol Programme. The cost of these boilers is substantially lower than in North America. Cost analyses revealed that these low-pressure boilers were significantly cheaper than high-pressure boilers, possibly because of the mass production required for the alcohol industry.
+Sugarcane-Cogeneration systems appeal to electricity planners because it may be feasible, given the complementary rainfall cycle and cane harvesting season, to cogenerate electricity from hydroelectric and sugarcane-bagasse thermoelectric plants. Although cogeneration is not appropriate for all applications, it is becoming more economical, and large, new electrical utilities are becoming more costly. In Brazil, the cost of cogeneration plants is favourable relative to the North American market.
+Charcoal-Almost all (90%) of Brazil's significant charcoal production is used to produce pig iron. Charcoal represents 65% of the cost of pig iron. Charcoal contains only 42% of the energy of the crop in the field. The two objectives of efforts to improve the carbonization process are to increase the proportion of energy recovered from the available biomass and to improve the profitability of the productive sector. As a result, the wood-charcoal conversion index is improving. Florestal Acesita SA, a large charcoal producer, has established a technology-development program to obtain wood carbonization by-products for use in chemical products and medium-energy liquid fuels. Ways are also being sought to reduce the amount of charcoal used in the new processes that are being developed to produce pig iron.
+Wood Gasification-The most primitive wood gasification technique yields producer gas, which has a low heat value that increases its transportation costs and inhibits flame temperature. In addition, the impurities in the gas cause obstructions in pipelines. However, producer gas has a major possible use as a fuel for conversed stationary engines, and it may be possible to convert vehicles to run on the gas.
+Medium-energy producer gas can be manufactured by eliminating nitrogen from the gas product. This gas can be used for combustion with high flame temperatures and for the synthesis of hydrogen, methanol, and other alcohols. However, methanol production from wood gasification is still experimental.
+Ethanol from Wood-The only effective industrial process for ethanol production from wood uses sulfuric acid. Commercialization and dissemination of this technology have been limited. In Brazil, this process is still at the testing stage. Further study is required to deal with corrosion and scale formation. Cost analysis of a plant that produces ethanol from wood has revealed that ethanol production by hydrolysis is not feasible unless the cost of production can be reduced significantly.
+Ethanol and Sugarcane -In more than 95% of Brazilian distilleries, the stages of production of ethanol from sugarcane are milling of whole and burnt stalks, batch fermentation with yeast recycling, and distillation in stainless steel columns under low pressure. Each stage could be improved by technological innovations. For example, the sugar concentration in the juice could be adjusted to optimize fermentation and distillation, the fermentation temperature could be maintained at about 32°C to better control fermentation, and perforated trays could be used to promote greater efficiency and lower the costs of distillation. If standard sugarcane at appropriate operating efficiencies yields 73 L of fuel ethanol per tonne, a sugarcane plant that produced 120 000 L of ethanol a day would make a profit of 0.028 USD/L.
+Ethanol from Cassava-None of the cassava distilleries built in Brazil in the early 1980s is in continuous operation or working at capacity. The industrial process is almost fully developed except for the difficulty of separating cassava fibres, which leads to a 10% loss of ethanol. Difficulties in the industrial process can be attributed to unconventional technology in secondary steps.
+Preliminary cassava treatment covers reception, cleaning, peeling, cutting, and grating. The hydrolysis stage involves dextrinization and saccharification and is followed by fermentation and distillation. A cost analysis of cassava plants that yielded 120 000 L of ethanol a day revealed that cost reductions of 0.08-0.09 USD/L were needed to make ethanol production from cassava feasible. If the plant operated for 140 days a year using dried root chips and 160 days using fresh cassava roots, the operating costs almost doubled. Because 75% of the cost of ethanol is raw materials, economic feasibility could be achieved by higher crop yields.
+Market for Alternative Fuels
+Because of the structure of energy prices in Brazil, the lowest risk for alcohol marketing, at the beginning of the National Alcohol Programme, was as a gasoline alternative. Alcohol was initially introduced in a gasoline-ethanol blend and, eventually, as a total substitute for gasoline. After the initial euphoria surrounding the introduction of ethanol-powered vehicles, the market reacted unfavourably because of the poor quality of the motors. Car manufacturers were unwilling to make the necessary modification, and uncontrolled workshops were doing substandard conversions. Intense consumer reaction led the government and vehicle manufacturers to improve product quality and to offer economic advantages to buyers. Since 1983, more than 80% of the market for new cars has been ethanol-powered vehicles.
+The use of ethanol as a substitute for diesel fuel is mainly an economic problem that could be solved by adding ethanol to the diesel fuel, designing engines with double injection systems, using glow-plugs, or replacing diesel engines with Otto-cycle engines. Because diesel fuel and ethanol are about the same price per litre, widespread use of ethanol as a substitute for diesel fuel is limited.
+The operational cost of wood for steam generation is competitive with the cost of fuel oils. However, the use of wood is limited by the noncompatibility of wood with oil furnaces, the absence of forests in the areas where the wood is required, and the difficulties associated with large areas to hold firewood in densely populated zones.
+The first problem can be solved by replacing oil furnaces with firewood furnaces. The transportation of wood over greater distances can be made more economical by relying on less expensive transportation or by transforming the wood into a product with a higher energy content per kilogram (for example, charcoal). Similarly, the problem of local storage can be reduced if the wood is made into briquettes.
+Hydroelectricity, although economical only for high-load power requirements, can compete with biomass principally in densely inhabited, industrial areas. Competition is also possible in other areas, especially during the rainy season. To completely eliminate oil from the pulp and paper process, oil must be replaced with electricity, which could be cogenerated by hydroelectric and biomass-based thermoelectric plants.
+Requirements for the Use of Biofuel Technologies
+The original interest in alternative fuels was to reduce the costs of imported energy in developing countries. When the price of oil soared in 1973, the implementation of alternative energy programs became more difficult to justify. Therefore, Brazil's National Alcohol Programme, which was based on simple technology and low investments, cannot be easily transplanted to other developing countries.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+If real oil prices remain constant, technology in alternative energy programs must be optimized. Competition must be maintained by making biomass technologies available to several enterprises, and technological improvements should be concentrated on low-efficiency processes. In addition, it is suggested that
+· It is more important to determine the production methods and cost criteria for a new energy source than to define precisely where and how the source will be used,
+· Government agencies responsible for various energy sources be subordinate to an overall energy policy, and
+· The introduction of biofuel technology in the least developed countries start with simple uses (for example, direct use of wood for heat and steam) because most developing countries lack sophisticated technology.
+<section>Alternative transport fuels: supply, consumption, and conservation</section>
+Sergio C. Trindade
+Overview
+This paper concentrates on energy conservation and on a range of alternative transportation fuels. Alcohol fuels (ethanol and methanol), gaseous fuels (natural gas and LPG), and "other fuels" (producer gas and vegetable oils) are considered. A standard analysis is employed that consists of the use of these fuels in Otto or diesel engines; their production, distribution, storage, and transmission; the economics of their use; and a preliminary ranking of their research and development (R&D) needs.
+The importance of taking an integrated systems approach to analyzing transportation services is emphasized. Planning and policy are reviewed to identify and rank priorities in technical, economic, and policy research areas.
+Analysis
+The analysis of alternative fuel systems for transportation varies greatly from country to country; however, there is a global requirement for conservation and interfuel substitution through improved vehicle and system efficiency and better planning and policies. Therefore, R&D efforts toward such global requirements should receive the highest priority. R&D on natural gas should also be given high priority, whereas R&D on alcohol fuels and LPG should only be given intermediate priority. The lowest priority should be assigned to producer gas and vegetable oils.
+Alcohol Fuels
+The alcohol fuels (ethanol and methanol) are potentially abundant and can be produced from a variety of raw materials. In addition, they are more compatible with traditional fuels than other alternatives.
+Ethanol -Ethanol, which has a greater energy efficiency than gasoline in Otto engines, can be blended with gasoline or used as a neat fuel. When used alone, some adjustments are necessary. These adjustments can be easily accomplished by trained mechanics, or vehicles can be manufactured to burn ethanol. To use ethanol in diesel engines, measures must be taken to improve ignition, modify the engine, install dual-fuel systems, or convert the engine to Otto cycle.
+Brazil's program in alternative fuels for transportation is the largest in the world and is based on sugarcane-derived ethanol. The program relies on the existing infrastructure for petroleum fuels to distribute, store, and transport ethanol. The phase-out of premium gasoline has allowed ethanol to take its place. Anhydrous ethanol, derived from ethylene hydration by the petrochemical industry, acts as a buffer to ensure an adequate supply of ethanol. Alternative substrates for ethanol production include cassava and wood. Although there is considerable interest in these alternatives, both are at the demonstration stage. Ethanol can be demonstrated to be economically competitive with diesel, particularly for trucking. Further economic analysis is required that compares the true costs, stripped of taxes and subsidies.
+R&D priority should be given to the investigation of the most promising biomass materials for conversion to ethanol, the optimization of alcohol content in gasoline blends for Otto engines, and the adaptation of Otto engines for use with ethanol.
+Methanol -The discussion on methanol parallels that on ethanol. Conversion requirements for Otto and diesel engines are similar. Some limitations of methanol include a low water tolerance in gasoline blends, high vapour pressure, low volumetric energy relative to gasoline, engine lubrication problems, and toxicity. Markets are developing in Europe and the United States for methanol, particularly as an octane enhancer. Because of global overcapacity, methanol is selling at very competitive prices compared with gasoline. This alcohol is expected to eventually outstrip ethanol because of its wider diversity of raw materials, the value added to natural gas when it is converted to methanol for transportation purposes, and its lower costs. To make methanol, a synthesis gas (which varies with the type of feedstock) is first produced. Currently, the cheapest methanol is made from natural gas, but synthesis gas can also be derived from coal or wood, although these latter processes
+are presently uneconomical. R&D priorities are similar to those for ethanol.
+Gaseous Fuels
+Gaseous fuels are defined as natural gas (including CNG and LNG) and LPG. The use of these fuels is growing as more natural gas reserves are discovered, particularly in developing countries. The major disadvantage of these fuels is that they are gaseous at ambient temperature and pressure. As a result, the storage system for the gas limits its use as a transportation fuel. Gaseous fuels give good performance in Otto engines because of their high octane rating; however, because distribution systems are not widespread, a dual-fuel approach for Otto engines is common. This approach requires a compromise that is not the best for either fuel and fails to take advantage of the high octane rating. Because gaseous fuels have a low cetane number, their direct use in diesel engines is limited. Measures to improve ignition, similar to those discussed for ethanol, are required.
+Natural Gas-Natural gas is composed mainly of methane and is found either with petroleum or in isolated reservoirs. Methane can also be obtained through biomethanation, a process that is becoming more widespread throughout the developing world. However, only large biomethanation plants can produce methanol at a cost that makes it competitive with conventional fuels in the same market (although this may change in the future).
+Italy has the world's most developed program to use natural gas as a fuel. Natural gas is distributed through pipeline networks or in tube trailers pulled by trucks. The benefits of natural gas depend on the value of the fuel that is displaced. Natural gas competes very well with gasoline as a transportation fuel. The priorities for R&D are to adapt existing natural gas systems to local conditions for Otto engines and to develop new on-board storage systems for Otto engines.
+Liquefied Petroleum Gas-LPG is either obtained from petroleum refining or separated from reserves of natural gas. In countries that have no reserves of natural gas, it is marketed as a household fuel. Because there is a greater incentive to use LPG as a transportation fuel in countries endowed with natural gas, LPG is not expected to be a major alternative fuel in the long term. LPG can be transported by pipeline, truck, rail, and barge. Under appropriate conditions, it can be very competitive with gasoline as a fuel for vehicles. The highest R&D priority is to adapt existing LPG systems to local conditions for Otto and diesel engines.
+Other Fuels
+Producer Gas-Producer gas has a high octane rating and can be used in Otto engines; however, because of its low energy density it is characterized by high power loss (up to 50%) compared with gasoline. Diesel engines can operate with producer gas if they are converted to Otto cycle or fed diesel oil and producer gas simultaneously. The main limitation of producer gas as a transportation fuel is the need to carry an extra load in the form of a gas generator and primary fuel. Because producer fuel cannot be stored, issues of distribution and storage relate to the primary fuel. The production of producer gas requires a generator, a filter, a cooler, a mixer, and a throttler. Generators for producer gas are not widely available and require an investment of about
+2 000 USD. There appears to be a limited market for this fuel as a transportation fuel except for local or contingency situations. R&D could be directed toward decreasing the loss of engine power and mitigating the environmental impact of emissions, which are rich in carbon monoxide.
+Vegetable Oils-Vegetable oils are more expensive than diesel oil and they neither aspirate nor vaporize well in the Otto engine carburetor because of their high viscosity and low volatility. Therefore, they appear to be poor alternatives for diesel fuel or gasoline. The use of vegetable oils causes serious deterioration of engine performance over time. Consequently modifications of vegetable oils (for example, transesterification with methanol or ethanol and thermocatalytic cracking) have been proposed. Various blends of transesterified or natural vegetable oils with diesel oil and with alcohol are characterized by performance difficulties. Transesterified vegetable oils give reasonable performance but cost more. Data on cracked oils are limited. R&D initiatives will probably continue to hedge against growing fears of middle distillate shortages in specific countries.
+Transportation Systems
+Transportation services should be analyzed with an integrated systems approach in which alternative fuels and energy conservation play a limited but important role. Often, the analysis of energy intensity ignores the total energy used by a specific mode of transportation. It is useful to distinguish between energy intensiveness, line-haul energy (the energy required to operate the infrastructure to maintain the transportation system), modal energy (line-haul energy plus the energy for access), and program energy (the total expected energy consequences of the transportation system). Passenger transport energy (PTE) can be computed by adding travel demand, the reciprocal of load factor, and vehicle energy intensity across all types of fuels and modes of transportation. A comparison of energy intensities of various modes of passenger transportation reveals that air transportation had the highest energy intensity, followed by private automobile, rail, and bus. Freight transport
+energy (FTE) can be calculated in a similar manner. FTE and PTE are useful tools for measuring systems efficiency. It is instructive to note that vehicle energy efficiency affects only one of the three terms in the calculation of system energy efficiency.
+Economic studies of energy demand suggest that the short-term price elasticity of demand for petroleum products is relatively low and that income elasticities among developing countries vary more than price elasticities. Therefore, short-run, price-inelastic demand for transportation energy is not conducive to immediate measures of energy conservation in response to higher prices. Also, because the cost of freight transportation usually accounts for a small fraction of total production cost, higher energy prices will not result in a large contraction in the use of transportation energy. Although energy conservation plays a limited role, any concept of systems management must incorporate improved technologies in transportation modes, fuels, and engines.
+Two strategic objectives for R&D in the transportation system are linked to the global objective of efficient systems use. These objectives are to develop more energy-efficient transportation systems and to improve the management of transportation systems.
+Planning and Policy
+Energy conservation is only one objective of energy planning. Measures to improve the efficiency of transportation energy include using more efficient transportation modes, promoting economic interfuel substitution in a given mode, reducing vehicle distance traveled per passenger or per tonne-kilometre, and lowering the energy intensity per vehicle-kilometre.
+All approaches to the analysis of the supply, consumption, and conservation of alternative transportation fuels should include energy-demand analysis; supply potential and opportunity costs, end-use requirements, and managerial and other skills; market penetration scenarios; and implementation strategies. For a national alternative fuel program in a developing country, it is necessary to analyze global supply and demand. After these are established, a rationale for a program in alternative transportation fuels is necessary. The establishment of such a program is rarely based on economics. It is more often a strategic political decision to lessen the country's dependence on foreign imports and to reduce vulnerability to shortages or high prices. The development of such a program, particularly in the developing world, can be severely constrained by the lack of a clear political decision. To achieve a stronger political will, consensus should be sought among key protagonists
+(automakers, oil marketers and retailers, refinery owners, alternative fuels producers, traditional fuels producers, farmers, and scientists).
+The potential impacts of such a program include net foreign exchange savings, rural employment and urban migration, energy self-reliance, a conflict between using crops for food and export and using crops for fuel, environmental effects, and the need for foreign exchange to finance the program.
+If an efficient supply system is a global objective, there are two high-priority strategic objectives for R&D efforts in planning and policy. These objectives are to plan for market penetration of alternative fuels and conservation and to develop policies for optimal market penetration of alternative fuels and conservation. Tactics for the first strategy include the development of market-penetration scenarios for alternative transportation fuels and the financial and economic assessment of these scenarios. Tactics for the second strategy include an examination of the impact of pricing, economic, fiscal and trade policies, capital allocation criteria, and institutional and legislative frameworks.
+<section>Volume 7: Nonconventional energy</section>
+<section>Market potential for renewable energy technologies</section>
+David Jhirad
+Overview
+This paper examines the economic and financial feasibility of new and renewable sources of energy and discusses some examples of their application in developing countries. Renewable energy can be financially and economically competitive for certain applications. A number of cost goals must be achieved if solar photovoltaic or thermal systems are to make a major contribution to the energy sector. The paper contains a discussion of methods for evaluating projects in the public and private sector and identifies a series of issues that must be addressed if renewable energy is to have a significant impact on development.
+Analysis
+Three basic facts must be considered in the analysis of options for renewable energy. First, renewable energies are technically capable of supplying modern society with many of its energy requirements. Second, renewable energies have not been exploited internationally, although they are economically competitive with conventional fuels. The main obstacles are institutional. Third, efficient use of systems based on solar energy will depend on advanced materials and concepts to make this option competitive with conventional options.
+Renewable Energy Resources in Developing Countries
+Renewable energy includes both direct solar radiation and indirect solar energy (for example, wind, hydroelectric power, ocean energy, and sustainably managed biomass resources). Despite the First World's strong interest in renewable energy, this interest has not been reflected in the energy strategies of developing countries. Renewable energy has a number of advantages. Because it is an indigenous resource that can be exploited with flexible and modular conversion technology, it is economically efficient for certain applications. Furthermore, rapid technological advances are expected to expand the applications for renewable energy in the near future. Among the barriers to the spread of these systems are lack of experience with renewable energies, lack of institutional support and coordination to finance and commercialize the systems, and technical and economic uncertainties, combined with high costs for many renewable energy options.
+Energy planning should be demand oriented and based on development needs. As such, a combination of conventional and renewable energy systems and of measures to ensure efficient use of energy is required.
+Economic Status and Future Market Prospects for Renewable Energies
+A US study sponsored by the Department of Energy and the Trade and Development Program determined that there are market opportunities in less developed countries (LDCs) for technologies related to biomass, photovoltaics, small hydroelectric units, and industrial solar collectors. Examples of applications exist in several developing countries.
+Bagasse, wood waste, and agricultural residues from rice and coconut cultivation could play a major role in the production of electricity and heat in areas where these crop residues are available. A successful large-scale 10.6 MW facility has been built in Louisiana to produce power from rice hulls. It may be possible to effectively transfer this technology to developing countries. In the 1980s, studies were carried out in Ethiopia and the Pacific Islands to produce briquettes from crop residues.
+Energy systems that produce electricity and alcohol from sugarcane have also been introduced in LDCs to revitalize the sugar industry. Brazil's program to produce ethanol from sugarcane is regarded as the most ambitious in the developing world, but by the mid-1980s at least seven other LDCs had commercial ethanol plants either in operation or under construction. Ethanol can also be manufactured from other sugar crops, grains, fruits, and materials high in cellulose (for example, wood). Ethanol programs have been introduced in Malawi, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe; however, the feasibility of these programs depends both on the site and on appropriate institutional arrangements and coordination.
+The high cost of modules and systems is the major obstacle limiting the use of photovoltaics in LDCs. However, breakthroughs in thin-film technologies may lead to significant reductions in the cost to produce power. Although the cost of photovoltaic technology remains too high for many applications in developing countries, this energy option is the one that holds the most potential. A modest market exists for rural electrification, water pumping, and telecommunications.
+Renewable thermal energy obtained with solar flat-plate collectors is expensive and unreliable. Nonetheless, a solar collector made with polymer film and laminate technology is being developed to reduce costs and increase thermal efficiency. Low-cost solar collectors may be highly economical for heating water in the cotton, dyeing, and food-processing industries. Small hydroelectric power units may have important applications in the highland areas of Africa, Asia, and South America, where the lack of electric power and diesel fuel limits economic development.
+Project Analysis and National Energy Policy
+To achieve their goals in energy costs, governments must perform social cost-benefit analyses of renewable energy projects using appropriate shadow prices. Once a project is proven to be economic, planners can consider the financial feasibility of the project from the point of view of the investor. The financial feasibility of renewable energy systems largely depends on the price of oil and the cost of capital. The standard criteria for cost-benefit analysis are the internal rate of return (IRR), net present value calculations, and gross payback period.
+Solar industrial process heat (SIPH) systems are an example of the effects of government policies on the financial feasibility of energy systems. A sensitivity analysis of key parameters reveals that given the market price of oil, SIPH is uneconomical unless cost-reducing innovations are implemented. In 1981, with premiums of more than 50% on the world price of imported oil, SIPH investments became economic. Investment tax credits are also a powerful government tool to encourage investment in solar energy. For example, a 25% tax credit on one installation can make the difference between a project with an attractive IRR and one with a very low or even negative IRR.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+If renewable energy systems are to have a major impact in the developing world, these issues must be resolved:
+· LDCs must incorporate strategic planning in their energy sectors.
+· A coherent national policy on energy, which includes coordination of institutions, must be developed.
+· The benefits of indigenous manufacture compared with imported technology and equipment should be explored (technology transfer should involve joint ventures with companies in industrialized countries to avoid continued dependence).
+· Performance standards should be established for various types of renewable energy equipment, and information should be disseminated on technologies that meet standards of reliability and efficiency.
+· Governments should provide incentives for renewable energy investments on a clear and consistent basis and provide training for skilled labour.
+<section>Solar and wind energy technology</section>
+Bernard McNelis and Peter L. Fraenkel
+Overview
+This paper discusses conversion technologies for solar and wind energy. Applications and costs are outlined. The economics of solar and wind technologies are compared with those of diesel engines. Recommendations focus on the collection of more reliable information to determine what a technology can achieve and where it can be used.
+Analysis
+Largely because of their high capital costs, solar and wind technologies have not had widespread impact as energy options. However, costs of renewable systems are falling, and markets may soon develop. So far, few systems have proven to be technically or economically feasible. There is a lack of economic and technical data on existing projects. Research and development have been led by technology. Instead, research should be devoted to end uses and an assessment of what current technology is able to achieve. The seasonal and geographic variability of both solar and wind energy must be accurately recorded and duly considered in the design of any related energy system.
+Conversion Technologies for Solar Energy
+Solar radiation can be converted to heat and mechanical or electrical power. The heat can be used to heat or distill water or to dry crops (conversion is carried out by solar thermal collectors that circulate air or water). Mechanical or electrical power can be used for water pumping, lighting, and refrigeration (this more complex conversion uses solar-thermodynamic or solar-photovoltaic methods).
+Solar Collectors -Solar collectors are classified according to geometry and vary in efficiency. Common types are flat-plate collectors, evacuated collectors, solar ponds, stationary concentrators, linear-focus collectors, point-focus collectors, and central receivers.
+Thermodynamic Conversion-Heat can be converted by a solar-thermodynamic power system (heat engine) into mechanical energy to generate electricity. However, there is a basic incompatibility between solar collectors and heat engines: the efficiency of a solar collector decreases as the temperature increases. Thermodynamics dictates that maximum conversion efficiency in the engine requires a large difference in operating temperature. There are three main types of heat engines.
+Photovoltaic Conversion -Silicon cells require a thin wafer of high-purity silicon processed into a crystalline form. There are several cell types. Until recently, the most common form was monocrystalline silicon, which is cut from a single, long, processed crystal. Current conversion efficiencies are 12-18%. Polycrystalline silicon, composed of many individual grains of silicon, has less stringent requirements for crystal growth and can be cast as a block. This implies more efficient use of the silicon feedstock and less expensive production. Efficiencies of 13% have been achieved in commercial production, and higher efficiencies are planned. The commercial potential of thin-film cells is being evaluated, and the technology continues to evolve. Because the photosensitive layers are very thin, little material is used and costs are reduced. A theoretical efficiency of 15% is possible but has not been achieved.
+Modules and arrays of solar cells can be electrically connected in series or in parallel to provide suitable voltages and currents for particular applications. Efficiency decreases as the operating temperature rises.
+Applications and Costs
+Solar technologies must be evaluated in the context of their end uses. Only technically and economically feasible technologies, or those with the potential to become feasible, should be considered.
+Possible applications for solar collectors include
+· Water heating, which is the best known and most widespread use of solar technology and may save fuel in urban and industrial applications,
+· Water distillation, which can be used for water purification in developing countries, and
+· Solar dryers, which can improve traditional methods of drying fish and produce.
+There are few solar-thermodynamic power systems in regular operation. However, research suggests that it should be possible to produce technically reliable and economically feasible systems. Most experience with small systems has been with water pumps. A comparison of system configurations indicates that higher temperature solar collectors have lower system costs for a given output. Therefore, the capital costs of mass-produced thermodynamic systems could be competitive with the projected capital costs of photovoltaic systems. In addition, solar-thermodynamic systems will probably be more feasible for large-scale applications.
+There are two main types of photovoltaic systems:
+· Stand-alone systems, in which the photovoltaic array is the principal or only source of energy, serves both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) loads (the factors that determine the size of the photovoltaic array and the amount of battery storage required include location, required availability, duty cycle, and energy demand).
+· Grid-connected systems have the load connected to both the photovoltaic power system and an electricity grid (these systems are not yet appropriate for developing countries).
+Stand-alone systems are used for both water pumping and medical refrigerators. There are at least 600 photovoltaic pumping systems installed around the world. Few have been monitored. The subsystem must work efficiently over a range of voltage and current levels. The choice of a DC motor is attractive because the array provides a DC power supply. For high-power applications, AC motors with DC-AC invertors can be used.
+Pumps can be centrifugal or positive-displacement. Each has different characteristics that suit different applications. Four principal combinations of motor and pump are suitable for different ranges of head and flow. Lifts range from 2 to 20 m and electrical efficiency from 25 to 40%.
+Photovoltaic cells can also power small refrigerators, which are technically feasible and economically attractive for vaccine storage in remote areas. Photovoltaic cells are not yet economic for powering domestic refrigerators.
+Conversion Technologies for Wind Energy
+Most wind systems operate with a wind speed of 2.5-25 m/s, but no system covers the entire range. The two primary mechanisms for producing forces from wind are lift and drag.
+The two main families of windmills use either horizontal- or vertical-axis rotors. Horizontal-axis rotors depend mainly on lift and require fewer blades. The power coefficient and the torque coefficient are both used to classify a horizontal-axis rotor. The choice of rotor is based on the load characteristics.
+Vertical-axis rotors can be either drag- or lift-based. The Savonius rotor has been adapted to produce shaft power. Panamones are pure drag devices and are less efficient than lift-dependent devices. Cross-flow or Darrieus wind turbines, which depend on lift for their power production, are limited in their commercial availability.
+Applications and Costs
+The two main applications of wind turbines are as wind pumps and electricity generators. A pump generally involves a high-solidity rotor (with a low tip speed ratio) that is connected mechanically to a piston pump, whereas a generator is usually driven through a gearbox by a low-solidity rotor. Typically, a wind turbine will run only when the wind exceeds a certain minimum speed, and the output increases progressively with the wind speed.
+Wind Pumps-The two principal end uses of wind pumps (water supply and irrigation) have very different technical, operational, and economic requirements. Because pumps for water supply are often left unattended, they must be reliable and are generally more costly. Irrigation pumps are for seasonal use. They are generally attended and need not be as reliable or costly. A number of pumps can be used with windmills. Mechanical wind pumps generally operate with a positive displacement pump; however, major mismatch problems can limit system efficiency and must be considered in system design.
+Developing countries have only started to manufacture wind pumps, and the industry is not yet fully established. A comparison of wind pumps indicates that the cost per square metre of rotor is relatively independent of machine size. Furthermore, European and US machines are more expensive than Asian or Australian models. Commercial models are based either on obsolete but reliable designs from the 1930s or on immature, relatively untested contemporary designs. A lack of interest in wind technology was evident during the 20-30 years preceding the oil crisis. Because of a lack of scientific research and accurate measuring equipment, the design of wind pumps is empirical, and some machines could be improved significantly by controlled testing.
+The global market for wind pumps is difficult to assess, but if it is assumed that there are about 750 000 wind pumps with a lifetime of 20 years now in use, the existing market should be 37 500 pumps per year. If the trend to replace wind pumps with engines halts, a significant market could exist, especially if modern cost-effective designs can be produced.
+Wind Generators-Wind generators have been installed in increasing numbers in the United States. The average capacity of the wind generators installed in 1983 was 66 kW. Smaller wind generators (either grid-connected or stand-alone) are also available to charge the batteries used in rural lighting, communications, and vaccine refrigeration. Because many First World manufacturers concentrate on larger machines for electricity grids, there is a shortage of generators to charge the small batteries that are used in many less developed country (LDC) applications. Cost analysis reveals that small wind generators would be less expensive if produced in quantity.
+Economics of Solar and Wind Technology
+The costs of solar, wind, and diesel systems are high in comparison with the market price for conventional electricity. The unit energy costs for renewable energy systems depend on both climate and the energy load on the system. Because it is difficult to compare capital costs for these different units, their cost-power outputs were compared. The comparison revealed that
+· In windy regions, wind generators were cheaper than diesel engines for a daily load of 2 kWh or less,
+· For very small loads, with good solar conditions or medium wind speeds, capital costs of solar and wind systems were less than that of diesel systems, and
+· Medium wind conditions made wind generators cheaper than solar systems even with good solar conditions.
+A comparison of unit energy costs for all three systems showed that
+· Given a 4.5 m/s average in the worst month, wind was competitive with diesel under all conditions,
+· For loads of less than about 5 kWh/day (I kWh - 3.6 MJ), wind was competitive at 3.5 m/s and photovoltaics at 20 MJ/m², and
+· For loads less than I kWh/day, photovoltaics were competitive at 15 MJ/m² and wind at 3 m/s.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research to improve the conversion technologies for solar and wind energy. is important; however, several technologies are at the stage where widespread use in LDCs is not dependent on more technical research. Reliable technical, economic, and social information is required to determine what a technology can achieve and the conditions under which it can be used. Three specific recommendations for future research are the following:
+· Field research needs to be carried out to bridge the research gap between the developers and the users.
+· Data are urgently required to evaluate the validity of wind pumps.
+· A program should be undertaken to determine the potential for using inexpensive stand-alone wind generators in nonelectrified villages in LDCs because wind technology offers considerable potential in agriculture and rural electrification.
+<section>Geothermal energy exploration and utilization</section>
+Ingvar Birgir Fridleifsson
+Overview
+This paper discusses geothermal resources and their associated geologic conditions. Exploration methods to locate geothermal resources are examined, and the steps in a typical geothermal project are presented. The paper focuses on preliminary and appraisal studies and presents an overview of practical uses of geothermal energy throughout the world. The costs and uses of geothermal energy are favourable compared with the costs and uses of other energy sources. Given its advantages, geothermal energy is expected to become more widely used.
+Analysis
+Vast amounts of geothermal energy are generated and stored in the core, mantle, and crust of the Earth. However, this energy source can only be tapped in relatively restricted zones, where heat can be extracted in the form of hot water or steam. The hot water or steam can then be used for electricity generation, heating, drying, or freezing. Geothermal energy, in this paper, refers to the energy stored as water or steam at depths that are accessible by drilling. Locating useable geothermal sources depends on finding a suitable heat source, the presence of a suitable medium for transferring the heat, and a permeable path along which the medium can travel. Geothermal exploration seeks to find these permeable paths. Geologic resources can be distinguished by their relationship to young igneous intrusions: high-temperature fields are always associated with such intrusions, but low-temperature fields need not be.
+The principal geothermal fields used to produce electricity are associated with young igneous intrusions. These intrusions are located on three types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, and transform faults. Strong heat anomalies are associated with plate boundaries. Constructive boundaries occur where two plates move apart and a new plate is formed on the ocean floor along the spreading ridge. The most simple geologic type of geothermal system occurs at constructive plate boundaries. These types of boundaries are located in the East African Rift Valley, the Gulf of California, Iceland, and the Red Sea.
+Destructive boundaries occur where two plates collide and one is thrust beneath the other along a subduction zone (for example, in Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, and the Philippines). The geologic activity at the plate is generally very complicated, and there are both positive and negative heat flows.
+Transform faults result when two plates slide past each other (for example, California and Hawaii). Geothermal fields are less common at these boundaries because magmatism is not as intense. The best known geothermal system at this type of boundary is Geysers geothermal field in California.
+There are also vast quantities of geothermal energy stored in regions of normal thermal gradients where there are no young igneous intrusions. However, only a small fraction of their potential can be exploited economically. Geothermal resources not associated with intrusions can be divided into
+· Resources in a low-porosity, conductive environment that can only be extracted by creating artificial permeability (this extraction method is at the experimental stage),
+· Resources related to deep circulation of meteoric water along faults and fractures (for example, warm springs),
+· Resources in a high-porosity environment at hydrostatic pressure (these are the most important type of geothermal resource not associated with young igneous activity), and
+· Resources in a high-porosity environment at pressures greatly in excess of hydrostatic pressure.
+Geothermal Exploration
+Geothermal exploration deals with a much wider scope of geologic structures than oil exploration and is further hampered by the low unit cost of the final product. Because geothermal fields are such complicated geologic and hydrologic phenomena, their exploration involves the integration of methods derived from geology, geophysics, and geochemistry. Much can be learned from oil exploration methods because geothermal reservoirs are often discovered in the course of investigations for oil and gas. Typical steps in a geothermal exploration project include an appraisal study, project design, preparation of tender documents, project construction, and plant operation.
+The preliminary study can be divided into a reconnaissance survey to identify specific prospect areas and to assign priorities for more detailed investigations, prospect investigations to locate exploratory drill sites within a prospect area, and exploratory drilling to prove the existence of a geothermal reservoir. The preliminary study yields a prefeasibility report that is used to decide whether to continue with the appraisal study. The appraisal study can also be divided into appraisal drilling using wells that are of similar construction to the planned production wells, reservoir evaluation using flow tests and interference tests in the wells, and the feasibility study.
+The issue of whether geothermal energy constitutes renewable energy remains unresolved. Generally, over time, the pressure in these fields declines; however, the lifetime of a field can vary widely (it is generally assumed to be 30 years in feasibility reports). Reinjection of the field with the geothermal fluid can help to maintain the pressure, but the long-term effects of this mechanism have not been determined. The surface thermal-flux and volume methods are most widely used to estimate geothermal resources on a regional scale.
+Geothermal Utilization
+Like solar energy, geothermal energy has been used for centuries, but it was not until the beginning of this century that geothermal water was used to heat houses in Iceland and to generate electricity in Italy. Geothermal energy use is often divided into electricity production and direct applications. In general, production of electric power requires temperatures above 140°C, whereas the ideal temperature for district heating networks is 80°C. Because of the low efficiency of steam turbines,7-10 MW of thermal energy is required to produce I MW of electricity. Therefore, more attention is given to direct applications of geothermal resources.
+Electricity production is limited by the pressures at which the turbines can operate. In 1985, 16 countries, including China, Italy, and the United States, were using geothermal power to generate electricity. The annual growth of electricity produced from these resources was 16.5% from 1978 to 1985, and developing countries (for example, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, and Guatemala) were expected to join this group by 1990. Indonesia, Mexico, and the Philippines produce electricity from geothermal energy. The rate of development of geothermal electricity in the short term will probably be greatly determined by the price of oil.
+There are many direct applications for geothermal energy using familiar technology. In comparison with geothermal electricity, direct applications are characterized by higher efficiency, shorter development time, and wider availability. Seventy countries are believed to have some low-temperature geothermal resources that could be used for direct applications.
+Japan is the world's largest user of this energy source. More than 90% of the energy is used in baths and swimming pools. Iceland is second with 10% of the energy used in industry, 5% in greenhouses, and 85% in heating. In 1985, about 80% of the population of Iceland was served by heating systems that relied on geothermal power. Hungary is the third largest consumer of geothermal energy, and 45% of its energy goes to industrial and agricultural applications and 35% to greenhouses. France is a pioneer in the use of low-temperature water obtained from aquifers in saline basins with normal heat flow. By using cogeneration (geothermal energy and conventional energy), France's ambitious goal is to heat the equivalent of about 800 000 apartments by 1990. China has also set ambitious goals for the exploitation of this energy source. Geothermal energy has been used on a large scale in the textile industry in Tianjin. Large-scale heating systems are being planned in Tianjin and
+Beijing, where 200 000 m² of houses are already heated by geothermal energy.
+An additional potential benefit of geothermal exploration is the use of aquifers for the long-term storage of thermal energy. Large amounts of energy dissipated from conventional oil- or coal-fired power stations could be stored in the aquifers of low-temperature geothermal reservoirs. Other sources of energy that could be stored include waste heat from solar and industrial processes. Aquifers could also be cooled in the winter to provide summer cooling.
+Comparison of Geothermal Energy with Other Energy Sources
+Geothermal energy costs must be compared with the costs of conventional fuels and of other renewable energy sources. This is a complicated task because of price distortions in the energy sector, unreliable data, and changing interest rates. Nonetheless, private oil companies have capitalized over half of the world's development of electricity from geothermal resources. Geothermal energy would seem to compare favourably with other energy forms. In many countries (for example, Iceland, New Zealand, and the Philippines) geothermal electricity compares well with conventional electricity in terms of reliability, economy, and scale of production plants. In Iceland and France, geothermal energy is competitive in its use for direct applications.
+Although geothermal energy may never supply more than 1% of world demand for electricity (it accounted for 0.2% in 1984), it could be a major energy source for certain developing countries (for example, El Salvador, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, and Nicaragua). Its potential as a source of heat may be even more substantial.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Considerable research is required to adapt common industrial processes that consume large amounts of thermal energy. There are opportunities for geothermal energy in the fields of food processing and distillation. The field of drilling technology also requires more research because drilling consumes a large percentage of the investment in geothermal projects.
+<section>Photovoltaic technology: application in developing countries</section>
+Antonio Luque
+Overview
+This paper concentrates on the most recent photovoltaic technologies and assesses the role that developing countries can play in the development of these technologies. Research has been carried out on three types of photovoltaic technology that are based on semiclassical, thin-film, and concentrating approaches. Each approach is described. Four markets for photovoltaic generators are identified. The paper concludes with a discussion of policies to improve the application of photovoltaic technology in developing countries, recommends a national photovoltaics policy, and discusses the need to understand local market conditions.
+Analysis
+Because supplies of fossil fuels are limited and the energy produced from these fuels is only inexpensive when it is available from centralized power plants, solar energy is likely to become an increasingly important source of electricity in developing countries. Photovoltaic technologies will probably be more widely used than other means of producing solar electricity because they provide an effective method of producing electricity for scattered users, are reliable, are easy to operate, and can be manufactured in LDCs.
+Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Technology
+From 1974 to 1984, three types of photovoltaic technology occupied much of the research effort (semiclassical, thin-film, and concentrating approaches). When analyzing these approaches, it is important to recognize that the cost of photovoltaic generators varies widely and depends on the size and nature of the market. It is also important to note that the maximum efficiency that can be achieved in practice is 25%.
+Semiclassical approaches characterized the industrial structure of the mid-1980s, when manufacturers purified silicon for use in photovoltaic sheets, cells, and panels in separate plants. A number of attempts were made to reduce the cost of this method. Several industrialized countries attempted to produce a lower purity polysilicon, but the cells had disappointingly low efficiencies. Other techniques have included the use of multiwire saws to cut ingots into wafers more efficiently and continuous growth of a single crystal into the shape of a sheet. The methods with the most potential are the multicrystalline wafer, multiwire slicing, and continuous sheet growth.
+The most promising improvement in cell manufacturing in the early 1980s was the elimination of expensive vacuum steps from the process of metal deposition. Major factors in the cost of cells include wafer cost, manufacturing yield, and efficiency.
+Two types of thin-film cells, the compound semiconductor and the amorphous or a-silicon cell, were developed in the early 1980s. Thin-film cells reduce the amount of active photovoltaic material because they use a substance that can absorb light in a few micrometres. This technology is characterized by purification difficulties because of the high surface-volume ratio and by instability. Consequently, efficiency has only reached 10% in the laboratory and 5.6% in the field (10% is considered average), and performance declines quickly over time. Despite these difficulties, thin-film cells are a popular research topic in small laboratories in the developing world because limited equipment and materials are required for the development of cells. However, because of their instability, easily manufactured cells often become useless in a short time.
+A-silicon is considered the most promising thin-film technology. It has enjoyed small-scale use in consumer goods (for example, watches and calculators). The efficiency of thin-film cells must be increased before they can become competitive with crystalline cells. This research is inappropriate for developing countries because the outcome is too uncertain.
+The concentrating approach, by concentrating light on each cell, decreases the area of solar cells required to yield a given amount of energy. This cost-saving advantage is counterbalanced by the need for a tracker to keep the cell in focus and by the system's inability to collect diffuse radiation. Consequently, concentrators are only feasible in dry areas with unimpeded direct sunlight. Research into static concentration, which does not require a tracker, would eliminate one disadvantage.
+Companies in the United States have financed the installation of concentrating generators because government subsidies make them profitable. There are advantages to manufacturing concentrators in developing countries. The mechanical structure can be produced more easily in countries with an intermediate level of industrialization, optical elements can be made using simple technologies that are more easily transferred than the more complicated methods of cell manufacturing, assembly can be adapted to economies with low labour costs, and concentration makes it possible to adapt specific solutions to local skills. The product can also be as inexpensive on the open market as devices based on more complex technologies, and the risk involved with the technology is low.
+Applications of Photovoltaic Electricity
+There is a need for governments to support basic research and to subsidize photovoltaic electricity to encourage rural electrification and support national manufacturers. In addition to type of technology and volume of production, the size and nature of the market are the key factors that determine whether a particular technology is economically feasible.
+The four basic markets for photovoltaic generators are remote, rural, and residential users and power stations. For remote users, reliability is essential and can be achieved economically using existing flat-panel technology.
+The rural market is mainly concerned with the electrification of rural areas. In Spain, for example, this can be achieved more economically using photovoltaics than by using an electrical network. Photovoltaics are cost competitive with diesel generators, and many consumers prefer photovoltaics because they are quieter and more reliable. Although there is a need for these systems, the poverty and isolation of potential users make them difficult to market.
+The residential market comprises conventional houses that have generators connected to the electrical network. In 1984, photovoltaic modules were not economically feasible for this application. In addition to capital cost, the market potential depends on the lifetime of the panel and future interest and inflation rates.
+Central photovoltaic power stations that used current technology would only be feasible if the price of oil increased substantially. Otherwise, new, more efficient technologies are required to make them competitive with conventional power stations.
+Growth in the markets for photovoltaics will probably lead to price reductions in the technology. Before making large investments, LDCs should be aware that photovoltaic devices will be further developed and become more competitive in price.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Photovoltaics can be competitive with conventional energy sources in a number of applications. To exploit this energy source, developing countries should undertake the following:
+· Assess the potential markets for photovoltaic systems because a significant portion of the cost of small systems is marketing.
+· Distinguish between centralized and individual systems, each of which is characterized by unique problems.
+· Examine the social benefits of these systems to encourage public subsidies.
+· Set up factories to encapsulate or manufacture photovoltaic cells.
+· Refrain from establishing large-scale plants because of the risk involved.
+· Conduct further research into promising areas (for example, concentrating devices) and monitor the field performance of existing technologies.
+· Strengthen regional ties to counteract the master-client relationship prevalent between the North and South.
+<section>Use of wind to generate electricity in developing countries</section>
+Marshal F. Merriam
+Overview
+This paper discusses the use of wind for electricity generation in the developing world. Technical topics include the four steps necessary for the assessment of the wind resource and its conversion to electricity. The output and costs of the wind industry are described (based on experiences in California). The generation of electricity from the wind is discussed with particular concern for the developing world. Special problems in developing countries include financial, technological, managerial, and physical difficulties. The paper concludes with a discussion of problem areas, R&D priorities, and policy recommendations for LDCs.
+Analysis
+Because wind speeds fluctuate widely and depend on time and location, equipment should be sited with great care. Potential sites are difficult to identify because the resource is invisible and inconsistent. The four steps needed to assess the wind resource at a given site are
+· Preliminary reconnaissance, which includes a review of existing records for localities with mean wind speeds of at least 5.5 m/s, a review of maps of local topography and weather patterns, and consultation of "local lore,"
+· Field reconnaissance, in which a small crew with a vehicle and portable anemometers measures the "run of wind," looks for wind-modified vegetation, talks to locals, and makes short-run measurements of average wind speed in promising regions,
+· Modeling, in which the most promising localities are modeled, either numerically or physically, and
+· Site verification, an expensive but necessary step, in which wind speed is recorded for an extended period (months or years) before the commitment is made to install wind generators.
+In addition, other factors (for example, proximity to the local power grid) should be considered. Although there is a strong demand for assessments of wind power, data are often sparse, particularly for developing countries, and this makes the first step critical and often extends it.
+Technological Fundamentals and Limits
+There are several technological fundamentals and limits that govern the conversion of wind energy:
+· Wind power is highly variable in both space and time because power available from the wind is a function of air density and wind velocity cubed.
+· A good wind installation would have a power coefficient of about 0.3, which means that, on average, the installation would extract 30% of the energy in the wind it intercepts each year.
+· Rated wind speed (RWS) is the wind speed the generator needs to reach its rated electrical output (the usual practice is to choose a machine with an RWS 1.5-2 times the average wind speed at the site).
+· Plant capacity factors (ratio of average to capacity output) that are economic are generally between 0.25 and 0.35.
+· Availability is the fraction of time that the wind generator is fit for service (because maintenance, repair, and replacement of parts must be expected, no generator can be 100% available).
+· Solidity refers to the amount of blade material necessary to intercept a certain area of wind.
+· Most machines in use today have a horizontal axis (however, vertical-axis designs promise better cost effectiveness and fewer mechanical-drive problems, but they are less reliable).
+· The design of generator rotors must focus on two major requirements -the desire to extract as much energy as possible from the wind and the need to control the revolutions per minute and to stop the machine reliably in high winds.
+Output and Costs
+There are no statistics for the global industry; however, a study of California's experiences shows the outputs and costs of the wind industry. In California, by the end of 1983, there was 239 MW of wind-generated electricity connected to the grid, and projects to generate another 1 202 MW were contracted to be built. None of the California projects would have been feasible without large tax incentives. The most cost-effective wind generators produce in the range of 0.1-0.5 MW. However, emphasis continues to be placed on the development of larger machines, likely because of the influence of the large aerospace firms on the US government.
+There seems to be little prospect of commercial grid-connected equipment that could compete with conventional generators in electricity production. In developing countries, the potential for smaller stand-alone wind generators is much greater than in developed countries. If there is a good wind, a small stand-alone wind generator may be appropriate even if the location is not remote. As a matter of public policy, these generators should be emphasized more than grid-connected applications in the developing world. Unfortunately, although the social importance of smaller, stand-alone units is greater, their commercial attractiveness is less.
+Special Problem in Developing Countries
+Problems encountered in the use of wind energy in industrialized countries may be exacerbated in the developing world. In order of importance, these problems are financial, technological, managerial, and physical.
+The financial difficulties stem from the long payback period for grid-connected generation equipment and from severe competition for scarce capital. Rates of return for many projects in LDCs can be much higher (typically 15-30% annually) than for projects associated with grid-connected generation equipment. Therefore, investors may be risk-averse to investment in new wind technology. The use of foreign exchange for the purchase of stand-alone systems can also be a special problem for LDCs.
+Technological problems are caused because there is a lack of the support services and facilities that are readily available in the North. Limited availability of trained personnel to erect, repair, and operate the equipment and a lack of imported spare parts are also important problems.
+Most LDCs are weak in managerial resources; therefore, employees are used inefficiently. Managerial problems penalize attempts to harness the wind economically.
+The physical problems stem from the lower latitudes and warmer climates of most developing countries. Wind speeds tend to be lower and the air is less dense. As a result, less power can be derived from wind energy.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+The main problems in the generation of electricity from the wind are unreliable equipment, high costs and short life of the equipment, inadequate profits and high risks for manufacturers, and the inability of government demonstration programs to transfer the technology and experience to the private sector or to government-owned corporations.
+R&D priorities in developing countries include
+· The contracting of local engineering laboratories to develop improved wind generators,
+· The local manufacture of inexpensive electronic controls to improve the operation of wind-powered machines and to help develop national expertise,
+· The development of a package that consists of a rugged, reliable wind generator operating in parallel with a diesel- or gasoline-driven generator,
+· The development of packaged stand-alone systems with battery storage and small generators that could be used for specific purposes (for example, power for runway lights at unattended airstrips, or power systems for lighting, heating, and alarms at park headquarters or small museums in unelectrified areas), and
+· The development of a standard wind-farm package for connection to local grids at suitable sites.
+Policy recommendations include the following:
+· Large and highly visible demonstration projects should be avoided.
+· Wind-farms should not be developed for fuel saving in grids unless the fuel to be saved is oil.
+· The first projects should be directed toward finding good wind sites.
+· The needs and characteristics of the country should be considered in the wind program.
+· The need to conserve foreign exchange and national pride may dictate a program of solely indigenous content (local design and construction of wind generators is possible, but only at a cost).
+· Government laboratories and universities can play a useful supporting role, but the major portion of any successful wind program must be undertaken by the private sector.
+· The idea that the purpose of electricity generation from the wind is job creation should be resisted.
+<section>Volume 8: Bioenergy</section>
+<section>Research and development in alternative energy sources</section>
+J. Lamptey, M. Moo-Young, and H.F: Sullivan
+Overview
+This paper discusses processes for biomass bioconversion and thermochemical conversion. The production of ethanol from lignocellulosics is described in some detail, whereas butanol-acetone and hydrogen production are reviewed briefly. Thermochemical processes to convert lignocellulosics to energy (for example, methanol from synthetic wood gas) are described. Other renewable energy sources (solar, ocean, and wind energy) are discussed briefly.
+Analysis
+Bioconversion Processes
+Production of Ethanol-Ethanol has a number of commercial applications as an energy source and as an industrial solvent and chemical. Chemical synthesis and fermentation are the two major techniques used to produce ethanol. Chemical synthesis is the catalytic hydrolysis of ethylene derived from petroleum. For fermentation, which can be carried out through different conversion processes, the four categories of feedstocks are sugar-containing materials (which are the most expensive to obtain), starch (including corn, potatoes, and cassava), lignocellulose (which is the major renewable carbohydrate source in the world), and urban and industrial wastes. There are problems associated with the collection and conversion of each feedstock to produce a useable substrate.
+The structural features of cellulosic biomass make pretreatment necessary. This process, which removes lignin and increases the surface area available to enzymes, promotes hydrolysis and enhances the rate and extent of cellulose saccharification. Pretreatment techniques are classified as physical, chemical, biological, or combined. One physical technique is milling, which reduces crystallinity and the degree of polymerization and increases bulk density. High power requirements make this technique costly. Chemical pretreatment involves the use of strong acids, bases, or agents that swell or dissolve the cellulose. These expensive chemicals are corrosive and toxic, which makes this technique commercially unattractive. Steam explosion, in which cellulose materials are saturated with water under high pressure and temperature, is another physical technique. When pressure is released, the wood fibres separate and the acetic acid that is released catalyzes the hydrolysis of the
+hemicellulose.
+The three principle conversion processes for lignocellulose are acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and direct microbial conversion. Acid hydrolysis, which is suitable for any cellulose feedstock (but is most often used with wood), can be carried out with dilute or concentrated acids. Because the use of concentrated acids is expensive, most development work involves dilute acids. An increase in acid concentration or reaction temperature increases the production of glucose.
+Lignin, a by-product of acid hydrolysis, is likely only useful as fuel. Although acid hydrolysis has many advantages (for example, the ease of use of wood as a feedstock, the short reaction time, and the low cost of the acid catalyst), its limitations include lower potential yield and sugar concentration, the production of degradation products that are toxic to fermentation yeast, and severe operating conditions that produce corrosion.
+Unlike acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials, enzymatic hydrolysis is not yet used commercially. Because the enzymes are reaction specific, this process could potentially produce higher yields of sugars under mild operating conditions that do not require corrosion-resistant equipment. The major disadvantage is the requirement for an aseptic environment for enzyme production because hydrolysis is susceptible to microbial contamination.
+Microbial conversion is also not used commercially, but it has theoretically the highest yields of all techniques. This process seeks to convert cellulose and produce alcohol in a single step using one or two microbial organisms. The conversion is not easily applied because no efficient cellulosic microbe that produces ethanol has been found. Microbes have a low tolerance for ethanol and tend to produce unwanted by-products.
+Fermentation systems for ethanol production require substantial cost reductions. To minimize costs, a balance must be struck between three goals for ethanol fermentation (high substrate utilization, high ethanol productivity, and high ethanol concentration). Research is currently under way to increase the rate of fermentation and to decrease costs. Rapid fermentation can be achieved by maintaining a high yeast population and removing rate-inhibitory ethanol from the fermenter as quickly as it is formed. Researchers have used both adsorption and entrapment techniques in laboratory experiments to immobilize yeast and to increase the rate of fermentation. Industrial applications have not yet been developed. Although there seems to be a promising future for ethanol production, the cost of the glucose substrate remains the main bottleneck for fermentation.
+Production of Butanol-Acetone and Hydrogen- Biomass feedstocks can also be used to produce both butanol-acetone mixtures and hydrogen. Fermentation of products containing starch and sugar can produce butanol-acetone mixtures. However, research in improved production technology is required to make the process commercially attractive.
+Excluding gasification, hydrogen can be produced from biomass feedstocks by
+· Photochemical methods (including a technique to simulate plant photosynthesis in vitro and a technique that uses water solutions of biomass components in the presence of catalysts),
+· Biological methods (the use of anaerobic bacteria in dark reactions to ferment the biomass),
+· Photobiological methods (the use of photosynthetic algae or bacteria under anaerobic conditions in the presence of light), and
+· Biomass-water electrolysis (which involves anode depolarization with a water-soluble, oxidizable material such as glucose).
+These processes have not been demonstrated on a large scale, and they may be made obsolete by the direct photocatalytic decomposition of water to hydrogen and oxygen.
+Thermochemical Processes
+Biomass feedstocks offer a number of advantages for thermochemical conversion processes (for example, high volatility and char reactivity). Drawbacks to this process include the decentralized nature of the resource and the high moisture content of the fuel. Pretreatment processes include cleaning, drying, and size reduction. Drying is crucial.
+Thermochemical conversion processes include
+· Direct combustion (traditional biomass includes wood and bagasse, but recent projects involve municipal solid waste, hog fuel, and pelleted wood fuels),
+· Gasification to produce low- or intermediate-energy fuel gas or synthesis gas (gasification is considered a commercial or near-commercial technology and can, under certain conditions, be used as a substitute for fossil fuels),
+· Direct liquefaction to produce heavy oils or, with upgrading, lighter boiling liquid products (liquefaction remains one of the least commercially attractive conversion processes because of its high capital and energy costs), and
+· Pyrolysis to produce a mixture of pyrolysis oils, fuel gases, and char (rapid pyrolysis using rapid heating rates has emerged as a promising alternative for producing liquid fuels).
+Production of Methanol -Although natural gas is the preferred carbon source to make synthesis gas for the production of methanol, it is possible to generate the synthesis gas from biomass. The two broad categories of wood conversion technologies for methanol production are oxygen gasifiers and pyrolytic gasifiers. The gasification of wood yields hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The raw gas is purified and processed to extract a 2: I ratio of hydrogen - carbon monoxide. The synthesis gas is then compressed and passed through a methanol synthesis reactor. The major disadvantages of this process are the size of plant and the amount of raw material required.
+Other Energy Sources
+Other sources of renewable energy are solar energy, ocean energy, and wind energy. The three categories of direct solar energy are solar heating and cooling, solar thermal, and photovoltaics. The most promising application of solar energy may be in heating domestic water and buildings. Few industrial applications are currently demonstrated or operational. Research in solar photovoltaics is focusing on cheaper fabrication methods and materials for photovoltaic cells. Eventually, photovoltaics may be used for central power generation in conjunction with a conventional backup system. The diffusion of solar technology depends on cost, the solution of technical problems, and the rate of adoption of the technology.
+Research is currently being undertaken in ocean energy to exploit the incident solar energy absorbed by surface waters and the energy available in ocean waves. Wind energy is another research area. In locations with strong winds and high fuel costs, wind turbines are already economic.
+<section>Biomass energy development</section>
+Annalee Ng'eny-Mengech
+Overview
+This paper reviews a number of different sources and processes for producing biomass energy. The important link between biomass energy and agriculture is emphasized. There is justification for a less developed country (LDC) to use agriculture to produce fuel if this stimulates the agricultural economy. A detailed description of ethanol production from carbohydrates and cellulose is provided, and anaerobic digestion is explained. Current research efforts to find plants suitable for the extraction of vegetable oil and hydrocarbon fuels from biomass are examined. Environmental, sociocultural, and economic considerations associated with different bioenergy sources and production methods are highlighted.
+Analysis
+Effective use of biomass for energy in LDCs is pressing because of the increasing demand for energy to fuel economic growth and the decreasing supplies of fossil fuels. There is an inextricable link between biomass energy and agriculture because the agricultural sector is a major source of supply. In LDCs, biomass can be used for energy production if it directly stimulates the agricultural economy. This stimulation may help to reduce migration to urban areas and may provide the energy needed to improve agricultural productivity. Whether current productivity is increased or new lands are brought under cultivation, major investments will be required. In Brazil, government incentives have induced the expansion of sugarcane agriculture at the expense of food crops. Therefore, food crops may be dislocated to marginal lands, and this may cause an increase in food prices. A solution to the food-fuel issue can be the cultivation of energy crops that do not compete with food sources.
+These crops include
+· Multipurpose crops with both food and fuel potential (for example, maize, soybean, cotton, pines, cane, sorghum, and cassava),
+· Cash crops grown between the harvesting and sowing of the main crop (for example, fodder, kale, barley, and short-rotation grasses),
+· Marshland crops (for example, cattails, reeds, water hyacinths, and marine crops such as giant kelp and other seaweeds), and
+· Marginal-land crops (for example, bracken).
+Environmental, Technical, and Economic Impact. of Biomass Production
+The most negative environmental impacts of biomass production are erosion and water pollution. The inherent problems of monocultures may also appear if only energy crops are raised. Deforestation to establish agricultural land results in soil erosion, the loss of habitats, and the disruption of watersheds.
+However, alternative biomass technology exists that could have positive impacts. The expansion of biogas units has raised health standards in China. These units also function as a system of waste disposal for pig manure in the Philippines. Domestic wastes and sewage provide substrates for anaerobic digestion and can be used for ethanol fermentation. Water hyacinths can also be used for water purification. Finally, ethanol production and biomethanation dispose of wastes that would otherwise be dumped or burned.
+Energy supplies are beneficial only to the extent that their use is practical and economical. When developing alternative technologies for biomass conversion, one needs to consider several conditions.
+Equipment should be appropriate for local conditions and users. A supportive institutional infrastructure that includes training and maintenance facilities should be established. Local participation should be included to assist technology transfer.
+The evaluation of options for fuel supply involves a range of economic, sociocultural, and political considerations. Traditional philosophies of Western economic development continue to be applied to the evaluation of biomass technologies despite the fact that cost-benefit studies should include environmental, social, and political concerns. Biomass projects should be evaluated on an individual basis (in the same way as coal and gas projects).
+The development of alternative energy supplies is not a goal in itself, but a means of achieving a better standard of living. Therefore, a project must be investigated for its social impact. Biomass systems may exacerbate the social imbalances of LDCs when related subsidies favour the rich. Large-scale projects may eliminate small farms (the case in Brazil). In addition, changes in energy production may limit the availability of traditional fuels that are available for free collection and use by the poorest segment of the population.
+Other factors to consider in the establishment of a successful bioenergy program are the supply of reliable labour, the integration of women in the program, the impact of cultural customs and taboos, and patterns of settlement. Ultimately, the decision to implement a biomass project is a political one that requires the support of the government.
+Production of Ethanol from Carbohydrates
+Because the market price of feedstock is the most important factor in the economics of ethanol production, the discovery of new crop varieties and the development of hybrids are integral to energy research. For example, a high-yield variety of sweet sorghum is being examined as an ethanol feedstock. Improvements in cultivation techniques and the discovery of nonconventional crops that grow well on marginal lands will help to reduce the cost of feedstocks. Wastes can also be used as feedstocks, but their use is limited because of storage problems and the lack of year-round availability.
+Pretreatment is usually required for ethanol production whether the feedstock contains sugar or starch. Traditionally, mills are used to pretreat the sugar feedstocks to release the juices that contain the sugar. Developments that eliminate the need for roller mills make small-scale operations more competitive (for example, the injection of low-pressure steam into coarsely chopped feedstock, and solid-phase fermentation).
+The pretreatment of feedstocks that contain starch requires the reduction of starch to glucose partly by milling and grinding and partly by chemical means. In chemical pretreatment, enzymes are used to liquefy the starch and to carry out the saccharification. Research is being undertaken to discover faster acting thermophilic amylases for liquefaction. A simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, which lowers costs, has been developed by a Japanese company.
+After pretreatment, the mash is diluted to a suitable sugar concentration for fermentation. Although yeasts possess many of the characteristics of a good fermenting organism, bacteria may be superior because they have shorter doubling times and are easier to handle and manipulate. Research is directed toward the discovery of new microorganisms that can withstand high temperatures and high alcohol concentrations and can ferment at high rates.
+Ethanol is recovered from the aqueous solution by distillation, which accounts for over half of the total energy consumed by the distillery. Improvements in the energy efficiency of distillation could reduce costs. Alternative methods of alcohol separation (for example, membrane isolation, solvent extraction, and reverse osmosis) have not been tested on an industrial scale. If essentially anhydrous ethanol is required, the 4% water remaining from simple distillation can be removed by distillation with a water-immiscible solvent.
+Ethanol production yields a number of marketable by-products. Their value is important in assessments of the cost of production. Bagasse from sugarcane and sorghum allows their fermentation to be nearly self-sufficient in energy supply. Excess bagasse can be used for crop drying, electricity generation, biogas or ethanol production, or conversion to paper or animal feed. By-products of the fermentation stage include gaseous carbon dioxide that is used in the beverage industry and excess yeast that can be recycled or sold. Stillage-the residue remaining after distillation-has important uses in animal feedstocks, fertilizers, and biomethanation. The proper disposal of stillage represents the biggest environmental problem associated with ethanol production. Other environmental problems include personal hazards and air pollution from the use of alcohol fuels. The data do not clearly show whether gasoline or ethanol produces higher emissions of polluting chemicals.
+The establishment of an industry to produce ethanol is often justified on the premise of national self-sufficiency and the creation of new jobs. Smaller units may be more relevant to poorer countries because they make better use of unskilled labour. Nonetheless, even small units require large investments by developing world standards, and it is unlikely that they can be built by individual farmers. Community distilleries may require investment and market guarantees to function. LDCs have experienced difficulties in the establishment of large, successful facilities.
+Ethanol production is never economical in purely monetary terms because of the high cost of the feedstock, which can be used as a food source or an export. Therefore, government subsidization is necessary if ethanol is to compete with gasoline.
+Ethanol Production from Cellulose
+Pretreatment is necessary to make the cellulose component more suitable for enzyme hydrolysis. Mechanical reduction of size is usually a preliminary pretreatment step, and it is generally followed by either acid pretreatment or enzymatic delignification. Delignification is preferred because it does not decompose the sugars. Alternative pretreatment methods are solvent extraction and steam explosion.
+After pretreatment, hydrolysis is undertaken with acids, alkalis, or enzymes. Because glucose inhibits the activity of most cellulase enzymes, it should be removed from the reaction medium. However, some microorganisms or enzyme systems can simultaneously hydroIyze cellulose and ferment glucose to ethanol, which eliminates the difficulties associated with glucose.
+The by-products of cellulose-derived ethanol also influence the cost of production. If hemicellulose sugars are to be exploited, microorganisms must be found to convert them to liquid fuels. Hemicellulose can also be used as the source of other industrial chemicals (for example, furfural). Lignin, the other major byproduct, can be used as a source of phenols and benzene and as a source of fuel. Despite the value of these by-products, ethanol derived from cellulose is not competitive with alcohol derived from sugar or starch.
+Anaerobic Digestion
+Biogas derived from anaerobic digestion is more efficient as a cooking fuel than kerosene or solid biomass, and it can be substituted for kerosene as a heat and light source. Anaerobic digestion also produces solid sludge, which can be used as fertilizer or as animal and fish feed. All types of biomass can be converted, at least partially, by anaerobic digestion. Recent research on feedstocks has included crop wastes, agro-industry by-products and wastes, human waste, domestic waste and refuse, industrial effluents, aquatic vegetation, and terrestrial crops. Digestion kinetics can be improved by improving and isolating new anaerobic microorganisms, increasing microorganism concentration by recycling digester effluent or enriching the level of microorganisms with external cultures, and increasing the feedstock concentration.
+There are many types of digesters (vertical, cylindrical, fixed-dome, plastic, and simple ones made from oil drums). The choice of digester depends on budget, local conditions, and know-how. Temperature control is an important aspect of digester operation, and subterranean digesters are better insulated against climatic variations. In the developing world, expensive individual digesters will not benefit the poor unless there are government subsidies. Community digesters can be economically feasible but have seldom been successful.
+Vegetable Oil and Hydrocarbon Fuels from Biomass
+Plants that photosynthetically reduce carbon to hydrocarbons are potential sources of liquid fuels for petroleum replacement. Euphorbia lathyris, which is widespread on marginal lands throughout the world, was targeted as a likely candidate for exploitation, and many studies on its feasibility as a hydrocarbon producer have been undertaken. The results have been disappointing, but other plants may be more suitable. Systematic surveys of indigenous species have been carried out worldwide. The concept of the multipurpose crop that could supply both fuel and raw materials spawned the analysis of over 1000 wild North American plants to determine their whole-plant oil, hydrocarbon, phenolic, and bagasse content.
+Vegetable oils may be economically preferable to other biomass-derived fuels because the oils can be easily extracted from the plant parts. Seeds must be cleaned, dried, and dehusked before they are placed in the expeller. Vegetable oils can be used as an additive to diesel fuel, admixed with gasoline, or cracked into high-grade gasoline. Because of their lower volatility, they are being developed for use in compression-ignition engines. For this purpose, their viscosity must be reduced either by blending with fatty acids or by esterification to produce methyl or ethyl esters, which are more volatile than the parent oils. Indigenous plants have also been subjected to worldwide screening for their seed-oil content.
+<section>Biomethanation</section>
+Norman L. Brown and Prakasam B.S. Tata
+Overview
+This paper covers biomethanation at the household, community, and industrial levels. Biogas technology in the developing world is described from a historical perspective, and the properties, uses, substrates, and production technologies for biogas are discussed. The microbiology of biomethanation is explained. The biomethanation process and the factors that influence performance are described. The paper also presents lessons learned from experiences with biogas installations and makes recommendations for further research.
+Analysis
+In China and India, biogas technology has been used for more than 50 years. Interest in biogas in China was revived in the 1970s, and biogas has been successfully used to provide cooking fuel and to conserve fertilizer and improve public health. This pioneering work stimulated interest in other countries (for example, Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan). Although most of the activity has taken place in Asia, a number of African and Latin American countries are currently engaging in biomethanation projects.
+Biogas
+Biogas is made up of methane and carbon dioxide in variable ratios (generally SO-70% methane and 30-50% carbon dioxide). The heating value of biogas is directly proportional to its methane content. Biogas can be used as a cooking fuel and in any gas-burning appliance that requires low-pressure gas (for example, lamps and refrigerators). If the removal of carbon dioxide is feasible and pressure containers are available, the remaining methane can be used as a transportation fuel. The residue from biomethanation has been used traditionally as a soil conditioner or fertilizer because the process produces chemical forms of minerals that are more soluble than the original forms. Because of evaporation problems, residue to be used as fertilizer should either be stored in a closed container or used immediately. Residue is also used as a feed supplement.
+Any biomass can be considered as a potential source for biomethanation, but materials such as lignin, bark, and feathers, which are not easily degraded by microorganisms, are not desirable feedstocks unless they are pretreated. The most common feedstocks are crop residues, manure, and human excrement, although other feedstocks (for example, industrial wastes and marine and aquatic biomass) are also used. Generally, the feedstocks have competing uses as food, fuel, fibre, fodder, or fertilizer. These uses must be evaluated before investing in biomethanation. Information on the potential availability of crop residues, manure, and industrial wastes in developing countries is sparse, and this makes evaluation more difficult.
+Production Technology
+Biomethanation is accomplished by four interdependent groups of bacteria under anaerobic conditions. A group of hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria produces simpler organic compounds (for example, sugars, alcohols, fatty acids, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide). Acetogenic bacteria act on these products to produce methane and carbon dioxide. If the organic load received by the digester is excessive, too much hydrogen is formed and the acetogenic bacteria may be "washed out" before the methane bacteria have had a chance to use the excess hydrogen. This situation results in a "stuck reactor." The rate of digestion in biomethanation is related to the nature of the substrate, temperature, loading rate, and acidity.
+The two broad categories of biomethanation digesters are
+· Suspended-growth reactors, in which biological solids are suspended in the contents of the digester (these reactors can be batch or continuous), and
+· Attached-growth reactors, in which the biological solids attach themselves to surfaces such as rock, plastic, or ceramic media (this technology is quite recent and not significantly disseminated in developing countries).
+Systems to collect gas range from a simple plastic delivery tube for a family digester to the complex systems of large installations, which may include gas scrubbers and bottling equipment. In developing countries, small-scale systems usually consist of a gas holder, condensate trap, and flame arrester. Fixed-dome digesters also include a manometer and safety valve. Condensate traps remove the moisture carried by the gas stream, and they should be drained when they become full. Flame arresters prevent the flame of an appliance from travelling back through the pipe to the gas holder and causing an explosion. Manometers prevent damage caused by pressure buildup in fixed-dome digesters. Piping should be made of plastic or galvanized iron. In LDCs, biogas is not generally purified to enrich its methane content, but various purification methods (for example, scrubbing and physical and chemical absorption) are available to enhance the quality of the biogas. The bottling of biogas
+for use as a transportation fuel is not economically feasible in the developing world.
+Collection, Storage, and Pretreatment of Substrates- The success of biomethanation depends on a steady supply of appropriate substrates. Collection and storage practices vary with location and depend on economic and sociocultural differences and on the nature of the substrate (solid, semisolid, or liquid). Dung is usually collected manually and transported to a storage pit near the digester.
+Dry materials (for example, leaves and crop residues) can be transported to the digester either manually or by animal carts. Wet materials (for example, green leaves and aquatic weeds) can be shredded, dried, and stored. Prolonged storage of putrescible organic matter results in a loss of methane and valuable nutrients.
+Pretreatment of substrates that are not easily biodegradable can be done using physical, chemical, and biological methods. Size reduction, steam explosion, and freeze explosion are all suitable pretreatment techniques for cellulosic materials. Heat treatment of biomass increases its digestibility and results in a higher methane content of the final gas. This process can use energy generated from the digester itself. Chemical pretreatment includes acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, and the application of sulfur dioxide. Biological methods include fungi pretreatment to degrade lignin and enzymatic treatment of cellulose to promote saccharification.
+Integrated Biomethanation Systems -Community-size integrated biomethanation systems have advantages over family-size units:
+· Gas production is optimized by incorporating into the digester a good mixing and heating system that can be properly controlled by trained personnel.
+· Resource recovery can be enhanced by the use of effluents as feed supplements.
+· Pathogens can be controlled and the environment can be protected by the proper operation and maintenance of the system.
+Biomethanation systems also have social and economic benefits:
+· Diseases are reduced because of the use of clean fuel.
+· Deforestation pressure is reduced.
+· Electricity is made available to rural areas to improve living standards.
+· Additional protein is made available because of the use of algae as a feed or feed supplement.
+· Employment opportunities are produced.
+Factors Influencing Performance -The rate and extent of biomethanation are affected by the nature of the substrate, the bacterial environment, and the design of the biomethanation system. A favourable bacterial environment depends primarily on the need for anaerobic conditions and acidity within a range of pH 6.7-7.6, temperature between 50° and 60°C, proper nutrients, and adequate mixing of the slurry.
+Lesson. from Experience
+It is difficult to learn from the experience of others in biomethanation because experience has largely been at a practical field level, where technological issues cannot be separated from social and economic influences. Rising concern for environmental, political, and social impact also makes traditional economic analysis, by which the technology has been evaluated in the past, inappropriate or at the least open to question. Benefit from the experience of others continues to be hampered by
+· The lack of consistent technical, economic, and social criteria by which to monitor and evaluate installations, and
+· The lack of consistent cost-benefit methods by which to evaluate the full social costs and benefits.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Several areas that warrant further research are
+· Efforts to reduce the cost of digesters,
+· Investigations of the role of women in the dissemination of biogas technology,
+· Controlled studies to determine whether there will be a net benefit if a portion of the biogas is used for heating and mixing,
+· Experimentation with less common feedstocks,
+· Testing of procedures for uniform reporting of basic data,
+· Application of recently developed digester designs in LDCs,
+· Comparison of the fertilizer value of slurries obtained from various feedstocks,
+· The development of inexpensive and efficient biogas appliances,
+· The impact of these systems on public health, and
+· Evaluations of the socioeconomic factors that influence the success of various projects.
+<section>Biomass energy technology in Japan</section>
+Fumitake Tokuyama
+Overview
+The Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Development (RAPAD) has concentrated its efforts on ethanol derived from cellulose. This paper reviews the research accomplishments of RAPAD, describes efforts elsewhere in methane fermentation and microalgae technology, and discusses the utilization of alternative energy systems in Japan. Conversion technologies and research trends are also reviewed.
+Analysis
+Ethanol Production
+RAPAD has directed its research toward the production of ethanol from cellulose and concentrated on pretreatment, cellulase enzyme activity, saccharification, and concentration. The primary aim of pretreatment is to break down the cellulose by chemical or physical means to make it more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. RAPAD results have demonstrated that a combination of chemical treatment and explosion can yield high rates of enzymatic conversion. RAPAD has also attempted to screen and develop strong cellulase-producing microorganisms to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. Mutants of Trichoderma reesei have been selected for further research. In addition, four new cellulase producers, including moulds and bacteria, have also been identified for further research.
+To improve enzyme saccharification, RAPAD seeks to produce higher yields of glucose syrup in a shorter time. A continuous saccharification system that uses a low substrate concentration to obtain a high ratio of glucose conversion has been developed.
+The research objectives for the fermentation process are to improve the technology for immobilizing yeast cells and to develop an efficient and highly productive fermentation system. RAPAD has developed an alginate-entrapped pilot system to immobilize yeast cells. In operation, the system has worked well. Because of the importance of the fermenter to the efficiency of ethanol conversion, RAPAD has examined fermentation systems and selected a fixedbed, parallel-flow reactor that is used in conjunction with sheets of immobilized yeast cells. RAPAD was able to solve the problems of sludge adhesion to the yeast sheets and of contamination during fermentation.
+Methane Fermentation
+Japanese research has shown that an immobilized methane-fermentation system improves the efficiency of methane fermentation by reducing the retention time from 16.9 d to 10.8 d and maintaining the same level of gas production. Conventional systems form the acid and gas in one batch, but the immobilized system ferments the methane in two phases (digestion or acid formation, and gasification or methane formation).
+Microalgae Technology
+Microalgae are capable of direct synthesis of oil. These microalgae are produced commercially for high-value pharmaceuticals and health foods, but there is no technology developed for energy production from these organisms. The Japanese began to develop microalgae technology in 1980. Research has focused on increasing oil yields by species selection and improvement, but this process can be lengthy. Another approach is to increase cell yield by improving the culturing process. The four common technologies for large-scale outdoor production of microalgae are the open bubbling method, the closed circulation method, the open circulation system, and the open sewage-circulation system. Japan is designing its own large-scale outdoor cultivation systems and must choose among an open or closed system, a shallow or deep system, and a synthetic or waste-products medium.
+Utilization of Technologies and Systems Analysis
+The only significant biomass technology in commercial use in Japan is a program that pellets waste wood to produce briquettes for industrial purposes. The use of ethanol fuel has been studied, and tests have demonstrated that there is no difference between neat ethanol and gasoline.
+A comparison of biochemical, thermochemical, and direct combustion technologies reveals that biochemical conversion for ethanol and methane production requires large quantities of raw materials that could be used at a lower cost for electricity generation or for direct combustion. Direct combustion is most feasible because the technology is simple and requires less raw material. Other systems require more research and development to become commercially feasible. The cost of the feedstock and the conversion technology are the major factors that affect the economics of these biomass systems.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Areas for further research in Japan include
+· The production of liquid fuel from cellulosic biomass,
+· The development of systems for local community use,
+· The development of systems for international use,
+· Cellulosic pretreatment, the establishment of a strong cellulase-producing culture, and the development of an energy-saving process to recover ethanol, and
+· The development of a compact pelletizer, a compact gasifier, and gas- or solid-fuel generators to lessen the dependence of agriculture on fossil fuels.
+<section>Biomass fuels and health</section>
+Kirk R. Smith and Jamuna Ramakrishna
+Overview
+This paper examines the health effects of indoor smoke produced by the burning of biomass in the households of developing countries. Although there are no specific studies comparing the health status of a population before and after the removal of smoke, enough information is available to draw some conclusions. The smoke emissions produced by the burning of biomass are described. Studies of the health impact of the smoke and its pollutants are reviewed. Recommendations are made for improving health conditions, assuming that a majority of the world's households will continue to burn biomass.
+Analysis
+Air pollution can be measured from
+· Fuel use, which provides a general indicator because pollutant release is roughly proportional to fuel use,
+· Emissions monitoring, which is more accurate than measuring fuel use,
+· Exposure monitoring, which takes into account concentration and duration and is usually the best and most practical measure for populations of any size, and
+· Pollutant dose, which is the best indication but is relatively expensive to measure.
+Smoke emissions are affected by fuel quality and the degree of incomplete combustion. When all of the organic matter in biomass is burned, essentially only carbon dioxide and water are emitted. The pollutants are not in the fuel; they are created during combustion. In small, simple domestic stoves, it is very difficult to achieve complete combustion.
+The pollutants of concern in biomass smoke are suspended particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The total suspended particulates (TSP) include inorganic carbon and a range of several hundred hydrocarbons, many of which can affect health. These toxic hydrocarbons, which exist in both gaseous and particulate form, include Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (the most studied of carcinogenic chemicals), acenaphthylene, and formaldehyde. Particulates from biomass combustion have toxicities that are similar to those of the particulates in the smoke from coal or diesel fuel.
+A comparison of the emissions of common pollutants from several fuels indicates that small-scale biomass combustion produces higher emissions than fossil fuels. However, this does not prove that biomass combustion produces unacceptable pollution levels. Indoor concentrations are affected by such factors as fuelling rate, emission factor, ventilation rate, and room volume. Estimates of exposure include temporal and spatial factors. When air samplers are worn by cooks, a wide variation in exposures to common pollutants and BaP is observed. This is due to local weather and ventilation conditions. Generally, studies are inconclusive about the health impacts of exposure to indoor smoke because of the lack of data, inconsistent research techniques, the vast number of toxic pollutants to be studied, and the lack of comparative analysis with other pollutant exposures (for example, cigarette smoke). What seems clear is that a majority of the world's population in rural areas receives
+exposures and doses of major pollutants that exceed the levels experienced by their urban neighbours.
+Health Risks
+Research on the health impact of the burning of biomass shows a link between domestic smoke and poor health. Risks can be divided into noncancerous (respiratory abnormalities and acute respiratory infections) and cancerous risks.
+Research in India, Nepal, and Papua New Guinea indicate that there is a link between respiratory abnormalities and symptoms and biomass smoke. More than 6 million children die each year from acute respiratory infections (ARI), and air pollution is a risk factor in ARI morbidity. In South Africa, a majority of respiratory problems in infants can be related to daily exposure to smoke. In Nepal, there is a positive correlation between ARI episodes and the amount of time that children spent near the fireplace. However, the suspected relationship between exposure to biomass smoke and cancer has not been established despite the large quantities of suspected carcinogens in some biomass smoke.
+Studies of Specific Pollutants -Exposure to fossil-fuel combusion and cigarette smoke allows the study of two pollutants (carbon monoxide and particulates). Acute exposure to carbon monoxide can result in coma and death, and moderate short-term exposure can result in dizziness, headaches, and nausea. The long-term effects of lower exposures are not clear, but they are not likely to cause mortality although there is a growing link with impaired fetal development. Carbon monoxide may also increase the carcinogenic effects of other air pollutants. In addition, risk factors (for example, oxygen deprivation) increase sensitivity to exposure to carbon monoxide. In Guatemala, carbon monoxide exposure has a greater effect on people at higher elevations.
+It is difficult to interpret the data on the impact of particulate exposure. It is easier to determine the health effects of acute exposure because there are more data than for chronic exposure. Acute exposures to fossil-fuel emissions show the joint effect of particulates and sulfur oxides (wood has a low concentration of sulfur oxides). Difficulties in controlling for compounding factors (for example, smoking and socioeconomic status) make many studies suspect. Nonetheless, there is reasonable certainty that acute exposures to the particulate pollution that is typical in rural kitchens of the developing world can increase both morbidity and mortality.
+Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAM) are organic compounds that are found in biomass smoke and are both mutagenic and carcinogenic. Although no link has been established between cancer and these compounds, there is much evidence of its carcinogenic potential.
+Lessening the Impact of the Burning of Biomass
+Despite the dangers of exposure to biomass smoke, hundreds of millions of households will continue to burn biomass. The use of cleaner fuels, improved stoves, and better ventilation could lessen the negative effects of the burning of biomass. Some changes in behaviour could also help reduce exposure.
+Cleaner Fuels -Some species of wood burn more cleanly than others, and dry wood burns more efficiently. Upgrading the biomass fuel can result in more dramatic improvements. Charcoal manufacturing creates most of the emissions of particulates and carbon monoxide. Total household exposure is lower, but overall pollution is the same or higher. Dung can be upgraded by anaerobic digestion, which yields biogas and fertilizer. Biogas emissions are similar to the emissions from natural gas. Vegetable oils can also be upgraded, and in some remote locations, they are economical as fuels. Alcohol fuels, derived from the fermentation of biomass, are thought to be clean burning.
+Improved Stoves and Better Ventilation - There are many designs for stoves that promote higher thermal efficiencies and lower emission factors; however, global dissemination of improved stoves has been frustratingly slow despite many isolated successes. Problems that arise in the field but have not been considered in the laboratory include
+· Lack of flexibility in variety of fuels and choice of cooking methods,
+· Limited capability to accommodate a variety of utensils,
+· The large area occupied by the stove in homes where space is limited, and in some cases,
+· Continued high exposure to smoke because the stoves were not installed correctly, maintained adequately, or operated properly.
+The thermal efficiency of stoves can be improved by controlling the airflow to increase the residence time of the flue gases. The efficiency of single-pothole stoves has been improved by using a grate, a reflective surface, a water jacket, and insulation.
+Despite a lack of empirical data, improved ventilation is probably the least expensive short-term way to reduce smoke exposure. Three ways to improve ventilation are minor changes in the ventilation of existing structures, relocation of the kitchen, and major redesign of the kitchen.
+Behaviour Change. -Changes in behaviour can help reduce the impact of exposure to biomass smoke without new technologies. These changes include moving the stove outdoors or to a verandah and keeping pregnant women and young children out of the cooking area as much as possible.
+Costs of Exposure Control
+Generally, the three categories of policy tools that governments use to address pollution problems are
+· Information (for example, government-sponsored R&D programs and rural education),
+· The establishment and enforcement of ambient and emissions standards (generally, traditional regulatory approaches are ill-suited for domestic smoke pollution, but standards related to house and stove design may be relevant), and
+· Economic tools that include severance taxes and subsidies (subsidies can be dangerous if poorly used because they create distortions and are expensive).
+Cost-benefit analyses should include the costs of an increase in smoke exposure or the benefits of a decrease. The benefits of this type of pollution-control program might include decreases in medical care and in occupational disruption minus foregone benefits, such as the value of smoke as a form of thatch preservative. In the case of fuel savings, these benefits can be added to the benefits of reduced deforestation.
+A rough analysis of the net present value (NPV) of the benefits of reduced exposure to domestic smoke selected as its benefit the reduction of chronic bronchitis in 10% of the population. Even without including the benefits of reduced ARI in children, decreased medical costs, decreased fuel costs, and increased household cleanliness, NPVs of more than 100 USD for most discount rates and degrees of impairment from exposure were found. This is more than enough to justify an improved cookstove program and investments in better ventilation and fuel.
+<section>Volume 9: Human energy</section>
+<section>The real rural energy crisis: women's time</section>
+Irene Tinker
+Overview
+Over the past decade, rural needs for energy have been equated with fuel needs alone. The mechanical or muscular energy used to produce and process crops and to survive has not been given due attention. When the time and human effort expended are analyzed, it becomes apparent that the main barrier to rural development is the scarcity of women's time.
+Analysis
+Women's work in household and subsistence production is largely invisible to economic planners who focus on economic activity in the modern sector. Census statistics undervalue women's work in the agricultural and informal sectors. Basic survival tasks are defined as traditional household activities and are left out of economic tabulations because modernization is expected to eliminate them.
+Data on women's economic roles have shown that poor women work more hours than men, the economic contributions of women (both monetary and nonmonetary) are absolutely essential to the survival of poor families, women's income (unlike men's) generally goes entirely to household needs, and water carrying and food processing are more sex-typed than fuel collection.
+Time allocation research in villages in four different countries shows that women work 2-3 h more per day than men, the time spent fetching water is greater than the time needed for fuel collection, and food processing is by far the most time-consuming survival activity for women. Rural women are constrained by the inflexibility of their responsibilities to provide necessities for their families. Women are certainly not underemployed, but they are clearly underproductive.
+The crisis in rural energy has been defined as a shortage of fuel and scarcity of firewood. The two solutions offered were to plant more trees and to introduce new stoves that either are more efficient for traditional fuels or use different energy sources. These solutions were not as widely successful as hoped because the problem was not perceived accurately, and the solutions required more time and effort from rural women who are already overworked.
+The perception of the problem is gradually changing as patterns of supply and demand for energy are seen as part of the agrarian ecosystem. Firewood collected for cooking is only one small aspect of land degradation and deforestation. The major causes are clearing trees for new homesteads, logging in mountainous areas, overgrazing in Sahelian areas, and commercializing the production of firewood and charcoal to meet expanding urban demand.
+There is now growing appreciation for the complex roles of forests and trees in the lives of rural residents. Social forestry programs have been adjusted to plant tree species that meet people's needs for fodder, fuel, fruit, and other edible products. However, reconciling local needs for forest products with commercial requirements for timber, building poles, and bullock cart wheels continues to be a major problem.
+Similarly, early assumptions that traditional cooking methods were inefficient and that a single improved mud-stove could dramatically reduce fuel consumption have had to be revised in light of the experience gained in many stove programs. Rural women understand very well the tradeoff between fuel consumption and time saved. They adapt their cooking methods to their daily responsibilities and their families" needs.
+Given the demands and conditions of women's lives in poor households, traditional stoves have proven difficult to replace. The requirement for cut wood for many of the new stoves, for example, implies not only more work for women but the need for an axe or other implement.
+The idea of a universally applicable technology runs counter to the immense variability in culture, class, and ethnicity. If the unrealistic expectation that improved stoves offer a panacea for rural areas could be set aside, their importance could be seen more clearly. Improved stoves are more important for improving women's health by reducing smoke pollution than for reducing their workload.
+The current focus on fuel issues is laudable but insufficient. Much more emphasis needs to be placed on reducing demands for human energy by introducing appropriate mechanical substitutes in ways that do not further impoverish women. Once the central energy problem of women's time is recognized, there may be other ways to address time and fuel constraints. Increased income, for example, will have a more immediate impact on these constraints than improved cooking stoves or new biogas digesters.
+If the 2-3 h a day that women spend processing food were reduced, or the distance they walk to fetch water were shortened, then they would have more time to cook more carefully (and thus to conserve fuel) or to earn money to buy improved technology or fuels.
+Planners must be alerted to the basic need to provide sufficient income for the poor to buy improved cooking stoves or higher grade fuel. They must recognize that constraints on rural women's time are central to development in general and to energy programs in particular.
+For programs to succeed, people must perceive a need for the solution to the problem they address. Rural people in developing countries do not yet consider firewood a major problem. Development programs must involve both sides of the fuel-food equation, which is central to the survival of families in near-subsistence societies.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed on
+· New stoves that meet the needs of households in developing countries and reduce the health hazards of smoke for women,
+· Cooking methods that consider the health benefits of reduced smoke pollution and the time concerns of rural women in addition to the efficiency of fuel consumption,
+· Low-energy food-processing techniques (the pretreatment or partial cooking of traditional grains could reduce the use of energy in the household),
+· Alternative technologies for cooking needs (for example, solar heaters and biogas digesters),
+· Activities in the informal sector (street foods should be recognized as a vital part of the urban scene rather than treated as an illegal eyesore),
+· Microlevel aspects of rural energy to determine villagers' perspectives on how and where energy fits into the rural economy, and
+· Gender in forestry projects, at both commercial and subsistence levels (women's traditional knowledge about forests, tree species, and uses of forest products should be better acknowledged and investigated, and more women should be involved as data collectors and extension agents to ensure that women's voices are heard).
+<section>Human energetics</section>
+Grazia Borrini and Sheldon Margen
+Overview
+The science of human energetics studies the human body as it consumes, transforms, and reproduces energy. It was developed through the application of concepts and principles of energy and energy flows to living organisms. Two main approaches to this science are explained.
+Analysis
+Energy flow through the human organism can be treated as a purely mechanical phenomenon that follows the rule of energy conservation like any other physical system. In mechanistic terms, the body can be seen as a "rigid" user of energy that transforms food and radiation into heat and mechanical work at a fixed rate.
+This approach to human energetics is a useful first approximation, but it does not explain phenomena such as homeo-stasis (regulation of the energy content of the body under different energy inputs and outputs) or the influence of socioenvironmental conditions and psychological factors on energy use by the body.
+Energy flows in the human body can also be studied as the interaction between the human organism and its surroundings. In this approach, the context and the continuously changing response of the individual play the major role and offer the most meaningful information.
+Whereas the first approach emphasizes measurable amounts of energy input and output, the second approach emphasizes variability and change in the energy flow and focuses on structure, process, and context: The combination of the two approaches offers a powerful tool for understanding human energetics.
+In terms of measurable aspects of the energy flow through the human body, inputs of food and radiation and outputs of mechanical work and heat are mediated by the body's metabolism (the sum of an enormous number of microprocesses that transfer and use energy within the cells of the body). At the macroscopic level, metabolism is influenced by muscular activity, psychological state, drugs, physical properties of the environment, and dietary habits.
+There is no generally valid relation between intake and expenditure. Energy intake of human subjects can vary from day to day and from week to week without significant fluctuation in body size or activity. Combined changes in dietary intake, muscular efficiency, and metabolic efficiency may account for homeostasis (the maintenance over time of body size and composition).
+The Sukhatme-Margen hypothesis is a fundamental feature of a nonmechanistic model of energy interaction between the body and the environment. This hypothesis states that the body can maintain homeostasis within a wide range of energy intakes. Interaction between the body and its environment is regulated by factors intrinsic to the individual, its unique genetic background and development, and its variable environment (Sukhatme and Margen 1982).
+The quantification of energy requirements for individuals is called into question on the basis of several issues, both empirical and theoretical. Energy requirement, as referred to by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), is that energy intake able to meet the needs of an average individual of defined sex, age, health status, and activity level. It is assumed that the quantity of food eaten by healthy people living a normal life represents their requirement.
+Rather than requiring a single fixed value of energy intake, an individual's energy balance is regulated in a flexible way by a continuously changing interaction with the environment. The capacity for regulation varies widely for an individual and among individuals.
+The most important product of the flow of energy through the human body is not work output but the process of life. The relation between energy intake and work output must be considered within the context of the biological and cultural environment of each community. This relation also involves political and ethical considerations. Better health and nutrition should be promoted because they are, first of all, good in themselves.
+Energy needs, means, and wants are shaped by the local environmental, social, and cultural reality. The context is essential to define energy requirements and assess whether these requirements are being met. A more appropriate definition of energy requirements would allow planners to direct resources toward more productive interventions and to target feeding programs to those who need them the most.
+The human body, behaviour, and culture exhibit a flexible energy interaction with the environment. This flexibility should be carefully managed to protect the interests of the individual and the community. Because energy requirement is both a biological and a political issue, the roles of researchers and experts should be changed. Rather than directing research processes to understand, define, and make decisions, they should be providing resources to the community to allow it to achieve its own goals.
+Full advantage could then be taken of our understanding of the complexity of human energetics. Concepts such as "fixed energy requirements" that are divorced from context and values should be renounced. Energy needs can best be defined in the process of community organization and should involve not only bread, but dignity and justice.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research should seek to understand
+· The processes of energy regulation and adaptation, with particular reference to variations in energy intake,
+· The degree to which genetics and the environment control energy regulation, and
+· The nature of functional changes involved in energy regulation and adaptation. The most important research recommendation is that the people for whom research is being carried out be involved in the research process.
+<section>Volume 10: Energy planning: models, information systems, research, and development</section>
+<section>Energy models</section>
+B. Lapillone, P. Criqui, and J. Girod
+Overview
+This paper reviews three types of developments in energy modeling. First, econometric models were enhanced to offer a more realistic representation of energy demand and the economic forces that shape it. Second, technoeconomic or energy end-use models were developed as an alternative approach to explain and forecast energy demand. Third, a number of global energy models were built to incorporate the supply and demand of resources into a multiregional framework of analysis. Some of the criticisms directed at energy models are reviewed, and suggestions are made on how modelers and their models could better serve the users of these analytic tools.
+Analysis
+Before the oil crises of the 1970s, economic output and energy demand underwent regular and rapid growth. It was, therefore, acceptable for energy agencies and companies to work with rudimentary energy models that related energy demand to GDP, sectoral value added, and in some cases, energy prices.
+After these oil crises, it became apparent that such simplified econometric models could not explain the factors affecting energy demand, assess the potential impacts of policy measures, or forecast the future growth and pattern of energy demand.
+Econometric Models
+Econometric models use economic indicators (for example, GDP, sectoral output or income, and energy prices) to determine the level of energy demand, in total or by sector or form of energy. In the most common models, the variable coefficients of output and price represent the elasticities of demand with respect to output and price.
+Traditional econometric models have several limitations. Price elasticities are difficult to measure, and they exhibit a wide range of values. Their role may also be overemphasized because nonprice factors (for example, conservation programs and efficiency standards) are ignored in these models. Other weaknesses for forecasting include the potential asymmetry between changes in demand caused by a decrease or an increase in prices, and the influence of anticipated and marginal prices (not just average prices) on consumer behaviour. Output or income effects may also be modeled inadequately if there is insufficient disaggregation by economic sector (to show impacts of structural change) or by income group (to show impacts of patterns of income growth).
+To overcome these problems, econometric models have become more disaggregated, and they are limited only by the availability of sufficient historical data on the required indicators. Knowledge of price effects has been enhanced by considering both short- and long-term responses to price changes and by allowing elasticities to vary according to the level or rate of change of prices. Finally, more complex models have been built to account for the impacts of capital stocks on energy demand. These models include structural models in which demand is shaped by either the energy efficiency and rate of use of capital stock, or KLEM models, which use production functions to estimate substitution effects among factors of production, including energy.
+Technoeconomic (End-Use) Models
+Technoeconomic models provide details of the end uses of energy in each of several energy-consuming sectors. They also provide detailed calculations of useful (output) and final (input) energy needs for each end use and sector. End-use models can be used to evaluate demand management and fuel-switching possibilities because they distinguish between useful energy (for example, space heating needs) and final energy (for example, the consumption of oil, natural gas, or electricity) and account for losses due to energy conversion. This modeling approach needs detailed data on end-use coefficients (for example, useful heat energy required per unit of floor area), efficiencies of energy conversion (for example, boiler efficiency), and the stock of energy-consuming units (for example, floor area by type of building or sector).
+Accounting models were the simplest and earliest forms of end-use models. Most of the model variables are exogenous (determined outside the model), and the model serves as an accounting tool. The principal advantages of the model are its realism and degree of detail. These models can simulate the impacts of alternative energy policies and programs on fuel- and sector-specific energy demand and the potential for energy conservation and interfuel substitution. End-use models can also be used to develop and analyze detailed balances of energy supply and demand. The disadvantages of these models are that the large quantity of detailed energy and technical data may be difficult and costly to obtain, energy prices are not explicitly considered, and the need for many exogenous assumptions may lead to scenarios that are internally inconsistent.
+Technoeconomic models have been improved to explicitly consider price effects. A common enhancement is the incorporation of submodels of market shares that allocate total useful energy needs to competing (present or future) energy forms. These submodels determine fuel-specific shares for each end use on the basis of relative life-cycle costs, which in turn are based on equipment costs and efficiencies, energy prices, the cost of capital, tax rates, and investment incentives (for example, capital grants).
+Global Energy Models
+Concern about the depletion of nonrenewable resources and shocks in petroleum prices led to the development of global energy models. Three regionally disaggregated supply-demand models were developed by the Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies (WAES) headed by the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the World Energy Conference (WEC). All three models considered the long-term balance of resource supply and energy demand in five to eight regions of the world. However, each had a particular focus. The WAES model focused on the substitution of coal for oil; the IIASA model, on the long-term prospects for nuclear energy; and the WEC model, on the impact that the rising energy demand from developing countries would have on oil markets. Other global models, such as the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) and Choe's World Bank model, were designed to deal specifically with petroleum markets. Unlike the other three
+global models, the oil-market models addressed, albeit incompletely, the issue of energy-economy interactions. Global energy models could be enhanced if world energy data were improved and the importance of links between energy models and macroeconomic models were recognized.
+Using Energy Models
+There is no single modeling approach for all situations. The choice depends on objectives, the required degree of analytic detail, data availability, and time and budget constraints. Some general guidelines for modelers who want to enhance the usefulness of their models for decision-makers in the energy sector are
+· Build as simple models as possible because complex models are increasingly mistrusted,
+· Build conceptual and qualitative models, not just quantitative models,
+· Use models not only to forecast, but to make and review decisions, and
+· Fit models into a single structure to enable users to move from simple energy balances to energy analysis, forecasting, and planning.
+<section>Energy modeling in developing countries</section>
+Jean-Guy Devezeaux de Lavergne
+Overview
+This paper describes some of the features of developing countries that are relevant to energy modeling, provides an overview of what is meant by energy modeling, summarizes the features of different types of demand, supply, and global models, and suggests ways to improve the design and use of these models.
+Analysis
+The energy sector plays several important roles in the economic activity of developing countries. Energy commodities are an input into the production of goods and services. Energy is a final consumption good that provides cooking, transportation, and other services. The energy sector also contributes to GDP and affects trade balances and the balance of payments. Therefore, there is great interest in modeling energy demand, energy supply, and energy-economy interactions.
+Relevant Characteristics of Developing Countries
+Developing countries share a number of economic and energy characteristics that affect energy modeling. Economic traits include
+· Rapid population growth and low educational standards,
+· High degrees of central planning,
+· Regulated and constrained domestic markets,
+· Significant traditional (agricultural and artisanal) sectors,
+· Narrowly specialized economic structures and production,
+· Constrained levels of capital and investment, and
+· Weak currencies.
+Energy characteristics shared by most developing countries include a lack of understanding of the concepts of energy planning, a scarcity of reliable long-term statistical data, and the importance of noncommercial energy (more than 90% in many developing countries). Despite these similarities, there are sufficient differences among developing countries to argue against the use of a single multicountry model. There are differences in the level of development, technical know-how, geographic size, and degree of openness of the economy. As well, the majority of energy-importing countries face different issues than the energy-exporting countries, and indigenous energy supplies vary among developing nations. These economic and energy features must be taken into account by energy models.
+Energy Modeling
+A model is a set of equations that represents the real world. Although both the data and the theory underlying the model may be imperfect, models are important tools. They can be used to plan and analyze the economic and energy impacts of policies and external events and to assess competing technologies that supply energy. Energy models are either hierarchical (open-loop) or global (closed-loop). Open-loop models use economic indicators as exogenous variables to define energy demand but do not include feedback from the energy sector to the rest of the economy. In contrast, closed-loop models consider the two-way interaction between energy and economic variables. The level of economic activity influences energy demand, which in turn affects the economy.
+Hierarchical Demand Models
+One-sector models use ratio analysis (energy demand per unit of output) and statistical time-series analysis to determine sectoral energy demand. This approach is simple, but this simplicity is also a limitation because the models consider neither substitutions among various energy forms, nor changes in the structure of the economy.
+Multisector models overcome some of these problems. They distinguish between the traditional and modern sectors (for example, Parikh's model of India-Parikh 1976; Parikh and Srinivasan 1977), among several economic sectors (for example, Resources for the Future), and among sectors and end uses of energy (for example, the MEDEE model-Modele d'evolution de la demande d'energie). All of these approaches are useful because they are relatively simple to develop and understand, and they provide a better understanding of the energy system than one-sector models. But they are not without limitations. They ignore price effects, lack a macroeconomic forecasting framework, and do not provide sufficient treatment of inertias and time lags. One way to enhance the macroeconomic coherence of open-loop models is to use input-output (IO) tables. The World Bank's MSEDM (Minimum Standard Energy Demand Model), for example, uses 10 tables to convert fine] demand into gross output and demand for
+various energy forms.
+Hierarchical Supply Model.
+Linear programing models are the oldest optimization models. They were used initially to develop least-cost investment plans in the power sector (for example, the WASP-Wein Automatic System Planning Package-dynamic linear program). More recently, the models have been combined with IO tables to compute alternative and minimum-cost investment plans for the energy sector as a whole. Two limitations of these models are that the data used are more technological than economic and that IO tables embody fixed technical coefficients that must be (but are seldom) updated regularly.
+Global Models
+Global models of supply and demand incorporate feedback from the energy sector (particularly price effects) into the macroeconomy. Global models of supply can be used to assess the price at which a given energy technology becomes feasible and to determine the impact of changes in energy prices on energy supply industries and on various macroeconomic indicators. Global models of demand (for example, Mukherjee's (1981) energy-economy model) combine demand functions with macroeconomic production functions to trace the effects of exogenous changes (for example, energy prices) on energy demand and economic variables (for example, capacity utilization, aggregate prices, and domestic energy prices). A feedback loop is used to start the next iteration, which determines the impact of energy prices on energy demand and the economy. The lack of an integrated energy demand-supply block, especially with regard to investment requirements, is the main limitation of these models. An
+extension of Mukherjee's model (SIMA, Simulation of Macroeconomic Scenarios to Assess Energy Demand) was an early attempt to build an integrated supply-demand tool.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+These models can be adapted for use in most developing countries. To enhance the applicability of the models, several things are needed:
+· Better data collection because lack of data is the main problem in energy modeling,
+· Improvements in the structure of demand models to include additional price variables, the traditional (noncommercial) sector, and emerging types of energy commodities,
+· Use of a coherent set of exogenous values,
+· Improvements in the models to include monetary and financial variables (for example, interest and exchange rates), and
+· Expansion of the supply models to include noncommercial and renewable energy and the impact that the use of these forms of energy has on the environment.
+<section>A framework for establishing energy research and development policy in developing countries</section>
+Mohan Munasinghe
+Overview
+Energy R&D has become a big business, especially since the price crises of 1973 and 1979. Therefore, it is essential, especially when national financial and human resources are scarce, to establish a logical and sensible approach to allocating funds and effort to energy R&D. This approach is facilitated in most developing countries because the impetus for R&D is the responsibility of the central government. This paper develops a rational and systematic framework, as well as relevant criteria, that can be used to help determine policies and priorities for R&D in any developing country.
+Analysis
+The process for the development of an R&D policy for energy is straightforward and consists of five steps.
+Step 1
+From a comprehensive list of energy R&D topics, select a subset that is most pertinent to the immediate needs, medium-term development goals, and long-term aspirations of the nation (in that order of priority). This step is guided by a thorough assessment of the country's resource endowment, its fiscal position and outlook, financial characteristics, and the technologies and options available.
+Step 2
+Evaluate the topics in this subset using a simple formula that is designed to calculate the net expected benefits (or economic efficiency) of each topic:
+NB = B(R&D) - C(R&D) + B(IMPLEM) - C(IMPLEM)
+where NB is the calculated net benefit of the R&D undertaking, B(R&D) is the present discounted value (or present value, PV) (see endnote 1) of the stream of benefits accruing from the R&D undertaking, C(R&D) is the PV of the costs of the undertaking, B(IMPLEM) is the PV of the benefits derived from implementing the results of the R&D project, and C(IMPLEM) is the PV of the costs of implementation.
+All costs and benefits are expressed in terms of their economic, not market, value. The "price" of a cost or benefit is its highest value when used for some purpose other than for the project in question. Care must be taken in the selection of appropriate values (often called "shadow prices") because costs are usually more readily identified than benefits and long times are involved.
+Step 3
+Rank each R&D option according to its net expected benefit to the nation (economic efficiency). Because of the uncertainties inherent in each option, it is prudent to test the results of the efficiency calculation by altering an assumption on which a cost(s) or benefit(s) is based and then redoing the calculation. The most robust option over the range of scenarios should rank first.
+Step 4
+Consider, in advance, the constraints to implementation of the R&D program. These can include any combination of
+· Lack of financial, physical, or human (skills and training) resources,
+· Institutional barriers (for example, a lack of specialized knowledge on the part of decision-makers or their advisors, an absence of coordination among the various levels of government or between the relevant government agents and the private sector, and inadequate links between the nation's policymakers and foreign or international sources of funds or expertise), and
+· Policy constraints, engendered by a weak or nonexistent national energy plan or planning process.
+Step 5
+Set in motion processes that can overcome these obstacles. Increase local contributions where potentially available (for example, from power utilities and oil, gas, and coal extraction companies, especially if these are government owned). Consider taxes on energy imports and allocate the proceeds to a fund for energy R&D. Appraise domestic and foreign financial institutions of the potential for short-term investment gains from preferential loans for R&D purposes. Investigate the availability of export assistance, grants, and loans from countries that possess some of the technology that is necessary to undertake the R&D or to implement the technology that is likely to be produced. Human resources must be protected by offering attractive salaries or other perquisites. As well, skilled personnel require access to information and equipment to carry out their work. Providing these inputs may be more efficient in the long run than purchasing the skills and resources of foreign
+consultants.
+A lack of understanding of the relevant energy issues can be overcome with education campaigns aimed at both decision-makers and members of the energy-consuming public. Interactions of the national government with foreign governments, international aid institutions, and multinational enterprises and organizations must be established, strengthened, and stabilized.
+The coordination of policy and planning must begin with a conscious effort to bring together the various levels of government that are involved in energy planning and related areas (the environment, financial institutions, and fiscal, monetary, and budget policy).
+Notes
+1. Calculated as follows:
+where B(R&D) represents the benefits of the R&D activity in year t, T is the overall time horizon in number of years, and r is the selected discount rate.
+<section>Information systems for energy planning and management</section>
+Oliviero Bernardini
+Overview
+This paper sets out the parameters of a general approach to establishing a country-specific tool for energy policy and planning. This is a large undertaking that requires a substantial commitment of national resources. But, unlike specialized consultants who provide similar information on a "one-off" basis, the resulting policy and planning tool will contribute to the long-term effectiveness of government planning institutions and, hopefully, to the efficiency of the economy.
+Analysis
+Policy analysts and energy planners are increasingly aware that the real problem when developing information systems for energy planning is not the modeling system. Rather, the challenge is to find the most appropriate resolution, system structure, and configuration for the problem and to choose the most appropriate objective function, given the data available on energy supply and demand.
+A number of "off the shelf" evaluation models have been developed since the oil crises highlighted the need for comprehensive energy planning. Although these models have helped industrialized nations make decisions on their energy policies, repeated efforts to fit the special energy problems of developing nations to these models have been futile. Variability in energy systems, energy decision functions, and available information effectively limit the application of generalized systems to data management and core computer packages (for example, regression analysis, linear programing, and matrix inversion).
+Consequently, the best approach when examining the situation in any given developing country is, in effect, to build a tool for energy information, policy, and planning from the ground up. The three key components of this tool are management, information, and modeling.
+Management
+The most efficient and productive way to set up an information system is to involve future users of the tool in every stage of its construction. This includes the critically important, but admittedly tedious, task of gathering microlevel information (consumer surveys and fieldwork), organizing the data into a useable (computer compatible) form, and defining the model that will analyze the data and produce report-ready output.
+The energy planning tool must be managed according to the specific circumstances of the country to ensure that it is used to its maximum advantage. First, the size of the energy delivery system(s) determines, to a large extent, the degree of risk involved in committing resources to any project. Small systems take on more risk than large systems when a single, large project is added. Integrated systems face smaller risks when any kind of new supply is added. Second, the information produced by the planning tool must be in a form that meshes with the decision-making structure. If local energy planning is established, planning and policy information in the national context may be of little use. Third, the possibility of fuel substitution and conservation must be taken into account (with a sufficiently high degree of resolution) to ensure that the information provided by planners is supplied in the appropriate context.
+The Information Set
+The lack of information for energy planning in developing countries is a major handicap. Energy systems rely largely on traditional fuels, and their supply and demand vary from location to location across the country. The energy market can, in any given country, be fragmented into several regions, which makes aggregation to the national level difficult and potentially meaningless for policy and planning purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake regional analyses of energy balances (consumption and production) and to orient policymaking accordingly. Because great detail is involved in this approach, much effort, in terms of both person hours and financial resources, is required.
+Data on energy consumption can only be acquired by ground-level surveys. This is because, depending on the nation in question, up to 95% of primary energy consumption is of fuelwood or other traditional energy sources. The "market" for these energy resources is almost always local, and it must be estimated from local indicators of supply and demand. For this survey to be representative, a large number of households and fuel suppliers must be included.
+Data on energy production (including imports) are often equally difficult to obtain, but advances in technology have improved their reliability and coverage. For example, satellite maps that depict the location of biomass resources (on which so much of the developing world relies) have been available since the early 1970s. The information on these maps must be locally calibrated, which involves ground-level verification, often over vast expanses of territory. The wealth of information made available is well worth the effort.
+Once the data are collected, they must be organized and used as soon as possible. If too much time passes, the risk increases that when the information is finally analyzed it will yield results that are out of date when compared with the current, constantly evolving local, regional, national, and global energy markets.
+Modeling Decision-Making
+Supply -The general rule when selecting from among various supply options is that the net present value (NPV) of benefits accruing from the decision option is positive (see endnote 1). There are, in addition, two evaluation approaches that are more financial (rather than economic) in perspective. The "payback period" (PBT) assesses the relative profitability of a project, which is defined as the number of years required to recover the investment costs of a project from its cash flow. In NPV terms, this is the number of years required to achieve a net present value of zero (see endnote 2). This approach is only useful if calculated paybacks are short (2 years or less indicates a good project) or very long (20 years or more indicates a poor investment). Uncertainty over intermediate times means that a more sophisticated tool must be used.
+When the service produced by the investment is a fuel or energy flow, the "levelized cost" of the energy produced (or consumption avoided) can be computed. This is the "price" that must be charged to recover the total cash flow within the lifetime of the project. The levelized cost is the product of the capital recovery factor (CRF) and the present value of total costs (PVC) (see endnote 3).
+Most project evaluations are based on the "internal rate of return" (IRR), which, like payback period, is calculated using the concept of discounting. The IRR is the discount rate that, when applied to a stream of benefits and costs reflected in the cash flow of a project, produces a NPV of zero (see endnote 4). Projects are generally acceptable when the IRR is greater than the accounting rate of interest (banking rate). The greater the rate of return, the more acceptable the project because a greater NPV of benefits will accrue from the investment.
+Demand-Attempts to model energy decision-making by households have generally used econometric techniques. These methods are useful, but they can oversimplify actual consumer decision-making, especially in a dynamic context. A more appropriate approach might be to treat consumer decision-making as a simple accounting problem, in which consumers base their energy decisions on the capital cost of equipment (including subsidies and other policy incentives), the relative out-of-pocket costs of fuel alternatives, and an appropriate discount rate. Aggregation of the demand functions for a given population yields a target for the purpose of planning energy supply.
+These classical approaches to project evaluation may appear simple. However, in practice they require a comprehensive understanding of the environmental, technical, economic, and financial factors that can affect the outcome of a decision and its long-term consequences.
+Notes
+1. Calculated as follows:
+where B is benefits in year t, C is costs in year t, T is the overall time horizon in number of years, and r is the selected discount rate.
+2. Calculated as follows:
+where B is the benefit of the project in year t, C is the cost in that year, PBT is the payback time in years, and r is the selected discount rate.
+CRF= r /[ (1 - (1 + r)^-I ], where I is the lifetime of the project, and
+where TC is the total cost in year t, T is the overall time horizon in years, and r is the selected discount rate.
+4. Calculated as follows:
+where B. C, T. t, and r are as defined in endnote 1, and IRR is the internal rate of return.
+<section>Volume 11: Energy in Africa</section>
+<section>Energy in West Africa</section>
+Adam Kahane and Silas Lwakabamba
+Overview
+This paper reviews patterns of energy supply and consumption in West Africa. Eleven of the 15 countries in West Africa (Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone) are surveyed. A consistent energy account of the region to the mid-1980s is presented. Data were drawn from a variety of sources (for example, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), UNDP, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)).
+Analysis
+Primary Energy Resources and Production
+Stocks of oil, gas, coal, and uranium, biomass, and sunlight and water are substantial but unevenly distributed throughout the region. Among commercial sources, proven oil reserves are found in seven countries, but only the four largest reserves are producing. In 1984, Nigeria produced 90% of the total oil output of the region. Data on proven reserves of gas, coal, and uranium have been gathered, although none of these resources are produced or marketed in significant quantities. Production can be important in other ways. For example, Niger produced only 4500 t of uranium in 1981, but uranium made the largest contribution to the country's export earnings. Although hydroelectricity is widely distributed and technical appraisals are positive, economic appraisals have put many proposals on hold because of such factors as cost, low demand, or regional riparian rights related to flooding and irrigation.
+Fuelwood is the most widely used energy resource, and it is under great pressure because of deforestation. The situation is in crisis proportions in local, selected areas in most countries. Only Ghana and Liberia do not have a national deficit in fuelwood. Unfortunately, research on the issue has been qualitative, and hard data are lacking. Reports suggest that consumption exceeds stock growth by 50-200%. Widespread erosion and loss of agricultural productivity are associated problems.
+Secondary Energy Production
+Electricity, charcoal, and refined petroleum are secondary fuels in the region. All countries use thermal generators, and most have hydroelectric generators. Estimates of the amount of wood used for consumption for charcoal production vary from 10 to 30% of total fuelwood harvests. There are 10 refineries in seven countries.
+Energy Trade
+In energy terms, the net balance of trade in commercial fuels is negative for all but three countries. Imports of petroleum have increased and now consume an important share of export earnings.
+Energy Consumption
+Consumption is characterized by the predominance of wood and petroleum. As in most developing nations, wood is the predominant fuel in the household sector. Wood (or charcoal) is used mainly for cooking. Accurate data on wood consumption are lacking. Consumption of an important biomass fuel, agricultural residues, is not discussed.
+The largest consumers of petroleum are the two oil-exporting countries, Cameroon and Nigeria. The transportation sector generally consumes more than 50% of all petroleum products; electricity generation takes up a sizeable share in Liberia, Niger, and Senegal; and the residential sector generally uses less than 15% of the total.
+Typical of most developing countries, wood is the primary fuel for rural households. There is greater variation in urban households, which use kerosene, electricity, and liquefied petroleum gas. Programs that promote efficient woodstoves have made important inroads in the region. The transportation sector is generally the greatest consumer of petroleum products, and conservation is recognized as being important in all countries. Despite this recognition, limited research and conservation programs have been undertaken. Data are inadequate on consumption in the industrial sector. Industry consumes a major portion of electricity, particularly in those countries with mining and smelting activities (for example, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia, and Niger). Little information is available on efforts to conserve industrial energy.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed to
+· Identify patterns of wood and charcoal consumption and use these to develop fuelwood policies to supplement supply (forestry and agroforestry approaches to reforestation) and promote efficiency and conservation (fuel substitution, stove, and charcoal-kiln improvements),
+· Analyze energy options (for example, the neglected areas of solar, wind, agricultural residues, and efficiency) using standard methodologies that allow consistent comparisons among all energy forms, and review national energy policies to determine the impacts of energy pricing and capital subsidies,
+· Identify the institutional and management issues in the energy sector and the impact that government planning has on coordination and efficiency within the sector,
+· Survey energy resources (in some countries),
+· Improve consumption data and link disaggregated patterns of subsectoral consumption to demographic and other socioeconomic information to improve the forecasting of energy demand and to effect policies that will influence that demand, and
+· Expand efforts to conserve petroleum fuels in the transportation and electricity sectors and document efforts and opportunities to conserve commercial fuels in the industrial sector.
+<section>Energy in East Africa: consumers and resources</section>
+Phil O'Keefe
+Overview
+The energy accounts of three East African nations (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda) are provided. Social and economic characteristics (with supporting data) are related to patterns of energy supply and demand. Energy options for the region are discussed, and policy and research recommendations are made.
+Analysis
+The socioeconomic characteristics of these countries are related to energy demand. Factors as diverse as employment, natural resource endowment, population growth, demographics, and agricultural practices are reviewed. Population growth is high in the region. Despite this, given the subsistence farming production systems, East Africa is underpopulated. The current energy crisis in East Africa cannot be blamed only on population growth.
+Consumption patterns and supply sources for energy show a reliance on biomass fuels, particularly in rural households. Overall, final use of biomass (fuelwood, charcoal, and agricultural residue) constitutes 71% of total energy consumption in Kenya, 91% in Tanzania, and 70% in Uganda. Charcoal is growing in importance as populations shift to urban areas and transportation costs from receding forest areas increase. Although petroleum fuels are a minor contributor to energy supply, they are significant because they are the largest component of commercial fuels and they require large inputs of foreign exchange. The transportation sector consumes about half of all petroleum. Petroleum generates most of Kenya's electricity; hydroelectricity predominates in Tanzania and Uganda.
+Options for Supply
+Nuclear power is currently technically and economically inappropriate for East Africa. Minimum reactor capacities would imbalance the system and make the system vulnerable to overload. Technological adaptations to smaller capacity reactors hold promise. Coal is suggested as a bridging fuel even if it must be imported, but the environmental issues of these two fuels must be addressed. Indigenous exploration and identification of coal reserves have been inadequate to date. New and renewable sources of energy are considered inappropriate because of the lack of a sophisticated energy infrastructure. This lack of infrastructure is a major obstacle to change, especially managed change. Development of these technologies is best left to developed economies.
+The industrial and transportation sectors are the major users of commercial energy. The economies of East Africa already have enforced energy conservation by rationing (whether planned and government controlled or because of financial barriers). These countries receive technology on a turnkey basis; therefore, until efficiency changes are made in developed nations they will not be readily adaptable to East Africa. Money spent on energy efficiency is, therefore, often wasted. Efforts would be better focused on more and better research into the conservation of fuelwood using improved cookstoves. The multiple uses of the open fire for space heat, maintenance of thatch, and preserving and flavouring food have been neglected in favour of a focus on cooking. This has led to notable failures of improved design programs.
+The energy policies developed by governments in recent years have been similar. Although Kenya has created a ministry of energy, and Tanzania and Uganda have not, their broad responses have meant that
+· Pricing policies are such that oil costs have been passed on directly to the consumer, electricity has been priced below its marginal cost of production, and fuelwood has been priced to give a comparative advantage to urban consumers,
+· Petroleum taxation has not keep pace with inflation, which means there is an implicit government subsidy,
+· Capital allocations for new projects have been made mainly in the electricity sector, and
+· Education and training have received comparatively little spending.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+The energy future of East Africa over the next 20 years remains one of oil and wood. Therefore, research should
+· Focus on enhancing biomass supply by investigating opportunities to produce fuel from the tropical high forests, large-scale mechanized monoculture to produce fuel pellets, the accelerated transition of biomass from a free good to a cash crop in high-potential areas, options for agroforestry in the medium-potential areas, and the introduction of energy plantations (especially charcoal in low-potential areas),
+· Investigate coal as a bridging fuel, and devote resources to geologic research to determine reserve potential, and
+· Devote resources to strengthening the administrative capacity of governments to handle petroleum and wood issues, which in the past have been within the purview of private capital and agricultural administrators, respectively.
+It is important that resources not be squandered trying to develop technology and alternative energy sources if their promise for the future is marginal or unproven.
+<section>Wood fuels: the past and future for East African energy</section>
+Bariki K Kaale
+Overview
+A brief review of 1980 energy supply-demand data for three countries in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda) reveals their heavy dependence on fuelwood (69% in Kenya, 90% in Tanzania, and 91% in Uganda). The key role of fuelwood is discussed.
+Analysis
+Within the total pattern of supply and demand, fuelwood predominates in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Petroleum will not likely increase its limited share of energy supply because of restrictions on access to foreign capital. Other indigenous resources (hydroelectricity, natural gas, and coal) are available, but they do not play an important role. The market for these resources is small, and there is inadequate infrastructure for extraction and generation, distribution, and end-use conversion.
+A comparison of energy projects in the region illustrates that there is an imbalance in priorities between developing fuelwood and other commercial fuels. The Kiambere hydroelectric project (140 MW) in Kenya is expected to cost 500 million USD (80% of which is foreign currency) and supply 0.5% of Kenya's energy by the year 2000. A project to establish 1.4 million ha of trees on farmland is expected to cost 300 million USD (85% of which is local currency) and supply 35% of Kenya's energy by the year 2000.
+Fuelwood Supplies and Consumption
+Data on the supply and consumption of fuelwood depend on detailed surveys. Most surveys have been uneven in their methods and results because there is no standardized methodology. Complex socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological interactions affect the harvesting and consumption of fuelwood. Other factors include geographic and administrative zones and the local effects of land use.
+Natural woodlands, mainly scattered trees and shrubs, provide most of the fuelwood (up to 70%). Cultivated trees on farmland are also an important source, especially in areas of high population density and intensive agriculture. Manual collection is the usual method; therefore, accessibility is approximately within a radius of 10 km. Plantations play a minor role in fuelwood supply and serve mainly industrial interests.
+Data on domestic consumption are uneven. Consumption ranges from 1 to 4 m³ per person and is influenced by availability of wood, climatic conditions, cooking habits, and end-use efficiencies. About 15% of fuelwood is used for nondomestic purposes (mainly brewing).
+Scarcity of fuelwood is a serious problem in Kenya and Tanzania. Nationally, these countries are harvesting well above (Kenya 170%, Tanzania 150%) the level that can be sustained annually without depleting the current stock and degrading the environment. One region of Tanzania shows a 2 120% depletion rate! With population growth rates of 3-4%, the demand for fuelwood will intensify. Forecasts for Africa estimate an annual increase in demand of 5%. The impacts of fuelwood shortages in East Africa are mainly anecdotal and have not been researched, but they likely include wasted productive labour because of increased collection time, loss of soil nutrients because of the use of dung and agricultural residue as fuel, the need for the poor to purchase fuelwood, and a decline in nutrition due to changes in diet.
+Charcoal
+The higher energy density of charcoal compared with wood makes it a more cost-effective fuel if the source of wood is some distance from the centre of consumption. Charcoal is also a more convenient, cleaner burning fuel that provides a superior cooking heat.
+About 95% of charcoal is produced in earth kilns, either in a pit or from a "mould" above ground. Although these kilns are easy and inexpensive to construct, their return is poor when compared with commercial kilns made of metal or brick. Earth kilns produce returns of 10-15% by weight, whereas metal and brick kilns can return up to 25 and 30%, respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of kiln are presented. Research suggests that brick kilos are the most effective method of charcoal production because they have low capital costs and moderate labour requirements. Brick kilos are likely to play an important role in the region, particularly on Fuelwood plantations. Attempts to extend the use of hardwood charcoal by densifying and briquetting softwood charcoal, charcoal fines, logging residue, and agricultural waste from coffee, rice, and cashews have been inconclusive.
+Alternatives
+A cost-performance comparison (USD per energy unit) shows that wood and charcoal have few competitors: wood (15% moisture content) 1.2, charcoal 2.9, biogas 7.0, kerosene 8.3, butane 13.6, and electricity 21.9. The difficulties encountered when trying to introduce improved wood stoves for cooking suggests that charcoal stoves have greater promise for conservation because they are used primarily for cooking in nearly 85% of urban dwellings. Although the replacement of oil (through gasification, steam engines, and dendrothermal plants) for electricity is a possibility for East Africa, only preliminary research has been conducted. The region is looking at experiences in Brazil, India, and the Philippines for direction.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Research is needed to
+· Improve the supply of fuelwood by developing efficient ways of managing trees for small-scale fuelwood supply on farms, in forests, and on woodlots; agroforestry systems with improved information on the impact of trees on agriculture and other land use; tree species suitable for multiple uses on farms (food, energy, and income); and large-scale woodfuel plantations and improved tree species and management techniques,
+· Improve the supply of logging and mill residues and of agricultural waste by the use of charcoalization, briquetting, and densification,
+· Improve the secondary and end-use conversion of woodfuel by modifying traditional earth kilns, designing brick kilns from traditional materials, mass-producing improved charcoal stoves, designing portable fuelwood stoves, improving (or seeking substitution of) industrial uses of fuelwood, standardizing tests and research techniques for efficiency, and designing efficient cooking utensils and encouraging cooking habits that conserve fuel, and
+· Improve policy, planning, and research capabilities in the region by studying potential supplies of fuelwood, domestic consumption patterns, and deforestation issues and establishing a clearing house for research information to coordinate and disseminate findings.
+<section>Volume 12: energy in Asia</section>
+<section>Asia's adjustments to the changing energy picture</section>
+Corazon Morales Siddayao
+Overview
+This paper analyzes the effects that the oil shocks of the 1970s and the subsequent policy responses had on the economies of oil-importing developing countries (OIDCs) in Asia. The OIDCs examined include Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (all classified as low-income developing countries by the World Bank) and the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand (all classified as middle-income). Emphasis is given to the use of oil and other "commercial" (nontraditional and nonalternative) energy forms. Recommendations are made for further research based on the resource endowments and economic strategies of individual countries.
+Analysis
+Oil Dependence and Its Implications
+For countries in the early stages of industrialization, there is a positive correlation between growth in the manufacturing sector and commercial energy demand, and the use of traditional fuels declines. In Bangladesh, the least industrialized country surveyed, the consumption of traditional fuels decreased by 25% from 1970 to 1980, whereas per capita consumption of commercial energy rose by 5.5% from 1973 to 1981. There was also an overall increase in per capita use of commercial energy per unit of output from 1960 to 1982. From 1960 to 1981, manufacturing output generally grew faster than GDP in the OIDCs analyzed. As well, per capita growth rates for commercial energy consumption generally exceeded the per capita growth rates of GDP from 1973 to 1982. These statistics suggest that increases in oil prices did not have adverse effects on the OIDCs; however, the increases were largely financed by external debt. About 60-70% of the commercial energy was used for modernization
+(production and transportation). Oil accounted for 90-100% of the primary commercial energy consumed in the OIDCs.
+Impacts on External Accounts-The OIDCs had to make adjustments to cope with the increased costs of oil and to pursue modernization. After 1972, their deficits increased dramatically because of deterioration in terms of trade, economic slowdown in the developed world, increased interest rates, and inadequate adjustments to rising energy costs. For example, from 1978 to 1981, India's surplus of 212 million USD in current accounts was transformed into a deficit of over 3 billion USD (a deficit growth of 90% annually).
+From 1972 to 1978, bills for oil imports grew by 15-54% per year and continued to grow in the succeeding 4 years. Costs for fuel imports increased sharply between 1973 and 1977, and capital imports remained high. To maintain absolute levels for food and raw materials, adjustments were necessary in either the capital or foreign-aid accounts. External debt grew significantly from 1978 to 1982. Middle-income countries obtained most of their loans from private creditors; low-income countries obtained their loans from international funding agencies.
+Policy Adjustments
+Initially, most countries assumed that energy demand was price-inelastic and responded to the first oil shock by introducing policies to dampen the impact on income, employment, and inflation. Domestic oil prices, which were held as low as possible, at times failed to reflect the economic costs of supply. In the early 1980s, however, countries sought to manage the use and supply of energy and recognized that price plays an important role in this management.
+There is a proven link between national output and energy use. However, pooled time-series data for the Asian OIDCs suggest that some adjustments in energy consumption have taken place and that measures to conserve energy have often not constrained output.
+Regression analyses (to evaluate the links between oil imports, borrowing, and industrialization) led to the following conclusions for the Asian OIDCs:
+· Manufacturing output explained most of the capital formation.
+· Capital formation was affected negatively by the current account balance (of which capital imports are an important component).
+· Oil imports were positively correlated with capital formation.
+· Higher international prices do not seem to negatively affect investment (correlation of the relative values of oil imports and domestic investments also reflects a complementarily between industrialization and energy use).
+· External debt was largely explained by oil and capital imports (oil imports were more important in the middle-income OIDCs and capital imports more important in low-income OIDCs).
+Although the industrial sector continued to grow despite rising oil prices, this growth was supported by heavy borrowing. In Asian OIDCs, capital formation and manufacturing growth generally slackened in the 1970s, and most countries in South Asia had decreased rates of economic growth. In 1980, the incremental capital-output ratio deteriorated in many of the countries because of underutilization of capacity and changes in the demand-supply structure caused by the oil shocks.
+Trade and Related Adjustments -An important adjustment to the oil shocks was to diversify export earnings by increasing production of manufactured goods, especially in East Asia. Singapore and South Korea, which followed export-oriented policies after the first oil shock, experienced high rates of economic growth and only slight increases in their incremental capital-output ratios. In contrast, OIDCs that pursued policies of import substitution after the first oil shock doubled their incremental capital-output ratios.
+Energy, Employment, and Income-Because of inflexible levels of complementarily of energy, capital, and labour, a reduction in energy use results in capital underuse and increased unemployment in the short run. Estimates of the elasticity of substitution among these inputs over a longer period have focused on the developed world and have yielded mixed results. The elasticities of substitution between labour and energy and capital and energy in several Thai industries are generally high. The impact that a reduction in energy use has on employment is not sufficiently understood and requires more research.
+Managed Retrenchment in Energy Use-Energy conservation can be either voluntary (effected by prices, taxes, and subsidies) or involuntary (mandated). In the OIDCs studied, pricing was the most important policy introduced to affect energy demand. Policymakers discovered in the second half of the 1970s that policies that were designed to keep prices down were creating severe misallocations. Price changes were erratic in relation to, and generally lower than, international prices. Energy pricing has been linked to social goals of development (for example, the redistribution of income). However, these policies often result in inefficient use of energy and in delays in adjustment to energy conservation programs. Although pricing may explain some of the reductions in energy use that occurred in the Asian OIDCs, the use of more efficient equipment also contributed. The costs of other inputs also influenced the proportions of energy costs.
+Policies that Influence Supply-On the supply side, the response to the oil shocks was to diversify the supply base. This was characterized by increased involvement of the public sector in the development of indigenous petroleum resources. Policies were also adopted to increase the use of other energy sources (for example, coal, geothermal, hydroelectric, and renewable resources).
+Realities and Policy Implication.
+Modernization and energy consumption are intrinsically linked. Oil will remain the dominant commercial energy source throughout the next decade. As most developing countries seek to achieve their development goals, financial barriers may constrain their access to oil.
+Energy conservation is the most important approach to the management of energy demand. Conservation involves both engineering and economic considerations and can be achieved by process and system modifications or by the restructuring of production inputs. Pricing policies have a great influence on energy conservation and involve value judgments about what constitutes "optimal" welfare. As a minimum, pricing policies should cover the economic costs of supply.
+As countries attempt to diversify their supply base, natural gas and coal are viewed as important substitutes for oil. Alternative fuels are also being examined, but there are a number of problems associated with their use. Despite declining oil prices, the cost of oil for OIDCs remains high. Therefore, the market share of petroleum substitutes is expected to increase gradually. Asian OIDCs must reconsider their productivity targets for the mix of energy and technology if they are to achieve both their socioeconomic goals for modernization and their efficiency goals for energy and labour.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+There is a need for further research to understand
+· The reasons for differences in energy efficiencies among industries, sectors, and countries (for example, in technology, management of production, and industrial structure),
+· The extent to which conservation is possible (and its cost),
+· The possibilities of transferring the analytic methods,
+· The data required to do useful policy-related research and planning and the ways the data may be obtained, and The role of the public sector in the planning and implementation of policy using the tools available to them.
+<section>Korea's energy solution: maintain economic growth and manage energy supply and demand</section>
+Ho Tak Kim
+Overview
+This paper examines the changes in the energy sector in the Republic of Korea from 1965 to 1983 and focuses on responses and adjustments since the first oil shock (in 1973-1974). Korea experienced phenomenal export-led growth in an economy weak in energy resources. The supply and demand of energy resources in Korea are surveyed in relation to the oil price increases of the 1970s. These higher oil prices also had an adverse impact on the balance of payments. The government's policy on energy pricing, incentive policies, and regulatory measures are described. The paper concludes that governments must approach energy issues in an integrated manner. Management of energy demand is recognized as a key to an energy-efficient economy.
+Analysis
+From 1965 to 1983, Korea experienced remarkable growth (gross domestic product (GDP)) increased at an average annual rate of 8.8%). Manufacturing increased its contribution to GDP, and heavy and chemical products became more important than light industry.
+Exports increased by 125 times during 1965-1982 and greatly increased their contribution to GNP. Inflation was high, particularly after the oil shocks, and soared over 20%. Growth of the economy by means of an export-led strategy was the main goal of the government until 1978. In the 1970s, labour-intensive and capital-saving industry began to give way to heavy, energy-intensive industry, which the government continued to promote even after the first oil shock. Because of concern about economic overheating, a policy of stabilization was adopted in 1978 to control growth in GNP and inflation.
+Energy Resources: Supply and Demand
+Korea lacks natural energy resources. It has a small coal supply and limited hydroelectric potential. Nonetheless, energy demand quadrupled from 1965 to 1983. Dependence on imported energy increased from 13% in 1965 to 75% in 1982. Demand sharply decreased for traditional energy sources and sharply increased for petroleum products. These changes in demand were caused by growth and structural change in the economy and by changes in lifestyle and government policy. Increases in the price of oil temporarily slowed growth in energy demand but did not decrease demand.
+The substitution of oil for other forms of energy proceeded rapidly until the first oil shock. After this, growth in oil demand decreased by half; however, oil demand continued to outpace total energy demand from 1975 to 1979. The second oil shock had a greater impact. There was an absolute drop in the consumption of oil and slower growth in total energy demand. Future demand for energy will depend on growth and structural changes in the economy, changes in energy prices and technology, and government policy. Dependence on fuel imports is likely to increase to 90% by 2001, and total energy demand will triple. Because of increasing reliance on coal and nuclear power, dependence on oil should decrease to 30%. The industrial sector will continue to be the largest consumer of energy. From 1965 to 1982, energy intensity decreased slightly (but less than in the industrialized world) because of increases in oil prices and energy-saving policy measures.
+Oil Price: Effects on Demand and the Economy-Relative oil prices do not directly determine the demand for fuels, but they influence government policy. Government policies have emphasized economic growth, and Korea has used energy policy to support this goal. In response to increases in oil prices, the government took steps to increase the use of domestic resources and to diversify fuel sources. As a result, oil dependency declined after 1979.
+Oil shocks, however, had a number of negative impacts on the economy (for example, inflation, balance of trade, balance of payments, external debt, and terms of trade). Increases in oil prices were responsible for over half of the 42% increase in the wholesale price index in 1974. In 1974, the oil bill accounted for almost 60% of the increase in the trade deficit. The increase in the import bill in 1979- 1980 was solely due to an increase in the oil bill. After the first oil shock, Korea overcame its foreign exchange crisis by borrowing from abroad and earning oil dollars from increased exports to the Middle East. The second shock was more damaging to the balance of payments because it was financed by an increase in external debt. The country's terms of trade also deteriorated in 1974. The first oil shock did not have a significant effect on GDP, but it is difficult to estimate the effects of the second shock because a number of other variables also influenced GDP.
+Increases in oil prices had a much more important effect on manufacturing than on agriculture (where the effect was marginal). Because of its large share of oil consumption, the manufacturing sector was hard hit by the oil shocks, particularly the second one. In 1980, manufacturing experienced negative growth; this was followed by slow growth in 1981-1982. As a result, manufacturing made major adjustments in energy conservation, interfuel substitution, and production prices.
+Energy Demand by Sector
+Although the direct energy input into agriculture is insignificant, a number of changes may increase the demand for commercial energy:
+· Subsistence farming is becoming more commercialized, and this is increasing the demand for chemical fertilizers and mechanized farming equipment.
+· Irrigation and water pumping are now mechanized.
+· Artificial heating is being used in greenhouses to produce vegetables during the off-season.
+The manufacturing sector is the largest consumer of energy in the economy. In 1982, it consumed 62% of the electricity and 31% of the oil. Over two decades, the fuel mix changed as the share of coal decreased and petroleum products and electricity increased. Energy consumption in the transportation sector grew even faster than in the manufacturing sector. The share of transportation in overall energy consumption increased from 5.6% in 1965 to 15.1% in 1982. In the 1960s, the residential and commercial sectors were the largest consumers of energy (60%), but their share had fallen to 36% by 1982 and commercial fuel was replacing traditional energy sources. In addition, electrical transformation losses have increased because of expanded use of power.
+Policy Reaction. and Policy Formulation
+The sharp oil price rise in 1974 led the government to develop an energy policy that restricted oil consumption, encouraged production and consumption of domestic energy sources (for example, coal), and changed the mix of imported fuels. After the first shock, the most urgent goal was to secure oil supplies and to minimize disruption in the economy. Since the second oil shock, government policy has attempted to restructure industry to become less energy and technology intensive.
+Although energy demand management (EDM) has been a priority in economic development plans since 1973, related programs and policies have not been successful. After the first shock, no subsidies were provided for investments in projects to conserve energy. The government tried to achieve EDM goals by using administrative power and mandatory measures.
+Pricing Policy
+Pricing policy is a key element in EDM. Before the oil shocks, pricing policies were used to promote industrial development and to subsidize the poor. After the first oil shock, the government adopted the principle of marginal-cost pricing for petroleum products. This principle has not been adopted as quickly for the coal and electricity sectors. As a result, industry has been subsidized by the domestic and commercial sectors. In pricing policy, the government has generally emphasized growth, inflation reduction, and welfare rather than energy conservation. Generally, the government sets a national ceiling price for each fuel and then uses taxes and subsidies to harmonize the interests of consumers and producers. The government has used value-added taxation to influence or induce substitution. Before the first oil shock, a preference for oil consumption was clear. This was reversed after 1973. Imposed price differentials, particularly between coal and oil, have induced fuel
+substitution. In the oil sector, a high tax premium was placed on gasoline, whereas no premium was placed on domestic and industrial fuels (for example, diesel, kerosene, and naphtha).
+Increases in energy prices after the oil shocks changed the short-run demand for petroleum products. If energy prices had not increased, energy demand would have increased faster than actual growth. Current economic models do not adequately explain the effects observed after the two shocks. Because energy prices changed at different rates and led to substitution among fuel sources, effects of price changes should be examined for different sources rather than for aggregate demand.
+Despite this lack of economic knowledge, conclusions can be drawn about the shortcomings of Korean domestic policies. Pricing was used to promote fuel substitution, not conservation. Energy efficiency was impeded: manufacturers could easily pass on price increases to consumers because domestic markets were protected from foreign competition.
+Incentive Policies and Programs, Regulatory Measures, and Education Programs
+Until 1980, the government used regulatory measures rather than incentives (subsidies, taxes, and concessions) to promote energy efficiency. Since 1981, the government has offered conservation incentives to the industrial sector, but these have not been enough to motivate major investments.
+After both oil shocks, the government imposed a series of short-term regulatory measures in the transportation, commercial, and public sectors. As well, the Energy Rationalization Law was enacted to induce energy conservation and fuel substitution in the industrial sector. Although it is difficult to measure the specific success of each measure, their combined effects are substantial.
+In addition, numerous education, training, and information programs are provided for EDM in Korea. The media promote conservation, and the government and private sector sponsor informal public lectures and instruction. Students are instructed in the basic concepts of energy conservation, and adults receive more advanced training in energy management.
+The government also conducts audits of plants that are considered "designated heat users." Auditors estimate that energy consumption could be cut significantly by conservation measures. The promotion of fuel substitution has been successful in the cement industry but slow in other industries. This delay results because the incentive programs are voluntary and lack fiscal incentives. Because the electricity sector consumes 20% of total energy and its share is increasing, programs to promote energy conservation and fuel-switching in this sector are necessary. The government has also been promoting the use of cogenerated power, which can result in substantial energy savings for industry.
+The various EDM programs have been supported by appropriate changes in the organizational, institutional, and legal framework. Energy issues must be approached in an integrated fashion to enhance the effectiveness of individual programs.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Further research is required to understand the behaviour and responses of energy consumers to changes in policies. More research is also needed to improve the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of EDM policies.
+<section>India's energy: problems and solutions for research programs</section>
+Bharat Bhushan
+Overview
+This paper analyzes the R&D program for energy in India. It presents the broad patterns of energy use in different sectors of the economy and outlines the importance of different sources of energy in various consuming sectors. Technological and economic problems and potential directions for technical change are identified. The effectiveness of the R&D program for energy in India is evaluated in this context. The R&D programs of several research institutions are examined, their effectiveness is evaluated, and recommendations are made to improve the efficacy of the R&D system.
+Analysis
+Patterns and Problems of Energy Use
+The share of coal in total commercial energy fell from 79.3% to 74.7% between 1960-1961 and 1975-1976, whereas the share of electricity rose from 7.2% to 15.5%. The largest consumer of commercial energy in India is the industrial sector (38.5%), where coal dominates. Over the same period, the share of electricity rose while the share of oil declined drastically. The next largest consumer of commercial energy (mostly oil) is the transportation sector. There has been an absolute decline in coal consumption for transportation because of shifts in rail technology. This decline has been accompanied by an increase in the consumption of oil. The share of electricity has remained unchanged. Households are the third largest consumers of commercial energy, although because of reliance on noncommercial forms, this sector accounts for nearly half of the total energy consumed in India. Agriculture accounts for 10.6% of the use of commercial energy. The consumption of oil increased
+15-fold and the consumption of electricity increased 7-fold between 1960-1961 and 1978-1979. A notable trend is the slow, but perceptible, commercialization of noncommercial fuels.
+Across all sectors, there are inefficient uses of energy. For example, in the industrial sector, the use of electricity could be reduced by the proper selection of motors and by improvements to electrolytic processes and lighting. In the transportation sector, the rapid growth of road transportation and the slow phase-out of steam locomotives are major contributors to the inefficient use of energy. In the agricultural sector, more efficient pumps and tractors and increased numbers of draught animals could improve energy efficiency. Attempts could be made in the household sector to reduce the consumption of liquefied petroleum gas and kerosene in domestic appliances. The use of noncommercial energy (for example, firewood, biogas, and solar) could also be promoted.
+Technical Problem. in Energy Production
+The three categories of technical and economic problems in energy production are increasing current production, locating new areas of production, and transporting or transmitting energy.
+To increase coal production the methods of mining must be changed. Since the mid-1970s there has been a move away from the traditional slope-and-pillar method (which recovers only half the coal in place) toward methods that recover all of the coal from deep mines. Opencast mining is another way to remove all of the coal. The two problems related to the transportation of coal (which takes place mainly by rail) are theft and inefficiencies in the loading and unloading of wagons.
+Oil production from existing sources could be increased by enhancing oil recovery from developed wells, deep drilling, and using secondary processes for refining. The product mix and investment must be considered when choosing between catalytic cracking or hydrocracking for secondary processing. If the production of oil is to be increased by expanding the resource base, efforts must be focused on
+· Fields that are already discovered but are not prepared for commercial exploitation,
+· Areas where geological prospecting indicates that oil exists but has not yet been discovered, and
+· Areas where geologic anomalies indicate that sediments will produce hydrocarbons although technology can provide no concrete information on these basins.
+The problem with transportation of oil is the choice between rail and pipelines. Gas is more difficult to exploit and transport, and therefore its production is only economic if discoveries are large (for example, offshore resources).
+The three problems related to the production of thermoelectric power are the lack of adequate spinning reserves and a high probability of disruption in the power supply if the generators fail, fluctuations in the quality of the coal, and the transportation and handling of the coal.
+Nearly 40% of hydroelectric power potential is located in the northeast frontier, where large-scale generation and transmission are not feasible. The three primary problems with nuclear power are weakness in designing power reactors, crucial weaknesses in the heavy-water program, and difficulties in the fast-breeder program. To increase the generation capacity of India, its remaining hydroelectric potential, which is estimated to be 80% of total useable hydroelectric resources, must be unlocked. High-voltage transmission is not yet in commercial use for the bulk transfer of power, despite its potential to reduce losses.
+Animal power, solar energy, wind energy, and biomass are important noncommercial forms of energy. The major deficiencies for solar energy are the design of the collectors and the capability to produce the raw material for photovoltaics. Windmill designs must be adapted to local conditions and to locally available materials. Biomass can be used for direct combustion, producer-gas generation, and biogas production. Severe shortages of standing biomass must be overcome by research into species that grow rapidly and are adapted to dry tropical conditions.
+Potential Directions for Technical Change
+Coal production could be increased by using longwall mining and powered support faces. Schemes to extend mechanized depillaring might also increase production. Rapid systems that load coal into wagons while they are still in motion are being considered.
+The possibilities for technical change in the production of oil lie in the use of nonthermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods (for example, the flooding of wells with water or polymers). Hydrocracking units should be investigated for secondary processing, and better drilling techniques must be developed for deep wells. Computerized processing may help to improve the identification of potential sites.
+The government is encouraging the establishment of super-thermal power stations at the mouth of coal mines. The development of generators and turbines that could perform efficiently at low loads would improve electricity generation from mini- and micro-hydroelectric projects. Three areas that require technical change in nuclear power generation are mastery of the design and function of existing reactors, development of capabilities in the production of heavy water, and solutions to problems associated with carbide fuel. High-voltage direct current transmission should also be commercialized.
+The most significant change in noncommercial forms of energy is the production of polycrystalline and single-crystal silicon for photovoltaic cells. Experimental wind farms have been established, and emphasis should be placed on the development of the skills required to use wind generators.
+Effectiveness of R&D Programs for Energy
+Government expenditures on energy R&D (excluding electricity) are about 28 million USD. In addition, a host of private and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) carry on separate research activities. These efforts do not appear to be coordinated. The petroleum sector receives the largest amount of resources, followed by nonconventional energy and coal. The R&D system for energy has sufficient human resources and physical infrastructure. However, it has not achieved self-sustained, effective development of energy systems because of inadequate administrative and technical planning. The effectiveness of R&D programs for energy should be evaluated according to their ability to solve production problems.
+The Central Mining Research Station (CMRS) has done some work to intensify coal production. In addition, it has designed props and reversible steel-link bars. Its work on strata control in stope-and-pillar and longwall mining has been good, but this work has been rendered ineffective because CMRS is not involved in the selection of longwall technology. The intensification of coal production is likely to take place on a case-by-case basis. In the case of coal exploration, the program of the Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI) for the assessment of resource quality has been reasonably successful, but most discoveries have been of noncoking coal. Loading innovations developed at Coal India Limited may improve coal handling, and CFRI is studying pipeline transportation. The work by CFRI on coal preparation may help to offset the shortage of prime coking coal. However, CFRI, which is the nation's premier research institution on coal use, has produced few worthwhile results and
+may require better monitoring.
+Four research agencies conduct most of the research to intensify oil production. Most research programs are in the preliminary stages. EOR schemes are an exception. Schemes developed by the Institute of Reservoir Studies (IRS) have been used with some success in a number of fields. Research on deep-well drilling remains weak. The Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) has conducted useful research on hydrocracking and oil transportation. Research by IIP on alternative fuels is still at the testing stage.
+More than a dozen private and public agencies are active in R&D in electricity. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has designed 200- and 500-MW generators. A number of agencies have designed and developed micro- and mini-hydroelectric plants. Three agencies are involved in research programs on nuclear generation. Experiments are being done on breeder reactors, and designs are being developed for heavy-water plants, uranium enrichment, and other aspects of the enriched-fuel cycle. On the whole, R&D in nuclear power has not been effective. Several institutes run research programs for transmission and distribution. Extra-high voltage transmission and related equipment is a focus for BHEL.
+Success is more difficult to gauge in R&D on noncommercial energy sources because the applications are small and decentralized. Some success has been achieved in the production of new processes and techniques for flat-plate collectors and in single-crystal and polycrystalline photovoltaic cells. Mismatches between R&D and the needs of consumers are evident in the areas of solar conversion to heat, solar cookers, and solar refrigeration. R&D on biomass production is still at the stage of screening and evaluating fast-growing fuelwood species. Research in animal power has been ineffective. Research on wind energy has resulted in the commercialization of several small pumps that have experienced technical difficulties.
+Improving the Efficacy of the R&D System
+There is no point to improving R&D on energy unless energy research is subordinated to democratic social and political goals. Institutions must also be made accountable for the efficacy of their work. The effectiveness of the R&D system could be enhanced if
+· Broad policies were developed to emphasize energy conservation and the efficient use of energy (these policies would help focus research on the industrial, agricultural, and transportation sectors),
+· Centralized planning, monitoring, and coordination were improved, and
+· Technical planning was improved to eliminate mismatches between R&D and the real needs of users, poorly timed imports of technology, and the lack of the skills and infrastructure necessary to assimilate technology and imports.
+Specific steps could be taken to improve R&D on each fuel type. For example, R&D on coal would be more effective if production plans involved the CFRI from the beginning. R&D programs on coal use should be reviewed regularly and should be conducted in cooperation with industry. The efficacy of R&D to develop oil production could be enhanced by an assessment of the need for technology imports. There should also be an integrated national program on fuel-efficient engines and the testing of alternative fuels. R&D on electricity could be improved if investment in thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear generation were based on the projected contributions of each source. Nuclear power must be evaluated by independent auditors. To improve the effectiveness of R&D on noncommercial forms of energy, the case-by-case sanctioning of projects must end. Large research projects must be tendered and monitored, and equipment and designs should be standardized.
+<section>Volume 13: energy in China</section>
+<section>Demand, supply, and economics of energy in China</section>
+Zhu Yajie et al
+Overview
+This paper documents current energy consumption in China. Supply is described with reference to issues of distribution, production, transportation, and environment. The economic effects of pricing policies are discussed. Suggestions are made on ways to improve output from industry and agriculture by using pricing policies and related improvements in efficiency.
+Analysis
+Although China's annual growth in energy production has averaged 10% since 1949, consumption has outstripped growth in GNP. In 1979, the government announced its goal to quadruple industrial and agricultural output by the year 2000. Both sectors have been constrained by an energy shortage caused by inadequate and inefficient technology in the transportation and transformation sectors.
+Current Consumption
+Domestic-Noncommercial energy sources (crop stalks, firewood, and animal and human wastes) supply 85% of the domestic energy used by rural residents (85% of China's population). About 10% of the electricity produced in China is consumed for domestic uses, less than half of it in rural areas.
+Agriculture-In the agricultural sector, people and animals are still the major source of energy, and this inhibits increases in productivity. Chemical fertilizers consume 42-86% of the commercial energy used in the sector. Irrigation and drainage consume almost one-third of the electricity supplied to rural areas, but the power is inadequate. Yields per unit of commercial energy input are low.
+Industry-The industrial sector, primarily heavy industry (chemical, iron, and steel), consumes 75% of the electricity and 51% of the oil produced in China. Although the contribution of hydroelectricity is growing, the power industry is primarily fuelled by coal. Generation efficiency is low, and transmission losses are high.
+Transportation-The transportation sector represents 7% of total energy consumption. Railways account for a high share of traffic. Although electric locomotives have been introduced in China, most locomotives are steam-powered, coal-fuelled, and relatively inefficient. The fleet of diesel trucks is outdated.
+Exports-China has exported coal, coke, oil, and uranium since the early 1950s. In the short term, these exports are expected to continue, and the export of coal is expected to increase. In the long term, the proportion of oil exports is expected to diminish.
+Production and Use of Energy Resources
+Although China is rich in energy resources, they are unevenly distributed throughout the country. The provinces south of the Yangtze River account for 13% of the total per capita energy resources and 65% of the consumption. Biomass is the major supplier of energy.
+Coal -Coal is the key source of commercial energy in China and accounts for 70% of energy supply. China's coal reserves are primarily located in the north, far from the major centres. Joint ventures with foreign companies are planned to develop five large mines and to test new mining methods, equipment, and management techniques. Transportation is a significant problem; therefore, pumping of coal slurry by pipeline is being explored, railways are under construction, and three of the mines will have on-site power stations.
+Oil and Gas-Oil and gas account for one-quarter of the primary energy. The ratio of oil to gas production is high, which suggests that some gas reserves may have been missed. Exploration is underdeveloped, and agreements have been signed to acquire technical expertise and offshore exploration from foreign companies. Research is being conducted to improve recovery efficiencies. Increased production of petrochemicals, primarily nitrogenous fertilizers, is planned.
+Hydroelectricity-Only 4% of exploitable water resources are being used to generate electricity. At least 10 stations with installed capacities greater than 1.0 GW will be constructed. Local communities are given subsidies for small hydroelectric projects. Problems include high resettlement costs, silting, and uneven supply because of seasonal runoff.
+Biomass-Biomass is the major source of energy in rural areas. Firewood has been harvested at twice the recommended rate. The majority of stoves used in rural households have an efficiency of only 10%, although design improvements have been made recently.
+Sawdust-rice husk gasifiers have been developed. Many of the biogas digesters built before 1979 are unused because of poor design or improper maintenance. Ethanol is produced by fermentation, but only one-third of the potential output is achieved because of high production costs.
+Geothermal-Although little of China's geothermal capacity is currently used, up to 2% of total energy consumption could be met by the year 2000. Geothermal water is being used to produce electricity in seven power stations. There are few industrial applications; geothermal fields have been used mainly for public baths. The main problems are scaling and corrosion of wells and equipment.
+Solar-Although there is considerable potential to use solar energy, it is currently meeting less than 1% of demand. Research on solar materials and photochemistry is focusing on low-temperature applications that use flat-plate collectors and different coatings. Solar water heaters and cookers are commercially available, and hot water is supplied for public facilities (for example, barber shops, bathhouses, hotels, and hospitals). Solar water heaters have a short life span, are subject to corrosion and other damage, and are not yet mass-produced.
+Nuclear-In the next 20 years, proponents expect that nuclear generators will produce 7% of the commercial energy. The pressurized water reactor is considered the most suitable reactor. However, given the current subsidies for coal, nuclear power stations are only economically feasible under certain conditions. Research on the use of nuclear energy for home heating, as process heat for industry, and for the production of liquid fuels is ongoing.
+Other-There is some potential to use wind energy for irrigation and to produce electricity. A number of small tidal power plants have been built for irrigation and to fuel local industries, but their potential to generate electricity is low.
+Environmental Effects
+The two most significant environmental effects of the consumption and production of energy in China are air pollution (from burning coal) and soil degradation and erosion (from burning biomass). The concentrations of particulates and sulfur dioxide in most cities and industrial centres exceed allowable health limits, and acid rain is a serious problem in southwest China. Although some remedial measures have been introduced (for example, substitution of gas, use of low-sulfur coal, coal liquefaction with sulfur removal, and adoption of fluidized-bed technology), the problem is likely to worsen in the short term as coal is substituted for oil.
+Illegal harvesting of firewood has contributed to soil erosion, desertification, deterioration of the climate, and ecological imbalance. The harvest of trees and crop residues for fuel results in the annual loss of 5 Gt of fertile soil. The loss of nitrogen corresponds to the total production of chemical fertilizer. The government has started to promote afforestation and grass planting, fuel-saving stoves and biogas digesters, small hydroelectric power stations, and small coal mines.
+Conservation
+Waste and inefficiency in energy use are attributed to the predominance of small-scale enterprises, the poor quality of feedstocks and fuels, irrational siting for industries, obsolete equipment, low thermal efficiency in industry, and low prices for energy, particularly coal. Energy intensities have been improved since 1979 because of a number of government measures. These include the closing, merging, and transferring of small enterprises, a move away from energy-intensive heavy industry, the introduction of standards and economic incentives for energy management, an emphasis on the capture of waste heat in production processes, the use of mine wastes in fluidized beds as a replacement for raw coal, the capture of methane gas from coal mines, and the use of advanced energy-saving technologies in the iron and steel industry.
+Economics
+For the past 35 years, the government has controlled energy prices. The prices for coal and oil are significantly below international market prices, and demand exceeds supply. In the past, the average price of coal was well below the average cost; therefore, half the mines were run at a loss. Because the price of oil is higher than the average cost of production, the government earns an annual profit. Electricity produces a high rate of return, but rational use should be encouraged by differential pricing. Given the current shortages and the high return on investment, there is underinvestment in electrical power generation.
+Low energy prices have encouraged the development of heavy industry and waste. Energy-intensive products are exported at prices much below their true cost. The government has introduced a two-tiered price system. The controlled price is paid for rationed amounts, whereas market price is paid for additional energy. This price system has been introduced with no perceptible increase in inflation.
+Conclusions
+No model provides an accurate forecast of future demand given the new targets and the uneven distribution of resources and consumers. To increase output in the agricultural sector, the proportion of energy going to rural areas must be increased significantly. The policy on rural energy formulated in 1980 introduced such measures as firewood-saving stoves, afforestation for fuelwood, development of biogas digesters, and construction of small hydroelectric stations, small coal mines, and alternative energy projects.
+Conservation is a key to increasing both industrial output and electricity supply. Pricing strategies and other economic incentives are powerful tools that should be used to promote energy savings and to increase efficiency.
+<section>Economic reform: effects on energy</section>
+Mao Yushi
+Overview
+This paper describes China's energy economy in the context of its natural resources, history, and political, macroeconomic, and microeconomic characteristics. The implications of recent economic reforms are discussed. Measures for price reforms are recommended, and strategies for their gradual introduction are advanced.
+Analysis
+China's energy economy is unique because it relies on coal for more than 70% of its commercial energy, its energy intensity is high, the percentage of energy used by households and for transportation is low, a large proportion of oil is consumed by direct burning, and diesel oil is used more than gasoline.
+Natural Conditions
+China's geography makes transportation difficult. Energy resources and population are distributed unevenly. Precipitation varies markedly by region and season, and much of the excess rainwater is wasted. Extremes in temperature necessitate increased consumption of household energy to improve the standard of living.
+The country's coal reserves are believed to be the largest in the world. Much of the coal has less than 1% sulfur and is easy to exploit. However, the distribution of these reserves does not correspond to population density, and the fuel must be moved long distances by rail. China does not required removal of sulfur dioxide from smoke, which has caused air pollution problems in densely populated areas.
+Estimates of China's recoverable oil reserves range from 5.5 to 15 Gt. Based on the fields that are currently producing, the production target set for the year 2000 will not be reached unless large new reserves are found.
+Natural gas provides only 2% of the primary energy. It is not readily marketable because the pipeline system and downstream industries are underdeveloped. China does not have a liquefaction factory.
+There is abundant solar energy, but many technical and economic problems must be overcome before it can be used. Therefore, the contribution of solar energy, as well as wind, geothermal, and tidal energy, will be negligible in the next decade.
+Historical Development
+When the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949, per capita income and energy production were low. The First Five Year Plan in 1953 rapidly increased per capita income. In general, the industrial sector has been successful since the founding of the PRC, and the increase in energy output has exceeded the increase in national income. Agriculture accounts for 68% of the national income. Transportation is scarce, and peasants traditionally use biomass energy. Rural demand for commercial energy has remained unsatisfied. Despite large reserves of water and coal, per capita energy resources are half the world average. China is a typical developing country because aging equipment contributes to low energy efficiency, there are few automobiles, there are many trucks that require diesel fuel, and there is essentially no technology to control air pollution.
+Political and Macroeconomic Policies
+Nearly all of the peculiarities in the energy economy can be attributed to planned development. In 1956, the country began to transform from private to public ownership. Managers of state-owned enterprises assumed no responsibility for profits or losses. In the early 1960s, the defence industry consumed a disproportionate amount of energy, the government built factories in remote locations, and the development of nuclear power focused on weapons rather than on power plants. In 1978, China launched a policy readjustment. It gradually discarded the Soviet model of economic planning, which is characterized by distorted prices and poor communication, investments in heavy industry, an inadequate supply of consumer goods, a low standard of living, and inefficient use of resources. Since the start of the current economic reform, collectives have gained decision-making power, private enterprises are emerging, and market forces are being taken into account in the management of
+state-owned enterprises.
+About half of China's coal is produced by the central government and distributed according to state planning targets. The remainder is distributed through market channels. Returns on state investments are poor. All major electrical power plants and transmission grids are owned by the state. Only since 1985 have the industrial and municipal sectors been encouraged to cooperate in power generation. All lands, forests, and minerals are owned by the state, which has often been irresponsible in their protection.
+The policy on family planning has reduced net population growth to 1. 15% and put pressure on the rural labour force. This will result in increased demand for commercial energy by rural families, increased mechanization in coal mines, and increased demand for specialized labour to construct hydroelectric power stations and develop the oil industry.
+A range of problems plague the production system. China has a high ratio of capital goods to consumer goods, and a high level of intermediate energy goes into capital goods. Investment in production is unpredictable, and return on investment is disregarded.
+Planned allocation results in a lack of coordination and sharing of activities between enterprises. Many energy-producing regions are underdeveloped compared with energy-consuming regions, and this gap is increasing because energy prices are too low. A recent tax reform has narrowed the gap, but the problem will not be solved unless the whole price system is readjusted.
+The Soviet model of development favoured the industrial sector and ignored the agricultural sector. This resulted in inequity between urban and rural households. Little of the energy for planned distribution flows to rural areas, and less than half of this energy is available to households. Environmental damage results because of excessive felling of trees, and subsequent soil erosion and nitrogen loss lead to rural poverty. Since 1984, the government has supplied more coal to the poorest rural areas in exchange for labour to plant trees and grass. Since 1979, numerous small coal mines have been developed. This has helped to alleviate ecological deterioration and has used surplus labour and capital. However, these mines have low recovery rates and poor working conditions.
+Microeconomic Aspects
+Most Chinese energy experts, and some foreign experts, believe that China has a serious shortage of energy. Chinese authorities have declared that energy and transportation shortages are the major obstacles to economic development.
+However, it appears that the problem is not an energy shortage, but too low a price for energy, particularly for coal (which accounts for 70% of primary energy supply). The energy demands of rural areas have not been fully reflected in the market, and there is a real shortage of energy for rural use. To correct the distortion in supply and demand for oil, China should decrease its oil exports. There is a serious shortage of electricity because of inadequate investment. The supply-demand relationship is ignored in the pricing of electricity, and there is no differential pricing for peak use, seasonal variation, or source of power.
+Rural industries require improved technology, more capital, and less regulation to improve energy efficiency. Conservation, achieved in the past by ignoring economic cost, should be guided by market forces. The government is proceeding with legislation to promote conservation, but its efforts generally have not been effective.
+Planners are uncertain about how to renovate the rail system. Diesel locomotives are thermally efficient, but future oil prices are uncertain. However, the supply of coal for the less efficient steam engine will remain stable and reliable. Small hydroelectric power plants have benefited rural residents, but in an efficient capital market, some of this capital would have been used to build larger plants that would produce more, better quality electricity.
+Technological innovation has not been used to improve the efficiency of resource utilization. The potential to conserve energy by saving raw materials has not been explored. In addition, government pricing policies block the reallocation of resources, particularly in the transportation industry.
+Reform of the Economic Structure
+Recent reforms, which have been based on the use of foreign capital and technology, the exchange of personnel and information, and more decision-making by enterprises, have had a profound influence on the economy. Unprecedented growth was experienced in agricultural output and there was more than 12% annual growth in urban areas in two consecutive years after 1984. The output of coal and oil exceeded past records, and conservation measures continued to be successful.
+However, authorities in commodity distribution lack theoretical guidelines and correct price information to guide resource allocation. Price reform is a major step in economic reform, but the removal of government interference alone will not enable market prices to approach equilibrium. Managers of state-owned enterprises will be influenced by short-term interests. A dual-price system can greatly alleviate objections from vested interests. Prices have been set for coal and oil that are purchased within a quota. A floating price is established for above-quota production or consumption. A dual price for electricity is still in its initial stages.
+A dual-price system should be used as a transitional measure. Economic reforms are bringing about structural changes in the economy. Competition and market forces will improve the allocation of resources. The costs will include scrapping of inefficient equipment, retraining of labour, and large investments in new sectors. Chinese producers and consumers will have to make considerable adjustments to adapt to the uncertainty of the economy, which is inevitable in an unpredictable market.
+<section>China's energy: advances and limitations</section>
+Vaclav Smil
+Overview
+This paper describes the supply, production, and use of China's energy resources. The energy and environmental implications of achieving the planned level of growth in the industrial and agricultural sectors are discussed. Recommendations are made on ways to expand China's energy systems to meet the challenges of a high-growth economy.
+Analysis
+China's population is primarily rural and depends heavily on biomass. Attempts to industrialize the economy have been based on inefficient use of inadequate supplies of fossil fuels and electricity. However, the country is unique because its modernization since 1949 has been guided by a Stalinist central planning approach, its population represents 22% of the world's total, and its energy resources should allow the country to be energy self-sufficient in the long term.
+Resources
+Although China has the world's largest potential for exploitable hydroelectric energy, huge coal reserves, and significant potential for large hydrocarbon reserves, these resources diminish in significance when they are expressed on a per capita basis. Solar radiation is abundant but reliable only in the sparsely populated northern half of the country. Therefore, the potential for widespread use of solar energy for households is limited. Although hundreds of small wind generators and several larger units are in operation, wind power will continue to contribute negligible amounts of energy. Geothermal potential is significant, but only a few sites are suitable for power generation.
+Large rivers that originate on the world's highest plateau present opportunities for the construction of huge hydroelectric stations that on some sites are suitable for projects of several gigawatts. Additional benefits of these projects would include aquaculture production and the control of river flow in a country that is prone to flooding and drought. However, these sites are separated from the major centres by great distances and rugged terrain, which present major challenges for development.
+Forest resources are relatively small (12% of the total area of 980 million ha), and one-third is poorly stocked secondary growth that is unevenly distributed throughout the country. Widespread deforestation and the traditional use of wood as a household fuel should be curtailed as much as possible.
+The available biomass in rural areas must be used in a rational way. Crop residues should be reserved for animal feeding and bedding, small-scale manufacturing, and traditional compost. Straws and vines should be used to produce biogas.
+Although detailed accounts are unavailable, verified reserves of coal are estimated to be no less than 640 Gt. Most of the currently exploited deposits contain huge reserves of low-ash, medium-sulfur, bituminous coals with relatively high energy content. However, deposits are unevenly distributed (70% of the best and most economically extractable fuel is located in the north, far from population centres).
+Although in the 1970s it was speculated that China's oil and gas reserves approached those of the Middle East, growth in oil production has been curtailed recently, and the search for offshore resources has been intensified. At least a decade of exploratory drilling is required to ascertain the reserves of crude oil, and recent indications suggest that natural gas reserves are modest. Verified reserves of fissionable uranium are sufficient to support an installed capacity of 15 GW for three decades of full-load generation.
+Utilization
+Household use accounts for 7% of modern energies. For the 80% of the population who live outside cities and towns, there is widespread and seasonal energy shortage of biomass, which is the predominant fuel. Efficiency in fuel combustion is, at most, 10%. Crop residues (of which approximately 75% are burned) can also be used as organic fertilizer, feed, fuel, and raw material for manufacturing. Nitrogen is lost in the burning, as is the opportunity to improve soil structure and protect against erosion. Approximately 60% of the fuel consumed by the rural population comes from trees and forests. Commercial logging and the clearing of forests for new grainfields are excessive. The annual extraction of forest biomass is estimated to be twice the sustainable harvest. The environmental consequences of nutrient and soil losses are severe.
+Alternatives to biomass combustion have been introduced. Rapid diffusion of single-family gas digesters took place in the 1970s, but many of the digesters were abandoned because their operation and maintenance were onerous. Many small hydroelectric power stations were also built, but a large number of hastily built and inefficient stations were later abandoned because of drought, siltation, or poor engineering. Transmission losses in local rural grids run as high as 25%, and there have been chronic shortages of poles and wires. Farming remains a manual occupation, and a minimal amount of electricity is delivered to rural villages. In fact, rural communities, which represent 80% of the population, consume only 20% of the fossil fuels and electricity.
+Urban households consume about 12% of total energy. Rationed coal briquettes are burned for heating in inefficient stoves. Coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas are used for cooking in the largest cities. Household use of electricity is minimal. Transportation, which accounts for 8% of total consumption, is the third largest user of commercial energy. The overall energy efficiency of the sector is about 20%, and this would be lower if not for waterway transportation. Increased diesel-fuelled shipping and additional conversion of locomotives to electricity and diesel would improve energy efficiency.
+Production
+Impressive quantitative advances in energy production since 1949 have been made at the expense of quality, performance, and use. In 1978, a proposal was made to quadruple the output of coal before the end of the century. The main focus was to modernize large ministry-run mines, expand the capacity for coal dressing, and open large new mines in the north. Although output increased significantly, the increase was measured in terms of raw coal, and most was produced with manual labour. Only 3% of the coal originates from modern surface mines, and although China now produces modern mining equipment, its quantity and quality are inadequate to significantly improve productivity. Transportation is inadequate for current production levels despite ongoing efforts to upgrade the rail system.
+Inadequacies in Chinese technology have contributed to a concentration on oil production rather than exploration. This has placed the petroleum industry two decades behind that in the West. Revival of the oil and gas industry now depends on offshore exploratory drilling that is being conducted by foreign companies. The industry faces an inadequate distribution infrastructure and inefficient refining. Artificially low oil prices have created a rising demand for heavy oil, which has resulted in a decline in deep processing. Recently, production of natural gas has declined.
+Power production is inadequate by any standard. Since 1949, annual increases in electricity output averaging 15% have been achieved by the construction of thermal and hydroelectric plants and the installation of high-voltage lines (up to 500 kV). Most of the plants are small, and they cannot be linked because of transmission inadequacy. There are about 24 small, separate networks. Fragmentation and excessive loading on these networks create an unreliable power supply and result in high transmission losses. These inadequacies impede the development of large-scale hydroelectric stations. China's output of generating equipment has been low, and the industry has shifted to a greater reliance on coal rather than oil.
+China's energy intensity (ratio of per capita commercial energy consumption to GNP) is extremely high. The principal cause is poor conversion efficiency. Most primary commercial energy is consumed by the industrial sectors. The metallurgical and chemical industries and power generation, all inefficient converters, are the three leading users. The iron and steel industry requires 12% of the consumption of commercial energy and is especially wasteful. However, high targets for conservation have resulted in improvements that have been achieved by better management and the installation of modern technologies.
+Energy for the Quadrupled Economy
+China's goal is to quadruple the 1980 gross annual value of industrial and agricultural production by the year 2000. To move toward this goal, the production of coal, hydrocarbons, and electricity must be increased greatly. In addition, the country must exploit the enormous reservoir of supply that is available from conservation and improvements in efficiency. Sweeping and costly changes in the industrial infrastructure are required. Replacement of at least half of all fixed assets and conscientious management for efficiency and quality are necessary. These measures, combined with the closing of the least efficient small-scale enterprises, the development of light rather than heavy industry, and the relocation of energy-intensive industries, could eventually cut current energy use by one-third.
+Further planned increases in coal production will require considerable capital and operational costs, technical expertise, and diligent management. Two-thirds of the increase is expected to come from new collieries, one-third of which will be large opencast mines. Much of the required increment must come from inefficient, labour-intensive, locally run mines that produce inferior fuel. This suggests that the emphasis is being placed on quantity rather than quality of fuel. The problems to be faced include air pollution, pipeline and rail transportation obstacles, and difficulties in attracting foreign investment in the current market.
+Offshore hydrocarbons may contribute to modernization, but there are many obstacles in addition to the challenge of locating oil and gas. These obstacles include a global market with huge reserves and falling real prices, stagnating demand for oil in the West, an inadequate infrastructure for delivery of gas, inadequate supply bases, and the lack of local expertise in the industry.
+It is questionable whether China can reach its goal for electricity production given its technological and economic shortcomings. The expansion strategy is based on the construction of large-scale hydroelectric stations and of large stations at the mouth of coal mines. Because hydroelectric and coal production is not expected to be sufficient, a strong commitment has been made to nuclear generation.
+The environmental considerations of increasing electricity production are significant. For hydroelectric generation, these include the threats to power supplies that are posed by recurring drought (exacerbated by deforestation) and the impact of the flooding of alluvial fields, which takes land out of production and dislocates tens of thousands of people. Shortages of water in the north will make it difficult to locate coal-fired thermal stations near the coal resources to reduce transportation problems. Although new plants are being equipped with electrostatic precipitators to remove particulate matter, no sulfur dioxide controls are planned. The increase in coal combustion will contribute to problems of air quality and acidification. Because nuclear power plants are planned for heavily populated areas, accidents will have serious consequences.
+Even if the coal, oil, and electricity goals are achieved, energy supplies to the country's rural villages will not be improved greatly. Extensive efforts are required to develop and diffuse better stoves, plant fast-growing trees, construct small hydroelectric stations, and produce good-quality biogas digesters.
+Conclusions
+China's poor use of its rich energy resources provides a huge potential for improvements and conservation to drive its modernization.
+The planned increase in coal output and the quadrupling of electricity production will be difficult to achieve. Although the outlook for oil and gas is good, conversion to coal and maximum conservation of oil should continue. The accelerated construction of hydroelectric stations is rational, but plans for nuclear power stations in densely populated coastal regions are questionable. In addition, the country must aggressively expand rural energy without further degrading the environment. Successes and failures have characterized the past 35 years in China. Quadrupling of the economy within one generation presents enormous challenges.
+<section>Volume 14: energy in Latin America</section>
+<section>Latin America: the effects of policy on energy resources, transitions, and alternatives</section>
+Adriana N. Bianchi
+Overview
+This paper uses national, subregional, and regional examples to review energy policies and issues in Latin America from the onset of the energy crisis to the early 1980s. Practically none of the countries had an overall, coherent energy policy to ease them through this transition. The distribution of Latin America's energy resources, production capabilities, consumption patterns, and projected needs are analyzed to identify the problems and policies related to energy. Solutions to the most important problems are suggested, and priority areas for research are defined.
+Analysis
+Energy Resources, Production, and Consumption
+In Latin America, energy resources are spread inequitably but include 11.6% of the world's crude oil, 6.2% of the world's natural gas, 1.73% of the world's coal, about 20% of global hydroelectric power, and unquantified potential in biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, and nuclear power.
+Coal has not been seriously exploited in Latin America, and most of the remaining reserves contain high levels of impurities. About 8% of Latin America's potential hydroelectric reserves have been used. Hydroelectricity is the most important energy resource in the region. Regional expertise to plan, design, and construct hydroelectric power stations should ensure good development prospects. The region has sufficient installed capacity to manufacture some of the machinery and materials required for hydroelectric projects.
+Biomass fuel is largely fuelwood that is used for heat in the residential, industrial, and transportation sectors and sugarcane (bagasse) that is used in the sugar industry.
+Geothermal resources, which are abundant in Chile, El Salvador, and Mexico, are generally harnessed to generate electricity. There is a serious lack of data on the potential for the development of geothermal energy, but it might play a vital role in some countries.
+Nuclear reactors generate some electricity, but all nuclear projects have suffered during the financial crisis, which has prolonged construction and forced a reassessment of the nuclear program. Nuclear energy will not play a significant role in Latin America in the short term.
+Solar water heaters are widely used, and solar energy is being substituted for a considerable amount of electricity. A solar-intensity map is being drafted. Windmills are used to pump water, and the production of a wind-velocity map is planned. Some countries are trying to integrate solar and wind energy into their national energy sectors. Research on the transfer and adaptation of technologies is leading slowly to the establishment of commercial centres for the production of equipment and machinery to harness wind and solar energy. These sources will not be a key factor in the production of renewable energy in Latin America in the near future.
+Latin American production of commercial energy has increased as a result of the discovery of new oil resources in Mexico in the 1970s. The production of primary energy has remained at fairly stable proportions (oil 70%, gas 15.6%, hydroelectric energy 11.4%, coal 2.9%, and geothermal and nuclear power combined at 0. 1%).
+Fuel consumption in the industrial sector is diversified. Coal and coke, biomass, oil derivatives, and electricity are all consumed in significant quantities. This diversification provides opportunities for conservation and substitution. An increase in energy consumption in the transportation sector reflects urbanization, economic expansion, and growth of the middle class. The transportation sector uses 4 of every 7 barrels ( I barrel - 0.16 m³) of oil consumed in the region and relies almost exclusively on this energy source.
+The industrial sector is the major consumer of commercial energy, which reflects the growing importance of industry in the economy. Because of increased urbanization, the transportation sector displaced the residential-commercial sector as the major energy consumer, whereas the agricultural sector used little of the energy, which reflects its limited use of technology.
+Alcohol is the only major nonhydrocarbon fuel used in the transportation sector, and its use is almost exclusive to Brazil. Energy use in the transportation sector, which has high levels of inefficiency and demand, could be greatly reduced by rationing.
+OLADE (Organizacion Latinoamericana de Energia) has made projections of the supply and demand for energy. OLADE estimated that Brazil, Mexico, and the southern and Andean countries will require more than 94% of the region's energy by the end of the century. Because of efficiency gains, supply is expected to increase at an annual rate of 4.8%. High growth in the demand for hydrocarbons in some sectors (for example, transportation) and the lack of proven reserves in Central America make this subregion vulnerable to oil and gas shortages. Other subregions are less vulnerable because they have access to reserves or have policies that reduce their dependency on imported oil, exploit hydroelectric resources, increase energy efficiency, and intensify the use of bioenergy in industry.
+Problems and Policies
+The region has faced severe economic stress in the past two decades. Opinion is mixed, however, on what effect steeply increasing petroleum prices had in relation to other global factors (for example, general inflation and the structure of the productive sectors).
+A direct result of rising costs for petroleum products was an increase in demand for biomass. Attendant problems were the use of animal and plant wastes as cooking fuel instead of fertilizer and declines in forests. Most Latin American families (60-80%) use firewood and charcoal to cook food and to meet domestic energy requirements. The increase in the use of firewood has contributed greatly to environmental degradation. Current levels of deforestation endanger the rural environment, hydrographic conditions, and soils. They also affect hydroelectric potential and agricultural production. The replacement of fuelwood in the short term would require the rapid development of a distribution network for affordable alternative fuels. This task is highly improbable given the immense changes that would be required in the domestic and industrial infrastructure. If governments do not regulate their forestry reserves, most of the continent will be completely deforested in 20-30 years.
+Often the demand for land (rather than for timber or fuelwood) is the driving force behind deforestation. Some of the wood wasted in these clearing operations could be made into charcoal in portable kilns. Simple, inexpensive wood-burning stoves are available, but rural and low-income families are not convinced of their benefits or of the need to conserve fuel.
+The responses of the different countries to these problems have varied from fuelwood enhancement to an emphasis on alternative fuels (for example, hydroelectricity and alcohol). The success of these responses must be qualified. Fuelwood programs are often too small to be significant or are uncoordinated. Alternative fuel programs often lack capital or face other fiscal constraints.
+Energy Transitions
+An energy "transition" is defined as an effort by a country to move away from dependence on imported petroleum as its principal energy source. Countries have explored for domestic oil and nationalized energy industries. However, conservation, particularly in the industrial sector, has also had a noticeable impact on this transition. Increased fuel prices were a major conservation incentive. Conservation measures include the replacement and modification of industrial equipment, improved use of the distribution system for electricity to reduce transmission losses, and increased efficiencies in the transportation sector (for example, new tires, diesel engines, and reduced speed limits).
+It may be technically possible to replace imported oil with an indigenous energy source, but the economic and social implications are not always known. The transportation sector presents the greatest challenge for substitution because it uses the largest amount of imported oil and also serves all productive enterprises. Brazil's national alcohol program is a substitution success story. The program incorporates a number of social objectives but has social and economic shortcomings. The debate focuses on competing institutional interests, progress toward production goals, and consumer response, but there is little questioning of the rationale for substituting alcohol for gasoline.
+Latin America possesses large quantities of renewable energy resources that have been neglected in favour of petroleum products. These resources are distributed in a way that gives every country the potential to develop at least one cost-effective alternative to petroleum.
+The absence of planning is a major drawback to the systematic development of hydroelectric energy. It is an economically feasible, nonpolluting, renewable resource that requires low maintenance and has a long life. It could provide jobs and stimulate the economy. However, its potential cannot be reached until all countries have good knowledge of possible sites and development costs. Small hydroelectric power stations, particularly in rural areas, yield significant improvements in the quality of human life.
+Geothermal power resembles hydroelectric power in its capital structure, high initial investment, low operating costs, and no fuel requirement. System reliability is high because the low steam pressures necessitate a large number of small generating units. El Salvador produces one-third of its electricity from geothermal steam, and it is one of the few countries that can estimate the generating capacity of its geothermal resources.
+Biogas is considered the nonconventional energy source with the greatest development prospects and the best long-term potential for growth. In addition to making contributions to agricultural production, biogas helps reduce deforestation because it can replace firewood. Biogas also reduces environmental problems because it recycles animal and vegetable wastes. Although the value of biogas has been proven in Latin America, many of the plants are idle because they lack support from both private enterprise and the government.
+The use of nuclear power is limited because of high capital costs, international restrictions on fuel supply, and dependence on imported technology. Political and emotional opposition exists because of concerns about safety, security, and radioactive waste disposal.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Decisions on energy should be made within the context of a well-established energy policy. However, most Latin American countries do not have such a policy. Energy conservation characterized policy efforts in the 1970s. Energy policy must provide for sustainable energy systems and include provisions for the development of energy resources and for energy use. If the energy planning process is to lead to the design of comprehensive and appropriate energy policies, it must be implemented within the context of a multidisciplinary, socioeconomic development plan.
+National governments must be familiar with their own energy resources, demands, and technologies before they embark on developing the regional energy sector. There must also be greater interaction between scientists, industrialists, technologists, and policymakers to increase scientific input into energy policymaking. Energy policy is not a substitute for market mechanisms; it is a complement. Policymakers must balance the conflict between long-term planning for energy projects and short-term political objectives.
+Oil will continue to be the foremost source of energy in Latin America. Conservation and rationalization programs are only first steps in the transition, not changes in consumption patterns. Reduction of oil imports is the central objective.
+Vigorous efforts should be made to exploit biomass resources, and a suitable distribution system for biomass products (especially charcoal) is needed. Massive forestry programs to produce energy, and which involve local communities in their planning and implementation, are required to avoid further deforestation. Properly designed technologies to convert biomass would reduce the economic and environmental costs of cooking and heating for both rural and urban dwellers.
+Where sites are available, hydroelectricity should have the highest development priority. Because the main obstacle to hydroelectric development is financial, development should concentrate on small power stations for rural electrification. The interconnection between countries must be accelerated, and hydroelectric development must be coordinated internationally. Latin America also requires realistic transportation schemes that reflect real needs, not simply preferences, and are compatible with available resources.
+Most Latin American nations have the technology, resources, and expertise that are required. What is lacking is the capital to support the massive programs needed to develop alternative and renewable energy sources. Latin America has surplus energy. It also has proven capacity to carry out energy projects and to provide capital goods and engineering services for different areas of the energy sector. However, the energy sector in the region continues to depend on external markets for supplies, services, and technologies. National governments should make concerted efforts to change these import-export patterns by promoting intraregional trade.
+<section>Energy options in central america: the need for policies</section>
+Li Susan Bogach
+Overview
+Energy is a prime constraint to development in Central America, but it is not the most important constraint. Economic recession, political strife, and war, or the threat of war, are more fundamental problems. However, energy accounts for a large share of national import bills and investment programs. Regional analysis of the problems and options for energy in Central America is limited by political fragmentation. To meet future challenges in the energy sector, a planned, coordinated approach is required to address the energy options available in the region.
+Analysis
+Energy Consumption Trends
+Just as there are two different spheres of economic activity (modern industry and agriculture, and small traditional industries and subsistence farmers), there are modern and traditional fuels. There is a strong pattern of overlap between activity and fuel. Modern fuels tend to serve industries and large agriculture, whereas traditional fuels serve the subsistence economy. Development planners tend to consider these spheres as separate, and they ignore areas of overlap (for example, transportation and agriculture). A large share of non-commercial fuel is marketed in urban centres, whereas rural people are strongly affected by the availability and price of petroleum products, mainly because of their dependence on the transportation system.
+Consumption of modern fuels varies widely and follows economic trends. Petroleum consumption has decreased dramatically because of falling production, large increases in the price of gasoline, curtailment of travel in countries with guerrilla warfare, and rationing in Nicaragua. The share of electricity as a modern fuel is increasing, but supply is limited in many countries and there is unsatisfied demand from potential customers who are waiting to be connected to the grid.
+Among the traditional fuels, wood is, and will continue to be, the most important indigenous energy source. Traditional fuels are used for domestic cooking, in traditional industries, and in commercial enterprises. Agricultural residues supplement wood on a seasonal basis. Bagasse is used extensively in sugar processing. Although data are lacking for traditional fuels, it is known that the commercial trade in wood is large and occurs mainly in urban areas, charcoal consumption is minimal, industries are switching from modern fuels to wood when the price of wood is competitive, there have been sharp increases in the price of wood in recent years, and there is a trend to maximize the use of bagasse and wood in sugar processing and to minimize the use of diesel.
+The rapid increase in modern energy requirements from 1970 to 1978 was caused by population growth, a healthy rate of economic expansion, and rapid urbanization. Forecasts of modern energy requirements were based on positive assumptions and overestimated demand in the early 1980s. Because there is no accurate information on present trends in the use of traditional energy, forecasts are difficult. However, there is a steady increase in the consumption of fuelwood because of rapid population growth and high costs of other forms of energy.
+Because of the uncertain political and economic stability of the region, it is almost impossible to forecast economic development and related energy demand. However, it is expected that energy growth will be slow because of limited economic growth.
+Supply and Resources
+Petroleum and wood dominate energy supply. Oil is the most widely used form of modern energy, but its share is slipping as hydroelectric and geothermal power replaces petroleum in electricity generation. Exploration has been minimal because of the political situation and because the oil industry has limited geological interest in Central and South America.
+Central American countries benefit from an annual agreement with Mexico and Venezuela that involves a low-interest line of credit equivalent to 20% of the purchase price of reconstituted crude. Interest on this line of credit is reduced further if the funds are used for development projects. However, the nature of the reconstituted crude oil that is supplied does not match customer demand. Each country has its own refinery, which is small, uneconomical, and running below capacity. Imports make up the shortfall in light oil products.
+Hydroelectric power has always played an important role in Central America. Steep terrain and heavy rainfall mean that hydroelectric resources can supply the majority of the region's electricity until the year 2000. Geothermal resources are relatively unknown, but El Salvador has advanced the farthest in developing geothermal potential. Coal is not produced in Central America, and deposits are mainly low-quality subbituminous coal.
+Wood production, conversion, and use are labour intensive and have low costs in foreign exchange. High oil prices have opened the door for new uses of wood fuels (firewood, charcoal, wood chips, pellets, and methanol). Wood consumption exceeds sustainable supply in the densely populated parts of Central America. Generally, the cutting of fuelwood contributes to the negative effects of deforestation only after the land has been cleared for other purposes (for example, agriculture).
+Other indigenous resources contribute to the region's supply base. Bagasse supplies most of the heat, steam, and electricity required for sugar processing. There is no incentive for efficient use of bagasse because the fuel is free. If the excess power could be sold to utilities, sugar processors might use bagasse more efficiently. Little is known about the amount of solar energy used for product drying on a commercial or household scale, but subsistence farmers have always dried their crops in the sun. Solar heat will play a larger role in the future.
+Animal power is of limited importance in Central America because the steep slopes must be cultivated by hand. Wind-driven water pumps are used in some parts of Central America. Biogas production from animal manure and agricultural wastes occurs on a small scale on dairy and swine farms, but the average family does not own enough animals to generate the necessary wastes. Alcohol production has been considered, but a distillery in Costa Rica closed because of a lack of raw material.
+Energy Problems
+A major issue is to reduce the foreign exchange costs of energy to enhance rather than constrain development. Some of the components of this problem include
+· Strong and increasing dependence on imported petroleum,
+· Fuelwood shortages or deficits,
+· Inadequate institutional structures for energy management,
+· Inefficiency of the energy infrastructure in the region,
+· Increases in energy costs, Shortage of foreign exchange, and
+· Economic and political uncertainty.
+Energy Options
+Energy strategies to meet the problems of the region include three important options:
+· Promote exploration and development of indigenous resources.
+· Encourage fuel conservation and substitution.
+· Improve the energy infrastructure.
+Existing Energy Policies
+Many Central American countries have made progress in creating institutional structures to administer and manage their energy sectors. However, in most countries government decisions still reflect the preeminence of the national electricity companies.
+Although little official policy exists, a review of government actions reflects policies to
+· Develop hydroelectric and geothermal power to minimize the use of petroleum to generate electricity,
+· Encourage petroleum exploration by making geological data available to companies and by changing petroleum legislation,
+· Protect local refineries,
+· Set petroleum prices at a level that covers costs,
+· Shield the residential and transportation sectors from the full impact of increases in oil prices by using gasoline revenues to subsidize diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and kerosene,
+· Improve the energy database, and
+· Ration (in Nicaragua) to restrain demand and the outflow of foreign exchange.
+Central American countries must develop and adopt energy strategies. Direct government action is needed to create local initiatives.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+Increase knowledge on the current energy system and the energy resource base by conducting research on
+· Economic overlaps and energy flows between the traditional and modern sectors,
+· The extent of energy resources (including wood and biomass),
+· The dynamics of the commercial market for fuelwood and charcoal,
+· The supply and use of bagasse, and
+· The consumption, cost (in time or money), and availability of all fuels used in households, commercial enterprises, and industry.
+Use research and demonstrations to define technological options for
+· The production of fuelwood from fast-growing trees in small woodlots, commercial plantations, and agroforestry projects,
+· The development of efficient equipment to use and convert wood (both in homes and in industry) and to use bagasse and agricultural residues in agricultural processing, and
+· The production of liquid fuel from biomass.
+Research is also needed on the role that the government should play in the energy sector. Practical research should explore
+· Objectives of energy policy,
+· Integration of energy planning with planning in other sectors,
+· Institutional structures needed to manage the energy sector,
+· Ways that the rate of resource development can be increased (especially for petroleum),
+· Options for energy substitution and conservation (especially in industry and transportation) and for increasing the use of hydroelectricity,
+· Methods to optimize the production and use of fuelwood and charcoal,
+· Energy prices needed to meet policy objectives, and
+· Methods to assess the impact of decisions on different sectors, social groups, and regions.
+Links must also be established between research and implementation. Results should be published rapidly and diffused widely. Regional research projects should be encouraged to use the skilled individuals that are currently available.
+<section>A triad-based energy development scheme: application to research and development projects in Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, and Mexico</section>
+Gustavo Best
+Overview
+The main energy goal of every Latin American country is to have enough energy available to fill its needs and allow for economic growth. Despite Latin America's current dependence on petroleum products, prospects of surviving the transition from oil to other energy sources are good because of the abundance and variety of energy resources in the region. An essential step in this transition is for each country to broaden its energy base to include whatever local resources (especially renewable resources) it can most easily exploit. The development of the energy sector should be guided by a national development program that determines the style of development and influences energy policies and energy demands.
+Analysis
+Structure of the Triad-Based Energy Scheme
+The triad-based energy development scheme provides a theoretical framework in which to analyze each energy system. The analysis looks at both the resource and its requirements and produces data in "couples" or "pairs" to reflect both supply and demand.
+To define the potential of these pairs, the level of technical applicability of each pair must be analyzed. If the technology does not yet exist to exploit the "paired" research, development or demonstration of a certain type is required. If the technology exists, transfer, adaptation, or acquisition activities may be needed. If the technology is available but is not practical for use in the field, industrial and commercial infrastructure must be developed. All these activities require specific training and information. The result of this process is a series of "triads." These triads include a pair (a resource and an end use) plus a technology that could be applied to that resource to achieve the end.
+The most critical step is the evaluation of alternative triads. This evaluation should incorporate such key elements as financial conditions, price policies, and legislation and nontechnical barriers that are set forth in the national development program.
+Country Studies
+Triad-based energy analyses were applied to Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Venezuela. In each country, the energy sector was reviewed within an analytic model that included an energy balance that compared supply-demand patterns to identify key relationships, a resource base that identified major indigenous energy resources, a human resource base that identified intellectual capabilities, and an institutional framework that identified institutions that could support triad-based energy analysis. Recommendations to enhance the R&D efforts in each country were developed from the analysis.
+Costa Rica-Countries in Central America might address their energy problems as a region rather than as individual nations. Costa Rica is relatively advanced in institutional coordination in the energy sector and is able to link most of the required activities to implement energy options. The R&D efforts should
+· Take advantage of the existing technical and institutional infrastructure by consolidating national working groups in specific applications or triads,
+· Consider the economic implications of applications and take into account the possibility of regional markets,
+· Link decentralized systems for electricity generation to the national network, and
+· Assess the advantages of producing alcohol as an alternative to the conventional fuels used for transportation.
+Colombia-Few R&D projects have contributed to the diversification and expansion of Colombia's energy base. The R&D efforts should
+· Complement national priorities (for example, biogas for multiple uses, small hydroelectric power plants, wind for pumping, solar power for grain drying, and solar cells),
+· Transfer technology to the final producer or consumer and create an infrastructure for diffusion,
+· Provide training opportunities in technical and field implementation and define the role of energy as a tool for development,
+· Develop methods to evaluate the technical and economic aspects of energy options, and
+· Encourage multidisciplinary projects.
+Venezuela-The effectiveness of R&D could be improved if efforts were made to
+· Coordinate isolated research activities with a national program of energy options and incorporate renewable energy sources into national plans and policies,
+· Consider the economic and sociocultural aspects of an application (including market evaluations, not just the technological aspects),
+· Emphasize the development of solar cells made of amorphous silicon to ensure that Venezuela can acquire systems or establish facilities for local production,
+· Evaluate the wind potential and design, test, and produce prototype wind systems,
+· Incorporate wood residues from forestry activities and sugarcane bagasse into the resource base for energy, and
+· Identify priorities and concentrate resources and personnel to reduce one-person projects.
+Mexico-To make research on energy for renewable resources more effective it is necessary to
+· Evaluate renewable resources from an economic point of view (including demand and commercial feasibility) before they are incorporated into national energy plans,
+· Better define the scope of R&D and include both long- and short-term objectives,
+· Give priority to the development of rural energy and take sociological, cultural, and environmental issues into account,
+· Develop projects to assess the possibility of substituting renewable energy for conventional sources (for example, oil), and
+· Consider wood gasification, low-enthalpy geothermal processes, pyrolysis of urban residues, and solar techniques of food conservation in rural, agro-industrial, and pert-urban sectors.
+Key lssues for R&D on Renewable Source of Energy
+In most cases, Latin American countries are only evaluating conventional sources and hydroelectric energy. There are few centralized efforts to assess biomass, solar, wind, or other renewable energy sources. Academic institutions have assumed the major responsibility for R&D on renewable energy resources. The few isolated efforts to collect information on renewable energy resources yielded unreliable data because equipment was poorly maintained and calibrated and standard methods were not used.
+Energy demand, the key factor in the planning of energy development, is a dynamic variable. The evaluation of demand requires a political definition of the style of development. Research institutions should draw on economic, political, sociological, scientific, and technological expertise to study and analyze the actions and investments needed for different energy options.
+The development of technologies for renewable energy has fallen traditionally into the purview of regional academic institutions. Unfortunately, few of these technologies have been incorporated into the national economy. One of the main problems facing Latin American researchers is selecting the most promising alternatives in energy technology and making the best use of limited financial, institutional, and human resources for their development.
+A large number of R&D projects have fewer researchers than they require. At the same time, research efforts must avoid duplication of effort and budgets. Because many researchers have been trained abroad and have been funded to attend meetings, they have been able to develop natural and effective communication channels to keep in touch with scientific and technological developments elsewhere. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation must be continued and encouraged.
+The industrialization and commercialization of technologies for renewable energy pose a special problem in Latin America because almost no industrial infrastructure exists in the field of renewable energy resources. The market that exists is served by small companies that have almost no contact with the government agencies that determine the policies and prices. These two sectors must be brought closer together.
+<section>Energy policy in Latin America: a break with the past</section>
+Miguel S. Wionczek
+Overview
+Research within the "Programa de Energeticos" has addressed the past, present, and future energy problems of Mexico. As well, it has examined Latin American and global energy issues. Worldwide contacts provide a global perspective on the energy problems of developing countries. Latin America's seemingly poor endowment of oil, gas, coal, and uranium reflects its technological shortcomings rather than a lack of resources. A clear understanding of Latin America's present and medium-term energy potential is vital if a meaningful energy strategy is to be formulated. The management and uses of renewable energy only reflect the prevailing style of development; they are not instruments for change. Latin Americans cannot expect to formulate logical energy policies if they have virtually no understanding of either the extent of their own resources or contemporary developments in the global energy sector. The transition from hydrocarbons to other energy sources is likely to take more
+than a century, not 25-30 years.
+Analysis
+Latin American energy policy is based on assumptions that are no longer valid. Nations continue to be classified as "oil rich" and "oil poor," and frantic pleas are made to begin substituting renewable resources for hydrocarbons.
+Energy reserves are nothing more than a convenient term to express what is known about a country's energy supply. A reserve is a broad approximation. It is the amount of oil that experts suspect is available for exploitation at prevailing prices with the existing technology and within the legal systems in force. Nontechnical factors (for example, the tendency of hydrocarbon producers to adopt conservative attitudes toward reserves and to manipulate the data on reserves and resources for the purposes of energy marketing) add additional cause for caution. This pessimistic approach is reinforced by nationalistic attitudes that view energy problems and solutions as country-specific.
+The oil industry has thoroughly explored and developed only a limited number of areas of the world. Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia contain almost 50% of the world's potential hydrocarbon reserves, but exploration in these areas has been minimal. The willingness of Latin America to trust data produced and provided by multinational oil companies and by government agencies in industrialized countries represents an almost insurmountable obstacle to energy planning and policymaking. However, exploration in oil-rich Latin American nations offers evidence that there is much more oil and natural gas.
+In 1982, data presented at an international meeting suggested that Latin America was an area that produced almost no natural gas. However, a survey of the reserves and production of natural gas in Latin America by the Programa de Energeticos strongly suggested that resources in 10 major countries in Latin America were many times the figures circulated among energy experts. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in Latin America, and there is also a clear trend toward substituting natural gas for oil and other conventional energy sources. Because many countries also have oil reserves that were not suspected earlier, the role of nonconventional and renewable energy sources should be reexamined.
+Close connections and communications between energy researchers and energy policymakers must be developed. It is difficult to organize energy research because of overspecialization, financial and institutional constraints, and a lack of clear priorities. These factors result in energy research that is random, follows ideological preferences, and is undertaken by small, like-minded groups of people. This type of research may be marginally useful at the country level, but the combined findings are unlikely to be useful for regional energy planning.
+Latin America's unsatisfactory planning efforts are made worse by a lack of input from R&D projects. Policymakers take little account of R&D, and this is reflected in weak support for research activities. Few countries in the region have the necessary expertise at the national level to conduct, finance, diffuse, and use energy research.
+Latin America's patterns of energy consumption are a legacy from the industrial world and are reinforced by the operations of the international oil industry. If it is assumed (it has not been proven) that Latin Americans are poor in nonrenewable energy, a greater use of renewable sources would not necessarily result in a new style of development that would lead to more equitable social and economic conditions. There is no intrinsic link between patterns of energy use and styles of development that would guarantee this outcome. Energy sources are neutral. It is the structure of the economy and society that determines who can consume the available energy. The social structure must be changed to improve both the supply and the use of energy.
+Three lessons can be drawn from the analysis of the links between energy problems and equitable development. First, the conventional view is that present energy resources are mismatched with their current uses and future energy needs. However, it is a fallacy that something urgent must be done to diversify energy supplies (with a particular emphasis on renewable sources). Second, there is a need to make explicit the link between energy and socioeconomic development. Third, the lack of cooperation between researchers and policymakers weakens both research and policy.
+Research designs reflect antiquated notions of the energy situation in Latin America. Little research is being done on the economic and social costs and benefits of newly proposed energy strategies. Latin America shows little, if any, spirit of innovation in the design of its energy policies; therefore, the policies become nothing more than a response to outside financial pressures.
+Suggestions for Further Research
+The issues that require urgent attention from researchers and policymakers in Latin America are
+· The true extent of major energy resources in the region and in individual countries,
+· The external constraints on the development of these resources (particularly the financial and other policies of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and other international agencies dominated by industrialized countries),
+· Detailed outlines, supported by analytic and technical exercises, of energy strategies for the region and the subregions that take account of available energy resources and worldwide technological advances,
+· Studies of the social costs and benefits of alternative energy mixes at the national level (based on the assumptions that Latin America is not about to run out of hydrocarbons and that the transition from oil to as yet unidentified energy sources will last much longer than previously assumed),
+· Real prospects for regional energy cooperation,
+· Links, if any, between patterns of energy use and development style,
+· The nature of the obstacles to meaningful dialogue between energy researchers and policymakers and the reasons for the sad and counterproductive state of affairs,
+· Problems arising from the introduction of nuclear energy into Latin America (particularly the deceit and fraud practiced by producers of nuclear energy equipment and by the "nuclear lobbies"),
+· The conditions that limit the use of "exotic" sources of renewable energy in subsistence agriculture,
+· Ways to consolidate a "critical mass" of energy researchers at the national and subregional levels, and
+· The limitations imposed on energy research in Latin America by the international economic crisis.
+<section>Acronyms and abbreviations</section>
+AC
+alternating current
+ARI
+accuse respiratory infections
+BaP
+benzo[a]pyrene
+BHEL
+Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
+BWR
+boiling water reactor
+CANDU
+Canadian deuterium uranium
+CFRI
+Central Fuel Research Institute
+CMRS
+Central Mining Research Station
+CNG
+compressed natural gas
+CRF
+capital recovery factor
+DC
+direct current
+EBT
+energy balance table
+EDA
+energy demand analysis
+EDM
+energy demand management
+EHV
+extra-high voltage
+KIM
+energy-intensive material
+EMF
+Energy Modeling Forum
+EOR
+enhanced oil recovery
+ERG
+Energy Research Group
+ESDM
+energy supply and demand management
+ESM
+energy supply management
+FAO
+Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
+FBR
+fast breeder reactor
+FTE
+freight transport energy
+GDP
+gross domestic product
+GNP
+gross national product
+HVDC
+high-voltage direct current
+IBRD
+International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
+IIASA
+International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis
+IIP
+Indian Institute of Petroleum
+IMF
+International Monetary Fund
+INEP
+integrated national energy planning
+IO
+input-output
+IRR
+internal rate of return
+IRS
+Institute of Reservoir Studies
+LDC
+less developed country
+LNG
+liquefied natural gas
+LPG
+liquefied petroleum gas
+LRMC
+long-run marginal cost
+LWR
+light water reactor
+MEDEE
+Modele d'evolution de la demande d'energie
+MIGA
+Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
+MSEDM
+Minimum Standard Energy Demand Model
+MSY
+maximum sustainable yield
+MTBE
+methyl tertiary butyl ether
+NGO
+nongovernmental organization
+NPV
+net present value
+NSSS
+nuclear steam supply system
+OECD
+Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
+OIDCs
+oil-importing developing countries
+OLADE
+Organizacion Latinoamericano de Energia
+OPEC
+Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
+PAH
+polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
+PCF
+plant capacity factors
+PRC
+People's Republic of China
+PTE
+passenger transport energy
+PV
+present discounted value
+PVC
+present value of total costs
+PWR
+pressurized water reactor
+R&D
+research and development
+RAPAD
+Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives Development
+RES
+reference energy system
+RWS
+rated wind speed
+SCADA
+system control and data acquisition
+SCP
+single-cell proteins
+SIMA
+Simulation of Macroeconomic Scenarios to Assess Energy Demand
+SIPH
+solar industrial process heat
+SRMC
+short-run marginal cost
+TSP
+total suspended particulates
+UHV
+ultra-high voltage
+UNDP
+United Nations Development Programme
+UNIDO
+United Nations Industrial Development Organization
+USAID
+United States Agency for International Development
+WAES
+Workshop on Alternative Energy Systems
+WASP
+Wein Automatic System Planning Package
+WEC
+World Energy Conference
+<section>Bibliography</section>
+<section>References cited</section>
+Beijdorff, A.F.; Stuerzinger, P. 1980. Improved energy efficiency: the invisible resource. Paper prepared for the 11th World Energy Congress, Munich, Germany, 8-12 September 1980.
+Bott, R.; Brooks, D.; Robinson,J.1983. Life after oil: a renewable energy policy for Canada. Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
+Butera, F.M.1989. Renewable energy sources in developing countries: successes and failures in technology transfer and diffusion. Progetto Finalizzato Energetica, Rome, Italy.
+ERG (Energy Research Group).1986. Energy research: directions and issues for developing countries. international Development Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada. IDRC-260e.
+Faustman, M. 1968 [1849]. On the determination of the value which forest land and immature stands possess for forestry. In Gane, M., ea., Martin Faustman and the evolution of discounted cash flow. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Commonwealth Forestry Institute Paper No. 42.
+Foley, G. 1990. Electricity for rural people. The Panos Institute, London, UK.
+Gaskin, G.; Gamba, J.1983. Factors which influence the national use of energy. In International cooperation for rational use of energy. Proceedings of an International Seminar on the Rational Use of Energy in Industry, Lima, Peru, 4-8 July 1983. Organisation for economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. pp. 515-528.
+Geller, H.S. 1991. Efficient electricity use: a development strategy for Brazil. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, DC, USA.
+Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1979. Myths about energy and matter. Growth and Change, 10, 16-23.
+Goldemberg, J.; Johansson, T.; Reddy, A.; Williams, R. 1988. Energy for a sustainable world. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Gray, L.C. 1913. Economic possibilities of conservation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 27, 497-519.
+Hardin, G. 1968. Tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248.
+Hayes, P. 1981. Social structure and rural energy technology. In Southern perspectives on the rural energy crisis. Nautilus of America Inc., Bolinas, CA, USA.
+Holdren,J.P.; Morris, G.; Mintzer, I. 1980. Environmental aspects of renewable energy sources. Annual Review of Energy, 5, 241-291.
+Hotelling, H.1931. The economics of exhaustible resources. Journal of Political Economy, 39(2), 1372-1375.
+Jaffe, W., ed. 1965. Correspondence of Leon Walras and related papers (3 volumes). North-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
+Lovins, A B. 1976. Soft energy paths: toward a durable peace. Ballinger Publishing Co., Cambridge, MA, USA.
+Meta Systems Inc.1983. Lignite pricing study (final draft report).Paper prepared for the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Bangkok. Meta Systems Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
+Mukherjee, S. 1981. An energy-economic model for developing countries. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Working Paper.
+Ostwald, W.1909. Energerische Grudlagen der Kulturwissenschaft. Alfred Kroner, Leipzeig, Germany.
+Palmer, K.E. 1980. Mineral taxation policies in developing countries: an application of resource rent tax. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 27(3), 517-542.
+Parikh, K.S. 1976. Energy. Macmillan India Ltd. New Delhi, India.
+Parikh, K.S.; Srinivasan, T.N. 1977. Food and energy choices for India: a programming model with partial endogenous energy requirements. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. IIASA Paper RR-77-24.
+PEIDA.1983. Thailand energy pricing studies. Fiscal Policy Office, Ministry of Finance, Bangkok, Thailand.
+Pinto, F.J.P. 1984. The economics of and potential for energy conservation and substitution. Paper prepared for the 5th annual international meeting of the International Association of Energy Economists (IAEE), New Delhi, India, 4-6 January 1984. IAEE, Boston, MA, USA.
+Ramsey, F.P. 1928. A mathematical theory of saving. Economic Journal, 38, 543-559.
+Sacher, E. 1881. Grundzuge einer, Mechanik der Gesellschaft. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany.
+Soddy, F. 1922. Cartesian economics: the bearing of physical science upon state stewardship. Hendersons, London, UK.
+Sukhatme, P.V.; Margen, S. 1982. Auto-regulatory homeostatic nature of energy balance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 35, 355-365.
+Turner, T.E. 1990. The politics of world resource development in the 1990s. International Oil Working Group, Lake Pleasant, MA, USA.
+UNDP (United Nations Environment Programme) 1985. The environmental impacts of production and use of Energy. Part IV: A comparative assessment of different sources of supply. UNDP, Nairobi, Kenya.
+WCED (World Conference on Environment and Development). 1987. Our common future. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA.
+Weber, M.1968 [1909]. Energetische Kulturtheorien. In Weber, M., ea., Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Wissenschaftslehre (3rd edition). J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tubingen, Germany.
+Wereko-Brobby, C. 1988. Energy and Ghana's socio-economic development. Ministry of Fuel and Power, Accra, Ghana.
+World Bank. 1983. The energy transition in developing countries. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC, USA.
+<section>ERG publications</section>
+Bhatia, R., ed. 1990. Electricity. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Desai, A.V., ed. l 990. Human energy. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+ERG (Energy Research Group).1986. Energy research: directions and issues for developing countries. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada. IDRC-260e.
+Fall, D., ed. 1990. Energy in Africa. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Goldemberg, J., ed. 1990. Alternative liquid fuels. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Hoffmann, L.; Schipper, L.; Meyers, S.; Sathaye, J.; Hara, Y. 1984. Energy demand patterns. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. ERG-MR2e
+Ion, D.C.; Odell, P.R.; Mossavar-Rahmani, B. 1984. Oil prospect. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. ERG-MR1e
+Isaza, J.F., ed. 1990. Energy economics. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Kettani, M.A., ed. 1990. Patterns of energy use in developing countries. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Lambert, Y.; Fall, D.; Isaza, J.F.1984. Renewable energy resources. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. ERG-MR3e
+Martinez-Alier, J. 1986. Energy-related issues in early economic literature. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada ERG-MR3e
+Munasinghe, M., ed. 1990. Energy demand: analysis, management and conservation. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Munasinghe, M., ed. 1990. Energy in Asia. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Munasinghe, M.,ed. 1990. Nonconventional energy. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Overend, R.P.; Moo-Young, M.; Robinson, C.W.; Lencki, R. 1984. Alternative liquid fuels. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. ERG-MR4e
+Owino, F., ed. 1990. Bioenergy. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India
+Reddy, A., ed. 1990. Energy planning: models, information systems, research and development. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Suarez, C.E., ed. 1990. Energy in Latin America. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Torres, J.E. 1984. Latin American research and development in the energy field: a review. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. ERG-MR5e
+Yajie, Z., ed. 1990. Energy in China. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+Yajie, Z., ed. 1990. Oil and gas. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, India.
+<section>ERG research papers</section>
+The following state-of-the-art reviews were commissioned by the Energy Research Group. Some have been published as papers in the 14-volume ERG Review Series; others remain unpublished. They are all available as typescript copy from the Library at IDRC's Head Office in Ottawa, Canada. They are referred to here by ERG Paper number.
+001. Human and animal energetics: a review of the role of metabolized energy in traditional agriculture-C. Hurst
+002. Energy policy in developing countries-A. Gordon
+003. Energy use in industry-B.G. Tunnah
+004. The developing world as a market for power plant technology- T. Bharadwaj (Development Consultants Pvt Ltd)
+005. Domestic energy supply and demand in southwest Asia and northern Africa-E. Tasdemiroglu
+006. Problemes politiques et energetiques au Bresil-M. Duquette
+007. Energy demand management and conservation-M. Munasinghe
+008. China's energy advances and limitations-V. Smil
+009. The international transmission of economic growth, exhaustible resources, and long waves: a review paper-P.G. Elkan
+010. Human and animal energy in transition: the changing role of metabolized energy in economic development-C. Hurst
+011. Energy for small-scale engines: a review of potential energy sources -C. Hurst
+012. Energy problems and policies in Central America-Y.S. Bogach
+013. Energy-related issues in early economic literature-J. Martinez-Alier
+014. Transportation and energy in the developing countries: a survey and discussion of research needs-D. Geltner
+015. Energy consumption patterns and their implications for energy planning-J. Dunkerley
+016. Oil and gas: exploration and production in developing countries- D.C. Ion
+017. Applications of solar thermal technologies-M.K. Selcuk (Selcuk Engineering)
+018. Hydroelectricity: evolution and perspectives-G. Siqueira
+019. Electrothermy in Brazil-O.M. Pimentel
+020. Sociopolitical issues in rural energy development-P. Hayes
+021. Oil refining, transport, and distribution-1. Foster and R. Tragatsch (EDPRA Consulting)
+022. Petroleum exploration, development, and production-1. Foster and T.C. Foster (EDPRA Consulting)
+023. Markets for technology, equipment, and services-J. Foster and L. Jackson (EDPRA Consulting)
+024. Electric transmission technology-K.R. Shah (Shah & Associates)
+025. Electric power for industrialization in developing countries- C. Wereko-Brobby
+026. Use of wind for electricity generation in developing countries- M. Merriam
+027. Nuclear electric futures-P. Hayes
+028. Biomass potential and conversion in southwest Asia and northern Africa-G.R. Sandhu
+029. Asia's adjustments to the changing energy picture: a summary- C. Siddayao
+030. Energy use in cities of developing countries-J. Sathaye and S. Meyers
+031. Photovoltaic technology in developing countries-A. Luque
+032. Energy conservation in the industrial sector-G. Anandalingam
+033. A framework for establishing energy research and development (R&D) policies and priorities in a developing country - M. Munasinghe
+034. Information systems for energy planning and management- O. Bernardini
+035. Third World island energy futures-P. Hayes
+036. Is there a vicious cycle of low food energy intake and low human work output?-W. Edmundson
+037. Markets for electricity with efficient application-D. Brooks (Marbek Resource Consultants)
+038. Utilization of fuelwood and charcoal in East Africa-B.K. Kaale
+039. Application of alternative biomass energy technologies in developing countries-M. Eusuf
+040. Altemative fuel: a Brazilian outlook-J. Moreira
+041. Energy modelling in developing countries-J.G. Devezeaux
+042. Contribution of renewable energy sources to the solution of energy problems in some countries of Latin America-G. Best
+043. Technology and market structure in equipment for the energy industries: coal, oil, and electricity-I. Surrey and J. Chesshire
+044. Health and environmental impacts of energy systems-H. El-Sayed
+045. Developing country fuel pricing policies I: a discussion of issues associated with retail pricing policies-R. deLucia and M. Lasser
+046. Developing country fuel pricing policies II: a discussion of issues associated with wholesale pricing policies-R. deLucia
+047. Energy transitions and energy-related R&D needs and priority areas in Korea-Ho Tak Kim
+048. Electricity's effect on rural life in developing nations-D. Barnes
+049. Status assessment of solar photovoltaic technology-I. Mintzer
+050. Petroleum exploration and production in developing countries- R.J.P. Ross
+051. Integrated energy systems for rural development-A. Abhat
+052. Science and technology of the renewable energy sources in Mexico -M.A. Martinez-Negrete
+053. Energy-intensive materials and the developing countries-A. Strout
+054. Small- and medium-size hydroelectric power plants-C.I. Power Services Inc
+055. Energy problems and policies in developing countries: an analysis and review-R.K. Pachauri and R. Pachauri
+056. Energy and agriculture in developing countries-R. Bhatia
+057. Energy, urban transport, and the city: a narrative of some recent Brazilian experience and its wider implications-A. Poole
+058. Energy research and development programmes in India-B. Bhushan
+059. Optimizing electrical distribution systems-H. Scott
+060. Energy and development in East Africa-P. O'Keefe
+061. Markets for renewable energy technology in developing countries- D. Jhirad
+062. Biomethanation-N. Brown and P. Tata
+063. Energy technologies and policies: options for developing countries- H. Tsuchiya
+064. Solar and wind technologies for developing countries: current status and anticipated developments-B. McNelis and P. Fraenkel (Intermediate Technology Power Ltd)
+065. Applications of solar energy technologies in developing countries- M. Eusuf
+066. Notes on the state and the future of energy research in Latin America -M. Wionczek
+067. Petroleum industry in China-Qin Tongluo
+068. Biomass utilization in China-Wu Wen
+069. Recent advances in solar energy utilization in China-Gong Bao et al.
+070. The prospects of hydrogen as an energy resource-Zhu Yajie and Wu Zhenxiao
+071. Geothermal energy in China-Ren Xiang et al.
+072. The development of electric power in China-Lu Qinkan et al.
+073. China's transport and energy use-Mao Yushi and Hu Guangrong
+074. The coal industry in China - Wu Jing
+075. Industrial energy consumption and conservation in China-Lu Qi and Lu Xueyi
+076. Energy policy study in China-Zhu Yajie and Wang Qingyi
+077. China's energy economy-Lan Tianfang, Lu Yingzhong, and Mao Yushi
+078. The development of nuclear energy in China-Lu Yingzhong
+079. Rural energy utilization in China-Deng Keyun and Wu Changlun
+080. How small hydro power is helping China's rural electrification program-Zhu Xiaozhang, Ding Guangquan, and Eugene Chang
+081. Energy demand analysis in developing countries-R. Bhatia
+082. Technology in the petroleum industry-S. Zorn (Tanzer Natural Resource Associates)
+083. Geothermal energy exploration and utilization-I. Fridleifsson
+084. Energy policies and issues in Latin America-A. Bianchi
+085. Recent research in electric power pricing and load management- R. Tabors
+086. Economics of energy and natural resources: review of an expanding field of transdisciplinary research-A. Umana
+087. Energy research programs in South Asia: a review of past activities and possible research themes-R. Bhatia
+088. Alternative transport fuels: supply, consumption, and conservation- S. Trindade
+089. Biomass technology survey in Japan-F. Tokuyama
+090. Current status and development of solid-fuel mining and utilization technologies in Asia-K.S.R. Chari
+091. Atoms for peace, atoms for war, atoms for profit-N. Desai
+092. Comparative evaluation of nuclear power in the developing countries -G. Obermair
+093. An overview of R&D in energy resources, uses, and technology- M. Moo-Young et al.
+094. Current state of biomass energy development and conservation technologies-A. Ng'eny-Mengech
+095. Le bois de feu, source d'energie renouvelable menacee-G. De Lepeleire
+096. Solar thermal central receiver power generation technology: prospects for the developing world-J. Weingart
+097. The real rural energy crisis: women's time-I. Tinker
+098. Biomass fuels and health-K. Smith and J. Ramakrishna
+099. Human energetics-G. Borrini and S. Margen
+100. Issues in natural gas production and utilization-G. Mortimer (Chem Systems)
+101. Trends in forestry/woodfuel resources and utilization-F. Owino
+102. Modeles de demande d'energie et modeles globaux-P. Criqui, J. Girod, and B. Lapillonne
+103. Energy issues and policies in West African countries-J. Sathaye
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/iirr_ii01ee.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/iirr_ii01ee.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc2136390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/iirr_ii01ee.key
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+RURAL DEVELOPMENT
+FARM MANAGEMENT
+TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
+ROLE OF WOMEN
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/iirr_ii01ee.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/iirr_ii01ee.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30936347d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/iirr_ii01ee.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3692 @@
+<title>Environmentally sound technologies for women in agriculture</title>
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+The many partners and participants listed below provided generous financial and technical support to the workshop. Their valuable contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
+Dr. Julian Gonsalves, Executive Vice-President for Program, IIRR, for the concept
+Dr. C. Prasad, Secretary General, IF WA, for strong support and involvement
+Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, Chairman, IFWA, for support for this activity
+Dr. B. N. Chaudhary, Member Project Advisory Committee, for help in accounting
+Funding agencies
+International Development Research Centre (IDRC), New Delhi
+Mr. Ravi Maithel
+Principal Program
+Officer, IDRC
+New Delhi
+Citibank
+UNESCO
+All members of the Central Advisory Committee
+Dr. (Ms.) Ruth Alsop, Programme Officer, Sustainable Agriculture, Ford Foundation, New Delhi
+Dr. (Mrs.) Rekha Bhagat, Senior Scientist, Division of Agriculture Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi
+Mrs. Anjali Capila, Senior Lecturer, Department of Community Resource Management and Extension, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi
+Mrs. Neelam Chhabra, Editor - English, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. B. N. Chaudhary, Assistant Director General (Lab to Land Programme), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. Julian F. Gonsalves, Executive VicePresident for Program, IIRR
+Dr. M. Y. Kamal, Assistant Director General (Inland Fisheries), ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. (Mrs.) Kamala Kumar, Director, Department of Science and Technology, Technology Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. P. N. Mathur, Joint Director (Extension), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
+Dr. A. C. Mathur, Ex-Assistant Director General (Animal Science), ICAR, New Delhi
+Dr. (Mrs.) Minnie Mathew, World Food Programme, New Delhi
+Dr. C. Prasad, Secretary-General, IFWA and Ex-Deputy Director General (Extension),
+Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. R. D. Sharma, Director, Publications and Information, ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan
+Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. K. N. Singh, Assistant Director General, National Agricultural Research Project,
+ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi
+Dr. Vijaylakshmi, Managing Director, Canadian Cooperative Association, New Delhi
+All members of Regional Advisory Committee
+Arid and semi-arid region (Udaipur)
+Dr. Ajit Gupta, Zonal Coordinator Transfer of Technology (TOT), ICAR, CAZRI, Jodhpur
+Dr. (Mrs.) Pushpa Gupta, Dean, College of Home Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Udaipur
+Dr. H. C. Sharda, Chief Training Organizer, Vidya Bhawan, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Badgaon, Udaipur
+Plains (Indore)
+Dr. P. Das, Ex-Zonal Coordinator (TOT), ICAR, JNKVV, Jabalpur
+Dr. W. R. Deshpande, Ex-Joint Director (Re search and Extension), JNKVV, Indore
+All participants in Regional Advisory Committee meetings
+All workshop participants (See page 205-207 for full addresses.)
+Artists
+Ms. Indrani Biswas
+Mr. Ric Cantada
+Mr. Neeraj Kochar
+Editors
+Mr. David Abbass
+Mr. Scott Killough
+Dr. Paul Mundy
+Mr. Jaime Ronquillo
+All manuscript contributors (See page 208-209 for full addresses.)
+IFWA staff
+Ms. Shilpi Gupta
+Ms. Abhilasha Mathur
+Ms. Puja Wadhwa
+Desktop publishing staff in the
+Philippines
+Ms. Mamet Magno
+Ms. Jel Montoya
+Ms. Angie Poblete
+Staff of the Environment, Natural Resources and Agriculture Division, IIRR
+Farm women, extension workers and scientists who have assisted in the development of these materials
+<section>Preface</section>
+Women are critical to the well-being of farm households. Aside from raising children, women are expected to prepare all meals, maintain the homestead, and assist in crop and animal production, all the while tending to the general health of their families. Perhaps, ironically, it is because women have so many responsibilities that they have been over-looked by agriculturalists and policy makers-it has been more convenient to label men as farmers and women as child raisers and cooks. In truth, women are involved in all aspects of agriculture, from crop selection to land preparation, to seed selection, planting, weeding, pest control, harvesting, crop storage, handling, marketing, and processing. Whatever the reason for this neglect, the importance of developing farming technologies relevant to women has only recently been recognized.
+In 1992, the International Federation for Women in Agriculture (IFWA), New Delhi, and the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Silang, Cavite, Philippines, agreed jointly to develop simple, science-based resource materials which could be used by female and male extension workers. The result is a manual of 60 simple environmentally sound technologies which will help reduce drudgery and increase efficiency while helping to maintain a clean and healthy environment.
+The manual was produced using a modified version of an approach developed by IIRR to prepare information and training materials quickly and efficiently. Topics were solicited from author experts all over India. They represent national institutes such es the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi; the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal; the Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombay; Haryana Agricultural University; Delhi University, and several other agencies. A number of manuscripts were also contributed by respected NGOs. Still others were gleaned from published works. The raw manuscripts were presented, critiqued, and revised in a sixday editorial and illustration workshop in New Delhi in June 1995. The revised manuscripts were taken to IIRR's headquarters in the Philippines where they were edited, laid out, and scrutinized again by IPWA and IIRR specialists. The camera-ready product was then sent to India for printing.
+The topics have been edited and laid out with care to make them interesting and easy to understand. Illustrations have been used wherever possible to explain technologies. While it was written for extension agents, it is hoped that even neo-literates will be able to make good use of this manual.
+A complete list of participants, contributors, and contributing agencies is given at the back of this manual.
+<section>Animal husbandry and dairying</section>
+<section>Selection and breeding of cattle buffaloes</section>
+Animal management in rural areas is generally the job of farm women. Their opinion. therefore is important when selecting and breeding livestock. When you select an animal for purchase, consider the following points.
+General health
+The animal is in good health if:
+- it is taking its feed and water well with normal rumination.
+- it passes normal dune and urine.
+- its eyes are bright, it appears alert, and its muzzle is moist.
+- its skin is smooth, its coat glistens, and the animal twitches its skin and swings its tail around to drive off lies..
+- the animal walks normally with no signs of lameness.
+Age
+Count the animal's teeth to determine its age.
+Teeth
+Approximate age
+8 milk teeth
+birth to 2 years
+1st pair of permanent teeth
+2-3 years
+2nd pair of permanent teeth
+3-4 years
+3rd pair of permanent teeth
+4-5 years
+4th pair of permanent teeth
+5 or more years
+Testing
+If you are considering purchasing a milch cow, milk the animal two consecutive times in order to determine its daily milk production.
+Milch animals
+For milch animals, look for the following:
+- Udder should be large and well developed with a prominent milk vein leading from the udder to the abdomen.
+- Four teats, well separated, without cracks or blockages.
+- Normal milk flow from all four teats.
+- Hind legs should be parallel and spaced well apart, allowing enough room for the udder.
+- Angular body, high and wide in the back and sloping slightly downward to the neck.
+- Deep chest, well supported.
+Reproduction
+Here are some questions which will help you choose a good animal.
+- How many times has it calved? Preferably, buy an animal which has calved once or twice. Buy freshly calved animals.
+- Is it pregnant? If the animal is pregnant, try to determine the stage of its pregnancy.
+- What was the time gap between previous carvings? Avoid animals which have aborted.
+- How often does it come into heat? Cows (cattle and buffaloes) should come into estrus 45-60 days after calving. A cow should come into heat regularly, every 3 weeks, until conception.
+When to breed
+If you notice signs of estrus in the morning, mate the animal (or have it artificially inseminated) in the afternoon. If signs of estrus are noticed in the evening, mate the animal early the next morning, 10-12 hours after the onset of estrus.
+Have a veterinarian examine your animal 2-3 months after breeding to make certain that the animal is pregnant.
+Signs of estrus
+- Bellowing Animal becomes restless
+- Animal's vagina becomes swollen and discharges mucus Animal mounts other animals
+- Animal stands still when mounted
+- Frequent urination
+<section>Selection and breeding of goats and sheep</section>
+When selecting a goat or sheep for purchase, consider the following points:
+General health
+The animal should:
+- take its feed and water regularly and display normal rumination.
+- have normal skin and coat, bright eyes, alert ears, and moist muzzle.
+- pass well-formed, normal dung, and normal urine.
+Age
+Always select young animals. Count their teeth to estimate their age.
+Number of teeth
+Sheep
+Goats
+8 milk teeth
+birth to 1 year
+birth to 1 year
+1st pair permanent teeth
+1 year to 1 year and 9 months
+1 year and 2 months to 3 years
+2nd pair permanent teeth
+1 year and 9 months to 2 years and 6 months
+3 to 4 years
+3rd pair permanent teeth
+2 years and 6 months to 3 years
+4 to 5 years
+4th pair permanent teeth
+3 years and above
+5 years and above
+For milch goats For milking goats, look for:
+- a well-developed udder with two teats, without defects or disease.
+- an angular body, sloping slightly downward from the hind section to the neck.
+- hind legs well-apart, allowing ample space for the udder.
+Reproduction
+Some goats and sheep give birth twice a year, some once a year, and others three times in 2 years. Animals which give birth three times in 2 years are preferred. Choose animals which:
+- have high twinning rates (produce twins).
+- produce a lot of milk, for quick growth of offspring.
+Offspring
+Sell kids and lambs at between 3 and 6 months of age. Keep the best animals for replacement stock.
+Breeding
+Mate your animal 14-20 hours after the onset of estrus. Your breeding ram (male sheep) or buck (male goat) should be strong and healthy with a muscular physique, typical of its breed. Look for good loins, strong quarters, and well-developed testes. One male can serve 30-50 females.
+Heat detection
+A ewe in estrus will:
+- bleat (cry loudly).
+- wag its tail frequently.
+- stand still when mounted.
+- try to join the ram.
+<section>Selection and breeding of swine</section>
+Consider the following points when purchasing a pig:
+- Look for sows (female) and boars (male) which are good examples of their breed. In particular, check their length and width.
+- Make sure the animal has a good appetite for feed and water.
+- The animal should be active, have bright eyes, and alert ears.
+- Select a sow with 10-14 well-spaced, functional teats.
+- Select sows which farrow (give birth) twice a year, with litters of 8-10 healthy piglets.
+- Select sows with a breeding history of producing healthy litters of fast-growing piglets. Ask how many of the sow's piglets in a litter have died.
+Breeding
+Normally, a sow will exhibit the following signs of estrus 12 months after farrowing.
+- Sow is mounted by young boars (but she will move away if not in full heat).
+- Sow in full heat will mount other sows.
+- Sow becomes restless.
+- Sow's vagina becomes swollen and discharges sticky mucus.
+- Sow stands still when mounted by other animals.
+Mate your sow with a healthy boar 12-30 hours after the onset of estrus. Breed again every 12 hours for 1 1/2 - 2 1/2 days.
+<section>Community pasture management</section>
+Inadequate feed is a major constraint to livestock productivity. Little scope remains for putting more good lands into fodder production. One solution lies in improving the sustainable production levels of community pasture lands through better management. Women are often responsible for collecting fodder and raising livestock, especially dairy cattle. Improving pastureland can reduce the amount of time women spend collecting fodder and feeding livestock.
+Management practices
+It is possible to increase the productivity of community pastures through one or a combination of the following practices.
+Rehabilitation and management
+Rehabilitate pasture land with improved grass varieties and legumes for higher yield, higher nutritive value, and palatability. Grasses can be transplanted or grown from seed. Legume seeds are sown between grass lures. Multipurpose trees can also be planted to provide fodder, fuel, and timber. (See the glossary for a list of improved grasses and legumes.)
+Protect pasture from overgrazing. Consider erecting a stone wall, making a trench and mound barrier, or planting a live hedge.
+Adopt proper soil and water conservation measures to improve site quality. Field lands can be ploughed and developed across the slope to retain water and prevent soil from being washed away.
+Surplus fodder during monsoon can be conserved in the form of hay or silage for use during lean periods. (See Make hay to preserve fodder and Make silage to preserve green fodder.)
+Encourage stall feeding-feed livestock in their sheds without letting them out for grazing.
+Management of grazing land
+Regulated grazing is useful in locations where the regeneration capacity of perennial grasses is fast and prolific.
+- Fencing. Use live hedges, stone walls, bamboo poles, and wire fencing to help regulate the movement of livestock.
+- Bush cleaning. Remove thorny and unwanted bushes to improve forage production.
+- Burning. Burn during the summa to destroy weed seeds and dried and cut bushes. Burning also promotes growth of grasses.
+- Herbicides. Particularly heavy weed growth can be controlled with herbicides during early monsoon. Follow safety and application instructions carefully. Herbicides can be dangerous to humans and livestock.
+- Fertilizer. Application of 40-80 kg urea per ha (20-40 kg nitrogen/ha) during the monsoon can increase forage yield by 30 to 70 percent.
+- Grazing. Do not graze a pasture in the first year after fencing in order to allow perennial grasses to regenerate and produce seeds. Resume grazing in the second or third year, depending on the amount of regrowth. To prevent overgrazing, graze just one or two head of cattle (or 6-10 sheep or goats) per hectare. Or practice deferred rotational grazing: shift your animals from place to place, allowing each grazing site enough time to regenerate before returning.
+Deferred rotational grazing
+This grazing pattern uses three areas of pasture (A, B. and C in the diagram).
+From July to October in the first year, graze the animals in pasture A. At the beginning of November, move them to pasture B. and graze them there until the end of February. From March to June, graze them in pasture C.
+In July of the second year, instead of moving them to pasture A, put them back into pasture B. In November, move the animals to pasture C, and in March, return them to pasture A.
+This deferred rotational grazing system allows each of the pastures to recover for more than a year.
+Establishing improved varieties
+Highly deteriorated pastures must be re-established. This involves ploughing and land-levelling, followed by sowing of improved varieties of grasses and legumes. Such pastures will give high forage yields for 5-6 years.
+Improving germination. Legume seeds have hard seed coats. To improve germination, put seeds in boiling water for 60-90 seconds or soak them in acid (20-30 percent sulphuric acid) for 4-5 minutes.
+Seed treatment. Legumes are able to take nitrogen out of the air. This is done in nodules on legume roots. To increase the growth of these nitrogen-fixing nodules, after soaking and just prior to planting, mix legume seeds with rhizobium culture powder.
+To help grass seeds grow, make pellets out of a mixture of 3 handfuls of clay, 1 handful of seeds, 1 handful of sand, and I handful of farmyard manure.
+Sowing. Seeds can be broadcast or sown in lines. For best results, sow alternate lines of grasses and legumes. Or, try planting alternate strips, each 1-2 m wide, of grasses and legumes.
+Fertilizer application. 50-60 kg nitrogen/ha and 20-30 kg phosphorus/ha can be applied to the pasture during monsoon. Applying fertilizer increases forage yield of mixed pastures by 50-100 percent. The protein content of the forage is also increased.
+Management of cutting. During the year of establishment, just one harvest is advised. In subsequent years, forage can be harvested every 50 or 60 days. Cut the forage 10-15 cm above ground level.
+Conservation of surplus fodder. Surplus fodder can be conserved as hay or silage. Hay is made by drying harvested fodder under the sun. Silage is made by allowing harvested and chaffed material to ferment under anaerobic conditions (without oxygen) in pits.
+Grazing. Graze animals according to a schedule which regulates the number of animals and where they graze. This is done to prevent overgrazing and to make good use of pasture growth.
+Establishing pasture by rooted slips
+Some grasses do not produce seeds. For these, rooted slips must be used (sprouts which grow from roots of some grasses during the monsoon). Transplantation of nursery-raised grass seedlings can also be very effective in establishing pasture.
+Contributor Dr. Punjab Singh
+<section>Cattle feeding</section>
+Questions most often asked by farm women about feeding cattle
+- What proportion of straw, green fodder, and concentrates should I feed my cattle?
+- What can be done when green fodder is not available in the fields?
+- Can green fodder be preserved for use in the lean months?
+- Is there a way to make straw more nutritious?
+- Are there less expensive substitutes for concentrates?
+In the following pages, you will find answers to these important questions.
+Generally, cattle are fed with dry straw mixed with some green fodder. Milch animals and draught bullocks need more nutrition; therefore, give them an additional ration of concentrates.
+Green fodder
+Green fodder is not only nutritious but also palatable and easily digestible. It is available in the form of green forages, such as berseem, lucerne, oats, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, cluster bean, cowpeas, grasses, and lappings of trees. Leguminous fodder crops, like berseem, lucerne, cowpea, and cluster bean, are more nutritious than non-legumes, such as oats, maize, and sorghum. Therefore, for better feed, mix legume fodder with nonlegume fodders. Do not feed animals only with legumes as this can cause bloat.
+Cattle should be given about 30-3 5 kg of mixed green fodder daily. This should be chopped to avoid wastage.
+Dry fodder
+Dry fodder is available in the form of straw and stover. Though less nutritious, these are needed to meet the bulk or dry-matter requirement of cattle. Mix green fodder together with the dry fodder. Feed 3-4 kg of dry chaffed fodder daily. (See Improve dry fodder by adding urea. )
+Concentrates
+Oil cakes, rice and wheat bran, cereal grains, seeds, molasses, etc., make good concentrate mixtures. Concentrate is economically prepared by mixing cakes, wheat or rice bran, and grains or pulses in equal proportion There is not much advantage in adding expensive items, like cotton seeds, to the mixture.
+Concentrates containing proteins and minerals are the most nutritious part of cattle feeds. Concentrates are especially important for growing calves, first carvers, pregnant and milch animals, and working bullocks.
+On average, 1 kg of concentrate mixture is given daily to first carvers, especially cross-bred cattle. Pregnant cows should be provided with 1 to 1.5 kg of concentrate mixture every day during the last 60 days of pregnancy.
+Important tips
+- Chaff the green and dry fodder to avow wastage.
+- Treat dry fodder with urea to increase its nutritive value. This will help reduce the quantity of concentrate required in the feed. (See improve dry fodder by adding urea.)
+- When green fodder is scarce, supplement the diet with an increased quantity of concentrate mixture.
+- You can reduce expenditure on concentrate mixtures by supplementing with ureamolasses liquid mixture. See Ureamolasses liquid mixture.)
+- Mineral mixture and common salt should be fed at the rate of approximately 30 9 per animal per day, if not otherwise supplemented in the feed.
+- Store concentrates under dry conditions. High moisture content encourages mould growth.
+- Reject all feed which has developed mould or fungus. This could lead to poisoning.
+- Make sufficient clean drinking water available to your cattle. Contaminated water will result in diarrhoea and other disorders.
+Mineral mixture
+Mineral mixture contains major and trace minerals. Feed 30-35 g of good mineral mixture to milch cattle, 20-25 g to heifers and dry animals per day.
+Common salt can be provided in the concentrate mixture at the rate of 20-25 g per day, or separately in the form of a rock-salt lick
+Water
+Cattle need 30-40 litres of water daily. Clean water should be available to your cattle at all times. If this is not possible, offer water to your cattle at least three times a day. Allow them to drink as much as they want
+Balanced feed Requirements for green fodder, dry fodder, concentrates, and minerals depend on:
+- Size and age of the animal
+- Growth stage and pregnancy status
+- Climatic conditions
+- Milk yield
+- Nature and amount of work
+Balanced feed for cattle Cattle feed generally consists of the following:
+- Green fodder
+- Dry fodder
+- Concentrate mixture
+- Mineral mixture
+- Water
+A good feed is palatable, nutritious, balanced, easily digestible, non-toxic, and economical.
+A balanced feed is one which provides different components of feed in proper proportion to meet the needs of each animal- calves, milch cattle, dry-cattle, draught cattle, etc. More feed might be required in extreme hot or cold weather. As such, a balanced feed is different for different animals under different conditions.
+Economical feeding
+Cattle feed should also be economical. Feeding green fodder is more economical than providing concentrate mixture. You can reduce expenditure on feed by substituting green fodder for concentrate mixture.
+A cow yielding up to 8 litres of milk need not be given concentrate mixture if it is fed 40-45 kg of mixed green fodder (such as oats + berseem, cluster bean + sorghum, or cowpeas + maize), 3-4 kg of dry fodder, and mineral mixture each day.
+Higher yielding animals will require additional concentrate, perhaps 1 kg of concentrate mixture a day for each additional 3 litres of cow milk or 2. 5 litres of buffalo milk.
+Feeding during lean months
+Provide good quality dry fodder during lean months when green fodder is not available. The amount of concentrate fed should also be increased to make up for the lack of green fodder. As such, 9 kg of wheat straw mixed with 4 kg of concentrate mixture can be given to a cow yielding 10 litres of milk during the lean months. (See Make silage to preserve green fodder and Make hay to preserve fodder.)
+Do not forget to add mineral mixture and common salt to the feed in all seasons.
+Contributors: Dr. Ram Chand, Ms. Parvinder Sharma, and Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Make hay to preserve fodder</section>
+Handle with care
+Be gentle when raking ~ moving dry fodder. Rough handling will shake off nutrition legume leaves.
+Green fodder is especially scarce during the summer and early winter. Try preserving surplus green fodder as hay for these times of scarcity.
+What is hay?
+Hay is any forage crop cut before it is mature and dried for storage. It is more nutritious and palatable than straw because hay preserves the entire plant.
+Crops suitable for hay
+All fodder crops (including most grass species) can be used to make hay, but clovers and oats are especially suited.
+How to make hay
+Harvest berseem and lucerne just before flowering. They are most nutritious at this stage. Cereal fodder crops, such as oats and sorghum, should be harvested at flowering stage. Young sorghum plants before flowering stage can be poisonous to livestock.
+- Use the last few cuttings of berseem, lucerne, and oats. (The first cuttings are best fed as fresh fodder.)
+- Leave the material in the field to dry in the sun. Rake it frequently for uniform drying. In case the field is to be used immediately, move the material to a suitable place to dry. Try drying it on a fence.
+- Overdrying will result in loss of nutrients, such as Vitamin A. On the other hand, underdrying will result in growth of fungus during storage. Ideally, the moisture content should be reduced to 15 percent. To tell if fodder is dry enough to make hay, rub the material between your hands. The material should not feel wet. Hay should retain its green color.
+- After drying, the material should be collected and stored under shade in dry conditions.
+Contributor: Dr. Jagadish Singh
+<section>Make silage to preserve green fodder</section>
+One method at preserving green fodder is to turn it into silage.
+What is silage?
+Silage is preserved green fodder that contains moisture. It is made in an airtight structure called a silo. Well-made silage is greenish yellow in colour, and has a pleasant vinegar-sweet smell.
+Crops suitable for silage
+Cereal fodder crops, such as oats, maize, and sorghum, are most suitable for making silage because their high carbohydrate content results in good fermentation.
+Method of preparing silage
+- Construct a concrete or brick silo above the ground, or a pit silo. The latter is more economical and easy to handle for a small farm family.
+- Select a piece of land at a higher level to prevent stagnation of rainwater.
+- Harvest cereal fodder crops, such as sorghum, maize, and oats, at the flowering to milk stage.
+- Legumes should be harvested just at flowering stage.
+- Chaff the green fodder.
+- Spread the chaffed material evenly in layers in the silo and pack thoroughly to remove all air.
+- In the case of legume-only fodders, mix straw with the green fodder to reduce the moisture content.
+- Fill the chaffed fodder 0.7 to 1 m above the soil surface.
+- Cover the silo pit with polythene sheet. Spread a 5 cm layer of earth over it, and finally, plaster it with mud to make the structure airtight.
+Silage is ready for feeding after 30-45 days.
+Silage is nutritious and palatable. About 25 kg of silage is equivalent to 3 5 kg of green fodder. It can be used as cattle feed during the dry lean months.
+Contributor: Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Improve dry fodder by adding urea</section>
+When green fodder is unavailable, farm women are forced to feed their cattle poor-quality dry fodder, such as wheat and paddy straw, local grasses, and dry stalks of maize, sorghum pearl millet, and sugarcane tops.
+Increasing the cattle's concentrate ration to make up for this shortfall is costly. There is a low-cost alternative. You can improve the quality of dry fodder by treating it with urea, a common fertilizer. Urea treatment is easy.
+Materials required (for every 100 kg of dry fodder)
+Urea
+1.5 kg
+Common salt
+500.0 g
+Mineral mixture
+500.0 g
+Vitablend
+20.0 g
+Water
+10.0 litres
+Method of treatment
+Dissolve urea, common salt, mineral mixture, and Vitablend thoroughly in water by stirring it with a wooden stirrer.
+Spread the dry fodder evenly under the sun in a 5 m x 10 m area.
+Spray half the quantity of urea solution on the dry fodder, using a sprayer or garden watering can.
+After about 30 minutes, turn the dry fodder upside down, and apply the remaining quantity of urea solution. The treated fodder can be fed immediately after it dries. If stored in a sealed plastic container, the material will ferment. Fermented fodder is more palatable. Use within 2-3 weeks.
+Contributor: Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Urea-molasses liquid mixture</section>
+Nutritious concentrates account for a large part of feed costs for ruminants. Depending on the cost of molasses, this expenditure can be reduced by replacing concentrates with a nutritive ureamolasses liquid mixture.
+Materials
+Urea
+2 kg
+Sugarcane molasses
+100 litres
+Water
+2 litres
+Mineral mixture
+2 kg
+Common salt
+1 kg
+Vitamin A supplement
+20 g
+(if green fodder is not available)
+Method of preparation
+1 Take 2 litres of drinking water in a pot.
+2 Dissolve 2 kg of urea thoroughly in the water by stirring it with a wooden stirrer.
+3 Put 100 litres of sugarcane molasses in a trough of galvanized iron sheet or some other metal.
+4 Mix the urea solution slowly in the molasses, stirring it continuously.
+5 Make a mixture of 2 kg of powdered mineral mixture and 1 kg of powdered common salt.
+6 Mix the mineral mixture and salt in the urea-molasses mixture.
+7 Mix in 20 g of vitamin A supplement. 8 Heat the mixture to boiling point. Continue stirring during heating to avoid charring and to facilitate uniform mixture 9 Allow it to cool.
+Schedule of feeding
+Introduce the urea-molasses mixture gradually over 2-3 weeks.
+During the initial three days, give 500 g of the urea-molasses mixture daily; reduce the quantity of concentrate mixture by 25 percent.
+During the next four days, offer 1-2 kg of the urea-molasses mixture; cut the concentrate to half the original amount, and reduce roughage by 25 percent.
+In the second week, give 2-3 kg of the urea-molasses mixture daily and withdraw the concentrate mixture completely (for adult non-working animals as a maintenance diet). Roughage can also be reduced by 75 percent of the original amount.
+From the third week onwards, you can increase the ureamolasses mixture to as much as l kg per 100 kg of animal body weight.
+What animals can be fed ureamolasses liquid mixture?
+Cattle and buffaloes over six months of age, and sheep and goats over four months of ace can be fed urea-molasses liquid mixture. Avoid feeding it to young calves, as their stomachs are still developing.
+How much to feed
+Growing calves (older than 6 months)
+Green fodder, mixed straw, and 300 g of concentrate mixture.
+In addition, 1-2 kg of the urea-molasses mixture for free-choice consumption.
+Dry buffaloes and cows
+Feed dry buffaloes and cows urea-molasses (5-6 kg) and dry fodder (5-6 kg) daily.
+In addition, give green fodder at the rate of l to 2 kg or vitamin
+A supplement in the diet.
+Milch animals (producing about 10 litres of milk)
+Feed green fodder (25-30 kg and straw mixed with 1-2 kg of concentrate mixture.
+In addition, provide urea-molasses mixture for free-choice consumption.
+Working bullocks
+Feed dry fodder (5-6 kg) and urea-molasses mixture (5-6 kg) daily.
+In addition, feed green fodder at the rate of 1-5 kg and concentrate mixture at the rate of 1-3 kg, depending on whether the work is light, medium, or heavy.
+When not to feed ureamolasses liquid diet
+Discontinue the urea-molasses mixture if the animal salivates excessively or appears sick, or is unusually slow to move.
+Contributor: Dr. M. Y. Khan
+<section>Urea-molasses-mineral lick</section>
+Composition
+Molasses
+Urea
+Salt
+Mineral mixture
+Bentonite
+Groundnut cake
+Cottonseed cake
+Calcium oxide
+Groundnut cake and cotton seed meal can be replaced with cheaper, locally avail able cakes and meals.
+Ruminant animals, such as cattle, goats, and sheep, are able to convert nitrogen and fibrous feeds into protein and energy. Actually, the job of producing this protein and energy is done by bacteria which live in the rumen-one of the three stomachs of ruminant animals-in a process called microbial fermentation. Fibrous crop residues alone, a major feed for ruminant animals, are actually a very poor source of nitrogen, energy, and minerals. A urea-molasses-mineral (UMM) lick is an effective way to supplement nitrogen (necessary for making protein) and other essential nutrients lacking in fibrous feeds.
+Advantages
+- UMM licks contain all the nutrients essential for growth and production.
+- Adult cattle and buffalo can be maintained by licking 300500 g of UMM lick and consuming whatever crop residues are available.
+- For growing animals, 20-30 percent of concentrate can be replaced with UMM lick.
+- UMM licks are good for underfed, growing animals. The licks provide all essential nutrients and minerals, especially those required by rumen microbes for fermentation of fibrous material.
+- In low-producing and underfed lactating animals, UMM supplementation can increase milk production by 30-SO percent depending on the production level.
+- The essential minerals provided from UMM licks help in reproductive development, reducing the age to first calving.
+Preparation
+With a little instruction, UMM licks can be prepared by farmers, on-farm, without special equipment. See the amounts of ingredients in the box above labelled "Composition".
+Safe
+UMM licks are safe. The chance of urea toxicity is virtually eliminated.
+Note
+Do not leave the UMM lick exposed to the rain.
+1 Pour molasses into a tub.
+2 Mix the urea and common salt with a wooden stick on a sheet of plastic or a clean floor.
+3 Stir the urea and salt mixture into the molasses.
+4 Mix, one after the other, on a plastic sheet or on a clean floor, the mineral mixture, calcium oxide, bentonite, pow dered groundnut cake, and powdered cotton seed cake.
+5 Slowly and thoroughly stir this powdered mixture into the tub with the molasses, urea, and salt.
+6 Pour this semisolid mixture into a wooden, cardboard, or metal mould lined with polythene.
+7 The lick will set in about 24 hours.
+Cost
+UMM licks can be made on-farm for between Rs 3.20 and 3.85 per kg, depending on the filler ingredients. One kilo is enough for 2-3 days for one animal. The cost can be reduced by using cheaper, locally available filler ingredients. All ingredients are readily available in the market.
+Contributor: Dr. G. P. Singh
+<section>Clean milk production</section>
+Most farm families like to keep milch cattle. However, keeping milch cattle Is one thing, and producing clean milk is quite another. Women are often responsible for milking cows and storing and handling the milk.
+Why clean' milk?
+Milk and milk products are good for the health of every member of the family- young and old. But milk should be clean. Unclean milk causes iliness and poor health. Also, milk is a perishable commodity. Unclean milk gets spoiled quickly; it fetches a low price in the market, or may be unsalable.
+What is clean milk?
+Milk is clean when it does not contain any harmful bacteria and/or foreign matter, such as dust, cow dung, hair, flies, etc.
+A number of things are required to produce clean milk These include clean environment and premises, clean containers, clean and healthy animals, clean milking habits, and finally, clean and healthy milkers
+Clean environment and premises
+- The cow shed should be well-lit and ventilated. The floor should be made of smooth concrete or brick and should have a drain. Smooth ceilings and walls help keep the shed clean
+- Clean and disinfect the floor and the drains with water, using 2 percent phenyl after milking.
+- Periodically, whitewash the ceilings and walls. Keep them free from cobwebs, dust, and dirt.
+- Avoid feeding the animal fodder, straw, etc., immediately before milking as these can raise dust. Concentrates prepared beforehand can be given.
+Clean vessels
+Use only clean utensils for collecting milk. Dirty utensils are the main source of harmful bacteria in milk.
+Clean all milk utensils promptly after use. Do not keep them unattended for long.
+Clean the utensils with warm water using an alkali washing powder (such as sodium hypochlorite) and a stiff brush. When ash is used, rinse the utensils thoroughly. Avoid using clay to clean utensils. Dry utensils thoroughly after washing by stacking them upside down, preferably in direct sun for three hours.
+Use clean water for washing milk utensils.
+Milk containers
+- Use a narrow-mouthed pail for milking. An open-top pail allows easy access to dirt, cow dung, etc., in the milk.
+- Use a seamless pail, if possible, or the seams of the pail should be smooth and easily washable.
+Clean animals
+- Before milking, wipe the animal's udder, flanks, and tail with a clean, damp cloth.
+- Clean the udder and teats with lukewarm water. Add potassium permanganate to the water (one pinch in a bucket of water).
+- Wipe the udder and the teats dry with a clean rough cloth after washing.
+- Preferably, keep the tail of the animal tied to its hind legs during milking, to keep it from flicking dirt into the milk.
+Healthy animals
+- Ensure that the milch animal is healthy and free from diseases communicable to people. Tuberculosis and other diseases can spread through milk.
+- Examine the animal's udder every day for cracks. Treat these with an antiseptic ointment. Swelling of the udder, or pus or blood in the milk are signs of mastitis. If you see these signs, call a veterinarian.
+Clean milking
+Wash your hands and arms with soap thoroughly before milking.
+Trim your fingernails short.
+Cover your head to prevent your hair from falling in the milk.
+Wear clean clothes.
+Your hands should be dry when you milk the animal. The udder and teats should also be dry, as moisture on teats can lead to cracks. Wipe the teats dry after every milking.
+Milk the animal using the full-hand method. The thumb should not be pressed inward; the thumb knuckle should not press against the teat.
+Healthy milkers
+- The person milking the animal should be healthy. Diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and scarlet fever can be carried from infected persons into the milk.
+Clean milk storage
+- Aluminum or stainless steel cans with tight lids are good for storing and transporting milk. When tin or chrome-plated iron cans are used, see that there are no rust spots.
+- Cover the milk with a cloth to keep out dust and flies.
+- Don't keep the milk in direct sunlight as the taste of the milk changes and some vitamins are destroyed.
+- To keep milk cool, place milk cans in a tub containing cold water.
+- Don't mix fresh milk with old milk.
+- Empty milk vessels should be washed and cleaned immediately.
+Clean milk production will help you avoid unnecessary financial losses through spoilage of milk. It will also guard the members of your family against diseases carried in unclean milk.
+Contributors: Mrs. Ritu Chakravarty, Dr. Ram Chant, Mr. B. S. Mittra, Mrs. Parvinder Sharma, and Dr. Jaddish Singh
+<section>Livestock diseases</section>
+Women are often responsible for taking care of farm animals. They are, therefore, most likely to notice any disease symptoms. Take care to look for the following problems.
+Anthrax
+Symptoms
+- High fever
+- Difficulty in breathing
+- Bleeding from ears, mouth, nose, anus, and vagina
+- Blood does not clot
+- Trembling and convulsive movements
+- Animal collapses and dies quickly
+Animals susceptible
+Cattle, buffaloes, horses, pigs, camels, dogs, and humans.
+Source of infection
+Soil contaminated with bacillus anthraces spores or fodder grown on infected soil, contaminated drinking water, excrete, blood.
+Prevention and control
+- Improve hygiene.
+- Do not open the carcass for post mortem, if anthrax is suspected.
+- Burn or bury the infected carcass immediately, together with bedding and contaminated soil.
+- Bury the animal 2 m deep. Cover with quicklime on all sides and the top.
+- Never drag an anthrax carcass along the road Use a cart or ambulance which should later be thoroughly disinfected.
+- Annual vaccination with Anthrax Spore Vaccine is a must for all animals in endemic areas.
+Black quarter
+(Blackleg)
+Symptoms
+- Fever
+- Lameness
+- Swollen muscles in affected area-bubbles can be felt under the skin in the swollen area
+Animals susceptible
+Cattle. buffaloes
+Source of infection Soil contaminated with infected faeces or decomposed carcasses, contaminated foodstuffs, water, and open wounds.
+Prevention and control
+Vaccinate all animals every year before the monsoon season. swollen muscles
+Brucellosis
+(Contagious abortion)
+Symptoms
+- Abortion or retained placenta
+- Cloven-hoofed animals
+Animals susceptible
+Cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs
+Source of infection
+Aborted foetus, foetal membrane, vaginal discharge. Milk and faeces of infected animals contain the disease organisms which contaminate the environment, feed, water, and grazing ground.
+Prevention and control
+- Identify and isolate affected animals.
+- Dispose of aborted foetus, placental and uterine discharges, contaminated litter, and soil by burning or burying after covering with quicklime.
+- Vaccinate 3-6-month-old calves.
+- Make sure that fresh stock is free from the disease.
+Foot-and-mouth disease
+Symptoms
+- Blister-like sores and ulcers on udder, teats, feet, and inside the mouth, nose, and muzzle
+- Excessive salivation
+- Fever
+- Lack of appetite
+- Refusal to eat
+The disease usually lasts about a week but can last longer. It is often fatal to young animals.
+Animals susceptible
+Cloven-hoofed animals: cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs
+Source of infection
+Virus of the disease remains alive in dried saliva and can contaminate the feed. Infected animals spread enormous amounts of virus from their mouths and noses into the air. The disease can also spread through contaminated water, hay, and pastures.
+Prevention and control
+- Dispose of contaminated feed and dung in a compost pit.
+- Isolate affected animals.
+- Bury dead animals in a pit 2 m deep after covering the carcass with quicklime.
+- Get first vaccination done at the age of 6-8 weeks, followed by a booster dose 4-6 weeks later. Repeat the vaccination as advised by a veterinarian.
+Haemorrhagic septicemia
+(Galahotu)
+Symptoms
+- Fever
+- Discharge from the nose
+- Cough
+- Lack of activity
+- Lack of appetite
+- Bloat
+- Swelling of the neck
+- Laboured breathing
+- Tongue sticks out (in last stage of disease)
+Animals susceptible
+All animals in low lying areas during periods of high humidity.
+Source of infection
+The disease organism multiplies rapidly in lungs, and infected droplets are exhaled in the air. Disease is spread either by droplet inhalation or by ingestion. Sick animals also contaminate the atmosphere and grass by excreting a large number of bacteria from the nose or mouth or in the faeces. Environmental stress, starvation, chilling, or change in diet can bring on the disease.
+Prevention and control
+- In endemic areas, carry out preventive vaccination every year, one month before the onset of rains.
+- Vaccinate promptly if there is an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicemia in your area.
+- Segregate healthy animals from sick animals and from others that have come into contact with the sick animals.
+Rables
+Symptoms
+- Animal becomes aggressive
+- Bellowing
+- Frequent urination
+- Salivation
+- Constipation
+- Animal becomes vicious-runs at and tries to bite anything that moves
+- Convulsions
+- Death
+Animals affected
+All domestic animals: cattle, buffaloes, horses, mules and camels, hilt is most common in dogs and cats. Can also infect humans.
+Source of infection
+Dogs and cats are the main source of infection. Foxes act as carriers and are the most important reservoirs of the disease. The disease is communicated from animal to animal and to people chiefly by bites from rabid animals. The virus is excreted in saliva. Infection can also occur when handling infected animals. The virus can enter through scratches or wounds. Infection can also occur through licking by dogs and cats. Saliva of rabid animals infects pastures, utensils, and housing. Infected saliva remains virulent for many days. The virus can survive in water for 20-30 days. Contaminated water can transmit the disease to healthy animals.
+Prevention and control
+- Keep animals away from rabid dogs and cats.
+- Promptly wash wounds of bitten animals with water. Allow the wounds to bleed for some time. This helps to wash out the virus.
+- Apply tincture of iodine on the wounds.
+- If a dog or cat bites your livestock, keep both the livestock and the dog or cat confined and under observation for 10 days. If rabies symptoms are observed, have the livestock vaccinated.
+Rinderpest
+Symptoms
+- Very high fever
+- Discharge from the nose
+- Foul-smelling, shooting diarrhoea which contains blood and mucus
+- Difficulty in breathing
+- Watery eyes
+- Dehydration
+- Lesions on mouth and tongue
+- Animal cannot eat
+Animals susceptible
+Cattle and buffaloes.
+Source of infection
+The virus is found in saliva, discharge from eyes and nostrils, and in urine and faeces. It contaminates pastures and grasslands, and spreads by ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
+Prevention and control
+- Isolate infected animals.
+- All adult cattle and calves older than 3 months should be vaccinated.
+- Revaccinate exotic and cross-bred animals every 3 years.
+- Plug all natural openings of the carcass of dead animals with cotton to prevent spilling infected blood and discharge.
+Tuberculosis (TB)
+Symptoms
+- Low, recurrent fever
+- Weakness
+- Lack of appetite
+- Progressive loss of weight despite good nutrition and care
+- Enlarged superficial lymph nodes. You can feel them as swellings behind the ears and in front of the shoulders
+Animals susceptible
+All species
+Source of infection
+Contaminated environment, contact with infected animals, food contaminated with infected discharge, faeces, urine or milk. In damp, contaminated environments, such as watering troughs, stagnant ponds and accumulated manure, the bacteria survive for many months.
+Prevention and control
+- Have a tuberculin test done. (Consult a veterinarian.)
+- Clean and disinfect troughs for feed and water.
+- Isolate infected mothers and their calves from the herd immediately at birth.
+Contributors: Dr. Ram Chand, Dr. A. C. Mathur, and Dr. S. K. Verma
+<section>Common maladies in cattle</section>
+The most important factor adversely affecting animal production and reproduction is disease. This leads to economic losses and setbacks. Timely recognition and prevention of disease is, therefore, necessary. For this, a greater knowledge of different types of diseases is required. Many animal diseases are environmentally induced. Here are some of the important environmentally induced diseases, and how to recognize and prevent them.
+Diseases caused by unfavourable weather
+Heat stroke
+This happens when the external temperature is very high (over 40° C), and animals are kept outside either working or grazing. It can also be caused by overcrowding in badly ventilated shelters. This is especially true for poultry. Asbestos sheet and tin roofs tend to get overheated in very hot weather.
+Symptoms
+Initially, animals pant and search for water; their body temperature goes up very high; then they have trouble breathing, stop urinating, collapse, and in severe cases, die.
+Prevention
+Do not allow animals to work or graze during the day in summer when it is very hot. Work and graze animals during early mornings or late evenings. Allow animals access to plenty of water, salt, and shade. Avoid overcrowding of animals in shelters. Design animal houses so ventilation is adequate in hot weather. Insulate roofs with straw or other agricultural residue to prevent overheating. Allow buffaloes to wallow.
+Treatment
+When the animal's temperature goes very high, cool the animal with packs made by soaking strips of cloth in cold water. Give the animal plenty of fluids to drink, such as tamarind juice, sugar cane juice and coconut water. Or, make oral rehydration drink by mixing 4-5 teaspoons of sugar and l/4 teaspoon of salt in each litre of water. Move the animal to comfortable surroundings with plenty of shade and ventilation.
+Treat heat stroke by cooling the animal.
+Make oral rehydration drink of sugar, salt, sad water.
+Coughs and colds
+Extremely cold weather or a combination of cold and wet weather can lead to various disease conditions, the simplest of which are coughs and colds. This lowers the resistance of animals and makes them susceptible to more serious conditions such as haemorrhagic septicemia and ephemeral fever (or threeday sickness).
+Symptoms
+Shivering, discharge from nose and eyes, coughing, possibly accompanied by high fever. The animals huddle together, and are very slow to move.
+Prevention
+Avoid exposing animals to cold wind and rain. Provide adequate and comfortable animal houses, and dry bedding in wet and cold weather.
+Treatment
+Make surroundings comfortable. Rub wet animals dry. Rub chest with turpentine liniment, camphorated oil, or eucalyptus oil. Give animals nourishing, warm food-like gruel made of wheat, finger millet, or pearl millet flour with lots of brown sugar. If animals do not show signs of improvement in 12 hours, seek professional help.
+Diseases caused by unhygienic surroundings
+Unclean surroundings with dirt, spoiling and rotting garbage, polluted water sources, and overcrowding can lead to many disease conditions. Most of these conditions are infectious, i.e., they can spread rapidly from one animal to another and cause many animals to be sick at the same time. Some common examples:
+- Unclean milking habits lead to mastitis.
+- Unclean wounds, cuts, and sores can lead to tetanus, black leg, and even anthrax.
+- Unclean food can lead to flukes and worms in the digestive tract, as well as many other digestive problems, such as diarrhoea and vomiting.
+- Unhygienic surroundings also make conditions favourable for the breeding of ticks and mites. These external parasites transmit many diseases, such as filariasis, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis which infect the blood and can eventually lead to death of the animal.
+Prevention
+- Animal houses must be kept clean. They must be cleared of dung and urine twice a day and washed well at least once a day. Dung and urine transmit many diseases. Efficient and quick utilization of dung and urine prevents germs, worms, and other organisms from infecting other animals.
+Similarly, discharges from animals like nasal discharge, placenta and vaginal discharges can carry infection. These should be washed out of animal houses and buried. Bedding and straw on which sick animals sit can spread infection. These should be burned so they cannot contaminate the food supply of other animals.
+Animal houses should be regularly inspected for ticks, lice, and fleas. These parasites usually lay eggs in corners, nooks, and crevices. It is a good practice to fumigate animal houses with neem or tobacco leaves once in two or four weeks, depending on the severity of infection. Remove animals from the shelter when fumigating.
+Mosquitoes and flies breed in stagnant pools of water or accumulated garbage heaps. Avoid unnecessary accumulation of water and garbage; make a soak pit for water and a manure heap for organic waste.
+Humans often carry infection from one animal to another. Always wash your hands after attending to animals which are sick. It is also a good practice to wash your hands after milking one cow, before milking the next.
+In some areas, people and animals live in the same room. This can cause diseases to be transmitted from humans to animals and from animals to humans. As far as possible, keep rooms for animals and humans separate.
+Unclean cuts, wounds, and sores can lead to very dangerous conditions, such as tetanus. When animals get hurt, wash the wound well and cover with a clean, dry cloth. Prevent flies from sitting on wounds by applying locally available fly repellents, such as neem oil or camphor.
+Make sure all food and water fed to animals are clean. Food meant for animal consumption must be fresh and should not have fungus. As far as possible, ensure a clean source of drinking water for your animals. Many diseases are spread through unclean drinking water.
+If animals go out to graze every day, deworm them regularly, at least twice a year. Calves up to the age of six months should be dewormed once a month. There are many commercial deworming preparations as well as many local remedies, including decoctions of neem leaves, areca nut powder, papaya seeds, and custard apple seeds. A decoction is prepared by soaking some of the dewormer in hot water.
+If possible, isolate your sick animals from other animals in order to prevent the spread of disease.
+<section>Protect your cattle from poisoning</section>
+Poisoning
+Causes Chemicals, such as arsenic, mercury, and salt
+- Poisonous plants, such as lantana, young sorghum, and other plants in the flowering stages
+- Pesticides and medicines used in fields
+- Snake bites
+Symptoms
+The symptoms vary but poisoning can be suspected when:
+- animals suddenly fall sick or die.
+- animals show signs of illness abdominal pain groaning kicking at the abdomen diarrhoea constipation convulsions
+Treatment
+When poisoning is suspected:
+- Drench animal with 1 litre of paraffin oil or vegetable oil.
+- Drench animal with milk, water with powdered charcoal, or coconut water; or mix together 10-12 egg whites, 1/4 kg sugar and 1 litre water. Drench once a day for one or two days.
+- Seek professional help immediately if you suspect poisoning.
+Important
+Cases of poisoning difficult and expensive to cure. It is better to prevent poisoning by being careful when using poisonous substances.
+Poisons
+Source
+Symptoms
+Emergency treatment
+Arsenic
+Rat poison, insecticidal dips end sprays mischievous poisoning.
+Dark, blackish diarhoea, red mucous membrane, loss of hair, leathery skin.
+None
+Lead
+By licking lead-painted objects Some insecticidal sprays also have lead.
+Strong-smelling diarrhoea, bellowing, blindness.
+Epsom salts, 100 9 in 50 ml wafer given as drench.
+Nitrate
+Insecticidal sprays, young plants grown in nitrate rich soils. Accidental ingestion of nitrate fertilizers.
+Blue colouring inside the mouth and eyelids, rapid and laboured breathing.
+Drench with milk with egg white.
+Salt poisoning
+Excessive consumption of salt. and dryness inside
+Loss of appetite, hypersensitivity, redness slightly for smaller animals. mouth and eyelids.
+Drench 500 ml oil, followed by 500 ml of water. Reduce
+Selenium
+Plants growing in selenium-rich soil.
+Loss of hair from mane and tail, rough home, deformed hooves. Occurs over a period of time due to slow accumulation of selenium in the body.
+No emergency treatment.
+Sorghum, Sudan grass
+Young immature plants. and eyelids might turn blue, death.
+Convulsions, inside mouth feeding on the plants.
+Drench. Stop animals from
+Lantana
+Shrubs and plants of lantana.
+Skin becomes sensitive and red. Animal shuns light. Suffers diarrhoea or constipation.
+Drench. Remove lantana from pasture.
+Fungus
+Food which is stale and mouldy.
+Diarrhoea. Animals do poorly.
+Drench. Remove stale and mouldy food.
+Malathion and other term chemicals
+(Grazing on recently sprayed fields, or accidental contamination of food and water.
+Convulsions, twitching of muscles, loss of control over urination.
+Seek professional help.
+Snake bites
+Symptoms
+- Bitten animal might appear anxious.
+- There may be a wound or swollen area and fang marks on the leg or face.
+Emergency treatment
+- Locate bite.
+- Make a deep cut over the wound and allow wound to bleed freely.
+<section>Adaptation of livestock</section>
+Differences
+- Graded murrah buttaloes need more green fodder and dry fodder than local buffalo breeds in order to perform to their potential.
+- Compared to cattle, buffaloes are able to produce more milk grazing on low-quality dry fodder and crop residue.
+- Goats can survive and produce on a diet of fodder trees and shrub leaves, a diet unsuitable for cattle.
+Many environmental factors influence the health and productivity of domestic animals. If you know how animals react to different environmental conditions, you can select and breed animals that are suited to your location and have fewer health and production problems.
+Nutrition
+The quality and quantity of natural grasses vary from place to place, season to season. Different livestock species and breeds require different amounts and types of fodder for optimum production and health. Select the livestock types and adjust stocking numbers according to
+- the quantity and quality of natural grasses, cultivated fodder, and residues available from your land.
+- the quantity, quality, and productivity of fodder, fodder trees, and grasses available from common lands.
+- your ability to purchase concentrates, fodder, and residues.
+Access to water
+Different species and breeds have different requirements for water:
+- Goats, sheep, camels, and donkeys can survive on little water for long periods.
+- Buffaloes need plenty of water for wallowing in order to keep cool (this also improves milk production).
+- Lactating and working animals need more water.
+Soil acidity
+The acidity of soil affects how much nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus is available to the plants and thus indirectly to animals.
+Neutral to alkaline soils (pH 6.5 - 7.5)
+Plants assimilate large amounts of nitrogen, so are rich in protein. Large animals can be maintained on alkaline soils due to greater availability of protein, calcium, and phosphorus.
+Water sources
+Choose your species and breeds according to the availability of water through out the year from:
+- Private borewells
+- Open wells
+- Hand pumps
+- Public common property canals
+- Ponds
+- Tanks
+- Water holes
+- Streams
+- Rivers
+- Open wells
+- Borewells
+Acidic soils (pH less than 5.5)
+Natural grasses are low in protein, calcium, and phosphorus, but high in crude fibre. Small animals are more suitable to acidic soils due to lower availability of protein, calcium, and phosphorus This leads to smaller muscles and bones.
+Test the soil pH in your area and choose animals with body sizes suited to the availability of protein, calcium, and phosphorus in the natural herbage.
+Temperature
+Select animals which are adapted to the temperatures in your area.
+- In hot areas, animals with short hair coats and thin skin, well-covered with sweat glands, are best suited.
+- In cold, windy areas, animals with heavy coats for the cold season and smooth coats for the warmer periods are best suited.
+For example, buffaloes have thicker hides than cattle and a lower density of sweat glands. Hence, they need to wallow in water in order to keep cool. They should not be grazed under the midday sun.
+Terrain
+Consider the following points:
+- Large, heavy animals are at greater risk of injury when grazed on hilly terrain. Smaller-framed, nimble animals are useful here.
+- Small bullocks can plough soils that are sandy and light. Heavy and larger animals are required to plough black cotton soil and clay or loam soils.
+Ectoparasites
+- Animals indigenous to an area often possess natural immunity to tick-borne and flea-borne diseases.
+- In areas where insect-borne diseases are a particular problem, smooth-coated, short-haired animals, with large numbers of sweat glands and rich skin blood supplies, are preferred. These animals repel mosquitoes, flies, and ticks.
+- Cross-bred, exotic cattle are more prone to tick-borne diseases, such as theileriosis and babesiosis.
+Note
+Many other factors should be considered when selecting and breeding animals, including land ownership, access to labour, access to capital, technical know-how and markets. You must also consider why you are raising the animal-for dung, meat, draught, milk, mixed purpose investment?
+When selecting animals, consider:
+Technical factors
+- What health support facilities are available veterinarians, clinics, local animal healers, paraveterinarians?
+Financial factors
+- Can you afford animal health services, or would it be more economical to rear animals that are naturally diseaseresistant?
+Endoparasites
+- Internal parasites (worms, liver flukes, etc.) are a serious problem in some areas. While this is often a result of poor management, some indigenous breeds have developed resistance to endemic endoparasites.
+Rainfall and humidity
+Rainfall and humidity affect pasture production, groundwater availability and the population of ticks, mosquitoes, flies, and other insects and parasites in an area. They also influence the availability of minerals in the soil and the soil pH.
+Contributors: Ms Sagari R. Ramdas and Ms. Nitya Ghotge
+<section>Vegetables and post-harvest technologies</section>
+<section>Nutrition garden</section>
+Every family, even landless labourers, can grow nutritious vegetables. It is easy and very rewarding: you will save money, improve your diet, and avoid eating pesticide-tainted vegetables often sold in the market.
+Types of home gardens
+Large gardens (at least 500 sq m)
+Almost all types of vegetables can be grown in a large garden, including one or two large fruit plants, such as papaya, guava, lemon, grape, or dwarf mango.
+Medium-size gardens (150 to 200 sq m)
+Choose from tomato, eggplant, fenugreek, chill), French bean, bitter gourd, cucumber, spinach, amaranth, radish, turnip, carrot, lettuce, cauliflower, cabbage, summer squash, okra, cowpea, or cluster bean.
+Small gardens (less than 100 sq m)
+Choose from amaranth, spinach, fenugreek, radish, turnip, tomato, eggplant, chill), lettuce, mint, or coriander.
+Note
+If frost threatens, irrigate frequently until the danger has passed.
+Pest control
+Pests can be a serious problem. Avoid costly damage by practicing the effective and safe techniques described in the section Integrate past management. Using these simple techniques, you can also avoid costly and dangerous pesticides. See also Neem for plant protection and list of Banned and nonapproved pesticides in the glossary.
+Market-bought fertilizers
+Nitrogenous fertilizers, such as urea or ammonium sulphate, and phosphoric fertilizers, such as single superphosphate, and potassium fertilizers, such as murate of potash, are required for good vegetable and fruit crops. Single superphosphate and murate of potash should be mixed in the soil before sowing or planting. Nitrogenous fertilizers, such as urea, should be top-dressed once or twice in the standing crops.
+Tools
+A few tools can be very useful: spade, hand hoe, watering can, sickle, knife, basket, small hand sprayer, twine, and bamboo stakes.
+Container gardens
+Some vegetables grow well in pots or containers placed on sunny terraces, window ledges, balconies, verandahs, or on the roof. Fill containers with a mix of sand, soil, and manure.
+Choose from chill), tomato, coriander, mint, amaranth, spinach, table radish, kulfa, lettuce, knol-khol, French bean, okra, fenugreek, cluster bean, green onion, garlic, leek, parsley, broccoli, and tomato.
+Nutrition garden management
+- Sow or transplant seedlings in rows or lines with proper spacing.
+- Remove some seedlings if plants are crowded.
+- If many seedlings die, plant more to take their place.
+- Irrigate after transplanting.
+- Remove weeds between the rows and between plants.
+- Vegetables need regular watering for good growth and yield.
+- On larger plots, irrigate lightly every third or fourth day during summer and once every one or two weeks in winter.
+- Farm yard manure and compost are great fertilizers for vegetable gardens. Mix them in the soil about a week before sowing or transplanting. (See Vermi-composting and Organic farming)
+- Apply a nitrogenous fertilizer, such as urea, in small quantities in standing crops for higher plant growth and yield. Apply urea only when the soil is moist; otherwise, give a light irrigation after application.
+Garden layout
+Important points for laying out and planning your nutrition garden:
+- Your garden will need plenty of sunlight.
+- Rectangular gardens are better than square gardens, but any shape will do.
+- Avoid the shade of big trees.
+- Locate near a water source if possible.
+- Vegetables which lose their quality and freshness rapidly after harvest, such as spinach, amaranth, fenugreek, mint, and radish, should be given priority in the garden.
+- Plant root crops along the ridges which separate plant beds.
+- Climbing vegetables make good use of space. Train them up fences, walls, or grew them on terraces.
+- Dig one or two compost pits in a shady, unused comer of your plot.
+Nutritious vegetables
+Vegetables supply vitamins, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, and proteins for good health. Dieticians say that adults require about 300 9 of vegetables: 125 9 of green leafy vegetables, 100 9 of roots and tubers, and 75 9 of some other vegetables. But most people eat less than these amounts. The following matches important nutrients with their vegetable sources: carbohydrates potato, sweet potato, colocasia, beetroot
+Protein peas, carpet legume, French bean, cowpea, clusterbean, amaranth, broadbean
+Vitamin Carrot (yellow type), spinach, turnip, amaranth, sweet potato (yellow-fleshed), pumpkin (yellowfleshed), cabbage, fenugreek, tomato, coriander, broccoli, parsley
+Vitamin B peas, carpet legume, garlic, colocasia
+Vitamin C- tomato, turnip, green chillies, cauliflower, knol-khol, bitter gourd, radish leaves, amaranth, Brussels-sprouts, parsley
+Calcium beetroot, amaranth, fenugreek, turnip leaves, coriander, pumpkin, onion, tomato
+Potassium-sweet potato, potato, bitter gourd, radish, carpet legume
+Phosphorus garlic, peas, bitter gourd
+Iron-bitter gourd, amaranth, fenugreek, mint, Indian spinach, spinach
+Harvesting
+- Vegetables harvested at the peak of their maturity and used promptly are always superior in nutrition, flavour, taste, and appearance.
+- Harvest root vegetables while they are still tender-delay can make them pithy, tough, and unfit for consumption.
+- Harvest all fruit and pod vegetables when they attain their proper size, while they are still tender.
+- Melons, tomatoes, and ash gourd can be allowed to ripen on the vine.
+- Clip leafy vegetables frequently at their most succulent and tender stage.
+- Pumpkin, chill), colocasia tubes, and onion bulbs can be harvested as immature or mature produce.
+Vegetable crops for different seasons
+In northern parts of India, there are three distinct seasons for growing vegetables. The following lists the vegetables suited to each season.
+Winter (October-February)
+Potato, cauliflower, cabbage, knol-khol, broccoli, carrots, Brussels sprouts, kale, radish, turnip, carrot, beetroot, onion, garlic, leek, broad bean, lettuce, parsley, celery, peas, spinach, fenugreek, mustard, coriander, fennel.
+Summer (March-June)
+Okra, cowpea, cluster bean, tomato, eggplant, chill), capsicum, garden bean, pumpkin, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, luffa, cucumber, melons, amaranth, colocasia, asparagus.
+Rainy season (July-October)
+Okra, cowpea, clusterbean, chill), eggplant, tomato, capsicum, cucurbit vegetables (except melons), radish, tumip, carrots, sweet potato. colocasia.
+<section>Preserving nutrients</section>
+Many people destroy valuable nutrients when they cook their food. The following points will help you choose and prepare nutritious meals.
+Eat food fiber
+Dietary fiber, or roughage, aids in digestion. It is available in whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Whole wheat bread, bran cereals, crunchy raw carrots, and other root crops are especially valuable sources of fiber.
+Eat unpolished rice
+Eat unpolished rice. And remember, the water left after cooking your rice is very nutritious.
+Eat plenty of salad
+Salad improves your appetite and aids digestion.
+Eat fresh seasonal fruits and vegetables
+Fruits and vegetables are very nutritious, and very tasty. Eat them in season and preserve them to have all year round.
+Preserving nutrients
+Follow these tips to reduce nutrient loss during cooking and processing:
+- Eat the leaves of root vegetables, such as turnips, radish, beets, and knolkhol. Their leaves contain more nutrients than the root. Cook them with potatoes or a leafy vegetable.
+- Cook vegetables in a pressure cooker. This saves time and retains more of the vitamins B and C.
+- Salads, fruits, and vegetables should be washed first and then cut to prevent washing away water soluble vitamins B and C and minerals.
+- Cook, preserve, or process cut fruits and vegetables immediately after cutting. Long soaking of cut fruits and vegetables washes away valuable nutrients.
+- Select fresh and sound fruits and vegetables for cooking.
+- Avoid deep-frying.
+- Cook leafy vegetables on a low flame. Carrots and pumpkin can be cooked on a high flame.
+Preservation of vegetables and fruits
+1 Select raw vegetables, such as cauliflower, ginger, lotus stem, carrot, radish, and raw mango slices.
+2 Peel, cut, and wash the raw material.
+3 Place the prepared material in glass jars.
+4 Prepare a chemical solution in preboiled tap water using 3 percent salt, 0.8 percent glacial acetic acid, and 0.2 percent potassium metabisulphite.
+5 Pour the chemical solution into the glass jars containing the fruit and vegetables. Fill to the brim. (There should be about 1 1/2 as much solution as fruit and vegetable mix.)
+6 Close the jars tightly and store them in a cool and dry place.
+7 Wash the vegetables and fruit thoroughly before cooking. For pickles, pakora, and chutney, the preserved mix can be used immediately after straining.
+Preservation of whole tomato pulp
+1 Select fully ripe, red, and undamaged tomatoes.
+2 Wash them and cut them into pieces. Remove any green portions.
+3 Boil them in a stainless steel or aluminium vessel and crush the pieces with a ladle or in a blender.
+4 Boil on mild heat until the weight of the whole mass is reduced to one third, i.e., into a thick paste.
+5 Towards the end of the cooking, add a teaspoon (5 ml) of glacial acetic acid for every kg of the paste and boil for 5-8 minutes.
+6 For every kg of finished product, add 0.4 g potassium metabisulphite and 0.2 g sodium benzoate dissolved in a small amount of water. Mix thoroughly.
+7 Fill the hot crushed tomato pulp in clean dry glass jars up to the brim. Seal the jars tightly and store in a cool, dry place.
+Lactic fermentation of vegetables
+1 Select good cabbage heads and carrot roots.
+2 Remove outer leaves of the cabbage and cut them into narrow shreds. Peel carrots, wash, and shred. Mix cabbage and carrot shreds in the ratio of 1:1.
+3 To the mixed vegetables, add 2.5 percent salt and 1.5 percent mustard powder (rai).
+4 Shake the whole mass daily for up to two weeks.
+5 The fermented product is ready to eat.
+Contributor: Dr. Vijay Sethi
+Preservation
+Consider preserving your fruits and vegetables so you can enjoy them in the off season. They can be bottled, pickled, turned into chutneys, preserved as pulp or juice, fermented, or dried in the sun. There are various preservation techniques using sugar, salt, spices, chemical preservatives, or organic acids. Consult your local government nutritionist or look for someone in your community who can teach you food preservation techniques.
+<section>Preservation by fermentation</section>
+Do you grow vegetables? If so, try this simple, low-cost preservation technique. By preserving vegetables in the peak season, you can enjoy nutritious vegetables all year round.
+Fermentation
+Fermentation is a great way to preserve several types of vegetables together at one time. One of the vegetables in the mix should be cabbage. Cabbage contains substances which help in fermentation. When cabbage is not available, radish or cucumber will serve the purpose.
+Procedure
+1 Select any type of vegetable except potato, sweet potato, or other vegetables which are rich in carbohydrates. Wash the vegetables thoroughly in clean water, and wipe them dry with a clean, rough cloth.
+2 Shred the vegetables, preferably with a stainless steel knife or shredder.
+3 Cabbage (or radish or cucumber) should comprise at least half the total weight of the vegetable mix.
+4 Add 22 g (4-5 tsp) of common salt per kg of shredded vegetables and mix it thoroughly. Allow it to stand for an hour or two.
+5 Put the mixture in a glass or plastic container, such as a bucket. The size of the container depends on your requirement. If you are using a wood or earthen container, coat the inside with wax.
+6 Press down on the shredded vegetable mix until the brine solution is squeezed to the surface.
+7 Take a plastic sheet (200 gauge) twice the size of the mouth of the container and cover the mix.
+8 Press down on the plastic sheet to expel all the air.
+9 Pour water on the plastic sheet so that the sheet will be forced down on top of the vegetable mix.
+10 Fasten the hanging edges of the plastic sheet with a thick thread around the neck of the container to make it airtight.
+11 Keep the container in a cool place.
+Note
+Vegetables can be preserved by fermentation for about three months. But, once the container is opened, the vegetables in it should be used the same day. If this is not possible, preserve the leftover vegetables by bottling, refrigeration, or the use of preservatives.
+Soft drink
+To make a refreshing soft drink, add sugar and spices to the fermented juice, heat, and serve.
+Preparation
+Fermented vegetables are sour. So, wash the mixture thoroughly with water. This will remove the acid and salt. Cook the mixture to your taste.
+Fermented juice
+Instead of washing off the fermented juice, you might like to collect it and serve it as a nutritious drink. Fermented vegetable juice is rich in vitamins B and C. It is a good appetizer served before meals, and can be used as a stock for curries.
+Contributor: Dr. Suneet Mukerjee
+<section>Zero-energy cool chamber</section>
+Spoilage of fresh fruits and vegetables is a serious problem in tropical countries. Cool storage can prolong the life of fresh produce, but refrigeration equipment is expensive to buy, expensive to run, and expensive to maintain. There is, however, a practical, low-cost alternative for on-farm fruit and vegetable storage which employs the cooling power of evaporation. Zero energy cool chambers stay 10- 15° C cooler than the outside temperature and maintain about 90 percent relative humidity. And they are easy to build out of locally available materials, such as brick, sand, bamboo, straw, and gunny bags.
+Living and breathing
+Fresh fruits and vegetables are alive. They breath and ripen even after harvest. Cool temperatures stew this process, allowing you to keep your fresh produce longer and avoid spoilage.
+Construction
+1 Select a raised site close to a source of water.
+2 Make a floor with bricks.
+3 Erect a double wall 70 cm high, leaving a cavity 7.5 cm wide between the two walls.
+4 Drench the chamber with water.
+5 Soak fine, river-bed sand with water.
+6 Fill the cavity between the double wall with this wet sand.
+7 Make a cover frame of bamboo, sirki, straw, or dry grass.
+8 Build a thatched-roof shed over the chamber to shield the chamber from direct sun and rain.
+Operation
+- Keep the sand, bricks, and top cover of the chamber wet.
+- Water twice daily, in the morning and evening. A drip system can be built with plastic pipes, microtubes connected to an overhead water source.
+- Store your fruits and vegetables in perforated plastic crates. Do not use bamboo, wood, or fibreboard boxes because these will be damaged by moisture.
+Advantages
+- Can be constructed by an unskilled person No mechanical or electrical energy is needed.
+- Allows small farmers to store produce for a few days and thus avoid costly rush selling.
+- Ideal for household storage.
+- Reduces losses and thus pays for itself in a short time.
+- Useful for temporary storage of curd, milk, and cooked food.
+- Can also be used for mushroom cultivation, raising silk - worms, and storage of biofertilisers.
+Disadvantages
+- Requires a significant capital investment
+- Operation relies on a reliable source of water throughout the year.
+Shelf life of fruits and vegetables in zero- energy cool chamber
+Produce
+Time of storage
+Outside(days)
+Cool chamber(days)
+Leafy vegetables
+Summer
+Winter
+Other vegetables
+Summer
+Winter
+Potato
+Spring/Summer
+Mango
+Summer
+Orange
+Winter
+Notes
+Build your chamber on a site where breezes blow.
+Build on an elevated site to avoid waterlogging.
+Use clean, unbroken bricks with good porosity.
+Sand should be clean and free of organic matter, clay, etc.
+Keep the bricks and sand saturated with water.
+Prevent water drops from contacting stored produce.
+Keep the chamber clean.
+The empty chamber should be treated with an approved fungicide and insecticide.
+Caution
+Remove all produce before treating the chamber with insecticide or fungicide.
+Cost of cool chamber
+Bricks (400)
+Rs 400
+Sand
+Rs 50
+Bamboo
+Rs 30
+Other accessories
+Rs 120
+Outside shed
+Rs 400
+Total
+Rs 1000
+Contributor: Dr. S. K. Roy
+<section>Bamboo iceless refrigerator</section>
+In rural areas, storage of vegetables, milk, and other perishable food items is a problem, especially in the hot summer months. The bamboo iceless refrigerator is a low-cost device for storing food. It can be made easily by rural women out of commonly available materials.
+Materials needed:
+- A cylindrical basket made of bamboo or slender sticks of wood with an open weave
+- A loose-fitting lid
+- Jute cloth
+- Metal or clay tray (circular or square)
+- Stones or bricks.
+Build the iceless refrigerator large enough to meet your family's requirements.
+Construction
+1 Cover the basket loosely with the jute cloth. Sew the jute cloth around the rim of the basket. The lower end of the cloth must hang loosely around the bottom, exceeding the length of the basket.
+2 Arrange four or five bricks or stones in a circle. Place the metal or clay tray on top.
+3 Place three to five stones (or bricks broken in half) in a circle inside the tray.
+4 Place the jute-covered basket on top of the stones in the tray. basket loose-fitting lid
+5 Fill the tray with water. Make sure that the loose ends of the jute cloth dip into the water.
+Using the iceless refrigerator
+6 Place your perishable food in the basket.
+7 Cover the basket with the loose-fitting woven lid. Cover the lid with a loose fitting, wet jute cloth.
+8 The water will evaporate from the cloth, keeping the contents of the basket cool and fresh. Dampen the jute material-top and sides periodically with clean water.
+Source: Consortium of Rural Technology, New Delhi
+<section>Organic farming</section>
+<section>Organic farming</section>
+Deadly
+Pesticides are dangerous to human health: 22,000 people die in developing countries each year from pesticide poisoning.
+High dosages of fertilizers and liberal use of synthetic pesticides can pollute water, air, and soil. Pests can develop resistance to pesticides and previously unimportant pests can emerge
+The health of the soil is also adversely affected. Certain micronutrients such as zinc, copper, and iron can become deficient in the soil over a period of time. As a result, it becomes increasingly difficult for farmers to sustain high yields year after year.
+How can we face this critical dilemma of consistently obtaining high crop yields without polluting soil, air, and water, and without depleting soil fertility? The answer perhaps lies
+In organic farming.
+What is organic farming?
+The aim of organic farming is to increase productivity with minimum reliance on chemicals, while at the same time conserving resources. It is a rediscovery of the practices of our ancestors, but with a modern and scientific outlook. It nurtures the soil rather than just a particular crop.
+The use of synthetic chemicals is minimized (to the level of bare necessity). There is a greater reliance on conservation and use of all resources available on the farm, including animal, human, and plant wastes.
+The goal of organic farming is to achieve stability without sacrificing high production and without polluting water, soil, and air.
+It requires a multidimensional approach emolovina many practices.
+Integrated nutrient management
+- Use minimum tillage practices to conserve soil organic matter and biotic life including earthworms.
+- Convert all available biomass on the farm into compost rather than burning or otherwise wasting it. (See Compost-making and Vermicomposting.)
+- Add at least 2-3 tonnes of compost per hectare annually. The ideal is 10 tonnes per hectare.
+- Apply green manure to the fields after every second or third year. For instance, prunings from gliricidia or other leguminous trees planted on bunds can be incorporated in the rice fields at the time of puddling. This can reduce or eliminate the need for artificial fertilizers.
+Incorporate leguminous plant material into the soil.
+- Make up soil deficiencies, if any, (on a soil test basis) by applying minerals such as rock phosphate, gypsum, and pyrites.
+- Manage weeds using nonchemical methods, rather than trying to eradicate weeds. (See Nonchemical methods of weed control.)
+- Leave the weeds taken out of the fields to form a mulch and to decompose in the soil itself Or use them for making compost.
+- Adopt suitable crop rotations, mixed cropping and intercropping, instead of growing one and the same crop year after year. This uses soil layers, space, and sunlight differently..
+- Include legumes in the rotation; inoculate them with rhizobium culture.
+Integrated pest and disease management
+Organic farming uses various practices to manage the pest population at a safe level (one that does not cause economic injury) rather than completely destroying them using synthetic chemicals.
+These practices include the following:
+- Invert the soil after harvesting a crop to expose pests.
+- Clean bunds and channels of grasses which harbour pests.
+- Grow pest-tolerant varieties.
+- Sow the crops at the right time.
+- Sow healthy seeds.
+- Increase the seed rate so that uprooting insectand disease-infected plants later does not affect optimum plant populations.
+- Hand-pick and destroy egg masses, gregarious larvae, caterpillars, and adult beetles.
+- Use light traps.
+- Apply sticky grease bands on fruit trees to stop insects from crawling up the trunk.
+- Release insect parasites and predators, and apply biological control agents such as Bacillus thurigensis.
+- When pesticides are used, restrict these to a few mainly plant-based pesticides: neem, karanj products, derris (also known as rotenone), and pyrethrum
+Integrated soil and water management
+Apply irrigation water efficiently to avoid wasting water and controlling soil erosion and loss of nutrients through runoff and leaching. For this:
+- Irrigate your crops only when needed, use only the required amount of water. For instance, fields can be divided into small sections which can be irrigated separately.
+- Do not apply excess water at any one time. Avoid leaching soil nutrients beyond the root zone.
+- Keep your fields levelled.
+- Consider constructing prefabricated concrete channels to avoid water seepage and leaching of nutrients.
+- Harvest water by constructing bunds, channels, and tanks to store water for future use.
+- Conserve water in the soil by using mulch, cultivating along the contour, and breaking the soil crust to slow the evaporation of water from the surface.
+Contributors/Sources: Dr. V. N. Shroff, Mr. C. V. Sheshadri, Ms. Chitra Gandhi, Dr. W. R. Deshpande, and Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Compost making</section>
+Turn organic waste into compost for improved soil fertility and sustained crop production.
+What is composting?
+Composting is a big-chemical process in which micro-organisms decompose organic waste matter-crop residue, kitchen wastes, cowdung, urine-into a soil-improving product called compost.
+The final product is a uniform, black mass of rotten, nutrient rich manure.
+Advantages of adding compost to soil
+Compost:
+- supplies nutrients.
+- improves microbial activity, which helps release soil nutrients for use by plants.
+- checks pollution from manure heaps and leaching of urine into the soil.
+- reduces the need for chemical fertilizers which are costly and potentially damaging to the environment.
+- increases the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen, improving physical properties of soil and allowing higher response to chemical fertilizers and higher crop yields.
+- improves soil structure, improving drainage and making tillage easier.
+- increases the water-holding capacity of soil.
+- helps check wind erosion by improving soil structure.
+Selection of site for composting
+Your compost pit should be:
+- easy to inspect.
+- built on higher ground to avoid waterlogging.
+- near the cattle shed and a source of water.
+- located away from the road to avoid contamination by lead and other toxic metals which, in turn, could contaminate food crops affecting the health of humans and livestock.
+Caution
+Compost and farmyard manure are major sources of weed seeds. Weed seeds withstand partial decomposition, therefore, put only fully decomposed compost and farmyard manure on your fields.
+Three methods for making compost
+Indore method
+Raw materials for composting
+Plant residues-Mix plant residues, weeds, sugarcane tops, leaves, grass, wood ash, bran, etc. Chop and crush hard woody material
+Dung-Collect dung and bedding of farm animals, including the urine-soaked mud from animal sheds.
+Wood ash-Wood ash reduces compost acidity and adds potassium.
+Water and air-Both are necessary for bacterial and fungal activity.
+Size of the compost pit
+Width 2 to 2.75 m
+Depth 0.75 to 1 m (not more than 1 m)
+Length 3 m or more as required.
+Method of filling the pit
+1 Spread raw material evenly in the pit in layers 7 cm thick.
+2 Add a layer of wood ash (if available) along with urine and mud.
+3 Next spread a 5-cm layer of bedding with cattle dung and soil. Sprinkle with water until moist.
+4 Continue adding layers until the material is 30 cm above ground level. Apply water. The heap will shrink as it decomposes.
+5 Turn over the heap three times. Moisten with water each time.
+Turning
+Decomposition needs proper mixing as well as circulation of water and air. You can ensure this by turning over the material three times:
+First turning 10-15 days after filling the pit.
+Second turning 15 days later.
+Third fuming after 2 months.
+At the third turning, you can take it out of the pit and put it back in. This helps the bacteria to take nitrogen out of the air. In regions of heavy rainfall, compost pits should be covered by a shed. Compost-making should be discontinued between June and September.
+Bangalore method
+Raw material Same as for the Indore method.
+Size of the pit
+Width 2 m
+Depth 1 m
+Length 6 m
+Method of filling the pit
+1 Spread a 1 5-cm layer of farm refuse on the bottom of the pit and moisten this with water.
+2 Follow this with a 5-cm layer of cattle dung and urine soaked mud.
+3 Next apply a 2. 5- to 5-cm layer of soil.
+4 Repeat the process until the heap is about 0.5 m above ground level.
+The material decomposes within 8 to 9 months and the finished product is ready for use.
+Nadep method (above ground)
+Raw materials Waste organic material-about 1,500 kg. Cattle dung-90 to 100 kg (8-10 baskets) Dry-sieved soil-1,750 kg (120 baskets). Urine-soaked soil is most effective. Remove glass, stones, plastic, and other nondecomposable substances. Water-Enough to keep the pit moist.
+Tank construction
+Build a rectangular tank (3 m long, 2 m wide and I m high) made of brick walls and floor with mud mortar. Leave holes in the tank walls for aeration (about four holes along each side wall and two holes in each end wall). Plaster the inner walls and the bottom of the tank with a mud and cow-dung mixture.
+Method of filling
+First layer-15-cm compact layer of plant waste material.
+Second layer-Cow-dung slurry: about 4 kg of cow dung mixed with 10 buckets of water (drench thoroughly).
+Third layer-Add a 2-cm layer of fine, sieved soil (60 to 65 kg).
+Keep adding layers in this way until the material is heaped 15 cm above the lip of the tank. Add another 7-cm layer of fine soil on top of the heap. Seal the tank with cow-dung plaster.
+For best results
+- Build a temporary shed of thatch and bamboo to shield your compost tank from direct sunlight and rain.
+- After three to four months, digestion (composting) is complete. Do not disturb the pit during this crucial period.
+- Compost is dark and has a pleasant smell. Sieve this compost through a thick mesh and it is ready to use.
+Contributor/Source: Dr. V. N. Shnoff and Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Vermi-composting</section>
+What is vermi-composting?
+Vermi-composting is the process by which earthworms convert organic waste into fertile manure. With a little knowledge of earthworms and an investment of time and some inexpensive materials, you can fertilize your garden with rich vermicompost.
+Living composters
+Earthworms live in the soil, mixing it, making it porous as they help decompose soil organic matter. Earthworm casts are the excrete of earthworms. These casts contain five times the nitrogen of ordinary soil, seven times the phosphorus, eleven times the potash, two times the calcium and magnesium, and eight times the actinomycetes (useful bacteria).
+Earthworms:
+- feed on soil and soil organic matter and convert it to compost, making the soil rich in nutrients.
+- encourage growth of useful micro-organisms, which also make soil rich.
+- aerate and pulverise soil.
+- are natural tillers of the soil.
+- make soil porous, improving drainage.
+- increase the water-holding capacity of soil.
+- produce enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and antibiotics, thereby increasing immunity of plants against some pests.
+Advantages of vermi-compost over other fertilizers
+- Low cost to produce
+- Easy to use
+- Not harmful to useful soil organisms
+- Converts organic matter to useful plant food
+- Source of income
+Earthworms suitable for vermi-composting There are two types of earthworm:
+Surface feeders convert waste matter into humus. Surface feeders are needed for vermi-composting. Certain species introduced from Africa are very efficient humus producers. They can be bought from companies which produce vermicompost. Some important species: Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugivae, Perionyx excavates, Lumbricus rubellus.
+Deep feeder move soil and humus around and aerate the soil. Most Indian earthworm species are deep-feeders and are not suitable for vermi-composting.
+Materials required for vermi-composting For a 10-sq-m plot:
+- Dry organic matter-200-300 kg
+- Decomposed farmyard manure 300-400 kg
+- Organic wastes-700-800 kg
+- Earthworms-10,000
+- Water-ready supply
+Method of preparation
+1 Erect a shed 5 m wide and 12 m long.
+2 Under the roof of this shed, build a long, thin rectangular (1 m wide and 10 m long) bed of organic matter 15 cm deep.
+3 On top of this, spread a layer of decomposed manure or biogas slurry 15 cm deep.
+4 Moisten the bed with water and leave it for 48 hours.
+5 Place earthworms uniformly at the rate of 1,000 per sq m on the top layer.
+6 Spread a 20-cm layer of organic wastes, litter, etc., over the earthworms.
+7 Cover with gunny cloth and sprinkle water regularly to keep the plot wet. During summer months, you might have to sprinkle water twice a day.
+8 Turn the material after 30 days, cover it again with gunny cloth and keep it moist.
+9 The whole material is converted to humus, called vermicompost, in 65-70 days.
+10 You can build a second bed next to the first. Use the earthworms from the first bed to repeat the process. Two beds of this type will produce about 1 tonne of vermicompost every 3 months.
+Application of vermi-compost
+Field-2. 5 tonnes per hectare
+Pots-50 grams per pot
+Trees-apply vermi-compost at the rate of 100-200 g per tree, or place 100-200 worms around the tree trunk.
+Reproduction
+Under ideal conditions, earthworms multiply 20 to 25 times in
+65-70 days. Use a sieve to separate the vermi-compost from the earthworms.
+Use the earthworms to repeat the above process to make vermi compost throughout the year.
+Keep moist
+- Surface-feeding earthworms can survive only if the surface soil is kept moist. This can be done with drip irrigation. (See
+Efficient use of irrigation water.)
+- Where surface soil dries out, apply vermicompost each year at the beginning of the rainy season.
+Developing an earthworm population
+You can develop an earthworm population by placing earthworms or worm casts in the soil. After this, it is not necessary to apply vermi-compost; simply apply organic matter which the worms will convert into compost.
+Maintenance
+Take care to maintain an optimum number of earthworms in your fields. Their population is adversely affected by:
+- use of chemical fertilizers.
+- use of certain pesticides against soil-borne pests.
+- inappropriate cultivation techniques, like use of rotary cultivators.
+- acidification of soil.
+- insufficient organic matter in the soil.
+Earthworms are your friends. Protect them and nurture them in your fields. Adding vermi-compost and reducing the application of inorganic fertilizers will increase populations of deepburrowing earthworms, which turn over and aerate the soil.
+Contributors: Dr. W.R. Deshpande, Dr. Chitra Srivastara and Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Bio-inoculants</section>
+Bio-inoculants are living organisms containing strains of specific bacteria, fungi, or algae which:
+- take nitrogen from the air and make it available to plants- reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizer.
+- make inorganic phosphate and micronutrients soluble and available to plants.
+- collect and store available nutrients.
+- enhance plant uptake of phosphorus and zinc.
+- provide physical barriers against pathogens.
+- stimulate plant growth.
+- decompose organic residues.
+Biological nitrogen-fixation
+Atmospheric nitrogen is taken from the air-or "fixed"-by micro-organisms which live on some leguminous and non leguminous plants.
+Rhizobium
+These bacteria live in nodules on the roots of legumes. Legume seeds can be inoculated to encourage the growth of nitrogen fixing nodules.
+Rhizobia:
+- meet 80 to 90 percent of the nitrogen requirements of legume crops.
+- increase production of legume crone.
+- benefit successive crops.
+- minimize the chance of crop failure.
+- increase soil fertility.
+- are cost effective.
+- are pollution free.
+About 200 g of good quality rhizobium culture is enough to
+An, treat 12-15 kg of seed. There are specific cultures for different crops. You can buy rhizobium inoculant from agricultural extension centres, agricultural universities, private dealers, and the National Biofertilizer Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
+Azotobacter and Azospirillum
+These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in cereal crops. Azotobacter produce antifungal compounds against many plant pathogens and control nematode diseases. Azospirillum increase germination and improve vigour of young plants. One kg of seed needs 5 g of inoculant. This will fix 30 kg/ha of nitrogen per year.
+Blue-green algae
+Blue-green algae can fix 25-30 kg/ha of nitrogen per year. A paddy crop needs 10 kg/ha of algal powder, available from the National Biofertilizer Development Centre. Algal powder is not required after 3-4 years of continuous use in the field.
+Blue-green algae in a paddy crop:
+- produces 25-30 kg nitrogen (equivalent to 55-65 kg urea) per ha, and enhances yield 10 to 12 percent.
+- is cost effective and pollution free.
+- provides more oxygen to paddy roots.
+- benefits the next crop.
+Algae production
+1 Prepare shallow trays (2 m x I m x 20 cm) of galvanized iron sheet. The size can be increased if more material is to be produced.
+2 Spread 8-10 kg of soil and mix well with 200 g of super phosphate.
+3 Add water to the trays (5 to 15 cm deep) depending on the rate of evaporation. The soil should be about neutral. If it is acidic, add lime.
+4 After the soil has settled, sprinkle the algal culture on the surface of the standing water. Keep the trays in the open air, in direct sunlight.
+5 Growth of the algae will be rapid in the hot summer months and in about 7 to 10 days they will form a thick mat. If the daily rate of evaporation is high, add water regularly. When the algal growth becomes sufficiently thick, stop watering.
+Azolla
+Azolla is a floating fresh water fern. It grows in stagnant water. The fern forms a green mat over the water surface. It readily decomposes to ammonia which is available to rice plants. Apply 10 kg of powdered, dry azolla fern per hectare.
+Application Seed treatment-Rhizoblum and Azotobacter Top dressing-Rhizoblum, Azotobacter, PSM Crops Legumes-Rhizablum + PSM Cereal-Azotobacter + PSM Legumes mixed with nonlegumes-Rhizoblum + Azotobacter + PSM
+For more information contact the National Biofertilizer Development Centre, CGO Complex 11, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
+Mycorrhiza
+Mycorrhiza are fungi which live in association with the roots of crops. The fungi stimulate plant growth, help the plants use phosphate, and protect the plants from disease. One kg of crop seed needs 7-10 g of inoculant, available from Mycology and Plant Pathology Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, and the Department of Botany, Delhi University.
+PSM
+Phosphate solubilising micro-organisms (PSM) convert soil phosphorus into forms that plants can use. To use PSM, mix 3 kg of PSM, 50 kg of farmyard manure, and the crop seed. Drill them together.
+Methods of application
+Bio-inoculants can be used two ways: as seed treatment and as top dressing in the soil.
+Moisten the seed and sprinkle the inoculum at a rate of 5-10 g per kg of moist seed. Mix thoroughly and dry in the shade for an hour. Sow the inoculated seed immediately.
+Top dressing
+For legumes, mix 1.5 kg rhizobium or 0.5 kg Azotobacter or 3 kg PSM in 50 kg of farmyard manure or compost. Top dress.
+For cereals and millets, use 2 kg of PSM.
+Broadcasting
+Mix 3 kg of PSM with 100 kg of farmyard manure and broadcast the granular mixture. Can be broadcast in a standing crop seed treatment
+Source: Dr. W. R. Deshpande
+<section>Multipurpose trees and shrubs</section>
+Selection criteria
+Select tree species and varieties that have these features:
+- Adaptability to local climatic conditions
+- Multiple uses high demand and value of the produce
+- Fast growth, short time to harvest
+- Vigorous regrowth after cutting
+- Nitrogen-fixing ability
+- Ability to improve soil
+- Compatible with ground vegetation
+- Easy management
+Fuel and fodder collection is hard, time-consuming work for farm women. Multipurpose trees, grown on the farm in an organized manner, can significantly improve farm incomes by providing food, fodder, fuelwood, timber, gum, and building and fence poles, while reducing drudgery for farm women.
+Trees consume carbon dioxide and release vital oxygen, maintain cool weather, increase rainfall, and protect soil from erosion and loss of productivity.
+Trees on farm land
+Suitable multipurpose trees can be incorporated on farm lands for a variety of uses.
+Mainly protective
+Windbreaks and shelter belts
+In places where wind erosion is severe, like arid and desert areas, wind breaks and shelter belts of trees, such as Israeli babul, can reduce erosion.
+Live hedges
+Species, like vilayati babul and brij babul, can be grown as hedges around fields. They can serve as animal barriers, reduce soil erosion, and provide fodder, timber, and fuelwood.
+Soil conservation
+Species, like desi babul, ardu, and shisham, are reported to be good soil binders and help conserve soil.
+Mainly productive
+Boundary planting
+Many tree species, such as eucalyptus, can be grown around farm boundaries for additional returns without adversely affecting crop yields. Care must be taken in site selection to avoid crop shading. Tree roots should be pruned by digging a trench along the crop boundary.
+Agri-silvipasture, agri-horticulture
+Forest trees, like shisham, anjan, subabul, and fruit trees, like aonla, guava, mulberry, and ber, can be introduced at suitable spacings in agricultural systems to stabilize the farm system and provide additional returns.
+Silvipasture, hortipasture
+As above, many of the same forest and fruit trees can be introduced in pastures and grasslands.
+Home gardens
+In humid regions, a mixture of many trees and shrubs in a multitier system can be profitable and ecologically sustainable.
+Alley cropping
+Hedges of subabul and gliricidia can be grown 8-10 m apart. Crops can be planted between the hedges. The hedges should be pruned regularly and the prunings used as mulch or fodder.
+Multipurpose woodlots
+Multipurpose trees, like babul, desi siris, shisham, eucalyptus, sesbania, subabul, ber, casuarina, neem, and kathal, can be planted on community bunds for fuelwood, charcoal, timber, poles, medicine, gum, pulp, and fodder.
+Contributors: Dr. Punjab Singh and Dr. R S. Chillar
+<section>Seed production and storage</section>
+<section>Produce your own wheat, rice and pulse seeds</section>
+Note
+Make sure you start with pure clean seed stock.
+After three years, it is best to buy new seed from a reputable seed vendor.
+Do not try to produce seed of cross-pollinated crops, such as maize or sorghum.
+Save money by producing your own seed of wheat, rice, and other self-pollinated crops. Make sure you start with pure, clean seed with desirable characteristics, suited to your growing conditions and to your needs.
+1 Lay out your seed plot so that the variety being produced is isolated from other varieties.
+2 Before sowing, clean the seed drill properly. No other seed should remain in any part of the drilling machine.
+3 Examine the seed plot at different stages of crop growth. Remove:
+- other crop plants
+- weeds
+- off-types (plants with characteristics different from those of the variety being produced)
+- diseased plants
+4 Harvest and thresh the seed plot before harvesting the main crop.
+5 Clean the thresher and threshing floor properly before threshing the seed crop.
+6 After threshing, clean the seed with a winnowing basket and remove small and cut seeds with the help of a sieve.
+7 Dry the seed to a safe seed-moisture level. Store the seed in a proper container.
+8 To prevent infestation by insects, fumigate your seed with Celphos 1-2 tablets of Celphos will fumigate 100 kg of seed.
+9 Before sowing, treat the seed with a proper fungicide. For example, treat wheat seed with Vitavax at 2.5 g/kg of seed to prevent the seed crop from infection by loose smut.
+Contributor: Dr. S. P. Sharma
+<section>Storage of grain and seed</section>
+About 70 percent of grain is retained by farmers for food, feed, seed, and sale or barter. During storage, grain declines in quality and quantity. These losses are caused by insects, rodents, birds, mould, heat, and spillage. Here are some simple methods which farm women can use to safely store grain. (See Safe grain storage structures )
+Note
+If you keep grain in cloth or gunny bags, open the windows of the storeroom during dry, sunny weather to allow ventilation.
+Before storage
+- Dry and clean your grain. The length of time needed to dry the grain will depend on the weather. Bite a grain to test its moisture content: if it cracks when you bite it, it is dry enough to store. If possible, dry the grain on a cement floor or hard, smooth, crack-free floor. Otherwise use plastic sheets or tarpaulins spread on the ground.
+- Stir or turn the grain occasionally for uniform drying.
+- Cover the grain to protect it from dusty winds.
+- Clean and disinfect the storage structure remove all dirt and debris.
+- Bird-proof the grain storage structure by stretching nets or wire mesh over the openings.
+Storage
+- Store only clean, dry, unbroken grain which is free from foul smell.
+- Do not store grain in loose heaps or in damaged bags. Use gunny bags or bins.
+- Store the grain away from wet areas.
+- Do not place grain sacks near walls. Store grain sacks raised above the ground. This prevents entry of moisture from the walls and ground.
+- Do not mix old grain with new grain. Also, do not store grain from a new crop near the grain from an old crop.
+- Mix your grain with dried kernels of neem or use other plants with insecticidal effects, such as pyrethrum.
+After storage
+- Inspect the grain regularly for insects, rodents, and other pests. Take appropriate preventive measures. (See other sections in this manual.)
+- From time to time, spread the grain in the sun. Spray with insecticides only if a large number of insects are detected.
+- Regularly test the grain for moisture and re-dry when necessary.
+- Keep storage structures and surroundings clean.
+Seed storage
+Generally there is a gap of 7-10 months from the time of harvest until the crop's next sowing. Depending on the crop, the seed produced in one season must be saved for planting in the next season. The quality of the seed at the time of sowing depends on the quality of the seed that entered storage and how well it was stored.
+Note
+Seed does not improve in storage. So, if you start with inferior seed, then you will end with inferior seed, no matter how much care you take.
+Quality seed
+Good quality seeds:
+- germinate well.
+- are free from dirt and seeds of other plants.
+- are free from disease.
+Caution
+Do not eat grain that has been treated with chemicals such as Celphos (aluminium phosphide).
+Seed grain needs special care
+- Seed grain must be dried and cleaned more thoroughly than food grains before storage.
+- During storage, use chemicals such as Celphos (aluminium phosphide) for seeds-but not for grains intended for consumption. Celphos is banned for food grains. One tablet of Celphos will treat 100 kg of seed. Place the tablet at the bottom of the seed container. It gives off a gas which keeps insects in check. The gas given off by Celphos is extremely harmful. After treatment, spread the seeds in the sun to allow the gas to escape, then wash the seeds with water and dry them in the sun.
+- Do not disturb the seeds, but check them regularly for damage. If disease or pest damage is found, clean and disinfect the seeds.
+- Try to keep seed bins airtight.
+- Seeds to be stored in small quantities, such as vegetable seed, can be placed in a cloth bag inside a polythene bag. Tie the bags tightly.
+Where to store seed
+- Store seed separately from the grain crop. Store the seed in a room or bin made of stone, brick, or cement.
+- Before sowing, test germination. Take 100 seeds at random. Put them in moist sand. At least 85 of the 100 seeds should germinate. If fewer than this number germinate, increase the amount of seed you sow.
+Note
+Seeds of certain crops store better unshelled, such as: maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut, cowpea, and sunflower. Shell these just before sowing.
+Keep your seeds dry, cool, clean, and safe from pests. Check your seed stock regularly for moisture and pest damage.
+Storage procedure
+- Harvest the seed crop separately at the time of proper field maturity. Harvest seed only from healthy uniform plants.
+- Thresh the seed gently to avoid damaging the seed coats. Remove broken, damaged, or diseased seeds, seeds of weeds and other crops, chaff, straw, soil, and other matter.
+- Dry the seed thoroughly by spreading it uniformly over a clean sheet, or pucca floor made of stone, brick, or cement.
+- Bite a few seeds to test for moisture content. Seeds which are hard to crack are dry enough for storage.
+- Place the clean, dry seed in clean bags-gunny bags, hessian bags, or cloth bags-or plastic containers, metal bins, earthen pots, or mud-plastered bamboo bins.
+- Spread a layer of sand, straw, or wood ash at the bottom of the container. This will help to keep the seed dry.
+- Place dry neem leaves in the bags or containers. Neem controls insect infestation, especially in pulses which are easily damaged by insects.
+- Seal the lid of containers with a mud pack mixed with linseed oil.
+Maintenance of the seed store
+- Dry seed bags in the sun at least every 3 or 4 months.
+- Regularly inspect your seed.
+- If the seed of any crop shows signs of insect infestation, remove it from the store.
+- Clean and dry the infested seed and its container. Store this seed in a separate place for 2 to 3 weeks. Check for reappearance of insects. Return it to the storeroom only if it remains free from insects.
+- Empty and fumigate the seed store at least twice a year and seal it with cow dung cake and straw to keep it dry and free from insects.
+- Inspect the storeroom roof before the rainy season.
+Contributors: Dr. Malvika Dadlani, Dr. A. Alam and Dr. K.S. Sckhon
+<section>Safe grain storage structures</section>
+Quality
+Grain quality in storage is affected by physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological factors.
+- Temperature
+- Birds
+- Moisture
+- Rodents
+- Insects
+Farm families work very hard to grow as much grain as possible from their small plots. It is a costly shame, therefore, that as much as 15 percent of what they keep for food, feed, seed, and sale is damaged or lost in storage. Considering that farm families store about 70 percent of the grain they produce, this amounts to a considerable loss. But something can be done. about these losses. The following are some grain storage structures especially designed to preserve and protect the grain crop.
+Grain bins
+Traditional storage bins
+Farm families use various grain bins of local design, made from locally available materials, such as bamboo, clay, mud, straw, jute bags, bricks, and wood. Traditional grain bins can be grouped into two main categories:
+- Those made of unburnt or burnt clay, stone slabs, or bricks used to store grains and legumes. These bins restrict airflow but are ineffective against rodents and moisture.
+- Those made of bamboo, wood, straw, or other dried plant material, used for storage of paddy and maize. These bins allow free flow of air for drying but are open to insects, rodents, fire, domestic animals, rain, and subsoil water.
+Improvised storage structures
+Stone slab, brick, and burnt clay bins can be made moisture-proof by placing polythene sheets between two layers of brick or slab and by building the bin on a raised platform. Such structures are safe for effective fumigation.
+Bins for community use and for urban households Many other bin designs are available. Larger bins can be used by several households or whole communities. Smaller bins made of metal or plastic are suitable for households in urban areas. They can be bought from commercial manufacturers or made locally. Contact the addresses below for more information.
+- Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee brick masonry bins
+- Structural Engineering Research Centre, Roorkee reinforced concrete bins
+- M/s Pest Control India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi-reinforced concrete bins
+- M/s Polyethylene Film Industries Pvt. Ltd., Madras-high-density polyethylene bins
+- U. P. Agricultural University, Pantnagar-Pantnagar kutala
+- Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun-timber silos
+- Space Research Institute, Trivandrum-glass fibre bins
+- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 12
+List of insect pests and nature of damage
+Common name/Scientific name
+Nature of damage
+Angoumois grain moth/Sitotroga cerealella severe.
+Larva bores into the grain and feeds on its contents. Grains give off an unpleasant smell and appear damaged when infestation is
+Rice moth/Corcyra cephalonica
+When infestation is high, the entire stock of grain can be cov red in a webbed mass of larvae.
+Indian meal moth/Plodia interpunctuella
+Grain is damaged by active, crawling caterpillars which can completely web over the surface of a heap of grain with their silken threads.
+Almond moth/Cadra cautella
+Caterpillars tunnel into the stored food.
+Khapra beetle/Trogoderma granarium
+Grubs eat the grain, finishing with the embryo. In severe infestation, grains are reduced to mere dust.
+Rice weevil/Sftophilus oryzae
+Larvae and adults feed inside grain.
+Rust-red four beetle/Tribollum castaneum
+Does considerable damage to flour and flour products. In the case of severe infestation, flour turns greyish and mouldy.
+Lesser grain borer/Rhizopertha dominica
+Adult grubs cause serious damage to the grains, reducing them mere shells with many irregular holes.
+Grain dhora (pulse beetle) /Callosobruchus drinensis
+Young larva bores into the grain and completes its life cycle inside the grain. Pulses become unfit for human consumption.
+Saw-toothed grain beetle/Oryzaephilus surinamensis
+Scrapes off grain surface and burrows holes.
+Long-headed flour beetle/Latheticus oryzae
+Feeds on broken grains and flour.
+Flat grain beetle/Crytolestes minutus
+Feeds on broken grains.
+<section>Improved rodent-free grain storage</section>
+How to detect rats
+Squeaking and scratching noises
+- Odour
+- Rat droppings and urine marks
+- Burrows
+- Damage, such as torn bags, spoiled grains
+- Chewed window and door sills
+- Feet and tail marks on dusty floors, shelves, or table tops
+- Grease marks
+Prolific pests
+Factors contributing to high rat population:
+The life span of a rat is 12 to 18 months.
+- Rats breed continuously throughout the year.
+- First menses begins 4896 hrs after puberty.
+- Rats are sexually mature at 6 to 11 weeks..
+- A female gives birth to 5 to 21 young at one time.
+- A female reproduces 4-6 times in a year.
+Rats are a costly, unhealthy nuisance virtually everywhere they spread disease, destroy crops in the field, destroy stored food, damage household property, and damage forest and fruit trees. Rats consume and destroy more than 20 million tonnes of field crops, and more than 33 million tonnes of crops in storage around the world each year. In India alone, rats damage 11 million tonnes of crops annually with their urine, parasite carrying faeces, hairs, and secretions.
+Control
+There is no way to get rid of rats completely. Rats can, however, be controlled through a program of prevention and destruction.
+Rat prevention
+- Keep food in rat-proof containers.
+- Keep left-over food in bins with tightly fitted lids.
+- Do not pile rubbish, timber, or bricks near grain stores.
+Rat destruction
+When fields are flooded during monsoon, rats remigrate and concentrate near residential areas for food and shelter. As well, rats tend to breed during the rainy season. Therefore, though rats should be controlled throughout the year, trapping and poisoning rats during the monsoon is most effective.
+Note
+Trapped rats should be drowned in their cages in a pond.
+Mechanical methods
+Traps
+Field rats-Bamboo bow and arrow traps, pot traps and break-back bans are useful for catching field rats. Break-back traps, as their name implies, are deadly.
+Household rats-Rat trapping is an age-old practice. Spring traps and multiple cage traps are common for protecting food in
+Some types of traps
+Prevent entry into grain storage areas
+- Plug holes with pieces of glass, cement, and plaster.
+- Make sure doors fit tightly. Construct a solid platform 75 cm high-without steps or ladders-on which to store your grain.
+- Fix metal sheets at the base of the door.
+Flooding and smoking
+Flood and smoke rat burrows in the field. For best results, this should be a coordinated, community effort, targeting as many rat burrows as possible.
+Clubbing
+Cornered rats can be clubbed with long, heavy sticks.
+Chemical methods
+Chemicals that kill rats are known as rodenticides. They can be single-dose or multiple-dose poisons. Among these are: zinc phosphide, barium carbonate, Warfarin, Rodafarin, Pival, and Restions. These compounds are highly toxic and cause rats to haemorrhage.
+Types of bait
+Three types of bait are generaly available.
+Ready-to-use Rats can be fed directly when bait is of the ready-to-use type.
+- Dry concentrate - Thoroughly mix 25 g of bait with 450 g of wheat flour, 10 g of edible oil, and 15 g of sugar or jaggery Do not add water.
+Water-soluble baits-These are useful in rat reduction campaigns when rat infestation and temperatures are high. Mix one part bait with 20 parts of water. Put in a shallow container from which rats can drink.
+How to use bait it, Before any poison is used, train the rats for a few days to eat unbaited food. Put the food in shallow containers and place these along rat runs and dark areas where the rats can eat without being disturbed. This makes the rats used to feeding on a particular food. This is called pre-baiting. After a time, add the poison to the bait.
+Baits can also be pushed into rat burrows. This is called "torpedo baiting
+Note
+Dead rats should be buried.
+Unburied dead rats are a health hazard and pollute me environment.
+Delayed - action baits
+Zinc phosphide kills rats instantly. Warfarin and other poisons kill after 6-7 days.
+Rats are intelligent animals.
+After a few rats die from zinc phosphide, other rats or 11 not eat this bait. Use Warfarin or other delayedaction poisons to ensure effective control.
+Caution
+Keep bait away from poultry and children.
+After eating bait, rats look for water to drink. Therefore, keep all your drinking water protected, away from rats.
+Rat damage to various crops In India:
+Barley
+Wheat
+Groundnut
+Coconut trees and nuts
+Sorghum
+Paddy
+Gram
+Sugarcane
+Cocoa
+Oil palm
+Pigeon pea
+Contributor Dr. L. M. L. Mathur
+<section>Pests and pesticides</section>
+<section>Integrated pest management</section>
+Pesticides
+Under IPM, pest populations are carefully monitored. Pesticides are used only when the pest population reaches a size where economic damage is likely and nonchemical methods will not work in time.
+Integrated pest management (IPM) is an effective and economical way to control crop pests. It makes use of virtually all methods of pest control, including: natural pesticides, beneficial insects, special cultivation practices, and even chemical pesticides in the right measure at the right time. Some practical techniques of IPM are described below.
+Cultural methods
+Cultivation
+Invert the soil by deep ploughing after harvesting a crop. This buries stubble, disease-infected trash, weeds, seeds, and insect larvae and pupae. Insects hibernating in the soil are exposed to the sun's rays and birds.
+Crop hygiene
+Destroy unwanted crop stubble. Scrape bunds and channels regularly to keep them free of grasses which are home to insect pests.
+Fallow Land
+Keep some portion of the land fallow and plough it deep, especially in summer, to reduce the population of some insect pests.
+Flooding
+If possible, flood your fields before cultivation in the summer. This exposes hibernating army worms, cutworms, white grubs, etc., to birds.
+Irrigate before sowing
+Control weeds in wheat crops by irrigation. Irrigate, prepare the land, and leave it for a few days. The weeds which sprout can be destroyed by ploughing.
+Crop rotation
+Avoid growing the same crop, or crops of the same family, over and over again in the same field. This can lead to a build-up of certain pests. Grow sorghum or maize before a cotton crop to reduce the incidence of cutworms.
+Intercropping
+Intercropping can reduce pest infestation. Grow sunflower side-by-side in the same field with cotton to reduce leafhopper damage. Grow cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borer in sorghum. Intercropping gram with wheat reduces attack from pod borer. A castor crop grown along with cowpeas will suffer less damage from aphids.
+Trap crops
+A "trap crop" is a crop grown as a companion to the main crop which will attract pests away from the main crop. Grow castor as a trap crop in your cotton, tobacco, and chill) crops. The castor will draw cutworm larvae away from your valuable primary crop.
+Resistant varieties
+Several varieties of rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and other crops have been developed which are resistant to specific insect pests. Grow the insect-resistant varieties recommended for your region.
+Grow varieties of proper duration
+Short-duration varieties of pigeon pea escape attack from small pod borer which appears sometime in February, but long duration varieties are affected.
+Seed rate
+Increase normal seed rate by 20 percent. Then, uproot and destroy insect-infested and disease-infected plants. Because of the increased sowing rate, the optimum plant population can still be maintained. This is a good method for controlling sorghum shoot fly.
+Healthy seeds
+Treat seeds before sowing to reduce the incidence of seed-borne diseases such as smut. Soak seeds in 10-percent salt solution to treat borer-infested seeds. When sowing sugarcane, reject insectand disease-affected sets.
+Time of sowing
+Adjust sowing time to avoid pest damage or to ensure that the crop is sufficiently developed to better withstand attack. Maize sown at the start of the monsoon suffers less from borer infestation than maize sown earlier.
+Spacing, irrigation, and fertilization
+Avoid close spacing, avoid excessive use of irrigation to control insects and disease, and avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers. Feed your crop a balanced mix of fertilizers which includes potash to build plant resistance.
+Physical methods
+- Transplant only healthy seedlings.
+- Clip the tips of paddy seedlings before transplanting to reduce the carry-over of insect eggs to the field.
+- Observe your crop closely at least twice a week.
+- Promptly remove and bury insect-infested and diseased plants.
+- Control top borer in sugarcane by cutting off the top, one inch below the last node.
+- Control malformation in mango by removing and destroying affected bunches.
+- Hand-pick egg masses, larvae, caterpillars, and adult beetles from crops. Immerse them in water mixed with kerosene to destroy them.
+Mechanical methods
+You can use several mechanical methods in conjunction with physical and cultural methods to reduce pest populations. For example, you can use a mechanical trap to combat rodents. You can pull weeds by hand, or use a hand hoe or some other simple mechanical weeding device. (See Drudgery-reducing implements for farm women.)
+Light traps
+Place light traps in the field to control rice leaf folder and rice stem borer.
+Trenches
+Dig trenches around pest-infested paddy fields to prevent migration of hairy caterpillar larvae.
+Barriers
+Some pests crawl up trees and attack the fruit. Smear grease around the trunk of fruit trees to prevent insects from crawling up. Smear a band of grease around the trunk of your mango trees in November to prevent mealy bug infestation.
+Biological methods
+Insects have natural enemies: parasites, predators, deadly microbes, birds, and other animals. These are your important allies.
+Birds
+Protect birds, such as the king crow, egret, cuckoo, wood pecker stork, warbler, and babbler, which feed on insects. Owls, bats, and peacocks help to control rat and mice populations.
+Parasites and predators
+Several agricultural universities in India mass-produce helpful parasites, and release them to farmers at the right time at low cost. Learn about the biological pest control services available in your area and use them.
+Ask about:
+- Trichogramma chilonis, T. japonicum, and T. achaeae.
+These parasites feed on the eggs of many insects, including sorghum stem borer, sugarcane borers, paddy stem borer, cotton boll worms, tomato fruit borer, cutworms, and others.
+- Chrysoperia carnea
+This parasite controls aphids, white flies, mealy bugs, and young larvae of various borers, cutworms and cotton boll worms, and other soft-bodied insects.
+Viruses
+Some agricultural universities in India mass-produce helpful viruses (called mpv) which can be released into crops to control certain insect pests. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University has succeeded in controlling fruit borer in gram, tomato, cotton, and other crops by this method. Contact the agricultural university in your region for more information.
+Botanical pesticides
+Use plant extracts to ward off insect pests in your fields and at home. Some plant extracts kill insects; others repel insects; still others deter insects from feeding, or inhibit their growth. These are effective and less toxic to mammals and birds than are chemical pesticides.
+Powdered neem kernel (1-2 kg per 100 kg of grains) will reduce damage caused by insect pests in stored grains and pulses.
+Neem oil mixed with karanj oil (ratio of 5 parts neem oil to 1 part karanj oil) is effective against aphids in cotton. Mix 3 g of the oil in 1 litre of water.
+Leafhoppers, caterpillars, and army worms are less attracted to a paddy crop treated with 3 percent neem oil.
+Spray neem seed kernel extract 5 percent) mixed with water to control katra worms and borers.
+Apply neem cake at the rate of 150 kg per ha to control rice hoppers.
+Apply karanj cake at the rate of 150 kg per ha to control beetles in tobacco.
+Dature, agave (cactus), pyrethrum, annona, and other plants are also known for their effectiveness in controlling insects.
+Chemical method.
+Judicious use of pesticides
+Apply chemical pesticides only when other effective methods are not available. Use pesticides judiciously: the right pesticide, in the right amount, at the right time, in the right place. Choose less toxic and less persistent pesticides. Choose pesticides which control the pest species, but leave beneficial species and neutral species unharmed.
+Consider the cost
+Only spray when the value of me threatened crop justifies the expense.
+Timing
+If you must spray, apply pesticide in the right amount, at the right time, in the right place. Good timing is important. For example, spray early In me growing season when the pest is active but before natural predators and parasites have built up in large numbers.
+Contributors and sources: Dr. N. K. Roy, Dr. L. M. L. Mathur, Dr. Jagdish Singh, Dr. V. N. Shroff, and Dennis H. Hill
+<section>Neem for plant protection</section>
+Use of synthetic pesticides for controlling pests and diseases in field crops and stored grain is hazardous. It is also-often unnecessary since a number of common plants can be fumed into effective pesticides. Neem is one such tree.
+Neem
+Neem is a large evergreen shade tree grown in all parts of India. It bears flowers in February-April and its fruit matures after 4 months. Important parts are the fruit, leaves, twigs, and bark. About 40 percent of the seed weight consists of the kernel which contains 25-35 percent oil and 65-75 percent neem cake. One neem tree gives 15-30 kg of seeds per year.
+Uses
+For centuries, neem has been used as a pesticide. Dried leaves protect clothes and books against termites and other household pests. Dried neem leaves also help to keep stored grain free of pests. Neem cake mixed in soap helps control soil-borne pests in field crops. Neem seed chemical repels insects, deterring them from landing, feeding, and laying eggs on crops. Neem seed chemical reduces the growth and development of some insects, or causes them to be infertile or eventually die.
+Advantages
+Neem products kill insects more slowly than synthetic pesticides, but neem has many advantages:
+- Neem products are nonpoisonous. They do not affect people, birds, fish, and wildlife.
+- Crushed neem seed kernel extracts are less costly than synthetic insecticides.
+- Neem products do not pollute the air, water, or soil.
+- Farmers can grow their own pesticides.
+- Neem products can be made easily and cheaply at home.
+Collecting and preparing seed
+1 Collect ripe fruit fallen on the ground, or shake the tree branches and collect the fallen fruit.
+2 Depulp immediately by hand or with a mechanical depulper.
+3 Wash the seeds and dry them in the sun. Spread the seeds evenly on the ground and turn them regularly to ensure even drying. Make sure the seeds are thoroughly dry to avoid mould. (Mould affects both the amount of oil that can be extracted and the efficacy of the product.)
+4 Store dried seeds in airy containers, such as baskets, jute or cloth bags, in a cool, dry place. Seeds can be stored up to one year, but not longer. Never store seeds in plastic bags.
+Preparation of neem seed kernel extract
+1 Collect fruit.
+2 Remove seed coats.
+Neem brands
+Ready-made commercial neem products cost less than synthetic pesticides.
+3 Crush 2 handfuls of kernels.
+4 Add to 10 litres of water.
+5 Stir for 20 minutes with a stick. Leave for 6-16 hours.
+6 Add about a teaspoon of soap powder andteaspon of soap thoroughly.
+7 Filter the contents through a muslin cloth.
+8 Spray on crop. Depending on the size of the crop, you will need 2. 5-4 barrels of liquid (500
+750 litres) to spray 0.4 ha (1 acre) of crop.
+9 Repeat the spray after 5-6 days.
+Preparation of neem oil emulsion
+1 Put 500 ml of neem oil in a 10-litre bucket.
+2 Add 50 g (10 teaspoons) of soap powder or Teepol. Stir well.
+3 Add water to fill the bucket and stir until a white creamy liquid is formed.
+4 If the oil forms on the surface as a separate layer, add more soap powder and stir again.
+5 Spray the emulsion on a few plants before large-scale spraying. Wait for two days and check whether the spray has damaged the plants. If the plants are damaged, add more water to the liquid to reduce its concentration.
+6 Spray 500-750 litres per acre, depending on the type and size of the crop. Spray until moisture runs off the plants. The crop should be completely covered (completely wet) with spray.
+Contributors: Dr. R.P. Singh and Dr. Jagdish Singh
+<section>Neem oil as mosquito repellent</section>
+Mosquitoes and sandflies
+- Neem oil is more effective against Anopheles mosquitoes (which carry malaria) than Culex mosquitoes (vectors of filaria ).
+- Neem oil is also very effective in repelling sandflies.
+Mosquitoes are a terrible nuisance, both in urban and rural areas of the country. They also transmit dangerous diseases, such as malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue fever.
+A number of mosquito repellents are used in India. Many of these repellents contain synthetic chemicals which can be harmful with prolonged exposure. Many people are also allergic to the vapours of these chemicals. There is an alternative. Neem oil is an excellent mosquito repellent. It is safe, cheap, and simple to use.
+Method
+Application on skin-Buy fresh neem oil in the market or press dry neem seed kernels to obtain the oil. Mix 2 ml of neem oil in 100 ml of coconut or mustard oil. Apply about a teaspoon of the mixture on exposed parts of the body such as the face, arms, and legs. One application of neem before going to bed in the evening will repel mosquitoes for 12 hours.
+Neem oil in kerosene lamp-Use a tin lamp, 100 ml capacity, without a chimney. Mix 2 ml of neem oil with 100 ml of kerosene. Allow the kerosene to burn all night. Vapours from the lamp will keep mosquitoes away.
+Powdered neem in water-Add 10 g of powdered neem cake to 100 litres of stagnant water (for instance, in household water tanks). This will prevent mosquito larvae in the water from developing.
+Neem oil on heated mats-Make a 5 percent solution of neem oil in acetone. Apply this to a used mosquito mat for use in a commercially available mat heater. Mats, impregnated with nonneem-based repellent, and heater units are available under the brand name Baygon.
+Contributor. Dr. V.P. Sharma
+<section>Biological control of malaria</section>
+Malaria is a serious, sometimes fatal iliness caused by parasites spread by mosquitoes. Fortunately, there are simple, low-cost ways to control malaria without resorting to dangerous chemicals.
+Note
+Children and pregnant women are especially at risk from malaria.
+Mosquitoes and malaria
+In order to protect yourself from malaria, you must first understand the life cycle of mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes live 4-6 weeks. They take a blood meal on alternate days; they also consume liquids from wet surfaces. Male mosquitoes live 7-10 days. They feed on wet surfaces and fruit juices. They do not feed on blood.
+Mosquitoes complete part of their life cycle in water. Mosquito eggs are laid in water; they pass through larval and pupal stages in water before they emerge as adult mosquitoes. The process takes about a week.
+When a female mosquito feeds on a person infected with malaria parasites, the mosquito becomes infected. The parasites develop within a week inside the abdomen of the mosquito. When the mosquito next feeds, the parasites are released into the bloodstream of the healthy person.
+Mosquito breeding habitats
+Mosquitoes breed in: wells, ponds, ditches, pits, drains, water tanks, irrigation tanks, rainwater collectors, marshy areas, rice field irrigation channels, seepage spots, stagnant water in fields, stagnant rivers, fallow fields with ditches, in any small or large amount of still water.
+Prevention of malaria
+The most common method of malaria control involves the use of insecticides, mainly DDT. Insecticides destroy mosquitoes but also harm many other organisms-insects, aquatic animals, and people.
+Larvae-eating fish
+A number of fish species eat larvae, but not all can be used to control mosquitoes. Fish suitable for controlling mosquitoes must be:
+- small so that they can reach the grassy pond edges which shelter mosquito larvae.
+- prolific breeders to keep up with the fast-growing mosquito populations, and to compensate for losses to fish-eating birds.
+- of no commercial value.
+- able to live in turbid, polluted water and withstand temperature variation.
+- surface feeders to control the floating mosquitoes.
+- hardy enough to withstand transportation and handling.
+- prefer to consume mosquito larvae.
+Two fish which meet the above criteria
+- Guppy (Poecilia reticulate)
+- Gambusia (Gambusia affinis)
+Each consumes 200-300 mosquito larvae per day.
+Guppy
+- Guppy live 3-5 years.
+- They mature in 90 days, when males are 1.8 cm long and females 2.5 cm long.
+- The female produces 50-200 offspring a month in broods of 57.
+- The guppy breeding season in the tropics is from April to November.
+- They are ideally suited to polluted waters, such as drains, ponds, pits, and sewage tanks.
+- They cannot survive at low temperature (below 5 C) or in highly polluted water, such as water contaminated with industrial wastes.
+Gambusia
+- Gambusia live 3-5 years.
+- Males reach a maximum size of 4.5 cm and females 6.8 cm.
+- Females mature in 3-6 months.
+- Females produce 8-10 offspring per brood and usually produce 2-3 broods in a year.
+- Gambusia are suited to fresh water, brackish water, and salt marshes.
+Transporting fish
+Fish can be transported short distances in any water filled tin or plastic container or plastic bag. For long distances, fish must be packed in water-filled polythene bags. The water must be oxygenated every 5-6 hours. (Slap the water surface with a small stick
+Breeding larvae eating fish
+Larvae-eating fish are available free from:
+Fisheries Department, Delhi Administration, Timarpur, New Delhi or contact
+Director, National Malaria Eradication Programme, 22-5 ham Nath Marg, New Delhi 1 1 0054.
+Note
+Fish are sensitive to chlorine.
+Note
+Mosquitoes travel about 3 km; so for best results, your control program should cover a 3-km radius around your village.
+Fish multiplication in perennial village ponds
+- Clear the pond of predatory fish by reseated netting or by application of mahua cake.
+Release your breeding stock into a container of pond water to allow the fish to become acclimatized.
+After 30 minutes, release the fish into the pond.
+Usually there is enough fish food-zooplankton and phytoplankton-available in the pond and no artificial feed its needed
+For faster growth of fish, dung and nitrogen fertilizers can be added to the pond.
+Collect the multiplied fish in a tin container or elastic bucket.
+Release in mosquito breeding sites
+- Release the fish in mosquito breeding habitats at the rate of 510 males and females per square meter.
+- Remove the grass from the edge of the pond or ditch where the fish will be released.
+- Periodically net and remove predatory fish.
+- Periodically check the fish for survival. Look for dead fish floating on the surface. Restock as needed. Try to discover what is killing the fish and remedy the problem. Consult the fisheries officer in your area for help.
+<section>Non-chemical methods of weed control</section>
+Weeding is an important but physically demanding chore mostly performed by women. Although many experts recommend chemical methods of weed control, chemicals pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. Therefore, nonchemical, less hazardous, yet less laborious methods should be considered.
+Weeds are plants which compete with crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight. They are hardy, with deep root systems, and produce many seeds which, in some cases, remain dormant and viable for decades.
+Controlling weeds Weeds can be controlled through proper management, using simple implements and biological methods.
+Proper crop management
+1 Place fertilizer on the ground near the stem of crop plants. This will give nutrients only to the main crop, rather than to weeds.
+2 Keep channels clear of weeds. This will reduce the number of weed seeds washed into your crop. It will also keep the water flowing freely. Good irrigation practices give crops a good start over weeds.
+3 Grow crops in proper rotation to keep weeds down. Two to three short-duration crops should be grown in rotation in the same field. Change the crop rotation periodically (after a few years) to prevent problem weeds from establishing. Grow at least one soil-maintaining legume crop in each rotation If a problem season is expected, select a crop which will prevent weeds from growing.
+4 Clean your seed to remove weed seeds. Destroy the weed seeds by burning or burying them.
+5 Major sources of weed seeds are farmyard manure and compost. Weed seeds withstand partial decomposition. Therefore, apply only fully decomposed farmyard manure or compost to your fields.
+Mechanical methods
+Irrigate your field a few days before sowing the crop. Plough the field to destroy the weeds that emerge before sowing the crop.
+2 A few implements are available which make weeding easier. Among these are the wheel hand hoe and Triphali. (See Drudgery-reducing implements for farm women.)
+3 Burn weeds to get rid of accumulated vegetation or destroy dry tops of mature weeds. Burning will kill even green weeds and will destroy buried weed seeds.
+4 Mulch the crop by spreading dry or green crop straw, sawdust, bark dust, and other plant parts. Paper, plastic sheets, or polythene films are also used as soil covers. This method is effective against annual and perennial weeds.
+5 Flooding is used for weed control in fallow rice fields. Surround the weed-infected area with dikes, and maintain the water at 15-30 cm depth for 3 to 8 weeks.
+Biological weed control
+1 Some crops which grow rapidly have an advantage over slow-growing or late-emerging weeds. Such crops include maize, sorghum, soybean, and cowpea.
+2 Weeds face tough competition when the crop plant population is high. Plant population can be increased by reducing the row spacing or plant-to-plant spacing within the row. This has a smothering effect, reducing weed emergence and establishment.
+3 Bio-control agents, like azolla, can also be used to control weed populations in rice fields.
+Contributor. Dr. V. M. Bhan
+<section>Safe use of pesticides</section>
+Pesticides are toxic chemicals. They must be used with extreme care. Most farm women, however, have no formal training or information on proper use of pesticides. A large majority of women take no precautions whatsoever when working with pesticides. The result: many women handle, transport, and apply pesticides in ways which can lead to deadly consequences. It is critical, therefore, that you learn the following techniques for safe pesticide use.
+Buying pesticides
+Before buying pesticides, you must answer the following questions:
+- Which pest is to be controlled?
+- How much damage has the pest done?
+- Are sufficient predators already in the field or are they likely to be there soon?
+- What are the recommended pesticides for the pest problem?
+- Which is the least toxic and least persistent among the recommended pesticides?
+Buy pesticides from a reputable and reliable licensed store.
+Do not buy in bulk, buy only as much as you expect to use within a short period. i Do not buy if the container is rusted, torn, leaking, or if the date of use has expired
+4 Buy only pesticides in their original package with proper labelling.
+5 Buy only pesticides with the ISI mark. This shows that the pesticide conforms to the standards laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
+6 Do not buy banned, restricted, or highly toxic pesticides.
+Note
+Use pesticides only as a last resort and as part of an integrated pest management strategy. See Integrated pest management.
+Transportation
+1 Avoid carrying pesticides on public transport.
+2 Do not transport pesticides together with food products, fodder, or other commodities.
+3 Make sure that pesticides are adequately packaged and do not spill or leak out.
+4 If the pesticide spills or leaks, wash the vehicle that has been used for transporting the pesticides. For this, apply bleaching lime paste (1 kg of lime for every 4 litres of water) and wash it off with water twice or three times within an hour after its application. If the pesticide spills onto clothing, follow the instructions below, under "After application."
+Storage
+1 Do not keep pesticides in the kitchen or living room. Keep them away from food, animal feed and fodder, and containers of potable water.
+2 Keep pesticides locked away and ensure that they are out of reach of children and pets.
+3 Preferably, store pesticides in a separate room which is well-ventilated and is away from sunlight, fire, and water.
+4 Be careful of cross-contamination. Store herbicides separately from other kinds or pesticides.
+5 Do not keep medicines for humans and livestock together with pesticides.
+6 Reseal containers after partial use.
+Waiting period
+Pesticides leave residues on crops. Observe the waiting period specified on the label or recommended by your extension worker. The waiting period depends on the type Of crop, the pesticide used, and the dosage.
+Application
+The waiting period is the minimum length of time you must wait after applying the pesticide before it is safe to harvest the crop. Do not harvest crops (especially vegetables) until the waiting period for the pesticide has passed.
+- Do not work alone while handling or applying pesticides.
+- Never allow children, animals, or unauthorized people near the site of mixing and application.
+- Always use a long wooden stick for mixing pesticides in water.
+- Spray early in the morning or in the evening. Suspend spraying during midday in summer months.
+- Avoid excessive spraying. The spray should not drip onto the soil.
+- Read the label and the instructions care fully before opening the pesticide packet or bottle.
+- While mixing, pour the liquids carefully. Prevent splashing. Prevent powdered pesticides from blowing into your face. Mix with a long stick to prevent the liquid from splashing onto your hands.
+- Never eat drink or smoke while mixing or appliyng pesticides.
+- Wear protective clothing: rubber boots, a rubber apron, goggles, face mask and respirator. If a face mask is not available, cover your mouth and nose with a clean cloth Women must not wear loose clothing, such as sarees. Keep a separate set of clothing to wear when handling and applying pesticides. Wash these clothes immediately after use.
+- Avoid application of pesticides on rainy or cloudy days.
+- Never blow out clogged nozzles or hoses with your mouth. Use a fine wire or pin.
+- Check the wind direction before starting to spray. Start spraying at the downwind edge of the field and move upwind so you are always moving into an unsprayed area. Always move along the wind while spraying and dusting so that the spray or dust is directed by air current away from you. Do not spray in strong winds. Try to avoid spraying when large number of bees are visiting the crop, normally when the crop is in flower.
+Caution
+Do not spray in strong wind. Mix pesticides only in the field where you will spray. This will reduce the risk of spillage. Never mix pesticides inside your house.
+Caution
+Pregnant women and nursing mothers should not handle or apply pesticides.
+After application
+1 Immediately after spraying, take a bath and change your clothes.
+2 All clothes must be washed immediately after spraying. Wash them separately from other clothes.
+3 Never leave pesticide in sprayers and dusters. Clean equipment with soap, detergent, or soda solution and fresh water. Rinse with clean water once or twice before returning the equipment to storage.
+4 Dispose of all empty pesticide containers by burning or burying them in the field. Do not use them to store food, water, or as cooking utensils. Do not sell empty containers to hawkers because they might end up being misused.
+5 Return unused pesticide to the storage place and keep it under lock and key.
+6 Do not go into a treated field until the recommended safety period has passed. Read the pesticide label or ask your extension agent about safe waiting periods.
+Contributors and sources: Dr. N. R. Roy, Dr. L. M. L. Mathur, Dr. Jagdish Singh, and Dr. Nelia Maramba
+<section>Hazard of pesticides</section>
+Exposure
+Human beings can be exposed to pesticides in two ways:
+- Environmental exposure Indirectly through pesticide contaminated food, air, and water.
+- Occupational exposure directly during the mixing, loading, or application of pesticides.
+Symptoms of exposure
+There are two main groups of pesticides, organochlorines and organophosphates. Look for these symptoms of exposure.
+Organochlorines-skin irritation, burning sensation, stiff and sore muscles, headache, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain.
+Organophosphate-(mild exposure) headache, fatigue, dizziness, blurred vision, excessive sweating, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea;(moderate exposure) inability to walk, chest discomfort, muscle twitching; (severe exposure) unconsciousness, convulsions.
+While some people might understand the hazards of pesticides to human beings and animals, few know that indiscriminate use of pesticides can lead to deterioration of the environment and ecological imbalance. By far, most insect species are beneficial to humans. Each has an important place in the ecological system. But, pesticides kill beneficial insects and pests alike, disturbing the natural balance and leading to surges in pest populations. In time, the continuous use of pesticides leads to resistant pest populations. Combating these resistant populations with higher doses of pesticides leads to poisoned soil and water.
+Effects on people
+Disturbed cell metabolism
+Human bodies are made up of tiny living cells. Pesticides make these cells sick, unable to fight off disease..
+Congenital deformities
+Pesticides accumulate in people, particularly in their fatty tissue and reproductive cells. This can lead to birth defects, abnormalities, abortions, and premature deliveries.
+Impaired eyesight
+Farm workers who regularly spray pesticides can suffer from impaired eyesight.
+Liver damage
+The liver is particularly susceptible to damage by one group of pesticides, the chlorinated hydrocarbons, which can lead to higher risk of serious infection.
+Environmental exposure
+Poisons are released into the environment when crops are treated with pesticides.
+Air pollution
+Air pollution results from spraying and dusting of pesticides in the field. Factories manufacturing pesticides also contaminate the air with their emissions.
+Hazards of pesticides
+Soil and water pollution
+Rain soon after the application of a pesticide can wash poisonous pesticides into the soil and into surface and groundwater. Factories that manufacture pesticides might discharge pesticide-laced effluents that flow into surface water
+Food contamination
+Pesticide residue on fruits, vegetables, and grains is another threat to human health.
+Animal products meat, milk, and eggs-can also contain pesticides. (Animals are often treated with pesticides to remove lice. They can also feed on fodder and grains treated with pesticides.)
+Human bodies store pesticides, especially in fatty tissue. As a result, breast milk can be contaminated, affecting the health of infants. In fact, babies can be exposed to pesticides before birth.
+Occupational exposure
+Farm workers handle concentrated forms of pesticides. For them, the most common routes of pesticide exposure are:
+Skin contact
+Pesticides enter the body when liquid pesticides splash or spill on clothes or directly on the skin. Skin also absorbs pesticides in dust form. Cuts, abrasigns, sores, and wetness on the skin allow pesticides to enter more easily.
+Inhalation
+Dusts, sprays, and fumes can enter the body through the lungs. Poor ventilation in pesticide stores results in increased exposure. (See Safe use of pesticides.)
+Oral contact
+Pesticides are absorbed through the lips, mouth, and skin.
+Pesticides are taken in by people who eat, drink, and smoke while handling pesticides, or who try to blow out clogged nozzles and hoses.
+Eye contact
+Pesticides can be absorbed into the body or eyes can be damaged, if pesticides blow or splash into the eyes.
+Effects on insects
+Besides killing insect pests, insecticides also kill beneficial insects, such as honey bees and other pollinators, parasites, and predators, thus disturbing the balance in nature. Uncontrolled, prolonged use of an insecticide can result in the breeding of insecticide-resistant pests, causing a resurgence or more virulent attack by insects.
+Effects on plants
+Excessive doses of pesticides can harm crops. Improper use of herbicides can harm the main crop, the following crop, and other useful vegetation grown later.
+Effect on animals Pesticide residues can harm or even kill domestic animals as well as fish, birds, and other wildlife.
+Contributors and sources: Dr. A. K. Kaheja, Dr. G. C. Tiwari, Ms. Sarojini Rengam and Karen Snyder
+<section>Pesticide facts and fiction</section>
+Consumers beware
+Large quantities of pesticides are used on vegetables which go directly from the farm to consumers. Both farmers and middlemen apply pesticides to vegetables
+Cotton
+Only 5 percent of India's crop area is used to grow cotton, but cotton accounts for 50 percent of the pesticides used in the country.
+Pesticide use in India has increased rapidly in the past few decades. At present, the annual consumption of pesticides in the country is approximately 80,000 tonnes of active ingredients, with an average consumption of about 400-450 g/ha. India ranks second in Asia after Japan and tenth in the world in pesticide use. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, and Karnataka alone account for 83 percent of pesticide consumption in India. Nearly 67 percent of the pesticides are used for cotton and rice cultivation. About 70 percent of the pesticides in India are insecticides; many of these are organochlorine compounds which leave harmful residues.
+Popular misconceptions
+Misconception 1
+We need pesticides to grow more food for hungry people.
+Facts
+- Currently, the world produces more than enough food for everyone. The problem is not insufficient production but the inability of the poor to pay for, or to grow, the food they need.
+- It is possible to grow enough food using a minimal amount of pesticide.
+Misconception 2 Pesticides are a cheap, effective way to control pests.
+Facts
+- Indiscriminate use of pesticides can increase crop losses in the long run
+- Pesticides lose their effectiveness over time.
+- At first. chemical pest control seems cheap and effective, but soon pests develop resistance to these chemicals.
+- Since the natural enemies of pests are destroyed as well, pests multiply in greater numbers.
+- Farmers tend to apply ever larger doses of more powerful, more costly pesticides, or even mixtures of pesticides to combat resurgence. The cycle continues.
+Misconception 3
+The adverse effects of pesticides, if any, are confined to the areas where they are applied.
+Facts
+- Particles of pesticide can be carried thousands of miles by wind, rain, snow, and surface water.
+- Pesticides can enter the water and soil and affect large areas.
+- Pesticides can alter the ecological balance over a wide area.
+- Pesticides can also get into the food chain, harming fish, livestock, and people.
+Misconception 4
+Plants, animals, and people can only be affected by direct exposure to pesticides.
+Facts
+- Direct exposure to pesticides (through touch and inhaling) are harmful. But, indirect, long-term effects, such as groundwater poisoning, are also very serious.
+Misconception 5
+Pesticides usually disappear after they are applied.
+Facts
+- Many pesticides do break down rapidly, but others, such as DDT, Dieldrin and BHC, can remain toxic for as long as 20 years.
+- Breakdown products of some pesticides (e.g., Malathion and Aldicarb) are more toxic than their parent compounds.
+Misconception 6
+Pesticides are tested in laboratories and in extensive field trials before they are sold in the market.
+Facts
+- The United States has the most stringent testing standards in the world. Yet, few pesticides have undergone all the legally required tests, especially for birth defects, genetic effects, and damage to the body's nervous and immune systems.
+- Many pesticides sold in the developing world do not conform to accepted standards. Many are fake products or are adulterated.
+Misconception 7
+Application or handling of hazardous chemicals is done solely by men, women have nothing to do with pesticides.
+Facts
+- In a large number of cases, women handle pesticides directly while mixing and spraying. Women are often responsible for mixing pesticides and maintaining and cleaning the spraying equipment.
+- During storage of household food grains and seeds, the chemicals are handled mostly by women.
+- Women head 12-16 percent of farm households in India. In these households, women must perform all agricultural tasks, including pesticide handling and application.
+- Many women are employed in rice mills, dal mills, ginning factories, and in the bidi industry, where they are exposed to pesticide residues.
+- Agricultural operations like sowing, weeding, and harvesting are done almost exclusively by women. Women also work on coffee, tea, cashew, spice, cotton, and other plantations, all of which involve heavy use of pesticides.
+Contributors: Dr. H. K Sawhney and Aarti Gombar
+<section>First-aid measures for pesticide poisoning</section>
+Pesticide poisoning symptoms: at first
+Irritation of eyes, skin, throat, and lungs, headache and tiredness. then
+Giddiness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, muscle twitching, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, breathing problems, convulsions, and unconsciousness.
+Be prepared
+When you spray or handle pesticides. always make sure you have dean water, soap, and a dean cloth at hand. You can use these to wash off any spilled pesticide.
+Farm women often suffer from itching, burning sensation on their hands and feet, as well as watery eyes after spraying pesticides or working in freshly sprayed fields. Some pesticides are more toxic than others. Misuse of such pesticides can cause iliness or even death. Simple first-aid measures, if applied at the right time, can help to save many lives.
+First-aid measures
+In case of skin contact
+1 Remove the patient from the source of contamination.
+2 Remove the patient's contaminated clothing.
+3 Wash the patient thoroughly with plenty of water and soap.
+4 Hold her eyelids open, and wash her eyes with cool, clean water.
+In case of Inhalation of pesticide
+1 Remove the victim from the place of exposure. Bring her to fresh air. Loosen the victim's clothing to allow easier breathing.
+2 If conscious, place the victim in a sitting position with head and shoulders elevated.
+3 If not conscious, turn the victim to lying position with head to one side. Watch her breathing.
+4 If breathing stops, give artificial respiration.
+It pesticide Is swallowed
+1 Check the pesticide label to see if you should induce vomiting.
+If so
+2 Make the patient sit or stand up.
+3 Give 1 to 2 litres of salt water.
+4 To induce vomiting, tickle inside the patient's throat using a blunt instrument, such as the handle of a spoon. Use two fingers of your other hand to force the patient's cheeks between her teeth.
+5 After vomiting, give the patient milk to drink. This helps counteract the poison.
+6 Make the patient lie on her side, with her head lower than the rest of her body.
+If breathing stops, provide artificial respiration
+1 Turn the patient on her back.
+2 Pull the chin forward and head backward to prevent the tongue from dropping to the back of the throat.
+3 Remove any vomit or obstruction from the air passage.
+4 Pinch patient's nose and blow into her mouth.
+5 Make sure the patient's chest expands each time you blow into her mouth.
+6 Continue until the patient resumes normal breathing.
+In case of convulsion
+1 Insert a padded gag between the teeth to prevent the patient from biting her tongue.
+2 Gently restrain the patient to prevent her from hurting herself.
+High body temperature If the patient is extremely hot or is sweating excessively, sponge her with cold water.
+Low body temperature
+If the patient is cold, cover her with a blanket.
+General management
+1 Take steps to obtain immediate medical attention.
+2 Keep the patient calm and comfortable.
+3 Place patient on her side, with her head lower than the rest of her body.
+4 Keep a close watch on the patient's breathing and state of consciousness. Take immediate action in case breathing stops
+5 Identify the product(s) to which the patient was exposed Save the pesticide container, label, and leaflet to show to the doctor.
+Source: Dr. Nelia Maramba
+<section>Save your crop from bird damage</section>
+Bird pests-the main culprits
+- Common house sparrow
+- House crow
+- Common myna
+- Blue rock-pigeon
+- Red-ringed parakeet
+- Dove
+Some types of birds are useful to farmers because they eat insect pests. But some birds do a lot of damage. They can virtually destroy a crop and spoil tons of produce in storage. Scaring harmful birds is an important but tedious task most often the responsibility of children and women.
+Damage
+Crops commonly damaged by birds include pearl millet, barley, maize, mustard, sorghum, sunflower, and wheat. A single bird consumes 8-25 grams of fruit and grain per day. This is a fraction of what a bird can spoil with its scratching, pecking, faeces, and feathers
+Control
+Birds are difficult to control; they are intelligent, adaptable, and move from place to place. Birds can get used to certain control methods, so it is important to change the method used, to innovate. Farmers are generally seen slinging stones or making noise to scare birds. These are inefficient and uneconomical ways to reduce crop loss.
+Cotton and nylon nets
+Cotton string nets of different size and mesh are usually spread over mango groves and fruit orchards. Cloth bags are tied to individual fruits, such as pomegranate and papaya. Nylon nets with l/2-inch mesh to prevent the passage of small birds are used on small crop areas. Nets are expensive and not feasible to protect larger areas. They are recommended to protect valuable crops, such as breeder seed for multiplication.
+Scarecrows
+Scarecrows of different sizes and shapes scare birds at the sowing and dough stage of the crop.
+Protokrop
+Protokrops are simple machines which produce regular loud blasts, effective for scaring birds.
+Fireworks
+Fire or sudden flashes of light, often accompanied by loud noise, are frequently used in the form of crackers and rocket crackers.
+Recorded noise
+Recorded distress calls are amplified over speakers to drive away perching birds from the fields. This is more expensive than protokrops but more effective in orchards and smaller crop areas.
+Reflective ribbons
+Polypropylene, metallic, shiny red and silvery white strips, 1015 m long and 15 mm wide, are tied to stakes in the field. Between 50 and 60 such strips, tied from north to south, are required per hectare. The reflection of bright sun rays and the humming sound produced by the wind over the strips scare birds from the fields.
+Neem extracts About 23 neem-based pesticides are produced commercially in India. Some of them are: Neemhit
+- Neem oil emulsion
+- Nimbecidine
+- Neem-based emulsifiable concentrate Dispersible powder or granules
+Stickers
+Sticky repellents, with or without toxic chemicals, can be painted on tree bark. Among these, lassa, made out of jackhruit milk, gum arable, or commercial coal tar on a silica-based paint are the common products used as stickers to repel birds.
+Repellents
+De-oiled neem cake broth (300 g of cake per litre of water) sprayed on maize ears repels birds from fields.
+Tightening of husk
+Some people wrap maize cobs with leaves. This is effective, but only to a point. At maturity, these leaves dry and loosen their grip, leaving cobs exposed to birds. Parrots peel the cob husks, destroying more than they consume. Bicycle tubes and polyethylene net cones offer effective alternatives. Wrap the tip of cob husks with rubber bands made from 1.75-cm-wide strips of inner tube. Or, use polyethylene net cones. Both are easy to apply and will protect cobs until harvest. They can also be reused, season after season.
+Culling
+If the bird pest population is alarmingly high, you can reduce the natural population of birds around the fields and orchards by tipping nests, trapping birds, destroying eggs, and fumigating the perches. Be careful to destroy only nests of those species that damage crops.
+Contributor: Dr. L. M. L. Mathur
+<section>Beekeeping</section>
+Raising bees for honey is called beekeeping or apiculture. With knowledge of bees, a little equipment, and practice, farm women can harvest honey and wax for home use and sale.
+And, honey bees are important pollinators of field crops. which means better harvests.
+Honey bee colonies
+Honey bee colonies can be established easily in areas rich in flora. Places abundant in flowering plants can yield honey almost year-round.
+Honey bees are social insects and form three distinct castes in a colony. The queen bee mates with the drone once or more during its lifetime and continues to lay eggs until she dies. The drones are attended by worker bees during the breeding season. The worker bees maintain the colony, gather pollen, take care of the young, the queen bee, and the drones.
+Beehives
+Beehives or nests are built downwards from ceilings or the lower surface of tree branches. Hives are comprised of thousands of six-sided cells made of wax and filled with honey.
+Building a beehive
+Bees can be encouraged to build their hives in special frame structures for easy care and harvesting. Several designs are available.
+Money-maker
+Beekeeping is a low-cost source of income for small and marginal farmers.
+There are two main species of honey bees for domestication:
+- Apis melifera Western honey bee
+- Apis Indira Indian honey bee
+Beekeeping tools
+Smoker. Smoke makes bees docile and easier to handle.
+Hive tool. This piece of flattened iron bent at one edge is used to carry frames, scrape combs, and pull out nails.
+Bee veil. Cotton or plastic netting will protect your face from bee stings. You will also need thick, loose-fitting clothing, such as overalls, to protect yourself from stings.
+Uncapping knife. A long, broad knife with a strong, shard blade is used to remove the wax that caps each honey cell.
+Queen excluder. This is a perforated aluminum or zinc sheet through which the workers can pass but not the large queen.
+Honey extractor. Combs full of honey are uncapped with the uncapping knife. The combs, one after the other, are then placed in a holder attached to a device which spins the combs at great speed. Honey is thrown out by centrifugal force into a collection bucket.
+Embedder. This device is used to emboss the foundation plate. See the box on "Making a starter comb."
+Bee management
+Note
+Some cells in a honeycomb are brood cells where bees grow to maturity. The cells of worker bees are sealed with a bulging cap of wax. The cells of drones are sealed with a bulging cap of wax with a hole in the centre. A developing queen occupies the "royal cell" which is always located in the centre of the comb. Honey cells have flat, air-tight caps.
+Making a starter comb
+Bees build their combs on foundation combs prepared by the beekeeper. A smooth piece of wood is dipped in molten wax. A device called an embedder is used to stamp outlines of the six sided cells. The six-sided pieces of wax stamped out by the embezzler are removed to leave shallow impressions around which the bees will build their cells.
+Beeswax Uses of beeswax:
+- Candle-making
+- Batik-making
+- Ointment preparation
+- Leather strengthening
+- Waterproofing fabric honey extractor hive tool bee smoker
+1 Place your beehives in a shaded area, on wooden benches 45 cm off the ground. Face hives in different directions. Do not place them in a straight line. This will help bees to find their hives.
+2 Smear grease on the legs of the benches to prevent ant attack.
+3 Start beekeeping in the spring.
+4 Remove the queen cells when you notice overcrowding (when you notice bees crawling over one another), and distribute brood frames to make equal-sized colonies.
+5 Feed the bees sugar syrup in summer when plant nectar is not available. Place a water dish outside the hive.
+6 Add combs to avoid overcrowding.
+7 Sprinkle water over the hives at least twice a day to reduce high temperatures during summer months.
+8 Store strong and disease-free colonies during winter. Cover hives to protect them from extreme cold.
+Advice to beekeepers
+- Literature on honey bees and their management can be obtained from expert beekeepers.
+- Training courses and bee colonies can be obtained from state agriculture extension agencies, Khadigram Udyog Industries, and subject matter specialists of agricultural universities.
+Hive frame covered with bees and filled with honey.
+You will need help to establish your first hive. Seek advice from a local beekeeper.
+Contributor: Dr. L. M. L. Mathur
+<section>Drudgery reduction</section>
+<section>Drudgery-reducing implements for farm women</section>
+Women do many of the most difficult farm tasks in India. Transplanting, weeding, harvesting, and post-harvest processing of produce. All of these tasks are time-consuming and full of drudgery. Below are some improved implements and machinery which can help reduce drudgery and physical exertion
+Weeding implements
+Dryland weeder
+This peg-type weeder is excellent for row crops on sandy and loamy soils. It can be operated easily by one person. When the weeder is pushed forward, the drum rotates through the soil and the curved blade cuts the roots of weeds. The weeder has a working width of 15 cm and can weed about 0.025 ha/hr.
+Multipurpose weeder
+This multipurpose weeder is especially useful on hilly terrain. The weeder's cutting edge can cut small bushes and the curved blade can be used for weeding between crop plants. Its designer says this veeder reducer drudgery by 25 to 30 percent compared to traditional hand hoeing on terraced or sloping land.
+Rotary paddy weeder
+This manual weeder is effective for light weeding in paddy fields. It can be operated easily by one person. The weeder is pushed and pulled, forward and back, continuously between paddy rows. The rotating blades go below the surface to cut and turn up weeds. It can weed about 0.025 ha/hr. This rotary weeder can be made using local skills and local materials.
+Draw weeder
+This weeder is best suited to dry areas. It consists of a toothed, double-edged blade attached to a long handle. The sharp-toothed blade cuts weeds just below the soil surface.
+V-blade hand hoe
+This tool, designed for light weeding, consists of a long wooden or bamboo handle joined to a sharpened, V-shaped blade. The blade cuts through soil, cutting weeds just below the soil surface.
+Post-harvest Implements
+Tubular hand-held maize sheller
+This tubular sheller consists of a 7-cm length o steel pipe, 6.25 cm in diameter, with four tapered fins of light sheet metal fitted inside. A, one end the space between fin tips is 26.5 mm, while at the other, the space is 39 mm. To operate, hold the sheller in one hand and insert a dry cob with the other hand. Twist them in opposite directions. The fins detach corn kernels from the cob at the rate of about 20 kg per hour.
+Comb-type groundnut stripper
+This manually operated machine detaches pods from groundnut vines. The machine consists of a rectangular frame with vertical pegs and a horizontal strip of expanded metal (used in wire fences) fixed on each side in the shape of a comb. Handfuls of groundnut vines are pulled across the comb with force. This strips pods from the vines at a rate of 200-300 kg of pods per hour, with four people working at the same time.
+Drum-type groundnut stripper
+This stripper removes groundnut pods from green vines. It can be operated easily by one person and is quite effective in minimizing postharvest losses. The device consists of a hollow drum constructed from two metal disks connected by metal rods covered by rubber tubing. The operator cranks the drum handle and beats the groundnut vines on the rotating drum rods. A framed canvas hood keeps pods from scattering. (Canvas hood not shown in illustration at left.)
+Hand-operated grain cleaner
+Used for removing foreign matter from Bengal gram, wheat, and soybean. This device consists of two metal screens in a frame suspended by rope. About 10 kg of grain is fed into the sieve and the cradle-like cleaner is swung briskly back and forth. Grains fall through the screen but debris remains. The cleaned grain is sieved again to remove finer debris.
+Caution
+Suspend the cleaner from a sturdy tripod or beam.
+Harvesting implements
+This sickle is best suited for harvesting wheat and rice crops. It has a wooden handle with a special hand grip shaped to make harvesting easier. The sickle blade, made of serrated carbon steel, is riveted to a 12-mm wide, Ushaped strip which is fixed to the handle. Ten women using naveen sickles can harvest I ha in 1 0 hours.
+The khurpa-cum-sickle is a weeder, a hoe, and cutter all in one. The blade is made of carbon steel sheet. The front edge is used for weeding and hoeing, while the side edge is cured and serrated to cut like a sickle. The serrated edge has a cured length of 12 cm, which is about 60 percent of the length of a normal sickle. The handle is made of seasoned seesam wood. The tool weighs 300 g, light enough for continuous use.
+Sources of drudgery-reducing implements
+Comb-type groundnut stripper
+Hand-operated grain cleaner
+Draw weeder
+Naveen sickle
+Drum-type groundnut stripper
+Tubular hand-held maize sheller
+Dryland weeder
+Central Institute of Agricultural
+V-blade hand hoe
+Engineering (ICAR)
+College of Agricultural Engineering
+Shri Guru Teg Bahadur Complex
+Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
+Bhopal 462003
+Coimbatore 641003
+Madhya Pradesh, India
+Tamil Nadu, India
+Multipurpose weeder
+Khurpa-cum-sickle
+ICAR Research Complex
+Division of Agri. Engineering
+North-Eastern Hilis Region
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+Shillong 793003
+Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
+Meghalaya, India
+Rotary paddy weeder
+M.P. State Department of Agriculture
+Putligarh
+Bhopal 462001
+Madhya Pradesh, India
+Source: Centre of Science for Villages, Wardha, Dr. H. S. Biswas, and Dr. M. M. Pandey
+<section>Fuel-efficient chulhas</section>
+Advantages of fuel efficient chulhas
+- Use less fuel
+- Reduce fuel collection time
+- Reduce cooking time
+- Produce less smoke
+- Conserve trees
+- Allow more dung to be used as fertilizer instead of fuel
+- Provide work for local chulha makers
+Millions of women in developing countries spend hours each day gathering fuel and still more hours feeding inefficient, smokey chulhas. These ovens harm women's health, add to women's work load, and contribute to deforestation. To combat this problem, many fuel-efficient ovens have been designed and promoted over the years. These improved chulhas all have something in common: they are scientifically designed for better heat flow, which means that maximum heat is taken from the fuel and directed at the cooking pots.
+Models
+Many different models of improved chulhas are available:
+- Pottery-lined mud chulha with or without chimney
+- Portable metal chulha
+- Portable ceramic-lined metal chulha
+- Portable chulha with separate hood chimney
+- Pottery-lined chulha without chimney
+Installation
+Improved chulhas are installed by specially trained, selfemployed chulha makers. Customers are helped to choose the right chulha to meet their needs-depending on family size, kitchen location, type of fuel to be used. Normally, chimneys are recommended for closed, poorly ventilated areas.
+Economies
+Chulhas are normally made from locally available materials. But, depending on the chulha's size and design-whether the chulha includes a chimney pipe, smoke hood, ceramic or metal components-and taking into account installation charge and available subsidies, an improved chulha can cost from R15 to R150.
+If you are interested in having a fuel-efficient improved chulha, contact the block development officer in your area.
+Contributor: Mr. S. K. Jagwani
+<section>Solar cookers</section>
+Households can save money, save labour, and preserve the environment by using the free energy of the sun to cook food. About 60 percent of energy used in rural areas in India is used for cooking. This comes from fuelwood, agricultural waste, animal dung, coal, and kerosene. Aside from the cost of these fuels and the long hours spent collecting them, there is also an environmental cost Demand for fuelwood, for instance, is causing deforestation which leads to floods and erosion.
+Why buy a solar cooker?
+- Savings-solar cookers use no fuel and are cheap to maintain
+- Safety-no fires, no electric shocks, no gas leaks
+- Time-saving-cook four items at a time
+- Convenience-very little attention is required
+- Simplicity-solar cookers are simple to use
+- Nutrition-solar cooking preserves the nutritive value of food
+- Flavour-food is cooked slowly so flavour is retained
+- Cleanliness-no smoke and no soot
+Note
+Solar cookers do not work well in early morning, late afternoon, or on cloudy days.
+There are six main parts to a solar cooker
+1 Outer box-made of galvanized iron or aluminium.
+2 Inner cooking tray-made of sheet aluminium painted black to absorb the sun's radiation
+3 Double glass lid-with a 1-cm air space between the sheets of glass for insulation and a rubber gasket to prevent heat leakage
+4 Thermal insulating material- such as glass wool, packed between the outer box and the inner tray
+5 Mirror-fixed on the inside of the outer box lid to focus the sun's rays on the cooking containers and cooking tray
+6 Cooking containers (with covers)
+-of aluminium or stainless steel, painted black on the outside to absorb the sun's radiation
+How to use a solar cooker
+1 Keep the solar cooker in the open in direct sunlight for at least 45 minutes before loading it with cooking pots. This will reduce the cooking time.
+2 From time to time, adjust the position of the cooker and mirror to focus the sun's rays on the cooking pots and cooking tray.
+3 Open the glass lid of the solar cooker, place the cooking pots inside and close the lid. As much as possible, keep the lid closed. Opening the lid will cause heat to escape and prolong cooking time.
+Precautions
+- When cooking is complete, leave the lid open for 10 to 15 minutes to allow the pots to cool down.
+- Use cloth potholders when removing pots from the cooker.
+- When opening the cooker's glass lid, keep your face and body away to avoid steam burn.
+Maintenance
+- The outside of the pots and the surface of the inner tray should be painted black from time to time. Avoid scratching the paint.
+- When cooking is complete, clean the cooker with a dry cloth. Wipe both sides of the double glass lid and mirror with a soft clean duster before and after using the cooker.
+Useful tips
+- Cut vegetables into small pieces before cooking.
+- Softer cereals and pulses in water before cooking.
+- Do not overfill the pots (ingredients and cooking water combined should about reach the middle of the pot).
+- Keep containers covered while cooking.
+- Before roasting, grease the pot and smear the food with oil. Leave the pot lid off.
+- Spices should be added before and after cooking, but not during cooking. Frequent opening of the glass cooker lid and pot lids will result in heat loss and prolonged cooking time.
+- Keep the cooking tray and pots painted black.
+- To avoid scratching the black paint, remove cooking pots before transporting the cooker.
+- Store the cooker closed, in a safe, sheltered place.
+Recipes for solar cooker
+Alu Methi
+Ingredients
+250 g small potatoes
+salt, chillies, and
+(diced into small pieces)
+turmeric powder to
+100 g fresh methi
+taste and 11/2 tbs
+groundnut oil
+Method
+1 Before cooking, clean and cut the methi leaves, apply salt, and leave for one hour.
+2 Subsequently, squeeze the water from methi and wash it thoroughly in a strainer.
+3 Heat oil and put turmeric powder and chillies in it.
+4 Add potatoes and salt, place it in the pot and put it in solar cooker for about 30 minutes.
+5 Add methi, uncover the pot, and leave for about 30 minutes.
+Cauliflower
+Ingredients
+200 g cauliflower
+salt, turmeric, and
+1/2 inch piece of ginger
+chillies to taste
+1/2 tsp jeera
+2 tbs oil
+1 tomato
+Method
+1 Cut cauliflower into small pieces.
+2 Heat oil and put in jeera, turmeric powder, chillies, salt, and cauliflower.
+3 Pour it into a pot, cover, and place it in the cooker.
+4 After about 30 minutes, cut the tomato and add it to the pot. Cook for another 30 minutes.
+Chicken curry
+Ingredients
+250 g chicken
+I onion
+1 tomato garlic, ginger, dhania powder, jeera powder, chillies, salt and pepper for seasoning
+2 tbs oil
+1/2 cup (lukewarm) water
+1 peeled and finely cut potato
+1 tomato either grated or blanched for seasoning and mashed.
+Method
+1 Mix all the ingredients, except the tomato, and place in a covered pot in the solar cooker for about 40 minutes.
+2 Add the tomato.
+3 Remove after 10-15 minutes. Mix thoroughly, pass through a sieve, and serve.
+Chutney fish
+Ingredients
+1 pomfret 7-8 cloves garlic half lemon
+1/4 tsp turmeric powder salt
+2 green chillies coriander leaves, coconut, and roasted gram 1 tbs oil.
+Method
+1 Clean the fish and make gashes on both sides and smear with salt.
+2 Grind garlic, coriander leaves, coconut, roasted gram, chillies, turmeric powder, and salt into a "chutney".
+3 Add lemon juice.
+4 Cover fish with this chutney and put it in a greased pot or on a greased griddle.
+5 Do not cover the container. Place it in solar cooker for about 40 minutes
+Note
+Remember to preheat for at least 45 minutes.
+Note
+If mustard fish is to be made, the fish pieces should be marinated in a ground paste of 10 g mustard seeds, 6 green chillies, salt and oil. After marination for 30 minutes, the fish should be kept in the solar cooker uncovered for about 30 minutes.
+Dal
+Ingredients
+150 g arhar dal
+350 ml water
+10 g ghee
+I l/4 tsp salt
+1/4 tsp haldi powder
+1/4 tsp red chill) powder
+1/2 tsp garam masala
+Method
+1 Pick, wash, and soak for an hour a measured amount of dal.
+2 Mix water, dal, ghee, salt, red chill), and haldi powder in the cooking pot.
+3 Cover with a lid and keep it in the preheated solar cooker for 30 minutes.
+4 When cooked, garnish with garam masala.
+Masala chicken
+Ingredients 500 g chicken (cut into eight pieces) 250 g onion I pod garlic 1/2 inch piece of ginger 3 tomatoes 1/2 tsp each of dhania powder and jeera powder, salt, turmeric powder and chillies to taste 2 the oil and I lemon
+Method
+1 Wash the chicken and smear it with salt, turmeric powder, and lemon juice. Leave aside for 30 minutes.
+2 Grind onion, garlic, and ginger into a paste and fry in oil until the oil starts leaving the sides of the vessel.
+3 Add jeera powder, dhania powder, salt, chillies, and turmeric powder.
+4 Place chicken in the solar cooker container and pour the cooked masala on top.
+5 Add sliced tomatoes.
+6 Leave it in the solar cooker for about 40 minutes.
+Plain rice
+Ingredients
+1 cup rice
+2 cups lukewarm water
+Method
+1 Wash and soak the rice for 1 5 minutes.
+2 Put the rice and water in the cooking pot.
+3 Put the covered pot in the solar cooker for about 40 minutes.
+Rice and Dal Khichri
+Ingredients
+Method
+1 cup rice
+1 Wash and soak rice and dal together for 60 minutes. Drain.
+3 cups water
+2 Heat oil and fly ginger, pepper, and jeera lightly.
+1/4 cups moong
+3 Add rice and dal and put it into a dish. Add lukewarm water. Add salt to taste.
+dal
+4 Cover it and leave it in the cooker for about 30 minutes.
+a small piece
+5 Stir it and leave it in solar cooker for another30 minutes.
+of finely cut
+ginger, jera,
+salt, and
+pepper for
+seasoning
+1 tbs ghee
+<section>Biogas as a rural energy source</section>
+Composition
+Biogas contains 55-75 percent methane, plus hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide. The percentage of inflammable methane gas depends on the raw material used to make the biogas.
+Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by the chemical decomposition of organic material such as animal dung. Consider installing a biogas plant. Animal dung, human waste, and waste plant material can be converted to clean, cheap fuel for cooking and lighting. And, the byproduct is good fertilizer. Biogas plants, also known as digesters or Gobar gas plants, can be installed to meet the needs of individual families on very small sites (3 m x 2 m), or for groups of several families.
+Raw materials
+- Animal wastes, such as dung of cows, elephants, horses, goats, poultry, and pigs
+- Plant wastes, such as husks, straw, dry leaves, weeds, vegetable skins
+- Human excrete
+- Industrial and domestic wastes, such as billow dust, pulp mill effluent, fruit and vegetable wastes
+How it works
+The main parts of a biogas plant are the digester, mixing pit, inlet and outlet pipes, outlet tank, gas holder, and gas pipe.
+1 Organic material and water are mixed thoroughly in a mixing pit.
+2 The mixture flows through the inlet pipe into the digester tank.
+3 As the organic material decomposes (in the absence of oxygen), biogas is produced.
+4 Gas collects in the gas holder. This gas can be used for fuel.
+5 Decomposed material in the digester becomes light. It passes through the outlet pipe to the outlet tank. The material is good quality manure, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.
+Size
+The size of your biogas plant should depend on your family's fuel requirements, and the availability of dung and other organic material. The table below will help determine the right size biogas plant for your homestead.
+Capacity of plant (gas production per day in m^3)
+Daily requirement of dung (kg)
+Approximate number of cattle required for
+Cooking for num ber of persons
+Community-size biogas plants are also available which can serve the needs of several families.
+Site selection
+- Install the biogas plant on an elevated, open, and dry site which is exposed to sunshine most of the day.
+- It should be near the kitchen and the animal sheds.
+- The groundwater level should be at least two metres below the surface.
+- The biogas plant must be at least 15 metres away from drinking water wells and hand pumps.
+- Where the sanitary latrine is linked to the biogas plant, the water seal of the latrine must be at least 30 centimeters above the upper level of the biogas plant's slurry outlet pipe.
+Cost of installation
+The cost of installation depends on the type and size of plant installed. The table below shows the approximate cost of installation of various models at various capacities (assuming a 40-day retention period):
+Capacity of plant (m')
+KVIC^1 model
+Deenbandhu model
+Pragati model
+Khadi and Village Industries Corporation
+The national government provides facilities for promotion, construction, service, and repair of biogas plants. Substantial subsidies are also available through the National Programme on Biogas Development. As well, both commercial and cooperative banks provide credit, without land mortgage, for installation of family-size biogas plants. Repayment periods range between 5 and 7 years.
+Installation
+Biogas plants are installed by self-employed workers specially trained in the construction, installation, maintenance, and repair of biogas plants.
+For more information contact the block development office in your area.
+Contributor: Mr. S. K. Jagwani
+<section>Efficient fuel energy utilisation</section>
+Energy for cooking is a basic requirement of daily life. Women in rural areas must travel long distances to collect fuel for cooking. Then they spend long hours cooking in smoke-filled kitchens. Here are some ways to make best use of fuel and minimize cooking time.
+Proper pots
+- Use round-bottomed pots on wood-burning chulhas. More heat can be transferred to these as compared to flatbottomed pots.
+- The diameter of the pot must be 1.5- to 2-times bigger than the diameter of the chulha opening.
+- Clean the pot bottom before use.
+Fuel-saving cooking techniques
+- Cook with the minimum quantity of water. If more water is required during cooking, add hot water if possible.
+- Keep the pot or pan covered with a plate or pot lid while cooking.
+- Soak pulses, rice, etc., in water for at least half an hour before cooking. Hard-coated legumes, such as lima beans, gram, and cowpea, should be soaked overnight.
+- Do not allow flames to come out the chulha's fire door.
+- When cooking is complete, quickly remove unused fuel from the fire chamber and douse the fuel with water. This wet fuel can be sun-dried and used again.
+Remember to cover your pot.
+Smart fuel use
+- Chop wood into small pieces, about 3 cm x 5 cm x 10 cm.
+- Do not over-feed the fire. Flames should not escape the fire box. This is a waste of fuel.
+- Use dry fuel. Otherwise, energy is wasted removing moisture when the fuel is burned.
+Place wood pieces at angles across the grate (if the chulha has a grate) to allow air circulation.
+Stack wood pieces across each other for better circulation.
+If you are using long fuel sticks which protrude from the fire box, keep them horizontal or tilted toward the centre of the grate by propping up their outside ends with a brick.
+When using light fuels such as twigs and straw along with wood, bum the wood first to achieve a high temperature. Add the light fuels next for their good combustion.
+Dung should be used for composting. However, if some part of your dung must be used for fuel, prepare fuel rods by coating dung over long sticks. After they are dried in the sun, these fuel rods burn more efficiently and produce less smoke than either wood or dung burned separately.
+<section>Water management for farm and home</section>
+<section>Safe drinking water</section>
+Some 1.5 million children under the age of five die in India every year because of water-borne diseases. While most people know that bad water causes sickness, relatively few know that water carries diarrhoea, cholera, and stomach disorders. Rural women are the principal collectors, storekeepers, and users of water at home and in communities. Therefore, they must know how to ensure that the water they use is safe.
+What is safe water?
+Water is safe when there is nothing in it that can cause a disease. Safe drinking water must be:
+- Free from harmful germs (bacteria, parasites, viruses, etc.)
+- Free from harmful chemicals (such as pesticides) and foreign matter (such as dirt)
+- Pleasant to taste or tasteless
+- Colourless or crystal clear
+- Odourless
+Importance of safe water
+Not all water is safe for human use-drinking and cooking. Contaminated water can be dangerous to health. It is a source of deadly diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, gastroenteritis, typhoid, jaundice, polio, guinea worm infestation, worm infection, and other health problems.
+What causes contamination in water sources?
+Human excreta-faeces and urine Animal excreta-dung and urine Bathing, washing, and cleaning activities Industrial effluent from mines, mills, refineries, etc. (Dead fish seen frequently in water might indicate the presence of chemicals.) Wastes from cities Improper garbage and waste disposal Pesticides and fertilizers washed into rivers and groundwater Dead and decaying animals and plants, especially in stagnant water Soil erosion
+Due to these pollutants, water becomes unsafe for domestic use and, therefore, unsafe for drinking.
+How to recognize unsafe water
+Unsafe water has various harmful chemicals (such as iron and fluorides), germs, and waste materials. Harmful chemicals and germs cannot be seen with the naked eye but can cause unpleasant odour or taste.
+Note
+To be sure, get your water tested. Take a sample of water for testing to your local water-testing laboratory.
+Note
+Wells should be situated away from sources of contamination.
+Water from hand pumps can become contaminated in the rainy season.
+Prevent surface water from entering wells.
+Keep washing areas and sources of contamination downstream from your water source.
+Unsafe water has:
+- unpleasant, biker or salty taste might be due to excess of iron and various salts like chlorides.
+- foul smell-might be due to gases, germs, sewage, and/or algae.
+- cloudy or turbid appearance might be due to excess of mud, clay, salt, iron, decaying organic matter, dyes, etc.
+In general:
+- running water is safer than stagnant water.
+- groundwater is safer than surface water.
+- covered wells and hand pumps are safer than open wells, tanks, and ponds.
+- tubewells are safer than open wells.
+- deep wells are safer than shallow wells.
+Source: Notional Drinking Water Mission, Government of India
+<section>Maintenance of community water sources</section>
+Any water source is a valuable property of the entire village. Therefore, it is everyone's responsibility to guard the water source from contamination.
+Taps and water pumps
+- Keep the tap and pump and the surrounding area clean.
+- Make a drain to lead excess water away from the tap or pump.
+- Excess water can be used to water a field or kitchen garden, or can be drained into a soakage pit. This prevents the surrounding area from getting muddy.
+- Clean drains regularly.
+- Repair cracks in concrete. Repair cracked or damaged pipes promptly.
+- Protect the water source, piping system, and storage tank from contamination by people, animals, agricultural and industrial waste.
+- Prevent children from putting their lips on the tap or pump when drinking water.
+- Bathe and wash clothes at least 15 m away from the tap or hand pump.
+- Make a fence around the tap or hand pump to keep cattle and other animals away.
+- If it is necessary to water cattle from the pump, make a special cemented trough some distance (about 15 m) away from the pump.
+- Turn off taps after use. Do not waste water.
+Wells
+- Sink wells in good soil at least 15 m away from possible sources of contamination, such as cesspools or insanitary privies.
+- Fill in all hollows, rat holes, foul tanks, cesspits, etc., near the well.
+- The site should be sufficiently high to prevent water from flowing toward and seeping into the well.
+- Provide a parapet wall around the top of the well about 1 m high to prevent surface water from entering the well. The top of the well wall should slope (should not be horizontal) to discourage people from sitting or washing clothes on it, and thereby contaminating the water.
+- Cut down or trim trees and vegetation close by so that leaves and bird droppings do not fall into the well. Tree roots should not be allowed to sprout from the lining of the well.
+- Cover the well to prevent leaves and dust from blowing inside.
+Prevent sparrows and pigeons from making their nests in the lining of the well.
+Provide a proper washing and bathing place at a distance from the well and preferably at a lower level than the well so that waste water flows away. Waste water seeping into the ground close to the well can contaminate the well water.
+- Provide a cemented area around the well at least 2 m in diameter. Make it slope away from the well so that surface washings flow away from the well and not into it.
+- The buckets of individual users might be dirty and contaminate the well water. So, discourage users from lowering their own buckets into the well.
+- Attach a strong bucket with a chain or rope to the well permanently for public use. Keep this bucket clean.
+Tanks and ponds
+If possible, do not use water from tanks and ponds for drinking. Use well water instead. If you must use water from tanks or ponds, try to follow these guidelines.
+Select sites with good surroundings with no insanitary conditions or bore-hole latrines in the vicinity.
+Ensure that banks are properly sloped and planted with grass.
+The tank or pond should be ringed by an embankment to prevent water from flowing in.
+Do not allow surface drains to empty into the tank or pond.
+Fence the tank or pond to keep away cattle.
+Keep one tank for drinking water and another for other activities, such as washing, bathing, and watering animals.
+Draw water without going into the tank. Draw water from the steps or by means of a hand pump.
+Plant trees only at a distance so as not to attract cattle and bird droppings.
+Remove weeds and algae regularly.
+Clean the tank or pond regularly and re-excavate when dry.
+This will increase its capacity as well.
+Do not allow any commercial activities, such as jute steeping in the tank.
+Source: National Drinking Water Mission, Government of India, Mr. Yash Pal Bedi and Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity, Government of India
+<section>Management of drinking water for the household</section>
+You must ensure that the water you use is safe. Take care to prevent contamination from the time water is collected to the time it is used.
+Hands are a major source of water contamination. So, do not put your hands in the drinking water and do not let drinking water splash or pour over your hands during collection, transportation, or storage.
+Water container
+- Clean your water containers with ash or cleaning powder. Do not use mud as it contains harmful bacteria which can contaminate your water.
+- Do not use containers which previously contained pesticides, chemicals, petrol, or other poisonous substances.
+Collecting water
+- Avoid collecting stagnant wafer from ponds. Collect water from wells rather than from surface sources. If, however, this cannot be avoided, strain the water through two layers of cloth. Allow the water to stand for a short while. The water can then be purified with bleaching powder or by boiling. (See Safe drinking water and Some simple ways to purify drinking water.)
+Clean your hands thoroughly before filling the water container.
+- Do not lower your container into the well. Use the community bucket fixed the well for this purpose.
+- Do not place this community bucket on the ground.
+- Do not walk down the steps of the well (in the case of a step well) to collect water. This spreads guinea worm. (See Maintenance of community water sources.)
+Transporting water
+- Carry drinking water in a covered container.
+- Make sure that the cover is clean.
+Storing water at home
+- Keep the water container covered.
+- Keep the water container on a high platform out of reach of children and animals. Clay pots and other porous containers must be raised slightly off the ground to prevent contamination.
+- If possible, use a container with a tap near the base. This prevents contamination from hands and utensils dipping into the container. It also allows sediment to settle to the bottom.
+- If possible, empty and clean household water storage containers daily.
+- Use some simple methods to purify your water before use. (See Some simple ways to purify drinking water.)
+- Use a clean, long-handled ladle to take water from the container.
+Sources: National Drinking Water Mission, Government of India, Mr. Yash Pal Bedi and Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity, Government of India
+<section>Some simple ways to purify drinking water</section>
+Drinking water is not always safe. Sometimes it can carry debilitating diseases, even death. To prevent infection by waterborne diseases, follow the simple techniques given below.
+Boiling
+Boil all drinking water for at least 10 minutes. Boiling kills most of the harmful organisms present in water. In case boiling is a problem-because of high fuel costs or lack of fuel-boil at least the water for children, older people, and sick people, especially during the rainy season. To improve the taste of boiled water, stir it vigorously with a clean spoon or pour the water from a height, from one container to another several times.
+Container
+Water quality
+Brass, copper
+very good
+Plastic, glass
+good
+Steel, iron
+not good
+Tin, hindalium
+bad
+Mud, aluminium
+very bad
+Copper or brass vessels
+If possible, store water in copper or brass vessels.
+Copper and brass inhibit the growth of bacteria.
+Solar disinfection
+1 Leave water containers for some time so that heavy dust and dirt particles settle to the bottom.
+2 Pour the water into transparent plastic, coloured glass, or blue-tinted glass vessels or bottles. As you pour, be very careful not to disturb the sediment.
+3 Cover the vessels and cap the bottles.
+4 Expose them to strong direct sunlight for at least 90 minutes. If possible, put the vessels in the sun early in the morning and leave them out until late afternoon. This destroys bacteria that cause several common diseases. Keep the vessels slightly away from each other for direct radiation.
+This solar-disinfected water can be used directly or kept overnight to cool.
+Three-pot system
+Unsafe, dirty water can be made much safer simply by storing it for at least 24 hours Within that time most of the dirt will sink to the bottom.
+1 Take two big pots and one small pot. Use the big pots for fetching water on alternate days.
+2 Allow the water in the first pot to stand for 24 hours.
+3 Then, pour the clear top water into the small Pot for drinking.
+4 Use the remaining water for washing.
+5 Clean and refill the first pot when it is empty.
+6 Again, allow it to stand for 24 hours.
+7 Use the second pot in the same way as the first. In this way, each day's drinking water has been left to stand for at least 24 hours.
+Cloth filters
+Cloth water filters can be used to strain insects, worm larvae and other comparatively large particles from water. Make a simple two-layer filter using cloth of two different colours so that you know which side to place on top (to receive unclean water). Use tightly woven cloth. Wash the filters after each use. This prevents organisms and debris caught in the filter from recontaminating the water. You can also buy readymade, cheap plastic filters.
+Charcoal filters
+Charcoal water filters can be used to remove suspended material and harmful bacteria in polluted water to a level satisfactory for human consumption.
+Materials
+- Gravel and sand for filtration.
+- Charcoal to remove colour, odour, taste, and certain dissolved impurities
+Construction
+1 Make a number of small holes in the bottom of a galvanized iron or steel drum, clay pitcher, or ordinary steel drum. This will be the water-filter container.
+2 Fill the pitcher or drum with a 25-cm layer of gravel.
+3 Place a layer of coarse sand on top of the gravel, up to a height of about 25 cm.
+4 Cover with charcoal.
+5 Cover the charcoal with a 510-cm thick layer of gravel to prevent the charcoal pieces from floating in the water.
+Chemical disinfection
+Chlorine in one form or another is the most common chemical used for disinfection of water It is normally effective against bacteria commonly associated with water-borne diseases It is, however, less effective against certain cysts, ova, and viruses
+Chlorine is supplied as a gas, in solution, or as a solid. Probably the easiest form of sterilization of emergency water supplies is by use of either calcium hypochlorite (ordinary bleaching powder) or sodium hypochlorite (available as a liquid).
+Notes
+- Wash the materials before filling the filter container.
+- About three-quarters of the drum should be filled with the filter material. Place this water-filter container on top of another iron or steel drum or clay pitcher, fitted with a tap. Pour water in the top. Filtered water is obtained through the tap at the bottom. The charcoal should be replaced after six months. The sand and gravel can be washed and reused.
+- You are advised to add a few drops of chlorine solution (5.25 percent) to disinfect each jug of water.
+Chlorination at home
+Make a chlorine solution by mixing 1 cup of laundry bleach in 3 cups of water. Add 3 drops of this solution to 1 litre of water and allow the water to sit for 30 minutes. Alternatively, you can treat water using chlorine tablets which are available in the market.
+Chlorination of community wells
+Continuous disinfection of well water can be done using low-cost devices called "pot chlorination "
+Single-pot chlorinator-for larger wells
+1 Take a 12- 15 litre earthen pot.
+2 Make two holes 0.6 cm in diameter in the middle of the pot.
+3 Pour into the pot a moist mixture of 1.5 kg bleaching powder and 3 kg coarse sand. (The mixture should occupy the volume of the pot below the level of the holes).
+4 Cover the mouth of the pot with polythene.
+5 Lower the pot into the well with a rope so that it remains 60 cm below the surface of the water.
+This unit can chlorinate wells holding 9,000-13,000 litres of water with a withdrawal rate of 900-1,300 litres per day (sufficient for 40-60 people per day) for a period of at least one week. The treated water has a chlorine content of 0.2-0.8 parts per million.
+Double-pot chlorinator-for small household wells
+Use of a single-pot chlorinator in a small well (4,000 litres of water with a withdrawal rate of 360-450 litres per day) will result in over-chlorination. Instead, use a double-pot chlorinator.
+1 Take two cylindrical pots-one to fit inside the other.
+Make a 1 cm diameter hole in the side of the smaller pot, about 8 cm below the rim.
+3 Fill this pot to just below the hole with a moist mixture of 1 kg bleaching powder and 2 kg coarse sand.
+4 Make a hole 1 cm in diameter, about 4 cm from the bottom of the big pot.
+5 Put the small pot inside the big pot.
+6 Cover the mouth of both pots with polythene.
+7 Lower the unit into the well with a rope so that it hangs 1 m below the water level. This chlorinator gives 0.3-0.5 parts per million of chlorine over a period of 2-3 weeks.
+Sources: National Drinking Water
+Mission, Government of India, Mr.
+Yas Pal Bedi, and Directorate of
+Advertising and Visual Publicity,
+Government of India
+Calculating volume
+Use this formula to calculate the volume of water in your well:
+3 x radius of the well (cm) x radius of the well (cm) x depth of water (cm) = cubic cm
+<section>Use of indigenous plants for cleaning water</section>
+Farm women in India possess a wealth of indigenous knowledge. Women in some parts of India, for instance, use various plants to make muddy water clear.
+Moringa oleifera drumstick, sainjana, sahjana
+Moringa oleifera can make muddy water clear in 1-2 hours.
+Dosage
+Use about 30 seeds in 40 litres of water. Use more seeds to clear very muddy water. Dosage can also depend upon the condition of the water source and the season. ( l 1/2 seeds per litre of water for very muddy water and 1/4 of a seed in one litre of water for less turbid water.)
+Method of preparation
+1 Remove the wing and coat of the seed.
+2 Crush the white kernel in a mortar.
+3 Mix the powdered kernel with a small amount of potable water in a glass and stir vigorously for 5 minutes.
+4 Pour this suspension through a tea strainer or muslin cloth into turbid water.
+5 Keep stirring the water slowly for about 10 minutes.
+Strychnos potatorum nirmall The ripened seeds of Strychnos potatorum can be used to make a natural flocculent for cleaning muddy water-dirt particles flock together, creating larger clumps which can be easily removed.
+Dosage
+Use about 1.5 mg of seed extract per litre of muddy water.
+Method
+1 Crush ripened seeds into a thick paste using clean water.
+2 Add the paste to muddy water and stir.
+3 Let it stand.
+4 Strain through muslin or pour off the clear water into a clean vessel. Be careful not to disturb the sediment.
+(The same results can be achieved by rubbing the seed on the inner surface of an earthen water vessel before filling.)
+Semecarpus anacardium bhela, bhilawa
+This seed is used in Central India as a substitute for Strychnos potatorum. Rub the seeds on a stone and make a thick paste. Mix it with muddy water. Follow the same procedure as for Strychnos potatorum.
+Vetieria zizanoides khus, vetiver grass
+Take a clay jar with a few tiny holes in the bottom. Lay wiry roots of the rhizome at the bottom of the jar. Water filtered through this layer of roots is not only cleaner but also has a pleasant smell. (Practiced in South Kerala.)
+Tylophora indica jangli-pikvan
+The dry roots of this plant improve the quality of drinking water. The roots can be placed directly in water or powdered and stirred in.
+Limnanthemum cristatum This herb is grown in rainwater harvesting tanks in some parts of Rajasthan for cleaner water and pleasant taste.
+Source: Consortium for Rural Technologies (CORT)
+<section>Soakage pit for proper disposal of waste water</section>
+Note
+Do not use your soak pit for disposing of waste water from latrines.
+Day-to-day household tasks, such as cleaning, bathing, and washing clothes, produce waste water. Stagnant pools of water around houses, in the streets, and in choked drains are a health hazard.
+Besides producing bad odour and making areas muddy, stagnant pools become breeding places for mosquitoes.
+Kitchen gardens are a good place to dispose of waste water. However, if you don't have space for a garden, building a soak pit is a practical, effective alternative.
+Soak pits work like this: waste water gets dispersed in the specially designed pit and is absorbed in the subsoil, while pieces of solid waste naturally decompose. Since decomposition takes place in a sealed pit, no foul smell is produced.
+Materials required Stones (large, medium, small): 1 cart load Plastic or metal perforated plate (15 cm diameter): 1 PVC pipe (30 mm diameter) 75 cm - 1 m Cement: 2 kg Bricks: 12 Polythene or gunny bags: 4 Sand: 2 cubic ft Masonry and labour charges (digging, fitting, and finishing construction of the pit): 1 day
+Construction
+Select a 1 sq m area close to the drain outlet, and 30 to 60 cm away from the nearest wall of the house.
+- Dig a pit 1m x 1m x 1m x.
+- Fill the pit with big stones (coconut size) up to 30 cm, followed by medium stones (guava size), from 30 to 60 cm, and small stones (wainut size) from 60 to 90 cm.
+Note
+In case the distance between the drain outlet and the soak pit is greater than the recommended distance of 30 to 60 cm, the length of the drain pipe has to be increased accordingly.
+Note
+During heavy rains, cover the trap with a plastic sheet to stop the rainwater from draining in.
+Choose a drain pipe (PVC, bamboo or any used rubber tube or hose) 5 mm in diameter. Cut it to a length of about 75 cm
+Make a hole 3 cm in diameter at one end of this pipe.
+Construct a brick-lined trap below the drain outlet of the house, install a perforated plate and a drain pipe running down to the soak pit.
+The principal/function of the trap is to keep solid deposits, rainwater, and mud out of the soak pit. You can also use a clay pot with holes in the bottom as a trap.
+- Install the drain pipe so that the end with the 3 cm hole reaches the centre of the pit and the perforation faces downwards.
+- Cover the pit with a polythene sheet (fertilizer bags or cement bags). Make sure that the cover stretches at least 15 cm beyond the sides of the pit. Spread earth on this cover and pack it until the surface of the pit is level with the ground. Make the finished surface look the same as the surrounding area.
+Maintenance
+Daily-Remove solid deposits held in the trap and flush a litre of water through the trap to clear any blockage.
+Periodic-In time, your soak pit might become choked. Excess moisture on top of the soak pit is - an indication of choking. When choking occurs, dig out the soak pit and remove the stones and debris. Wash the stones and refill them in the pit.
+For an average family, a well maintained soak pit will last for at least five years.
+Contributor: Dr. N. Kamalammo
+<section>Efficient use of irrigation water</section>
+Note
+Different size jaltriptis can be made to suit your needs.
+Rural women travel long distances for fuel, food, and fodder. This work can pose great hardship, especially in arid and semiarid regions where trees and crops are scarce. Irrigation is an obvious solution, but providing enough water to nurture crops and trees on dry, sandy soils is difficult. There are techniques and tools, however, which can help.
+Jaltripti
+Growing trees is difficult in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in high percolation sandy soils. A simple device called a Jaltripti can reduce the frequency of waterings and reduce the total amount of water needed, while ensuring a constant regulated supply of moisture to young trees.
+Construction
+The jaltripti consists of a double-walled earthen pot. It is made by placing one pot inside a larger pot. See box at left.
+The base (but not the sides) of the inner pot is coated with paint, cement, or coal tar to keep water from passing through.
+Method
+- Dig a hole and bury the jaltripti up to the rim of its outer pot.
+- Fill the inner pot with good soil.
+- Transplant the sapling into the inner pot.
+- Fill the space between the two pots with water.
+- Cover this circular water reservoir with polythene sheet to reduce evaporation. Do not cover the sapling.
+- Fill the jaltripti with water every week or so, depending on the season and the size of the pot.
+Pitcher method
+The pitcher method makes good use of water. It is best suited to dry areas with light soils, but can be adapted for use anywhere. It is particularly useful for growing melons, gourds, pumpkins, and other trailing plants.
+- Dig holes 70 cm wide and 70 cm deep.
+- Add 18 kg of composted manure to each hole.
+- Add 18 kg of soil to each hole and mix well.
+- Bury an earthen pot with the mouth of the pot at ground level in the middle of the bed.
+- Fill the pot with water up to the brim.
+- Cover the pot.
+- Plant four seeds around the pot.
+- Refill with water whenever the water level decreases.
+Circular gardens
+Circular gardens are best suited to drought areas and where land is scarce. They use little water.
+Method
+- Dig holes 30 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep.
+- Build bunds around the rims of the holes.
+- Plant seedlings inside the holes.
+- Water close to the stem of the plant.
+Sprinkler irrigation
+This method is used for medium and large farms. It is more efficient on coarse texture soils, such as sand and sandy loams, which have low moisture-holding capacity. It is especially useful on undulating land and sand dunes.
+The water is sprayed on the crop at a controlled rate. It can be used for almost all crops and is very popular for cash crops and some orchard crops.
+Spray irrigation is advantageous on some soils with salinity problems. It leaches salt effectively, and promotes seedling emergence and growth.
+The spray cools the crops during high temperatures and controls frosts during freezing temperatures.
+Some sprinkler systems are portable. A system costing Rs 1520,000 to install can irrigate 5-10 ha in one crop season.
+Drip irrigation
+Drip irrigation involves the slow application of water, drop by drop, to the root-zone of a crop.
+Water is used very economically, since losses due to deep percolation and surface evaporation are reduced to the minimum.
+This system is suited to arid regions. Growing orchards on saline soil is possible using the drip system.
+Sources: Ms. Chitra Mani, Mr C. V. Sheshadri, and CDRT Allahabad
+<section>Fish production</section>
+<section>Integrated fish farming</section>
+Raising fish in combination with pigs, poultry, cattle, or ducks can raise family income.
+Since animal waste makes good fertilizer for fish ponds, and since 60 percent of the cost of fish farming goes for feed, integrating livestock and fish farming makes sense. Try a combination of different animals and crops that best suit your area. Grow vegetables and other crops on the pond dykes. Use animal waste to run a biogas plant and then feed the biogas slurry to fish-it is better than raw waste as fish-pond fertilizer. The goal is efficiency and higher profits.
+Possible combinations include:
+- Fish-cattle
+- Fish-duck
+- Fish-poultry
+- Fish-pig
+- Fish-goat or -sheep
+- A combination of fish with two or more types of livestock (e.g., poultry pigfish)
+Poultry- fish culture
+Deep litter system
+Between 500 and 600 birds will produce enough litter for a 1 ha fish pond. Using this system, 4,000-5,000 kg of fish 60,000 eggs and 1,200 kg of chicken can be produced annually.
+- Locate the poultry house near the fish pond.
+- Construct the poultry house floor out of brick, concrete, or hard soil.
+Cover the floor to a depth of 15 cm with chopped straw, dry leaves, hay, groundnut shells, broken maize stocks, or sawdust.
+Provide 0.3 to 0.4 sq m per bird.
+Keep the birds on the litter to collect their droppings.
+Stir the bed regularly.
+Keep adding more organic matter to maintain the required depth of 15 cm.
+If the litter becomes damp, add superphosphate or lime to keep it dry.
+After 10-12 months, the litter is fully built up and its nitrogen content has reached about 3 percent. This litter can be used as fertilizer for your fish pond.
+Store the litter in a dry place and apply it to the pond at the rate of 15-20 kg/ha per day.
+Slatted floor system
+Build a poultry house on stilts over the pond. Build the floor out of slatted bamboo or slatted wood so that the bird droppings fall directly into the pond. The birds can be kept in cages or allowed to move freely inside the poultry house. pond
+Note
+Do not apply litter when algal blooms appear at the surface of the pond.
+<section>Composite fish culture</section>
+Fish ponds are a valuable source of protein and ready cash. Maximize production from your fish pond by raising combinations of between 3 and 6 complementary fish species which make best use of your pond's resources.
+Pond preparation New ponds should be dug from clay loam soils. Avoid digging the pond on sandy soil.
+- Narrow, rectangular ponds are easiest to manage. Allow for 0.2-0.4 ha in surface area and sloping in depth from 1.5 m to 2.5 m.
+- Build the pond where it will be exposed to direct sunlight. Shade will reduce the pond's productivity.
+- Apply lime to prevent fish diseases and parasites.
+Manuring
+Use raw cow dung at the rate of 10-15 tonnes per ha per year.
+Add about 2.5 tonnes to the pond 15 days before stocking and the remaining quantity in 1 0- 11 monthly instalments. (If mahua has been applied to exterminate weed fish, forego the first application of cow dung.)
+- Construct a bamboo crib to hold cow dung. Keep the crib filled with cow dung up to the water line.
+- Defer application of cow dung for a few days if algal blooms appear and water becomes green.
+- Add enough cow dung to make the water greenish-brown. This colour indicates there is plenty of natural food in the water.
+Cow dung required (tonnes/ha/year)
+Newly constructed pond
+5.6 to 6.6
+Pond which has been in use for some time
+5.0 to 5.6
+Old pond
+0.7 to 0.5
+Lime dosage
+Highly acidic
+2,000 kg/ha
+Near neutral
+500 kg/ha
+Mildly alkaline
+200 kg/ha
+Highly alkaline
+no lime
+Use litmus paper to test your pond's acidity.
+Stocking
+Note
+Variation in pH is harmful to fish. Lime your pond one week before manuring.
+Fish fingerlings for stocking can be purchased from government fish farms or from private growers. Stock in October-November.
+About 10-cm-long fingerlings should be used for stocking. A pond with 2-3 m depth should be stocked at 6,000-10,000 fingerlings per ha. Depending upon the availability of fingerlings, the pond can be stocked with 3, 4, or 6 species in the following ratios:
+Note
+Fingerlings should be transported in cool weather. In hot weather, transport in the early morning or evening.
+Species combinations and their stocking ratios
+3-species
+4-species
+6-species
+Catla
+Rohu
+Mrigal
+Common carp
+Silver carp
+Grass carp
+Introduction of fingerlings
+Feeding
+Fish eat tiny plants and animals zooplankton and phytopinkton-which float in the water. Your goal is to maximize the growth of this natural food through proper management, which includes fertilizing the pond. Your fish will also need food supplements of oil cake (e.g., mustard or groundnut oil cake)
+Grass-eating fish, such as grass carp, will need a regular supply of weeds.
+Part of the feed mixture can be broadcast at a fixed place. The rest of the feed can be made into a dough ball suspended in the water just below the surface.
+To feed grass carp, suspend aquatic weeds on a frame made of bamboo and rope.
+Weed clearing
+Weeds take up nutrients, harbour harmful insects, consume oxygen, and block sunlight. They must be removed from the pond.
+- Floating weeds, such as water hyacinth and pistia, can be removed by hand.
+- Lighter floating weeds, such as spirodella, lemna and wolfia, can be removed by dragging a rope or small-mesh net across the pond surface.
+- Underwater weeds can be pulled up by dragging a length of weighted barbed wire Gr chain along the bottom of the pond
+Rake your pond
+Rake the bottom of your pond periodically to release nutrients. This can be done by dragging bricks along the bottom.
+Note
+After applying mahua, wait before introducing your new species. Wait longer if a heavy dose of mahua cake is given. The minimum waiting period is 24 hours.
+Undesirable fish
+Eradicate predatory or "weed" fish with mahua oil cake. Broadcast soaked mahua oil cake uniformly over the pond at the rate of 2-2.5 tonnes per hectare of pond surface, with a pond depth of 1 metre. Mahua oil cake is available in the market. Fish killed by mahua oil cake can be eaten.
+Problems and solutions
+If water level drops due to excessive evaporation
+- add water to the pond.
+If fish come to the surface with their snouts protruding for air (moat obvious
+- stop applying manure and stop supplementary feeding.
+- add fresh water to the pond. ing from the water, gulp
+- beat the surface of the water with bamboo poles.
+In the early morning)
+- cut banana trunks into small bits and scatter them on the hand surface to help reduce acidity.
+- pull a drag-net through the pond several times for aeration.
+- apply potassium permanganate at 1 to 2 mg per litre.
+- apply lime at 300 to 500 kg per ha of pond surface.
+If algal bloom forms
+- release silver carp yn the pond, 500 per ha of pond surface.
+(Average weight of silver carp should be 100 9.)
+If birds are eating your fish
+- install scarecrows or other bird-scaring devices.
+If your fish are being taken
+- watch your pond more closely.
+- float branches in the pond. This will prevent netting.
+lf fish become diseased
+- net out the diseased fish and have them examined at the nearest government fisheries office for possible remedial measures.
+Harvesting
+Harvest the fish after one year when they have reached a marketable size of 0.6-1 kg If
+the pond is threatened by flood, drought, or disease, consider harvesting early When netting, start from the deep end of the pond and drag the net slowly toward the shallow end
+Cost and return from a one-hectare pond
+Oil cake (3,000 kg @ Rs 5/kg)
+Rice bran (3,500 kg @ Rs 2 50 /kg)
+Labour (2 people) 360 person-days
+Interest 15%
+Rs 35,592
+Income
+Sales of 4,000 kg of fish @ Rs 22/kg
+Rs 88,000
+Net Profit
+(Rs 88,000 - Rs 35,600)
+Rs 52,400
+Sources: Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombay and Dr. V. R. P. Sinha and Nirmal K Thakur
+<section>Paddy - fish culture</section>
+Fish raising and paddy growing make a profitable on-farm combination. The system described here produces two crops of paddy tall variety in the wet season and a higher yielding variety In the dry season and a single crop of fish.
+Fish species mix and stocking rate
+Stock rohu, catla, mrigal, or minor carp at the rate of 4,0006,000 per ha. The species mix should include 25 percent surface feeders, preferably catla, which are readily available; 30 percent column feeders, such as rohu; and 45 percent bottom feeders, such as mrigal or beta. Prawns also grow well in paddy-fish culture plots.
+Fingerlings can be obtained from government fish centres or from local private dealers. Stock the fish when the water level rises over the paddy growing area (July-August).
+Selection of site
+Low-lying areas with high rainfall (above 800 mm) are well suited to paddy-fish culture.
+Trench design and construction
+Perimeter type
+Place the paddy growing area in the centre. The paddy growing area should slightly slope on all sides toward a perimeter trench.
+Central pond type
+In this design, the paddy growing area drains into a central pond.
+Lateral trench type
+Dig a trench at one end of a moderately sloping paddy field. Or dig two trenches or ponds at opposing ends of the paddy growing area. The total water area should be about one-third the land area.
+The actual shape of plots can vary according to land contours and topography.
+Note
+High yielding varieties should not be grown in the wet season. The water level maintained for the high yielding varieties is too low for fish cultivation (2.5-3.0 cm).
+Note
+To protect your new rice plants, use bamboo traps to remove crabs.
+Fish feeding and management
+For better growth, feed the fish mustard oil cake and rice bran (one part oil cake to one part rice bran) at the rate of 2-3 per cent of fish body weight.
+- Feed from bamboo trays each day.
+- If available, feed shelled mollusc meat to your prawns.
+- Periodically catch fish to monitor their health and growth.
+- Test the pond water with litmus paper. If it is acidic, add lime at the rate of 100 kg per hectare to the trenches or ponds only (not to the paddy growing area).
+Fish weigh 2-3 g at the time of stocking and 200-500 g at harvest.
+Paddy varieties
+- Choose a deep-water paddy variety for the wet season.
+- Choose a short-duration, higher-yielding variety for the dry season crop.
+Paddy preparation
+Wet season crop
+- Clean the plot.
+- Add cow-dung (4,000-5,000 kg/ha). Use sewage water if available.
+- Plough the plot thoroughly.
+- After first rain (May-June), sow deep-water paddy seed.
+Dry season crop
+- After harvest (December-January), clean the plot once again for the second crop.
+- Plough the plot repeatedly.
+- Apply basal fertilizer during final harrowing at the rate of 10 kg N. 30 kg P2O5, and 30 kg K2O per ha. If available, apply sewage water in place of NPK.
+- Transplant 2-3 seedlings per hill. Keep 20-30 cm space between hills and 20 cm space between the rows.
+- Irrigate with freshwater from adjacent ponds or trenches or with sewage water.
+- Keep 5-7 cm of water in the paddy plot.
+- Remove weeds at the time of tillering.
+- Apply the second dose of fertilizer at tittering stage (30 kg N/ha) and the third dose before panicle initiation (development) stage (15 kg N/ha) or add sewage water, if available, from tillering to panicle development (booting) stage.
+- Irrigate the plot as needed.
+Fish harvesting
+Around the time of the deep-water paddy harvest, when the plot gradually dries up (December-January), the fish take shelter in the trench or pond. Fish harvesting should start shortly after the first paddy harvest. Fish that have reached 200-500 g should be taken out at fortnightly intervals by drag netting. In time, the water in the trenches and ponds will be used up to irrigate the second paddy crop. Remove the remaining fish by hand.
+Note
+Build an earthen ridge between the pond and paddy growing area to prevent pesticide from getting into the pond water.
+<section>Cattle fish culture</section>
+Two for one
+A one-hectare fish pond needs about 10-15 tonnes of dung and urine per year to maintain its fertility. New ponds need higher doses of dung and urine. In general, the dung and urine of two cattle are sufficient to maintain a one-hectare pond.
+Caution
+Your pond water should be brown. If the water suddenly turns dark green because of algal growth, stop the inflow of dung and urine until the water turns brown again. Stop the flow of dung and urine during persistent cloudy weather (2-3 days of continuous cloudiness). You do not have to stop the flow of dung and urine during rain.
+Raising fish and cattle together is quite profitable. Although wastes from cattle are not as rich as wastes from poultry and pigs, cattle farmers can still use cattle dung and urine to maintain a fish pond.
+Cattle waste as pond fertilizer If you own cattle, construct a shed close to your pond. The shed should have a bricklined floor with good drainage toward the
+Dung and urine slurry
+As a better alternative, mix dung and urine thoroughly, dilute with water and, using a bucket, evenly broadcast the mixture into your fish pond. Dung in the form of biogas slurry is even better. Apply 80-120 kg of fresh slurry per hectare of pond each day. (See Biogas as a rural energy source.)
+Production
+About 2,500-3,000 kg of fish can be produced from one hectare of pond each year. The cattle provide milk and labour. Buffaloes can also be raised instead of cattle.
+<section>Duck - fish culture</section>
+Benefits of ducks
+- Ducks contribute to high fish production while producing valuable eggs and meat.
+- Ducks loosen the pond bottom, releasing nutrients which increase pond productivity.
+- No additional land is required to raise ducks.
+- Ducks get 50 to 75 percent of their feed from the pond in the form of aquatic weeds, insects, and molluscs.
+- Ducks spread their droppings over the whole pond. This reduces the labour associated with pond manuring.
+Ducks and fish make a great combination. Just build a simple duck shelter next to the fish pond and reap the results. Your fish will grow large on duck manure, spilled duck feed, and microscopic animals and plants made plentiful by the presence of the ducks. You will harvest fish, duck eggs, and meat while saving on pond fertilizers and supplementary fish feed.
+Pond management
+- Six- to eight-week-old ducklings should be stocked on the pond.
+- Vaccinate them prior to stocking.
+- The ducks are likely to prey on small fingerlings. To avoid this, stock the pond with fingerlings more than 10 cm in length.
+Selection of ducks
+Indian runner, styles, mete, and megaswari are suitable breeds.
+Construction of duck house
+- Construct a house on the pond embankment to shelter the ducks at night and during egg laying.
+- Allow the ducks free access to the pond during the day. It is not necessary to build a fence around the pond.
+- Provide about 0.3 0. 5 sq m of floor space per bird.
+Duck droppings as manure
+- Droppings should be collected from the duck house at night and applied to the pond every morning.
+- 200-300 ducks are sufficient to manure a 1 ha fish pond.
+Feed supplements for ducks.
+Supplementary food at the rate of 100 g per bird per day can come from household wastes such as kitchen leftovers, rice bran, and broken rice. Put this feed inside the duck house. Do not give ducks spoiled food.
+Fish, eggs, and meat
+Ducks start layers eggs at the age of 24 weeks and continue to lay until the age of two years. After this, sell them.
+About 3,000 kg of fish, 12,000 eggs, and 500 kg of duck meat can be produced per hectare of pond each year.
+<section>Pig - fish culture</section>
+Productive combination
+A pig attains slaughter size after 5-6 months. Fish culture is normally done for 10-12 months. Therefore, two lots of piglets can be raised along with one harvest of fish.
+A total of 4,200 kg of pig meat and 5,000-6,000 kg of fish per hectare of pond can be produced each year. Pigs are fed grasses and other green fodder and kitchen wastes at the rate of 1.5 kg per pig per day.
+Pigs efficiently convert farm and kitchen refuse into manure which can be used to fertilize fish ponds. Indigenous breeds are hardy and well adapted to local conditions. Exotic breeds are more productive and gain weight faster, but require more care than indigenous breeds.
+Housing
+Build a pig pen with I to 1.5 sq m of floor space per animal on the pond embankment. The floor should be cemented with drainage toward the pond. About 30-40 pigs should be raised per hectare of pond area.
+Selection of breeds
+Quick growers and prolific exotic breeds, such as Large White, Yorkshire, Landrace, etc., are preferred. Do not allow exotic breeds outside their pen. Indigenous breeds can be allowed to forage outside, around the pond during the day. If pig rearing begins before fish stocking, it is not necessary to apply basal manure to the pond. (See Composite fish culture.)
+Note
+Do not allow the pig excrete into the pond if the water turns dark green.
+Poultry, pigs, and fish
+You can combine poultry and pig raising by housing poultry above the pig pens. The poultry droppings and spilled feed fall through a slatted floor into the pig pen. The pig droppings can be washed into the pond.
+Sources: Dr. S. D. Tripathi, Dr. B.K. Sharma and Dr. Manak K. Das
+<section>Horticulture on dykes</section>
+Dykes cover a large area on many farms. Despite its potential for production, dyke land is most often underutilized. The following are some suggestions for making use of dykes.
+Fruit trees
+Dig pits (50 cm in diameter x 30 cm deep) and fill them with compost and soil. Plant papaya saplings (April-May) and banana and citrus (June-July). Water regularly. Maintain 3 banana plants in one pit. Harvest papaya after 6 months.
+Creeper plants
+Dig small pits (25 cm in diameter x 10-15 cm deep) and add compost. Plant gourd seeds (2-3 in each pit) in March. Build a bamboo trellis for creepers over your pond. Harvest from May onwards.
+Leafy vegetables
+Cultivate leafy vegetables like amaranthus, water bindweed, and Indian spinach during summer.
+Winter crops
+Cultivate and dress the top soil with compost. Build small mounds spaced 40-cm apart. Transplant early varieties of cabbage and cauliflower in late August or early September. Add water as needed. When plants reach 15-20 cm, apply fertilizer (Sufala, 20-25 g to each plant). Repeat 25-30 days after transplanting. Begin harvesting 65-70 days after transplanting.
+Part way through harvesting the first crop, transplant cabbage and cauliflower on the intermediate harvested space. Manure and water the same as for the first crop. The second crop will be ready by February. Intercrop with spinach and tomato.
+Fish culture with waste leaves
+Use waste leaves of horticultural crops and banana leaves as feed for grass carp. (See related topics in this manual.)
+Contributor. Dr. A. K Dutta
+<section>Solar drying of fish</section>
+Village used to sun-drying clothes, fruit, vegetables, or cow dung cakes, can easily learn to dry fish for home consumption and sale.
+Fish are more difficult to dry than fruits and vegetables. However, with the proper technique and some practice, fish can be dried with little effort and at low cost. Dried fish usually fetch a good price in the market.
+Preparation Fish can be divided into two categories:
+Small fish white baits, silver bellies, small sardines, prawns, soles, etc.
+Medium and large fish mackerels, jew fish, croaker fish, pomfrets, seer, catfish, tuna, shark, etc. The process for drying small fish is different from drying medium- and large-size fish. However, all sizes of fish must be fresh and odour-free. Sundrying takes two to three days for an average 8 to 10 hours a day, with a maximum temperature of 38°C. Properly dried fish should contain 12 to 15 percent moisture.
+Small fish
+1 Wash in clean water to remove dirt and sand.
+2 Allow excess water to drain out for 30 minutes.
+3 Spread washed fish on mats, split bamboo, or gunny bags, hang them from a line to dry.
+4 Allow the fish to dry in the sun.
+5 Occasionally, turn the fish so that both sides dry.
+6 Pack the dried fish in polythene bags.
+7 Put the bags in plastic or wooden containers.
+8 Store dried fish in a cool, dry place.
+Medium and large fish
+1 Cut off the head.
+2 Slit open the belly and remove the guts.
+3 Wash the fish in water and remove the blood.
+4 Make a mixture of common salt using 1/3 fine salt and 2/3 coarse salt.
+5 Salt the fish-one part salt to four parts fish (1:4) for large fish and one Part salt large fish and one part salt to eight parts fish (1:8) for medium fish.
+6 Leave the fish to absorb the salt for about on hours.
+7 Sandwich the fish between slabs of cement or wooden boards piled with weights.
+8 After one day, turn the fish.
+9 Wash the salted fish in 3.5 percent salt solution.
+10 Dry the fish by spreading them on mats.
+11 Pack the dried fish in polythene bags and store them in a cool, dry place.
+Contributor: Dr. D. R. Rao
+<section>Appendices</section>
+<section>Glossary of local terms</section>
+General
+Local terms
+English
+bidi
+local cigarette, cheroot
+chapaties
+thin, unleavened wheat
+bread
+chulha
+stove
+chutney
+paste
+dal
+pulse
+dhania
+powdered coriander
+seeds
+garam masala
+whole spice
+ghee
+butter oil
+godown
+storage
+gunny cloth
+coarse cloth made from
+jute
+haldi
+turmeric
+jaggery
+brown sugar
+jeera powder
+cumin powder
+khichiri
+cooked mixture
+khurpi
+hand glove
+mahua
+Bassia latifolia
+masaa
+mixture of spices
+megaswari
+name of Indian breed of duck
+murrah
+Indian buffalo breed
+pucca
+cemented floor, or any solid construction usually of manufactured materials
+sutli
+string
+tulsi
+basil
+Multipurpose trees
+Local terms
+English name
+Botanical name
+anjan
+Hardwickia binata
+aonla
+Emblica officinalis
+ardu
+Ailanthus excelsa
+arvi
+colocasia
+babul
+Israeli babul
+Acacia tortilis
+ber
+Indian jujube, Chinese date
+Zizyphus mauritiana
+brij babul
+Dichrostachys cinerea
+casuarina
+sea oak
+Casuarina equisetifolia
+desi babul
+Acacia nilotica
+gliricidia
+gliricidia
+Gliricidia septum
+kathal
+jack fruit
+Artocarpus heterophyllus
+margosa
+neem
+Azadiracta indica
+seesam, shisham
+rosewood
+Dalbarpta sissoo
+sejana, sainjana
+drum stick, horseradish tree
+Moringa oleifera
+siris, desi serfs, kala siris
+Albizia lebbek
+shahtut
+mulberry
+Morus alba
+subabui
+leucaena
+Leucaena leucocephala
+vilayati babul
+mesquite
+Prosopis juliflora
+Fruits, vegetables, and grasses
+amla
+Phyllanthus emblica
+amrapalli
+mango variety
+arhar
+pigeon pea
+bajra
+pearl millet
+bakla
+broadbean
+berseem
+Egyptian clover
+Trifolium alexandrinum
+bhel
+Semcarpus anacardium
+bhindi
+lady finger
+Abelmoschus esculentus
+brinjel
+eggplant
+Solanum melongera
+chana
+Bengal gram
+doob grass
+Bermuda grass
+Cynodon dactylon
+guar
+Cluster bean
+Cyamopsis tetragronloba
+Jangli pikvan
+Tylophora indica
+jowar
+sorghum or great millet
+karanj
+Pongamia pinnate
+khas
+Vetiveria indica
+knol khol
+type of cabbage
+kulfa
+portulaca
+Portulaca oleracea L.
+Iobia
+cowpea
+Vigna sinensis
+lucerne
+bur clover
+Medicago hispida
+methi
+fenugreek
+mung
+green gram
+Phaseolus aureus
+palak
+spinach
+poi
+Indian spinach
+ragi
+Brassica juncea
+raima
+lima bean
+sem
+carpet legume
+Dolichos lablab
+Sudan grass
+Sorghum sudanense
+toria
+Indian rape
+Brassica compestrie var
+tulsi
+basil
+urad
+black gram
+Phaseolus mungo
+<section>Banned and not approved pesticides</section>
+S. No.
+Name of pesticide not approved for use(as of Feb. 28,1994)
+Calcium Arsonate
+EPM
+Azinphos-Methyl
+Lead Arsonate
+Mevinphos (Phosdrin)
+2, 4,5-T
+Carbophenothion
+Vamidothion
+Mephosfolan
+Azinphos Ethyl
+Binapacryl
+Dicrotophos
+Thiodemeton/Disulfoton
+Fentin Acetate
+Fentin Hydroxide
+Chinomethionate(Morestan)
+Ammonium Sulphamate
+Leptophos (Phosvel)
+S. No.
+Name of pesticide banned for use (as of Feb. 28, 1994)
+Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
+Endrin
+Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)
+Pentachiorophenol (PCP)
+Toxaphene
+Ethyl Parathion
+Chlordane
+Heptachlor
+Aldrin
+Paraquat-di-methyl Sulphate
+Nitrofen
+Tetradifon
+PMA
+Nicotine Sulphate
+These pesticides are under fresh review as per the directions of the Honorable High Court of Rajasthan.
+<section>Improved varieties of grasses and legumes in different regions</section>
+Species
+Variety
+Region
+Yield lover(green forage In t/ha)
+Grasses
+Anjan grass
+IGFRI-3108
+Dry parts of Maharashtra,
+Cenchrus ciliaris
+Rajasthan, Haryana,
+Bihar and UP
+IGFRI-3813
+Gujarat, Rajasthan
+Haryana, AP and Bihar
+CAZRI-75
+Extreme dry areas of Rajasthan
+Marvel grass
+S-32
+Gujarat, UP, Haryana
+Dichanthium
+and Maharashtra
+annulatum
+S-65
+Bihar
+IGFRI-495-1
+Gujarat, Rajastan
+AP and Maharashtra
+Orchard grass
+S-37 & S-143
+High hills of J & K
+Dactylis glomerata
+HP and UP. Also in eastern highlands.
+Fescue grass
+Delta and
+High hills of J & K
+Festuca arundinacea
+Kentaki 31
+HP and UP. Also in eastern highlands.
+Doob grass
+NK-37
+Hill and plains of UP
+Cynodon dactylon
+Punjab, Haryana, MP and Bihar
+Bermuda
+Coastal regions of
+coastal
+Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
+Kamataka and Maharashtra
+Nandi grass
+Kanjguia
+Eastern plains
+Setaria sphacelata
+Denanath grass
+IGFRI-2808
+Low hills of J & K, HP
+Pennisetum pedicellatum
+and PP-47
+UP, eastern low hills and eastern plains
+Bahia grass
+Common
+UP, Haryana, Punjab
+Papsalum notatum
+Wallace and Tampa
+and coastal Maharashtra Tamil Nadu, Kamataka and Andhra Pradesh
+Guinea grass
+PGG 14
+In moist places of Gujarat, 50-70
+Panicum maximum
+PGG 19
+Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
+and Hamil
+Kamataka, AP, Haryana,
+Punjab and UP
+Napier grass
+Pusa giant
+Whole of India
+Pennisetum
+NB-21
+Whole of tropical
+purpureum
+humid part of India
+IGFRI
+UP, MP, NE hills
+AP, Punjab and hills of
+North India
+Legumes
+Red clover
+Kenland
+High hills of J 8 K,
+Trifolium pretense
+HP and UP
+White clover
+Kavulchus
+High hills of J & K,
+Trifolium repens
+and Nordic
+HP and UP
+Birdsfoot trifial
+Grainger
+High hills of J & K,
+Lotus corniculatus highlands
+HP, UP and eastern
+Carribean stylo
+Perennial
+southern plateau and
+Stylosanthes hamata
+dry regions of
+Rajasthan, Gujarat,
+Haryana and HP
+Stylo
+Shefield,
+Eastern low hills and
+Stylosanthes guianensis
+Cook and Invader
+coastal regions
+<section>Improved varieties of vegetables for nutrition garden</section>
+Vegetable
+Improved varieties
+Asparagus
+Perfection and other exotic varieties
+Beetroot
+Pusa Dark Red, Crimson Globe
+Bitter gourd
+Pusa Do Mausami, Pusa Vishesh, Coimbatore Long, Arka Harit
+Bottle gourd
+Pusa Naveen, Pusa Summer Prolific Long, Pusa Hybrid No. 1
+Brinjal
+Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Purple Cluster, Punjab Bahar
+Broccoli
+Futura, Premium Crop, Topper, Sparten Early and other exotic vegetables
+Brussels sprouts
+Hilid's Ideal and other exotic varieties
+Cabbage
+Golden Acre, Pusa Mukta, Pusa Drumbead, Pride of India, August, September
+Capsicum
+California Wonder, Yolo Wonder
+Carrot
+Pusa Kesar, Pusa Meghali, Nantes, Pusa Yamdagi
+Cauliflower
+Pusa Deepali, Improved Japanese, D 96, Dania, Pusa Snowball 1, Snowball 16
+Celery
+Clean cut, Golden Self blending, Ford flock and other exotic varieties
+Chilli
+Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar, N.P.
+Chinese cabbage
+Crispy Choy, Pea Choy, Wongbok and other exotic varieties
+Clusterbean
+Pusa Sadabahar, Pusa Navbahar
+Coriander
+Local varieties
+Cowpea
+Pusa Do Fasli, Pusa Komal, Pusa Phalguni
+Cucumber
+Poinsette, Japanese Long Green, Pusa Sanyog, Poona Khira
+French bean
+Contender, Pusa Parvati, Kentucky Wonder
+Garden bean
+Pusa Early Prolific, Rajani, Lal Sem
+Garlic
+Local varieties
+Kale
+Exotic varieties
+Knol-kohl
+White Vienna, Purple Vienna
+Leek
+Broad London, Large American Flag, Elephant and other exotic varieties
+Luffa
+Pusa Chikni, Pusa Basdar, Satputia, Cal
+Mint
+Local varieties
+Onion
+Pusa Red, Pusa Ratnar, Pusa White Flat, Pusa Madhvi
+Okra
+Pusa Sawani, Parbhani Kranti, Punjab Padmi ni, Vaishali Vadu
+Palak
+Pusa Jyoti, All Green
+Parsley
+Moss curled, Hamburg, Curled leaf and other exotic varieties
+Potato
+Kufri Chandermukhi, Kufri Chamatkar, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Sheetman, Kufri
+Kissan, Kufri Sinduri
+Pumpkin
+Pusa Vishwas, Solan Badami, Arka Chandan, Pusa Hybrid No. 1
+Radish
+Pusa Desi, Pusa Reshmi, Japanese White, Pusa Himani, Pusa Chetaki, White
+Icicle, Rapid Red-White Tipped
+Round melon (Tinda)
+Punjab Tinda, Local varieties
+Spinach
+Virginia Savoy
+Summer squash
+Australian Green, Pusa Alankar
+Tomato
+Pusan 120, Pusa Ruby, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Sheetal, Pusa Early Dwarf
+Turnip
+Pusa Sweti, Pusa Chandrima, Purple Top White Globe, Snow-ball, Golder ball,
+Pusa swami ma
+Watermelon
+Sugar Baby, Ashai Yamato, New Hampshire, Midget, Improved Shipper
+<section>Workshop participants</section>
+Mr. David Abbass
+Media Materials Specialist
+Communication Division
+International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
+Silang, Cavite 4118, Philippines
+Tel/Fax (63-96) 402 0891
+Dr. (Mrs.) Rekha Bhagat
+Senior Scientist
+Division of Agriculture Extension
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5781434
+Dr. B.N. Chaudhary
+Assistant Director General
+(Lab to Land Programme)
+Indian Council of Agricultural Research
+Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan
+Pusa, New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5719881
+Mrs. Neelam Chhabra
+Assistant Editor (English)
+Indian Council of Agricultural Research
+Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan
+New Delhi-110012
+Tel. (011) 5721004
+Dr. R.S. Chillar
+Senior Scientist
+Dairy Section
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Tel. (011) 5737852
+Dr. P. Das
+Deputy Director General (Extension)
+Indian Council of Agricultural Research
+Room No. 117, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5731277
+Dr. W.R. Deshpande
+Sector A, 84-B, Sainath Colony
+Indore 452001, Madhya Pradesh
+Tel. (0731) 493174
+Dr. K.S. Deswal
+Training Associate
+Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shikohpur
+Distt. Gurgaon
+Haryana
+Dr. A.K. Dutta
+Principal Scientist
+Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
+Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneshwar-751002
+Orissa
+Tel. (0674) 463421
+Mr. S.K. Jagwani
+Senior Scientific Officer I
+Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
+Block No. 14, CGO Complex
+2nd. Floor, Room No. 018
+Lodi Road, New Delhi- 110003
+Tel. (011)4362891
+Dr. M.Y. Kamal
+Assistant Director General (Inland Fisheries)
+Indian Council of Agricultural Research
+Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001
+Tel. (011) 384774
+Dr. M.Y. Khan
+Head, Division of Animal Nutrition
+Indian Veterinary Research Institute
+Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122
+Tel. (0581) 384774
+Mr. Ravi Maithel
+Principal Programme Officer
+Research in Innovation Systems
+International Development Research Centre
+South Asia Pacific Office
+17, JorBag, New Delhi- 110003
+Tel. (011)461.9411
+Dr. L.M.L. Mathur
+Principal Scientist
+Directorate of Maize, Cummings Laboratory
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5782372
+Dr. P.N. Mathur
+Coordinator, International Federation for
+Women in Agriculture
+Joint Director (Extension)
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5781905, 5789102 (office)
+Dr. Paul Mundy
+Director, Communication Division
+International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
+Silang, Cavite 4118, Philippines
+Tel./Fax (63-96) 402 0891
+Dr. C. Prasad
+Secretary General
+International Federation for
+Women in Agriculture
+Pocket EB No. 106
+G-8 Area, Maya Enclave
+Rajouri Garden
+New Delhi- 110064
+Tel. (011) 5402983
+Dr. A.K. Raheja
+Assistant Director General
+Plant Protection
+Indian Council of Agricultural Research
+Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001
+Tel. (011) 3382257
+Dr. N.K. Roy
+Professor Emeritus
+Division of Agricultural Chemicals
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Tel. (011) 5787390, 5783272
+Dr. S.K. Roy
+Department of Fruits and
+Horticulture Technology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5788428
+Dr. N.K. Sanghi
+Director
+MANAGE, Rajendranagar
+Hyderabad-500030
+Dr. (Mrs.) H.K. Sawhney
+Senior Lecturer
+Department of Community Resource
+Management and Extension
+Lady Irwin College
+Sikandra Road, New Delhi-110001
+Tel. (011) 6836878, 6836673
+Dr. (Mrs.) Mridula Seth
+Senior Lecturer
+Department of Community Resource
+Management and Extension
+Lady Irwin College
+Sikandra Road, New Delhi- 110001
+Tel. (011) 6836878, 6836673
+Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Sethi
+Senior Scientist
+Department of Horticulture
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Tel. (011) 5785214
+Dr. D.D. Sharma
+Animal Nutritionist
+National Dairy Research Institute
+Karnal- 132001, Haryana
+Tel. (0184) 22800
+Dr. S.P. Sharma
+Head, Division of Seed Technology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Tel. (011) 5781701, 5783234
+Dr. G.P. Singh
+Animal Nutritionist
+National Dairy Research Institute
+Karnal- 132001, Haryana
+Tel. (0184) 22800
+Dr. Gyanendra Singh
+Assistant Director General
+(Agriculture Engineering)
+Krishi Bhawan
+New Delhi- 110001
+Tel. (011) 3386395
+Dr. Jagdish Singh
+330 Hospital Road langpura, New Delhi- 110014
+Tel. (011) 4324162
+Dr. Kartar Singh
+Senior Scientist
+Unit of Transfer of Technology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Dr. Panjab Singh
+Joint Director (Research)
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5781492
+Dr. R.P. Singh
+Principal Scientist
+Division of Entomology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Tel. (011) 5781482
+Dr. P.S. Sirohi
+Senior Scientist
+Unit of Vegetable Research and Demonstration
+Division of Horticulture
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-10012
+Tel. (011) 5733834
+Dr. (Mrs.) Chitra Srivastava
+Scientist
+Division of Entomology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Tel. (011) 5781482
+Dr. (Mrs.) Ratna Tiwari
+Senior Scientist
+Central Institute of Fisheries Education
+Jaiprakash Road, Seven Bungalows
+Versova, Bombay-400061
+Tel. (022) 6261632, 6261573, 6263404
+Dr. S.D. Tripathi
+Director
+Central Institute of Fisheries Education
+Jaiprakash Road, Seven Bungalows
+Versova, Bombay-400061
+Tel. (022) 6261632, 6261573, 6263404
+<section>Authors/contributors</section>
+Dr. V.M. Bhan
+Director, National Research Centre for Weed
+Science Indian Council of Agricultural Research
+215 Ravindra Nagar, Adhartal
+Jabalpur482004 Madhya Pradesh
+Mrs. Ritu Chakravarty
+Scientist, Division of Dairy Extension
+National Dairy Research
+]Institute Karnal-132001,
+Haryana
+Dr. Ram Chand
+Head,
+Division of Dairy Extension
+National Dairy Research Institute
+Karnal-132001, Haryana
+Dr. R.S. Chillar
+Senior Scientist,
+Dairy Section Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Dr. (Mrs.) Malvika Dadlani
+Scientist, Division of Seed Science and Technology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Dr. W.R. Deshpande
+Ex. Jt. Director Extension,
+UNKVV Sector A, 84-B
+Sainath Colony, Indore-452001
+Madhya Pradesh
+Dr. A. K. Dutta
+Scientist Central Institute of Freshwater
+Aquaculture Kausalyaganga,
+Bhubaneshwar751002 Orissa
+Ms. Nitya Ghotge
+For Animals: Training, Health and Research
+(ANTHRA) A-21 Sainikpuri,
+Secunderabad-500594
+Andhra Pradesh
+Mr. S.K. Jagwani
+Senior Scientific
+Officer I Ministry of Non-Conventional
+Energy Sources Block 14, 2nd. Floor,
+Room 018 CGO Complex,
+Lodi Road New Delhi-110003
+Dr. M.Y. Khan
+Head, Division of Animal Nutrition
+Indian Veterinary Research Institute
+Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122
+Dr. A.C. Mathur
+BAIF
+C-35 Hauz Khas
+New Delhi-110016
+Dr. L.M.L. Mathur
+Principal Scientist
+Directorate of Maize, Cummings Laboratory
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Mr. B.S. Mitra
+Scientist
+Division of Dairy Extension
+National Dairy Research Institute
+Karnal- 132001, Haryana
+Dr. Sunit Mukherjee
+Professor
+Department of Food Technology and
+Biochemical Engineering
+Jadavpur University, Calcutta
+Ms. Sagari R. Ramdas
+For Animals: Training, Health and Research
+(ANTHRA)
+A-21 Sainikpuri, Secunderabad-500594
+Andhra Pradesh
+Dr. D. R. Rao
+Principal Scientist
+Central Institute of Fisheries Education
+Jai Prakash Road, Seven Bungalows
+Varsova, Bombay-400061
+Dr. N.K. Roy
+Professor Emeritus
+Division of Agricultural Chemicals
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Dr. S.K. Roy
+Principal Scientist
+Department of Fruits and Horticulture
+Technology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Sethi
+Senior Scientist
+Department of Horticulture
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi-110012
+Mrs. Parvinder Sharma
+Scientist
+Division of Dairy Extension
+National Dairy Research Institute
+Karnal- 132001, Haryana
+Dr. S.P. Sharma
+Head, Division of Seed Technology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Dr. V.P. Sharma
+Director
+Malaria Research Centre
+22 Sham Nath Marg
+New Delhi- 110054
+Dr. G.P. Singh
+Senior Scientist
+Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division
+National Dairy Research Institute
+Karnal- 132001, Haryana
+Dr. Jagdish Singh
+330 Hospital Road Jangpura
+New Delhi- 110014
+Dr. Panjab Singh
+Joint Director (Research)
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Dr. P.S. Sirohi
+Principal Scientist
+Unit of Vegetable Research and Demonstration
+Division of Horticulture
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Chitra Srivastava
+Scientist
+Division of Entomology
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+New Delhi- 110012
+Dr. S.K. Verma
+Scientist
+Haryana Agricultural University
+Hissar- 125004
+<section>List of resource institutions</section>
+CAPART
+D-56 Pankha Road
+Janak Puri, New Delhi-110058
+Central Food Technology
+Research Institute
+(CFTRI)
+Mysore, Karnataka
+Centre for Rural Development and
+Appropriate Technology
+(CRDAT)
+I.I.T., Hauz Khas
+New Delhi- 110016
+Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
+(ICAR)
+(CIAE)
+Bhopal-462003
+Central Institute of Fisheries Education
+(CIFE)
+Jai Prakash Road
+Seven Bungalows, Versova
+Bombay-400061, Maharashtra
+Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
+(CIFA)
+Kauslayaganga, Bhubaneshwar-751002
+Orissa
+Consortium of Rural Technologies
+D-320 Lakshmi Nagar
+New Delhi-110092
+Department of Non-Conventlonal
+Energy Sources
+(DNES)
+Block No. 14, CGO Complex
+Lodi Road, New Delhi- 110003
+For Animals: Training, Health and Research
+(VENTURA)
+A-21 Sainikpuri, Secunderabad-500594
+Andhra Pradesh
+Gloria Land
+Sri Aurobindo Ashram
+Pondicherry-605003
+Indian Agricultural Research Institute
+(IARI)
+Pusa, New Delhi-110012
+Indian Grain Storage Institute
+Hapur-245101, Uttar Pradesh
+Indian Grassland and Fodder
+Research Institute
+(IGFRI)
+Jhansi-284003, Uttar Pradesh
+Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
+(IIHR)
+Bangalore-560089, Karnataka
+Indian Organic Agriculture Movement
+Shreesh Chamber, First Floor 25/1
+Yeshwant Niwas Road, Indore-452003
+Madhya Pradesh
+Indian Veterinary Research Institute
+(IVRI)
+Izatnagar-243122, Uttar Pradesh
+National Dairy Research Institute
+(NDRI)
+Karnal-132001, Haryana
+<section>References</section>
+Livestock diseases
+IIRR. Ethnoveterinary medicine in Asia: An information kit on traditional animal health care practices. 4 vols. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines. (2) pp. 58-66.
+Bamboo iceless refrigerator
+Y.K. Sharma (ed.). 1991. Bamboo Iceless Fridge. In Appropriate Rural Technologies. Consortium of Rural Technologies, D-320, Laksmi Nagar, New Delhi.
+Organic farming
+Sheshadri, C. V. and Chitra Gandhi Mani. Organic Farming, Experiences and Beginner Guide. Monograph Series on the Engineering of Photosynthetic Systems. Vol. 34. Shri ARM Murugappam Chettiar Research Centre, Photosynthesis Division, Madras. pp. 1-2.
+Shrove, V.N. et al (eds). 1994. Organic Farming- Selected Lectures. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Area (NWDPRA) from lecture series at College of Agriculture, Indore, India. pp. 1-4.
+Bio-inoculants
+Deshpande, W. R. Bioinoculants. 1995. Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
+Storage of grain and seed
+Alam A. and K.S. Belkhon. 1990. Post Harvest Technologies for Farm Women. Women in Agriculture-Technological Perspective. IFWA, New Delhi. pp. 250-285.
+Integrated pest management
+Hill, Dennis H. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and their Control. pp. 38-58.
+Shroff, V. N. et al (eds). Organic Farming, Selected Lectures. Organized by Government of India, Government of Madhya Pradesh, and Jawahar Lal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, at College of Indore.
+Neem for plant protection
+Singh, R. P. Neem in Plant Protection. Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
+Hazards of pesticides
+Rengam, Sarojini and Karen Snyder (eds.) Pesticide Handbook: Profiles for Action.
+Pesticide facts and fiction
+Sawhney, H.K. and Aarti Gombar. 44 Questions and Answers. Pesticides and You (reprint and supplement). International Organisation of Consumer Unions - Regional Office for Asia and Pacific (IOCU-ROAP), and Pesticide Action Network Asia Pacific (PAN-AP).
+First-aid measures for pesticide poisoning
+Maramba, Nelia C. (University of the Philippines, College of Medicine) from paper on First Aid Measures for Pesticide Poisoning presented at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines, July4, 1990.
+Drudgery-reducing Implements for farm women
+Biswas, H. S. (ed.). Weeding Tools and Implements of India. December 1980. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE). Bhopal, India.
+Pandey, M. M. (ed.) Harvesting Tools of India. May 1981. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE). Bhopal, India.
+Science and Technology for Women Compendium of Technologies. Centre for Villages, Wardha.
+Solar cookers
+Tripathi, A.K. Paper on Solar. Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources, CGO Complex, New Delhi.
+Sate drinking water
+National Drinking Water Mission, Government of India. 1990. From booklet People, Water and Sanitation - What They Know, Believe and Do in Rural Areas.
+Maintenance of community water sources Management of water for the household Some simple ways to purify drinking water
+Bedi, Yash Pal. A Handbook of Social and Preventive Medicine. pp. 6-15.
+Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. January 1985. Folder on Safe Water and Clean Surroundings. Allied Publishers, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
+National Drinking Water Mission, Government of India. 1990. From booklet People, Water and Sanitation - What They Know, Believe and Do in Rural Areas.
+Use of Indigenous plants for cleaning water
+Consortium of Rural Technologies (CORT). From booklet Traditional Water Purifying Plants. CORT, D-320, Laksmi Nagar, New Delhi-1 10092.
+Soakage pit for proper disposal of waste water
+Kamalamma, N. (Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu). 1991. Soakage Pit (published under the scheme: Science and Technology for Women) Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
+Efficient use of irrigation water
+Sheshadri, C. V. and Chitra Gandhi Mani. Organic Farming, Experiences and Beginner Guide. Monograph Series on the Engineering of Photosynthetic Systems. Vol. 34. Shri AMM Murugappam Chettiar Research Centre, Photosynthesis Division, Madras. pp. 1-2.
+The Double Walled Pot "Jaltriph" from Rural Technology Manual on Selected Technologies - 1. Information Service Division, CDRT, IERT, Allahabad.
+Composite fish culture
+Pamphlets on Composite Fish Culture. Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) and Deemed University, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Verosa, Bombay40006 1.
+Sinha, V.R.P., B.K. Sharma and Nirmal K. Thakur. Fish Culture. Booklet published by Krishi Magyar Kendra and Trainers Training Centre CIFRI (ICAR), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar.
+Paddy-fish culture
+Das, Manak K. Paper on Integrated Fish Farming with Poultry, Duckery and Livestock - Technologies for Inland Fisheries Development. Central Institute of Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal-743 101.
+Ghosh, Apurba. Paper on Rice cum Fish Culture and its Economic Feasibility. Technologies for Inland Fisheries Development. Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal743101.
+Tripathi, SD. and B.K. Sharma. Integrated Fish Pig Farming (1, 000 sq m unit, India). 1992. From manuscript prepared for IIRR and ICLARM. 1992. Farmer-proven Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture: A Technology Information Kit. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Makati, Manila, Philippines. 1992.
+Cattle-fish culture
+Dube, Kiran. Paper on Cattle Poultry Fish
+Culture. Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Bombay.
+Poultry-fish culture
+Das, Manak K. Paper on Integrated Fish
+Farming with Poultry, Duckery and Livestock - Technologies for Inland Fisheries
+Development. Central Institute of Inland
+Capture Fisheries Research Institute,
+Barrackpore, West Bengal-743101.
+Dube, Kiran. Paper on Cattle Poultry fish
+Culture. Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Bombay.
+Duck-fish culture
+Dube, Kiran. Paper on Cattle Poultry fish
+Culture. Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Bombay.
+Tripathi, S.D. and B.K. Sharma. 1992. From manuscript prepared for IIRR and ICLARM 1992. Farmer-proven Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture: A Technology Information Kit. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Makati, Manila, Philippines. 1992.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/index b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/index
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@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+bostid_b02moe
+bostid_b10vee
+bostid_b14age
+bostid_b16ene
+bostid_b17mie
+bostid_b26die
+bostid_b48aqe
+faobetf_fb18be
+faobetf_fb38be
+foodfirst_ff05te
+grain_gr02se
+gtz_g03vie
+gtz_g32bie
+gtz_g50bie
+habitat_ha30te
+idrc_id141e
+idrc_id19ee
+iirr_ii01ee
+irma_iro07e
+nri_nr07ce
+nri_nr12me
+nri_nr18se
+nri_nr28le
+wb_wb46ie
+winrock_wi10ce
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/irma_iro07e.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/irma_iro07e.key
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+OILSEEDS
+PLANT OILS
+FOOD INDUSTRY
+MARKETING POLICIES
+STATE INTERVENTION
+SUPPLY BALANCE
+IMPORTS
+PRICE POLICIES
+MARKETING BOARDS
+ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION
+INDIA
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/irma_iro07e.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/irma_iro07e.txt
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+<title>Oilseed and vegetable oil economy of India: Sectoral policy issues</title>
+RP Aneja,
+KVSM Krishna,
+SJ Phansalkar and VP Gulati
+INSTITUTE OF RURAL MANAGEMENT ANAND
+OCTOBER, 1992
+<section>Contents</section>
+Chapter 1 - Introduction
+Chapter 2 - Imperfections in the sector
+Information imperfections
+Supply estimates
+Price behaviour
+Market imperfections
+Policy imperfections
+Chapter 3 - Consumption of edible oils and nutritional perspective
+Chapter 4 - Major interventions in the sector: Imports
+1. Implications of issue of imports to PDS and vanaspati industry
+2. Performance of public distribution system for edible oils
+2.1 Spatial and temporal allocation, and leakage
+2.2 Growth in Skewness
+3. Impact of issuing low priced imported edible oils to vanaspati industry
+3.1 Historical base
+3.2 Use of Imported oils by the vanaspati industry
+3.3 Price controls in vanaspati
+3.4 Benefits accrued to the vanaspati industry
+4. The net effect of import policy
+Chapter 5 - Major interventions in the sector: NDDB and TMO
+1. Oilseeds and vegetable oil project of the NDDB
+1.1 Project funding
+1.2 Project implementation
+1.3 Project financing
+1.4 Achievements
+2. Technology mission on oilseeds
+2.1 Achievements
+2.2 Integrated policy on oilseeds
+3. Market intervention operation
+3.1 Objectives
+3.2 Criteria for fixing price band
+3.3 Implications of MIO type intervention
+3.4 Progress of MIO
+3.5 Achievements
+4. The net effect of interventions by NDDB and TMO
+Chapter 6 - Need for self-reliance
+Chapter 7 - Conclusions
+Policy implications
+APPENDIX 1 - The role of the press in influencing market sentiments: Case of edible oils
+Note
+<section>Chapter 1 - Introduction</section>
+India has the second largest area under oilseeds, next only to USA. However, it falls behind to the fourth place in terms of production due to comparatively low yields.1 Yields remain lower largely on account of dependence on dryland farming. During the early seventies shortages of edible oils led to substantial increase in the prices. Severe intra-year and intra-seasonal fluctuations in the prices are a common feature of the oilseed economy. Edible oil prices had contributed significantly to the national inflation levels during the recent years. Price movement in edible oils and oilseeds was perceived as a consequence of demand-supply gaps. Addressing these issue several policy options have been adopted in the last one and a half decade. Despite, the production remained stagnant until 1987-88. Only since then a resurgence has taken place.
+Edible oilseeds mainly comprise groundnut, mustard, sesamum, nigerseed, safflower, soybean, and sunflower. Oilseeds contribution to GDP stands only next to cereals and milk.2 Edible oil accounts for about 5.5 per cent of the family budget occupying the third place, next to cereals and milk. India, a net exporter of oilseeds and oilseeds products for long, turned into a net importer during 1976-77 to 1987-88 consequent to edible oil imports worth about Rs.800 crores per annum. The main features of recent developments in the sector are:
+i) Overall production of edible oilseeds has been steady around 17 million metric tonnes since last three oil years.
+ii) Rabi production has been steadily increasing over kharif production.
+iii) Mustard production has been taking rapid strides and mustard oil production has caught up with the production of groundnut oil.
+iv) Contribution of South comprising Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka to the groundnut production has been quite high.
+v) Imports of edible oils have been slashed on account of foreign exchange crunch.
+vi) Price fluctuations have been substantially reduced.
+vii) Difference between sowing and harvest time prices has been considerably reduced.
+Table 1 shows the area, production and yield of edible oilseeds in India for the period 1971-91. From around 12 million metric tonnes in 1987-88 the production went up to 17 million metric tonnes in 1988-89 and has since then been more or less steady. At no point of time in the history of oilseeds cultivation in India, such a performance has been recorded. Further, the contribution of rabi crops have been only one and a half times. This is clearly demonstrated in Figure 1. It may be noticed that the difference between kharif and rabi production is narrowing down.This is attributed to increasing share of rabi groundnut, rabi sunflower, and safflower, and increases in the cultivation of rapeseed/mustard. A strong reason for increasing share of rabi oilseeds in the total edible oilseeds is the higher and growing in yield rates. Figure 2 depicts this trend. As the growth in the production of kharif oilseeds falls below that of the total edible oils, the growth in overall
+edible oilseeds may be attributed to rabi oilseeds. Further, the growth in the yield rate is far higher with rabi oilseeds than that of kharif oilseeds.
+As shown in Table 2, production of mustard has been steadily going up over the last two decades. It has increased by more than two and a half times whereas the production of groundnut has gone up by only 20-30%. In fact the ncrease in groundnut production is largely due to the shift from kharif to rabi. The yield rate of mustard has also shown a substantial improvement from 594 kgs/hectare in 1970-71 to 900 kgs/hectare n 1990-91. These figures for groundnut are 834 kg and 919 kg, respectively. However, yield being very high the growth of rabi groundnut has taken leaps and bounds. Production of groundnut and mustard and their oil equivalents for all India are shown in Figure 3. Both the curves for mustard are more steeper than that of groundnut. Further, while the differences between the production of the two oilseeds are narrowing down, the curves for oils have shown a reverse trend for the year 1991-92. This is due to the higher realisation of oil from mustard.
+Productions for 1991-92 in Figure3 are estimates made by the Institute of Rural Management, Anand.
+Southern India, comprising Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, which had more or less a stagnant production around 3 million metric tonnes between 1970-71 and 1986-87, has since then become a more important producer of oilseeds in the country (Table 3). For the last four consecutive oil years it has shown steady increment in the production and by 1990-91 reached as high as 5.6 million metric tonnes. The most interesting trend has been its contribution to groundnut production. This is clearly seen in Figure 4. Since 1984-85 the South has become dominant producer of groundnut over North. Although in 1988-89 share of North rose upto 50 per cent it steadily declined over the last two years.
+Table 1: Area, Production And Yield of Edible Oilseeds (All India)
+AREA (`000HA)
+PRODUCTION (`000MT)
+YIELD (KGsHA)
+YEAR
+KHARIF
+RABI
+TOTAL
+KHARIF
+RABI
+TOTAL
+KHARIF
+RABI
+TOTAL
+Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
+Table 2: Area, Production and Yield of Groundnut and Mustard (All India)
+GROUNDNUT
+MUSTARD
+AREA (`000 HA)
+PRODUCTION (`000 MT)
+YIELD (KGs/HA)
+AREA
+PRODUC.
+YIELD
+YEAR
+KHARIF
+RABI
+TOTAL
+KHARIF
+RABI
+TOTAL
+KHARIF
+RABI
+TOTAL
+(`000HA)
+(`000 MT)
+(KGs/MT)
+Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
+Imported oils which had formed more than 30 per cent of the total available oil in the country until 1987-88 have been slashed to a mere 6.7 per cent of the total available oils for the last three years. This is largely due to foreign exchange shortages. Until 1987-88 edible oils ranked next only to petroleum products in the import bill of the country.
+Given the sensitive and speculative nature of oilseed market and high variability in oilseed production, prices of oilseeds and edible oils display great erraticity even within the same season. The trend in fluctuation of prices has come down drastically by 1990-91. Figure 5 shows the intra-year fluctuations of groundnut oil prices at Rajkot market. The physical size of maxima bars shown in the figure are quite large for the period between 1985 and 1990. In comparison with these the variation in 1991 prices are much smaller.
+The magnitude of intra-seasonal price variations can be understood with the help of Table 4. Normally, prices that prevail during the sowing periods get depressed by the harvest season leaving the farmers, thoroughly disappointed. Fortunately, this trend has also seen a reversal since 1988-89. Figure 6 depicts harvest time prices as percentage of sowing time prices in order to understand the phenomenon stated above. Prices of groundnut at Rajkot market have been depicted for this purpose. Harvest time prices have usually remained lower than sowing time prices, with sharpest negative variation of 10 to 20 per cent occurring during drought years of 1972-73, 1974-75 and 1987-88. The exception being 1983-84 when high imports coincided with high level of groundnut production. For the last two years of 1989-90 and 1990-91 harvest prices have remained higher than sowing price. These figures, however do not capture the "real" fluctuations in the prices as the actual differences in
+prices have been lost because of averaging the prices for a month. This phenomenon is further discussed in Chapter 2.
+Table 3: Production of Edible Oilseeds (South North)
+Year
+Production (`000 MT)
+South
+North
+Total
+Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
+Table 4: Intra-Seasonal Price Variation (Groundnut At Rajkot)
+(Rs./MT)
+Oil
+Sowing
+Harvest
+Support
+Year
+Price
+Price
+Price
+Source: Economic Times for market prices, and Commission on Agriculture Costs and Prices for support prices.
+While the policy interventions to stabilise oilseeds and vegetable oil sector have a history of one and a half decade, it is only during the last three years that the sector has been showing signs of self-reliance. In the present study an attempt has been made to analyse the impact of alternative policy options that have been adopted so far in context of several imperfections in the sector. The reasons for stagnancy in the production have been investigated. While attempting to understand the viability of alternative intervention mechanisms several policy implications have been drawn in order to strengthen the sector.
+Chapter 2 details the imperfections in oilseeds and vegetable oils sector. The sector is characterised by information and marketing imperfections. A long chain of intermediaries in oilseeds and oils trade operate in such a way that the market transactions are kept non-transparent so as to appropriate a maximum share in the consumer rupee. While supply uncertainties result from monsoon dependency, the non-transparent behavior of the market leads to fluctuations in availability. The study concentrates on the latter phenomenon.
+Nutritionists hold the opinion that no health deficiencies can be specifically attributed to low levels of consumption of edible oils. Further, excessive consumption of edible oils and consumption of hydrogenated edible oils would lead to cardio-vascular problems. Discussions on these viewpoints in the context of management of edible oil consumption have been presented in Chapter 3. Given the imperfections of the sector and considering the nutritional perspective, the potential and actual effects of State interventions, such as imports, buffer stocking operations, etc., have been analysed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Chapter 4 discusses the role of imports and Chapter 5 concentrates on the role of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO). Discussions on the need for self-reliance in the context of World Bank/ FAO recommendations have been presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 summarises and concludes with policy recommendations.
+<section>Chapter 2 - Imperfections in the sector</section>
+Oilseeds and vegetable oil sector in India has been characterised by several imperfections. Broadly, these can be classified as information imperfections, market imperfections and policy imperfections.
+<section>Information imperfections</section>
+Reliable information on supply, demand and prices are needed for efficient management of any commodity sector. Several sources of information on these three crucial factors can be identified, the most important being the government agencies. In edible oils, the inventories being extremely low, it may be presumed that demand equals supply and to that extent market clearance price may fluctuate along with the supply trends of edible oilseeds. This leaves only supply and price factors on which information is sought. Ideally every producer has to make his cropping decisions based on the competitors' behaviour. But, as things stand in India, producers act independently unaware of the competitors' behaviour. This becomes inevitable due to non-availability of reliable and timely information on supply trends. Further, the source of information on prices being the mass media, the cropping pattern, sales pattern, storing pattern , etc., could be potentially influenced by
+the long chain of intermediaries between the two end players, viz., producer and consumer. In addition to supply decisions, the policy decisions such as support prices, imports and exports, buffer-stocking operations, etc., also need information on supply and price trends. Several efforts have been made to estimate the crop size well before the harvest. Similarly, attempts have been made to establish relationships between supply and price. On both the counts, the results have been unsatisfactory. As a matter of fact, vested interests keep forecasting both supply and price in a manner so as to appropriate a maximum share in the consumer rupee through exploiting the imperfections. The efforts and progress made in providing reliable information have been discussed below.
+<section>Supply estimates</section>
+Three factors bear major influence on the area under cultivation of any oilseed crop.
+1. Allocation of area under oilseeds such as groundnut is dependent on not only the cash returns but also on the by-products like fodder. The farmer prefers to cultivate some amount of land for groundnut even in hostile circumstances in order to have fodder for his cattle. Precisely due to this behaviour there does not exist any linear relation between price and area under cultivation.
+2. Expectations about the monsoon influence the cropping pattern during kharif. The time and intensity of rainfall are the major influences on production behavior in agriculture.
+3. Fertility characterstics of the farm tend to create preferences for crops.
+In accordance with the suitability of land, oilseeds cultivation is concentrated in a few areas. The yield of oilseeds in kharif is entirely dependent on rainfall, however, even during rabi season the yield varies considerably across various geographical areas. Any estimation of oilseeds crop has to take into account area sown, fertility of land, rainfall, producer prices, and fodder considerations.
+Five methods of estimation have been in practice: Delphi's method, census method, sampling method, remote sensing applications and mathematical modelling. Delphi's method which has been used by almost every organisation in a rather crude form gives significant variation between several estimates. For example, estimates by several agencies for 1991 mustard crop ranged between 55 and 120 lack metric tonnes. Census method which has been adopted by governments is supposed to be more accurate, theoretically. But, the final information on the results are available only after a year of the harvest of the crop. Although information on area sown has been made available by the State governments within 2 months of sowing, it is subjected to changes across the year, and beyond, through revised estimates. Arriving at all India estimates becomes further difficult as the information gathering from all States would normally take substantial time. Certainly these belated data would serve no
+purpose in policy formulations as well as in anticipating production and market behaviour. However, government estimates form the base for future research. It is felt that sampling method yields better results than Delphi method and gives more timely results compared to census method. Large multi-national Corporations like Hindustan Levers Limited (HLL) and Indian Tobacco Company (ITC), other organisations like National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Operation Research Group (ORG) , and the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) have adopted this method for oilseeds crop estimation. However, even these estimates differ substantially from the figures published by the Government of India. For example, IRMA estimate for 1990-91 Saurashtra kharif groundnut of 4.5 lakh metric tonnes falls short of the government estimate of 8.27 lakh metric tonnes. The estimate for 1990-91 for mustard of 60 lakh metric tonnes was on the higher side over the government figure of 51.5 lakh
+metric tonnes. IRMA has been attempting to have more reliable estimates through an integrated approach of sampling method, remote sensing applications, and mathematical modelling. Remote sensing has a greater potential for accurate and timely estimates of area under oilseeds. Estimates for rabi crops such as wheat and mustard have yielded better results. However, estimation for kharif becomes difficult due to the cloud coverage. And also, this method does not have sophistication for estimation of the yields. Mathematical methods have been attempted by researchers to forecast agricultural crop area and yield.3 Particularly, yield models could be very useful in forecasting. The crop cutting estimates of the state agriculture departments contain valuable information for generating realistic yield models as well as other important parameters but the `secrecy' clause denies access to any outside researcher. Unlike the U.S. Department of Agriculture, there is no in-house
+economic research service to undertake such studies in India. In the process, most valuable pieces of information have remained unutilised for years.
+<section>Price behaviour</section>
+Attempts of modelling price behaviour remain unfulfilled due to imperfect information on price trends. While at the core, demand and supply factors influence the price of the commodity, severe fluctuations in intra-seasonal and intra-year prices of oils indicate the futility of a mere economic analysis in understanding the price behaviour. Failure to capture the market sentiments through economic models necessitates an investigation to understand the relevant influential factors. On the whole, intermediaries between producers of oilseeds and consumers of oils play a very significant role in price movements and both the end players are mere residual receivers. To a large extent, the inadequate market intelligence of the intermediaries is responsible for price uncertainty, and the unfair practices of the trade help in appropriation of both consumer and producer margins. Among others, the press has been a strong source of influence. A less than 1% variation in groundnut oil
+prices has many a times been covered in some daily newspapers and business papers by giving it a three column treatment. For the consumers as well as the producers, the source of information on prices is by and large the press. It follows then that press can potentially influence the price behaviour. Cropping patterns, selling patterns, storing, etc., are largely dependent on ruling prices. Also, there is ample scope for the press to politicise the issue of price movements in order to effect certain institutional factors which may be conducive to the trade. For example, sensationalising movement in commodity prices would certainly determine the behaviour of interventions such as imports, buffer-stocking etc. When a commodity like edible oil, whose share of consumer expenditure is only around 5 per cent, is given a comparatively high priority and a large coverage, then the role of the press needs to be analysed.
+Coverage given by a typical business daily on the prices of groundnut oil, wheat, and toordal at Bombay market for the oil year (Nov.-Oct.) 1990-91 was selected to analyse the role of press in influencing market sentiments. Commodities have been chosen to represent one each from cereals, oils and pulses. Fluctuations in the prices have been computed with the help of coefficient of variation and that of the treatment given by press in terms of title size as proportion to the total space provided for the title on the prices of all commodities, comment size as proportion to the total space provided for comments on the prices of all commodities, and title size as proportion to comment size. While the first two measures of treatment given by the press show the focus on the commodity concerned, the latter draws the element of sensationalisation. In conjunction with the variation in the prices, these measures would explain the extent to which undue coverage has been accorded. All
+the issues of the business daily falling within the period of study mentioned above have been surveyed and then aggregated to arrive at monthly and yearly averages. Monthly averages have been analysed to check whether the yearly trends are consistent throughout.
+The results of the above analysis have been presented in "The Role of Press in Influencing Market Sentiments: Case of Edible Oils" by Aneja RP and Krishna KVSM (Annexure I) wherein it has been concluded that the press has been a major factor influencing edible oil and other commodity markets which are characterised by severe imperfections. The arbitrary coverage of price movements provide wrong information to the interest groups. A 3% variation in the prices of groundnut oil would get a 50% treatment while a 15% variation in the prices of relatively more important commodities like cereals and pulses would receive less than 3% treatment. This phenomenon adversely affects the functioning of vertically integrated business as well as market intervention operations.
+Groundnut oil prices are deliberately depressed at the time of harvest by the trade so as to buy farmers' produce at low prices. It is generally felt that the farmers get the same sum of rupees (after adjusting for inflation) for their product whether they produce 30 per cent more or 30 per cent less. Farmers therefore, left with no incentive to produce more. For example, during 1976 groundnut oil was available at Rs.4/- per kg. in October-November, and the same oil was sold at Rs.13/- per kg. in June-July. However, the monthly data on the fluctuations in prices of groundnut/groundnutoil does not show this phenomenon. It is therefore hypothesised that the average of prices on a monthly basis does not capture the market sentiments and their adverse effect on the oilseed growers. Bulk of the crop comes out over a short span of 2-3 months and within this period there are days when the market yards are full and prices get depressed. Ideally, one should look at daily price
+fluctuations, but then there is so much data to be handled. May by, due to this very reason, figures rounded off to the monthly averages were routinely used. An attempt has been made here to look at the amplitude of the variations in price fluctuations computed at daily averages and monthly averages in order to capture the loss of value of data in averaging. This exercising was considered important because averaging of price data on monthly basis does not give a true picture of the loss suffered by the farmers.
+The price fluctuations in groundnut oil in Rajkot clearly brings out the fact that until massive imports of edible oils were resorted to in 1976-77, the flutuations in daily prices were much greater than the fluctuations in monthly average prices (Figure 7). The price spread calculated on the basis of daily average has been twice as much as the price spread based on monthly averages in certain years (1968-69, 1972-73). These fluctuations could be explained to be on account of either too little availability or too much availability of edible oils.
+Between 1976-77 and 1985-86 daily price fluctuations in groundnut oil have been minimised. However, even this benefit was lost during the years 1987-88 probably because of too much availability of edible oils. Besides increases in the prices of groundnut oil, the general trend seems to show that the fluctuations in groundnut pod prices (Figure 8). Groundnut pod prices continued to remain unpredictable and the widest fluctuation was reached in the year 1987-88 in spite of massive imports. For the last two years, the difference between fluctuations computed in terms of the proportional loss in fluctuations of monthly prices over fluctuations of daily prices (Table 5). Table 5 shows fluctuations in the prices of groundnut and ground oil computed over daily average prices. The loss of value of data has also been shown both in case of groundnut and groundnut oils prices. The magnitude of the loss of value of data would suggest one of the major information imperfections. This
+would also suggest the intensity of intra-month fluctuations compounded to the 12 months of a year. As is clear from the table, the loss of value of data is not uniform for groundnut and groundnut oil prices. This would imply that there is no integrated movements between the prices of groundnut and groundnut oil as revealed by a number of empirical studies.
+<section>Market imperfections</section>
+The source of price hike and price fluctuations lies in the supply uncertainties as well as imperfections of marketing. In turn, supply uncertainties arise broadly due to cultural practices of price-related incentives/disincentives. The production behaviour of oilseeds is dependent on both, acreage and non-acreage factors such as rainfall (or irrigation during growing season), use of fertilisers and pesticides, availability of quality (or improved) seeds and the subsidy programmes, price behaviour, etc. (In India more than 90 per cent of the area under oilseeds depends on rain-fed irrigation). The farmer's response to acreage allocation of oilseeds is dependent on the relative farm price and other non-acreage factors including the yield rate. However, the continued dependence on non-acreage factors indicates the influence of institutional and technological rigidities. While the harvest time price of oilseeds is a function of the wholesale prices of edible oils, an increase
+in the wholesale price was associated with less than proportionate increase in farm harvest and retail prices.4 This suggestions an unwarranted appropriation of the share in consumer rupee by the intermediaries, in this case the traders and millers. Further, it was studied that for a given increase in wholesale price the increase in farm harvest price was much smaller than the increase in retailprice5 indicating more disadvantageous distribution towards producers of oilseeds than the consumers of edible oils. In India, there is strong tendency of traders/millers of oilseeds/edible oils getting united to form collusory oligopolistic markets to raise or manipulate prices in order to appropriate the maximum share of the consumer rupee. The speculative nature of the oilseeds market helps them carry out this goal. Since the consumer price has implications for the popular vote, it s likely that the tendency of appropriation is more towards the farmers' share than that of the
+consumers. To that extent, the less numerous producers are reduced to the stage of price takers than price givers/bargainers. This in turn, forms a disincentive for cultivation of oilseeds crops.
+Table 5: Fluctuations in the Prices of Groundnut and Groundnut Oil (Rajkot Market)
+(Percentage)
+Year
+Fluctions in the Prices of
+Loss of Value of Data
+Groundnut
+Groundnutoil
+Groundnut
+Groundnutoil
+Source: Economic Times for price data
+An examination of edible oil prices and oilseed prices would reveal that there does not seem to be any parity between them. This clearly hints at imperfections in marketing and the prevalence of dishonest trade. Most farmers have the option of selling their produce through three principal channels: directly to private traders/consumers, through regulated markets, and/or through cooperative system. A high proportion of the trade by-passes the regulated market. Small traders purchase the produce at farm gate and sell through brokers to oil millers. In many cases millers themselves engage procurers from villages. Often the prices offered in these deals would appear to be slightly higher than those at regulated market yards on account of the potential for tax evasion that these deals bear. In addition, the minimisation of transportation costs and time would prompt the farmers to dispose off the produce at the farm level. Millers/traders ocassionally engage in money lending for
+cultivation purposes and in lieu would demand the sales of the produce to their parties. Since a decade or so, because of the efforts made by the NDDB, cooperatives have emerged as strong players in the trade. Farmers exercise the option of selling the produce through cooperative societies. In Rajkot a certain practice known as pooling system is in prevalence. Under this system the farmer retains the option of final sale through cooperative units. The produce supplied by the farmers is sold only at the market price at any time decided by the farmers. However, the procurement levels of these organisations would be constrained by the available storage facilities, lack of parities on account of the fact that cooperatives do not engage themselves in tax evasion and adulteration, nor deviate from the prices announced before harvest, etc.
+With the easing of restrictions on cash crop cultivation as a part of the `Grow More Food Campaign' in the fifties, groundnut acreage rose at a fast rate. Particularly, in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State, five districts, namely, Amreli,Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh and Rajkot have specialised in groundnut cultivation. With the growth in groundnut acreage, number of oil mills also has gone up. Over the years millers and traders have become economically powerful through engaging themselves in speculation activities, creating artificial scarcities to rig prices, purchasing oilseeds from farmers at low prices through information manipulation etc.6
+Through effective communication in newspapers and posting notices at the market yards on the overall crop size, storing capacity, price behaviour etc., farmers' selling pattern is effectively influenced by the millers/traders. Thus, having ensured purchase of oilseeds at low prices, they would again resort to the media for maximum realisation on the finished commodity. The absence of a better estimate of the crop size would help them in running a parallel economy. Parities between seed prices and oil prices have been managed through the appropriate use of 'number one', 'number two' and `number three' accounts; and the options of marketing illegally blended two-three-five or two-five-eight; (the former notation implying the amount of castor, mustard and imported palmolein in kgs. mixed in a 15 kg. groundnut oil tin, while the latter being the composition of cottonseed, mustard and groundnut oils, respectively, in a 15 kg. groundnut oil tin). Further, evading taxes, and
+stealing power also helps them in managing parities. In addition to adulteration and tax evasion trading in illegal speculation insulates them from fluctuations in prices arising out of supply uncertainties. Speculation in oil business became very strong with Rajkot and Dhoraji being two important nerve centres. Speculation or illegal satta continued on even after 1965 when forward trading was banned by the government. This activity prospered in the mid-seventies when large scale exports of groundnut oilcakes and HPS groundnut took place from the region. This led to the establishment of solvent extraction plants in Saurashtra and also vanaspati plants. Most of these plants were attached to oil mills. Several investigators have presented the functioning of illegal satta in groundnut oil.7 It is important to note that a small fraction of the well off farming community has also been engaged in speculation activities. The "jangad" method of purchases by the oil mill may have
+prompted these farmers into speculative trade.8 This method is similar to the pooling system of cooperatives mentioned above with an additional provison that the produce of the farmer is crushed and sold at the convenience of the miller but the deal is settled at the ruling market price selected by the farmer. This form of transactions would help tax evasion. Packing in old used tins, crushing and marketing during peak season and locking out during lean season, engaging only casual labour at relatively low wages, operating in unhieginic environment, etc., have been the other means of cutting costs by the millers. Nexus between politicians and the Telia Rajas plays an important role in safeguarding the power structure of private oil mills and trade and their brotherhood.
+Brokers and commission agents play a very significant role in oilseeds and edible oil trade. The transactions between producer of the oilseeds and purchaser of the oilseeds, between purchaser of the oilseeds and oil miller, and between oil miller and wholesaler are largely carried out through brokers or commission agents. As the information on supply, demand, and price is highly imperfect, brokers are expected to assimilate information and gather the interest groups together in lieu of a certain charge or commission. But, in case of oilseeds and edible oils, brokers appear to be the price givers. The interaction of supply and demand is determined by the broker based on his knowledge. His knowledge claims, trustworthiness and the possibility of collusion cannot be ruled out. Further, quite a few brokers/commission agents do trade in the commodity, which certainly influences their role as moderators.
+In important market centres like Bombay, Madras, and Rajkot brokers along with a few millers and dealers have formed associations/oil exchanges and registered themselves with Forward Markets Commission, primarily for future trading in castor seed. More than 50 per cent of the membership is normally owned by the brokers. Largely the activities carried out in these exchanges are far from being transperent. A detailed study has been conducted on the role of oil exchanges and market yards in the sector.9 In addition to the moderating role, oil exchanges, particularly the one at Bombay, provide price quotations for publication to the press. The way in which these prices are collected and the volume of trade on which the prices are based would suggest that they are not representative of the market sentiment. As the prices quoted by the oil exchange at Bombay influences the price trend in all the leading markets in the country, the few members of the exchange could dictate the
+movements in supply and demand. The irrelevance of the prices quoted may be best explained by the classic example of `karad bold' variety of groundnut. Although this variety is no more existent in the country, until recently the exchange quoted its price. Either this action is an outcome of the routine nature of their task or some signals have been sent to some unknown players in the game! It has been suggest by the BODE that `karad bold' in a hypothetical base price used to arbitrate in cases of disputes.
+On the other hand, Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees (APMC) were set up by the law to provide for 'fair trading practices'. The apex body of these committees will have around 15 representatives from farming community, brokers and other related bodies. Although they provide certain security to the farmers in the form of settlement of disputes, opportunity to withhold the produce in their storage facilities, etc., only between 10 to 15 per cent of the total oilseed production arrives at the market yards. The price support operations that are implemented only at APMCs have no meaning for oilseed growers because the announced support price has usually been much lower than the ruling harvest price in any given year as shown in Table 4. APMCs provide data on price and supply of oilseeds to the press as well as to the government agencies. The price trends based on the price of 10 to 15 per cent production would lead to gross approximation errors. While the practice of
+open auction bears scope for forming cartels of brokers and traders/millers, provisions like keeping the sale pending and resale of the commodity within the premises of APMC helps tax evasion.
+<section>Policy imperfections</section>
+It has been observed that differential tax structure across states/union territories has led to massive evasion of taxes on edible oil trade through inter-state trespassing. Oils are sent on consignments to the states where taxes on the sale of edible oils are lower than the originating areas. The practice of transporting more quantity on permit for a single load would add to the gains. In several states/union territories on account of promoting industrialisation tax waivers are used for a certain period of initial years. This provision has been comfortably used by the private trade to evade taxes in the form of re-registering the company under another name immediately after the waiver period is over. Uniformal tax policy across all the states/union territories would have checked this particular type of tax evasion.
+Blending of oils had been banned by the Government of India. Even more importantly, vanaspati industry is not allowed the use of groundnut and mustard oils in the manufacture of vanaspati, while the use of other oils including imported oils has been permitted. This policy decision has two interesting consequences. First, it has generated a comparative edge for those traders who adulterate preferred oils with cheap oils or even non-edible oils over cooperative units who would not deviate from the government ban on blending of oils. Second, the inter-temporal and inter-spatial imbalances in the supply of edible oilseeds could not be resolved. For example, the less risk prone crops like mustard would get a better supply response if producer prices of these crops are not severely influenced by the preferences of the consumers. Similarly, in the good crop years mustard/groundnut oils may need demand from vanaspati industry. The consumers who were used to the consumption of
+vanaspati, a hydrogenated product of mixed oils, and the passive consumption of oils adulterated by private trade are not expected to find objections with the blending of edible oils. A survey conducted by NDDB reveals that about 60 per cent of the households like blended oils over preferred oils while 15 per cent were indifferent about blended oils.10
+Hedging and futures trading by producers and processors facilitate better resource allocation and planning of production, sales, processing, and storage patterns. However, for the effective functioning of futures market prevalence of two conditions is necessary. First, the differences in the prices across commodity spot market should reflect only the differences in the costs accruing on account of space, time and form utilities, viz., equal minimum transfer, storage and processing costs, respectively. Second, all information on prices, demand and supply should be transparent, accessible and uniform in terms of quantity, quality, taxation, processing, etc. Instead of addressing these requirements the government has banned futures trading in edible oilseeds which has resulted in formation of illegal forward markets in many important trade centres like Rajkot, Jamnagar, Adoni, etc. In the absence of near perfect spot markets and near perfect information futures trade would
+only lead to inefficient gamble on the prices of the commodity. Further, the failure to have an authorised moderator would potentially lead to the losses of weaker players. Similarly, the failure to form an integrated forward market for the commodity would lead to region based concentration of power in the commodity.
+<section>Chapter 3 - Consumption of edible oils and nutritional perspective</section>
+In India the requirements of edible oils are perceived in conjunction with the relationship between growth in per capita income and growth in levels of consumption across the developed countries. Inter-country analysis shows that while the world average per capita consumption of edible oils has gone up from 9.44 kg in 1958 to 14.47 kg in 1987, USA recorded 53 per cent growth at 39.72 kg and Japan recorded 248 per cent growth at 19.84 kg per capita in 1987. These are, in reality, the rate of disappearance of edible oils. In comparison with these rates India's performance of only 21 per cent growth (from 5.62 kg in 1958 to 6.8 kg in 1987) in per capita consumption of edibl oils has been wrongly perceived as edible oil deficiency.11 In addition, wide disparities have been observed in consumption across various economic, spatial and rural/urban groups. Table 6 summarises the skewness in consumption. Skewness is defined as the departure from symmetry. Analysis of the 28th round
+(1973-74) of NSS on consumer expenditure shows that the consumption of edible oil was highly skewed in favour of higher expenditure groups. The coefficients of skewness for rural and urban areas for the economic groups are 1.1 and 1.42, respectively. However, the consumption across the states/Union Territories in comparison is relatively moderately skewed, in favour of those who consume more, at 0.4 for rural areas and at 0.31 for urban areas. Coefficient of skewness explains the magnitude of skewness and its sign specifies the direction. Normally it ranges from -3 to +3. The observations are weighted to the sample size for computing the coefficient. Skewness in the consumption of edible oil during 1986-87 across the expenditure groups as well as the states/Union Territories has increased over 1973-74. As against 1973-74 the coefficients of skewness across the spatial groups is now 0.99 for rural and 1.19 for urban areas. With regard to the skewness across the economic
+groups the coefficients now stand at 1.2 and 1.49 respectively, for rural and urban areas.
+Table 6: Skewness in Consumption*
+Consumption expenditure across (rural/urban)
+Arithmetic mean
+Coeff. of skewness
+Arithmetic mean
+Coeff. Of skewness
+Economic groups (r)
+Economic groups (u)
+Spacial groups (r)
+Spacial groups (u)
+Source: 28th round of NSS (1973-74), "Tables on Consumer Expenditure", and 42nd round of NSS (1986-87), published in Sarvekshana, April-June, 1990.
+* Vanaspati, mustard oil, coconut oil, gingili oil, groundnut oil, linseed oil, refined oil, other edible oils and oilseeds.
+The cross-sectional income data of NCAER's Market Information Survey of Households, 1987-88, shows that the households under Rs. 11,000/- income per annum category (which accounts for 61 per cent of the total population) could purchase only 17.4 kg of edible oil (excluding vanaspati) per household for the year. Consumption of vanaspati had also recorded skewness. The consumption of vanaspati (Table 7) was 48.79 and 34.16 per cent of the urban and rural households, respectively. Of the total consumer strength 27.32 per cent hail from urban areas. These households consumed 34.93 per cent of total quantity of vanaspati produced in the country. The per household consumption of vanaspati was 14.07 and 10.36 kg, for urban and rural areas, respectively. Skewness across the spatial groups was quite significant. Table 8 shows that with 2.41 and 15.9 per cent of the population of Punjab and UP, respectively, consumed 9.89 and 32.81 per cent of the total quantity of vanaspati produced
+in the country. These figures for Bihar and MP, relatively poor states, were 7.71 and 8.4, and 7.34 and 7.99, respectively. Since vanaspati is a predominantly North Indian commodity only North Indian states are taken for comparison. The per household consumption significantly declines as one moves from Punjab to Bihar. Rajasthan, Punjab and UP together have consumed about 51 per cent of the total vanaspati produced in the year. The share in the consumption of vanaspati by various economic groups has been worked out in Table 9. Households earning an income upto Rs. 11,000/- per annum accounted to 61 per cent while their share in total available vanaspati was only 43.06 per cent. The per household consumption ranges from 9.76 kg for the first economic group (i.e., upto 11,000) to 20.86 kg for top economic group (i.e., above 50,000).
+Table 7: Consumption of Vanaspati in Rural and Urban Areas
+% households consumed
+Share of the households (%)
+Share in the consumption (%)
+Per household consumption (kg)
+Urban
+Rural
+Source: Market Information Survey of Households, Vanaspati, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 1988.
+Table 8: Consumption of Vanaspati in Various States
+State
+% age of population
+Share in consumption (%)
+Per household consumption (kg)
+Punjab
+UP
+MP
+Bihar
+Source: Market Information Survey of Households, Vanaspati, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 1988.
+Table 9: Consumption of Vanaspati by Various Economic Groups
+Income class (Rs)
+Share of the household (%)
+Share in the consumption (%)
+Per household consumption (kg)
+up to 11000
+above 50000
+Source: Market Information Survey of Households, Vanaspati, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 1988.
+Perhaps, these considerations, viz., poor growth in per capita consumption and skewness in consumption, have retained the status of essential commodity to edible oils and vanaspati in the policy formulations. However, an altogether different picture emerges as one looks at the recent opinions of nutritionists on the subject.
+Based on several researches across the world it has been inferred that dietary fat is the most important food item causing health hazards among affluent population. Increasing fat content in the diets of affluent people leads to coronary heart diseases (CHD) and diabetes (Type II).12 The steady expansion of middle and affluent classes in India since independence has brought abou a significant change in the dietary pattern. While the changes in life styles and dietary patterns during initial stages of socio-economic advancement are desirable to rectify energy deficits, the persistent growth in the fat component of the diets can lead to serious health complications. It has been observed that over the years affluent sections of the population have opted for increasing consumption of edible fats. An increasing preference for hydrogenated fats over vegetable oils by the middle class and for ghee by the most prosperous groups has also been noticed. Edible oils being hundred per
+cent fats, the consequences of excessive consumption of edible oils on the health have been studied by several researchers. Gopalan (1988) felt that the CHD among affluent Indians has reached more alarming magnitude than their counterparts in the developed countries, possibly because of the dietary peculiarities which comprise reduction in the consumption of more fibrous cereals like millets, increased intake of edible fats and sugar, and an increase in the overall energy intake. These observations have been corroborated by findings of researches on Indian immigrants abroad. Based on these experiences experts are of the opinion that overall intake of fat should be restricted to levels which provide less than 20 per cent of the total calories.
+Achaya has shown that practically every Indian food item including cereals contain invisible fat.13 Coarse cereals like millets contain around 6 per cent fat while fine cereals like rice and wheat contain around 3 per cent. Bengal gram contains around 5 per cent fat and eggs contain around 13.5 per cent. Taking the staple foods across ten states, Achaya has made an estimation of invisible fat content in Indian diets. It has been estimated that the invisible fat intake ranges from around 20 grams per day in UP and Orissa to 50 grams per day in Kerala. Adding to this, the average visible fat availability in recent years computed at 15 to 16 grams a day would keep the contribution of total fat to energy intakes at around 18 per cent in Orissa to 22 en per cent in Kerala, average being around 15 en per cent. More recent calculations indicate the invisible fat content in Indian diets at 15 en percent which would take the overall fat contribution to the total energy at 20 en
+percent (Gopalan C, ibid).
+On the grounds of vitamins, fats are not essential in Indian diets as vitamin A is provided by green vegetables, vitamin D is provided by the sunlight and as for vitamin E its essentiality is not yet properly understood. As regards essential fatty acids, Achaya argues that the invisible fat in Indian diet contributes around 5 to 7 en per cent of linoleic acid which is in excess to FAO/WHO recommendation of 3 en per cent. He also feels that the 0.28 en per cent of linolenic acid provided by an average Indian diet is sufficient to have a balanced ratio of n-3 (derived from linolenic) and n-6 (derived from linoleic) fatty acids. Excess linoleic acid has a potential to lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol which could lead to coronary heart disease, development of certain tumours, and suppression of immune response. Even the polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found to have questionable health properties, e.g., increased gallstones, increased serum triglycerides,
+increased serum cholesterol, and decreased HDL cholesterol.
+The above arguments have been acknowledged by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). In terms of nutrition, the vegetable fats necessary for a balanced diet as per the recommendations of ICMR (refer `Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians', Indian Council of Medical Research, 1990) for the country as a whole comes to 3.5 MMT and 3.57 MMT for the years 1988-89 and 1989-90, respectively (Table 10). As against this, the domestic production of the vegetable oils was of the order 4.75 MMT and 4.78 MMT, respectively. In fact, the growth in the per capita consumption of edible oils by Indians cannot be attributed to growth in per capita income as over years the household budget on edible has been steadily increasing which may suggests the prevalence of low priced imported oil. A comparison of the household budget allocation on edible oil across various NSS rounds (Table 11) shows that despite the decrease in the proportion of food budget, the
+expenditure on edible oil has recorded a constant increase over the period of 1972-73 to 1986-87. Given the fact that the WPI for edible oils is at no point of time more than the WPI for all commodities, the increment in the family budget on edible oils may be safely viewed as an increment in the consumption level of oil. Even a casual examination of the correlation coefficients between the availability and consumption of oils indicates that the growth in the consumption level may be ascribed to the availability of low priced imported oil. The strong and significant correlation (computed for the period 1971-72 to 1988-89) between the imported oils and per capita consumption (0.81) vis-a-vis the availability of domestic oil and per capita consumption (0.19) suggests that the availability of imported oil had a greater influence than the availability of domestic oils on the growth of per capita consumption.
+Table 10: Edible Oil Requirement
+(as per ICMR norms)
+Year
+Population (millions)
+Per capita requirement
+Total requirement
+Domestic supply
+(kg)
+(MMT)
+(MMT)
+Source: Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians, ICMR, 1990, New Delhi.
+Table 11: Budget Allocation of the Households
+(Percentage to total expenditure)
+NSS rounds
+Edible oil
+Rural Food
+Non- food
+Edible oil
+Urban food
+Non- food
+Source: Sarvekshana, April-June, 1989.
+Another important dimension is the question of hydrogenated fats. Evidence implicating trans fatty acids as cholesterol raising substances (cis) has been reported.14 Margarine and shortenings are identified as containing trans fatty acids. Production of vanaspati converts about 50 per cent of the good unsaturated fatty acids into not so good trans fatty acids. The hydrogenation process converts naturally occurring cis fatty acids into trans fatty acids. Margarine contain about 27 per cent of trans fatty acids as against 2 to 4 per cent in butter.15 RP Mensink and MB Katan have investigated that although both cis and trans are unsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids affect cholesterol levels in much the same way as saturated fatty acids when compared to an oleic acid control. They found that trans fatty acids significantly raised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. As a result, the ratio of LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has gone up in favour of LDL which
+increases the risk for heart diseases. During the past three decades the trans fatty acids have been shown to have a serum cholesterol raising effect. Now, they have been reported also to lower the HDL cholesterol ratio. Additionally, these fatty acid isomers formed by the hydrogenation process are saturate equivalents with respect to their physical properties. In other words, consumption of vanaspati or hydrogenated fats leads to enhanced cardiovascular diseases in human beings. In response to these new data, large food corporations all over the world are highly concerned and are attempting to eliminate hydrogenated fats from their product formulations. Governments across the world have also started warning against the increasing trans fats in the diets. In fact, long ago in 1946, Gandhiji wrote in `Harijan' questioning the wisdom of manufacturing vanaspati. He felt that vanaspati would be used to adulterate ghee and that good oils would be turned into expensive and not so
+good vanaspati.
+Piecing together above arguments on the requirements of edible fats, it may be concluded that neither edible oils nor hydrogenated fats are essential commodities. One does not have to be alarmed by the differences between the consumption levels across the countries. Even the poor Indian diets are reasonably adequate in fat and the edible fat intake of the order observed among affluent sections are unnecessary and possibly hazardous. It is in context of the latter issue however, that dispersing the skewness in consumption needs proper attention. For some time, the Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses had made some attempts to discourage excessive consumption of edible oils through advertisements in the press. This path needs to be pursued more vigourously.
+<section>Chapter 4 - Major interventions in the sector: Imports</section>
+Three major interventions have taken place in resolving the problems detailed in earlier chapters:
+i) MASSIVE IMPORTS OF EDIBLE OILS
+ii) VEGETABLE OIL PROJECT BY NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD
+iii) TECHNOLOGY MISSION FOR OILSEEDS
+Imports are considered a softer option to bridge the demand-supply gap, since 1976-77. Table 12 presents the share of imports in total available oil for consumption in the country. Imports accounted for 35% of oil availability during 1987-88. However, during 1988-90 imports were slashed to the level of 9.33 per cent of the total available oil. The CIF unit value of the edible oils being much lower than the ruling domestic price in any given period, it was felt that the imports of edible oils will check the increase in the prices of domestic oils and will also bring a stabilisation in the seasonality of prices. Incorporated into an effective distribution system imported oils may be useful in correcting the skewness in consumption as well. Imported oils were by and large issued to the vanaspati industry and directly to the consumers through the public distribution system (Table 13). During the first five years (1976-81) the share of the vnasati industry in the imported oils
+was quite high. It was generally felt that the vanaspati industry should be encouraged to use non-conventional/imported oils in the manufacture of vanaspati. Since 1981, the share of PDS in the use of imported oils kept on increasing. This may be due to the fact that the PDS was expected to be effective in correcting the skewness in consumption and moderate atleast the seasonal increases in prices.
+Table 12: Availability of Edible Oils for Human Consumption
+(`000 metric tonnes/oil year)
+Year
+Domestic product of edible oil
+Imported oils
+Total availability
+Oils imported as percentage of total oils
+Source: Data for 1971-72 to 1987-88 is taken from Ashok Gulati (1990). Data for 1988-89 is collected from NDDB Studies and Department of Civil Supplies, Government of India. Data for 1989-90 is taken from Economic Times, Ahmedabad, dt. 2.2.1991.
+Table 13: Issue of Imported Edible Oils to Vanaspati and the PDS
+(Lakh Metric Tonnes/Oil Year)
+Oil Year
+Oil issued to vanaspati
+Oil issued to PDS
+Oil Year
+Oil issued to vanaspati
+Oil issued to PDS
+Source: The Economic Times, Bombay, dt. 1.12.1990; and Department of Civil Supplies, Government of India.
+The consumer price of imported oils is fixed (after making allowance for customs duty, expenses of processing and transportation, and also some marginal surpluses to the agencies involved in PDS ) at much lower levels than the ruling prices of the domestic product. Table 14 clearly indicates that in any given oil year the issue price of imported oil to the PDS was much lower than even the minimum of the ruling market price of both the costly groundnut and relatively cheaper mustard oil sold in bulk. Even to the vanaspati industry imported oils were made available at relatively lower prices in the name of price controls. It was also believed that vanaspati industry has been given low priced imported oils ostensibly to make up for the fact that they were denied the use of groundnut and mustard oil. As shown in Table 15 imported oilswere issued to vanaspati industry at both concessional and commercial rates. However, more than 90 per cent of these oils had been supplied at
+concessional rates. Only since December 1988 issue at concessional rate was withdrawn. Since vanaspati is usually sold at the prices prevailing for groundnut oil, the difference between prices of raw oils and prices of manufactured vanaspati is not expected to be as much as the difference between prices of imported oils and prices of groundnut/mustard oil whichever was cheaper. However, there is a downward trend in this difference from 1988-89.
+Table 14: Issue Price of PDS Oil and the Harvest Season Market Prices of Domestic Oils
+Oil year
+Issue price to PDS
+Min.-max. market price of
+Groundnut oil (at Bombay)
+Mustard oil (at Calcutta)
+(Rs/metric tonnes in bulk)
+Source: Reply in Loksabha dated 1.3.89, and Economic Times.
+<section>Implications of issue of imports to PDS and vanaspati industry</section>
+The following consequences emerge with the issue of an imported commodity at prices much lower than the domestic prices, unless balancing mechanisms are imposed.
+i) depression of domestic prices of the commodity;
+ii) increase in the level of per capita consumption;
+iii) development of vested interests;
+iv) increased foreign exchange outflow; and
+v) internal generation of taxes.
+The following framework is intended to explain the effect of imported oils made available for consumption through PDS and vanaspati industry on the prices of domestic oils and on the creation of undeserved profits to the interest groups. The price of oil in the open market is determined by the interaction of market demand for and supply of the local oil, and the portion of imported oil that leaks into the open market. The introduction of public distribution affects open market in two ways: i) assuming the imported oil and the domestic oil are substitutable, an increase in PDS oil will decrease the demand for local oil by the same amount, implying a decline in its price, and ii) the income of the consumers receiving the PDS oil will increase by an amount equal to the savings in their oil budget resulting from the difference between market and PDS prices for each unit of PDS oil, which increases the demand for oil. The former is the substitution effect and the latter is the
+income effect, and the net effect is the market displacement effect. The net reduction in the market demand curve for local oil is determined as follows:
+D = [a Qi-b Qi(P-Pi)/P];
+where,
+D = net shift in the demand
+a = marginal rate of substitution of PDS oil for local oil
+Qi= increase in PDS oil
+b = marginal propensity to consume oil
+P = market price of oil
+Pi= issue price of PDS oil
+The net result of the opposing effects is expected to be such that the reduction in open market demand because of an increase in quantity of PDS oil would be lesser than the increase in PDS oil. In other words, increased PDS oil will lead to a net increase in effective demand. Similarly, the issue of imported oils to the vanaspati industry will cut down its demand for the domestic oils.
+Figure 9 captures the potential effect of imported oil distribution through the existing PDS mechanism. The values in the diagram pertain to the financial year 1987-88. In this hypothetical treatment, only groundnut and mustard oils are considered. It may be noted that groundnut and mustard oils put together accounted for 69 per cent of the total edible oil produced in the year. The price of the domestic oils is weighted by the quantities of respective oils. The domestic supply of (groundnut and mustard) oils was 2.33 MMT in the year 1987-88. Of the total 1.82 MMT imported oil, 1.15 MMT was issued to consumers through PDS. Hence, the total availability of edible oil for direct consumption was 3.48 (2.33+1.15) MMT. Using the data of NCAER's Market Information Survey of Households, 1988, it is estimated that 57.89 per cent of the imported oil issued through PDS had leaked into the open market during 1987-88. Thus, the supply of domestic oil in the open market increased,
+through adulteration, by 0.67 MMT to 3 MMT. Since, in short-run the supply response to the changes in the demand is almost zero for any agricultural commodity, the supply curves in the diagram are assumed to be vertical. S1 is the supply of domestic oil, S2 is the total availability of oil which includes both domestic and PDS oils, and S3 is the total oil available in the open market which includes domestic and the PDS oil leaked into the open market. In 1987-88 imported edible oil was sold through PDS at an administered price of Rs. 13,050 per MT. The weighted average price of the domestic oil (including the leaked-in PDS oil) at which the actual transactions took place was Rs.23,080 per MT. At this price the free market was at an equilibrium where the demand curve D1 intersects the supply curve S3, and the quantity demanded was 3 MMT. Also 0.48 (1.15-0.67) MMT of imported oil was purchased by the consumers at a much lower price of Rs. 13,050 per MT. There are two possible
+ways in which consumer behaviour could have been affected by the availability of low-priced oil. First, the consumers shift their demand for edible oil from open market to PDS. Second, they increase the consumption of edible oil to the extent their oil budget permits. The interaction of both the effects suggest that in the absence of public distribution, the open market would have secured an additional demand which is less than 0.48 MMT. Therefore, it is understandable that, the original demand curve for the domestic oils would have been somewhere above D1. A parallel shift in the demand curve D1 towards right will fix the equilibrium price at a point which is higher than Rs. 23,080 per MT. In Figure 9, D indicates the original (hypothetical) demand curve and Rs. 25,000 per MT as the original price. Further, the downward sloping nature of the demand curve suggests that if the PDS oil was not leaked into the open-market economy the price of the domestic oil would have been
+still higher, which in the diagram works out at Rs. 30,000 per MT. In essence, what would have happened was that, given the demand curve D, the supply and demand factors would have kept the price of the commodity at Rs. 30,000 per MT. But, the leakage of the low-priced imported oil into the economy brought down the equilibrium price to Rs. 25,000 per MT. Further, the availability of oil through PDS shifted down the demand for open-market oil causing a further decline in its price. The trader can afford bringing down the price because the procurement cost of the additional quantity supplied is much lower than Rs. 23,080 per MT, somewhere between Rs. 13,050 and Rs. 23,080 assuming that the issue of PDS oil and leakage of PDS oil will take place almost simultaneously. This difference is shared by the trader on the one hand and the relevant sources of supply on the other hand. The relevant agents, including the consumers who use resale of imported oil to strengthen their
+purchasing power, who supply imported oil for illicit trade as well as the traders are well-off in the deal. The losers are the domestic producers of oilseeds who are offered a much lower price in the coming years in view of the depression of oil prices, and those sections of the consumers who either due to preferences or due to non-availability of PDS oils depend on the open market for edible oils. To the extent they get adulterated oil, the consumers who consume open market oil due to preferences lose in the transaction. And the consumers who due to non-availability of PDS oil rely upon open market lose because now they are required to pay a higher price than PDS price. The lower producer price naturally forms a disincentive for the production of oilseeds. In the present analysis the total financial loss accruable to the producers of oilseeds is, equal to the rectangular area between a,b,c, and e1, which works out to Rs. 16,124 millions for one year. It may be noted that
+the decline in the general price level of oils might be beneficial to the consumers of branded oils because the producers of these branded oils are also forced to bring down the prices on account of competition. This does dampen the spirit of a fair trade in the oils. However, the responsiveness of the branded oils to the movements of general price level is also dependent on their power to charge premium for purity and trustworthiness. The demand curve D2 shows the level of demand for open market oil in the absence of leakage of PDS oils. If PDS oil is not leaked into the open market the price of domestic oil may decline further. As is seen in the diagram the price now works out to be less than Rs. 22,000 per MT. In this case the loss accruable to the farmers is even more than the earlier case as the rectangular area a,b1,c1, and e1 is larger than that of a,b,c, and e1.
+<section>Performance of public distribution system for edible oils</section>
+PDS for edible oils had been undertaken since 1974, presumably, with a view to ensure the availability of reasonable quantity of oil at affordable prices to the needy sections of the population. PDS of edible oils as it operated in the country, may be characterised by the following features: i) unusually low prices, ii) higher allocation to surplus states (in terms of oilseed production), and iii) untimely releases. Apparently, these features led to a) increase in aggregate demand for edible oils, and b) leakage of PDS oils and consequent adulteration of domestic oils. Fluctuations in edible oil prices however remained as high as 80-100 per cent. PDS is not restricted to weaker sections whose consumption of edible oils is much lower.
+<section>Spatial and temporal allocation, and leakage</section>
+Unlike in other basic commodities like cereals, there are gross inequalities in the consumption expenditures on edible oils across income categories. Given this context, the provision for low priced oil either increases the aggregate demand or creates a scope for leakage of the imported oil from the intended beneficiaries who often sell it out for want of purchasing power, or both. In addition to the leakage from intended beneficiaries the leakage due to the skewed spatial and temporal allocations of PDS oils would result in adulteration of the domestic oil which brings down the producer prices as well as causes social injustice to those sections of population who rely upon free market edible oil either due to the preferences of specific oils or due to the habit of excessive use of oil. The share of PDS oils in the total oil available is 15.34 per cent for he oil rich states, Maharashtra and Gujarat (Table 16), whereas the oil poor states, Bihar, Rajasthan and UP get only
+3.12 per cent of the total available oil from PDS. Excessive releases of PDS oil to the states, which have a strong oil trade, especially when these states are not deficient in oil, would only mean that the imported oils under PDS form an important constituent of the private trade. This observation gets strengthened with the fact that PDS is ineffective in dispersing the skewness in consumption, a finding which is discussed a little later. It is also observed that during 1985-89 more than 70 per cent of the PDS oil was issued during the harvesting season for groundnuts, when the markets were glutted with domestic oils (Table 17). This gives scope for adulteration of domestic oils as well as depression of its price. In case of imported oil leakage to the unintended consumers (commercial users such as hotels, and rich consumers, etc.), it results in strengthening the existing lopsided distribution. In 1986-87 almost 68 per cent of the PDS oils has been estimated to have not
+reached the consumers through PDS (Table 18). Gujarat, Maharastra and West Bengal being the major centres for oil trade have recorded less than 20 per cent of the PDS oils released, as direct purchases by the consumers. In 1987-88 the leakage was estimated at 57.89 per cent for the whole country (Table 19). (The above two estimates are based on the data generated by NSS and NCAER, respectively.) While analysing NCAER data only palmolein, palm oil and rapeseed/mustard oil (under the brand name of Ganesh No.1) are considered as oils issued under PDS due to lack of data on other oils. However, the inclusion of other oils may not change the estimate significantly, as the share of other oils in the total PDS oils is meagre.
+Table 16: Per Capita Availability of Oil Across States/UTs, 1985-88
+(kgs/annum)
+States/UTs
+Domestic oils
+PDS oils
+Total oils
+Share of PDS oils(%)
+Maharashtra & Gujarat
+Bihar,Rajasthan & UP
+Others
+All India
+Source: Department of Civil Supplies, and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
+Table 17: Lifting of PDS Oils Across the Seasons
+(all in percentages)
+Season
+Oct-Feb
+Mar-June
+July-Sept
+Total
+Source: Department of Civil Supplies, Government of India. Figures in parentheses indicate quantity in metric tonnes.
+Table 18: Estimated Leakage of PDS Oils, 1986-87
+(metric tonnes)
+State
+Purchase of PDS oil by households
+PDS oil lifted by states
+Estimated leakage
+Percentage of PDS oil leaked-out
+AP
+Gujarat
+Karnataka
+Maharashtra
+Tamilnadu
+West Bengal
+All India
+Source: 42nd round of NSS (1986-87), published in Sarvekshana, April-June, 1990, and Department of Civil Supplies,GOI.
+Table 19: Estimated Leakage of PD Oils,1987-88
+(metric tonnes)
+State
+Purchase of PDS oil by households
+PDS oil lifted by states
+Estimated leakage
+Percentage of PDS oil leaked-out
+North
+East
+West
+South
+India
+Source: Department of Civil Supplies,Government of India, and the NCAER's Market Information Survey of Households, December 1988.
+* North comprises Haryana, HP, J&K, MP, Punjab, UP, Chandigarh and Delhi. East comprises Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa and WB. West comprises Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Goa. South comprises AP, Karnataka ,Kerala, TN and Pondicheri.
+<section>Growth in Skewness</section>
+The skewed allocation of PDS oils across the states/UTs might be to some extent responsible for the growth in skewness across spatial groups discussed in Chapter 3. While PDS in itself may not be responsible for this disparity, it has at least failed to disperse it. The spatial comparison of oil consumption and distribution does show substantial disparities (Table 20). The consumption figures of edible oils for all states show that Gujarat and Maharashtra have consumption levels of 8.54 and 6.13 kgs per capita which far exceed the ICMR recommended intake of 4.38 kgs per capita. Paradoxically, these two states together account for nearly 40 per cent of the total PDS oil releases in the ountry, while states such as Bihar, Orissa and UP with far lower consumption levels languish far behind accounting for only 4 per cent of the total PDS oil releases. Further, the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra are also among the leading consumers in terms of per capita PDS oils with 2.9 and
+1.6 kgs., respectively, whereas the latter states reveal extremely poor consumption in terms of per capita PDS oils. Another dichotomy in the public distribution lies in its urban bias. With all India per capita consumption of edible oils at 4.06 and 6.84 kgs for rural and urban areas, respectively, public distribution reinforces this disparity by allocating more oil per head to urban areas. It may be noted that the consumption of edible oil includes only edible oil and vanaspati, and not ghee which is estimated to be at 7 lakh tons for all India.
+One possible reason for the ineffectiveness of PDS in dispersing skewness is that the benefits of the PDS for edible oils are equally distributed across all the income groups of the population. Table 21 shows the percentage share of the PDS oil purchased by the households across fractile groups during 1986-87. In India, the `poorest' 40 per cent and some of the `not-so- poor' 20 per cent fall below poverty line.16 The poorest 40 per cent could obtain only 37.4 and 39.3 per cent of the total PDS sales in rural and urban India, respectively. The share of the richest 40 per cent is 43.2 and 37.4 per cent, respectively, for rural and urban areas. Further, the shares of the value of PDS sales by the fractile groups are more or less similar of the quantities, because the prices of the PDS oils were uniform across the income groups. It is clear from the table that the PDS for oils is equally accessible to the rich also and that the distribution is lop-sided more towards urban areas
+than rural areas.
+Table 20: Per Capita Consumption and Public Distribution of Edible Oils
+State
+Consumption of edible oil (kg)
+Consumption of PDS oil (kg)
+Distribution of PDS oil percapita (kg)
+Share in total PDS oil release (%)
+Rural
+Urban
+Total
+Rural
+Urban
+Total
+Total
+AP
+Assam
+Bihar
+Gujarat
+Haryana
+HP
+J&K
+Karnataka
+Kerala
+MP
+Maharashtra
+Orissa
+Punjab
+Rajashtan
+Tamilnadu
+Tripura
+UP
+WB
+INDIA
+Source: 42nd round of NSS (1986-87), Sarvekshana, April-June, 1990, and GOI.
+Note: It may be noted that the consumption of edible oil includes only edible oil and vanaspati, and not ghee which is estimated to be at 7 lakh tonnes for all India.
+Table 21: Distribution of the PDS Sale of Oils across Fractile Groups
+(percentage to total sale)
+Fractile
+Quantity
+Value
+Rural
+Urban
+Rural
+Urban
+Total
+Source: 42nd round (1986-87) of NSS. Taken from BS Minhas (1990).
+To sum up, Achaya's (1988) study states that no health deficiency has been recorded so far on account of low levels of edible oil consumption. On the other hand, Minhas (1990) found that the benefits of the PDS for edible oils are equally distributed across all the income groups of the population. The PDS, is view of its low coverage and the distribution pattern, could not improve the consumption pattern of the poor.
+Further, certain characteristic features of PDS for edible oils at it operates in the country are found to be quite harmful or the edible oil economy. First, the PDS creates scope for adulteration. Added to the unsually lower prices of PDS oils, this would lead to the depression of market prices of domestic oils and a consequent disincentive to production of oilseeds. Second, PDS for edible oils is not only ineffective in dispersing the skewness in consumption, but serves to intensify skewness in the spatial distribution. Besides, it only strengthens the per capita consumption of oils by the rich.
+Piecing together the above findings one may argue that the country could now withdraw edible oils from the PDS. Or, alternatively, the targeting and sourcing of the PDS should be restructured.
+<section>Impact of issuing low priced imported edible oils to vanaspati industry</section>
+<section>Historical base</section>
+Between September 1968 and February 1970, the GOI had exempted vanaspati factories from the requirement of industrial licence upto a capacity of one hundred metric tonnes a day. Within this short spell the industry, which could expand its units from 1 in 1930 to only 51 by September 1968, double its capacity. For about 16 years before this delicensing policy, new entry into the industry was banned and consequently entrepreneurs in this sector concentrated on establishing solvent extraction plants, cottonseed crushing units, etc. The delicensing phase then provided a logical diversification for their activities. Further, press reports on shortages played a decisive role in attracting entrepreneurs and financial institutions, each acting independently, unaware of the actions of the others. The utilisation of the large capacity in vanaspati industry posed severe problem since during the early the 70s the domestic supply of edible oils had more or less stagnated. Despite the
+increasing imports of soybean oil and other fats, vanaspati industry found it difficult to obtain raw oils at economic rates. The effect of these trends may be clearly seen in Table 22.
+Table 22: Production of Vanaspati and WPI of Edible Oils
+Year
+Production of vanaspati (MT)
+WPI of edible oil (base=1970)
+Source: Annual Report 1990-91, VMA, and India Data base, 1990
+Out of the capacity of 16 lakh MT, vanaspati industry could utilise only 22 per cent in the year 1974. The substantial fall in output in 1973 and 1974 was attributed to the rise in raw material costs. Given this state of affairs it is to be expected that pressures were mounted on the GOI to exercise the option of imports in order to tackle the question of underutilisation of capacity in the industry on one hand and to minimise the consumption of preferred groundnut and mustard oils by vanaspati industry in order to check price rise on the other. Use of groundnut/mustard oil in the manufacture of vanaspati was banned from 1976-77 to 87-88. In place of these two major oils vanaspati industry has been using imported oils. Undoubtedly this was in the good interests of the vanaspati industry. It is now evident that the policy which ensured supply of imported oils to vanaspati industry has not been in the overall interests of the oilseed sector.
+<section>Use of Imported oils by the vanaspati industry</section>
+Since April 1976 imported oils have been used in vanaspati manufacture in massive proportions. Table 23 shows the use pattern of edible oils by source of origin. The proportion of imported oils in the total oils used by the vanaspati industry ranges from 50 to 88 per cent during the period 1976-77 to 1987-88. However, the vanaspati industry hasbenefited the edible oil sector by providing an outlet for minor oils. The usage of minor oils ranged from 6.29 per cent in 1979-80 to 59.11 per cent in 1989-90. The increase in the use of minor oils was largely due to the lowering down of the releases of imported oils in the later years by NDDB. The use of minor oils have been doubled in quantity since 1988-89. This phenomenal increase may show that the shortage of low cost minor oils has never been a base for issuing low cost imported oils. In addition, this sudden shift n the demand for domestic oil would result in the price hike and it did. It is quite obvious that the vanaspati
+industry because of its monoply in blending oils, paid lower prices for minor oils and to that intend actually hampered the growth in the production of minor oils. The profit vanaspati industry made on account of minor oils, more or less nullifies the claims the industry makes on the development of minor oils. The trend lines shown in Figure 10 trace the period between 1986-87 and 1987-88 as the origin of the regime of reduced supply of imported oils to vanaspati industry. If vanaspati industry is considered as a provider of market for indigenous minor oils the reversal of trend in the use pattern of raw oils emerging now is in the right direction. However, the decline in the supply of imported oils would actually find justification in the non-essentiality of vanaspati. It may be said with fair amount of conviction that vanaspati is a more urban-based-rich-household/state commodity as discussed in Chapter 3. In the event of non-essentiality of the commodity vanaspati may now
+be used as a source of demand for minor oils which has become possible by cutting down the supply of imported oils.
+Table 23: Use of Indigenous and Imported Oils by the Vanaspati Industry
+(MT)
+Oil year
+Imported oils
+Use of Indigenous major oils
+Indigenous minor oils
+Total oils
+Production of vanaspati (mt)
+Figures in brackets indicate percentages to total oils used.
+Source: Annual Reports, VMA.
+<section>Price controls in vanaspati</section>
+Price controls in vanaspati have generally been voluntary in nature and hence claiming this goal for the issue of imported oils at lower prices may be baseless. The main thrust of the control system in the past has been to keep down the price of vanaspati by supply of cheap imported oils as input or vanaspati manufacture and thereby to keep down prices of edible oils by diverting the demand from vanaspati industry away from indigenous oils to imported oils. Nonetheless, the market price of vanaspati has frequently been considerably higher than the controlled price (Dagli Committee on Controls and Subsidies). In fact, the expected result that the price of vanaspati would be lower than the prices of edible oils, within the country, used for direct consumption, could not be realised. With an exemption to some isolated years the weighted average price of vanaspati has been always higher than the prices of preferred edible ils like groundnut/mustard oil. This becomes more
+striking if one looks nto the vanaspati price as percentage of the prices of above mentioned two oils. Further, vanaspati price as percentage of ghee price fluctuates between a narrow band of 35 to 45 which suggests that vanaspati price was keeping pace with ghee price all through. Best fit curves of vanaspati as percentage of groundnut oil, mustard oil and ghee are shown in Figure 11. With regard to groundnut oil best fit trend line is obtained in view of non-linearity of the relation. Relation between the prices of vanaspati and mustard oil tends to be uniform across the years, also both Vanaspati and mustard oil, are predominantly consumed in the same region; therefore the trend seems reasonable. However, the linear fixation of the proportion of the prices of these two commodities is now around 110 which clearly provides for the processing margins required to produce vanaspati. The similarity of the relationship prior to the use of imported oils and the later period is
+disturbing. The declining trend in the vanaspati price as percentage of groundnut oil may be interpreted as preferences associated to the flavour of the latter. Consumers appear to be willing to pay more for groundnut oil. With regard to ghee, although the proportion moves within a band the linear trend shows a slight upward movement since late 70s. It seems, in view of the high prices of ghee, consumers are willing to pay a little more for vanaspati.
+Despite the disappointment regarding the expected results of price controls over vanaspati one may notice a desirable trend in the vanaspati price. Table 24 shows growth of prices of vanaspati, ghee, groundnut and mustard oils in the last four decades. Vanaspati price has shown uniform growth since 1960s. This tantamounts to say that annual fluctuations in vanaspati price were relatively lower. A steady growth in the prices was the major achievement that vanaspati industry could obtain. In fact, even the seasonal fluctuations are minimal with the price of vanaspati in comparison to other edible oils and ghee. Only till August 1968 vanaspati prices fluctuated along with domestic oil prices. Another contribution the supply of imported oils to vanaspati industry demonstrated has been to keep prices of indigenous edible oils at the level where they were. If vanaspati industry was to depend totally on the indigenous market for raw material then prices of domestic oils would have
+gone up. At the same time vanaspati industry could have effectively checked the price hikes of domestic oils if the price control over vanaspati had been successful.
+However, the argument on the low issue price of imported oils to vanaspati industry notes that the purpose with which this option was exercised could not be realised for whatever reason it may be. Thus the failure of vanaspati industry to positively contribute to the vegetable oil economy has only harmed the industry as reflected in the current stagnation in the production.
+Table 24: Growth in the Prices of Vanaspati, Ghee, GNO and MEO
+% increase in the price of
+50s
+60s
+70s
+80s
+Vanaspati
+Ghee
+GNO
+MEO
+<section>Benefits accrued to the vanaspati industry</section>
+Gains through cost reduction
+Given the fact that during the entire phase of supply of imported oils to the vanaspati industry price of vanaspati has been more or less ahead of the prices of groundnut/mustard oil, it is meaningful to assume that the cost of inputted imported oils would be of the order of the market price of groundnut/mustard oil whichever was cheaper. But as observed earlier the issue price of imported oils has been much lower than that. Nevertheless, about 75 per cent of the inputted oils was supplied through imports. The difference between issue price of imported oils and market price of groundnut/mustard oil would then form as a net gain to the vanaspati industry through cost reduction, since cost reduction has not been reflected in sale price of the output. In other words, an incentive equivalent to the gain referred above has been given to the vanaspati industry by GOI in order to achieve the levels of production the vanaspati industry actually did. As discussed above such gain to a
+singular player in the commodity economy would form a strong disincentive to the farmers. If the vanaspati industry was to draw all its raw materials from indigenous markets, then the price of domestic oils would have gone up and a certain proportion of increment in the price would have percolated down to oilseed growers. This would then have helped in expansion of oilseed production. It is therefore right to term the incentive given to the vanaspati industry as the amount used by GOI against the farmers. For the last 15 years the amount used against farmers has been computed at about Rs. 3.5 thousand crores. The annual average of this amount works out to Rs. 231 crores, bulk of which goes as gain to the vanaspati industry.
+Market expansion
+If the vanaspati industry was required to draw its raw material exclusively from domestic market then the price of vanaspati would have gone up by at least an amount equal to the difference between the issue price of imported oils and the market price of groundnut/mustard oil. In such a situation the quantity of vanaspati demanded would have fallen . This is to say that by the supply of imported oils to the vanaspati industry at low prices the economy could check the downfall in the demand for vanaspati. In other words, the vanaspati industry could expand its market on account of the availability of low priced imported oils.
+Market expansion directly benefits the industry in terms of better utilisation of the capacity and lowering of overheads per unit of production. Gauranteed supply of raw materials at low prices enabled the industry to make `high' margins even at relatively low prices of the commodity. As mentioned earlier, by 1974 the industry had suffered an acute under-utilisation of the capacity due to raw material shortages. At the same time reports of shortages of vanaspati in the press created a social dimension to the commodity. It seems the GOI felt that a certain incentive to the vanaspati industry may be imperative in order to match the supply of and demand for vanaspati. Checking the vanaspati price was not necessary because the market forces would have naturally settled the price at an affordable level since vanaspati has fairly good substitutes in the country. The second apparent goal of the policy that supply of vanaspati should be expanded to meet demand could not be justified
+either on health grounds or on equity grounds. It was sheer accident that substantial number of units were established during the `free' regime of 1968-70, and they could not produce the commodity at competitive prices. It was but natural that vanaspati could not be supplied at the market price of its raw material (groundnut/mustard oil), because the quantity required of the raw material is little more than the quantity manufactured of vanaspati. If vanaspati was manufactured through indigenous minor oils alone then, naturally, price of minor oils would have shot up making it uneconomical again. The only way out was to import raw material at lower prices and expand the supply of vanaspati so that the unwisely established units would be able to better utilise the capacity. Precisely this is what happened. An uneconomic speculative investment decision, namely, expansion of vanaspati units has been ruthlessly safeguarded by the industry and the GOI at the cost of the oilseed
+growers.
+A function moel has been developed in the study to quantity market expansion of vanaspati on account of supply of imported oils at lower prices. Quantity demanded of vanaspati (QDVAN) as function of price of vanaspati (PVAN), price of ghee (PGHEE) and price of mustard oil (PMEO) has been estimated. The functional form of the equation is presented below:
+QDVAN = 306080-34.578(PVAN)+18.957(PGHEE)+22.321(PMEO)
+where,
+QDVAN
+quantity demanded of vanaspati;
+PVAN
+price of vanaspati;
+PGHEE
+price of ghee; and
+PMEO
+price of mustard expeller oil.
+Although R squared equals to .81 only, the standard errors of the estimates (shown in the parentheses) are much smaller than the estimates. Data of 31 years have been treated for the function. The variable PVAN is sensitivised with the (shadow) price of vanaspati that would have been in the absence of supply of imported oils. The actual PVAN is denoted by PVAN1 and the shadow PVAN is by PVAN2. PVAN2 is computed by summating PVAN1 and the incentive per MT of production. Substituting PVAN1 and PVAN2 in the above equation would give QDVAN1 and QDVAN2, respectively. The difference between QDVAN1 and QDVAN2 forms the market expansion of vanaspati (denoted as MEVAN). In the 15 years of imported oils regime about 14 lakh MT of vanaspati could be marketed more than what they could have, if the vanaspati industry was to depend entirely on domestic market for raw material. This figure will blow up in reality with the demand from the vanaspati industry prices of groundnut/ mustard oils
+would have gone up further and consequently PVAN2 moves up. The average annual expansion worked out to be around 92 thousand MT, i.e., 12 per cent of the estimated demand. In certain years the proportion of MEVAN has gone up by more than 25 per cent of QDVAN. It may be interesting to investigate the historical implications.
+MEVAN is depicted graphically in Figure 12. The space between the best fit lines of QDVAN1 and QDVAN2 is the gross MEVAN. The vertical distance between two points on the graph is the annual MEVAN for the corresponding year. It is interesting to note that the trend space between both the curves is more or less equivalent to zero from 1988-89. This may be due to severe curtailment of the supply of imported oils as well as the hike in its price. The relations between MEVAN, and supply of imported oils (denoted as IMPORT) and price of imported oils (denoted as PIMPORT) are established independently with the help of following two linear equations, respectively:
+MEVAN = -225090+.24083(IMPORT)+.24791(PRNVA
+MEVAN = -167070-13.725(PIMPORT)+.49089(PRNVAN)
+where,
+PRNVAN = production of vanaspati; and
+( ) => standard errors of the estimates.
+The functions are modelled with R squared equals to relatively lower but significant .63 and .56, respectively. Goodness of fit is relatively lower for two reasons: i) data pertaining to only 15 years has been treated; and ii) PRNVAN has been used in place of QDVAN. The regression coefficients of IMPORT and PIMPORT show positive and negative effect, respectively, on MEVAN as expected. Since 1988-89, on the one hand supply of imports were drastically cut down and on the other hand issue price of imports has been increased. Hence, MEVAN in Figure 12 appears negligible for this period. The graphs for the above two equations are shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively. The best fit trend curves of MEVAN show a continuous decline since a little before 1987-88 due to the reduction in IMPORT as well as increase in PIMPORT. In fact, after 1989-90 MEVAN becomes negative. The point to be noted here is that independently also these variables could have controlled the MEVAN. This
+finding supports the earlier observation that issue of imports per se is not a harmful option but issue at lower prices damage the overall interests of the commodity sector.
+To sum up, the vanaspati industry has benefited tremendously from the vacuous policies of the government. Huge amounts of edible oils were imported and were provided cheap to the industry leading to depressed oil prices. This in turn depressed oilseed prices for farmers. Supply of low priced imported oils to vanaspati industry did not adequately reflect in the prices of vanaspati. All through vanaspati prices remained ahead of the prices of groundnut/mustard oil. Consumption of vanaspati has shown significant skewness across economic classes, spatial groups and urban/rural areas. While failing in checking the prices and dispersing skewness the vanaspati industry has only increased its supply. This expansion also loses value because medical authorities across the world hold a negative opinion about hydrogenated vegetable fats. Hence, subsidising raw materials used in the manufacture of vanaspati was non-essential and unwarranted. But then, why for about 15 years, low priced
+imported oils have been supplied to the vanaspati industry? The reason lies in the historical perspective. During the `free' regime of industrial delicensing of 1968-70 many manufacturing units were established. As it became extremely difficult to stand the competitive edible oil market the vanaspati industry was to face under-utilisation of the plant capacity and consequently a strong lobby developed in the industry and constantly strived for low cost raw material. The GOI might have then thought of aiming at two goals, viz., capacity utilisation and bridging demand-supply gap. As vanaspati does not have any quality necessary for an essential commodity, the second goal seems entirely baseless. Then the eventuality was expansion of market for vanaspati. This certainly led to better utilisation of plant capacity and increase in profits. But at what cost? Oilseed growers were disincentived by about Rs. 231 crores per annum of gain accrued to the vanaspati industry on account
+of supply of low priced imported oils. Vanaspati market has been extended by about one lakh MT annually due to the use of imported oils. This is a clear case of government intervention safeguarding certain vested groups against innumerable subsistence level population. The use of edible oils by the vanaspati industry has not been more than 10 to 15 per cent of visible vegetable fats consumption of the country, however, it has consistently influenced policies of the government which affected the other 85 to 90 per cent of the trade. Such a power base of a single player in the commodity sector was certainly undesirable and has fortunately been corrected now. The decision comprising suspension of supply of imported oils at concessional rates and also reduction in quantity supplied is of course in the right direction.
+<section>The net effect of import policy</section>
+Apparently, the policy of imports was formulated on the basis of the Long Term Edible Oil Plan (LTEOP) prepared by the Department of Civil Supplies (DCS) in August 1978. LTEOP adopted the income elasticity of demand for edible oils estimated by National Commission on Agriculture at 0.91 as against the estimate of Planning Commission at 0.5 in making the projections for future demand.17 Similarly, the income elasticity of demand for vanaspati was estimated at 1.7.The world wide belief that increase in income level would lead to increase in per capita consumption of edible fats had strengthened these assumptions and consequently the planners estimated the per capita need for the future years at higher rates. Conveniently, import policy was perceived as a strong strategy to meet these needs. The reasons for not adopting the estimate of Planning Commission remain unsatisfactory, as around the same period Jhala estimated the income elasticity of demand for edible oils at 0.5218
+and for vanaspati at 0.59.19 A most recent study by Radhakrishna and Ravi estimated the income elasticity of demand for edible oils including vanaspati at 0.56 and 0.72 for urban and rural areas, respectively 20. While the most sophisticated works mentioned above keep the estimates at much lower level the purpose of adopting high estimates by LTEOP remains doubtful. In fact, the policy which defines edible oils and vanaspati as essential commodities and at the same time adopts relatively higher elasticity estimates of the order 1.7 demonstrates ambiguity and built-in self contradiction and smells of influences by vested interests. These conceptual deficiencies led the policy on imports to result in unprecedented and unwarranted increases in consumption levels of vegetable fats and now the DCS puts the requirement of the edible oils by the end of eighth five-year plan at 7.8 kg per capita21 which is neither good for the health of the country nor economically desirable. As a
+matter of fact, the Committee on `Agricultural Price Policy for Balanced Development of Agriculture' (1986) under the chairmanship of Hanumantha Rao has estimated the demand-supply gap of edible oils at a much smaller magnitude than presumed by DCS.
+Having realised the incidence of adulteration on account of the private trade's involvement during the initial stages of imports regime LTEOP suggested State Trading Corporation (STC) to take over the monopoly of imports. After a decade now, in 1987, it was felt that STC had played a dominant role as a market intervener in controlling edible oil economy through the supplies of imported oils.22 Contrary to this account, as has been discussed above, massive leakages of imported oils took place all throughout the imported regime, and imported oils were sold at relatively lower prices. Several other studies have also shown the incidence of leakage and consequent adulteration .23 The supply of imported oils at lower prices had depressed the farmers' incentive to produce more as clearly seen in stagnancy of production during the entire phase of dependence on imports. In fact, LTEOP itself realised the potential dampening effect of increased imports on the indigenous production and
+warned against the possibility of repeating the experiences of the imports of wheat in the distant past.
+However, the reduction in the level of price fluctuations during the period between 1981-82 and 1984-85 may be attributed to import policy. The loss of this benefit during the latter years has been due to the fact that relatively better levels of domestic supply coincided with unusually high levels of imports.
+<section>Chapter 5 - Major interventions in the sector: NDDB and TMO</section>
+<section>Oilseeds and vegetable oil project of the NDDB</section>
+The main objective of the project is restructure through cooperatives oilseeds production, processing and marketing of vegetable oils and by-products in the areas covered by the project.24 Towards achieving this end, the following sub-objectives were contemplated:
+Procure and market imported as well as indigenous vegetable oils in such a way as to stabilize supplies and prices at levels which will be fair to both the oilseed growers and the consumers;
+Generate the required funds from the sale of donated oils, and establish a modernised oilseed and vegetable oil industry, based on a network of oilseed growers' cooperatives; and
+Devise and implement a programme which will enable oilseed growers to increase their productivity and returns.
+Priority has been given to stabilisation of supply and price. To start with, control over 2 to 4 lakh metric tonnes of vegetable oils had been proposed with a final goal of 15 per cent share of the market to bring about stabilisation in the prices .
+<section>Project funding</section>
+Like in Operation Flood, the Vegetable Oil Project is also being funded through the monetization of gifted commodities - edible oils in this case. Initially, CLUSA (Co-operative Leagues of the United States of America) gifted about 1 lakh 60 thousand MT of refined Soya oil. Further funding for the project was made available by the CCA (Canadian Co-operative Association) through CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) in the form of crude rapeseed oil. So far, more than two lakh metric tonnes of crude rapeseed oil has been received under the Canadian aid package. As on 31st March 1992 about 3.77 lakh metric tonnes of edible oils worth Rs. 480 crores have been received in the form of aid from CLUSA and CCA.
+<section>Project implementation</section>
+The Oilseed Growers' Cooperative Project (OGCP) was initiated in 1979 in the State of Gujarat with the registration of the Gujarat Oilseeds Growers Federation (GROFED). Initially, the project followed a two tier structure, with the Oilseed Growers Cooperative Societies (OGCS) being directly affiliated to the state level Federation. Since 1987, project implementation has been under the three tier structure, in order to ensure better management and better focus for implementation. Under the 3-tier structure, the OGCS are affiliated to a Regional Union covering one or more districts.
+The unions own processing facilities and procure oilseeds through the growers societies, who are shareholders in the union. The Unions in turn are federated at the state level with the State Federations, whose main responsibility is to market the products of the Union.
+The NDDB has been able to create a network of farmer cooperatives and farmer owned processing facilities across the country25 As of now a total of about 5 thousand village level cooperative societies covering about 28 thousand villages have been registered under this project. Membership has risen to about 800 thousand covering about 1 lakh and 8 thousand hectares of land. The following order of capacities have been generated.
+Oil Milling Capacity
+3255 MT/day
+Solvent Extraction Capacity
+2010 MT/day
+Refining Capacity
+738 MT/day
+Oilseeds Storage
+170000 MT
+Oil Storage
+81250 MT
+Initially, the project covered only groundnut in Gujarat and soybean in Madhya Pradesh. Gradually, its coverage widened in terms of geographical as well as oilseeds coverage as shown below.
+Year
+State
+Major Oilseeds
+Gujarat
+Groundnut, Mustard, Cottonseed
+Madhya Pradesh
+Soybean
+Andhra Pradesh
+Groundnut, Sunflower
+Tamil Nadu
+Groundnut, Sunflower
+Orissa
+Mustard, Nigerseed, Groundnut
+Maharashtra
+Groundnut, Sesame, Sunflower, Safflower
+Karnataka
+Groundnut, Sunflower, Safflower
+Rajasthan
+Mustard
+Uttar Pradesh
+Mustard
+Planned Coverage:
+Karnataka
+Oil Palm
+Kerala
+Oil Palm
+Together the cooperatives procured around six lakh metric tonnes of oilseeds during 1990-91. Of the total oilseeds procured soybean, groundnut, and mustard are of the order 52, 22 and 20 per cent, respectively. A small part of this was traded in bulk, while the rest was crushed in processing plants owned and operated by the cooperatives, as well as in custom hired units. The cooperatives also brought oil in bulk from the market to meet their operational requirements. Imported rapeseed oil and palmolein oil are also being routed to consumers through the cooperatives.
+Several production enhancement activities have been taken under the project. About 2 thousand demonstration farms have been maintained. The district farms cover about 400 hectares of land. Extension facilities have been extended through demonstration at agro-economic centres across about 400 hectares. About 17 thousand metric tonnes of improved seeds and about 87 thousand quintals of fertilisers have been supplied to the farmers. About one lakh kilograms of pesticide has been supplied.
+<section>Project financing</section>
+Financing of project related activities are done under nine heads:
+- Processing Infrastructure
+- Marketing Infrastructure and Development
+- Product and Process Development
+- Growers Organisation & Production Enhancement
+- Human Resources and Organizational Development
+- Commodity Handling
+- Project Management
+- Share Capital Support
+- Working Capital Support
+Specific areas and items have been identified for implementation under each of the above heads. Implementation is done either by the Federation/Union, the NDDB or concerned third parties. The NDDB also works in concert with other organisations towards achieving the objectives of the project.
+<section>Achievements</section>
+Various studies have shown that there has been tangible increases in the returns to the farmers covered by the project. For example, price realisation of the producers in Gujarat during early part of the project has been relatively higher than that of the all India average. Table 25 shows groundnut prices received by the Gujarat farmer and the farmer at all India level in terms of the ratio of farm harvest price to oil price during 1978-79 to 1981-82. The seed-oil price ratio has consistently been higher in Gujarat. Similar findings were reported by Shah and Modak 26 Impact of GROFED operations on the economics of the members' groundnut enterprise has been seen in terms of price effect and the resultant output effect which has been reinforced by GROFED's technical inputs programme. Price intervention by GROFED in 1981-82 has resulted in groundnut producers of Gujarat receiving a 20 per cent higher price for their produce than they would have in the absence of such
+intervention. The farmers in OGCS villages were found to be intensively using the protective and production augmenting inputs such as fertilisers, pesticides, treated seeds, etc. As a result, these farms have obtained significantly higher yields per acre in comparison with the farms of semi-controlled and controlled villages.
+Table 25: Ratio of Seed-Oil Prices
+Year
+Farm harvest
+Groundnut oil
+Seed-oil
+price of groundnut
+price at Bombay
+price ratio
+All India
+Gujarat
+All India
+Gujarat
+Source: NDDB Study (unpublished).
+<section>Technology mission on oilseeds</section>
+The Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) which has now been redesignated called as Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses was launched by the Government of India in May 1986. Its basic objective was to substantially reduce the import of edible oils by the end of the Seventh Plan, i.e., by March 1990 and to ultimately achieve self-reliance during the course of the Eighth Plan.27 The Mission was necessitated on account of the fact that, after petroleum products, edible oils accounted for the largest drain on India's foreign exchange resources, as mentioned earlier. In fact, during the period 1981-86, the country imported Rs. 3,884 crores worth of edible oils. Clearly, such a heavy outflow of foreign exchange could not be expected to continue without serious consequences for the economy, considering that the consumption of edible oils grew by approximately 4 per cent compound per annum.
+The TMO has four micro-missions:
+Micro-mission I for crop production technology.
+Micro-mission II for post-harvest technology.
+Micro-mission III for input and service support.
+Micro-mission IV for price support, storage, processing and marketing.
+The first micro-mission deals with the improvement of oilseed crop production technology. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has been developing short-term, medium-term and long-term plans for improving the yields of various oilseeds in collaboration with international research institutions like ICRISAT. With the expertise from State Agricultural Universities and a host of specialised research institutions on crops like groundnut, mustard and soybean, ICAR has prepared detailed research programmes for evolving new high yielding indigenous varieties for different agro-climatic regions of the country.
+The second micro-mission deals with post-harvest and processing technology under the leadership of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It aims at:
+- developing modern integrated processing technology
+- stepping up oil extraction from oilcakes, and
+- improving traditional oil ghanis.
+In the field of storage and handling, the CSIR would provide modern technology to evolve standard designs for storage to extend shelf-life and to improve efficiency of extraction, packaging and marketing of oils.
+The third micro-mission under the leadership of the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC) deals with the transfer of technology and farmer support system. This Department has undertaken a Rs. 170-crore National Oilseeds Development Project, (NODP) in 180 districts located in 17 States, to step up various services to the farmer. These services include distribution of seeds, fertilisers and bio-fertilisers, pesticides, implements and credit. The project also finances demonstrations on large plots of the order 50 hectares so that the farmers could learn a location-specific technology for increasing the yields. A host of projects established under ICAR like Operation Research Project, National Demonstrations and Krishi Vigyan Kendras also join in the demonstration of improved technology.
+Since four oilseed crops, namely, groundnut, mustard, soybean and sunflower contribute about 85% of the total oilseeds production a scheme called Oilseed Production Thrust Project (OPTP) was initiated in 1987-88 to accelerate the production of these major crops. The project provides 100 per cent Government of India assistance to the States in order to strengthen the key components such as seed production, plant protection, demonstration, proper application of inputs and market support.A total of 246 districts in 17 States, including 151 NODP districts, have been included in this project. NODP and OPTP has since been merged into Oilseed Production Programme (OPP).The fourth micro-mission deals with the support to farmers in terms of incentive prices and support to industry in cooperative as well as private sector for processing, storage and marketing.
+<section>Achievements</section>
+As many as 40 new varieties of different oilseed crops have been developed, the yield potential of most of which being four times the national average under research farm conditions and at least twice the national average under normal farm conditions. The production of breeder seeds has taken a quantum jump by 193 per cent from 2762 quintals in 1985-86 during the first three years of the Mission. During the year 1988-89, the CSIR has developed batch type processes for rice bran stabilisation and sunflower decortication, and improved expellers.
+The most important achievement of TMO has been the initiation of Integrated Policy on Oilseeds (IPO) and the consequent Market Intervention Operation (MIO) which has formed in itself the most effective intervention in the sector.
+<section>Integrated policy on oilseeds</section>
+The Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO), realising that the main evil of the oil economy was lack of an integrated approach for development as different Ministries and Departments decided upon different parts of the sector, recommended in 1988 to the Government, an Integrated Policy on Oilseeds Production, Import, Distribution and Pricing for accelerating self-reliance. A market intervention was felt necessary. Acting upon the recommendation, Planning Commission decided to set up a working group to prepare a proposal for market intervention in edible oil/oilseeds. The Department of Agriculture after a significant amount of study prepared a proposal on `Integrated Policy on Oilseeds Production, Import, Distribution and Pricing for Accelerating Self-reliance' and submitted it to the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) in July 1988. The following were the main features of the proposal.
+An Empowered Committee will be set up whose terms of references will be to review the following matters and to give decisions for accelerating self-reliance in edible oils:
+i to review the policies governing the production of oilseeds and edible oils;
+ii to review factors governing demand for oilseeds and edible oils;
+iii to recommend to government an annual edible oil plan, including import of edible oils, for containing the prices of edible oils within the band of prices recommended by the chief economic advisor;
+iv to review the prices of edible oil supplied through the public distribution system;
+v to lay down guidelines for market intervention by the National Dairy Development Board; and
+vi to take such other decisions as may be necessary for management of the edible oil sector taking into account the interests of the producers, consumers and the economy.
+The chief economic adviser would propose a band of prices annually to the Empowered Committee in July i.e. 3 months in advance of the start of the oil year. The Empowered Committee would make appropriate recommendations to the government on the basis of which the management of oil economy including imports, would be finalised.
+The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) would be responsible for overall management of the oilseeds and oil economy, for maintaining the consumer prices within the price band through a strategy approved by the Empowered Committee. The PDS system for reaching the edible oil to the consumers will continue to be under the Department of Civil Supplies. The import of edible oil will continue to be with the Ministry of Commerce and STC, except the quantities allotted to NDDB.
+The NDDB would be responsible, under the supervision of DAC, for building up a market intervention stock through imports and procurement of domestic oilseeds/oils; and for this purpose NDDB will either be allowed to import 20% of the total sanctioned imports of edible oil in any year or would be given a grant of Rs. 20-30 crores, as may be necessary. In the latter case, STC would make available the oil that NDDB may require. The modalities for such market intervention policy would be submitted to the Empowered Committee by a group appointed by the Ministry of Agriculture.
+As a result of these proposals, in January 1989, the Government announced an "Integrated Policy on Oilseed " (IPO)" with the following 5 important elements:
+i Support to farmers with technology, inputs, etc to increase productivity;
+ii Review of PDS prices and issue prices to vanaspati industry. Imported oils would be supplied at a price not below the cost of production of domestic oil. PDS oils would be released at reasonable prices without detriment to the legitimate interests of farmers;
+iii Fixation of a price band;
+iv Appointment of NDDB as the Market Intervention Agency (MIA); and
+v An Empowered Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary to monitor the implementation of the Integrated Policy.
+<section>Market intervention operation</section>
+The prime focus of the Integrated Policy on Oilseeds as its full name suggests, was to accelerate self-reliance in edible oils. This was sought to be achieved by moving away from managing the edible oil deficits by imports and it's distribution at low prices, to taking steps that would boost domestic production. The MIO was required to establish, as the fundamental precondition for increased production, an incentive market price for the farmer, which was notably absent during all these years. Moreover the prices were to be established at levels at which the trade does not make huge profits at the cost of the producers or consumers, as a planned growth in oilseeds production can only be effected under stable market conditions. The GOI, therefore, agreed to implement what the NDDB proposed in 1977, that with a 15 per cent share, the edible oil market could be effectively stabilised.
+<section>Objectives</section>
+On 6th April 1989, GOI appointed NDDB to be the agency to carry out the Market Intervention Operation for an initial period of five years as per the objectives, guidelines, terms and conditions as well as the percentage for monitoring of such Market Intervention Operation as laid down by the government. The objectives of Market Intervention Operation have been defined as under:
+i to establish wholesale prices of edible oils within the specified lower and upper limits of the price band to be specified by the Empowered Committee from time to time;
+ii to channelise imported oil, other than that to be released by Department of Civil Supplies through the PDS, into the market (including vanaspati industry) in such a manner as to achieve objective (i);
+iii to buy, stock and sell oilseeds and oils in order to achieve objective (i);
+iv to build up stocks during years of surplus production so as to tide over the need for heavy imports during years of lean production; and
+v to put the edible oil and oilseeds market on a healthy and stable basis minimising speculation and hoarding.
+<section>Criteria for fixing price band</section>
+The price band was to be determined keeping in view the following considerations.
+- the interest of both producer and the consumer to be protected
+- the relative prices of edible oils (and the associate oilseed prices) vis-a-vis the prices of other competing crops like cereals (wheat and rice)
+- a risk premium for the farmers in view of the high production instability of these crops
+- large gap between the central issue price of PDS and the open market prices
+- issue price for the vanaspati industry
+Based on the above considerations the price band for groundnut and mustard oils were prescribed by the government of India to ensure incentive prices for farmers and reasonable prices for consumers for oil year (Nov.-Oct.) 1988-89 as follows.
+groundnut oil
+Rs.
+mustard oil
+Rs.
+The lower limit of the price band corresponds to the minimum incentive prices to be assured to the farmer.
+<section>Implications of MIO type intervention</section>
+The NDDB as the Market Intervention Agency (MIA) engages Oilseed Growers' Federations/ Unions or the Marketing Federations in different states as Associate Agencies (AA) to procure/buy and store the oilseeds/oils, and sell the oil in the open market as per its instructions.
+The theoretical implications of such an open market sale on the prices are well analysed by various researchers. For a given level of imports, domestic production, and income, it is always possible to raise or lower the market price of the commodity by changing the proportions of public stock allocated to the open market and to PDS. It is observed that the harvest prices can be raised and peak season prices lowered by procurement and open market sales without affecting the annual average price.28
+For a given drop in the prices of commodities like food grains and edible oils, consumption levels of the poor increase faster than those of the rich, suggesting that in some cases open market sale of these commodities from public stocks would be desirable for the rural poor. Such sales might best be restricted to the lean months of the crop season, and could probably be conducted with a feasible stock level. However, the percentage change in the market price resulting from such policy decisions is dependent on the production level. The effect is larger in the bad crop year (low level of availability) than in the good crop year, mainly because of the deference in the income effects from rationing. In general, the primary policy challenge in a bad crop year is to prevent the market price from rising and the consumption level from falling, while in good crop year the main problem is to prevent prices from falling. Maintaining adequate imports to support consumption in a bad
+crop year is extremely difficult. Likewise, cutting imports drastically during good crop year is difficult to achieve because of rationing obligations. This makes clear the damage that rationing stand alone could potentially cause to the question of price regulation. Pressure to increase ration distribution through a larger and expanded coverage has been intense in bad crop years, when the gap between market and ration prices widens. Effective open market sales would reduce this pressure by depressing market prices. However, if the open market sale of the kind the Dairy Board undertakes is used as a continuing policy tool, and if oil imports are able to meet all shortfalls in production on a static per capita basis, gross internal procurement could be quite heavy even in a bad crop year. If a large portion of the imported oils is channelled through the open market, imports will lower the market prices more sharply than would an equivalent increase in domestic production.
+Counteracting such a fall in the market prices would require substantial internal procurement, even in a bad crop year. If such buffer-stocking operations, inclusive of both imported oil and domestically procured oil, attain a certain proportion (say 15-20 per cent) of the total market for oils, the wholesale prices may well be made stable effectively. In fact, the conceptual base of MIO suggests that with lesser quantities of imported oils the required level of stabilisation in the prices may be achieved through an MIO sort of operation than the PDS kind of mechanism. As the intermediaries' role in the wholesale price fixation is marginalised by such market intervention, there is a strong likelihood of equal proportional change in farm harvest price of oilseeds and retail price of oils with a change in the wholesale price.
+However, a couple of adjustments in the whole mechanism may be necessary to safeguard the interests of the consumers as well as the farmers. As the chain between wholesale market and retail market is not free from imperfections, the consumer price may not reflect the moderated wholesale price until and unless the consumer or retail market is also intervened. Introduction of direct consumer sales in the form of consumer packs in the open market is a very potent force in regulating the consumer prices. In brief, intervention in the wholesale market is a necessary condition but not sufficient condition. In order to ensure the required levels of consumption through the price regulations, it is necessary to encourage open market sale in both the wholesale and retail market. Similarly, a certain amount of flexibility on the question of blending of oils is necessary. Since short-run supply response of oilseeds is almost zero and also since the conditions necessary for the
+cultivation of oilseeds are not within control, farm enterprise is prone to cultivate certain types of oilseeds during certain periods, which may not be consistent with the demand. Further, the yield rate of certain oilseeds, for example mustard/rapeseed, is quite high than groundnut while the production incentives could be more or less same. In such cases acreage shifts will take place in mere enterprising spirit although the demand side factors are quite powerful to ruin this spirit. In order to safeguard the enterprising spirit in the farmers and also to achieve the national goal of self-sufficiency, a market intervention has to ensure that the farmers get remunerative prices, even for the oilseeds which are produced more than the demand. This is possible through blending. Blending of oils ensures that the economy is not exploited by the growers of scarce oilseeds and at the same time the economy does not exploit the growers of surplus oilseeds. As observed earlier, the
+use of vanaspati, which is a product of blended oils, and also the passive use of major oils adulterated with cheap imported oils, it is better to permit blending of edible oils as is practised all over the World.
+Thus, there is ample scope for increasing the farmers' income and reducing the consumers' burden by regulating the prices through the promotion of vertical integration of production, processing and marketing of oilseeds and edible oils,29 which is an additional quality of the market intervention by the NDDB. The intervention, of vertically integrated cooperative structure of the NDDB type, in both the wholesale and retail markets of oilseeds and edible oils could be effective in improving the production incentives and consumer surplus by reducing intermediaries' margins.30
+<section>Progress of MIO</section>
+Prior to the issue of the formal order on April 6, 1989, the NDDB began a limited intervention in November 1988 when due to the bumper harvest in groundnut, market yards in Saurashtra started advertising in the press advising the farmers not to bring their produce to market yards. The NDDB encouraged Gujarat Cooperative Oilseeds Growers Federation (GROFED) to pick up as much groundnut as possible and also intervened to buy oils from the trade as a result of which the downward trend of oil prices was effectively arrested. Immediately, the NDDB began purchasing groundnut oil in Bombay quickly holding prices at the lower band of Rs. 20,000 per MT by mid April' 89 in Bombay. The higher oil prices were soon reflected in the prices at production centers as well, resulting in greater support to farmers. The groundnut prices in Rajkot quickly rose to over Rs. 650 per quintal from around Rs. 500 per quintal. Moreover the groundnut prices remained firm at levels over Rs. 600 per
+quintal throughout the rabi harvest season (rabi/summer groundnut crop was estimated to be 24 lakh tonnes out of 96 lakh tonnes of overall production) in the southern groundnut producing centres thus helping the southern farmers. It started procuring mustard oil from March 1989 when prices of mustard oil had crashed in Southern Rajasthan and North Gujarat. There was speculation amongst the trade that mustard seed prices would touch support price level of Rs. 460 per quintal, owing to an all time high mustard production. The mustard expeller oil prices were ruling around Rs. 14,000/ per MT. The NDDB immediately intervened in the market by buying mustard oil and encouraged cooperatives to procure a sizable quantity of mustard seeds. The impact of intervention was quickly reflected in high mustard seed prices which firmed up around Rs. 560 per quintal during the third week of April, the peak arrival period. However it was only in August 89, that the minimum of the price band
+for mustard oil Rs. 17,000/- per MT was reached. The major limitation was the lack of storage facilities in the northern mustard producing states. The intervention operation obviated the need for greater procurement effort by NAFED which procured only 70 MT at support prices of mustard seeds as farmers realised nearly 20-25% more than the support prices. In fact one can argue that it was because of market intervention operation the farmers' interest was protected even during a year of bumper harvest leading to the mustard revolution in the country.
+Price band fixed for 1989-90 was Rs. 22,000 - 28,000/- for groundnut oil and for mustard oil the band fixed for the previous year continued. However, since groundnut production in Gujarat had fallen considerably due to unfavorable weather, the prices rose sharply especially during the off-season period. As for 1989-90 the official estimates put edible oil deficit at around 1 MMT against which imports were only 0.37 MMT and since the NDDB did not get the promised 0.15 MMT of imported oil, the price stabilisation operations were bound to be affected. During 1990-91 official sources estimated oil deficit around 1.3 MMT of oil as the Saurashtra groundnut crop had again failed due to scanty and ill-distributed rains. Imports of oil increased to about 0.6 MMT but was still short of the deficit. The NDDB did not once again get its allocation of 0.15 MMT. Also the MIO which was to be undertaken at borrowings @ 14 per cent rate of interest had actually started at 15 per cent and at
+the beginning of 1990-91 crop year, it was raised to 16 per cent) and by the end of the crop year it went up to over 20. This meant another Rs. 30 crores extra burden on the MIO.
+Thus, because of the non-fulfillment of certain conditions of the MIO and limited imports due to foreign exchange crunch, the objective of keeping prices within a price-band met with partial success but looking at some of the beneficial effects of the MIO it could be said to be a great success especially for the poor and disadvantaged oilseeds growers.
+<section>Achievements</section>
+In 1988 the NDDB entered the consumer market for edible oils with the launching of DHARA. Dhara is a virtual revolution in the marketing of packed oils. For the first time, edible oil was made available to the consumers in tamper proof tetrapacks and Jerry cans, at equitable prices. Starting off with imported vegetable oil (Canola), Dhara has today metamorphosised into an umbrella brand covering mustard, groundnut and sunflower. LOKDHARA, a blend of groundnut oil and palmolein oil has been recently launched. 500 ml Dhara pack in tetrahedron has also been introduced since 1991.
+Dhara has today become part of marketing history, but more than anything else, Dhara is a direct link between the producer and the consumer. Dhara is part of the attempt to make available to the farmers of little known and farflung villages scattered across the countryside a ready market for their produce. Above all, Dhara ensures that the consumer gets a fair deal, and that the lion's share of the consumers rupee flows into the producers pocket.
+The sales of Dhara have increased at an accelerated rate from about one thousand tonnes in 1988-89 to more than one lakh tonnes in 1991-92 as shown below.
+Year
+Sales of Dhara (MT)
+It has made a significant impact on the edible oil marketing. Some of the well established brands of refined groundnut oil have to face effective competition now for the first time from the cooperatives. It pioneered refining of mustard oil on a big scale. Smaller packs of 200 ml. and 500 ml. have been launched. The sale of oil on volume basis (liter in place of kg.) was itself a major break through and the government has permitted marketing by volume universally in February 1992 as is the practice all over the World.
+The problem of regional and seasonal balances of edible oil availability lies at the root of price stabilisation objective. In this direction, the NDDB's experience of National Milk Grid has become useful. In order to achieve these objectives Rs. 54/- crores have been invested in the National Oil Grid scheme. Storage tank farms of 1.9 lakh tonnes have been completed and more capacity (0.38 lack tonnes) is under execution. Packaging facilities for 1.7 lakh tonnes per annum have been completed and further capacity (0.36 lakh tonnes) is under execution.
+The market intervention programme undertaken by the NDDB is somewhat different from such programmes elsewhere. Generally, such an agency will operate only when prices cross the lower or upper limits of the band. But NDDB's operations imply a continuous presence because it wants to provide the consumer with good quality of oil in packs which cannot be tampered, at a price which is remunerative to the farmers. The NDDB had already intervened in the oilseeds sector through the Oilseeds Growers Cooperative Project (OGCP) since 1979. These growers cooperatives differ from usual marketing cooperatives who simply help the producer to dispose off his produce but cannot influence the price prevailing in the market. However, the OGCP is an integrated cooperative system where processing and marketing of oilseeds and their products is also under the command of the farmers themselves, and it can influence the market as well. The experience of the Gujarat farmer in early 1980s and
+thereafter is a case in point. The price support by the cooperatives themselves and the market intervention efforts by the NDDB both raised the prices of oilseeds. The impact of both these factors creates an externality by which others are also forced to raise the price and this is well illustrated in the market prices of groundnut and rapeseed-mustard in last few years, as shown below:
+Year
+Prices of groundnut
+Price of mustard
+(Rs./MT)
+(Rs./MT)
+Thus, the price received by the groundnut producers has gone up by 36 and 39 per cent in 1989-90 and 1990-91, respectively, and mustard prices have gone up by 17 and 29 per cent, respectively. It is estimated that groundnut and mustard producers together have received an additional income of Rs. 1230 crores in 1988-89, Rs. 1100 crores in 1989-90 and Rs. 2300 crores in 1990-91.31
+<section>The net effect of interventions by NDDB and TMO</section>
+The Integrated Policy on Oilseeds (IPO) with its main programme of MIO has been able to provide the basic economic motivation to the growers through substantially improved remunerative prices. Farmers do respond to prices provided that a comprehensive plan is made available to them. The TMO has been taking several measures in this direction since 1986. The additional incomes that have been created by MIO have clearly been reflected in the farmers' efforts to raise more and more production of oilseeds. Production of mustard and rabi groundnut has taken a quantum jump. Thus, the concerted efforts under IPO along with those of the TMO has made a break-through in oilseeds production possible. Edible oilseeds production was stagnant around 12 MMT per annum for long, which has gone up to 17 MMT per annum on an average in the last four years i.e. 1988-89 to 1991-92. It has been increased by more than 40 per cent within a short span of time. The most noteworthy point of this
+progress is that except for 1988-89 the average production of 17 MMT edible oilseeds per annum has been achieved under adverse weather conditions, which implies that unlike in the past the growth in productivity has also played an important role. The decline in the availability of imported oil was, thus, met by increased domestic production. Considering the recommendations of ICMR the goal of self-sufficiency in edible oil has already been reached as mentioned earlier. Market intervention through buffor-stocking operations with an additional quality of cooperative network has prevented to a large extent, the unscrupulousness of the private trade and consequently resulted in higher production. While the entire credit for growth in production and yields may not be attributable to MIO alone, there is no doubt that in checking the uncertainty arising out of information, market and policy imperfections mentioned earlier, in the interests of both the farmers and the consumers, MIO
+has been a great success. An important point to be noted here is that the absence of growth in the production of oilseeds during the early phases of Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Project of NDDB had been due to the large scale import of oils into the economy with its devastating effects. It is not merely a coincidence that during the period of MIO, imports have been drastically cut down.
+However, due to the general rise in producer prices of edible oils during the period of MIO, unrest arose in the private trade against NDDB's intervention. The press vehemently condemned NDDB's involvement in the sector and, consequently, several state governments and so called people's movements reacted wildly. During 1989-90 the Government of Gujarat complained to GOI making four major charges against the MIO. It claimed that:
+MIO did not benefit the farmers particularly small and marginal ones; NDDB failed to generate confidence among farmers who in fact think that it is in league with the traders; oilseeds and oils were purchased from the market rather than from the farmers and the purchase operations were centered in Bombay market rather than in Gujarat; and NDDB operates like a `State within a State' and refuses to disclose information about MIO.
+These charges were examined by the Standing Advisory Committee (SAC) of GOI under the chairmanship of Shri Sharad Joshi in April 1990. The SAC made the following observations.
+Farmers express themselves very strongly about the advantages in terms of oilseed prices on account of the MIO;
+MIO is conceptually different from the support price operations (SPO) whose purpose was to ensure an incentive price to the farmer. The prices are sought to be "pushed up" through the purchase of groundnut from producers or from the market and further prices are "pulled up" by operations in edible oil markets designed to influence the oilseed market in the desired direction. Marketing operations carried out in Bombay would be perfectly justified in the light of India's experiences;
+Secrecy about MIO would appear to be essential for working and is entirely consistent with the mandate of the NDDB;
+Delay in authorising the NDDB to start its operations in the first year gave the MIO a difficult start. The upward movement from April to August is an annual phenomenon and complaints regarding rising oil prices due to MIO are hardly justified;
+Governments should not continue to pander to the unreasonable wishes of the urban consumers if it is to the detriment of the vast majority of agricultural producers;
+Oilseeds and oils are subject to number of levies and taxes such as purchase tax (4%), sales tax (4.8%), market cess (0.4%), surcharge on sales tax etc. The total of taxes on 1 kg. of groundnut oil comes to Rs. 2.80. These taxes, as a general rule,are dodged by the private traders. The Cooperatives, controlling barely 5 per cent of the trade, account for 50 per cent of tax collected by the governments. This situation puts the cooperatives in a serious handicap when they have to operate in the open market;
+There were shortfalls in the quantities of imported oils to be supplied to MIO and finalization of price band was also delayed;
+MIO is governed by a number of government organisations resulting in serious delays in taking vital policy decisions. It is highly desirable that all these functions be concentrated in a single authority at the centre;
+Imposing formal or informal restrictions on movements of oils/oilseeds go against the efforts made under the MIO;
+The philosophy of the MIO goes against protection of limited interests of all types whether regional or sectoral; and
+It is desirable to make edible oils available to poorer classes at reasonable prices through the PDS but self-sufficiency in edible oils is incompatible with the type of PDS for edible oils to which the nation has become accustomed since long. The burden of the subsidy element in the PDS has to be borne by the nation as a whole and not by the oilseeds growers alone.
+The Committee came to the conclusion that "since the beginning of the MIO nothing has intervened that could justify any radical revision in the MIO scheme". The committee thus gave a clean chit to the MIO and put the MIO under proper perspective. It emphasized how MIO is different as compared to the MIO in general practiced everywhere - where the authorities enter the market only when prices cross the lower or upper limit of the band and then they cease to function. Here continuous presence and furtherance of the farmers interests occupy an important place.
+Inspite of the committee's observations, opposition to MIO continued, as the NDDB is perceived as an inconvenient player in the game by large sections of the trade, and some politicians who are under the influnce of Telia Rajas. Currently the prices paid to the producers seem to be attractive enough and the consumers seem to be happy at the reasonableness of the prices of Dhara packaged oils. The entire oilseed sector seems to move on the way to self-sufficiency. Oilseed economy of India is certainly not an issue that it was before the start of TMO and MIO.
+<section>Chapter 6 - Need for self-reliance</section>
+As mentioned earlier, the Technology Mission on Oilseeds was established in 1986 with the explicit intention of developing the edible oil sector in the country in such a manner as to make the country self-reliant in edible oils. The Technology Mission has undertaken a concerted programme of providing a comprehensive package of inputs and services to the farmers which will result in substantially improved production in the country. The Market Intervention Operations, launched under the integrated policy on oilseeds and edible oils provides the basic economic motivation to the producers through substantially improved remunerative prices. As a result, the country has witnessed sustained development in the oilseeds sector, raising the stagnant level of production to well beyond 17 MMT despite unfavourable weather in many producing areas. As a result of the price incentives received by the producers of oilseeds in many pockets large scale increases in areas under oilseeds have
+occurred. A case in point is that of mustard in the western parts of the country, where the mustard crop has gained close to 3 million hactares of land largely from wheat and other rabi crops. Obviously the implications of area shifts on the overall agricultural output and resource allocation within the growing regions can be quite far reaching.
+Recently, Gulati of the Institute of Economic Growth with his colleagues brought out a paper on the structure of incentives in Indian agriculture.32 This study was subsequently followed up by several other accompanying works about the level and route of farm subsidies (whether in fertilizer, irrigation, etc.) to various regions and various crops.33 Gulati and others came to the conclusion that, when viewed in the context of the international trade opportunity, it is not prudent for the country to continuously increase the area under oilseeds cultivation. This conclusion was justified by arguing that when viewed in terms of protection coefficients of various crops, significant improvement in resource allocation can result by shifting at the margin, the areas under oilseeds crops towards wheat, paddy and cotton as the oilseeds crops enjoy a much higher level of protection while wheat, paddy and cotton are not protected in the country. Perhaps consequent upon these observations
+the World Bank in its 1991 Country Economic Memorandum advised India not to increase the production of oilseeds.
+It is therefore of interest to examine whether self-reliance in edible oils is desirable from the long term economic interests of the country. In essence the wisdom of self-reliance in edible oils has been questioned by the arguments of Gulati and others. While these arguments were made sometime ago, no significant debate has taken place on the subject. In case any policy measures are to be formulated to reap full advantages of what the authors of the papers believe to be more efficient cropping patterns or if the existing policy measures sustaining the current growth in oilseeds sector are to be withdrawn, then the matter becomes of urgent importance. It certainly will assume great importance to the producers of oilseeds and to the industry. It is with this view that an attempt has been made to look at the need for self-reliance in the light of the arguments put forth by the scholars.
+The analysis here has been divided into two parts. The first part focuses upon the methodological assumptions employed by the scholars to justify their conclusions and their validity. The second part looks at the likely consequences which the recommendations of these scholars will have on the Indian economy.
+The analysis underlying the recommendation regarding effecting changes at the margin which will ensure greater production of cotton, wheat and rice and reduction in oilseeds and sugarcane use fairly old data pertaining to 1981-86 World and Indian situation. It is possible to argue that the years before that were not considered primarily because they would not lead to the inferences drawn here. For example, the prices of oilseeds are considered beyond 1981. It is to be noted that the world price of peanuts which was about $1800 per MT in 1980 (see p28, World Oilseed Situation and Outlook, March 1991) which somehow fell to $900 in 1981 further declined to $700 per MT in 1986. Also, the papers in question make no reference to the changed situation regarding cost of cultivation and productivity of oilseeds in India after the Technology Mission started functioning effectively from 1986.
+While recommending that the cropping pattern in the country may be shifted to permit the country to derive full advantage of the existing world prices, it is ignored that the world prices themselves are artificial in nature. For example, a single nuclear incident in Cherobnyl, caused a four fold increase in international price of milk powder as it wiped out the surpluses. A drought in Brazil saw the soyameal prices skyrocketing a few years back. In other words, the underlying assumption that comparative advantage of producing one commodity vis-a-vis another can be computed only on the basis of world prices is faulty, as these prices themselves are artificially reached due to subsidies provided by the exporting countries to minimise their surpluses.
+The papers also assume that so far as imports of commodities are concerned, the world prices can be assumed as given and India's decision to import or otherwise will have no effect on the prices. This is patently wrong. This variant of the small country arguement continues to be made while talking about import of oil, etc. The facts are that, of the total of 20 MMT of world trade in edible oil, at its peak India imported nearly 2 MMT in 1988 and as a result the prices in the world market rose very sharply. The papers ignore the fact that while a particular supplier of the commodity may enjoy comparative advantage, for whatever reasons, its capacity to produce and supply to India is severely restricted. For example, the most efficient dairy producers, viz., Newzealand and Australia together produce only one fourth of the quantity of milk which India produces and it is just 3 per cent of the total world production. Similarly, Malaysia produces 6 MMT oil of the total 60 MMT
+world vegetable oil production. Therefore, to carry on analysis on comparative advantages using cost of production elsewhere can be tricky.
+The papers while recommending changes in cropping pattern almost completely ignored the obvious fact of huge farm subsidies in EEC and USA. For example, the rapeseed producers in EEC get a subsidy of 60 per cent of the production cost. The question obviously is `what will happen to the comparative advantage of India if EEC and USA withdrew their farm subsidies?'. Worse still, the moment India is seen to be critically dependent on such imports, it will be forced to subsidise their production through high prices rather than their own governments doing so from their budgets.
+The papers ignore the fact that energy, particularly fossil fuel is priced at myopically low value in the west. Agriculture in the west is extremely energy intensive and sustainable currently only because of the low price of energy of about $ 19-20 per barrel. It is because of the low price of this order that the fertilisers produced elsewhere are cheap. It is also because of this low price of energy that the other countries in EEC and American Continent have comparative advantage in production of many agricultural commodities. In India energy has been priced at a relatively high level. This is perhaps prudent as we certainly will be able to sustain our agriculture for a longer time, having priced energy closer to its long term value. The question then is which way would the comparative advantage shift if energy were to be priced closer to its long term opportunity cost.
+Because the data in the papers has been dated, and averaged over the years. Business opportunities are based on current process and source of the conclusions drawn in these studies do not hold good at current prices.
+In recommending that India should export cotton, the same variant of small country argument is used now assuming that India's larger cotton export would continue to attract good prices elsewhere. Several problems are likely to come up in expanding export of cotton. The textile industry has been arguing that India ought to export value added products such as garments using cotton. Significant employment has been generated particularly in the handloom sector using domestically produced cotton. Some perceived advantage in export of raw cotton should not allow the country to alter the existing policy of encouraging employment intensive handloom sector. Besides, cotton is competitive for India mainly because there are not only no net subsidies on cotton anywhere in the world but there are actual negative subsidies inherent in the cotton production abroad. The alleged comparative advantage will be lost the moment other cotton producers start withdrawing the disincentives to
+producers in their countries.
+The papers also assume that the lands under various crops are freely substitutable. Obviously, it is common knowledge that groundnut growing areas can seldom take to paddy cultivation. The substitutes for groundnut crop in most of the kharif groundnut areas are millets and pulses (not even cotton, as farmers in these regions do have large cattle-herds which need the fodder of groundnut residue). Unfortunately neither of these two crops are in fashion whether with the scientists or the economists connected with agriculture. Similarly, substitution of groundnut by wheat in kharif groundnut area is out of the question as wheat is essentially a rabi crop. Thus in arguing for changes in cropping pattern the report is relying on inadequate appreciation of the realities which shape cropping pattern in the country.
+The papers assume that the wheat produced in India will be exportable to other wheat consuming countries forgetting what is demanded in the international market has been bread wheat while what India produces has been oriented towards the local consumption of chapatis. Similarly, import of European rapeseed may not be acceptable at all as what India consumes is a pungent mustard oil. The commodities necessary within the country may not be produced elsewhere (for example, pulses) and the commodities produced in the country may not be easily exportable.
+In commodities like wheat and paddy, India cannot expect to be a perennial exporter as the country itself targets the need of foodgrains to be in the neighbourhood of 240 MMT by the turn of the century as against production level of 175 MMT. Often, the transport and shipping cost involved in the export and import operations of bulk commodities, particularly, when the transport is not on major shipping routes, far exceed the cost of storage and interest rates in stocking a commodity between years of surplus and deficit.
+A look at the inherent but unstated motivations in the recommendations accorded would give a right picture of policy implications for the country. It so happens that livestock is one of the most vibrant growth area in agriculture. Perhaps it was not desired in the paper to even grudgingly admit the fact that India has demonstrated its comparative advantage in dairying. The Planning Commission puts the demand for milk in India at 107 MMT by the year 2010. Today the country produces about 57 MMT. To increase the milk production to the desired level India certainly would need substantial increase in the level of production of concentrates, of which oil cakes are important ingredient. If the country has to adopt the recommendations of the papers mentioned above and does not further oilseeds production within the country, its dairy programme will soon experience a famine of oil cakes. Similarly, crop residues too became scarce in the groundnut growing areas which are also
+important dairy producing areas, particularly, as cotton gives no fodder from crop residues. In other words, the sophistry contained in the papers basically would like us to unintentionally and unknowingly get in a situation of perpetual dependence on the western world. Even more importantly, what has been recommended on oilseeds is essentially a move to discourage the country from depriving the EEC and the western world their comparative advantage and the current favourable position in agricultural trade. These effects will also tend to decrease the burden of subsidy in EEC and USA. Just as an example: with the Indian export of soybean exceeding 1.5 MMT, certainly India has become an emerging threat to soya producers elsewhere. Soyameal from India is currently priced low mainly because the soybean oil attracts a good price within the country. To thwart the development of the oilseeds sector within the country, and cause India to become dependent on imported oils would
+remove the advantage of soybean producers of good oil price and render the country's soybean exports uneconomic. Similarly, at 25 per cent share of World rapeseed production, India has caused an increase in rapeseed surpluses in EEC. If this was to be stopped, EEC's surplus will vanish and they would not have to subsidise their rapeseed production. Who would be the eventual importer of our surplus wheat, rice and cotton? It is inconceivable that these importers would be in the western hemisphere. Is India then encouraged to expand its agricultural trade with the Eastern Block countries whose ability to pay in hard currency is notoriously limited? The lesson of India achieving comparative advantage in milk should encourage the country to move in the same direction in other commodities.
+However, it is undoubtedly true that the fiscal burden of farm subsidies particularly in fertilizer, electricity and irrigation has been growing. One cannot really dispute with the suggestion that these subsidies need to be phased out. This probably will need to be accompanied by compensatory increases in support prices of the relevant crops. The authors are on the right track in recommending reorientation and retargetting the Public Distribution System to cater only to the real poor. While this will be politically difficult, the existing urban bias of the PDS does need to be corrected particularly considering the fiscal implications of running a large PDS in the country. Similarly, the country will have to be more careful in deciding the commodities to be supplied through the PDS and avoid populism at all costs. In the long run however India must recognise that there has been no substitute to nurturing and supporting producers' cooperatives in production, processing and
+marketing of every conceivable agricultural commodity if agriculture has to take off.
+In conclusion, it may be emphasised again that the suggestion of the scholars for re-aligning our cropping patterns in keeping with the felt economic advantage of the day is unviable, undesirable and a recipe for chaos.
+The 1991 Indian Country Economic Memorandum of the World Bank expressed concerns about `high government involvement in marketing of oilseeds' and recommended greater private sector involvement. While MIO has been perceived as high government involvement the `privately and publicly held corporations' have been perceived as `free market' forces. The actuality has been entirely different. MIO seeks to maintain producer prices for oilseeds at levels which provide the incentives to produce more and at the same time maintaining consumer interests through competitive consumer prices and quality. The backward linkages of MIO with NDDB's Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Project which has now 13 years, history has put NDDB at a unique position to check the unscrupulousness of private trade and to ensure a fair deal to the consumer and the maximum share of the consumer rupee to the producer through vertically integrated operations of production, procurement, processing, storing and
+marketing. Way back in 1981 John W Wall had felt the need of such an approach in oilseeds and vegetable oils sector.34 He had also felt that the reduction in imports below a certain level would lead to rise in vegetable oil prices higher than the overall rate of inflation but nevertheless such rise in the price is desirable to stimulate production and dampen the demand. Private sector on the other hand, as discussed in earlier chapters, would only strive to appropriate undue share in the consumer rupee through policy options like imports.
+FAO also held opinions similar to the World Bank about Indian vegetable oil sector.35 It has hoped that the implementation of its recommendations would lead to `virtual unification of the Indian vegetable oil economy driven by market forces operating in a more open and competitive domestic environment with pricing structure gradually approaching those in international markets'. The report does not bring out the fact that the producers of oilseeds in India already get prices lower than their counterparts in most developed countries. The present international prices reflect edible oils surpluses in the west. Producer subsidies in these countries, if eliminated, would lead to lower production and consequent higher international prices. India has seen it happen in the dairy field. Twenty years ago India was advised not to produce milk as skim milk powder was available in the World markets at a fraction of the indigenous prices. Not having listened to that advise has been good to
+the country. India is now a competitive producer of milk and milk products and Indian farmers get some 20 to 30 per cent lesser prices than the prices received by producers in the west. Further, the FAO report encourages India to produce more soya and at the same time cautions about the growing competition from other crops. Surely, that refers to mustard encroaching upon wheat. It seems, while production of soybean affects US interests production of mustard affects the rapeseed interests of EEC.
+If the international trade balance is a criterion for comparative advantage, India has already seen a sustained positive balance on account of oilseeds. Table 26 presents the value of imports and exports of oilseed products over the years. It may be seen from the last column of Table 26 that the value of exports was hardly 23 per cent of the valueof imports during 1981-82 to 1987-88 on an average but in 1988-89 it rose to 55 per cent and since 1989-90 export value has exceeded import value. In 1984-85 imports were nine times over exports in monetary terms but in 1991-92 value of exports has become nine times more than value of imports. Obviously, the net export earnings would have led to improved economic efficiency of the processing sector, of the farmers and of the economy as a whole during recent years. Some of the reports and papers which have made an attempt to undermine the bold interventions by the TMO and MIO in oilseeds and vegetable oil sector may well have to
+review their stand to regain credibility.
+Table 26: Imports of Edible Oils and Exports of Oilcakes
+(Qty: Lakh MT; Value: Rs. Crores)
+Import of edible oil
+Exports of oilcakes
+As % age of edible oil imports
+Financial year
+Quantity
+Value
+Quantity
+Value
+Source: Government of India: Economic Survey, RBI Report on Currency and Finance CMIE, Economic outlook, June 1992 Oils and Fats Review, April 1992.
+<section>Chapter 7 - Conclusions</section>
+Several interesting findings emerged from the study. Despite one and a half decade of a host of interventions, the oilseeds sector has shown a departure from stagnancy only during the last three years. Growth in the production of oilseeds has been through seasonal and regional shifts as well as the shifts in the cropping pattern.
+The oilseeds and vegetable oils sector in India has been characterised by severe imperfections in information, market and policy.
+Information imperfections arise from unreliable supply estimates price behavior and the role played by the vested interests in manipulating information given to the press.
+Despite the use of several methods of estimation by various organisations, reliable estimates of supply cannot be made. However, the Institute of Rural Management at Anand has been striving to establish a methodology for estimating supplies through an integrated approach of sampling method, remote sensing applications and mathematical models. These methodologies now seem to be far better than earlier projections made by the trade and industry.
+The prevalence of fluctuations in intra-seasonal and intra-year prices of oilseeds and oils render attempts of modeling price behavior unsuccessful. The long chain of intermediaries between the producer of the oilseeds and the consumer of the oils behave in such a way so as to nullify the parities between oilseed prices and oil prices for an honest operator. It has been found that the press which is the major source of information on prices has been a major factor influencing sentiments of those commodity markets which are characterised by severe imperfections. There were occasions when the press has made attempts to sensationalise the price behavior of edible oils for no rhyme or reason.
+Groundnut oil prices are deliberately depressed at the time of harvest by the trade so as to buy the produce from the farmers at low prices, the phenomenon which cannot be captured by averaging of the prices on a monthly or yearly basis. It has been found that the differences between the fluctuations computed on daily and monthly prices have been as much as 80 per cent in certain years.
+While the source of price hike and price fluctuations lies largely in the supply uncertainties, the influence of institutional and technological rigidities also persists. The markets are so organised in order to appropriate a maximum share in the consumer rupee which has been clearly reflected in the absence of parity between edible oil prices and the oilseed prices. Along with the regulated markets and the farm level transactions cooperatives have emerged as a major player in the trade. However, the management of parities between seed prices and oil prices by the private trade through adulteration, tax evasion and illegal speculation would make the cooperatives less competitive in the business.
+Brokers and commission agents play a very significant and at times dubious role in the trade. In the absence of reliable information on supply, demand and prices the market intelligence of the broker appears to be a major determinant in arriving at equilibrium. It was found that a few brokers also engage themselves in the trade which certainly influences their role as moderators.
+The oilseeds and oil exchanges/associations formed by the brokers and dealers have been quite influential in the price movement across the country. While only a fraction of the traders operating at these exchanges would influence the overall price sentiments, only 10 to 15 per cent produce that has been transacted in Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees which were established by law would reflect the prices quoted by government agencies.
+Differential tax structure across states/union territories also contributes to massive evasion of tax on edible oil trade through inter-state trespassing.
+Ban on blending, while ineffective in checking adulteration, has prevented inter-temporal and inter-spatial imbalances in the supply of edible oilseeds.
+Instead of creating healthy requirements for an effective functioning of future market, banning futures trading has only resulted in the operation of illegal satta.
+Driven by the relationship between increase in the incomes and increase in the per capita consumption of edible fats in the developed countries, India has attempted to achieve higher levels of consumption of edible oils along with the overall growth of the economy. Researchers on nutritive value of edible fats have warned against the excessive consumption of visible fats in the form of edible oils by Indians as the typical Indian diet contains a significant proportion of the required fats in the form of invisible fats. It has also been recognized that vanaspati, a hydrogenated fat, transforms cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids which act as saturated fatty acids in the human body and contributing to cardiovascular complications. Taking the recommendations provided by ICMR into account it may be said with fair amount of conviction that the country has already reached self-sufficiency in the production of edible oilseeds. However, significant skewness exists in the
+consumption of edible oils across spatial groups, economic groups as well as urban/rural sectors.
+Three major interventions have taken place in order to resolve the peculiarities mentioned above.
+The first major intervention being imports, the consequences of the intervention policy have been disastrous. Import policy had been adopted as a softer option to resolve the demand-supply gap as the unprecedented price hike during early seventies was perceived as a result of edible oil shortages. Only PDS and vanaspati industry could have access to the imported oils. Since 1979, STC has been given the monopoly right to import the vegetables oils for supply to PDS and vanaspati industry. Relatively high income elasticities of demand for edible oils and vanaspati have been adopted by the policy makers to decide upon the requirements of imported oils. In the absence of reliable information on domestic production, the quantity of imported oils over the years appears to have been decided arbitrarily. Imported oils have been supplied to the relevant agencies at relatively lower prices which has resulted in unnecessary increase in per capita consumption, adulteration of domestic
+oils with imported oils, undue benefit to vanaspati industry, and worst, dampened producer incentives. The disincentive to the producers of oilseeds caused by the supply of imported oils at lower prices has been clearly reflected in the stagnant production during the regime of large scale imports from 1975-76 to 1987-88. The supply of imported oil to vanaspati industry at lower prices was not reflected in lower prices of vanaspati. It can be concluded that this decision has only helped in market expansion of vanaspati which on health grounds is certainly not an essential commodity. The PDS for edible oils has been found to be income neutral as the poor of the society could not get any better access to these oils over the rich.
+Oilseeds and Vegetable Oil Project of the NDDB has been the second major intervention in the sector. Based on a network of oilseed growers' cooperatives, with the help of donated oil from the Cooperative Leagues of the USA and Canadian Cooperative Association the project which was started in 1979 now covers Gujarat, MP, AP, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and UP. The oilseed coverage has also been extended from groundnut, mustard, cottonseed, soybean to sunflower, nigerseed, sesame and safflower. Besides procurement, processing and marketing, the project has undertaken major production enhancement activities. Along with the increases in membership and the area under coverage, large scale oil milling, solvent extraction, refining and storage capacities have been created. As a result, the producer prices have gone up in the areas of coverage over the all India levels. However, the production of overall oilseeds remained stagnant till 1987-88 due to the
+use of imported oils at lower prices against producer interests,
+Technology Mission on Oilseeds which was started in 1986 with a goal of self-reliance by the end of the eighth five year plan has made concerted efforts in reducing the level of imports by increasing domestic production. In collaboration with organisations like ICAR, CSIR, DAC, NODP, OPTP etc., TMO has made rapid strides in achieving breeder varieties of seeds, batch type processes for rice bran stabilisation and sunflower decortication, and improved expellers, etc. However, the most important achievement of TMO has been the initiation of Integrated Policy on Oilseeds and the consequent implementation of the Market Intervention Operation which has formed in itself the most effective intervention in the sector.
+NDDB was appointed by GOI as Market Intervention Agency in April 1989 for an initial period of five years with an objective to regularise prices through buffer stocking operations. The backward linkages of MIO with the Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Project of NDDB, has given a unique position to the buffer stocking operations in the form of vertical integration of production, procurement, processing, storing and marketing. The significant achievement of MIO has been the intervention in consumer market by the introduction of Dhara consumer packs. In addition, Lokdhara a blend of groundnut oil and palmolein oil, has also been launched recently. On the lines of National Milk Grid a National Oil Grid has been established in order to resolve the regional and seasonal imbalances. The net effect of the concerted efforts by TMO and NDDB has been clearly seen in the unprecedented and steady growth in the production of oilseeds during the operational period of MIO. An important factor
+that led to the MIO was the drastic reduction in imports. However, MIO faces challenges from private trade as the latter always uses the options of adulteration and tax evasion in arriving at parities. Due to this, as well as the non-availability of the required imported oils, keeping the prices within a band could not be achieved for a shortwhile. Since then Dhara sales have registered stable levels becoming the price/quality leader in the market place.
+Some researchers, the World Bank and the FAO have held the opinion that India should withdraw from the policies that encourage oilseeds production and concentrate on crops like wheat, paddy and cotton. However, the interlinkage of oil and dairy sectors, the achievements of the dairy sector in the country, and the current trend in oilseeds production refute these arguments. As a matter of fact, the international trade balances on oilseed products have shown an increasing and positive trend since 1989-90 indicating comparative advantages for India which will substantially improve if EEC/US was to withdraw its subsidies on imports of edible oils.
+Based on the above findings it is concluded now that India should continue to strive for self-reliance in vegetable oils. Since edible oils are no more considered essential from a nutritional point of view the supply of imported oils to PDS and vanaspati industry has been a wrong policy option and responsible for major distortions in the sector. Given the imperfections in the sector, the MIO type of intervention which is based on vertically integrated operations would ensure a maximum share to the producer of the oilseeds and a fair deal to the consumer of the edible oils especially when a technological breakthrough emerges due to the concerted efforts of organisations like TMO.
+<section>Policy implications</section>
+1 India should continue its efforts to move towards self-reliance in the production of oilseeds. Buffer stocking operations undertaken by the NDDB should continue. At times the NDDB may need certain levels of imported oils for which provisions should be made. The NDDB would be an ideal choice for buffer stocking operations because of the backward linkages of MIO with its network of oilseeds grower cooperatives. However, MIO needs to be safeguarded from the Telia Raja/Politician combines. Continuation and expansion of consumer market intervention by the NDDB would ensure reliable supply of quality product to the consumers. MIO should however, continue to look at the competitiveness of oilseeds vs other crops and comparative advantages that India has in the field of labour intensive agriculture. The National Oil Grid needs to be strengthened. Use of railways and inland shipping needs to be explored further in order to reduce the transportation costs.
+2 Cooperatives can be made more competitive by removing taxes on oilseed and oil trade. Uniform tax structure across the countrys would also help. This would prevent the inter-state trespassing as well as non-accountability by the state tax departments. The state governments should routinely publish the tax revenue from various commodities so that the tax evasion on a particular commodity may become public knowledge.
+3 Blending of edible oils should be permitted in the consumer packs as is practised all over the world. The only obligation to blend oils should be to declare in bold letters, the nature of the blend and its composition.
+4 Blending and packaging at low cost in hygienic conditions would help unification of the markets. Efforts should be made to popularise the advantages of these new blends. Necessary expertise on the proportion of mix of oils may be made available to the interested groups.
+5 The decisions on the levels of imports should be taken in conjunction with the domestic supply levels and buffer stocking requirements. Imports need to be used only to regulate the prices. Attempts should be made to import low priced oils and export high priced oilseed products. The responsibility of imports should really be with the MIO which alone can ensure under the leadership of NDDB that imports are not used against the farmers.
+6 If supply of edible oils at lower rates to the weaker sections of the society is considered necessary then the existing mechanism of PDS should be restructured with proper targeting and sourcing of oils. It would be best to subsidise the poor, directly in the form of food stamps, etc.
+7 The decision to stop supplies of imported oils to vanaspati industry is in the right direction and this should form a measure to encourage the use of indigenous minor oils in the manufacture of vanaspati.
+8 Neither edible oils nor vanaspati are considered nutritionally essential commodities. Hence, the excessive use of these commodities by affluent sections of the population should be discouraged through advertisements in the press and television. Investigation of the factors influencing consumption patterns of edible oils, is necessary to understand the shifts to other oils, for example, from groundnut oil to mustard oil, or from one preferred oil to blended oil, to help manage the supplies more effectively.
+9 Export of oil cakes and oilseeds such as HPS groundnut, sesame and nigerseed should be encouraged by all means. Efficient management and development of port facilities will be needed in this connection. Groundnuts are used as table nuts in the west and they are considered in the same class as almonds and cashew nuts. The country has a great potential for exporting groundnuts provided its crushing is discouraged through fiscal measures. Exports of groundnut and groundnut cake may be increased by detoxication of the product which is possible with an integrated programme at production, storage, processing and transportation levels. Handling of HPS groundnuts needs proper care from production to export. This needs great attention as such efforts can significantly improve quality and exportability of the produce.
+10 Efforts to develop better varieties of seeds and operating efficiency of processing should continue. Particularly, double zero variety of mustard seed and two-step expelling process have great potential. Integration of expelling and extraction processes would improve the performance of extraction plants.
+11 Production improvement demonstrations undertaken by oilseeds and vegetable oils project of NDDB need to be adopted as model extension packages.
+12 Measures to make quick forecasts of crop production should be developed for all the agricultural crops at a national level. The data on crop cutting experiments needs to be made public for crop estimation purposes. Remote sensing applications and meteorological techniques need to be further explored for greater reliability. Cooperatives should be encouraged to collect information on the cropping pattern from member villages . To start with, a few key districts may be selected to record the area under sowing on a full enumeration basis. However, this practice would be effective only when the entire agricultural land is covered. The information thus obtained would be of great importance in taking business decisions.
+13 Management of data on supply, demand and prices, across the country on a continuing basis is necessary. Quick compilation of this information to arrive at national aggregates should be undertaken by the Government.
+14 The activities of oil exchanges/associations need to be made more transparent. The publication of prices based on the transactions taking place within a very small fraction of the sector should be prevented. A national commodity exchange covering all the agricultural commodities will ultimately be needed in order to have an orderly market. Market efficiency will be increased by improving market transparency. Efforts need to reduce these imperfections.
+15 Forward trade in oilseeds like rapeseed/mustard has become necessary to safeguard the interests of producers. However, before reviewing the ban on forward trade it is necessary to resolve the imperfections in spot market.
+<section>APPENDIX 1 - The role of the press in influencing market sentiments: Case of edible oils</section>
+RP Aneja and KVSM Krishna
+Institute of Rural Management Anand
+The press has been a major factor influencing edible oil and other commodity markets which are characterised by severe imperfections. The arbitrary coverage of price movements provide wrong information to the interest groups. A 3 % variation in the prices of groundnut oil would get a 50 % treatment while a 15 % variation in the prices of relatively more important commodities like cereals and pulses would receive less than 3 % treatment. This phenomenon adversely affects the functioning of vertically integrated business as well as intervention operations. The press needs to review its coverage of commodity markets.
+Attempts to establish relationships between supply/demand and price remain unsuccessful in edible oilseeds and oils sector. While at the core, demand and supply factors influence the price of the commodity, severe fluctuations in intra-seasonal and intra-year prices of oils indicate the futility of a mere economic analysis in understanding the price behavior. Failure to capture the market sentiments through economic models necessitated an investigation to understand the relevant influential factors. On the whole it seems intermediaries between producers of oilseeds and the consumers of oils play a very significant role in price movements and both the end players are mere residual receivers. Although to a major extent the inadequate market intelligence of the intermediaries is responsible for price uncertainty, the unfair practices of the trade help in appropriation of both consumer and producer margins. Among others, the press has been a strong source of influence.
+A less than 1% variation in groundnut oil prices has many a times been covered in some daily newspapers and business papers by giving it a three column treatment. For the consumers as well as the producers the source of information on prices is by and large the press. It follows then that the press can potentially influence the price behavior. Cropping patterns, selling patterns, storing, etc., are largely dependent on ruling prices. Also, there is ample scope with the press for politicising the issue of price movements in order to effect certain institutional factors which may be conducive to the trade. For example, sensationalising movement in commodity prices would certainly determine the behavior of interventions such as imports, buffer stocking etc. When a commodity like edible oils, excessive consumption of which is severely condemned by medical authorities and the share of consumer expenditure on which is only around 5 per cent,
+is given comparatively high priority and a large coverage, then the role of the press needs to be analysed.
+Coverage given by a typical business daily on the prices of groundnut oil, wheat and toordal at Bombay market for the oil year (Nov.-Oct.) 1990-91 was selected to test the proposed hypothesis. Commodities have been chosen to represent one each from cereals, oils and pulses. Fluctuations in the prices have been computed with the help of coefficient of variation and that of the treatment given by press in terms of title size in proportion to the total space provided for the title on the prices of all commodities, comment size in proportion to the total space provided for comments on the prices of all commodities, and title size in proportion of comment size. While the first two measures of treatment given by the press show the focus on the commodity concerned, the latter draws the element of sensationalisation. In conjunction with the variation in the prices, these measures would explain the extent to which undue coverage
+has been accorded. All the daily issues of the business daily falling within the period of study mentioned above have been surveyed and then aggregated to arrive at monthly and yearly averages. Monthly averages have been analysed to check whether the yearly trends are consistent throughout. Table 1 summarises the findings.
+The variation in the price of groundnut oil (GN oil) has been only 5 % for the entire year whereas prices of wheat and toordal fluctuated by 14% and 13% over mean price, respectively. For this order of fluctuations the press has allocated 52% of title space to groundnut oil and only 3% to wheat and less than 1% to toordal. While there existed a ifference between spaces allocated for comments, the imbalance has not been as severe as with the title space. This becomes more clear as one looks into the measure of title as per cent of comment. A 9% space provided for comment on groundnut oil occupied an additional space equivalent to over 50% of it only for title purposes. These figures for wheat and toordal have been 2 and 11, and 1 and 4, respectively.
+Variations in intra-month prices were further lower in case of groundnut oil. Only during the months' December, January and April the variations were around 3% while in the other months they were quite lower. Despite, the treatment given by the press did not deviate substantially in terms of all the three measures.
+<section>Note</section>
+1. Meilke, Thomas (1989): "Great Success of New Oilseed Policy", 27th All India Convention of Oilseeds and OilsTrade and Industry, Bombay, November 18, pp.1-2.
+2. "National Accounts Statistics, 1991", CSO, GOI. Several new trends emerged in 1990-91 scenario of edible oil and oilseed sector.
+3. See Gulati, VP (1991):"Oilseeds Production Estimation: Current Approaches and Techniques", IRMA unpublished; and Jhala, ML (1980): "The Estimation of Yield-Rainfall Relationship with Reference to Groundnut Regions of India', Agricultural Situation in India, July, pp.235-238.
+4. Dipankar , P and A Subramanian (1985): 'Price and Income Stabilisation Issues in the Indian Groundnut Market', Economic and Political Weekly, 21(8).
+5. Narappanavar , SR (1989): "The oils and Oilseeds Economy of India", Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
+6. India Today (1990):`Saurashtra : The Oil Sheiks', January 31; Sunday (1990):`Kill to Profit', November 7; NDDB (1991): Alive, Delhi; Murali Dhar(1991):"Golden Flow: NDDB's Edible Oil Project" Groundnut Realities, Times of India, 23 rd October; Murali Dhar (1991):`Nightmares of Telia Raja', Times of India, October 9; and Murali Dhar (1991): `Tale of Telia Tin", Times of India, September 25.
+7. For example, Shah, T and S Modak, (1986): "Cooperative Organisations in Indian Oil Systems: A Study of the Role of Grofed in Groundnut System of Gujarat", Research Report-2, Institute of Rural Management, Anand.
+8. References may be found in various issues of the journal of the Forward Market Bulletin; Zasdanwalla, ZU (1966): "Marketing Efficiency in Indian Agriculture", Allied, Bombay; and Vyas, VS, DC Srivastava and VS Dharap (1969): "Pace and Pattern of Marketing of Groundnut in Saurashtra", AE Centre, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar (mimeo).
+9. Korah , GK and V Pahuja (1992): "Role of APMCs and Oil Exchanges in the Marketing of Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils", MTS Report, Institute of Rural Management, Anand (unpublished).
+10. NDDB (1986):"Blending of Edible Oils: Need and Possibilities", NDDB, Anand (unpublished).
+11. Gupta , PK (1991): "Edible Oil Scenario", Times of India, April 26.
+12. Gopalan, C (1988): "Dietary Guidelines for Affluent Indians" Bulletin of the Nutrition Foundation of India, 9(3).
+13. Achaya, KT (1987): `Fat Status of Indians: A Review', Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 46, March.
+14. Mensink, RP and MB Katan (1990):"Effect of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids on High Density and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Subjects", The New England Journal of Medicine, 323(7).
+15. WMMB (1991): Editorial, Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board Research Review,4(1).
+16. Minhas, BS (1990): "Brief Notes on Access to Subsidised Food and Social Services in India", The World Bank, November 1.
+17. The GOI (1978): "Report of the Study Group on the Long Term Edible Oil Plan", Department of Civil Supplies and Cooperation, Ministry of Commerce, GOI, New Delhi.
+18. Jhala, ML (1977): "Supply and Demand Aspects of Edible Oils and Oilseeds in India", Ph.D. Thesis, (unpublished), Gujarat University.
+19. Jhala, ML (1980): "Static Demand Models of Individual Edible Oils", Anvesak, 10(1), June.
+20. Radhakrishna, R and C Ravi (1989): "India's Food Demand Projections Study", paper for World Bank Country Studies.
+21. Kundu , MK (1991): "Edible Oils", Rabi Oilseeds Seminar, Central Organisation for Oil Industries and Trade (COOIT).
+22. The GOI (1987): "Vegetable Oil Economy", Vegetable Oil Information Centre, GOI, New Delhi.
+23. For example, Ahluwalia, D (1991): "Public Distribution of Food in India: Issues and Evidence", paper for World Bank Country Studies.
+24. NDDB (1977): "Restructuring Edible Oil and Oilseed Production", NDDB, (unpublished).
+25. NDDB: Various Progress Reports of the Oilseeds and Vegetable Oil Project, NDDB, (unpublished).
+26. Shah,T and S Modak (1984): op...cit.
+27. TMO (1988): "Towards Self-reliance", Department of Agricultural Research, GOI, New Delhi.
+28. Raisuddin, A (1979): "Foodgrain Supply, Distribution,and Consumption Policies within a Dual Pricing Mechanism: A Case Study of Bangladesh", Research Report No. 8, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
+29. Ranade, CG, KH Rao and DC Sah (1982): "Groundnut Marketing: A Study of Co-operative and Private Trade Channels", (monograph), Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Modak, Shrikant (1985): "Groundnut Economy of Gujarat", Economic and Political Weekly, 21(13).
+30. Narappanavar, SR and VP Bharadwaj (1983): "Farmer's and Intermediaries' Shares: A Study of Groundnut During 1962-63 to 1980-81", Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 38(2). of the dry and semi dry regions.
+31. NDDB (1991):"Some Facts on Edible Oil Situation and MIO", (unpublished); Ganguly H (1991):"Market Intervention and EdibleOil Prices",Economic and Political Weekly, November 9.
+32. Gulati, A (1989a): `Input Subsidies in Indian agriculture: A Statewise Analysis', Economic and Political Weekly, June 24.
+33. ------------ (1989b): `Structure of Effective Incentives in Indian Agriculture: Some Policy Implications', Economic and Political Weekly, September 30; ------------ (1990): `Fertiliser Subsidy: Is the Cultivator Net Subsidised ?', Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 45(1); and Gulati, A, J Hanson and G Pursell (1990): `Effective Incentives in India's Agriculture: Cotton, Groundnuts, Wheat and Rice', WPS 332, World Bank.
+34. Wall, JW (1981): "India: Demand and Supply Prospects for Agriculture", World Bank Staff Paper 500, World Bank NP.
+35. FAO (1992): "The Indian Vegetable Oils and Oilseeds Sector", Food and Agriculture Organisation, (unpublished).
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr07ce.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr07ce.key
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+NONWOOD FOREST PRODUCTS
+RESOURCE CONSERVATION
+LATEX
+NUTS
+OILS
+FIBRES
+MARKETING
+SUSTAINABILITY
+AMAZONIA
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr07ce.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr07ce.txt
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+<title>Commercialization of non-timber forest products in Amazonia</title>
+NRI Socio-economic Series 2
+E M Richards
+<section>Foreword</section>
+This series is based upon work carried out under the socio-economics research programme at NRI. Its purpose is to provide an easily accessible medium for current research findings. Whilst it is hoped that the series will be of interest to those concerned with development issues worldwide, it may be of particular relevance to people working in developing countries.
+The topics covered by the series are quite diverse, but principally relate to applied and adaptive research activity and findings. Some papers are largely descriptive, others concentrate on analytical issues, or relate to research methodologies
+The aim is to present material in as straight-forward a fashion as possible so that it can reach a wide audience.
+We are interested in the views and opinions of readers and welcome any feedback to this series.
+Alan Marter Socio-economics Research Programme
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+This research was funded by the Natural Resources and Environment Department of the Overseas Development Administration. However, the views and analysis do not necessarily represent those of either NRI or ODA. The author would like to thank Angus Hone and Clinton Green of NRI, and Nigel Sizer of Cambridge University, for their comments on an earlier version of this paper, and their general encouragement and advice, as well as David Cleary, also of Cambridge University, for his interest and information.
+NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE Overseas Developmcnt Administration
+C) Crown copyright 1993
+The Natural Resources Institute (NRI) is an internationally recognized centre of expertise on the natural resources of developing countries. It forms an integral part of the British Government's overseas aid programme. Its principal aim is to alleviate poverty and hardship in developing countries by increasing the productivity of their renewable natural resources. NRI's main fields of expertise are resource assessment and farming systems, integrated pest management, food science and crop utilization.
+NRI carries out research and surveys; develops pilot-scale plant, machinery and processes; identifies, prepares, manages and executes projects; provides advice and training; and publishes scientific and development material.
+Short extracts of material from this publication may be reproduced in any non-advertising, non-profit-making context provided that the source is acknowledged as follows:
+Richards, E. M. (1993) Commercialization of Non-timber Forest Products in Amazonia, NRI Socio-economics Series 2. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+Permission for commercial reproduction should be sought from:
+The Head, Publishing and Publicity Services, Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.
+This publication is printed on chlorine-free paper.
+Price £5.00
+No charge is made for single copies of this publication sent to governmental and educational establishments, research institutions and non-profit-making organizations working in countries eligible for British Government Aid. Free copies cannot normally be addressed to individuals by name but only under their official titles. Please quote order no. SES2 when ordering.
+Natural Resources Institute
+ISBN: 0 85954 3382
+ISSN: 0967-0548
+<section>Abbreviations</section>
+CNS
+National Council of Rubber Tappers
+CPATU
+Eastern Amazonia Centre of Agroforestry Research
+CPR
+Common Property Resource
+EAP
+Economically Active Population
+EMBRAPA
+Brazilian Organization of Agricultural and Livestock Research
+FUNAI
+National Foundation for Indigenous Affairs
+IBAMA
+Brazilian Environmental Institute
+IBGE
+Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
+INCRA
+National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform
+INPA
+National Amazonian Research Institute
+NRI
+Natural Resources Institute
+NTFP
+Non-Timber Forest Product
+ODA
+Overseas Development Administration
+UIN
+Union of Indigenous Nations
+<section>Glossary</section>
+Aviamento
+Credit and marketing system where goods are supplied on credit and paid for in extractive products, mainly rubber and Brazil nuts
+Caboclos
+Indigenous river people
+Campesinos
+Small farmers
+Castanhais
+Brazil nut groves
+Castanhales
+Estates
+Castanheiros
+Brazil nut gatherers
+Colonos
+Colonizers
+Ejidos
+Land reform co-operatives (Mexico)
+Fob
+Free on board
+Fundo
+Farm
+Garimpeiros
+Gold prospectors
+Hylea
+Amazon Basin
+Nordestinos
+Northerners
+Patrao
+Merchant
+Patrones
+Merchants
+Ribereños
+River-dwellers (Bolivia)
+Ribeirinhos
+Indigenous river people
+Seringal
+Rubber estate
+Seringueros
+Rubber tappers
+Swidden
+Traditional forest farming practice including 'slash and burn'.
+Terra firme forest
+Forest not subject to flooding
+Varzea
+Seasonally flooded forest
+<section>Summary</section>
+This study examines the impacts of the development of the principal extractive products of the Amazon and identifies the main factors affecting sustainable welfare benefits for extractive groups. These include tenure instability, policies favouring alternative land uses, aviamento, commercialization systems, commercial pressures resulting in resource depletion where the extraction method is destructive, and the boom-bust nature of export markets that inevitably lead to substitution by a synthetic or planted product. The future of extractivism depends on better remuneration for extractors, whether through the market or not, tenure and institutional reforms (i.e. extractive reserves), and successful diversification through integrated natural forest management. The cultivation of formerly wild plants in agroforestry systems should also be given high priority. Extractivism on its own, and under present market conditions, has major limitations as a response to deforestation
+pressures, but there are important strategic and humanitarian reasons for its support while longer term solutions are being developed.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+Background
+Human and ecological background
+Historical overview
+Background
+Both Amazonian Governments and aid donors have regarded the market development of extractive non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as a means of forest conservation. By increasing the value of the standing forest as a productive asset superior to alternative uses, it has been hoped to encourage forest-based communities to manage the forest resource in a sustainable fashion.
+Many of these products lend themselves to nondestructive management practices. Some, like Peters et al. (1989) contend that the sustainable exploitation of non-timber forest resources represents the most immediate and profitable method for integrating the use and conservation of the Amazon forests, while Gradwohl and Greenberg (1988) maintain that extractive reserves offer a mode of forest use that is both immediately economically competitive and sustainable in the long run. There has therefore been considerable research and development emphasis on identifying and developing market possibilities, but with insufficient understanding of the consequences of this for welfare of the extractive groups and resource sustainability.
+This study analyses the impact of market integration of a number of case study NTFPs, on welfare, resource sustainability, and biodiversity conservation. This provides the basis for a discussion of the problems and potential of extractivism for sustainable forest management in Amazonia. The study focuses on tree products, and therefore excludes fauna, firewood and other NTFPs.
+Human and ecological background
+There are many terms for the various groups of extractors in the Amazon, such as seringueros (rubber tappers), castanheiros (Brazil nut gatherers), and ribeirinhos, or caboclos, (riverside dwellers) as well as the Indian groups. The caboclos, sometimes referred to as rural indigenous people, are mixed-blood descendants of Indians and Europeans or Africans. They are distinct from more recent colonos (colonizers) who have moved into the area since the 1960s. These are not mutually exclusive categories. For example, most rubber tappers also collect Brazil nuts and other extractive products, and engage in a wide range of livelihood activities.
+In general the Amazon is sparsely populated. The overall average population density in the Amazonian lowlands of nine countries was 2.1/km2 (Eden, 1990). Over half of the estimated 15 million in Brazil's Amazonia Legal are now urban, many of them former rubber tappers and failed colonos. Other groups include about three million colonos, two and a half million caboclos, half a million garimpeiros (gold prospectors), and 200 000 Amerindians (Sizer, 1991).
+The rubber tappers (mainly caboclos) are largely descendants of the half a million nordestinos who moved into the Amazon from the drought-prone northeast during the rubber boom (1870-1910). Estimates of their current number vary. Schwartzmann et al. (1987) calculated that half a million people depended on rubber and other latex products as their main source of income, in comparison with 340 000 rubber tappers according to the 1985 Census. Browder (1990) estimates that up to one and a half million derived a significant proportion of their income from extractive activities.
+According to data presented in Torres and Martine (1991), the numbers in extractivism are in decline: in the northern region of Brazil the proportion of the economically active population (EAP) in extractivism declined from 9.6 to 4.6% between 1970 and 1980, and also fell in absolute numbers, while total EAP increased by 76% and urban employment more than doubled. The 1980s saw a further absolute and relative fall in extractivism to less than 3% of EAP (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) ).
+Some 90% of the hylea, or Amazon Basin, is covered by forest not subject to flooding (terra firme forest) (Eden, 1990). The seasonally flooded or varzea forest areas are the most fertile due to the constant process of soil fertility renewal through sedimentation. They were the first to be settled due to the obvious transport, soil fertility and fishing benefits. They are also the most often cited when economic calculations are presented to show the sustainable viability of extractivism (e.g. Peters et al. 1989). However, the varzea forests, where a few marketable
+species predominate (oligarchic forests), constitute only about 2% of the Amazon Basin (Browder, 1992).
+Historical overview
+The history of extractivism is overshadowed by one product - rubber. Padoch and de Jong (1990) comment that the rubber boom caused the complete transformation of society, and resulted in the break-up of many of the Peruvian Amerindian groups who were literally enslaved.
+Case study: The Santa Rosa community, peru (Padoch and de Jong, 1990)
+The population of Santa Rosa are ribereños, or river dwellers descended from various indigenous and mestizo (mixed blood) groups. They are thus the equivalent of the Brazilian caboclos. This was a prime rubber tapping area, and in 1907 several estates in the locality were flourishing, at a time when rubber composed 20% of Peru's exports, but by 1912 many of the rubber tappers had left the area for Iquitos or beyond.
+During the 1930s and 1940s most of the land on the large Monte Carmelo fundo (farm) was planted with barbasco (Lonchocarpus sp.), the roots of which were exported by the American owned Astoria company in Iquitos, since they contained rotenene, a natural insecticide. The surrounding forest was cleared to supply the market which peaked in about 1946. However the price began to fall with the development of DDT and other synthetic insecticides. This, together with family quarrels, caused the collapse of the fundo.
+The owners left the fundo and took 60 male labourers (members of the Ashaninka tribe) to the Putumayo River to promising extraction sites for leche caspi (Couma macrocarpa), a milky-white resin used in the manufacture of chewing gum, paints and varnish, and regarded as capable of saving the region from the marasmus resulting from the fall of rubber. The women and children were left behind for three years to carry on with subsistence farm production. This disruption of family and community life was evidently similar to the rubber boom.
+By the mid- 1950s the market for leche caspi had waned again, and so the owners of Monte Carmelo moved to Santa Rita near the Colombian border to start a rice production and processing centre, this time with the labourers' families. This was shortlived due to a dispute with a more powerful neighbour, but several of the men married into a Yagua Indian group employed on a nearby fundo, and stayed on to raise cattle. In 1955 some of the families moved to the Napo River (northwest of Iquitos) in order to exploit rosewood oil, which experienced a meteoric price rise in the 1950s. Accessible forests were quickly stripped of rosewood trees.
+After this, most of the group returned to Santa Rita, but some stayed on in the Napo area to be absorbed in the local Quichua culture. Eventually the remaining group returned to Monte Carmelo and founded Santa Rosa, which soon swelled with migrants from other areas.
+This brief history illustrates the processes of migration, deculturation and fragmentation of family and society over a fairly short period. It was the speed of cultural change which has been most dramatic, according to Padoch and de Jong (1990). For example the Ashaninkas apparently abandoned their language and customs in the process of the migrations described above.
+In the case of the Witoto of the Putumayo River, the atrocities and killings aroused international attention and protest.
+However, both before and after the rubber boom, many other products have followed the boom-bust cycle of extractivism. During the 18th and 19th centuries the Portuguese and Jesuits organized Amerindians in extractive expeditions to gather forest products, especially cocoa, andiroba seed, copaiba balsam, sarsaparilla, and oil from giant river turtles. As early as 1851, investigators found Amazonian collectors receiving only 0.5% of the eventual New York consumer price of Sarsaparilla (Padoch, 1988).
+During the present century there have been several important mini-booms. From 1910 to 1925, the seeds of tagua or vegetable ivory (Phytelephus macrocarpa) were harvested for buttons and game pieces until artificial materials took over. From 1925 to 1935 balata (Manilkara bidentata) and leche caspi (Couma macrocarpa) became important until substituted. Then barbasco (Lonchocarpus spp.) became important until it was overshadowed by DDT and other synthetic insecticides in the 1960s (Padoch, 1988). In the 1950s alligator skins were in demand, and were followed in the 1960s by jaguar and ocelot skins.
+The case study of the Santa Rosa community (see page 2), illustrates the social and cultural impacts of the constant migration of communities in response to these market forces. Padoch (1988), Colchester (1989), Gray (1990) and others have documented the social and cultural impacts on indigenous communities, including the consequences of dependency in its various forms, resulting from market integration.
+Up to the 1950s extractive activities were dominant in the rural economies of the Amazon, but in most parts, especially Brazil, livestock, agriculture and mining took over. The extractive economy stagnated and declined due to worsening terms of trade, while national emphasis shifted to the coffee boom in the southern highlands, and to industrialization. Since the advent of over two million people after the opening of the Belém-Brasilia highway (1965) and the Transmazon highway in the early 1970s, the area has been the scene of major social and economic upheavals.
+Table 1 presents the production figures for extractive and other NTFPs from Brazil and Table 2 presents recent export data from Brazil. Such statistics are often incomplete or found to be in conflict with one another.
+There is no good set of figures on Brazilian domestic consumption of these products. Further data are provided by Lescure and de Castro. An explanation of the products is presented in Appendix 1.
+<section>Rubber and extractive reserves</section>
+Aviamento
+Autonomous systems
+Changes in tenure and resource use in Acre
+Development of extractive reserves
+The future of natural rubber extraction
+Following the discovery of vulcanization in 1839, rubber became an important commodity and its extraction and export from Amazonia expanded rapidly, especially after 1870. This caused a high demand for labour and so poor labourers from the drought-prone northeast of Brazil were recruited to fill the gap. Most of these settled along the tributaries of the Amazon and collected latex in the adjacent varzea forests (although Hevea brasilierisis also grows in terra firme forest), causing the displacement of Amerindian groups to the terra firme (Schmink and Wood, 1986).
+The impact of the rubber boom on indigenous societies has already been mentioned. Murphy and Steward (1956) documented the effect of the rubber trade on the Mundurucu Indians of the Brazilian Upper Amazon. One of the main factors which weakened their society was that tapping was best done individually, and not collectively as had been the case with the cultivation and processing of cassava, which previously formed the basis of their economy. Colchester (1989) refers to this as the 'atomizing effects of individualist training'.
+The rubber boom was broken by the establishment of Hevea plantations in South East Asia by the British, where domestication was not hampered, as it was in Brazil, by leaf rust fungus (Microcyclus ulei). The development of synthetic substitutes further hastened this decline. Extraction in Brazil has only continued as a result of the Government policy of subsidizing national production to the extent that rubber prices in Brazil have been up to three times the international price (Fearnside, 1989). Allegretti (1990) attributes this to the lobbying power of vested interests in the marketing and industrialization of rubber, as well as to the acute shortage of foreign exchange.
+A viamento
+From the beginning these migrants were inserted into a highly regressive credit and marketing system called aviamento in which market goods were supplied on credit at inflated prices, to be paid for in extractive products, mainly rubber and Brazil nuts. As a result of the low extractive product prices offered by the petty rubber merchants or patraos (owners of the rubber trails), and the inflated food, clothing and medicine prices, rubber tappers were always in debt.
+The system was thus one of debt bondage in which rubber tappers were obliged to sell all their produce through the patrao, as well as often paying rent to him in exchange for rights to use his land (usufruct rights). The presence of independent small-scale merchants who offer an alternative when prices become too extreme, provided some limit to the system's inequity.
+Several studies document the inequity and welfare impacts of aviamento on rubber tappers. For example a survey of 170 rubber-tapper households in Caruari, Amazonas State, by Whitesell (reported in Browder, 1992) between 1986 and 1991 revealed that 76% had a patrao to whom they felt obliged to sell all they produced, 28% also paid rent to him and 79% were in debt.
+Sizer (1991) presents data from 51 families in the Jau National Park, Amazonas State, that show that patraos were supplying basic foodstuffs at over twice their market value in Manaus (the nearest urban centre), paying 30% below Manaus prices for extracted products, and charging real monthly interest rates of 40% on parts of the outstanding debts. According to Sizer's data, average monthly expenditure was greater than mean income recorded from extraction.
+A survey of 24 households by Romanoff (in press) in Riberalta, Bolivia, in 1981 found that all but one were in debt to patrones (merchants) to an average equivalent of a quarter of their annual household income. Food staple prices were 50% above those paid by urban residents. Periodic food shortages were reported by 71% of the households, 22% of the children were malnourished, and a further 32% were in danger of becoming so. As with the data of Oliveira and Whitesell (both in Browder, 1992) this survey reports high residential instability amongst extractors.
+The low return to producers is partly explained by the high cost and risk of transport, often in treacherous weather conditions, and the high risks of marketing extractive products in a hyper-inflationary economy (Padoch, 1989). The merchants and patraos themselves are usually also in debt to downstream merchants, as this indebtedness is transferred back up the marketing chain to the wholesalers and exporters who provide the seed money for aviamento.
+The aviamento system is still widespread and exists in many forms throughout the Amazon Basin. Although it maintains extractors in conditions of severe deprivation, there are two factors which may make it difficult to replace. Its primary function is its capacity to call forth
+supply from remote areas - a means of bridging the gap between the non-market subsistence economy and the market economy (Torres and Martine, 1991). For this reason aviamento tends to decline in importance as the road network expands, as happened in Acre from the 1960s.
+Secondly, the system is designed so that rubber tappers maximize time devoted to extractive activities: by manipulating the terms of trade, the merchants or patraos oblige the tappers to engage in extractivism (in order to pay off their debts) and provide the products which form the basis of the merchant's trading business. This leaves little time for subsistence agriculture. Thus aviamento may be environmentally more benign than the alternative autonomous system.
+Aviamento helps to explain Government policy towards rubber extraction, as it forms part of a commercial system in which many powerful interests are involved. Post-war policy has therefore always sought to protect the regional commercial system and avoid putting Amazonian rubber in a competitive position with Asian plantation rubber (Schwartzmann and Allegreti, 1987).
+Autonomous systems
+There has been a shift from aviamento to an autonomous system in more accessible areas. It is termed autonomous because it does not involve dependence on a trader or resource owner. In the autonomous areas there is a greater diversification of activities and products, and a more reasonable quality of life is achieved, according to Schwartzmann (1989) who undertook a survey in one such area in Acre where the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) had granted land rights to rubber-tapper families.
+The survey found that the average holding was 372 ha and an average family exploited 1100 rubber trees. From an annual family production of 750 kg of rubber and 4500 kg of Brazil nuts, annual incomes of almost $1000 were earned, with some earning over $1500 plus subsistence benefits. This gave them an income that put them above half the EAP of the region (Schwartzmann, 1989). However, there was a big variation in the economic condition of the households: even without aviamento 55% of the households were in debt to middlemen, while the remainder had an average cash surplus of $680.
+Schwartzmann (1989) reported that rubber tappers were keen to remain in the seringal (rubber estate), valued the forest, and had a more balanced diet than urban dwellers. However more recent evidence from Oliveira (in Browder, 1992), also in Acre, reports a 'progressive deterioration' in their diets.
+Changes in tenure and resource use in acre
+Between 1960 and 1980, major changes in land use and distribution occurred in western Brazil, especially in Acre where extraction declined both in area (by 65%) and number of holdings, and ranching and agriculture increased enormously. This was a result of the Government policy of frontier development through expansion of the road network, resource privatization, and subsidies.
+In the first half of the 1970s, up to 80% of State lands were sold and land prices rose by 1000-2000%, depending on access to roads (Schwartzmann, 1991). This was encouraged by subsidized credit available at negative real interest rates throughout the 1970s. This together with very low prices made land an extremely attractive investment for businessmen from southern Brazil. Operations of 'cleaning the land' or removing the rubber tappers and small farmers became common from 1973 as ranchers intimidated and bought out rubber tappers for low prices. The consequent outmigration more than doubled the urban population of Acre from 21% in 1960 to 44% in 1980 (Schwartzmann, in press). There are reports of whole towns of ex-rubber tappers, like Eirunepe in Amazonas, which grew from 8 000 to 30 000 in five years (Parfit, 1989). In addition between 10 000 and 50 000 moved over the border to Bolivia.
+Rapid deforestation soon followed these changes. By 1987 the area deforested in Acre had increased to 633 000 ha from 77 000 ha in 1975, according to official statistics. It is not coincidental that the level of assassinations also reached a peak of almost 200 a year in Brazilian Amazonia in the mid-1980s (Schwartzmann, in press). Fearnside (1989) comments that rubber-tapper leaders were continually threatened by gunslingers hired by ranchers. The assassination of Chico Mendes in 1988 brought this situation to world attention.
+Development of extractive reserves
+Out of these problems, the National Council of Rubber Tappers (CNS) was established in 1985 in a meeting that also called for the formation of extractive reserves. Extractive reserves provide a framework for the sustained use and protection of extractive products through the definition of property rights in favour of local communities, according to May (1990b). This may sound conventional, but the extractive reserves approach has a number of significant differences to top-down schemes.
+Its adherents claim that it represents a genuinely bottom-up approach in which grassroots organizations have developed with little or no Government support (Allegretti, 1990). The legal recognition of property rights proposed for extractive reserves follows traditional patterns of land use. Each landholding allows for a mix of activities, as in the autonomous rubber tapper system, with generally three rubber trails of 120 trees per trail in some 100-150 ha. Some of these trails may lie within another holding, but the rights to the rubber trees are recognized.
+The land is retained by the State and is leased to the rubber tappers for an initial minimum period of 30 years: this avoids the normal process of land concentration and deforestation which has followed privatization in the Amazon region. The extractive reserves are under the joint control of CNS and the Brazilian Environmental Institute (IBAMA), but at the local level are administered by locally elected groups.
+Due to continued conflicts over land rights progress has been slow. Schwartzmann (in press) reports that at the time of writing 14 reserves have been decreed and four are operational.
+The Government has showed support for the extractive reserves concept through increased social infrastructure, and support to co-operative processing initiatives (Sizer, 1991). Several important processing and marketing co-operatives have been started, most notably the Brazil nut plant at Xapuri in Acre State.
+The future of natural rubber extraction
+Natural rubber extraction faces a bleak future as a result of successful domestication in non-Amazonian Brazil. Large areas have been planted in Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso States, and Browder (1992) estimates that cultivated rubber now supplies 60% of Brazil's market. These plantations, which have the major economic advantage of being nearer the centres of demand, will soon be able to supply all Brazil's domestic rubber needs at a reduced cost, thereby removing the rationale for subsidizing wild rubber extraction. Liberalization policies in the Brazilian economy are also likely to increase pressures for reduction or removal of this subsidy.
+<section>Other extractive products</section>
+Brazil nuts
+The current crisis and future prospects
+Babaçu
+Changes in tenure and land use
+Impact of commercialization and processing changes
+Products from the varzea
+Açai juice
+Palm hearts
+Impact of market expansion for açai products
+Aguaje
+Camu camu
+Essential oils and flavouring products
+Rosewood oil
+Copaiba balsam
+Cumaru nuts
+Fatty oils
+Ucuuba
+Andiroba
+Exudates
+Brazil nuts
+Bertholletia excelsa is found in terra firme forests throughout the Amazon Basin, in 50 to 100 tree groves. Balee (1989) and others believe that indigenous groups are responsible for this distribution. Its importance in extractive economies in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia is partly due to the seasonal complementarily with rubber - it is harvested in the rainy season while rubber is extracted in the dry season. Women have an important role in the extraction activity, as they crack the fruits collected by the men, separate out the nuts, and prepare them for home consumption.
+Brazil nut extraction became important after the rubber price crash from 1910, when rubber tappers looked for alternative income sources. It developed at a slower pace than rubber, partly because it is a high-volume low-value product with a more elastic demand. O'Donnell Sills (1990) notes that the Brazil nut market share has
+declined to less than five per cent of the edible nut market, due mainly to the growth in consumption of almonds and hazel nuts.
+The quality and quantity of Brazil nut production varies widely between trees, regions and years, the latter partly the result of the unusual flowering to fruiting cycle (12-15 months) and fluctuations in world prices. There has been a shift from the states of Pará and Amazonas to Acre, causing significant increases in production and transport costs, due to lower tree densities and the greater distance to Belém (Torres and Martine, 1991). These changes have benefited Colombian and Peruvian producers.
+Case study: Brazil nut extraction in maraba (o'donnell sills, 1990)
+In the Maraba area of Para State, traditionally the main extraction area of Brazil, extraction quickly came under the control of the local political elite. These Brazil nut barons used land tenure legislation to ensure control of the castanhais (Brazil nut groves) to add to their control of the commercial process. Extractors who worked the castanhais were tied to the aviamento system; their only alternative was the publicly owned castanhais of the people, but these were privatized during the late 1970s.
+Roads, particularly the Belém-Brasilia highway and the Transamazonica, which reached Maraba in 1971, brought major changes to the area. The population of Maraba grew by 258% in the decade to 1980, by which time there were 800 sawmills (compared with I 00 in the mid- 1960s), and there was a large increase in forest clearance for agriculture and ranching. Between 1978 and 1984, cattle numbers increased by 350% while Brazil nut production fell by 68%.
+This was the result of both the reduced tree population and labour shortages, as most people sought alternative forms of employment to escape debt bondage. There were also pollination problems due to smoke from land clearance. Deforestation of castanhais also resulted from the land tenure laws, in which land rights were, until recently, secured by conversion to pasture or agriculture, and due to demand for charcoal from the massive Carajas iron ore project, as well as for the timber itself.
+During the 1980s the Brazil nut barons saw their economic and political power wane but made various attempts to prevent land reform. After a series of violent conflicts, in 1988 some 64 castanhales (estates) covering 240 000 ha were expropriated by the Government on payment of exaggerated compensation levels negotiated by the barons.
+There followed a period of increased invasion, violence and deforestation as a result of lack of definition of the tenure situation. The setting up of communally managed forest areas was discussed, but found little support from residents more interested in rice, cassava and maize. This was due partly to the low producer returns from the aviamento system, and the fear that sales would be boycotted. O'Donnell Sills ( 1990) makes the important observation that the local Unions and their members have a history of fighting for the right to cultivate the land in the castanhais, as opposed to preserving it, and have always sought individual tenure.
+These conditions appear to rule out the extractive reserves and/or processing co-operative options, unless direct links with importers could provide a guaranteed price basis. However, the grassroots institutions in Maraba do not appear to be strong or interested enough at present.
+Holt (1991) reports that 80% of the commercially traded nuts are now bought in Acre, including Bolivian and Peruvian nuts smuggled in to take advantage of exchange rate differences. The nuts are then transported 4000 km down river to Belém. Over 70% of Brazil's exports are handled by three major companies in Belém owned by the Mutran family, who thereby control the commercialization process both in Brazil and internationally.
+The current crisis and future prospects
+The current situation is one of great concern, according to J. Holt (pers. comm.), one of the main UK importers. In 1991 the Mutrans attempted to supply the market with sub-quality produce from the poor harvest, 45% down on 1990. As a result demand and prices fell, so much so that the Belém shippers decided not to supply seed money to finance the aviamento system in March 1992. Holt fears that this could set off a downward spiral which could further erode the position of Brazil nuts in a competitive market.
+The future of Brazil nut extraction may also be under threat due to a dwindling resource base. Nepstad et al. (in press) report a lack of regeneration and juvenile trees in Acre. Possible causes include the over-harvesting of fruits which are large and easy to find (leaving too few for seed); the reduced population of agoutis (the main dispersal agents), due to hunting; and low germination rates due to small felled-tree gaps in Acre's forest; seed vulnerability to fungus; and burning beneath adult trees to facilitate fruit collection. The trees are also increasingly felled (illegally) for their high-quality timber in western Amazonia (O'Donnell Sills, 1990).
+Domestication is a further threat to extraction. Torres and Martine (1991) report that several thousand hectares have been planted in Para and Amazonas States. The Humid Tropics Agricultural Research Centre (CPATU) is confident that rapid genetic improvements will make it possible to replace the extractive activity with a much
+smaller plantation area. However, there is still time for technical or disease problems to make commercial production impractical, as happened with earlier attempts to domesticate rubber and cocoa in Amazonia.
+Co-operative processing and marketing will be important if Brazil nut gatherers are to be sufficiently remunerated to continue. Following the successful establishment of the Xapuri plant (at the time of writing), Cultural Survival has been approached by five more groups in Brazil, and two each from Peru and Bolivia to set up similar or more decentralized shelling plants.
+Babaçu
+Babaçu (Orbignya phalerata), a palm used for its oil, charcoal food and shelter, grows in successional palm forests over large areas of Brazil and Bolivia, but especially in the transition zone between the semi-arid northeast and the humid tropics of northern Brazil. It has a particularly high potential because it is a pioneer species in cleared forest, growing in almost pure stands on degraded sites.
+Anderson et al. (1991) report a density of over 6000 seedlings and juvenile palms per hectare in central Maranhao: this reflects a capacity to escape predation, high shade tolerance and a growing point being just below ground, making it resistant to burning. It has a high leaf production rate, while its undersurface germination promotes soil mixing, soil structure and recycling of deep nutrients.
+Babaçu is traditionally favoured in swidden agricultural systems by both indigenous groups and settlers, because it represents a subsidy from nature (Anderson et al. 1991): this is due firstly to the release of nutrients accumulated during the fallow period through litter fall and biomass burning, and secondly, due to the wide range of subsistence and cash products it provides.
+Babaçu products are particularly important for the subsistence economy as they are obtained in the period between peak labour demands in annual crop production, and are produced primarily by women and children. One survey found 83% of the participants in babaçu activities were women (Anderson and Anderson, 1983). All parts of the tree are used: the leaves for shelter, the husks for charcoal, and the oil kernel, palm heart and starchy outer husks for human and animal food. The main cash products are oil (used for cooking, soap and chemical applications), feedcake and charcoal. May (1990a) estimates that some 450 000 Brazilian households depend on the palm for a significant proportion of their incomes.
+The babaçu oil industry was at one time the largest oilseed industry in the world based solely on the harvest of a wild plant: in 1984 it contributed an estimated $150 million value-added to the Brazilian economy (Balick, 1987). However, there was a dramatic decline in its export value from $4.26 million in 1985 to $109 000 in 1989, due to substitution by synthetic detergents and less fatty edible oils, but domestic usage in Brazil remains substantial.
+Changes in tenure and land use
+Initially land at the Amazon frontier in Maranhao was open access, but gradually usufruct rights over palms and other extractive resources were established informally by peasant groups. Households often retained exclusive property rights over dense stands in the vicinity of their homes - this being a strong settlement criterion (May, 1990a).
+Another form of tenure existed on the private estates in the babaçu zone, where peasants were granted usufruct rights on condition that sale of the kernels took place through the landowner. The regressiveness of land distribution in Maranhao is shown by the fact that in 1980, 85% of the population had less than one hectare, mainly in shifting cultivation, while 43% of the land was in estates of over 1000 ha. Access to additional land was gained by squatters or share-croppers.
+In the 1970s, expansion of the road network, subsidized credit and land concessions stimulated major land-use changes throughout the region. The big expansions of mechanized rice cultivation, pasture (by 72% between 1970 and 1980) and agro-industrial crops resulted in babaçu clearance, widespread eviction, and a reduced area for subsistence agriculture, further increasing peasant dependence on the depleted babaçu stands (May, 1990b). Ranchers were advised by extensionists, clear cut babau stands in order to increase pasture productivity so that by 1986 some 15% of babaçu stands had suffered this fate. Ironically, the combination of babaçu and pasture has been shown to be a silvopastoral system of proven mutual benefit to ranchers and extractors (May et al., 1985). It has now been made illegal to fell babaçu, but this law has proved ineffective.
+Impact of commercialization and processing changes
+The commercialization process has passed through three main stages: the first between 1920 and 1935 when unprocessed kernels were mainly exported; the second from 1940 to 1960 when the kernels were transported for processing in southern Brazil; and since the 1970s with the development of the regional oil industry. In the 1970s and early 1980s extraction was too low to satisfy demand, fuelled by fast economic growth and population expansion, causing increases in (deflated) prices by an average of 20% a year from 1973 to 1984 (May, 1990a).
+A survey in Maranhao revealed very little production response. This was firstly because merchants and landowners did not pass on the price increases, resulting in a fall in the extractors' real terms of trade by 39% from 1973 to 1983, and secondly because babaçu proved to have an inelastic supply (May, 1990a). May found that the rice harvest took priority and extraction only increased in February when labour was freed from weeding rice. The time devoted to extractivism was found to be inversely correlated to rainfall - in higher rainfall years more time was spent on agricultural activities.
+Because of these factors, the babaçu processing plants found it increasingly difficult and expensive to obtain the kernels. They therefore looked for ways to reduce costs. Innovations led to the production of charcoal, ethanol and tar as well as the traditional oil and feedcake. This led to a shift from manual kernel extraction to whole fruit marketing and centralized processing.
+Whole-fruit processing is less labour intensive than manual extraction. Babaçu fruits need to be gathered in large volumes and transported to a central processing unit rather than broken up at home and sold when convenient. This led to men replacing women as the main income recipients. The sale of charcoal for industrial fuel also had the effect of almost eliminating the most important source of domestic fuel in the region (May, 1990b). Therefore subsistence and income benefits to resident extractors were considerably reduced on the estates of 'progressive' landlords who went over to whole-fruit marketing.
+The fallow period has also decreased. Between 1970 and 1980 the average fallow period in the forest zone declined from 4.2 to 3.2 years, leaving insufficient time for restoration of babaçu leaf biomass. May (1990b) concludes that the combination of land use and processing changes caused drastic alterations in rural employment and income distribution, and resulted in large-scale outmigration.
+The main need, according to Anderson et al. (1991), is to alter the prevailing institutional mechanisms through which development benefits are distributed by establishing babaçu industries as community enterprises in extractive reserves. So far one extractive reserve of just over 8000 ha has been designated for about 300 families in northeast Maranhao. In conjunction with this, Anderson et al. (1991) report on successful trials with appropriate village level technology. May (1990b) also calls for the (politically complicated) formalization and protection of usufruct rights of extractors on private land.
+Products from the varzea
+Açai juice
+The main source of açai juice and palm hearts is Euterpe oleracea, which occurs in extensive natural stands on the varzeas of the Lower Amazon in Brazil, as well as in the Guyanas and Venezuela. Although açai juice making is an old tradition, the commercial importance of the palm is more recent as Table 1 (see page 3) shows. In 1966 açai output was not even recorded in official statistics, but by 1987 it had become easily the most important, extractive product, by value, in the Brazilian economy.
+Strudwick and Sobel (1988) note that every part of the palm is used in some way for a range of subsistence benefits. For example, the seeds are used as livestock food or manure, the leaves are often used for basketry, and the trunks for flooring or fencing. It is also processed for sale as ice-cream.
+The main marketing constraint is the high perishability of açai fruits, which must reach the market place within 24 hours. This limits it, as a cash crop, to areas near market centres. However the short distances, ease of processing and absence of complex wholesale and export market structures result in a high proportion of the sale value accruing to the producers. Most of the produce is brought by the producers themselves to the processing plants.
+Açai palms have the advantage that they can be easily managed for both the juice and palm hearts on a sustainable basis, due to their multi-stemmed self-regenerative habit. They are being increasingly planted, and respond well to low intensive management. Anderson and Jardim (1989) show an almost 50% increase in returns from selective thinning and pruning over unmanaged stands.
+Açai juice is regarded in Pará as a staple food forming a major and basic part of the diet with a daily consumption of up to two litres per person (Strudwick and Sobel, 1988). (1992) reports that some 50 000 litres of unprocessed fruit were normally sold daily in Belém alone, until the cholera epidemic. It is therefore not an ephemeral boom-bust extractive product.
+Clay also observes that the juice is equally popular at all socio-economic levels which means that it does not suffer the normal demand problem associated with staples - a negative income elasticity of demand. Another advantage is that due to regionally different seasons of maturity, an all-year-round supply can be maintained.
+Palm hearts
+Having depleted natural stands of Euterpe edulis in southern Brazil during the 1960s, the palm heart canning industry has now moved to Para and Amapa States. Production has declined since the mid-1980s, when açai stands were exploited at a rate of over 90 000 tonnes a year (Arkcoll and Clement, 1989) due to the destructive harvesting methods used, with gangs of contracted labourers cutting the tops off entire Euterpe olearaca stands, and lower export prices.
+The palm hearts are processed and canned in factories on the banks of the Amazon before being taken to Belém, from where they are distributed to the large domestic market, or exported if the fibre level is sufficiently low principally to France and the US (Strudwick and Sobel, 1988). Arkcoll and Clement (1989) report that poor quality control by numerous small firms in the canning business has led to the rejection of much of the export material, and that the product is variable due to the subjective decision of which outer fibrous leaves to eliminate.
+Palm hearts could be harvested on a sustainable basis by leaving some of the stems and cutting from the base, but labourers are paid on a piece rate basis and have no incentive to practice slower sustainable methods. Schwartzmann (1990) argues that this is a clear case where land reform would result in sustainable management practices: the combination of extractive reserves and cooperative marketing in Amapa was under investigation in 1990.
+In the absence of rationalized harvesting techniques, future demand could be met from plantations of Bactris gasipaes, which can produce palm hearts at six times the rate of E. oleraca in experimental plantations, according to Arkcoll and Clement (1989).
+Impact of market expansion for açai products
+Nugent (1991) looked at the impact of rapid market expansion on extractive groups on Combu Island in the Amazon estuary near Belém. Many extractors were sharecropping tenants to the major, absentee, landlord of the island, whose main interest was the profitability of açai extraction. Thus access to land became more dependent on willingness to specialize in this increasingly profitable activity.
+This was resisted by many share-croppers who preferred a broader livelihood basis. The result was increased social conflict, and those denied access to land were marginalized (Nugent, 1991). The recent collapse of the açai juice market due to cholera (D. Cleary, pers. comm.) will have vindicated the actions of the more conservative extractors.
+Aguaje
+Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa) is another common varzea palm with a large regional market in the area of Iquitos, Peru. Padoch (1988) estimated the daily urban consumption to be about 15 tonnes during most of the year. It has a wide variety of market and household uses: Padoch remarks that 'no other fruit is sold in so many forms'. However the main demand for the raw fruit or maduro, soaked in water, or as a drink, will have suffered from the cholera epidemic.
+Like açai it has suffered from destructive harvesting practices. Most harvesting is done on a commercial contract basis. Following an official permit to harvest an area, wholesalers use contractors who hire individuals to cut the palms. This has led to a sharp fall in the aguaje population in the swamps near Iquitos, and a consequent increase in prices (Padoch, 1988). Vasquez and Gentry (1989) also report that Aguaje, as well as Mauritellia peruviana and Jessenia bataua, have been rapidly depleted in Peru due to market pressures. Padoch (1988) flags the development of more sustainable harvesting methods as a priority if the commercial importance of aguaje is to be maintained.
+Camu camu
+Camu camu (Myrciara dubia) is a lake-margin plant found throughout Amazonia in nutrient - poor black water forests, and is of particular commercial importance in Peru (Prance, 1989). The fruit matures as river levels rise, making it easy to harvest by canoe. The fruit, which has the highest known vitamin C content of any fruit, some 30 times that of citrus, is sold in Iquitos markets for processing into fruit drinks and ice cream. Prance (1989) quotes a study in Peru which calculated a sustainable annual gross income of $6000 per hectare, presumably within easy reach of the Iquitos market. However, Clay (1992) comments that the local market is limited.
+Essential oils and flavouring products (excluding babaçu)
+Rosewood oil
+The essential oil of rosewood (pau rosa) is the highest unit value NTFP of the Amazon region, priced at US$ 27/kg (fob) in 1992. Production is export orientated for the perfumery industry. Global consumption declined from approximately 500 tonnes in the late 1940s to 150 tonnes in 1990 as a result of dwindling supplies, upward price movements, and substitution by synthetic linalool in the cheaper range of fragrance products.
+Production is based on the destructive felling of Aniba rosaeodora and A. ducke which were formally extensively distributed throughout the central and northern Amazon region. Although legally categorized as extractivism, production in Brazil has been a highly organized industry since the 1920s (Guenther, 1950; France, 1989; Schwartzmann, 1990). Producer firms tow distilleries, mounted on rafts up-river to the closest natural stand. Teams of labourers are then despatched to fell and manually carry the trunk wood to the distillery for processing. The industry has been centred on Manaus (Amazonas State) and Belém (Pare State), from which the oil was exported to the international market.
+Apart from some areas specially designated in recent years by IBAMA, exploitation of the wild resource has been unrestricted. Any natural regeneration has been dependent upon the slow growth of self-sown seedlings. Over-exploitation has led to a progressive reduction of the industry from over 100 distilleries in the 1960s to 20 in the mid-1980s. The decline in the last decade was swift and saw the demise of production in the State of Para.
+Field surveys conducted under a Brazil-UK technical co-operation project in 1991-92 revealed the virtual extinction of the two species in areas where they had been abundant just a few years previously (Green, 1992; pers. comm.). Trees of one metre girth, the basis of the former industry, no longer exist in economically accessible areas and there are few exceeding 30 cm girth within 20 km of river banks. The six remaining processing firms, based in Manaus and operating in northwest Amazonas, now harvest all trees greater than 15 cm girth for a distance of up to 30 km from the river, including Aniba species which were previously left untouched since the yield and quality of the oil is poor. The quality of exported Brazilian rosewood oil has deteriorated also by the practice of adulteration with synthetic linalool.
+Although substantial natural stands of Aniba rosaeodora and A. ducke remain, they are in inaccessible parts of the Amazon. The life-time of the industry as presently based is expected to be short. Revitalization in the longer term will be dependent upon the success of formal cultivation in an agroforestry context and this is the subject of the current Brazilian-UK project investigations. The work includes an assessment of the potential for production of oil through non-destructive leaf harvesting.
+Copaiba balsam
+Copaiba balsam from Copaifera spp. is used after further processing to an essential oil as a medicine throughout Brazil, in perfumes and in varnish. Oil production is in oscillation rather than decline. Prices have increased steadily on the export market, and demand appeared to be increasing in 1989 (Schwartzmann, 1990). Sizer (1991) reports increased collection of copaiba balsam in Amazonas in response to higher prices.
+Cumaru nuts
+Cumaru nuts (Dipteryx odorata) are the source of coumarin, which is used in cigarettes and perfumes. Cumaru nuts declined in export volume and price in the 1940s as a result of the development of synthetic coumarin, and again after 1985, but this may also be partly due to increased manufacture in Brazil for export of coumarin itself. In 1985 the export price was $8.36/kg, but in 1989 fell back to $3.84/kg (data in Schwartzmann, 1990).
+Fatty oils
+Ucuuba
+Seeds of ucuuba (Virola spp.) are exploited for their fat content and supplies have dwindled. Its demise stems from a combination of timber harvesting, low prices, rural to urban migration and alternative income-generating possibilities in the rural areas, which have reduced labour availability and thus supply consistency. From 142 tonnes of seed used in soap and candle manufacture in 1983, it fell to 10 tonnes in 1985 (Schwartzmann, 1990). It also has an important regional medicinal market.
+Andiroba
+Andiroba is a fatty oil extracted from the nuts of Carapa guianensis, and is used for soap production and as an illuminator. In the 1920s up to 350 tonnes of andiroba oil were exported. In 1985, 363 tonnes were still produced, but Schwartzmann (1990) reports that the nuts have virtually disappeared from the commercial market, due to low prices and logging, although there is still a significant regional market for medicinal purposes.
+Exudates
+Sorva latex from Couma utilis and Couma rigida is used mainly in chewing gum production, and although it has suffered from competition from synthetics, remains an important extractive product, both as an export (see Appendix 2) and because of its complementary role in extractive economies. Sizer (1991) notes that it was the main extractive activity in the Jau Valley of Amazonas State when conditions were bad for rubber collection.
+Arkcoll and Clement (1989) reported that Couma spp. were in the process of being eliminated from accessible areas due to destructive tapping methods, but Sizer (1991) reports a recent change towards sustainable extraction methods as a result of the availability of climbing irons. However, domestication may be imminent: Arckoll and Clement (1989) report good growth rates on experimental plantations. It is also an ideal agroforestry tree according to Prance (1989).
+Balata (Mimusops bidentada), known in the trade as gutta percha, is used in golf-ball cores and electrical insulators, but its demand has declined due to synthetic substitution. Macaranduba (Manilkara huberi) is also in decline because the tree is increasingly logged for its timber.
+<section>Impact of commercialization</section>
+Impact on welfare
+Socio-political factors
+The commercialization system
+The stage of the product's boom-bust cycle
+Impact on extractive resources
+Impact on biodiversity conservation
+Impact on welfare
+Socio-political factors
+The main case studies show the impacts of road development and ill-defined tenure situations on the welfare of extractors/forest dwellers. For example, the problems in Acre were mainly brought about by the federal policy of frontier expansion, fuelled by a combination of new roads and subsidized credit for ranching and agriculture. Privatization resulted in rapid land speculation and concentration, followed by outmigration and deforestation.
+Clay (1992) observes that the babaçu situation is typical of areas where supplies of products were established prior to any resolution of land rights problems. The harmful impact of babaçu development on people's welfare was due to a combination of the lack of formalization of usufruct rights of the resident extractors on large landholdings, and the land privatization and processing changes. Peasants only obtained access to babaçu if they supplied labour on a regular basis and sold the produce back to the landlords. This precarious access was lost when roads, subsidies and credit encouraged other land uses, and is further evidence that commercialization increases economic and social differentiation when land distribution is skewed.
+In these examples it is clear that Government policy had a crucial role to play in determining the negative effects on welfare disbenefits and resource depletion. Foreign aid initiatives must also take a major share of the blame. Many of these errors have now been recognized and acted upon: ranching subsidies have been eliminated; road building stopped (due to a change in donor policy); and extractive reserves endorsed. However, violence over land rights continues almost unabated according to recent reports (Schwartzmann, in press).
+The commercialization system
+The basis of the production and marketing system in most of Amazonia has been aviamento. Rural union leaders hold that it is the continual shifting of the terms of trade against extractors, ameliorated by short-lived price booms, that is the main cause of rural to urban migration. The case study of the decline of Brazil nut extraction in Para State shows how extractors lost interest in the resource and are now more interested in clearing the forest for agriculture (O'Donnell Sills, 1991).
+Escape from this system depends on distance and access to market (hence the importance of the road system), alternative employment opportunities and the definition of tenure and property rights, any of which reduce the control of the merchants or patraos.
+Low producer returns also result from oligopolistic wholesale and export market structures, as exemplified by the Mutran family domination of the Brazil nut trade. However, as Padoch (1989) points out, it is too simplistic to blame the middleman. The costs and risks of transportation and marketing are often high, especially in high inflation economies like Brazil, Peru and, until recently, Bolivia.
+Welfare is undoubtedly better for those few groups fortunate to be on the receiving end of alternative marketing arrangements as those set up by such as Cultural Survival and the Body Shop. In the latter case, the price to extractors has tripled. However, there are serious doubts about the dependency effects and sustainability of these artificial marketing arrangements.
+The stage of the product's boom-bust cycle
+Torres and Martine (1991) point out that when an extractive product gains acceptability in the market, there is an irresistible commercial pressure to substitute it with synthetic substitutes or by its domestication in the form of plantations, since extractivism is unable to satisfy the rapid increase in demand. In fact the success of a product tends to hasten its own demise: a product which experiences a slower growth in demand is more likely to survive this process.
+Homma (1989) presents a series of recent examples to show that extractive products are not compatible with the market's need for standardization and continual expansion. Inconsistency and inelasticity of supply of most extractive products is often the catalyst for substitution, as in the case of babaçu. Another factor which stimulates the substitution process is that as demand expands, extraction tends to more remote areas, thereby increasing per unit costs (Schmink and Wood, 1986). The clearest example of this is Brazil nuts.
+The bust phase is made worse when extractor groups narrow their livelihood base in favour of particular products. The boom part of the cycle may tempt extractors away from broad-based production systems to inherently unstable markets, although some extractor groups have been careful to maintain livelihood diversity (Nugent, 1991). In particular the maintenance by caboclo groups of sustainable swidden management systems has been a key factor in their survival (Parker, 1989).
+The impact of boom-bust extractivism has been particularly severe on indigenous communities. Padoch and de Jong (1990) conclude that the wholesale movement of people from one location to another in search of profits from forest products (including timber and fauna) has played a major role in the loss of traditional culture of native peoples in the Peruvian Amazon (see case study, page 2).
+Impact on extractive resources
+Browder (1992) contends that resource depletion occurs in both the boom stage of the market cycle 'as rational extractors seek quick profits' in a situation they know to be ephemeral, and also in the bust stage as extractors are forced to 'harvest the resource above sustainable thresholds to maintain their living standards'.
+The causes of resource depletion vary with the nature of the products. In cases where destructive harvesting can be practiced and a rapid demand increase has occurred, then Browder's analysis seems correct, as in the cases of rosewood oil, palm hearts and aguaje. In the case of the latter two, sustainable management is possible, but is conditional on tenure security. Copaiba and sorva have also suffered from over-exploitation, but recent appropriate technology innovations have led to the introduction of more sustainable harvesting methods which are preferred by extractors (Sizer, 1991).
+It is fortunate that many of the extractive products of the Amazon depend on non-destructive harvesting methods and can survive these pressures, although even these may not be immune: the increasing subdivision of holdings in Acre has led to super-exploitation of rubber trails according to Oliveira (in Browder, 1992), while over-harvesting of Brazil nuts may be contributing to lack of regeneration in Acre (Nepstad et al., in press).
+In most cases resource depletion has been caused by the socio-political and economic factors which have led to changes in land use. This is clear in the Brazil nut and babaçu case studies. It should also be pointed out that some of the depletion has been caused by commercial logging pressures, notably in the cases of Brazil nuts, andiroba, ucuuba and maracanduba.
+In the case of babaçu, the introduction of more efficient processing technology shows that increasing the value of the resource without accompanying tenure and institutional changes is insufficient to ensure resource conservation and lends more weight to the proponents of extractive reserves.
+Impact on biodiversity conservation
+Schwartzmann (1989) proposed that the production system in the pre-extractive reserve area he studied was 'indefinitely sustainable' at prevailing subsidized rubber prices. He pointed out that many of the families had been on the same holding for 40 to 50 years and had retained 98% of the holding in natural forest.
+Browder (1992) affirms that extractors also clear forest for pasture and agriculture, pan for gold, hunt game and cut timber. As Thiele (1990) has pointed out with respect to small farmers or campesinos in the Amazon Basin, their management practices are likely to be guided by short-term resource depleting profit maximization goals, when given the opportunity.
+Sizer and MacMillan (in press) points out that it has been their very shortage of capital and lack of direct access to markets that has limited the impact of extractors on forest resources. Therefore escape from aviamento and the greater freedom of extractors, even in the context of extractive reserves, may be a threat to big-diversity conservation. Browder (1992) and Sizer and MacMillan (in press) point out that the objective of extractive reserves is to maximize human welfare, not necessarily to conserve biodiversity.
+Anderson (1992) reports that 'more than 15% of the (San Luis de Remanso extractive) reserve had been degraded by the resident population for shifting cultivation and pasture conversion'. Recent evidence from Nepstad (in press) and Oliveira (in Browder, 1992) in Acre State shows an increase in clearance for subsistence agriculture and pasture: livestock and pasture development are regarded as the logical and most beneficial use of surplus funds in a high inflation economy. At the same time Brown (in press) points out that while extractive reserves cover only one percent of Brazil's rainforest, their location has impeded clearance in the highest pressure areas, as in eastern Acre.
+<section>The future of extractivism</section>
+Limitations
+The case for extractivism
+Subsidies
+Integrated forest management
+Avoiding the middleman
+The potential of green consumerism
+Limitations
+The recent literature reveals a consensus that extractivism per se is limited as a response to the conservation issue, and that expectations are unrealistic (Cleary, 1992; Browder, 1992; Anderson, 1992; Homma, 1989; Torres and Martine, 1991; Sizer, in press, and others). The apparent main reasons are as follows:
+(a) The nature of the markets, with the inherent tendency to substitute extractive products with synthetic substitutes and cultivated trees (domestication).
+(b) The inelastic supply of most extractive products, and the factors in the extractive economies that cause inconsistency of supply problems.
+(c) Limited income-earning potential of extractive products in comparison with alternative unsustainable land uses, including gold mining, cocaine production, agriculture and small-scale ranching. The products themselves are often not sufficiently high value (per unit weight) to justify post-harvest technology research.
+(d) The export markets for many extractive forest products are small and volatile, while some of the larger and more secure domestic markets, as for açai juice, palm hearts and aguaje, are for perishable varzea products which can only be grown in 2% of the Amazon.
+(e) Even when market development leads to an increase in value of the resource (as in the case of babaçu) the impacts are likely to be negative unless underlying political and land rights issues are tackled.
+(f) The extractors themselves do not see extractivism as a raison d'être but as a means of survival. Sizer (1991), Romanoff (in press) and O'Donnell Sills (1991) all report extractive groups expressing preferences for agriculture and other land uses, unsurprising when one recalls that extractivism is often a poorly remunerated, lonely and isolated existence.
+(g) Extractivism cannot be viewed as a solution to the problem of new colonization: it is not accessible to new settlers, both on the grounds of the amount of technical knowledge and land required at the forest margin. Fearnside (1989) estimates that a typical rubber-tapping household needs between 300 and 500 hectares of forest. Also, as Green and Hone (1991) point out, colonist farmers tend to have a myopic vision which focuses on annual cropping, due to the frequency of their migrationary movements and tenure insecurity.
+The case for extractivism
+In spite of the above arguments, there are several important reasons to support extractivism and in particular extractive reserves.
+(a) Up to one and a half million people in Brazilian Amazonia still derive a significant proportion of their income from extractive products, according to Browder (1990). Therefore there is a strong humanitarian and strategic case for supporting extractivism, giving time for underlying legal and institutional reforms, and for research to develop more viable and integrated forest management systems. The immediate alternatives either involve forest clearance by the extractors themselves, or urban migration, which usually results in clearance by other groups. Migration has unacceptably high social and economic costs and is viewed by extractors as the last resort (Parfit, 1989; Schwartzmann, 1991).
+(b) The harvesting methods of most extractive products are non-destructive. With adequate prices, extractivism could be indefinitely sustainable.
+(c) For caboclo, indigenous and other groups with a historical tradition of extractivism and swidden farming, their indigenous technical knowledge provides a firm basis for sustainable forest management, incorporating 'poly-extractivism' and traditional swidden management techniques. The single biggest danger to the Amazon is the loss of those with the knowledge of how to sustainably manage it.
+(d) The institutional and tenurial arrangements of extractive reserves provide a socio-economic framework in which more sustainable forms of resource management can occur. Even if they are not successful, the urban drift, and associated costs, are likely to be more gradual and manageable than with the privatization of forest resources.
+Subsidies
+Sustainable forest management as practiced by most extractor groups provides a series of economic and environmental benefits which are either undervalued, due to market imperfections, or not valued at all, because they are external (Pearce et al., 1991). This study has shown that there is an apparent welfare-conservation trade-off for forest management under prevailing market forces. If left to market forces extractivism will gradually decline, and alternative land uses will take over.
+Natural rubber extraction in Brazil is only possible due to the Brazilian domestic rubber subsidy. Schwartzmann (1989) points out that the rubber subsidy in Brazil is relatively small, averaging about $25 million/year, less than half of the import tax actually levied in 1985 on imported natural rubber, and a fraction of the subsidies given until recently to ranching (averaging about $300 million/year according to official statistics).
+The rubber subsidy seems a small price to pay to avoid the negative external effects of alternative land uses: a case can surely be made for subsidizing the ecologically sustainble management of other inadequately remunerated extractive products. The political and practical problems of who should pay for it and how it should be used will obviously be great, but the setting up of international transfer payment mechanisms seems to be an inevitable necessity if the North wishes to continue to receive the benefits of extractivism. Another vital area is the payment of royalties for the intellectual property rights of extractive species.
+The first priority for any such flows would be to bolster the activities of the CNS, which according to Brown (in press), is often unable to pay its small staff and bills in spite of being the principal proponent of extractive reserves.
+Integrated forest management
+Most analysts, especially Browder (1992) and Anderson (1992), see sustainable agriculture, agroforestry (especially based on indigenous swidden management techniques), and timber extraction as playing a major future role in both the context of extractive reserves and frontier production systems.
+There are strong arguments for combining extractivism with community participation in the sustained yield management of timber. An example of this is provided by the forest ejidos of Yucatan, Mexico, in which timber extraction in the dry season is successfully combined with chicle extraction from Manilkara zapota in the wet season (Richards, 1991).
+Timber faces few of the market problems of extractive products. Even if there was a boycott of tropical hardwoods by the North, there is still a huge internal market to satisfy: the Amazon presently supplies 54% of Brazil's roundwood according to Browder (1992), who also argues for a much greater emphasis on secondary forest management (i.e. on regenerating forest).
+Avoiding the middleman
+Fearnside (1989) points out that 'when the value of products accrues to intermediaries, extractivists remain poor, regardless of the amount of wealth they generate'. Most analysts agree on the need to develop co-operative producer, marketing and processing structures to increase producer margins at the expense of the middlemen. Certainly in many situations they are able to maintain their margins through control of capital and market information, especially in remote areas. At the same time their economic importance is traditionally underestimated (Padoch, 1989; Holt, 1991).
+The Xapuri Brazil nut plant, and the Kayapo Indian project which produces Brazil nut oil for Body Shop hair conditioner, rely on alternative marketing structures in which existing oligopolistic marketing structures are bypassed completely. May (1991) contends that such a mechanism is a widely replicable model of international cooperation. Others argue that they run the risk of temporarily raising returns and expectations with unsustainable structures and markets, especially when the products are consumed in limited speciality markets tied to current fashions (Browder, 1992). These alternative marketing arrangements are a way of buying time while Amazonian Governments and the international community develop more durable approaches to the problems.
+The potential of green consumerism
+A less risky approach is to cash in on increased international awareness of the role of extractivism in forest conservation. Holt (1991) points out that there has been no attempt to link Brazil nut consumption with rainforest conservation. He points out the need for consumer education and identification of sources in brand names, e.g. Kayapo Brazil nuts, as a means of increasing demand and prices.
+<section>Research and development priorities</section>
+In view of the discussion above it can be argued that much more attention should be given to agroforestry approaches based on swidden management systems, to secondary forest management, to sustained yield management for timber, and in particular to the integration of these and extractivism in the development of multiple product forest management systems.
+In order to do this in any location, it is essential to conduct socio-economic research on existing activities to see how new approaches can be integrated into existing livelihood systems. There is also an urgent need for data on the relative returns to labour and, on land requirements, and market viability of the new approaches.
+Cleary (1992) argues that this type of work can best be achieved by supporting regional research capacity, especially that found in local universities. The PESACRE project, in which a network of social and natural scientists from a mixture of state, university and non-government organizations (NGOs) are working to a common research and policy agenda, provides an interesting basis for this kind of research and could be replicable in other areas (Schmink, 1991). The network approach increases the complementarily of research efforts and avoids duplication.
+Other research and development priorities are listed below.
+1. Strengthening the institutional basis of extractive reserves. This will involve institution building and increased resources for both state and NGOs involved in the development of extractive reserves.
+2. Development of co-operative processing and marketing structures on extractive reserves. This should include micro-economic research on marketing chains and margins for the main extractive products, in order to plan appropriate levels of vertical integration and interventions in the marketing process.
+3. Research on the economic and social impacts of alternative marketing arrangements (Cultural Survival, Body Shop, etc.) on direct beneficiaries, other extractive groups, supply continuity and overall market dynamics.
+4. The development of market information systems to increase market transparency, increase competition, inform producer groups of market possibilities, and establish more direct links with northern entrepreneurs.
+5. Development of a consumer education campaign to increase the green demand for sustainably harvested
+extractive products, and encourage importers to use brand names to identify sources.
+6. Research to normalize the often chaotic land tenure situation of extractive populations. In particular May (1990b) calls for research to help define and protect usufruct or access rights based on tenurial arrangements.
+7. Research to develop sustainable harvesting techniques, especially for the palms, and diffusion of recently introduced technologies for sustainably harvesting sorva latex and copaiba oil.
+8. Research into processing potential for domestic markets. For example Clay (1992) believes there is a large untapped potential for essential oil processing in Para State.
+9. Research into the demand and supply problems of Brazil nut extraction in order to consider whether and how current problems can best be confronted.
+10. Finally any research and development of NTFPs should be based on the following criteria to maximize conservation and welfare impacts:
+(a) terra firme trees or plants with both subsistence and cash uses, that benefit a large number of people;
+(b) products with an established domestic market;
+(c) products least likely to be substituted;
+(d) trees or shrubs which can be incorporated in agroforestry and swidden management systems;
+(e) research into alternative sources of high value low volume extractive products where traditional sources are experiencing depletion, e.g. rosewood oil.
+Babaçu would appear to have a high priority according to most of these criteria, although its main product can easily be substituted.
+<section>Conclusions</section>
+In general, market development has not resulted in improved welfare for extractors because of both the sociopolitical factors and the aviamento-based production and marketing systems. Nor has an increase in the value of the standing forest, even when based on less risky domestic markets, necessarily resulted in safeguarding the resource, as the babaçu case study shows.
+Essentially this is because market development has taken place in a socio-economic and policy context (of frontier expansion, and resource privatization) inimical to the welfare of extractors and resource conservation, a situation not helped by hyper-inflation which erodes earnings from forest products, encourages extractors to invest in livestock, and results in falling real interest rates for competing land uses. On the positive side should be noted the recent Brazilian policy changes on roadbuilding and cattle ranching incentives.
+Most analysts (Anderson, Browder, Homma, Torres and Martine, and Cleary) seem to agree that extractive products are likely to remain marginal in the search for sustainable natural resource management systems in the Amazon region. Rubber and Brazil nuts in particular are undergoing a gradual, probably terminal, decline in their role as the basis of extractive economies in many areas. Other important products like babaçu oil (undergoing substitution), açai juice (affected in the market by cholera), and rosewood oil (suffering depletion) have also recently diminished in importance in extractive economies.
+Homma (1989) sees substitution as inevitable due to the inability of extractivism to respond to the need of the market for a constant, uniform product with an elastic supply. Rubber and Brazil nuts therefore fit into the historical boom and bust cycle that has characterized internationally traded extractive products over the centuries. Products for local and national market are far less prone to these consequences.
+There are therefore major fears for the economic viability of extractive reserves if based solely or even mainly on extractivism. Unless extractor groups can successfully diversify into other sustainable uses of the forest, the outcome is likely to be increased clearance for subsistence agriculture and cash cropping, followed by migration when the soils lose their fertility. The loss of extractivists means loss of the knowledge base for sustainable forest use.
+There are strong arguments to focus future efforts on the development of multiple product forest management in extractive reserves, which provide the tenure and institutional basis in which such resource use changes can equitably take place. Anderson (1992) argues for a research and policy agenda aimed at transforming extractive reserves into viable enterprises. There seems to be a high potential both for sustainable yield timber management and NTFP production in the context of agroforestry systems based on indigenous swidden farming practices.
+The danger of market-induced extractivism is that it can lead forest peoples into narrowing their livelihood base. This is likely to cause adverse welfare and resource impacts in the longer term. Thus the market development of extractive products should take place within an integrated approach in which the diversity and interdependence of livelihood activities is centrally important (Cleary, 1992).
+Finally, if the North wants relatively environmentally benign extractivism to continue, and therefore satisfy its priority of biodiversity conservation (a priority only partially shared by extractor populations and Amazonian governments) it may have to find a way of adequately remunerating the users.
+Although there is a consensus that expectations have been overstated, support for extractivism is still the necessary short-term palliative while the longer term approach of diversification of forest management is developed, since there are no immediately accessible sustainable forest management alternatives for extractive populations.
+<section>References</section>
+ALLEGRETTI, M.H. (1990). Extractive reserves: an alternative for reconciling development and environmental conservation in Amazonia. In: Anderson, A.B. (ed.) Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps Towards Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest. New York: Colombia University Press.
+ANDERSON, A.B. (1992). Land-use strategies for successful extractive economies. In: The Rainforest Harvest: Sustainable Strategies for Saving the Tropical Forests?London: Friends of the Earth.
+ANDERSON, A.B. and ANDERSON, E. (1983). People and the Palm Forest: Biology and Utilization of Babaçu Palms in Maranahao, Brazil. USMAB Project Report. Gainesville: Department of Botany, University of Florida.
+ANDERSON, A.B. and JARDIM, M. (1989). Costs and benefits of floodplain forest management by rural inhabitants in the Amazon estuary: a case study of Açai palm production. In: Browder, J. O., Fragile Lands in Latin America: The Search for Sustainable Uses. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
+ANDERSON, A.B., MAY, P. and BALOCK, M. (1991). The Subsidy from Nature. New York: Columbia University Press.
+ARKCOLL, D.B. and CLEMENT, C. 1989. Potential New Crops from the Amazon. In: Wickens, G.E., Haq, N. & Day, P. (eds.) New Crops for Food and Industry. London: Chapman and Hall.
+BALEE, W. 1989. The culture of Amazonian forests. Advances in Economic Botany 7: 1-21
+BALICK, M.J.1987. The economic utilization of the Babaçu palm: a conservation strategy for sustaining tropical forest resources. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 77 (4): 215-223
+BROWDER, J.O. (1990). Social and Economic Constraints on the Development of Market-orientated Extractive Systems in Amazon Rain Forests. Mimeo. Virginia Polytechnic and State University.
+BROWDER, J.O. (1992). The Limits of Extractivism: Tropical Forest Strategies beyond Extractive Reserves. BioScience 42 (3): 174-182
+BROWN, I.F., NAPSTED, D., PIRES, I., LUZ. I., and ALECHANDRA, A. (in Press). Carbon storage and land use in extractive reserves, Acre, Brazil. Environmental Conservation.
+CLAY, J. (1992). Report on Funding and Investment Opportunities for Income Generating Activities that could Complement Strategies to halt Environmental Degradation in the Greater Amazon Basin. Report for Biodiversity Support Program. USA: Cambridge.
+CLEARY, D. (1992). Overcoming socio-economic and political constraints to "wise forest management": lessons from the Amazon. In: Wise Management of Tropical Forests. Proceedings of the Oxford Conference on Tropical Forests 1992. Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute.
+COLCHESTER, M. (1989). Indian development in Amazonia: risks and strategies. The Ecologist 19 (6): 249-256
+EDEN, M.J. (1990). Ecology and Land Management in Amazonia. London: Belhaven Press.
+FEARNSIDE, P.M. (1989). Extractive Reserves in Brazilian Amazonia: an opportunity to maintain tropical forest under sustainable use. Bioscience 39:387-393
+GRADWOHL, J. and GREENBERG R. (1988). Saving the Tropical Forests. London: Earthscan.
+GREEN, C.L. & HONE, G.A. (1991). Essential Oil Production in Developing Countries. Paper presented at the Third International Meeting on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in December in Nyons, France. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+GUENTHER, E. (1950). The Essential Oils, 4. New York: D van Nostraad Inc.
+GRAY, A. (1990). Indigenous Peoples and the Marketing of the Rainforest. The Ecologist 20 (6): 223-227
+HECHT, S., ANDERSON, A. and MAY, P. (1988). The Subsidy from Nature: Shifting Cultivation, Successional Palm Forests and Rural Development. Human Organization 47(1): 25-35
+MOLT, J. (1991). Brazil Nuts. Amazonia Trading Company Ltd., Liverpool.
+MOMMA, A.K.O. (1989). Reservas extravistas: uma opçao de desenvolvimiento viável pare a Amazonia? Para Desenvolvimiento 25: 38-48
+LESCURE, J.P. and CASTRO, A. (1990). L'extractivsm en Amazonie Centrale Apercu des Aspects Economiques et Botaniques. UNESCO/IUFRO Workshop, Cayenne, May 1990.
+MAY, P.H. (1990a). Local product markets for babaçu and agro-industrial change in Maranhao, Brazil. Advances in Economic Botany 8: 92-102
+MAY, P.H. (1990b). A tragedy of the non-commons: recent developments in the Babaçu palm based industries in Maranhao, Brazil. Forests, Trees and Peoples Newsletter 11: 23-27
+MAY, P.H. (1991). Building Institutions and Markets for Non-Wood Forest Products from the Brazilian Amazon. Unasylva 165: 9-16
+MAY, P.H., ANDERSON, A., FRAZAO, M., and BALICK, M. (1985). Babaçu palm in the agroforestry systems in Brazil's mid-North Region. Agro-Forestry Systems 3: 275-295
+MORAN, E. (1981). Developing the Amazon. Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press.
+MURPHY, R. and STEWARD, J. (1956). Tappers and trappers: parallel processes in acculturation. Economic Development and Culture Change 4: 335-353
+NEPSTAD, D.C. et al. (In Press). Biotic impoverishment of Amazonian forests by NTFP extractors, loggers and cattle ranchers. Advances in Economic Botany.
+NUGENT, S. (1991). The limitations of environmental "management'': forest utilization in the lower Amazon. In: GOODMAN, D. and REDCLIFT, M. (eds) Environment and Development in Latin America: The Politics of Sustainability. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
+O'DONNELL SILLS, E. (1990). Extractive Reserves in the Brazilian Amazon. BA Thesis. United States: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princetown University.
+PADOCH, C. (1988). Aguaje (Mauritia flexuesa) in the economy of Iquitos, Peru. In: Balick M. (ed) The Palm - Tree of Life: Biology, Utilization and Conservation. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 214-224
+PADOCH, C. (1989). Marketing of Non-timber Forest Products in Western Amazonia. General Observations and Research Priorities. Symposium on Extractive Economics in Tropical Forests: a Course for Action. National Wildlife Federation, Nov. 30 - Dec. 1. Washington DC.
+PADOCH, C. and DE JONG, W. (1990). Santa Rosa: The Impact of the Forest Products Trade on an Amazonian Place and Population. Advances in Economic Botany 8: 151-158
+PARFIT, M. (1989). Facing up to reality in the Amazon: whose hands will shape the future of the Amazon's green mansions? Smithsonian 20 (8): 58-77
+PARKER, E.P. (1989). A Neglected Human Resource in Amazonia. The Amazon Caboclo. Advances in Economic Botany 7: 249-259
+PAUL, V. (1991). Importance of Non-Wood Forest Products for Regional Trade in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of World Forestry Congress 15.4: 119-124. Paris.
+PEARCE, D., BARBIER, E., MARKANDYA, A., BARRETT, S., TURNER, R.K., SWANSON, T. (1991). Blueprint 2: Greening the World Economy. Earthscan. London.
+PETERS, C.M., GENTRY, A. and MENDELSOHN, R. 1989. Valuation of an Amazonian Rain Forest. Nature 339: 655-6
+PRANCE, G.T. (1989). Economic Prospects for Tropical Rainforest Ethnobotany. In: Browder J. Fragile Lands in Latin America: the Search for Sustainable Uses. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
+RICHARDS, E.M. (1991). The Forest Ejidos of South-East Mexico: A case study of community based sustained yield management. Commonwealth Forestry Review 70(4): 290-311.
+ROMANOFF, S. (in press). Food and debt among rubber tappers in the Bolivian Amazon. Human Organization.
+SCHMINK, M. 1991. Building institutions for sustainable development in Acre. Mimeo. University of Florida, Gainesville. Centre of Tropical Conservation and Development.
+SCHMINK, M. and WOOD, C.H. (1986). The Political Ecology of Amazonia. Mimeo. University of Florida, Gainseville: Centre for Latin American Studies.
+SCHWARTZMANN, S. (1989). Extractive Reserves: the Rubber Tappers strategy for sustainable land use of the Amazon rain forest. In: Browder, J. (1989) Fragile lands in Latin America: the Search for Sustainable Uses. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
+SCHWARTZMANN, S. (1990). Marketing of Extractive Products in the Brazilian Amazon. Mimeo. New York: Environmental Defence Fund.
+SCHWARTZMANN, S. (1991). Deforestation and Popular Resistance in Acre: from Local Social Movement to Global Network. The Centennial Review 35(2) 397-422
+SCHWARTZMANN, S. (In Press). Land Distribution and the Social Costs of Frontier Development in Brazil: Social and Historical Context of Extractive Reserves. Advances in Economic Botany.
+SCHWARTZMANN, S. and ALLEGRETTI, M. (1987). Extractive Production in the Amazon and the Rubber Tappers' Movement. New York: Environmental Defence Fund.
+SIZER, N.C. (1991). Cattle Ranching and Rubber Tapping: Ecological, Social and Policy Impacts of Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon. Dissertation submitted in application for Research Fellowship, King's College, Cambridge.
+SIZER, N. C. and MACMILLAN, G . (In Press). Revolution in the Rain Forest: Good News for Conservation? The Ecologist.
+STRUDWICK, J. and SOBEL, G.L. (1988). Uses of Euterpe oleracea in the Amazon Estuary, Brazil. Advances in Economic Botany 6: 225-253
+THIELE, G. (1990). Are Peasant Farming Systems in the Amazon Sustainable? Discussion Paper 282. University of Sussex, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
+TORRES, H. and MARTINE, G. (1991). Amazonian Extractivism: Prospects and Pitfalls. Documento de Trabalho No.5. Brasilia, Brazil: Instituto Sociedade, Populalaçao o Natureza.
+VASQUEZ, R. and GENTRY, A.H. (1989). Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. Conservation Biology 3: 350-362
+<section>Appendix 1</section>
+Description of the most important commercial NTFPs in Amazonia
+Lescure and De Castro (1992)
+ACAl PALM
+Euterpe Olerala Mart. The fruit makes a highly prized drink and the hearts, under the name Palmito, are the basis of a canning industry producing Palm Hearts.
+ANDIROBA
+Carapa spp. Meliaceae. The seeds are collected for medicinal oil and made into soap suitable for skin care.
+BABACU
+Orbinia martiana Barb Rodr. Arecaceae.
+The seeds are collected for processing into an edible oil.
+BALATA
+Manilkara Bidentata A. DC. Chev
+Sapotaceae. The solid latex become an inelastic gum similar to gutta percha.
+BORRACHA
+Solid latex of various species of Hevea
+(Euphorbiaceae)
+CASTANHA
+The seed of Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.
+Lecthidaceae internationally known as the Para nut or Brazil nut.
+CAUCHO
+Castilloa ulei Warb. Moraceae. The latex solidifies to form an elastic gum similar to that obtained from Hevea.
+COPAlBA
+Copaifera spp. Caesalpiniacea. The oleo resin has anti-bacteria properties and is used in skin care soaps.
+CUMARU
+Dipteryx odorata (Aubl) Willd,
+Papilionaceae. The seeds are harvested to prepare the essential oil, coumarin.
+LICURI
+Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Beccari
+Arecaceae. This produces a vegetable wax.
+MACARANDUBA Manilkara buberi (Ducke) Chev.
+Sapotaceae. This forms a solid latex which is an inelastic gum similar to balata.
+PIACAVA
+A fibre derived from Leopoldica piassaba(Wallace), in Amazonia or from Attalea funifera in northeast Brazil.
+SORVA
+Couma spp. (Apocynaceae). An edible gum.
+TIMBO
+Plants toxic to fish of the genera
+Tephrosia, Derris and Lonchocarpus
+(Caesalpiniaceae), which are harvested for their roots to extract rotenoid derivatives.
+TUCUMU
+A fibre derived from various Astrocaryum
+(Arecaceae).
+UCUUBA
+(Virola spp. Myristicaceae). The oil containing seeds are harvested for oil used in soap manufacture.
+PAU ROSA
+Rosewood oil is derived from the species
+Aniba Rosueodora and Aniba ducke. Koster(Lauraceae).
+<section>Appendix 2</section>
+Production and export of NTFPs in Brazilian Amazonia
+The tables below are taken from Lescure and de Castro's classic study Extractivism in Central Amazonia: Overview of Economic and Botanical Aspects (a paper given at the UNESCO/UFRO/FAU conference workshop on the Management and Conservation of Humid Tropical Forest Ecosystem, Cayenne 10-19 March 1992).
+The figures presented may differ from those given in the text tables. This is due to the different sources but the authors feel it worthwhile to reproduce both sets of data.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr12me.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr12me.key
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index 000000000..242b45b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr12me.key
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+MARINE FISHERIES
+BYCATCH
+POSTHARVEST LOSSES
+LOSSES
+FISH MEAL
+SALTED FISH
+FISH
+PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES
+FISH PROCESSING
+INDIA
+GUJARAT
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr12me.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr12me.txt
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+<title>Marine fisheries of Gujarat: post-harvest losses and possibilities for development</title>
+TDRI Tropical Development and Research Institute
+T. W. Bostock
+August 1987 Tropical Development and Research Institute
+127 Clerkenwell Road London EC1R 5DB
+Overseas Development Administration
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+The author would like to thank the staff of CIFT for their help and support during his first visit to India. Special thanks go to Dr. Gopakumar, Dr. P. G. V. Nair, Mr. Damle and Mr. Solanki for their kind hospitality. Thanks also to the staff of CMFRI in Veraval for their advice and information and to the many members of the private sector interviewed during this visit.
+© Crown copyright 1987
+This report was produced by the Tropical Development and Research Institute (formed by the amalgamation of the Tropical Products Institute and the Centre for Overseas Pest Research) a British Government organisation, funded by the Overseas Development Administration, which provides technical assistance to developing countries. The Institute specialises in post-harvest problems and pest and vector management.
+Short extracts of material from this report may be reproduced in any non-advertising, non-profit context provided that the source is acknowledged as follows:
+Bostock, T. W. (1987) Marine fisheries of Gujarat: post-harvest losses and possibilities for development. Report of the Tropical Development and Research Institute, L75, v + 32pp.
+Permission for commercial reproduction should, however, be sought from the Head, Publications, Publicity and Public Relations Section Tropical Development and Research Institute, College House, Wrights Lane, London W8 5SJ, England.
+No charge is made for single copies of this publication sent to governmental and educational establishments, research institutions and non-profit making organisations working in countries eligible for British Aid. Free copies cannot normally be addressed to individuals by name but only under their official titles.
+Tropical Development and Research Institute
+ISBN: 0 85954 - 221-1
+ISSN: 0264-7648
+<section>Summaries</section>
+Summary
+Résumé
+Resumen
+Summary
+A visit to Gujarat, India was carried out as part of a programme of collaboration between TDRI and the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), India. The objective of the visit was to study the extent of post-harvest losses in fish and their impact on the fishing industry. The emphasis of the programme was directed towards three major areas: trawler by-catch 'trash', fresh fish and cured fish.
+Nature of losses
+The overall utilisation of the total catch in Gujarat appears to be high. There is little evidence of gross physical losses caused, for example, by the dumping of low value by-catch at sea, a practice which is carried out in other areas of India. A strong, well-established market demand for a diverse range of fish products stimulates this high level of utilisation in spite of the fact that the catches of the various fleets comprise an enormous range of species whose value may vary by up to two orders of magnitude.
+However, as a result of a combination of handling and socio-economic factors, fish tends to be downgraded into lower value categories resulting in economic losses (i.e. a net reduction of potential revenue) which occur throughout the industry and at all levels of operation. These losses are likely to be extremely important. They range from the use for reduction into fish meal of small fish which would more efficiently be used for direct human consumption, to the use for domestic consumption of potentially high value fish which could be exported.
+In Gujarat itself, net physical losses (i.e. losses of nutrients through spoilage) caused by poor handling and processing, or through insect infestation, do not appear to be of great importance in fish which is destined for human consumption. They do, however, become important when fish is stored for long periods in the marketing centres such as Bombay.
+Nutritional losses (i.e. reduction in nutritional value due to spoilage or toxicity) are also unlikely to be significant in fish for human consumption except in the case of cured pelagic fish, such as tuna, where the excessive rancidity observed, and the likelihood of histamine development, could pose a risk.
+Conversely, however, in fish used for fishmeal production, both net physical losses and nutritional losses can be expected to be high. Data on these aspects have been obtained experimentally and are reported.
+Impact of losses
+At this stage it would be premature to quantify the differing impact of economic losses on the various fisheries owing to the lack of sound, long-term data on fish utilisation. However, it is clear from initial work carried out on its composition, that as much as 50% of the trash fish (i.e. the material to be used for fish meal) from the trawler fleet could be upgraded for direct human consumption as traditional cured products, through the application of simple preservation techniques on the boats. It is calculated that this would increase the annual revenue to the industry by about Rupees 4 million after deducting sufficient amounts to cover the extra labour and material costs involved.
+Although physical losses occurring during fish meal production are important, any economic loss tends to be offset by the weight gain due to soil and sand contamination during drying. Incentives to change are few.
+Losses and downgrading of fresh fish due to spoilage cannot be accurately assessed until more long-term data are available from destination markets. Initial indications, however, show that some 10-15% of fresh fish arrives in Delhi and Bombay from Gujarat in poor condition. Significantly, this fish does not go to waste but is sold at a reduced price representing an economic loss estimated to be in the region of Rupees 70 million per year (10% of the total value of the fresh fish industry).
+There is strong evidence to suggest that more of the fresh fish from the gill-net fishery which is used for domestic consumption could be upgraded and frozen for lucrative export (e.g. red snappers). This represents another unquantifiable source of economic loss to the sector.
+Losses and downgrading of cured fish (into fishmeal) appear to be of limited significance. This is helped by the strong tradition for fish curing, the liberal use of salt owing to its low cost, and the excellent prevailing atmospheric drying conditions which greatly reduce spoilage and the risk of insect damage.
+Reduction of losses
+Although estimates for losses have been made in both economic and physical terms, the data upon which these were based can only be regarded as preliminary bearing in mind the complexity and dynamic nature of the fishery and processing industry. Future work should therefore concentrate on strengthening the programme of data gathering to facilitate future assessments.
+As well as these long-term inputs, scope appears to exist for short-term projects aimed principally at reducing economic losses. It is likely that much could be achieved through extension and training activities directed towards promoting improved handling, preservation and sanitation. Recommendations to this effect are made throughout the report.
+Résumé
+Une visite à Gujarat en Inde a été conduite dans le cadre d'un programme de collaboration entre le TDRI et le CIFT (Institut central des technologies de la pêche d'Inde). L'objectif de cette visite était d'étudier l'étendue des pertes en poissons après récolte et l'incidence de ces pertes sur l'industrie de la pêche. Ce programme se proposait de mettre l'accent sur trots secteurs principaux: poissons de rebut sur les prises secondaires des chalutiers, poissons frais et poissons saurés.
+Nature des pertes
+L'utilisation d'ensemble de la prise totale enregistrée à Gujarat semble être bonnet Peu de preuves attestent de pertes physiques importantes dues, par exemple, au rejet en mer de prises secondaires de faible valeur. Une demande commerciale forte et bien implantée portent sur une gamme variée de produits de la pêche contribue à ce taux d'utilisation élevé en dépit du fait que les prises réalisées par les diverges flottes comprennent un large éventail d'espèces dont la valeur peut varier du simple au double.
+Toutefois, par suite d'un concours de facteurs relatifs à la manutention et de facteurs socio-économiques, le poisson tend à être rabaissé dans des catégories de moindre valeur commerciale et il en résulte des pertes économiques (c-à-d. une diminution nette des recettes potentielles) qui se répercutent à tous les niveaux de l'opération. II est probable que ces pertes soient extrêmement importantes, allant depuis la transformation en farine de petite poissons qui se prêteraient mieux et de manière plus rentable à une consummation directe par l'homme, à la consommation domestique de produits qu'une valeur marchande potentiellement élevée rendrait propres à l'exportation.
+A Gujarat même, les pertes physiques nettes (c-à-d. les pertes en substance nutritive dues à une mise au rebut) occasionnées par de médiocres opérations de manutention et de transformation, ou causées par une infestation par insectes, ne semblent pas d'une importance considérable pour le poisson destiné à la consommation humaine. Elles s'avèrent toutefois importantes lorsque le poisson est emmagasiné pendant de longues périodes de temps dans des centres commerciaux tels celui de Bombay.
+Les pertes nutritionnelles (c-à-d. diminution de la valeur nutritive due à une mise au rebut ou pour raison de toxicité) ne risquent pas non plus d'être significatives pour le poisson destiné à la consommation humaine, excepté toutefois lorsqu'il s'agit de poissons pélagiques saurés comme le thon, pour lesquels le rancissement excessif constaté et la probabilité d'un développement d'histamine pourraient présenter un risque.
+En revanche, lorsqu'il s'agit du poisson utilisé pour la production de farine de poisson, l'on peut s'attendre à de fortes pertes tant physiques que nutritionnelles. Les données se rapportant à ces aspects ont été obtenues à partir d'expériences et vent ici fournies.
+Incidences des pertes
+En raison du manque de fondement et de ['absence de données à long terme sur l'utilisation du poisson, il serait prématuré de vouloir dès aujourd'hui quantifier les diverges incidences que ces pertes économiques ont sur les différentes pêcheries. II ressort toutefois clairement des premières études réalisées sur ça composition que 50% du poisson de rebut (c-à-d. celui utilisé pour la farine de poisson) ramené par les chalutiers pourrait être revalorisé en vue d'être consommé directement par l'homme en tant que produit traditionnel sauré et ce, par l'emploi de techniques de conservation simples sur les bateaux. Les calculs indiquent que cette mesure engendrerait une augmentation du revenu annuel de l'industrie de l'ordre de 4 millions de roupies après déduction des sommes nécessaires pour la prise en compte de la main d'oeuvre supplémentaire et des coûts de matériel.
+Bien que les pertes subies lors de la production de farine de poisson soient importantes, toute perte économique tend à être contrebalancée par le gain de poids résultant de la mise en contact du produit avec la terre et le sable lors du séchage. Peu d'encouragements visent à modifier cette pratique.
+Les pertes et la dévalorisation du poisson frais pour cause de mise au rebut ne peuvent être estimées avec précision tant que les marchés destinataires ne fournissent pas de données à long terme. Les premiers renseignements obtenus indiquent toutefois que de 10 à 15% du poisson frais expédié de Gujarat arrive en condition médiocre à Delhi et à Bombay. Fait révélateur en soi, ce poisson n'est pas jeté mais vendu à un prix réduit, ce qui représente une perte économique estimée à environ 70 millions de roupies par an (soit 10% de la valeur totale de l'industrie du poisson frais).
+Les observations encouragent à penser que davantage de poissons frais ayant été pêchés à l'araignée et utilisés pour la consommation domestique pourraient être revalorisés et congelés à des fins d'exportation lucratives (par exemple, le vivaneau).
+Ceci représente une autre source non-chiffrable de pertes économiques subies par le secteur.
+Les pertes et la dévalorisation du poisson sauré (production de farine de poisson) semblent être de moindre importance du fait de la forte tradition de saurissage, de l'utilisation généreuse de sel (en raison de son prix faible), et des excellentes conditions atmosphériques de séchage qui diminuent grandement la mise au rebut et le risque d'attaque par insectes.
+Diminution des pertes
+Bien que ces pertes aient été estimées tant en termes économiques que physiques, les données sur lesquelles elles s'appuient ne peuvent revêtir qu'un caractère préliminaire compte tenu de la nature complexe et dynamique de l'industrie de la pêche et de transformation. II conviendrait donc qu'à l'avenir les travaux se concentrent sur le renforcement de ce programme de collection de données en vue de faciliter toute estimation future.
+Parallèlement à ces contributions à long terme, il semble y avoir place pour des projects à court terme dont le premier objectif serait de réduire les pertes économiques. II est probable que de bons résultats puissent être obtenus par le biais d'activités d'extension et de formation visant à améliorer la manutention ainsi que les procédés sanitaires et de conservation. Des recommandations à ces égards vent formulées en plusieurs endroits du rapport.
+Resumen
+Dentro de un programa de colaboración entre el TDRI y el Instituto Central de Tecnologia de Pesquerias (CIFT), India, se llevó a cabo una visita a Gujarat, India, pare estudiar la importancia de las pérdidas de pescado después de la capture y su impacto sobre la industria pesquera. El programa prestó particular atención a tres sectores de importancia: capture secundaria de los arrastreros, pescado fresco y pescado curado.
+Naturaleza de las pérdidas
+La utilización general de la capture total de Gujarat parece ser elevada, sin que apenas existan indicios de pérdidas fisicas de importancia, por ejemplo, mediante el vertido en el mar de la pesca secundaria de bajo valor, práctica común en otras zonas de la India. La existencia de una demanda fuerte y bien establecida pare una amplia gama de productos pesqueros sirve de estimulo pare este elevado nivel de utilización, a pesar de que las captures de las diversas flotas comprenden una gama enorme de especies, cuyo valor puede variar aun en dos órdenes de magnitud.
+Esto no obstante, y como resultado de una combinación de factores socioeconómicos y de gestión, el pescado tiende a ser depreciado en categorías más bajas de valor, resultando en pérdidas económicas (es decir, una reducción neta de los ingresos posibles), que se producen a lo largo y ancho de la industria y en los distintos niveles de operación. Es probable que dichas pérdidas resulten ser extremadamente importantes, desde la reducción a harina de pescado pequeño, que seria aprovechado más eficientemente pare consumo humano directo, hasta el empleo pare consumo doméstico de pescado de valor potencialmente elevado, que podria dedicarse a la exportación.
+En Gujarat, las pérdidas físicas netas (es decir, pérdidas de elementos nutritivos, como resultado del deterioro), causadas por deficiencia en manejo y elaboración o infestación por insectos, no parecen ser de gran importancia en pescado destinado al consumo humano. Sin embargo, son de importancia cuando el pescado se almacena por periodos prolongados en centros de comercialización, tales como Bombay.
+Las pérdidas nutritivas (es decir, reducción en el valor nutritivo del pescado, debido a su deterioro o toxicidad) tampoco es probable que sean significativas en el sector del pescado pare consumo humano, excepto cuando se trata de pescado pel agico curado, tal como el atún, en donde la excesiva ranciedad observada y la posibilidad del desarrollo de histamina podrian constituir un peligro.
+Por el contrario, puede esperarse que sean elevadas las pérdidas fisicas y nutritivas netas en el pescado utilizado pare la producción de harina, presentándose datos experimentalmente obtenidos sobre estos aspectos.
+Impacto de las pérdidas
+Resultaría prematuro, a este punto, querer cuantificar el impacto relativo de las pérdidas económicas sobre las diversas pesquerias, debido a la carencia de datos validos a largo plazo sobre utilización del pescado. Sin embargo, y basándonos en trabajos iniciales llevados a cabo sobre su composición, parece claro que aun hasta el 50% del pescado de desecho (es decir, material pare harina de pescado) de la flota de arrasteros podria ser promovido pare su consumo humano directo, a manera de productos tradicionales curados, mediante la aplicación en los barcos mismos de sencillas técnicas de preservación. Según calculos realizados, ello resultaria en un incremento de unos 4 millones de rupias en los ingresos anuales de la industria, tras haberse deducido cantidades suficientes pare cubrir los costes adicionales de materiales y mano de obra.
+Si bien las pérdidas físicas que se producen durante la elaboración de la harina de pescado son de importancia, cualquier pérdida económica tiende a verse compensada por la ganancia de peso debida a contaminación con sierra y arena durante el secado. Los incentivos de cambio son escasos.
+No resulta posible evaluar con precisión las pérdidas y la reducción en la calidad del pescado fresco, como resultando de su deterioro, hasta que se disponga de un mayor número de datos a largo plazo, procedentes de los mercados de destino. Sin embargo, los datos iniciales parecen indicar que alrededor del 10-15% del pescado fresco llega a Delhi y Bombay desde Gujarat en mal estado. Es importante constatar, que dicho pescado no se desperdicia, sino que se vende a precio reducido, representando una pérdida económica que se ha calculado en unos 70 millones de rupias anuales (10% del valor total de la industria del pescado fresco).
+Existen fuertes rezones pare creer que seria posible promover y congelar pare su lucrativa exportación una mayor cantidad del pescado fresco de la pesca por enmalle utilizado pare consumo doméstico (por ejemplo, el guachinango). Esto constituye otra fuente no cuantificable de pérdidas económicas pare el sector.
+Las pérdidas y depreciación del pescado curado (transformado en harina de pescado) parecen ser de importancia limitada, a lo que contribuye la fuerte tradición de curado de pescado, el empleo generoso de la sal - resultado de su bajo coste - , y las excelentes condiciones atmosféricas de secado, que reducen grandemente el deterioro del pescado y el peligro de daños debidos a los insectos.
+Reducción de pérdidas
+Si bien se han realizado cálculos de las pérdidas tanto físicas como económicas, los datos sobre los que se basan dichos cálculos deben ser considerados únicamente como preliminares, si se tienen en cuenta la complejidad y naturaleza dinámica de la industria pesquera y de elaboración del pescado. En consecuencia, todo estudio futuro deberia centrarse en el fortalecimiento del programa de recogida de datos, para facilitar cualquier futura evaluación.
+Además de estas perspectivas a largo plazo, parece existir oportunidad para proyectos a corto plazo, encaminados, principalmente, a reducir las pérdidas económicas. Es probable que pudieran obtenerse buenos resultados, mediante actividades de capacitación y extensión dirigidas hacia la producción de un mejor manejo, preservación y cuidados sanitarios. A lo largo del entero informe se presentan recomendaciones en esta dirección.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+As part of a programme of mutual technical collaboration between TDRI and the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), India, a visit was made to Gujarat, India in order to carry out a qualitative assessment of fish utilisation during the peak fishing season and to initiate a programme of quantitative measurement of losses. Specifically this aims to characterise the present industry; to quantify losses during handling, processing and distribution and to identify the principal stages where these occur; and to determine the overall extent and economic importance of losses throughout the season and the factors (such as fish supply, socio-economic or market related) which influence them.
+The methodology and results of this work could have repercussions not only in other areas of India, but also in other fisheries throughout the world where similar problems exist.
+<section>Methodology</section>
+After spending some time on familiarisation and data collection visits to the principal fish landing and processing centres around the Gujarat coast, proposals for a work programme were formulated. These proposals, summarised below, recognised the priority requirement for more detailed and long-term data on various aspects of the Gujarat fishery which would permit more accurate analyses of the present trends in fish utilisation whilst providing more precise information on the extent and impact on the community of the losses in fish which occur. The programme was divided into four main categories:
+Trawler by-catch 'trash' fish: long-term monitoring of catch composition. Fresh fish: long-term monitoring of handling and marketing.
+Cured fish: long-term monitoring of production and development of processing methods.
+Extension and training activities.
+Initial results for the first three of these categories were obtained during the visit, and are presented and discussed. The extent of losses are, where possible, estimated in economic terms.
+<section>Description of the fishing industry</section>
+Resources
+Fishing methods
+Infrastructure
+Handling, processing and marketing
+A description of the Gujarat fishing industry and detailed statistical information can be found in United Nations Development Programme/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1979) and Marine Products Export Development Authority (1984a). The review which follows provides some updated information as well as some additional details which are thought to be relevant to the present study on losses.
+Resources
+Representing some 15% of India's total marine catch, the Gujarat fishery is considered to be one of the most important in India. The total fish landings of Gujarat during the 1983 - 84 season were reported to be 244 400 t, of which 91.4% was of marine origin (Government of Gujarat, 1985). This figure has varied little from the 1970s (Figure 1). A breakdown of the major groups of commercial fish is given in Table 1.
+Although the resource potential is generally good, over the last decade there have been signs of local heavy fishing pressure. The catch of the large Veraval trawler fleet, currently comprising some five hundred 10-15 metre boats (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1983), has changed considerably. The resources, particularly that of shrimp, are stressed by overfishing due to the increase in numbers of shrimp trawlers, and the fishery is becoming increasingly uneconomic. Deshpande et a/. (1970) reported 20% shrimp in the catch from 1966 to 1968, and in 1977 Panicker et a/. (1977) reported 23.5-42.7%. However, by 1979-82 the percentage of shrimp declined to 7.8% with overall catch rates being less than half of their previous levels. Although the data from the present visit are insufficient to draw any firm conclusions, it would appear that the proportion of shrimp in the catch has declined still further (observations showed that shrimp formed 3.5% of the catch of 19
+trawlers sampled during November 1986; data also from Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, personal communication). This decline in productivity has led to many fishermen and boat operators moving to other more productive areas such as Okha, situated in the north of the state.
+An additional sign of heavy fishing pressure is the fact that although the number of boats increased from 6 258 in 1977 (of which 2 371 were mechanised) to 11 774 in 1984 (of which 4 245 were mechanised), the total catch did not increase (see Figure 1).
+Fishing methods
+The three principal fishing methods used produce catches for distinct and almost mutually exclusive markets (Table 2). Mechanised fishing craft produce about 75% of the state's total catch (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1983).
+Of these, mechanised trawlers (producing some 38-44% of the state's total catch and 59% of the state's total mechanised catch: Marine Products Export Development Authority, 1984a; Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1983) contribute shrimp for export and a large quantity of by-catch which is used either for curing (i.e. salting and drying or drying only) or for artisanal fish meal production. The by-catch consists of a wide range of mainly small size and low value species and is described in greater detail later (see Table 7).
+Anchored bag nets or dol nets, used mainly to the south and east of Veraval and serviced by mechanised and non-mechanised boats, produce about 25% (although this figure could be as high as 35%) of the total state catch. This fishing method selects quite effectively for Bombay duck which usually constitutes 69-77% of the catch (Khan, 1986). The quantities of by-catch produced by this fishery are therefore much less than those produced by trawling. Bombay duck is used wholly for drying, the product having by far the highest unit value of any cured fish produced in the state.
+Gill netters, both mechanised and non-mechanised (producing about 19% of the state's catch), provide most of the high quality fish for fresh consumption and export as well as large quantities of small elasmobranchs for curing. As would be expected, very little by-catch is produced by this fishery.
+Many variations exist between these types of gear and the craft used. In addition there are traditional gears which may have significant local importance. These are well described elsewhere (e.g. United Nations Development Programme/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1979) and will not be mentioned further in this report.
+Infrastructure
+Of the 173 landing centres situated along the Gujarat coastline, only 18 have any permanent landing facilities such as harbours or jetties. Of the ports visited, Veraval, Mangrol and Porbandar appeared to be the most developed and between them handle about 72% (157 000 t-1984) of the state catch as well as possessing 68% (741 t/day) of the state's ice production capacity and 90% (1 820 t) of the frozen storage capacity. Of the state's total, 2 113 mechanised boats (61%) operate from these ports with just over a half of these being trawlers. About 96% of the existing ice making capacity is in private hands and ice is competitively priced at around Rupees (Rs) 0.20/kg. Ice appeared to be plentiful in Veraval and is transported from there and the other production centres to the more remote landing areas to suit requirements.
+Even where landing facilities exist, they do not appear to be used as effectively as they might. There are several likely reasons for this. In Veraval, although the new landing centre (World Bank financed) is convenient for the shrimp processors, it is located well away from the traditional and established area for fresh fish marketing. Many of the fresh fish merchants (and hence their suppliers) are reluctant to change, leading to a situation where the landing facilities are used almost exclusively by the trawler fleet for landing shrimp and by-catch, while fish destined for fresh distribution is landed both at the beach to the north of the town (Zaleshwar) and at the congested main jetty immediately adjacent to the town. Additionally, although both the landing facilities at Veraval and Mangrol include auction halls with stalls for storage and wholesale of fresh fish on ice, the auction system appears to be little developed here. Most fish is disposed of through prearranged
+contracts with merchants and boat owners, many of whom act as creditors to fishermen and are repaid with a portion of the catch. In these circumstances, much of this handling, marketing and iced storage capacity remains underutilised.
+In other important fishing centres such as Jafarabad and Rajpara where large quantities of Bombay duck are landed and processed (likely quantities are 35 00075 000 t/year), the landing facilities are sparse with most of the fish being landed directly onto the beach. This is, in general, symptomatic of the fact that the greatest investment in infrastructure has been made in the fishing centres which specialise in higher value produce such as shrimp and frozen fish, rather than, for example, cured fish.
+Handling, processing and marketing
+The public sector is heavily involved in major infrastructural development mainly through such programmes as the Integrated Fisheries Development Project, which the World Bank supports, the Centrally Sponsored Five Year Plan Schemes and many other areas of fisheries development (e.g. boat design, and loans for mechanisation, statistics, training). However, it is the private sector which has almost exclusive control of the processing and commercialisation of fish. Attempts by the state government to increase its role in these operations have been largely unsuccessful.
+On-board handling and preservation
+Table 3 presents a classification of the catch indicating values, types of processing and the respective destination markets. It will be noticed that the variation in value between shrimp/Class I fish and the Class V is around two orders of magnitude. This large differential is very important in determining the amount of time and money invested in handling any given part of the catch, a factor which also has an important bearing on the extent of the overall losses occurring. As would be expected therefore, high value products such as shrimp and pomfret will be well handled, whereas trawler by-catch trash fish, which is used for fish meal production, will receive the minimum of attention.
+Fishing boats which go to sea for periods of more than one day invariably carry ice (in block form) but this will be used only to preserve the higher value catch. Observation of gill netters in Mangrol revealed for example, that for 4-day journeys ten 100 kg blocks of ice would be taken on-board. The landings being made for this period were of the order of 1 200 kg, all of high value (Classes 1-111), well chilled and stored in insulated fish holds. Trawlers from Veraval expecting to be at sea for three days would normally take up to seven blocks (700 kg), but this would be used only for chilling shrimp and small amounts of by-catch fish in Classes I and 11. Trips lasting only one day would very rarely involve the use of ice and, in this case, the higher value catch would be sorted and kept as cool as possible on the deck, usually out of the sun. Fish which is to be salted and dried for human consumption or for use as fish meal is never iced although it may sometimes be
+salted on the boat before landing. Generally speaking, landing from the boats is rapid and processing is carried out within a short period afterwards.
+Fresh fish: handling and processing
+It has been estimated that 26-35% (about 50 000-70 000 t) of the total annual catch of Gujarat is used for internal marketing in the fresh form (United Nations Development Programme/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1979; Marine Products Export Development Authority, 1984a).
+Fish which is to be distributed fresh is generally well iced within a short period after landing. The fish is transported to the trader's storehouse where it is mixed with plenty of ice and either dispatched immediately or stored until sufficient has been accumulated to meet the specific market requirement.
+In the more remote landing centres (such as Vanakbara, Jafarabad and Okha) the higher value material will be bought by itinerant traders, iced and then dispatched immediately by truck either direct to inland markets or, more usually, to the major distribution centres such as Veraval and Porbandar where it will be frozen for export or further iced and stored for later distribution. Some merchants, for example, specialise in the higher value by-catch of the Bombay duck fishery, such as Penaeid shrimps and large predatory Sciaenids such as ghol, which are iced and sent to Veraval for processing.
+It was noted that in one of these fishing centres (Vanakbara, Diu Island) well-constructed 500 kg-capacity insulated ice boxes were much in evidence. These are usually financed by the local fish merchants and are used by the mechanised gill net fleet (from outboard motor-powered dug-outs to larger-sized vessels). Questioning the fishermen and merchants about these ice boxes revealed that through their use, longer trips were possible and the fish maintained its quality for longer periods. This is of importance when considering the distance from this landing centre to the main fish dealers in Veraval.
+Fish which is to be exported is usually taken directly from the landing to the processing plant where it is iced or processed immediately. These plants, which are used mainly for shrimp and high quality fish exports, are run exclusively by the private sector. The standards of cleanliness in all of those visited were very good and it is considered that the only major area requiring attention would involve certain aspects of raw material handling prior to its arrival at the packing plants. These for example would include the lack of ice in the one-day catch and the inadequacies in the way the catch is handled once landed; many of the landing areas visited (with the exception of the new landing centre in Mangrol) were very poor in terms of hygiene and sanitation. These handling problems could cause economic losses by reducing the export potential of the final product (see p.24).
+Fresh fish: marketing
+The fact that the majority of the inhabitants of the state are vegetarian has led to the development of complex systems for distributing fish to other parts of India. This involves packing the fish in ice inside second-hand tea chests and transporting either by truck or rail. The usual proportion of fish to ice is 75 kg: 50 kg; more ice is used in the hot season (June-August) which, fortunately, does not coincide with the peak fishing season (September-May). The tea chests are used for one trip only and are purchased by the traders from specialist procurement agents. The chests are sent mainly by road, but also by rail, to the major centres of consumption such as Bombay and Delhi. If delays occur en route some re-packing and re-icing may be carried out; this is more common in the case of fish sent by rail. (For additional information see Indian Council for Agricultural Research, 1980).
+The fish is usually received by commission agents in the large wholesale markets of these cities, one of whom (Ocean Fish Traders located in the Jama Masjid wholesale fish market in Delhi) provided comprehensive information related to this subject. The normal commission on sales is about 6%. Payment, usually made by bankers draft, and telegraphic advice on the price obtained for the consignments of fish sent, are despatched immediately to the respective fish merchant in Gujarat.
+Based on this information feedback, the merchant is then better able to decide on his immediate future requirements.
+Distribution from Gujarat is both complex and fraught with problems, which tends to favour the marketing of the higher value varieties only, as the margins for these are generally higher. This fact also has repercussions on the losses of fresh fish as will be discussed later (see p.23).
+Cured fish: handling and processing
+Fish curing in Gujarat is extremely diverse in nature and employs traditional methods. Owing to the need for fewer infrastructural facilities for the preparation of cured products (i.e. either salted and dried or dried only, for human consumption) in comparison with frozen or iced fish, this industry has tended to develop in a less centralised manner and is located at most of the fish landing centres along the coast. The range of products made is extremely diverse and there is much variation between the type of processing used, even for the same species. For example, one variety of small Sciaenid (dhoma-from the trawl by-catch) is salted and dried in five subtly different ways giving a product varying in price from Rs 4.5 to Rs 10.0/kg. This great variety of traditionally-cured produce reflects the diversity of demand in the Indian markets as well as in export markets such as Sri Lanka, Hong Kong and Singapore.
+The main types of cured produce are listed in Table 4 with indications, where available, of values and markets. Once again the market value dictates the amount of time and economic investment made in handling and processing. Low value products such as small ribbon fish are sometimes sorted from the trawl by-catch and receive a minimal salting or are simply dried unsalted. Medium-sized Sciaenids (dhoma), however, may be split and salted on the fishing boat and further processed after landing.
+The production of cured fish used for human consumption can be conveniently divided into three main groups: dried Bombay duck, salted and dried elasmobranchs (shark, skate and ray) and others.
+Bombay duck The greatest social and economic investment in the fish curing industry of Gujarat is undoubtedly centred on Bombay duck. The principal production centres visited in the south and east of the state (Jafarabad, Rajpara and Nawabandar) produce an estimated 9000 t of dried Bombay duck per season (September-January). This represents about 75 000 t of wet fish and is valued at approximately £7 million in retail terms. It is interesting to note that this figure (derived from observation and conversations with fishermen, processors and merchants) is almost double that of the available statistics (e.g. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1983). Most of the population dependent on this fishery is migratory and situated in large temporary encampments adjacent to the fish landings. In Jafarabad alone there are estimated to be 10 000-15 000 people dedicated to this operation which is largely centred on the family, the men providing the fish and the women and
+children carrying out the complex drying operation.
+Bombay duck is dried on scaffolds consisting of ropes stretched between vertical poles approximately 2-3 metres in height. Most scaffolds are about ten sections long, each section carrying 400-500 kg of fish. In Jafarabad over 250 scaffolds were counted and these were fully utilised giving a total drying capacity at any one time of over 1 000 t of wet fish. The drying time is 3-4 days with a percentage yield over wet weight of about 12%. This low yield is due to the high moisture content of the raw material (85-90%).
+The low value by-catch fish from this industry, consisting mainly of non-Penaeid shrimps, golden anchovy and small Sciaenids (see Table 5), is dried on the ground between the Bombay duck scaffolds. It is usually separated into species and used for human consumption. The remainder (e.g. juvenile Bombay duck, small mixed fish and crustacea) are generally used for fish meal after drying in the sun.
+Salt is not used in the Bombay duck producing areas for any of the cured produce despite its ready availability and low price. This is because Bombay duck, the bulk of the catch, is traditionally an unsalted product and apparently no custom of using salt has developed in the community.
+Elasmobranchs Very large quantities of these (over 10 000 t wet weight: Marine Products Export Development Authority, 1984a) are used almost entirely for curing. They are caught mainly by gill netters (small shark) but are also landed with the trawl catch (skate and ray). Once again, there is great diversity in the product and the market. Heavily-salted and dried split whole small shark for Southern India appears to be the most popular product followed by wet-salted semi-dried shark or ray which finds a ready market in Madras and Sri Lanka. The more expensive varieties of larger shark are also cured. In this case the high value fins are dried for export thus effectively offsetting the higher beach prices payable for them. Salting is carried out either by kench piling on hard stony ground or on a concrete platform, or by wet-salting in impermeable concrete tanks. The process can vary from processor to processor according to tradition and knowledge. Owing to its low price (Rs
+0.2/kg) and ready availability, it is common to use plenty of salt. The final salt content of the product is regulated by the salting time which may vary from one day for small kench piles, to several weeks for wet-salted fish in brine. Drying is normally carried out on hessian matting spread out on the ground and usually takes 1-3 days. Many of these products are manufactured in large quantities by migratory processors from Southern India. Shark liver oil is extracted on a small scale and is used as a waterproofing material on dugout canoes. An oil extraction plant used to operate in Veraval but this ceased to function several years ago.
+Other cured products These comprise a large group of products the most important of which utilise ribbon fish, small Sciaenids (dhoma), tuna, Clupeids (e.g. Pellona spp.), anchovy and Lactarius lactarius. Traditional processing methods are extremely varied and often complex. Ribbon fish for example may be dried salted or unsalted, or even salted as an intermediate moisture product. Dhoma may be split and salted on-board or immediately after landing and can be classified according to size, cuts, etc. The observed salt:fish ratio varied from 1:10 to 1:1 and this is reflected in the results of product analyses carried out by CIFT (unpublished data). Drying is carried out on the ground on small stones, beaten surfaces or concrete depending upon availability of space and, more importantly, the value of the product.
+Cured fish: distribution and marketing
+Merchants or their agents located in the processing centres, buy and stockpile the dried produce for short periods sending regular consignments to Bombay or further afield by road. Bombay duck and ribbon fish are stored and transported in bales whilst gunny bags are invariably used for other dried fish.
+Fish meal
+The artisanal fish meal producing sector in Gujarat is also extremely important from both the economic and socio-economic points of view. This is especially so in Veraval which has many hectares of land in and around the town used for drying. The market for meal is ever increasing with the development and expansion of chicken battery farming in, for example, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Kashmir, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and especially at Poona where one of the largest battery farms in Asia is located. Competition between manufacturers is therefore very great, producing a disincentive to any form of capitalisation of the industry which has, as a result, tended to remain non-mechanised and labour intensive.
+The industry is centred on the use of 'trash' fish (Gujarati 'kutta' meaning waste) from the trawl by-catch, the material left over after the higher value species have been sorted out. As mentioned earlier, this now makes up a large proportion of the catch (62%) and is likely to have become increasingly important to the economy of the fishing operation. For this reason it would be expected that most of the by-catch trash is landed rather than discarded at sea. Significantly, observations made during a trip on a local commercial trawler, as well as through discussions with fishermen and traders, revealed that 100% of this material is now landed with no wastage occurring. This fact has important implications on the losses occurring and these will be examined later.
+During the fishing operation, the higher value shrimp and large fish are separated from the catch, a laborious process which often takes many hours per haul and may not be completed until some time after the boat has returned to port. The remaining trash is left on deck un-iced. On 2-3-day trips some salt may be shovelled on top to reduce the spoilage. Upon landing, the trash is carried off in motor rickshaws, bullock carts or other means of transport, to the nearby drying areas where it is spread out on loose ground (normally sand or soil) as thinly as possible and left to dry in the sun. The drying time ranges from 3 to 4 days, and is carried out until the moisture content has dropped to approximately 15-20%. The dried mass is packed into gunny bags and sold to merchants who pulverise it into a meal, repack and sell to itinerant buyers coming from the various inland markets. Most of the pulverising plants are situated in Veraval which has a total estimated annual
+production capacity of 15 000-20 000 t. These plants buy raw material from dryers as far away as Okha in the north. Table 6 provides some information on price structure, composition and production yields for this product.
+Only two mechanised factories exist in Gujarat, at Veraval and Mangrol. The Veraval plant, which is now non-operational, was almost identical to the Mangrol plant which by contrast is fully utilised. This conveniently allows comparisons to be drawn between the two. Both were built in the early 1970s to serve the by-catch of an increasing trawler fleet but whereas the Veraval plant did not invest in the fishing sector, the Mangrol plant did. Subsequently therefore, whilst the latter was assured of a constant supply of raw material for production, the former was not and began to find the competition from the labour-intensive artisanal producers too great to remain in operation (personal communication). Meanwhile the Mangrol plant had been able to dominate the market for almost all the trash fish caught by that fleet and so effectively excluded any competition. Additional factors such as the ready availability of groundnut husks for fuel, the fact that Mangrol has a smaller
+fleet and the promotion of the high quality aspects of this meal, have helped the latter to become a successful small enterprise. An interesting additional point is that localised air pollution caused by artisanal production of fish meal (such as that currently encountered in Veraval) is non-existent.
+Any future developments in the fish meal industry would have to take account of these factors as well as other socio-economic considerations such as the importance of this industry as a source of local employment.
+<section>Estimation of losses</section>
+Introduction
+Definition of losses
+General nature of losses in Gujarat
+Assessment of losses from trash fish and fish meal production
+Impact of losses
+Assessment of losses from fresh fish
+Impact of losses
+Assessment of losses from cured fish
+Impact of losses
+Introduction
+In the previous section an attempt was made to characterise the fishing industry of Gujarat and put into perspective what are regarded as some of the more important factors which influence losses in the region. In this section a detailed examination will be made of the data gathered during the visit on actual losses, and assessments will be made of the impact of these on the industry. The data were obtained both by observation and discussion with people related to the industry as well as by direct quantitative measurements. Much of the data presented, can, however, only be regarded as preliminary. Indeed the need for continuous monitoring in order to identify overall trends in utilisation, cannot be over emphasised.
+Definition of losses
+In the context of this study losses are expressed in economic, physical and nutritional terms. The first of these (economic losses) implies a net reduction in potential revenue from a given lot of fish; the second (physical losses) means a direct loss of nutrient material, and is taken in this case to imply a loss in water-free solids (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1981); the third (nutritional losses) implies a reduction in nutritional value or increase in toxicity of the product.
+The causes of losses are complex. They can be related both directly to inadequacies in handling, preservation and processing, and indirectly to marketing considerations such as demand and supply, and product value. Socio-economic factors such as the general ignorance of the importance of hygiene, sanitation and good processing technique can also be a major cause of loss.
+General nature of losses in Gujarat
+Over- or under-utilisation?
+The overall utilisation of the total catch in Gujarat is considered to be very high. There is little evidence of gross physical losses caused, for example, by the dumping of low value by-catch at sea, a practice which certainly takes place in other regions of India: off the east coast large quantities of by-catch are dumped into the sea by the 20-30-day shrimp trawlers (personal communication from trawler fleet owner); trawlers operating from Bombay also discard trash by-catch at sea owing to the lack of space for drying and unfavourable drying conditions (personal communication from boat owner-skipper; see also Indian Council for Agricultural Research, 1980).
+In spite of the fact that the catches of the various fleets comprise an enormous range of species whose value may vary by up to two orders of magnitude (see Table 3), this high level of utilisation is stimulated by two important factors: the strong demand for a diverse range of fish products (see p.13); and the presence of a well-established curing industry owing its existence principally to the excellent atmospheric drying conditions.
+Economic losses
+As a result of a combination of handling and socio-economic factors, fish tend to be downgraded into lower value categories. This results in economic losses throughout the industry and at all levels of operation which are likely to be extremely important. They range from the use for reduction into fish meal of small fish which would more efficiently be used for direct human consumption, to the use for domestic consumption of potentially high value fish which could be exported. Data have been gathered from fishermen, processors and traders and although firm conclusions can only be made through long-term observation, it would appear that a significant economic loss is borne by the fisheries sector as a whole.
+Physical and nutritional losses
+In Gujarat itself, net physical losses caused by poor handling, processing and spoilage are not considered to be of great significance in fish which is destined for human consumption. However, insect infestation is likely to be a problem during long-term storage of fish products in the main consumption and distribution centres such as Bombay. This will be the subject of a separate study. Nutritional losses are also unlikely to be significant in fish for human consumption except in the case of cured pelagic fish such as tuna, where the excessive rancidity observed, and the likelihood of histamine development, could pose a risk.
+Conversely, however, in fish used for fish meal production, both net physical losses and nutritional losses can be expected to be fairly high. Toxicity produced by the sometimes high proportion of puffer fish in the trash raw material (up to 22% recorded in one sample) could also pose a problem.
+Some of these aspects will now be discussed in relation to the major fish products: fish meal, fresh fish, and cured fish.
+Assessment of losses from trash fish and fish meal production
+Background to study
+In spite of the large catch of low value by-catch trash (estimated currently to average 62% of the Veraval trawler hauls) very few data are available on a number of important factors which have an influence on losses:
+Trash composition and landings: the actual amounts landed, the overall composition of this material and its variability throughout the season.
+Potential for human consumption: although the present poor handling practices on the fishing boats are seen as the most important obstacle to any attempt at upgrading this material for human consumption, there are indications that, since the early 1980s, increasing amounts of smaller fish have been used for salting and drying purposes in some of the important fishing areas of Gujarat. The products find ready markets especially in Southern India where small fish are much in demand. At present, no data are available on the significance or magnitude of this drift in utilisation.
+Mothods of handling and preservation: whilst it is clear that wastage is still occurring, with many potentially good fish being used for fish meal, little work has been done locally to determine a simple means of preserving more of these fish during the fishing operation.
+Losses occurring: owing to long delays and poor handling practice, the amount of trash lost through advanced spoilage prior to processing into fish meal is likely to be great. As yet, no quantitative measurements have been made on the economic, physical or nutritional losses incurred.
+Work carried out
+The work carried out attempted to address some of these outstanding factors and laid emphasis on the following points: the instigation of a boat sampling programme in Veraval and the Bombay duck landing centres in order to gather data on trash fish composition and quantities; the potential for upgrading certain species of trash fish and methods of simple on-board preservation; and quantitative measurements of loss during production under commercial conditions.
+Sampling programme: initial data for trawler by-catch trash fish composition and utilisation are presented in Table 7. Data for Bombay duck by-catch have been presented in Table 5.
+Several facts emerge from the sampling work carried out:
+- the extreme species diversity;
+- the large range in the proportions of the various species, which will certainly change throughout the season (see for example Rao and Kasim, 1986);
+- the reasonable level of sorting by the crew of higher value species from the by-catch thus limiting the potential for upgrading fish from the trash. During the period of the visit, most of the small fish (i.e. <15 cm overall length) had been sorted out from the by-catch and, in the case of longer trips, split and salted or simply mixed with salt on deck.
+- the absence of gross discard of trash at sea (corroborated by many local fishermen).
+- the high selectivity of the Bombay duck fishery and reduced problem of trash disposal compared with the trawl fishery.
+- much of the trash from the one-day trawlers and Bombay duck boats examined was of reasonable quality, whereas trash from the 2-3-day trawlers was generally poor.
+Potential for upgrading: for the purposes of this study, upgrading was considered to imply the improved utilisation for human consumption by simple curing of fish which would otherwise be used for fish meal. The potential for development of new products such as minces was not considered.
+In this context it is felt that some potential exists for three groups of fish which were consistently found in reasonable quantities in the trash: ribbon fish, Upeneus spp. and small Clupeids (Pellona spp.) amongst others. At other times of the year it is suspected that as the abundance of small Sciaenids, silverbelly and Lactarius spp. increases, these too could offer greater potential. As yet no quantitative data is available on these however.
+Trials were carried out on-board to assess the best way of preserving the small Pellona spp. By mixing fresh, whole and uncut fish (averaging 15 cm overall length) with salt (in the proportion of 2 parts fish: 1 part salt) in an impermeable plastic fish box, simple and effective preservation could be achieved. Table 8 illustrates the losses and weight yields which can be expected using this method. The economics and advantages of employing an extra crew member to sort and upgrade a proportion of the trash, in comparison with its sale as raw material for fish meal, will be discussed later (see p.22).
+Quantitative measurement of actual losses in fish meal production: in order to justify the need for either improving the technology used for local fish meal production or upgrading a proportion of the trash for human consumption by improved handling and preservation, tests were carried out to determine the actual extent of the losses occurring.
+A quantity of freshly-caught trash material was sorted during a fishing trip on a commercial trawler. The Pellona spp. and Sciaenids were separated from the other species and the three lots were allowed to spoil in jute sacks (at 20-25°C) for 24 hours and dried in a commercial drying yard for 3 days, when they appeared to be fully dried. Throughout the trial the individual lots were weighed and sampled. Analyses were subsequently carried out for moisture and 'sand' content allowing a reasonable assessment of the overall loss in solids during production. The results are summarised in Table 9.
+These tests highlighted the following points:
+- the overall solids loss for the integral trash material during processing was significant (-19.3%) whilst the 'perceived' loss was negligible (+1.1%). The high sand content which produces this result is due both to the loose nature of the drying surface and the large surface area of the trash to which the particles easily adhere.
+- the greatest true solids loss was incurred by the whole Pellona spp. (-27.9%) which, owing to its high oil content (19%) and low surface area: volume ratio, dried slowly and favoured the development of blowfly larvae. Upon examination, many of these fish were hollowed out. Larvae appeared within the first day of drying, presumably emerging from the loose soil beneath, or from nearby material at various stages of drying.
+- there is a tendency for the material (especially the integral trash) to stick together during processing. If care is not taken to spread the material as thinly as possible on the ground, drying will be slowed down favouring infestation and development of blowfly larvae.
+- the natural drying conditions in Gujarat are excellent with very low relative humidity, constant bright sunshine and prevailing breeze. As would be expected, this generally inhibited blowfly larval development in the smaller material with a high surface area: volume ratio (dhoma, sole) and for these species the losses during the drying stage are lower than in the integral trash and Pellona spp.
+- comparison of the losses in dried fish with those in salted and dried dish (see Tables 8 and 9) shows, as would be expected, that losses are greater in the former.
+In general therefore, solids losses in fish meal production are likely to be significant both prior to and during the processing operation, the extent of the losses being determined by the factors outlined above.
+Impact of losses
+Trawler by-catch trash
+When the dried trash is sold to the pulverising agent, it is sold by weight and no direct account is taken of the sand content, at least within the range experienced in the trials above. Certainly no premium is paid for raw material with low sand content and the price is paid according to the perceived weight. Any significant reduction in the loss of nutrient material would almost certainly imply an increase in capital investment over the present system, an unattractive proposition given present levels of competition. In addition, attempts to improve product quality by reducing the sand content (for example by promoting the use of concrete slabs for drying) would run the risk of reducing the producer's revenue.
+A more feasible solution to reduce losses in trash fish would therefore be an attempt to upgrade a proportion of the catch for human consumption. In order to demonstrate this, in the following analysis (Table 10) a comparison is made between identical lots of 'typical' trash, one of which is used entirely for fish meal and the other further sorted and a proportion upgraded into cured products. Certain assumptions are made:
+- that a market exists for the cured produce: a number of processors indicated that they could sell much more than their existing production and that the increased utilisation of some species from the trash would be one way of fulfilling this demand. that an extra crew member would be recruited to act as sorter
+and salter.
+- that there are no socio-economic constraints such as an inflexible contract between merchant/boat owner and fishermen to land trash fish only for fish meal; this could well be an important constraint to this development.
+- that the fish composition does not vary throughout the season: as has been mentioned however, this is unlikely to be the case. Until further long term data has been gathered, this cannot be quantified.
+- that the average landing of trash per day per trawler is 500 kg and only species occurring in quantities above 5% would be considered because of complications of sorting.
+From Table 10 it can be seen that the potential overall increase in revenue to the industry based in Veraval is about Rs 4 million with an estimated increase in production of about 8 000-10 000 t/year of cured fish products (i.e. 75% of the existing state production of dried fish).
+Whilst there appears to be a significant economic advantage there are many potential problems some of which are related to the assumptions made above. In addition, considering the inconvenience of any increased activity on the relatively small boats during fishing operations, the economic advantage is probably too small (at Rs 41.5/boat/day) to encourage many operators.
+Bombay duck by-catch
+With respect to this material, observations revealed that utilisation was high. In comparison with the trawl by-catch trash, there is a much smaller proportion, the species diversity is lower, and sorting and processing into products for human consumption is easier and more effective. Further sorting occurred even after drying to separate shrimps and small fish. It is considered, however, that certain aspects of handling, principally hygiene and sanitation, could be improved upon. In many cases dried fish was contaminated with sand and this is likely to depress market value and lead to economic losses.
+Assessment of losses from fresh fish
+Background to study
+The long distances involved in the transportation of fresh fish (e.g. Veraval to Bombay, over 24 hours by road) and the high ambient temperatures, in combination with the poor quality packing materials, would be expected to increase the risk of losses occurring. However, many Gujarati traders deny that there are any substantial losses.
+A major study aimed at investigating the various technological problems associated with the transportation of fish in India was carried out by CIFT in the 1970s (Indian Council for Agricultural Research, 1980). Despite a lack of comprehensive quantitative data, the report of this study does provide some information on the quality and losses of fish from Gujarat. Reference is made to the quality of fish arriving in tea chests in Bombay (80% in 'acceptable' condition) and Calcutta (90% in 'fair' condition). The final report states that the overall losses due to spoilage ranged from 10% to 25% and could be eliminated completely through the use of insulated boxes, as demonstrated by extensive trials carried out with expanded polystyrene-lined tea chests.
+Work carried out
+Although at this stage it was impossible to implement a long-term product monitoring programme in the manner envisaged, useful data were nevertheless obtained through ad hoc visits to the landing centres and discussions with those concerned within the industry. Useful data were also obtained from Delhi's Jama Masjid market as well as from the work carried out previously by CIFT (Indian Council for Agricultural Research, 1980). Ideally, the work would later be extended to cover the quality of fresh fish in Bombay's wholesale markets.
+General observations
+Although under the circumstances outlined above it is difficult to make any quantitative judgement on the extent of actual losses in fresh fish, a number of conclusions can be drawn from the visit as to the nature of the losses occurring:
+- primarily, those of an economic nature caused by downgrading or non-realisation of export market potential owing to a combination of poor preservation of fish and poor hygiene and sanitation at the landing centres.
+- secondarily, those of a physical nature caused by drip loss and spoilage during handling and distribution.
+In spite of these losses, it is highly unlikely that fresh fish, even though this may have become spoiled, will be totally lost to the system. Depending on the degree of spoilage and the stage at which this occurs, the fish will either be diverted at source for salting and drying, or be sold at lower prices at the destination market.
+The large demand for fish and fish products ensures that the overall utilisation of fish is extremely high.
+Economic losses: exports
+The use for domestic consumption of potentially exportable produce can be thought of as a source of economic loss. Although losses in potential exports are impossible to quantify accurately, discussions held with a number of overseas buyers in Gujarat during the visit confirmed that they are likely to be of importance. Buyers from both Australia (red snapper, other perch, small shark) and Hong Kong (hilsa and shrimp) expressed concern about the extremely poor sanitary conditions at the landing centres and the insufficient use of ice. Nevertheless, most exporters are conscious of these problems and there are indications that improvements are leading to increasing exports of fish products such as ribbon fish (markets in Gulf States, Hong Kong and Japan), small shark and Epinephelus spp. Significantly, one of the main Veraval exporters handling these products stated that he could only guarantee raw material quality by financing his own fishing operation. Most of his high
+quality fish was caught by hook and line by previous agreement with the fishermen. Occasionally some was bought from gill netters but never from the trawler fleet. A premium price was payable for this quality, Rs 2 or 3/kg above the usual price.
+Economic losses: domestic markets
+Information gathered from numerous agents in the Jama Masjid market in Delhi (see p.12) indicates that on average 10-15% of fish arriving from Gujarat (mainly from Veraval) is not of prime quality and is sold for about 50% of the full market price. The large population in the urban centres ensures that there is always a demand for low-priced fish. Examination of samples of this fish showed that it tended to comprise the lower value varieties (such as small Sciaenids, tuna and catfish) and especially those packed toward the outside of the tea chest. Spoilage is likely to be greater in these lower value varieties of fish for the reasons discussed above (i.e. Iittle use of ice and less care invested in their post-harvest handling prior to landing in comparison with higher value varieties). Further problems in their marketing are demonstrated in Table 11 which shows the greater inherent financial risk involved. This situation tends to favour the marketing of higher value
+species. Clearly, further information is required to confirm this and permit more detailed analyses. This should be provided through the survey of Bombay markets currently being undertaken by CIFT (Bombay).
+Physical losses
+In both Bombay and Delhi, a weight loss of 5% is automatically assumed: when fish arrives at the wholesale markets it is customarily weighed into 42 kg lots which are then auctioned off as 40 kg (Agarwal, 1977; personal communication). The All India
+Study (Indian Council for Agricultural Research, 1980) reports comprehensively on the various changes in fish composition.
+Impact of losses
+The economic implications of the sources of loss described are difficult to quantify. The lack of accurate and long-term data on amounts, quality and species of fish gathered from the major production and marketing centres is seen as being a major obstacle here. The following analysis (Table 12) should therefore be regarded as tentative. Once again certain assumptions have been made for convenience:
+- data on economic losses are based on the work described above and extrapolated to cover the total amount of fresh fish marketed from Gujarat. a drip loss of 5% has been assumed for all fish marketed fresh;
+- the market value is based on figures obtained in Jama Masjid wholesale market, Delhi and the downgraded value is assumed to be 50% of this;
+No attempt is made in this analysis to assess the increases in revenue through the upgrading of fresh fish for export. The many variable factors such as export value, surcharge for high quality raw material, increased production, storage and shipping costs are unknown quantities. Even so, it can be seen that the conservative figures for assumed losses reveal a large total economic loss to the sector of over Rs 70 million (i.e. around 10% of the total annual revenue from this industry). Although the bulk of this loss is borne directly by the marketing sector, principally the Gujarat merchants, they have much influence over the development of the fishery in terms of the provision of capital to fishermen and other more direct investments. However, it is not clear whether attempts to reduce these losses and increase the income of the fish traders would lead to improvements being made to the fishing sector generally.
+Insulated ice boxes would be one way of reducing losses, firstly by reducing the ice meltage (although ice represents only a very small proportion of the fish cost as shown in Table 11), and, secondly, by helping to eliminate the downgrading which occurs. The All India Study (Indian Council for Agricultural Research, 1980) reports comprehensively on the use of expanded polystyrene (EPS)-lined tea chests but the industry has failed to take up any of the ideas. Possible reasons for this are:
+- the containers cannot be recovered and used again so their cost has to be very low.
+- all fish is sold anyway with an acceptable degree of loss to the traders.
+- competition from other merchants and demand for low retail prices keep any capital investment at a minimum.
+Assessment of losses from cured fish
+Background to study
+Despite the fact that Gujarat produces some 75,000-100,000 t/year (net weight equivalent) of cured fish valued at around Rs 135 million, and employs over half of the quarter of a million people involved in the state fisheries, very little information is available on quantities, quality and type of products manufactured and marketed by this sector. As with the other product groups covered in this report, recommendations are made to improve upon this situation and enable better assessments to be made of the overall losses occurring.
+Work carried out This emphasised the following:
+- product monitoring programme: although this could not be established on a permanent basis as had been envisaged, much data was nevertheless obtained during ad hoc visits made to a number of processors and merchants at the landing centres (principally Veraval, Porbandar, Jafarabad, Mangrol and Okha).
+- product yields and losses: a trial was carried out using small Clupeids (Pellona spp.) and results were compared with those described for trash fish.
+General observations
+It is apparent that the losses occurring in cured fish can be regarded as follows:
+- primarily, economic in nature arising from the downgrading of poor quality material into lower value products used either for human consumption or for fish meal.
+- physical losses due to insect infestation or loss of solids during processing. These, however, are regarded as being of little importance.
+As with fresh fish, total discard does not occur, poor quality material being sold at proportionally lower prices rather than being thrown away.
+Economic losses
+The quality criteria which determine the value of many products are very well defined with rejection often occurring for only minor defects in appearance, or too high moisture content, etc. It is of interest to note that different markets appear to demand different quality: produce for Kerala and Southern India generally tends to be of superior quality to that destined, for example, for Assam. Passive quality control appears to be effectively carried out by the dominant section of the migrant processing population from Southern India who process fish with great care and ensure that the product reaches the market in prime condition. It is estimated that economic losses from these higher value products (such as salted dried shark) are very low due mainly to this processing expertise.
+On the occasions when products do not reach the quality standard of one particular market, they will be sold either to another perhaps less demanding market or utilised for fish meal. This downgrading due to poor quality, which was observed on several occasions, occurs mainly in the lower value varieties of product such as those deriving from the trawler by-catch (e.g. dhoma, ribbon fish), or the lower value cuts from large shark, skate and ray. The quality of these suffers because of either poor initial post-harvest handling or inadequate processing (see p.13), and is often the result of small-scale or opportunistic processing which is a common practice in the production centres.
+When poor quality products are sold for fish meal manufacture, the salt content is an important factor in regulating the amounts used. It will be noted from the analyses presented in Table 6 that the salt content of fish meal averages about 5%. This is considered to be high.
+With regard to Bombay duck drying, economic losses appear to occur according to minor differences in product quality. The highest quality product ('Disco') is dried on the boats and presents no problems with insect filth. At the other end of the scale, the lower quality product is one which is contaminated with sand and dirt and is incompletely dried. Insufficient time was available to measure the magnitude of these economic losses during the visit. However, the overall efficiency of Bombay duck drying (an enormous operation by artisanal standards) is regarded as being high.
+Physical losses
+In all cases sun drying of fish in Gujarat is helped by the excellent atmospheric conditions of low relative humidity, wind and continuous sunshine which both impede blow fly attack and increase the rate of drying. In addition, these conditions favour the production of solar salt, resulting in large quantities of low priced material. This combination of factors help explain why the gross physical losses, caused principally by insect infestation, which may occur elsewhere in India and other parts of the world, are kept to a minimum. This has led to the strong and successful tradition of fish curing in this region of India.
+Indeed, only on few occasions was insect infestation observed in fish being cured, or in cured products, for human consumption and this was usually in fish which had already been downgraded for fish meal. On no occasions were 'salt resistant' blow fly larvae seen (see Poulter and Walker, 1986) and blow fly larval infestation was strictly limited to trash fish being dried for meal. Many small warehouses and stores were examined, in which cured fish had been kept for periods ranging from a few days to 2 months. The following examples given are considered as typical:
+- where salted and dried shark was examined (often in temporary stores in the encampments at the northern landing centres, sometimes holding 10-20 t of product awaiting transport), on no occasion was insect infestation seen. Neither was it reported to be a problem.
+- in Dui (Kalpana Freezers) a store containing 75 t of salted dried tuna and leather jacket was visited. This had a slight problem with mould growth (after 6 weeks storage) but no insect infestation.
+- a small amount (estimated visually at less than 5%) of small Clupeids (Pallona spp. and razor edge) drying on scaffolds in Okha, presented some beetle contamination (Dermestes spp.). Their high oil content and soft flesh is likely to make these species more susceptible to infestation.
+- an 'open-air' store of 15-20 t of tuna under tarpaulin was visited in Veraval. This had some beetle infestation (high oil content) but was also extremely rancid (see overleaf Nutritional losses).
+- a pulverising agent in Veraval (Veraval Fertilizers) had about 3 t dried ribbon fish of which about 5% was physically damaged by beetles, probably due to the lack of salt and too high a moisture content (his explanation). However, this was stored outside, appeared to have been there for a long period and was adjacent to fish meal raw material and product which presented both Necrobia and Dermestes contamination.
+- neither of the two 'mechanised' fish meal plant owners reported problems with infestation although the Veraval owner expressed some interest in fumigation techniques for periods of long-term storage.
+- no insect infestation was observed or reported at the main cured fish producers in Veraval (e.g. Honest Dried Fish).
+Quantitative measurement of actual losses
+Although physical losses as assessed by observation appeared to be small, a trial was set up to attempt to quantify them.
+One lot of freshly caught Pellona spp. was salted on a commercial trawler using 2 parts fish: 1 part salt. The whole tin-cut fish and salt were layered into an impermeable plastic fishbox and left for 3 days after which they were washed in fresh water to remove adhering salt, drained and dried for 4 days in the sun in a commercial drying area. The material was weighed and samples were taken prior to, during and after processing and loss was assessed as described on p.19 by measuring the loss in total solids. Table 8 summarised the results of this test.
+As can be seen, in this case losses were negligible. Further work is required, however, to measure losses (physical and nutritional) in, for example, fish cured in brine or left in kench piles for long periods where protein and mineral depletion may be a problem.
+Nutritional losses
+Salting and drying of tuna such as Euthynnus affinis, skipjack and yellowfin, observed mainly in Mangol and Veraval, often results in a badly oxidised product. The high oil content also leaves the flesh fairly soft and more susceptible to insect attack, a problem which may become serious at the destination market or store. In addition, tuna is prone to histamine development and poor post-harvest handling will exacerbate the problem. Whilst rancidity does not appear to jeopardise the market (indeed it is a prerequisite for this product) there could be toxic effects caused by high levels of rancidity and the development of toxic amines.
+Impact of losses
+Owing to the complexity of this industry, it is not possible at this stage to quantify losses in economic terms. However, it can be stated that the physical losses occurring in Gujarat during processing and storage are likely to be low and significantly less than those incurred during long-term storage at the distribution centres such as Bombay.
+A reduction in the economic losses in fish curing operations could be achieved by improvements both in preservation prior to processing and in processing itself. Clearly socio-economic factors will play an important role in both of these.
+<section>Conclusions</section>
+The overall utilisation of fish in Gujarat appears to be high with very little evidence of the catch being wasted or lost from the system. However, as a result of a combination of poor handling and socio-economic factors, fish tends to be downgraded into lower value categories with the result that economic losses suffered by the industry as a whole can be regarded as significant. Such losses are incurred at all levels of production from the use of good quality fish for producing fish meal, to the non-fulfillment of export potential.
+It can be seen that the impact of the losses caused by product downgrading outweighs that caused by physical losses through such vectors as insect infestation. Although the net result of this is to reduce revenue to the fisheries sector in general, it does in fact have the important effect of increasing the general availability of low priced fish to the consumer, the demand for which is certainly very great. Whether nutritional factors such as toxicity from amines, rancid fish oils or pathogenic bacterial contamination represent a great problem in this downgraded material is uncertain but considered unlikely. Toxicity of fish meal caused by puffer fish toxin may be a more serious problem.
+Although a strong market demand for fish meal as well as an increase in the availability of trawler by-catch trash raw material are factors which have led to a proliferation in fish meal manufacture, it is felt that there is room for improvements in the utilisation of this trash raw material in terms of its potential use for human consumption. It has been estimated that by improving the sorting and preservation of trash, up to one half could economically be upgraded into products for human consumption which already have a market. However, although this would provide an additional source of low-priced food fish for the Indian population, it may also deprive the market of raw material for fish meal.
+Overall economic losses to the fisheries sector due to downgrading, failure to fulfil export potential, spoilage and insect infestation have been estimated as follows:
+- fresh fish domestic market (loss of export markets not included): Rs 70 million (@ 10% wholesale value);
+- trash fish/fish meal: Rs 4.15 million (@ 1% of actual value);
+- cured fish: too complex to estimate given the present state of knowledge, but expected to be small.
+Note: Although losses of fresh fish occurring in the destination markets are included in the above analysis, the losses incurred by cured fish and fish meal (e.g. by insect infestation) are not. These would certainly have a marked effect on the estimated figures for loss.
+Insect infestation of fish products for human consumption in Gujarat is not a problem. This is due principally to the excellent drying conditions prevailing during the fishing season and the liberal use of salt. Where salt is not used (e.g. Bombay duck, ribbon fish) the use of drying scaffolds helps to prevent infestation. Nevertheless, some minor improvements could be made in the processing of some of the lower value products (derived for example from trawl by-catch) to ensure that these are well salted and dried.
+Insect infestation during fish meal manufacture is more of a problem due to the lack of salt and the material's tendency to agglomerate. Improvements over the existing types of processing, however, would be hampered by the impracticability of further capital investment in this area.
+Insect (beetle) infestation in all cured products, especially those with low salt and improperly dried, is reported to be a problem during later storage and distribution in the major marketing centres away from Gujarat.
+Future work in this field should emphasise the importance of establishing continuous monitoring of the more important fishery products destined for internal markets, to further identify and quantify losses and, in order to reduce these losses, to apply improved methods of handling and processing which are appropriate to existing systems. A major effort should be made to promote these methods and to advise on the needs and advantages of improved hygiene and sanitation in key landing areas.
+<section>References and bibliography</section>
+BADONIA, R. (1981) Cooked and frozen lobster. Seafood Export Journal, 13 (7), 1 -2.
+BADONIA, R. (1986) Review on processing of Bombay Duck. Seafood Export Journal, October, 9-12.
+BADONIA, R. and DEVADASAN, K. (1980) Frozen storage characteristics of ribbon fish. Fishery Technology, 17, 125-126.
+BALACHANDRAN, K. K. and MURALEEDHARAN, V. (1975) Studies on Colombo curing of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta). Fishery Technology, 12, 145-150.
+CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (1983) Marine Fisheries Information Service-Bulletin No 52, Technical and Extension Series. Cochin, India: CMFRI.
+CUHAY, N. D. (1985) Studies on some aspects of profitable utilisation of trash fish for human health and nutrition. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+DAMLE, S. P., GARG, D. K., NARAYANAN NAMBIAR, V. and VASU, N. M. (1986) Quality of fish preparations served in catering establishments in Bombay. Fishery Technology, 23, 53-56.
+DESHPANDE, S. D., SIVAN, T. M. and RAMA RAO, S. V. S. (1970) Results of comparative fishing trials with rectangular flat and rectangular covered otter boards. Fishery Technology, 7, 38-41.
+DEVDASAN, K., MURALEEDHARAN, V. and JOSEPH, K. G. (1975a) Pickle curing of fish using tartaric acid and garlic as preservatives. Fishery Technology, 12, 156 - 160.
+DEVDASAN, K., MURALEEDHARAN, V. and JOSEPH, K. G. (1975b) Studies on smoke curing of tropical fishes. Fishery Technology, 12, 77.
+FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1981) The prevention of losses in cured fish. Fisheries Technical Paper No. 219, Rome: FAO.
+GAJERA, G. L. (1977) Preparation and storage behaviour of fish protein biscuits during transportation in isolated containers. Fishery Technology, 14, 57-60.
+GARG, D. K. and STEPHEN, J. (1985) Iced storage of Ghol (Pseudosciaena diacanthus) fillets. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fishery Technologists.
+GEORGE, M. J., SUBBARAJU, G. and DHARMARAJA, S. K. (1983) Trends in marine fish production in India-1982 - 83. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Training and Extension Service, No. 52, pp.1-20.
+GOPALAKRISHNA IYER, T. S., DAMLE, S. P., GARG, D. K., NARAYANAN NAMBIAR, V. and VASU, N. M. (1986) Quality of fish in retail markets in Bombay. Fishery Technology, 23, 78-83.
+GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT (1985) Gujarat Fisheries, 1983 - 84. Gandhinagar, India: Commissioner of Fisheries, 27pp.
+GOVINDAN, T. K. (1985) Handling and transportation of fresh fish in India. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+GUPTA, R. and SAMUEL, C. T. (1985) Some fungal infestations of dried fishes in Cochin markets. Fishery Technology, 22, 132- 134.
+INDIAN COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (1980) Final report of research scheme-AII India coordinated research project on the transportation of fresh fish and utilisation of trash fish. Cochin, India: ICAR, 84pp.
+JOSEPH, K. G., MURALEEDHARAM, V. and NAIR, T. S. V. (1983) Quality of cured fishery products from Matabar and Kanava coasts. Fishery Technology, 20, 118-122.
+JOSEPH, K. G., MURALEEDHARAM, V., KALAIMANI, N. and NAIR, T. S. V. (1986) Quality of cured fish from Tamil Nadu coast. Fishery Technology, 23, 63-65.
+KHAN, M. Z. (1986) Dol net fishery off Nawabunder (Gujarat). Fishery Technology, 23, 92-99.
+KRISHNA RAO, K. and URINITHAN, G. R. (1985) Transportation of fresh fish: Mathematical models for the expenditure pattern. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+MARINE PRODUCTS EXPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (1984a) Report on export potential survey of marine products Gujarat. Cochin, India: MPEDA, x+74pp.
+MARINE PRODUCTS EXPORT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (1984b) Statistics of Marine Exports No. 16, 1984. Cochin, India: MPEDA, v+267pp.
+MURALEEDHARAN. V., KALAINANI, N., UNNIKRISHNAN NAIR, T. S. and GEORGE JOSEPH, K. (1986) Smoke curing of Catfish (Tachysuvai dussumievi). Fishery Technology, 23, 106-107.
+NAIR, P. R. and GOPAKUMAR, K. (1986) Development and storage characteristics of dehydrated salt mince from low priced fish. Fishery Technology, 23, 100-105.
+NARAYANASWAMY, D., NARSIRHA RAO, C. V. and GOVINDAN, T. K. (1980) Penetration of sodium chloride during prolonged salting of fish. Fishery Technology, 17, 63-65.
+PANDURANGA RAO, C. C. and UNNITHAN, G. R. (1986) Change in quality of different varieties of fish during long distance transportation. Fishery Technology, 23, 108-110.
+PANICKER, K. K. P. and SATHIADAS, R. (1985) Fisherman's share in consumers' one rupee-a case study. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+PANICKER, P. T., SIVAN, T. M., RAMA RAO, S. V. S. and GEORGE, T. P. (1977) Double-rig shrimp trawling, its rigging, comparative efficiency and economics. Fishery Technology, 14, 142- 152.
+RAO, C. C., GOVINDAN, T. K., and CHATTOPADHYAY, P. (1979) Investigations on long distance transportation of fish. V: Transportation of filleted and round seer fish (Scromberomorous sp.) from Kakinada to Calcutta by rail. Fishery Technology, 16, 11-14.
+RAO, C. C. P., SAHEB, P. I. K., GUPTA, S. S., UNNITHAN, G. R., CHARI, S. T., SRINIVASAN, R., SANTHANARAJ, T. and PILLAI, K. V. N. (1981) Comparative study of traditional and improved containers for transportation of fresh fish. Fishery Technology, 18, 29-34.
+RAUL, P. N. and BALASUBRAMAMIAM S. (1985) Personal and socio-economic correlates of improved fish canning practices. Preservation of cured fish. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+SOLANKI, K. K. (1985) Level of uric acid content as an index of hygienic condition and acceptability of insect infested fish products. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish, pp. 672-677. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+SOLANKI, K. K., KANDORAN, M. K. and VENKATRAMA, R. (1970) Studies on smoking of eel fillets. Fishery Technology, 7, 169-170.
+SRIMVASAN, R. and JOSEPH, K. G. (1966) A survey of the quality of salt cured fish produced in the Kanyakumari District, Madras state. Fishery Technology, 3, 103-112.
+SRIPATHY, N. V. and BALASARASWATHI, M. (1985) Sun drying of salted fish in a polythene tent drier. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME/FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1979) General description of marine small-scale fisheries, Gujarat, India. RAS/ 77/044 Working Paper No. 29.
+VALSAN, A. P. (1985a) Control of insect infestation in dried Bombay duck. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+VALSAN, A. P. (1985b) Further steps to improve and economise the use of propionates in the preservation of cured fish. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+VALSAN, A. P., NAMBIAR, V. N., DAMLE, S. P., GARG, D. K., GOPALAKRISHNA IYER, T. S. and VASU, N. M. (1985) Quality of dry non-penaeid prawn of Bombay markets. Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fish, pp. 661-664. Cochin, India: Society of Fisheries Technologists.
+VARMA, P. R. G., VALSAN, A. P. and PRABHU, P. V. (1980) Transportation of fish-III Biochemical changes in fish during transportation in insulated containers. Fishery Technology, 17, 41-42.
+VASANTH SHENOY, A. and JAMES, A. M. (1974) Spoilage of spotted seer (Scromberomorous guttatus) during iced storage. Fishery Technology, 11, 67-72.
+VENKATARAMAN, R., VARMA, P. R. G., PRABHU, P. V. and VALSAN, A. P. (1976) Transportation of fish-l A preliminary study on insulated containers and their efficiency in long distance transportation. Fishery Technology, 13, 41-48.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr18se.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr18se.key
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+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr18se.key
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+OILSEEDS
+PLANT OILS
+PRESSURE EXTRACTION
+SMALL ENTERPRISES
+FOOD TECHNOLOGY
+PROCESSING
+ANALYTICAL METHODS
+PLANT PRODUCTS
+FEEDS
+MARKETING
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr18se.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr18se.txt
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@@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@
+<title>Small Scale Vegetable Oil Extraction</title>
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+The authors:
+S. W. Head
+A. A. Swetman
+T. W. Hammonds
+A. Gordon
+K. H. Southwell
+R. V. Harris
+NRI
+Natural Resources Institute
+Overseas Development Administration
+© Crown copyright 1995
+The Natural Resources Institute (NRI) is an internationally recognized centre of expertise on the natural resources sector in developing countries. It forms an integral part of the British Government's overseas aid programme. Its principal aim is to alleviate poverty and hardship in developing countries by increasing the productivity of their renewable natural resources. NRI's main fields of expertise are resource assessment and farming systems, integrated pest management, food science and crop utilization.
+NRI carries out research and surveys; develops pilot-scale plant, machinery and processes; identifies, prepares, manages and executes projects; provides advice and training; and publishes scientific and development material.
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+Cover illustration: Sunflower (Helianthus annuns L.) Reproduced by kind permission of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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+Natural Resources Institute
+ISBN: 085954-387-0
+<section>Preface</section>
+Oilseeds are the major source of edible oils. The oil-cake remaining after the greater part of the oil has been extracted is a valuable source of protein for animal feeds. Nutritionally, oils provide the calories, vitamins, and essential fatty acids in the human diet in an easily digested form. Oils are used in cooking to enhance the flavour and texture of food. It has been estimated that while 30% of malnourished children in developing countries suffer from a lack of both energy-producing and protein foods, the other 70% suffer from a lack of calories which could be obtained largely from oils and fats. The per caput consumption of fats in tropical Africa is roughly one-quarter of that in North America. Only a small number of developing countries have surpluses of vegetable oils for export. Malaysia and Indonesia export palm oil, the Philippines export coconut oil, and Brazil and Argentina export soy-bean oil. In most developing countries, vegetable oils are in short supply
+with the rising demand due largely to population growth. The need to import uses up scarce foreign exchange.
+Most developing countries have large-scale oilseed processing facilities which are generally located near large towns. Oilseeds grown in rural areas are normally transported to the urban oil mills for processing, but poorly maintained roads and vehicles make the transporting of oilseeds from rural areas to urban oil mills both difficult and costly. Haulage of cooking oil back to rural areas presents the same problems. The high urban demand for vegetable oil leads to shortages in rural areas. Oil that does reach the rural areas is sold at a much higher price than in the large towns.
+Oilseeds are grown for cash and subsistence purposes. Local small-scale oilseed processing offers a simple way for rural populations to make oil using their own resources. There are a number of ways in which vegetable oil can be extracted on a small scale from oilseed. Examples of some basic oilseed extraction methods are:
+o oil extraction methods using water
+o manual methods using kneading
+o hand-operated presses
+o ghanis
+o expellers
+These methods may be used to process up to 100 kg of seed/in and are fully discussed later in this publication. The suitability of each method depends on individual requirements. The process offering the most efficient oil extraction is not always the most suitable option. An oilseed processing venture based on an apparently suitable technology can subsequently fail because it is not suited to the local culture. Success depends on assessing the local conditions which determine the scale of the operation required. These include the availability of power, the amount of seed available, the seed type and the seed/oil price ratio. Equally important are local conditions, the availability of support services, and good management skills. Careful consideration of these local circumstances is essential for the selection of the most suitable oilseed processing operation.
+Some of these processes do not require expensive equipment and can be operated at a household level. For example, an individual woman householder processing only a small quantity of seeds per day to provide her family's food needs would probably find that a simple method using water to extract the oil would be suitable. At the other end of the scale, an expeller which requires a substantial capital investment would be more suitable for a dynamic co-operative producing large amounts of seed. Since the investment incurred has to be recovered from the proceeds of the operation, careful financial management is essential.
+Many oilseed expelling operations can be run successfully by custom milling. An oilseed processor may extract oil as a service for the oilseed producer in exchange for a portion of the oil and the oil-cake. In this way, cash transactions between the expeller operator and the seed supplier are minimized. In addition, the farmer has a local, assured outlet for his seed, oil-cake to feed his animals, and a substantially improved supply of cooking oil for home consumption. The farmer also has the opportunity to sell surplus oil locally instead of relying only on seed marketing, as a source of cash income. Likewise, the oilseed processor can sell the oil and cake received in payment for the processing service.
+Careful financial assessment is necessary to determine whether the operation is able to make an adequate profit after covering all the costs, including interest payments of any loans incurred. All this needs to be done before committing any financial resources.
+It must be borne in mind that the advice offered by commercial manufacturers of oilseed processing machinery may be inappropriate as often they will be unable to take all these local considerations into account. Some manufacturers will not have the local knowledge required to help people with the specific operating problems encountered when using unfamiliar new equipment. Sometimes, installed equipment is left unused because the process does not fit into traditional social patterns. Several examples exist of equipment being set up in developing countries and then left unused because the cost of running the equipment could not be met from the proceeds of the operation.
+We hope that this publication, written by processing technologists and socio-economists, giving information on technologies available and offering guidance drawn from experience in developing countries world-wide, will assist readers in choosing the most suitable oilseed processing option for a given situation.
+<section>Chapter 1 Oilseed composition</section>
+This section is intended to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the composition of oils and fats, and to define many of the terms used in their processing. A complete understanding of its content, although desirable, is not essential.
+Oilseeds can be thought of as mixtures of oil, meal and water. Processing removes the bulk of the oil and the product remaining is called oil-cake. Oil-cake contains the residual oil, all of the meal and some water. Since the meal is mainly composed of protein, carbohydrate and fibre, oilseed-cakes in general are excellent materials for animal feeds. Table 1 shows the composition of copra (dried coconut kernel) by weight and weight percentage terms at various levels of moisture content.
+Table 1 Composition of copra at various levels of moisture
+Composition by weight
+% Composition
+Oil
+Meal
+Water
+Total
+Oil
+Meal
+Water
+Wet copra
+Underdried copra
+Dry copra
+Copra (moisture free)
+Copra is usually considered to be dry when its moisture content is 6%. A typical oil content of dry copra is 65%, leaving a balance of 29% for the meal content.
+The figures is Table 1 show the changes in oil and moisture content as a sample of copra dries out. The figures are composed so that the weight of 'dry' copra is 100 parts. Thus, 117.5 kg of wet copra containing 55.3% oil and 20% water will dry down to 100 kg of 'dry' copra containing 65% oil and 6% water. In other words, 100 kg of copra at 20% moisture only contains 55.3 kg of oil whereas 100 kg of 'dry' copra will contain 65 kg.
+Because of the variation of oil content with moisture content, comparisons of oil contents are always made on a dry weight or 'moisture free basis' (MFB). The oil content of copra (MFB) in Table 1 is 69.1%. The following formula may be used to convert oil content (MFB) to oil content at any given moisture content:
+% oil (at x% moisture) = % oil (MFB) multiplied by (100-x) / 100
+Thus, if the oil content of groundnuts (MFB) is 50%, then the oil content at 10% moisture is:
+50 x (100-10) / 100 =45%
+<section>Extraction efficiency</section>
+Extraction efficiency (EE), an important quantity in oilseed processing, is the percentage of oil extracted in relation to the amount of oil present in the seed. If 100 kg of sunflower seed (oil content 32% MFB) are processed to yield 29 kg of the oil, then the extraction efficiency is:
+29 x 100 / 32 = 90.6%
+Extraction efficiency tends to be related to the oil content of the seed. It is difficult to achieve high levels of efficiency with seed of low oil content. However, in general, large-scale processing operates with an EE of over 90%, whereas in small-scale processing, EE is usually in the range 60-65% and rarely exceeds 80%.
+<section>Oils and fats - origin and definition</section>
+Oils and fats are basically similar in composition. They are substances used by plants and animals mainly as an energy store. Some of their components are essential to metabolic processes. Many seeds are rich in fats which act as a food supply to the young seedling. The difference between an oil and a fat is that an oil is usually liquid at ambient temperature while a fat is solid. However, this simple definition can result in anomalies; coconut oil, for example, which has a melting range of 22-24°C, is usually a liquid oil in the tropics but a solid fat in temperate climates.
+<section>Triglycerides and fatty acids</section>
+Saturated fatty acids
+Monounsaturated fatty acids
+Polyunsaturated fatty acids
+Structures of some specific triglycerides
+Fatty acid composition
+Triglyceride deterioration and free fatty acids
+Oils and fats are obtained from a wide variety of sources and each one has its own individual properties. They are, however, all of the same chemical type. The basis of a fat is a substance called glycerol which has a chemical formula that can be illustrated by the shape shown opposite.
+Each of the 'arms' of this shape can combine with another substance known as fatty acid, to build up a molecule rather like the following:
+Because of the way in which its composition is built up, the chemical substance having this form is known as a triglyceride, and all oils and fats are made up of a mixture of these triglycerides. A number of different fatty acids exist and, to a large extent, the character of a particular oil or fat depends on the actual fatty acids present in the individual triglyceride molecules. Some of these component fatty acids are longer than others and they can all combine with a glycerol 'arm':
+In addition, there are three different types of fatty acids: saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated.
+Saturated fatty acids
+In their simplest form, fatty acids are made up of a linear chain of carbon atoms linked to a group which provides the acidic properties. Such fatty acids are said to be saturated; the most common examples being lauric, myristic palmitic and stearic acids. These contain different numbers of carbon atoms and can be represented as follows:
+Note that all these acids are solid at normal ambient temperatures and that their presence in high proportions in a triglyceride mixture is likely to make it solid.
+Monounsaturated fatty acids
+Sometimes the carbon atom chain contains what chemists call a double bond. A fatty acid containing one double bond is said to be monounsaturated, the most common example being oleic acid which, like stearic acid, has 18 carbon atoms.
+Polyunsaturated fatty acids
+Some fatty acids have two or three double bonds and these are said to be polyunsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic and linolenic acids are common examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They have the same number of carbon atoms as stearic acid, but linoleic acid has two double bonds and linolenic acid has three. The relationship between the common fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms (C18 acids) can be represented as follows:
+It can be seen that the presence of a double bond lowers the melting point. Thus, a triglyceride mixture containing a high proportion of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids is likely to be liquid.
+Structures of some specific triglycerides
+The following triglycerides are just some of the many that are found in palm oil.
+The overall triglyceride composition is such that palm oil is liquid or semisolid at tropical temperatures but solid in temperate climates.
+Fatty acid composition
+Analytical chemists are able to measure the overall proportions of the different fatty acids present in an oil or fat. The fatty acid composition of the oil tends to be characteristic of the oilseed from which it is extracted. The fatty acid compositions and melting points of oils from different oilseeds are given in Table 2, together with the oil contents of the seeds.
+Triglyceride deterioration and free fatty acids
+Oils and fats generally keep quite well, but the following two types of deterioration can occur under poor storage conditions: oxidation, when the fat is attacked by the oxygen present in the air; and hydrolysis, when the fat is attacked by water. Usually hydrolysis occurs in the presence of an enzyme which either exists naturally in the oilseed, or is present in moulds which grow on it.
+Oxidation
+Oxygen in the air usually attacks the triglyceride close to the double bonds in the fat.
+Thus, fats with few double bonds are more stable than fats with a large number of double bonds. The process of oxidation in oils and fats is accelerated by the presence of trace metals such as iron and copper. Mild steel equipment is frequently used in oilseed processing and should be kept free from rust as far as possible. Brass and copper induce a much more powerful oxidizing action than iron and so fittings made from these metals should never be used.
+Hydrolysis and free fatty acids
+Attack by water in the presence of an enzyme splits the fatty acid away from the triglyceride. Eventually, glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) will be obtained, but intermediate stages, where only one or two of the fatty acids have been split away from the triglyceride, will also be present in the fat.
+Hydrolysis can occur both in oilseeds and in extracted oil. Hydrolysis in oilseeds is accelerated by the presence of moulds. It is therefore very important to dry oilseeds to a moisture level which does not encourage mould growth.
+The level of FFA in an oil extracted from a good quality oilseed is very low and so FFA content is used as a guide to the extent of deterioration in the quality of oils. Coconut oil from high quality copra can have FFA levels in the region of 0.1 to 0.2%, but levels as high as 5% can occur in oil from poor quality copra. Even good quality oil will deteriorate quickly if it contains oilseed residues or is stored in wet drums. To avoid deterioration, particles of seed debris should be removed from the oil as soon as possible after extraction and the clarified oil stored in clean dry containers.
+Acknowledgment
+The authors wish to thank Peerless Food Products, a division of Pura Food Products Ltd, UK, for permission to use their pictorial concept of triglyceride structure in this publication.
+<section>Chapter 2 Oilseed marketing</section>
+<section>Introduction</section>
+The techniques available for extracting oil from oilseeds will be described in subsequent chapters. The choice of technique may be determined by the amount of oilseed or financial resources available, or by the size of the planned operation. However, it will usually be necessary to consider financial and social aspects before choosing a technique. It is impossible to list all the factors which need to be considered as individual circumstances play a large part in the choice. The sections below are intended to provide a guide to the approach which should be adopted.
+<section>The oilseed market system</section>
+The oilseed economy
+Sources of information
+Marketing
+The oilseed economy
+Before deciding on the type and scale of processing technology to be used, all the factors which affect the oilseed economy of the area should be investigated. These should indicate where the venture will fit in and how it will relate to the existing overall production and marketing system. They should also indicate whether predictions or assumptions on, for example, the sale of oil or supply of seed, are realistic. The investigation should cover the following aspects:
+o the quantities of oilseeds available, giving some indication of who produces them (estates or small-holders);
+o how the oilseeds are used, including the importance of different products and the quantities of oilseeds used in them;
+o the quantity of edible oil available, including a rough indication of the importance of alternative sources (imports, major factories, small expellers in provincial towns, and home production);
+o the geographical distribution of production, processing and markets, and how easily these areas are linked by road or rail or across borders;
+o who consumes the oilseeds and their products and the importance of oilseeds in expenditure and diet;
+o why the production, processing and consumption patterns work, covering price structure, food and cash requirements, taste preferences, marketing, availability of substitutes, under-utilization of existing processing facilities, scale of processing operations, and production and processing constraints;
+o the effects of government policies, including subsidies, taxes, import restrictions and exchange rate levels, and the effect of any changes in policy; and
+o seasonal effects and variation, with some assessment of how predictable changes are and what causes them.
+Sources of information
+The degree of detail required will depend on the nature and scale of the proposed venture and the magnitude of its effect on the existing circumstances. In most cases, this information can be gathered from existing data sources and discussions with local communities, but its reliability and comprehensiveness needs to be assessed. Particular attention should be paid to the effect of any unrecorded trade, cursory treatment of the informal sector, and recent changes in the oilseed industry.
+Observations of existing practices, and discussions with those involved, will yield important information on oilseeds, the quantities processed, seasonal variation, labour availability, electricity supply and costs. Depending on the circumstances, various methods can be used to acquire this information, such as informal interview and observation, or formal questionnaires. Rapid rural appraisal techniques can be useful where little documentation on, for example, household behaviour, exists. For a more detailed discussion of these techniques, see Gilling and Cropley (1993).
+The characteristics of the prospective oilseed processing venture will have a major influence on the scale and type of technology selected and will vary greatly according to whether the venture is to be undertaken by individual households, farmers, farmer groups, rural communities, traders, women, men, entrepreneurs, formal established co-operative societies, or urban or rural dwellers. Each group will have different access to capital, transport, skills, communications, raw materials, information, markets and utilities. All these considerations will influence the cost, size and complexity of the venture. The following list of questions may be useful.
+o Are oilseeds already being processed?
+o Is the scale of operation realistic or suitable?
+o What are the marketing expectations?
+o Is group or individual operation planned? If group, is there experience of group operation?
+o What is the access to power supply, water, raw materials and markets?
+o What are the financial resources or constraints, and is there access to credit?
+o Is there access to technical, managerial or financial skills?
+o Do seed supply, markets, labour availability and transportation vary seasonally?
+o Are there social, family or community considerations which might affect processing activities?
+Marketing
+Skills in marketing and access to market information are crucial to a successful business. They are of less concern where processors are dealing with markets with which they are familiar, but they may become crucial if output expands or if new products are introduced. Project planners can assist by finding ways for processors to gain marketing experience. It is particularly important to determine whether the enterprise will be critically dependent on one buyer and whether it will be able to influence prices.
+Market research should not only include quantitative factors, such as prices and volumes, but should also consider the perceived product quality; different processing or refining methods may alter the flavour, colour, or physical appearance of the oil and oil-cake, thus affecting their value. The greater the shift from existing market conditions in terms of volume, form, timing and location of products for example, the more critical the marketing aspects are likely to be.
+Discussions should be held with as many as possible of the people and groups involved in the production and marketing system, to enable a thorough understanding of the current situation and of how the proposed processing venture may alter it. These discussions should involve the agricultural extension agents who advise the farmers, local workshop managers who may be called upon to manufacture equipment spares or carry out maintenance, farmers who will supply the raw materials, existing traders, and those who may wish to assist in marketing the products. All these people may influence the decision-making process, and their support or direct participation will be important to the long-term success of the venture. Private workshops should be involved as early as possible in the manufacture of processing equipment as this will help to provide realistic cost estimates, and draw attention to manufacturing constraints or the need for imports.
+Social and environmental factors
+Development organizations intending to support such oilseed processing ventures may wish to consider social, environmental and economic factors as well. As traditional oilseed processing is often carried out by women, the effect the project would have on their well-being should be considered.
+Environmental or public health consequences of existing or proposed processing work may also need to be evaluated.
+Economic factors
+Development agency planners may be interested in an economic analysis, as well as a financial analysis (see next section). The economic analysis measures the contribution which a project will make to the overall economic development of a country or region, whereas in the financial analysis the enterprise is considered from an entrepreneurial perspective.
+Other factors
+There are several other factors, broadly classified as non-technical and nonfinancial, which may affect the success of processing ventures and therefore need to be noted.
+It should be established whether the venture makes assumptions about the literacy and numeracy skills of the operators, whether training is needed, and where such training can be obtained if required.
+Where a community or co-operative activity is planned, the participants may not feel in control of the operation if they have to depend on outsiders to do their accounts. Such a system may be vulnerable to abuse.
+Another important factor is management, particularly if a group is to run the venture. The existing management experience within the group, the need for training input, and the type of training required, would need to be assessed. Other projects and enterprises in the locality may be useful sources of information on the best management system.
+There are a variety of other social factors which may be relevant. For example, if the project is to be carried out by women, it is important to consider the other demands on their time and labour, and whether it has been assumed that they can work or trade in areas traditionally dominated by men.
+Equipment
+For larger scale ventures it is important that a realistic assessment is made of the local manufacturing sector and its ability to meet the requirements for both initial equipment and subsequent spare parts. It is possible to import machinery but it is more likely to be affordable and accessible if it can be supplied and maintained by a local industry. Machine operators can be trained in the basics of regular maintenance operations, but for some processing technology, such as small-scale expellers, there may be an occasional need for more skilled inputs. Where machinery is locally made and supplied, the manufacturer should be able to meet these occasional maintenance requirements, but consideration should be given to this when planning a venture in a remote location. Where operators are given training at the beginning of a project, consideration also needs to be given to the transfer of their skills should personnel change.
+<section>Financial analysis</section>
+Financial analysis is necessary for any enterprise. There should be a feasibility study of the processing proposals, including consideration of the relative cost of the oilseeds, the values of the oil and oil-cake, the likely costs of equipment and buildings, and the labour needed to operate the processing technology. This study should also help to clarify the operational assumptions and highlight areas of uncertainty and undue optimism.
+It is not the purpose of this manual to cover financial analysis in detail. Readers interested in this are referred to one of the many books on the subject; Gittinger (1982), and UNIDO (1986), give comprehensive accounts of financial and economic analysis. In the following discussion, some of the main issues to be considered are outlined and some frequently-used terms explained.
+There are several fairly standard financial 'tests' and a series of information requirements. Financial analysis is concerned with commercial viability and whether the enterprise is profitable for the 'owner-operator'. Even when the output is for home consumption, there will still be important financial criteria which affect the uptake of the technique. It must be stressed that the economics of vegetable oil extraction are highly site-specific, with costs and revenues varying appreciably according to location.
+Factors which will have a major influence on the viability of an oilseed processing venture are listed below.
+o The market prospects for the oil and oil-cake in relation to their acceptability and to the prices and availability of competing products.
+o The price and availability of oilseed.
+o The yields of oil and oil-cake.
+o The capital costs of the venture (including the delivered cost of the equipment, spares, and motors, and the cost of any building and site work.
+o The working capital requirement.
+o The operating costs (including raw materials, labour, maintenance and spares, energy, transport, packaging and overheads).
+Other costs which have to be taken into account include the installation and commissioning of the plant, taxes, and personnel training. Contingency allowances should also be made. The availability of finance for equipment purchase and working capital, and the provision of technical and business back-up services need to be assessed. It is essential to establish an efficient accounting system to prevent mishandling of stock and funds.
+Technical data on equipment (throughput and yields of products) can be combined with costs and prices to project the 'net income stream'. This should highlight any obvious financial problems and can be used to calculate the 'pay-back period' (i.e. how long it takes to recoup the initial investment). This information can also be used to calculate the 'financial rate of return' (see Gittinger (1982), or other references) which the prudent investor will wish to compare with other options. Another measure of project worth is 'net present value' which enables a comparison of the income streams of different projects to be made. These different measures of project worth can be used either in combination, or separately, depending on the size and nature of the investment or on the pre-occupations of the user group.
+A 'sensitivity analysis' is also important. This means that the cost and income streams should be recalculated, using alternative values for anything which is not very precisely known (such as the number of days in a year that processors will be able to operate the proposed technology), or for things which are highly variable (such as raw material costs and product prices which may be affected by the weather). The purpose of the sensitivity analysis is to anticipate, as accurately as possible, costs and income before the investment decision is actually made. Much of the information required will have been obtained during the information-gathering exercise discussed earlier.
+References
+GILLING, J. and CROPLEY, J. (1993) Needs assessment for agricultural development: practical issues in informal data collection. NRI Socio-economic Series 1. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+GITTINGER, J. P. (1982) Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects. 2nd edn. Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University.
+UNIDO (1986) Manual for the Preparation of Industrial Feasibility Studies. Vienna: UNIDO.
+<section>Chapter 3 Oil extraction</section>
+<section>Commercial oilseed processing</section>
+The following paragraphs are included to give the reader an idea of the scale and number of operations required to extract oil from oilseeds at a commercial level, and how they relate to small-scale operations. The main difference is that commercial mills refine the oil before offering it for sale as an edible product. It must be stressed that good quality unrefined oils produced by small-scale methods are in no way inferior to refined oils, and that they are, in many cases, preferred by the consumer as they retain the flavour of the oilseed.
+Figures 1 and 2 are flow diagrams showing various operations common to the processing of many oilseeds. Oilseeds are delivered to the processing mills by road, rail and ship. Typically, commercial mills can process about 8000 t of oilseed per month. The oilseed is often stored for several months before processing and needs to be kept at a moisture content low enough to prevent deterioration by moulds which grow at high moisture contents. Moisture content determinations are carried out on seed batches on delivery at the factory. The mills are equipped with their own laboratories to carry out the analysis. If necessary, the seeds are then dried, ideally using special dryers, to the moisture content required for safe storage.
+Seeds are stored in special silos which are often fitted with ventilators so that air can be circulated through the oilseed to keep the moisture level and temperature constant. This is necessary to prevent localized high moisture levels being produced which would encourage mould growth. To accommodate 2000 t of seed, a silo 10 m in diameter and 36 m high will be required. Conveying equipment is used to transport seed from the silos to the factory processing equipment. Either screw- or belt-conveyors are used to do this.
+In the factory the seeds are subjected to a number of processing steps prior to oil extraction. The oilseed is cleaned to remove trash, dirt, sand and metal pieces. The oilseed is then weighed for accurate control of oil and cake yield. The shell or seed coat is often removed from the oilseed kernel. This process is known as decortication and, as well as raising the oil content of the raw material entering the extraction machinery, it ensures a higher protein content in the oil-cake. Size reduction of the seed is sometimes followed by rolling to produce flakes which are then conditioned. During conditioning,
+Oil is extracted from the treated seed particles in continuous screw expellers. In very large plants this operation is used as a pre-treatment before solvent extraction. Solvent extraction removes the oil from a flaked seed or oil-cake by treating them with a solvent in which the oil is soluble. The solvent is removed by heat and vacuum to obtain the crude oil. Expellers will leave a residual oil content in the oil-cake of about 5-8%. Solvent extraction removes nearly all the oil, leaving only about 0.5% in the residue. Screw expellers in large mills can usually process between 10 and 100 t of oilseed in 24 h. The processing capacity of solvent extractors ranges between 100 and 1000 t/24 h.
+The crude oil from the expeller is passed through screens and allowed to settle in tanks before it is filtered through a filter press. The seed residue from the settling tanks is known as 'fools'. Residues from the screens and the filter press, together with the 'fools', are re-processed in the expeller by mixing them with the fresh oilseed feedstock or oil-cake. Oil-cake is frequently passed through the expeller again to remove more oil.
+As mentioned in the previous section, oil is a mixture of triglycerides which can break down on hydrolysis to produce fatty acids and glycerol or partial glycerides. Hydrolysis occurs in oilseeds by the action of enzymes present in the seeds which can become active when seeds are damaged by rough handling. If fatty acids are present they can impart an unpleasant taste to the oil and make it unpalatable. Enzymes are destroyed by heat and this is another reason why oilseeds are heat-treated prior to expelling.
+Crude oil is refined in three main steps, neutralization, bleaching and deodorizing, which remove fatty acids, colour, and off-flavours, respectively. Each of these processes involves heating the oil to a certain extent. The refining processes may be carried out in stages using batch plant (see Figure 3), or by using equipment providing continuous operation. The fatty acids are neutralized by mixing the oil with a solution of caustic soda. The caustic soda solution reacts with the fatty acids to produce soap which can be washed from the oil with water. The soap solution, known as soapstock, can be used for soap manufacture. The oil is then bleached by adding a powdered clay known as 'Fuller's earth'. This operation removes coloured pigments and produces a light-coloured oil. Deodorization is carried out by passing high pressure steam through the oil under vacuum to remove the taints and odours present in the oil at the beginning of the refining process, and those produced by
+the neutralizing and bleaching stages. A bland-tasting oil is finally obtained.
+Oil-cake is sold to animal feed compounders who blend it with other ingredients to make rations for farm animals.
+<section>Small-scale oilseed processing</section>
+Various small-scale techniques are available to enable people in rural areas to process their own oilseeds locally. Careful consideration is needed to select the system that will best suit the local circumstances. These circumstances include the scale of operation required, the availability of a power source, and a number of other factors. The options available for small-scale oilseed at levels of up to 100 kg seed/in include small powered expellers, manual- or animal-powered mechanical presses, and simple procedures using water to separate oil from oilseeds.
+The following five basic oilseed processing methods are available and range from those suitable for use in domestic households, to those more suited to small-scale factories:
+o oil extraction methods using water;
+o manual methods using kneading;
+o manual presses;
+o ghanis; and
+o expellers.
+The ghani is, in effect, a mechanized version of the kneading method.
+Typical maximum operating pressures associated with the different types of presses are as follows:
+p.s.i.
+kg/cm²
+Hand bridge press
+Small hydraulic press
+Ram press
+Small-scale expeller
+Medium-scale expeller
+Full-press commercial expeller
+The pressures generally reflect the levels of oil extraction efficiencies achieved with the different types of equipment. However, the addition of a proportion of water to the ground oilseed can improve oil extraction efficiency at low pressures.
+The general processing steps involved in oilseed extraction are shown in Figure 1, but actual practice varies according to the nature of the seed. In this section these processes and the major items of equipment involved are discussed. Where possible, complete process descriptions are given in Chapter 4, which deals with individual oilseeds.
+<section>Decortication</section>
+Some oilseeds have a hard outer shell which must be removed before processing. This process is called decortication. Palm kernel is an example of a seed that must be decorticated prior to processing. The extraction of oil from other oilseeds which can be processed without decorticating them first, such as sunflower, may be aided by removing a proportion of the hulls before processing.
+<section>Seed cleaning</section>
+It is essential to winnow and sieve oilseeds, prior to expelling, to remove as much dirt, dust, sand and small stones as possible. The presence of sand results in high wear on critical components of expellers such as cages, wormshafts and chokes. Using clean oilseed for expelling will greatly increase the time that the expeller can be used before replacement parts are needed.
+<section>Size reduction</section>
+Generally, small oilseeds (such as sesame or rapeseed) can be processed directly, while larger seeds (such as copra or shea nuts) need to be ground before processing. At the domestic level, grinding is usually carried out with a pestle and mortar (Plate I) while larger quantities may be ground in a village maize mill (Plate II). Hand-operated meat mincing machines can also be used in certain circumstances. The most common type of powered mill used for small-scale operations is the hammer mill.
+<section>Rolling</section>
+Rolling a seed generally results in an improvement in oil extraction by increasing the surface area of the seed while at the same time retaining channels for the flow of oil. The flakes should be very fine and preferably thinner than 0.1 mm. Rolling before processing in a bridge press is said to increase oil yields by 10% for palm kernel, groundnut and sunflower (UNATA information sheet).
+<section>Conditioning</section>
+Conditioning or 'cooking' oilseeds involves heating the oilseed in the presence of water. The water may be that which is naturally present in the seed, or it may be added. The changes brought about by conditioning are complex but include the coalescence of the small droplets of oil, present in the seed, into drops large enough to flow easily from the seed. In addition, higher processing temperatures improve oil flow by reducing the viscosity of the oil.
+Oilseeds are nearly always conditioned before large-scale expelling. Small-scale expellers minimize the need for pre-treatment by using a relatively fast wormshaft speed which shears the oilseed as it passes through the expeller and produces frictional heating within the expeller barrel. This assists oil expulsion by raising the temperature of the oilseed. However, even when using a small-scale expeller, oil extraction will be assisted by heating and/or steaming the oilseed before expelling. Heat treatment is essential for some seeds with a low fibre content such as groundnuts; they must be heated and moisturized before expelling or the machine will produce an oily paste instead of oil and cake.
+Some companies which manufacture small-scale processing equipment for oilseed processing refer to their seed conditioners as 'seed scorchers'. This is a misleading name because scorched oilseeds will yield oils having characteristically dark colours and burnt tastes which are not normally desirable. The Natural Resources Institute (NRI) has developed an inexpensive oilseed conditioner based on a small cement mixer (see Plate III).
+<section>Oil extraction</section>
+Wet extraction methods
+Manual methods using kneading
+Manual presses
+Ghani
+Expellers
+Wet extraction methods
+In wet extraction methods water is used to extract oil from oilseeds. The distinction should be made between wet methods and water-assisted methods of oil extraction. Wet extraction methods involve the use of a relatively large amount of water so that the oilseed is suspended in the water and the extracted oil floats on the surface.
+Water-assisted methods involve the addition of a small quantity of water to the oilseed before the oil is extracted by manual kneading. These methods are discussed later. They are not classified as wet methods because all the water used is absorbed by the oilseed and no separate water layer is apparent.
+The hot water flotation (HOOF) method of edible oil extraction is traditionally used in the rural areas of many developing countries. Usually, decorticated oilseed is used. The oilseed kernels are heated and ground by pounding in a pestle and mortar. The ground seed is then suspended in boiling water and boiled for at least 30 min. Liberated oil floats to the surface. Further quantities of water are sometimes added after boiling to replace that lost by evaporation, and to encourage the oil to float to the surface. The oil is carefully scooped from the surface of the water using a shallow dish and is then heated over a fire to remove residual moisture.
+The advantage of the HWF method over other small-scale oilseed processing techniques, such as those using expellers or ghanis, is its simplicity. The equipment required (pestle and mortar, boiling pans, etc.) is readily available. However, oil yields tend to be low and the process can be time consuming and arduous. This is especially true if traditional pestle and mortar methods are used to grind the oilseed kernel. If long boiling times are used, fuel consumption will also be high.
+The above method may be applied to most oilseeds with varying degrees of success. Sources of oil, such as coconut and oil palm fruits, can be processed by traditional methods which make use of the water already present in the seed (see Chapter 4).
+Manual methods using kneading
+In common with the water flotation process, only simple domestic utensils are needed to extract oil by kneading. This method is used to process groundnuts traditionally in West African villages and is described in detail in Chapter 4. Water is added to groundnut paste and the mixture is stirred and kneaded by hand until the oil separates. The water plays a vital but obscure role in the extraction process. It is believed that the water displaces oil from hydrophilic, or 'water loving', surfaces in the ground seed.
+Manual presses
+A selection of the many different types of manual press employed in oilseed processing are illustrated in Plate IV and Figures 4-10. With the exception of the ram press, these can be used for all types of oilseeds. To get the best oil yields, pressure on the prepared oilseed should be applied slowly and increased gradually.
+The wedge press
+The wedge press, operated manually or by using either wind or water power, was widely used to press oilseeds during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the West and in the Far East. The typical operating principle of a wedge press used during this period is shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 shows the design of a wedge press using trees as the end braces (Broadright, 1979). The wedges should be made of a very hard wood and are best driven in with a wooden mallet. Two wedges should be applied, one from each side, and these should be driven in simultaneously so as to avoid pushing both bags and wedges out of the press.
+The plank press
+The plank press represents the simplest mechanical pressing device used in oilseed processing. It consists of two long pieces of wood hinged at one end. The prepared seed, in a suitable woven container, is placed between the planks and squeezed by the application of pressure at the unhinged ends. Plate IV shows a plank press being used in Nepal for the extraction of rapeseed oil.
+Cage presses
+Cage presses have formed the basis of many small-scale processing operations in recent years and are sometimes called screw presses, but this name should be avoided as it can be confused with the continuous screw expeller. There are a number of cage press designs and four types are shown in Figures 6-9. In a variation of the version shown in Figure 9, the hydraulic jack is mounted above the pressing cage. This design is not recommended because of the risk that leaking hydraulic fluid could contaminate the oil and cake.
+The curb press The press shown in Figure 6 was designed by the Technology Consultancy Centre (TCC) at Kumasi in Ghana. It is a development of the 'Duchscher' curb press which was manufactured in Luxembourg and which has been widely used in Nigeria for extracting palm oil. The cage on the TCC press is made of two halves hinged on one side and locked together with a pin on the other. This enables the cage to be opened easily for unloading the oil-cake after pressing. This makes the press particularly convenient for processing palm fruits, but the central position of the screw inside the cage makes the press unsuitable for pressing other oilseeds.
+The bridge press In the bridge press, the press plate is mounted at the base of a screwed rod (often incorrectly referred to as a spindle) which runs in a nut set in the 'bridge' of the frame that surrounds the cage. The screwed rod is turned by a single cross-head bar providing two levers.
+Figure 7 shows the bridge-type cage press used by NRI. The design incorporates a thrust bearing which allows the screwed rod to rotate easily against the pressure plate. The original press used a 24 cm diameter cage and was designed to produce the relatively low pressures required for extracting oil palm fruits. To adapt the press to higher pressure use so that it could be used for a range of oilseeds, the diameter of the cage was reduced to about 15 cm together with a corresponding reduction in the diameter of the press plate. This reduction in the cage diameter increased the maximum pressure exerted on the seed from the 14 kg/cm² (200 p.s.i.) available in the larger cage, to 34 kg/cm² (500 p.s.i.) in the smaller cage. The increase in pressure obtained can be demonstrated as follows.
+The area of the press-plate for the larger cage is:
+p
+x 12 cm x 12 cm = 452 cm²
+The maximum pressure that can be exerted on this plate is 14 kg/cm². Therefore, the maximum force exerted at the end of the screwed rod on the pressure plate is:
+14 x 452 = 6328 kg, a little over 6 t
+The area of the plate in the smaller cage is:
+3.14 x 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm = 176 cm²
+Thus, the maximum pressure available in the smaller cage is:
+6328 kg/cm² = 36 kg/cm²
+Since the height of both cages is 200 mm, the capacity of the 150 mm cage is 3.5 l, and that of the 240 mm diameter cage is 9.01. Thus, increasing the pressure on the oilseed by decreasing the diameter of the cage results in a reduced cage capacity and hence reduces the amount of oilseed that can be processed.
+The scissor press This press (Figure 8) was designed by the Institute of Production Innovation (IPI) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, as part of a complete set of equipment for processing sunflower seed by hand. It is understood that this type of press can exert a force of 80 t.
+The hydraulic press A simple form of this type of press is shown in Figure 9. It was developed by KIT for processing shea nuts and was based on a 30 t lorry jack which exerted a maximum pressure of 125 kg/cm² on the seed. The cage capacity is 8 1.
+The ram press
+The prototype ram press was designed in 1985 by Carl Bienlenberg, an engineer working with Appropriate Technology International (ATI). The layout of this press is shown in Figure 10. A long, pivoted lever moves a piston backwards and forwards inside a cylindrical cage constructed from metal bars spaced to allow the passage of oil. At one end of the piston's stroke an entry port from the seed hopper is opened so that seed can enter the press cage. When the piston is moved forward, the entry port is closed and the oilseed is compressed in the cage. As a result, oil is expelled from the oilseed and emerges through the gaps in the cage. Compressed seed is pushed out through a circular gap at the end of the cage. The width of this gap, which can be varied using an adjustable pressure cone, controls the operating pressure of the press. The design of the press is such that it can achieve operating pressures greater than those obtained in most manually-operated cage presses, and as
+high as those in small expellers. The ram press has a low seed throughput but has the advantage of continuous operation.
+The ram press was developed in Tanzania specifically for processing a thin shelled high oil-content variety of sunflower seed known as 'Record'. Presently, the technique is being applied to copra, groundnuts and sesame. The original ram press, the Nand Singh type, had a large cage and normally needed two people to operate it. The Nand Singh press has now been replaced by two smaller versions, the CAPU and the CAMARTEC (see Appendix 2), which only require one operator. The CAPU press was designed by engineers from the Craftsmen and Artisans Promotion Unit, while the CAMARTEC press is the product of the Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology. The CAMARTEC press is a small machine designed to be easy for women to operate. The development of the ram press has been described in ATI bulletin No. 24, published in August 1992.
+Ghani
+A ghani (also known as a 'chekku' or 'kol') is a mortar and pestle device which grinds oilseed into fine particles and extracts the oil from it. Ghanis are used extensively in the Indian sub-continent to process mustard seed, sesame seed, copra and groundnuts. The mortar is fixed to the floor and is normally made from wood. The pestle can be made from either wood or stone. Usually the power source is a bullock harnessed to a long lever arranged to turn the pestle inside the mortar (see Plate V). A batch of oilseed is loaded into the mortar. As the bullock moves the lever around the mortar, the pestle grinds the oilseed inside. After the seed has been ground, a certain amount of water is added. The water combines with the ground oilseed, releasing oil which is expelled by the kneading action of the pestle through a hole in the bottom of the mortar; the oil is collected in a container. When the ghani operator is satisfied that a good yield of oil has been extracted from the
+seed, the ghani is brought to a halt and the oil-cake is removed. Another batch of seed is placed in the mortar and the process is repeated. A typical bullock-driven ghani can process about 10 kg seed every 2 h. The bullock normally becomes fatigued after working the ghani for about 3-4 h and is replaced by another one.
+Electrically-powered ghanis, known in India as 'power ghanis', are now replacing bullock-driven ghanis because bullocks are becoming increasingly costly to maintain. Either the pestle or the mortar is held stationary in power ghanis (see Figures 11 and 12) which are normally run in pairs so that one is always operating while the other is being discharged. About 100 kg seed/ day is the usual throughput.
+The advantages of the ghani are that it produces a reasonable oil yield of about 60%, it can be made locally, and it has low running costs. Oil produced in a ghani is usually valued for its quality. In addition, no pre-grinding equipment is needed for smaller oilseeds such as groundnuts, rapeseed, sesame and sunflower seeds, and it is suitable for use by small groups in villages.
+Expellers
+Principle of operation
+Oilseed expellers produce oil and oil-cake from oilseed continuously, unlike bridge presses which operate on a batch system. The essential components of a typical small-scale expeller are shown in Figure 13. The expeller is driven either by an electric motor or by a diesel engine. At the heart of the machine is a powered wormshaft which rotates inside a closely fitting cage. The oilseed is fed continuously into the press through a hopper and is crushed as it is transported through the cage by the wormshaft. Pressure is exerted on the system by restricting the gap at the end of the cage through which the oil cake is discharged from the press. The expelled oil drains out of the cage through small gaps.
+The friction generated inside the expeller barrel will eventually result in the wearing down of the wormshaft end portion, barrel bars or rings, and choke. Replacement of these parts will be required at intervals depending on the type and amount of oilseed processed and the degree of dirt contaminating the seed. Rapid wear is a particular problem when expelling undecorticated, dirty sunflower seed. The availability and cost of wearing parts are important considerations when setting up a small-scale expeller facility.
+General method of operation for expellers having an adjustable choke
+Starting up the press
+1. Before starting up the drive to the press, check that all the safety guards are in good order and the machine has been lubricated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Ensure the choke control is adjusted so oil-cake can be discharged from the press cake outlet.
+2. Start the press drive and check that the wormshaft is turning over correctly. Then begin feeding the oilseed very gradually by hand into the hopper. The screw press will not expel oil satisfactorily until the barrel is hot. The operating temperature required varies according to the type of oilseed processed, but it is normally between 60 and 100°C. Some oilseeds (such as copra) have a fibre content which provides the friction needed to heat the barrel. Softer oilseeds (such as groundnuts and sesame seed) first need to be heated and conditioned in order to reach a satisfactory operating temperature (see Chapter 4 for details of oilseed conditioning). When expelling the softer seeds, the time taken to reach the operating temperature can be reduced considerably by feeding the press cautiously by hand with crumbled oil-cake of the seed being processed. As the barrel temperature increases seed should be mixed with the oil-cake in progressively increasing proportions so that
+finally only oilseed is being fed to the press. In some circumstances it is beneficial to use a mixture of oilseed and oil-cake all the time.
+3. When the seed material has been discharging freely from the press cake outlet for a few minutes, the choke may be reduced gradually to increase the pressure within the press and improve the quality of the oil-cake and the oil flow from the press barrel. The optimum cake thickness for a small-scale expeller is usually about 1-2 mm.
+4. The choke is adjusted by the wormshaft regulator at the feed end of the machine. Turning the handles anti-clockwise moves the taper plug section of the wormshaft axially further into the taper bore of the choke ring, thus reducing the thickness of the cake. Turning the wormshaft regulator clockwise withdraws the shaft and increases the cake thickness. The locknut (if fitted) has to be released to allow the operating screw to move and should be relocked after each adjustment.
+5. Until the barrel reaches the operating temperature, a large amount of sediment 'fools' may be produced with the oil. To limit this, oilseed should be fed slowly to the press during the warming-up period. However, some oilseeds do not produce a large amount of sediment with the oil during the start-up period. In this case, the rate of feed may be increased more quickly until optimum operating conditions are reached. Once uniform operating conditions have been reached, the sediment can be gradually mixed in with the oilseed fed to the press.
+Normal operation of the press When uniform operating conditions have been reached, the objective should be to produce the best quality of oil-cake possible, consistent with the required throughput of the press. It is possible to process some oilseeds without needing to restrict the rate at which they are fed to the press. In other words, with the feed control slide on the hopper fully open, the press will continue to operate in a uniform and steady manner, drawing oilseed from the full hopper.
+There are occasions, however, when the feed has to be metered to the press. Metering can be necessary for processing the more fibrous seeds such as palm kernels and copra. This is because the power required can be much greater than that needed to process softer seeds, and so the feed rate has to be restricted to keep the power required within the power limitation of the driving unit. In this event, if laborious manual feeding is to be avoided, the press may be fed by some metering device such as a variable delivery vibrator or screw feeder from a hopper or storage bin.
+Metering is also necessary when palm kernels, copra and other large seeds are broken, or coarsely ground, before feeding to the press. In this condition they will not easily flow steadily into the press feed area and therefore may have to be metered either by hand or, preferably, from a vibratory feed. Some seeds need to be pressed a second time to obtain optimum extraction of the oil. Again, the cake from the first pressing may not flow satisfactorily from a full feed hopper and may need to be metered to the press.
+Palm kernels are described above as usually being broken or coarsely ground before processing but, with caution, they can be first-pressed as whole kernels from a full open feed. However, a metered feed may be needed to recycle the oil-cake from the first pressing.
+When feeding from a full feed hopper, the flow characteristics of some materials through the press may be exceptionally good and result in a press capacity higher than required. If this condition occurs, the resulting residual oil in the cake tends to be high. A lower, more acceptable oil-in-cake result may usually be obtained by metering the seed to the press at a reduced rate.
+<section>Oil clarification methods</section>
+Clarification by settlement
+Oil clarification by boiling with water
+Oil clarification and expeller operation
+Freshly extracted vegetable oil may contain suspended seed debris which gives the oil a cloudy appearance. The quantity of solid material in the crude oil depends on the method used to process the oilseed and the type of seed processed. Oil produced from expellers contains substantial quantities of seed debris. Oil from manual presses and traditional processes contains smaller quantities of debris. To produce a clarified oil, the solids must be removed from the crude oil. Oil clarification methods are described below.
+Clarification by settlement
+Freshly extracted oils are left to stand in a small oil drum or bucket for several days to allow solids to settle. After settlement, the clear supernatant oil can be poured or siphoned off, leaving the plant debris at the bottom of the container. These settled solids are called foots.
+Recovery of oil from foots
+Oil can be recovered from the settled foots by:
+(a) filtering through finely-woven material into a container;
+(b) heating the foots with a small quantity of water in a metal basin. This coagulates the solid material. The mixture is boiled to remove water, leaving a mixture of partially-separated oil and coagulated solids. This is then filtered through muslin to produce clarified oil. The solids retained on the muslin can be squeezed by hand in a cloth to remove any residual oil.
+Oil clarification by boiling with water
+A mixture of freshly-extracted oil is heated strongly with water (10% by weight of oil). Frothing of the oil will occur when most of the water has been driven off. When this takes place, oil can be poured off, leaving the coagulated solids at the bottom of the container. A skilled operator will leave a solid residue which contains only a small amount of residual oil. However, if the residue appears particularly oily, it can be squeezed in a cloth to recover further quantities of oil.
+Oil recovered by the boiling method will sometimes contain a small quantity of fine plant debris which can be removed by filtration through a piece of cloth spread over a bucket.
+Oil clarification and expeller operation
+Crude oil from an expeller tends to contain high levels of sediment, usually about 10-15%. A convenient oil collection vessel (shown in Figure 14) is constructed from a 200 l oil (45 gal) drum. The coarse foots which separate in the primary collection vessel may be added in small amounts to the fresh seed for reprocessing, but the fine sediment, when isolated (normally either by standing or in a filter press), is best used as a fertilizer or admixed with the cake.
+The provision of a filter press in any small-scale expeller plant is worth considering. Filter press design has been described by Thieme (1968).
+<section>The importance of quality in small-scale processing</section>
+Oil deterioration tends to lead to increased levels of FFA, poor colour, and flavour changes. Although poor quality oils can be purified or refined using large-scale equipment, this results in a loss of material. Also, since it is difficult to carry out at a small-scale all the refining stages that are possible in large-scale equipment, it is very important to ensure only high quality oil is produced. Steps to ensure this are enumerated below.
+o As far as possible, purchase good quality seed free from mould.
+o Store the seed under clean dry conditions.
+o Process the seed on a 'first in, first out' basis, i.e. the oldest seed is processed first.
+o If the seed needs to be ground before the oil is extracted, only grind the amount required for each day's processing. The oil in ground seed tends to deteriorate rapidly and so ground seed should never be stored.
+o Clarify crude oil from the extraction process as soon as possible after production and store it in clean dry containers. The presence of solid matter in oils invariably leads to deterioration.
+o Bottles and containers used for the sale of oil should be both clean and dry. They should be kept as full as possible and sealed so as to limit contact with oxygen from the air.
+References
+ANON. (1984) Early American oil mill described in new book. Oil Mill Gazetter, 89(5).
+ANON. (1987) A study of the village ghanis aided by Khadi and Village Industries Board. Indian Coconut Journal, March 1987: 11-13.
+BEAUMONT, J. H. (1981) A hand-operated bar mill for decorticating sunflower seed. TPI Rural Technology Guide 9. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+BEAUMONT, J. H. (1981) A hand-operated disc mill for decorticating sunflower seed. TPI Rural Technology Guide 10. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+BEAUMONT, J. H. (1981) A hand-operated winnower. TPI Rural Technology Guide 11. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+BLAKE, J. A. (1982) Evaluation of an on-farm press: pp. 247-251. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels, Fargo, ND, August 1982. St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
+BRACE, H. W. (1960) History of seed crushing in Great Britain. Essex, UK: Anchor Press Ltd.
+BROADRIGHT, J. H. (1979) A wedge press for oil extraction. Appropriate Technology. 6(2): 24-25.
+CHUNGU, A. S., KAUNDE, O. K. and PROTZEN, E.Th.P. (1987) Development of village and homestead oilseed processing equipment. Presented at the Workshop on Expert Consultation of Rural Vegetable Oil Expression and Utilisation in the SADCC Region, Zanzibar, November 1987.
+DIETZ, H. M., METZLER, R. and ZARATE, C. (1989) Village scale oil processing: review of the current state of screw expellers and strategies for its upgrading. Eschborn, Germany: GATE.
+GILLING, J. and CROPLEY J. (1993) Needs assessment for agricultural development: practical issues in informal data collection, NRI Socio-economic Series 1. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+GITTINGER, J. P. (1982) Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects. 2nd edn. Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University.
+HEAD, S. W., HAMMONDS, T. W. and HARRIS, R. V. (1989) Experiences with small-scale oil expellers in developing countries. In: A Symposium on Edible Oil Processing, Rugby. The Institution of Chemical Engineers.
+HEAD, S W., HARRIS, R. V. and SWETMAN, A. A. (1990) An inexpensive oilseed conditioner. Appropriate Technology, 17(2): 28-30.
+KARNATAKA STATE KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES BOARD (1984) Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Village Oil Industry. India.
+KHAN, L. M. and MANNA, M. A. (1981) Expression of oil from oilseeds. Paper number MCR-81-509 presented at the 1981 Mid-Central Region Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Ramada Inn, St Josephs, Missouri, March, 1981.
+OKURA NAGATSUNE (1836) On oil manufacturing. A 1974 English translation of the original Japanese edition has been published by Olearius Editions, New Brunswick, US.
+OTTO, J. (1992) The ram press of Tanzania: Successful technology gets better. Food Chain, (5): 6-7.
+PINSON, G. S., MELVILLE, D. J. and COX, D. R. S. (1991) Decortication of tropical oilseeds and edible nuts. Natural Resources Bulletin 42. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+SIVAKUMARAN, K. and GOODRUM, J. W. (1988) Laboratory oilseed processing by a small screw press. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 65(6): 932-935.
+THIEME, J. G. (1968) Coconut oil processing. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 89. Rome: FAO.
+UNIDO (1986) Manual for the Preparation of Industrial Feasibility Studies. Vienna: UNIDO.
+VADKE, V. S. and SOSULSKI, F. W. (1988) Mechanics of oil expression from Canola. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 65(7): 1169-1176.
+<section>Chapter 4 Processing of specific oilseeds</section>
+<section>Coconuts</section>
+Copra
+Household wet processing of coconut
+Wet processing of coconut on a village scale
+Coconut oil extraction using a low-pressure bridge press (NRI 'water-assisted' method)
+Coconut oil extraction using a low-pressure bridge press (the KIT method)
+Coconut oil extraction from coconut gratings using the ram press
+Use of the ghani to process copra
+Coconut oil extraction from copra using a small-scale oil expeller
+The fry-dry process
+Uses of coconut oil
+Coconuts grow in the coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics, 20°N and 20°S of the equator. Major producing countries are: The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India, Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique, Tanzania, and the Pacific Islands.
+Harvesting of the nuts is carried out by allowing them to fall naturally, by climbing the trees and picking, or by cutting the nuts using a knife attached to a long pole. Immature nuts should not be harvested as they contain less oil than mature nuts.
+Fresh nuts are de-husked by means of a wooden or metal spike fixed into the ground. The coconut is brought down forcibly on to the spike by the operator and twisted to remove portions of the husk. The process is repeated until all the husk is removed. Fresh coconut kernel contains 32-35% oil, corresponding to a moisture content of 54 49%.
+Coconut oil may be obtained directly from the fresh kernel (wet processing) or, more commonly, from the dried kernel (cope).
+Copra
+Copra usually contains 69-70% oil on a moisture-free basis. To prepare copra, the coconuts are first split in half and dried either in the sun or in special driers. When the nuts are partially dried, the meat shrinks away from the shell allowing the kernel to be removed easily. The kernels are then further dried to a maximum moisture content of 9%, but ideally to a moisture content of 6%. Copra is normally sold to traders and then on to large processing mills where it is expelled for oil and cake. Oil from copra is generally refined and deodorized before being sold for edible purposes. However, in some countries, notably Sri Lanka and Indonesia, the natural coconut flavour is favoured and the oil is consumed without further processing.
+If the copra is not prepared carefully and the product is underdried, it will go mouldy during storage, leading to a marked deterioration in oil quality. In addition, if the copra is attacked by the yellow-green mould, Aspergillus flavus, it is likely to be contaminated by a toxic chemical called aflatoxin. When such contaminated copra is processed, aflatoxin passes into both oil and copra cake. Fortunately, aflatoxin is removed from coconut oil during refining, but it is retained in the cake. The problem is such that the European Community has imposed stringent regulations on permitted levels of aflatoxin in imported copra cake and meal to be used in animal feeds.
+Household wet processing of coconut
+In many countries, for example Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Tanzania, fresh coconuts are used at household level for oil or milk extraction. The nuts are cracked in half and the meat scraped out using a rasp (see Plate VI). The grated coconut is collected and water is added. The mixture is kneaded by hand and then squeezed to produce a 'milk'. This process is repeated several times and the liquid combined. The milk may then be boiled immediately to obtain the oil. This method also produces a crispy residue after boiling which is highly appreciated in The Philippines as a confectionery item known as latik. A more common procedure, carried out in Tanzania, is to allow the milk to stand overnight. The oily upper layer (cream) which separates is then boiled to obtain oil. Using this method oil extraction rates vary from about 12 to 23 l of oil/100 kg fresh coconut kernel. This represents a yield of between 22.6 and 43.4 l of oil/100 kg if calculated on a copra equivalent basis,
+which corresponds to an oil extraction efficiency range of 32-61%.
+Wet processing of coconut on a village scale
+There are many village-scale industries that use wet processing and most of these are, in effect, scaled-up versions of the domestic method. Such operations usually incorporate a powered grater and some form of manual press to extract the coconut milk.
+Wet processing of coconuts has attracted much interest in recent years. This centres on the possibility of producing products, other than oil, that are suitable for human consumption. It would be expected that such processes would yield high quality oil and an edible protein concentrate as their major products. Several processes exist, but they have failed because of high capital costs and the difficulties involved in marketing new products.
+Village-scale wet processing of coconut is the subject of a joint project being undertaken in The Philippines by The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA), the Philippine-based Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) Appropriate Technology International (ATI) and Koninklijk Instituut Voor de Tropen (KIT).
+Coconut oil extraction using a low-pressure bridge press (NRI 'water-assisted' method)
+Traditional methods of oilseed extraction usually incorporate the addition of a proportion of seed to the ground oilseed before extraction. The influence of moisture content on the extraction of oil from grated coconut has been examined at NRI in laboratory trials using a hand-operated bridge press (Hammonds et al., 1991, 1993). Experimental results showed that at an optimum moisture content of about 10-12%, about 70% of the oil could be extracted at a pressure of about 50 p.s.i. At 100 p.s.i., about 77% of the oil could be recovered. Extraction efficiency decreased with increasing particle size.
+Preliminary field tests on this method have been undertaken in Tanzania using a 240 mm diameter cage. The main practical problem was how to prepare the dried grated kernel to within the optimum specific moisture range. It was established that the moisture content of grated coconut kernel was reduced to about 3% after 4 h of drying in the sun. Tests indicated that a mixture of wet and dry coconut gratings at a ratio of 19:100 gave a moisture content in the required range. The following method is based on this finding and is presently being evaluated by a village women's group in Tanzania.
+Recommended method for village use
+1. Select 45 coconuts of the same size.
+2. Set aside five coconuts from this batch.
+3. Grate the remaining 40 coconuts and dry them in the sun for 4 h on a suitable surface. Coconut mats, galvanized roofing sheets or plastic sheet would be satisfactory. The area selected for this should be free from dust and interference by animals and children. Cassava or rice drying areas would be suitable.
+4. After 4 h of drying, gather the dried coconut and divide it equally among five bowls of the same size so that the same level of dried coconut is in each of the bowls.
+5. Now grate the five coconuts that were set aside and, without delay, add one grated coconut to each of the five bowls. Mix the wet and dry coconut together well.
+6. Divide the contents of each bowl equally between two bags and load them into the press.
+7. Press the oil out from the coconut in the bags by applying pressure for about 30 min. This pressure should be applied slowly and should only build up to a maximum towards the end of the 30 min.
+8. The oil obtained should be filtered through a cotton bag to remove any fragments of coconut gratings which may be present.
+The entire oil extraction process should be completed in one day. If this is not possible, the process can be halted after the grated coconut has been dried in the sun for 4 h and before the five coconuts have been grated. The dried, grated coconut must be carefully stored under cover overnight, preferably in sealed plastic bags. The process should be continued the following day by grating the five remaining coconuts, adding the freshly grated coconut to the dried grated coconut, and then completing the oil extraction process as normal.
+Initial results indicate that the oil extraction efficiency is about 64%, which is a little lower than that achieved in the laboratory trials. The coconut flavour of the oil from this process is not as strong as that of oil from the traditional domestic process. However, a consumer survey has shown the oil to be generally acceptable for the preparation of food. The new process requires neither firewood nor water and avoids the laborious extraction of 'cream' from the grated coconut flesh.
+Coconut oil extraction using a low-pressure bridge press (the KIT method) Source: UNATA-PRESS No. 21986
+The fresh kernel from 40-45 grated nuts is dried either in the sun, or in an artificial drier, to yield approximately 8 kg of dried material with a moisture content of about 4%. Water (8% by weight) is added and the mixture heated for 20 min. at 75°C with stirring. The conditioned coconut is then transferred to the 171 cage of the UNATA 4201 press in five equal portions, separating each portion with a metal plate. Pressure is applied slowly to reach a maximum in about 15 min. Three pressings an hour give 13.5 l of oil, which corresponds to an extraction efficiency of 72%. The press-cake can be ground in a hammer mill, rolled, moisturized and pressed to give additional oil. The combined yield from the two processes represents an extraction efficiency of 90%.
+Note In the KIT process, the addition of 8% water to the dried coconut gratings raises the moisture content to 11%, which is the same as that used in the NRI method. Pre-heating the mixed dried and wet gratings prior to pressing in the NRI method would probably bring the oil recovery up to that achieved in the KIT process.
+Coconut oil extraction from coconut gratings using the ram press
+Sun-dried coconut gratings containing approximately 3% moisture can be processed in a ram press. The throughput in a CAMARTEC BP-30 press, of gratings heated to 60°C, is 3.9 kg/in, yielding 2.46 1 of high quality oil. This is equivalent to an extraction efficiency of 85%, which is comparable to that achieved by a small-scale expeller. This process shows considerable promise, but has yet to be widely adopted.
+Use of the ghani to process copra
+Copra is easily processed in a ghani but must first be disintegrated in a hammer mill. Water added during this process is normally in the range of 2-5%. The average amount of oil extracted is about the same as that obtained by a single pass on a small-scale expeller, i.e. 60 l of oil/100 kg of copra.
+Coconut oil extraction from copra using a small-scale oil expeller
+Using the De Smet Rosedown Mini 40 expeller
+The small-scale processing of copra was demonstrated to be technically feasible and potentially profitable in the Cook Islands (Barrett et al., 1987). The equipment comprised a copra chopper, a De Smet Rosedown Mini 40 screw press and a filter press. At copra throughputs of approaching 65 kg/in, yields of clarified oil and copra cake were approximately 55% and 40%, respectively, on a weight basis. The oil yield was equivalent to about 60 l of oil/100 kg of copra, containing 5.3% moisture. This corresponded to an oil extraction efficiency of close to 84%. When copra containing 9.2% moisture was processed, the crude oil extraction rate fell from 58% to 37%. Over-dried copra with a moisture content of 2% proved to be difficult to process with the Mini 40. It was judged that well-dried copra, with a moisture range of 4.5% to 7%, could be processed without pre-heating.
+A consumer survey indicated that coconut oil could be marketed as a cooking oil to substitute for imported vegetable oils; its potential use in soap manufacture was also recognized, while copra cake was readily marketed for animal feed.
+Using the CeCoCo Hander H52 expeller
+A copra processing plant on the Caribbean island of Nevis using CeCoCo equipment, which included the H52 expeller, was tested by NRI staff in 1985. The press functioned well on warm disintegrated copra (60-70°C) conditioned to a moisture content of about 3%. Copra throughput was a little over 50 kg/in and the yield of clarified oil, expeller cake and filter press-cake was 56.8%, 35% and 6%, respectively, from copra containing 4.4% moisture. This represents an oil extraction efficiency of 86%.
+The fry-dry process
+The fry-dry process is used in Indonesia and by-passes the cope-making step. Ground, fresh, coconut kernel is dried by immersion in hot coconut oil. The final product has a cooked flavour which is very popular in Indonesia.
+In one process (Boutin, 1990), fresh kernel is ground to pass a 6 mm screen and heated in coconut oil for about 30 min. at a temperature not exceeding 120°C. The ratio of oil to coconut is about 2:1 by weight and the dried coconut is removed when the foaming diminishes. The dried coconut is then processed in a small-scale expeller.
+Uses of coconut oil
+Coconut oil is used as a cooking oil and in the preparation of oil and fat blends for the food industry. It has important industrial uses, particularly as an ingredient in soap-making.
+<section>Groundnuts</section>
+Village traditional manual processing of groundnuts, Ghana
+Bridge press, Malawi
+Bridge press, The Gambia
+Use of the ghani to process groundnuts
+Groundnut processing in a small-scale expeller using a diesel-powered CeCoCo H54 expeller (The Gambia)
+The groundnut is an annual plant. Varieties are grown as two types, either as a bushy bunch or as a runner. Hybrids of the two, 'semi-upright', are grown commercially. Groundnuts grow in tropical and subtropical regions, and in warm parts of temperate regions. They are cultivated as a rainfed crop, or under irrigation in the dry season.
+When mature, plants are dug or pulled up and the pods removed by picking or flailing. Bunch-type groundnuts have small- to medium-sized pods containing one or two round kernels in a thin shell. Runner types have one to three oval kernels in medium-sized, thicker-shelled pods. The kernel consists of about 60-75% of the whole nut. Oil content of groundnut kernels is 45-55%, depending on variety.
+Under-dried groundnuts, like copra, are very susceptible to attack by the mould Aspergillus flavus, and hence contamination by aflatoxin (see Chapter 4, Coconuts, and Shantha, 1984). The safe moisture level for groundnuts is below 10%. Oil produced from mouldy groundnuts should not be used for edible purposes.
+Village traditional manual processing of groundnuts, Ghana
+Groundnuts are shelled by hand. The kernels are roasted over a fire on a metal sheet. The kernels are lightly rolled between flat stones, then win nowed to remove the testa (skins). This step is important because the testa is bitter and will affect the flavour of the fried by-product (see below). The roasted kernels are either ground in a local maize mill or crushed between two stones to form a paste. The former process is preferred since it is quicker and reduces labour requirement. Water is added to the paste in a large bowl and the mixture is stirred and kneaded by hand. The amount of water added is not measured, but gauged using experience. After about 15 min., the mixture darkens and forms a more resilient paste which is difficult to knead. At this time, oil separates from the mixture. The mixture is continuously kneaded for about 5 more min. The groundnut paste (which, at this stage, can be formed into a cohesive ball) is then removed. The oil is poured into a separate
+container and needs no further treatment before consumption. The remaining groundnut paste is rolled into thin strips, then into rings, and fried in groundnut oil to produce a popular, tasty snack (called cull cull in Ghana).
+Throughput: 2 kg batch size using a mechanical grinding mill yielded 0.5 l of oil in a little over 2 h.
+Bridge press, Malawi
+The nuts are shelled by hand and the kernels crushed in a roller mill. Water is added (15% by weight) and the mixture is covered and left to stand for 1 h. The mixture is then heated with stirring for 15 min. prior to pressing in a bridge press. Oil is sold locally.
+Throughput: Batch size 10 kg, 8 charges/day.
+Yield: 35 l oil/10 kg batch, 28 1 oil/day.
+Oil clarification procedure: Oil is boiled with water for 2 h, after which the sediment is allowed to settle.
+The residue (groundnut cake) is produced in the form of slabs. Sometimes these are incorporated into family meals, but more often they are sold as animal feed. The cost of equipment for this type of operation, if purchased from Europe, is around £ 1800 ax-factory.
+Bridge press, The Gambia
+Nuts are shelled by hand and the kernels pounded using a pestle and mortar. Care must be taken not to pound the nuts to a sticky paste. After a few minutes of pounding, the partially-ground material is sieved (using mosquito screen of approximately 1 mm mesh) and collected. The unsieved material (the larger groundnut particles) is returned to the mortar for further pound ing. This process is repeated until all the pounded material passes through the sieve. The pounded groundnut flour is placed in a colander over a metal cooking vessel containing boiling water fuelled by a wood fire. The material is steamed for about 20 min. This work is normally carried out by women. The steamed material is wrapped in a piece of sack and placed in the cage of the bridge press. The press plate is screwed down manually on the seed. Oil flows out through a hole in the bottom of the press (via holes in the cage) on the application of pressure. The press requires two operators.
+After extraction the cake is removed from the press, repounded, steamed, and pressed again. The oil extraction efficiency of the process is about 66%. This is equivalent to an oil yield of about 3.9 l/10 kg groundnut kernels. The oil does not require clarification. The residue is fed to animals.
+Use of the ghani to process groundnuts
+Groundnuts are commonly processed in ghanis in India. Water added during the process is normally in the range of 5-10%. Extraction efficiency ranges from 60% to 65%.
+Groundnut processing in a small-scale expeller
+Groundnuts can be processed successfully in small-scale expellers provided the seed is properly prepared. Seed preparation usually involves the addition of water and the process benefits from pre-heating.
+Using a diesel-powered CeCoCo H54 expeller (The Gambia)
+Groundnuts are shelled by hand and the kernels placed on a tarpaulin on the ground. About 160 kg of peanuts in shells are required to produce 100 kg of kernels. Approximately 2 l of water are mixed into every 100 kg of kernels. The moistened seed is passed through the expeller three times to yield 47 kg of crude oil and 50 kg of press-cake. The overall throughput of kernels is about 50 kg/in. The crude oil is left to stand for three days and the clarified supernatant oil (35.8 kg) is poured off leaving 11.2 kg of sediment ('foots'). The foots are processed by heating with water (see Chapter 2) to yield an additional 13.2 kg of clarified oil. Thus, the overall recovery of clarified oil is 42.4 kg (46 b/100 kg. Cake is sold to local farmers/householders for animal feed.
+<section>Oil palm</section>
+Soft oil' process
+'Hard oil' process
+General small-scale technique using machinery
+Palm oil processing operation: Christian Village, near Accra, Ghana
+The oil palm requires a rainy tropical climate. Natural distribution in West Africa lies between 13°N and 12°S. It grows in the transition zone between the rainforest and savannah, in moister locations of the grasslands, and in forest areas. Wild oil palms begin to fruit after 10 years and do not give a full crop for about 20 years. Cultivated palms come into bearing at about the fourth year, reach their peak after 12-15 years, and continue bearing fruit for 40 to 50 years.
+The fruit is an oval-shaped drupe 2.5-5 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. It consists of a thin, pliable exocarp, an orange/red pulpy mesocarp and a hard nut containing a single kernel. Fruits are borne tightly clustered in large bunches which may weigh from 5 kg in young poor palms, to as much as 40 kg in 15-year-old palms in good condition. Three types of fruit can be recognized according to the thickness of the shell:
+(i) 'aura' with a shell thickness of 2-8 mm; (ii) 'tenera' with a shell thickness of 0.5-3 mm; and (iii) 'pisifera' without any shell.
+Wild and semi-wild groves in West Africa consist mainly of palms of the aura type. High-yielding varieties are a cross between aura and pisifera and produce fruits of the tenera type. The fruit-pulp contains between 40% and 62% oil (on average, 56%) while the ratio of pulp to nuts depends on the climate and the variety.
+Two types of oil are produced from the oil palm, red palm oil from the fruit, and white oil from the kernel. The oil content of the fruit is about 55% and that of the kernel is about 47%. The fatty acid composition of palm oil is very different from that of palm kernel oil (see Table 2). Typically, for tenera fruit, 100 t of fresh fruit bunches will yield 21 t of red palm oil and 6 t of decorticated palm kernels. Thus, palm kernel oil represents about 12% of total oil production. Both types of oil are processed at industrial level, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. The industrially-produced oils are refined and deodorized to yield colourless, taste-free, odourless products.
+Traditional small-scale processing methods are divided into two types: 'the soft oil' process and 'the hard oil' process.
+'Soft oil' process
+In the soft oil process the separated fruits are softened by boiling in water and then pounding to disintegrate the pulp. The mass is then treated with a large volume of water, the pulp squeezed, and the oily layer skimmed off and heated to remove water. Only small amounts of free fatty acids are produced by this method and the product is mainly liquid.
+'Hard oil' process
+In the hard oil process, the pulp of the palm fruits is softened by fermentation in wooden troughs. Fermention takes place in successive stages, alternating with moistening and pounding for several days. Oil mixed with water and vegetable tissue drains out and is collected, boiled with water, and the oil skimmed off. Considerable amounts of free fatty acids are produced, giving the oil a special flavour and leading to a 'hard' palm oil.
+General small-scale technique using machinery
+The general technique for small-scale oil palm processing methods using machinery is as follows. The whole fruit bunches are sterilized by steaming or boiling in water. This operation destroys enzymes responsible for the formation of free fatty acids. The fruits are then separated from the bunch, either mechanically or by hand, and digested by stirring at a high temperature. Digestion renders the mass homogenous, detaches the pulp from the nuts and makes kernel removal easier. A mixture of oil and water is extracted from the mass using a curb press, a hydraulic press, or continuous low-pressure screw expellers. The mixture is allowed to stand and the oil separated from the water by decantation. The palm nuts are separated from the residue by hand.
+Readers are referred to Weimer and Altes (1989) for detailed descriptions of palm oil processing using small machines.
+Palm oil processing operation: Christian village, near Accra,
+Ghana
+Process type: village traditional manual processing of palm fruit.
+Treatment: All operations are carried out by women. Palm fruits are purchased from the local market. The fruits are boiled in water for about 2 h and then transferred to a large pit dug in the ground containing water. The pit is about 2 ft deep and 5 ft in diameter. A woman enters the pit and treads on the fruits, liberating palm oil which floats to the surface of the water. Handfuls of fruit are then collected from the bottom of the pit and wrung out by hand on to the surface of the water. When all the fruits have been collected from the pit and wrung out, the oil is scooped off the top and collected. The oil is boiled to remove water traces and is then ready for use. The woman stays in the pit to receive the next batch of palm fruits to be processed. The palm nuts are separated from the palm fibre by hand and are sold in the local market. The fibre is dried and used as fuel. About 240 l of clarified oil can be produced in two days. The oil is either used by operators or
+sold locally.
+The women operators state that oil processed in this way tastes better and sells more easily than that produced by mechanized processes. Two people are employed full time for two days on this process.
+<section>Palm kernels</section>
+Decortication
+Hot water flotation
+Bridge press
+Small-scale expeller
+Processing palm kernels in the De Smet Rosedown Mini 40 expeller
+Decortication
+Refer to Appendix 2 for sources of equipment for decorticating palm kernels.
+Hot water flotation
+In one traditional method (Wiemer and Altes, 1989) separated palm kernels are roasted and crushed by pounding. The pounded mass is then mixed into excess water and boiled for hours, during which the oil is skimmed off. Finally, the oil is dried by heating. About 18 kg palm kernels can be processed in 12 h to yield 4.3 l of oil, which is equivalent to an extraction efficiency of about 40%. The oil tends to be dark in colour because of over-heating during the roasting step.
+Another method used in the eastern part of Nigeria is to steep the whole kernels in water for 1-3 days and then to roast gently in an iron pot until the oil exudes (Cornelius, 1977).
+In an experimental procedure (Lukey, personal communication), palm kernels were ground in a plate mill and boiled with water for 1 h. The oil yield from 1 kg of kernels was 0.37 l which is equivalent to an extraction efficiency of about 60%. The residue from this extraction was passed through a 1 mm sieve. Particles retained on the sieve contained about 41% residual oil, while the fine particles had an oil content of 34%. These analyses emphasize the need for fine grinding in this type of extraction procedure.
+Bridge press
+Preliminary laboratory trials (Donkor, unpublished work) have shown that oil can be extracted from palm kernels in a bridge press. An oil extraction efficiency of 55% was achieved with roasted kernels ground to a fine paste, a paste moisture content of 20%, and a seed temperature of 60°C.
+Small-scale expeller
+Palm kernels are easily processed in a small-scale expeller and for some machines it is not necessary to grind the nuts. However, if the nuts are ground, then it is important to avoid the formation of fines (Head, et al., 1989). Processing whole, coarse- and finely-ground kernels in the De Smet Rose down Mini 40 expeller resulted in choke temperatures of approximately 100, 120 and 140°C, respectively, the latter causing the cake to char.
+Processing palm kernels in the De Smet Rose down Mini 40 expeller
+Cleaning:
+ensure that the kernels are free from shell and stones, both of which will result in high wear and possible breakage of machine parts.
+Grinding:
+the kernels may be lightly ground in a maize mill. They should be simply broken, aiming to keep the production of fines to a minimum.
+Pre-heating:
+the kernels should be heated in a container to about 60°C.
+Avoid direct heating of the container with a flame - even very slight burning will result in a dark oil. In the absence of a seed heater warm the kernels in the sun before processing.
+Expelling:
+wormshaft speed approximately 100 r.p.m. spacer settings (in thousands of an inch): feed: 0:40:40:40:30:20:10:10:5:5:5:5:5: choke cake thickness 1.5 to 2.0 mm.
+Product yields:
+whole kernels-throughput 16 kg/in yielding
+37% crude oil
+33% settled oil
+60% cake ground kernels-throughput 20 kg/in yielding
+36% crude oil
+33% settled oil
+60% cake
+Oil purification: allow crude oil to settle overnight, keeping warm to avoid solidification. Decant settled oil from sediment. Combine sediment from different runs and recover as much oil as possible by standing and decantation.
+<section>Rapeseed/mustard seed</section>
+Traditional rapeseed processing
+Processing rapeseed in an expeller
+Processing rapeseed in the Hander Type 52 expeller
+Rape and mustard are similar species and for the purposes of this manual can be treated as one oilseed. Rape is one of the most widely cultivated oilseed crops. Basically a temperate crop, it prefers temperatures below 25°C during growth. The traditional rapeseed crops of the Indian subcontinent are characterized by the presence of high amounts of erucic acid and a group of anti-nutritional, sulphur-containing compounds called glucosinolates. The expansion of the cultivation of oilseed rape in recent years in both western Europe and Canada is the result of plant breeding, which has culminated in the production of 'double zero' seed varieties in which erucic acid and glucosinolates are virtually eliminated. However, high-erucic rapeseed oil is still in demand for industrial purposes.
+Traditional rapeseed processing
+The traditional method for processing rapeseed on the Indian subcontinent is the ghani. The animal-powered ghani can process about 10 kg of seed in 2 h while the throughput of a power ghani can be as high as 14 kg/in. As is usual in ghani operations, water is added in stages during processing (10-12% of the seed weight for rapeseed). The added water not only allows oil release, but also favours enzymatic breakdown or glucosinolate into volatile compounds that add pungency to the oil. The flavour of oil from the animal-powered ghani is said to be better than that from the power ghani due to the slower processing rate which allows more time for the flavour to develop.
+The presence of glucosinolates in rapeseed limits the use of the oilseed for ruminant feed or as a fertilizer. The destruction of glucosinolates means that rapeseed cake from a ghani has greater application as an animal feed.
+Processing rapeseed in an expeller
+The ghani process is rapidly being replaced by small-scale expellers which have an improved oil recovery and higher seed throughput. Sometimes, high oil recoveries are only achieved by repeatedly recycling the expeller cake (Dietz, 1992). The breakdown of glucosinolates during small-scale expelling is aided by processing at relatively high moisture contents (8-10%) (Dietz et al., 1989). These conditions are incorporated into the following method which is used at NRI.
+Processing rapeseed in the Hander Type 52 expeller
+1. The seed is heated to about 70°C to give a feed moisture content of 6%.
+2. First press: the conditioned feed is processed with the choke set to give a cake 1 mm thick. The processing rate should be more than 60 kg/in and the seed should be self-feeding. Power drawn is 4 4.5 A and production of coarse 'fools' should be negligible.
+3. The moisture content of the cake is adjusted to 9%. This will normally require the addition of about 3% water. The cake is then heated for about 30 min. in a system which limits moisture loss (i.e. the 'cement mixer' conditioner with a loose-fitting lid over the feed opening). The final temperature should be 100°C, and the moisture content about 7%.
+4. Second press: this is carried out with the choke set to give a cake just under 1 mm thick. Processing rate is 50-60 kg/in and the feed (which breaks up during the conditioning) should be self-feeding. Power drawn is 4.5-5 A and again, production of coarse 'fools' is negligible.
+Overall processing rate is about 35 kg seed/in and the residual oil content of the cake is 12-14% (MFB). Oil extraction efficiency is 72-77%, equivalent to 32-35 l of clarified oil/100 kg of seed.
+<section>Sesame</section>
+Hot water flotation
+Bridge press
+Ram press
+The ghani process (Sudan)
+Small-scale expeller
+Sesame is an annual crop grown in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions. It thrives in temperate regions during the summer and in tropical lowlands under semi-arid conditions. Varieties may be classified either as shattering or non-shattering, according to whether the seed capsules open on drying. Under optimal conditions, some varieties take only 3-4 months to reach maturity; in less favourable conditions, some slower types may take 8 months. When harvesting by hand, the crop is cut close to the ground with a sickle, tied in bundles, and stacked to dry. The crop is cut when the lowest capsules on the stem begin to open. The oil content of sesame seed and the fatty acid composition of the oil are given in Table 2. Natural sesame oil derived from good quality seed has a very pleasant flavour and can be consumed without further purification. The natural oil has excellent stability due to the presence of high levels of natural antioxidants (Lyon, 1972).
+Hot water flotation
+Hot water flotation is a traditional method in Uganda and Sudan for the extraction of sesame oil. The following is a description of a laboratory method, as details of the traditional method have not been located.
+Sesame seed is ground to a paste and heated to 80-90°C for 15 min. Enough boiling water is then added to suspend the ground seed on stirring. The mixture is boiled with stirring for 15 min. After cooling the upper oil layer is separated off and dried by heating. The oil recovery from 0.5 kg seed is 108 ml, equivalent to an oil extraction efficiency of 41%.
+Bridge press
+Laboratory trials at NRI have demonstrated that sesame seed is suitable for processing in a bridge press. However, no results of its application in the field are available. In the laboratory trials, sesame seeds were ground to a paste using a powered mincer incorporating a plate with 2 mm holes. It is important to grind the seeds as finely as possible. Oil extraction was improved by the addition of water, and optimum oil recovery was achieved at a moisture content range of 11-13%. Yields of over 70% were recorded with sesame paste containing 12.7% moisture pre-heated to 50°C before pressing (see Figure 15).
+Ram press
+Work in Tanzania has indicated that sesame is suited to processing in the ram press. Pre-grinding is not required but pre-heating the seed by warming in the sun, preferably on metal roofing sheets, is strongly recommended. Use of the CAPU press at 4 strokes/mint gave an oil extraction efficiency of 57.5% in terms of clarified oil. The oil production rate was a little over 2.2 l/in. The oil extraction efficiency of the smaller CAMARTEC press under similar operating conditions was 62%, and the oil production rate was 1.5 l/in.
+The ghani process (Sudan)
+The following traditional method was described by Kamel-Eldin et al. (1992). The addition of oil to aid the extraction process is of particular interest.
+Sesame seeds (12 kg, oil content 53.1% MFB) were ground in a camel-powered ghani with 0.5 l of water. Oil release was observed after 30 min. when the temperature of the mass was 41°C. After 40 min., 2 l of oil previously extracted (temperature 46°C) were added to assist extraction. Extraction was complete in 55-60 min., giving approximately 5 l of oil (temperature 50°C).
+Small-scale expeller
+The following operation was monitored at Illiassa in The Gambia (see Plate 7).
+Equipment:
+CeCoCo Hander H54 expeller powered by a Mitsubishi
+10 hp diesel engine. Sieve, approximately 0.5 mm mesh.
+Large metal boiling pan and ladle for oil clarification.
+Staff:
+expeller operator, assistant, and a clerk.
+Seed cleaning:
+fine sand was removed by sieving, followed by winnowing
+to remove lighter impurities.
+Expelling:
+two expeller runs were observed. The first involved double
+pressing which in effect warmed up the mill; in the second
+run the seed was processed in a single pass.
+Run 1: 34 kg seed were moistened with about 1.5 l of water.
+Process log
+Time(min.)
+Expeller temp. °C
+Operation
+Seed charged to expeller with the choke closed.
+Choke opened to produce a cake 3-4 mm thick.
+Small amounts of cake recycled with fresh seed.
+Cake thickness reduced.
+End of first press, second press started with the addition of a further 4 kg fresh seed.
+Cake thickness about 1 mm.
+Run complete.
+The yield of crude oil and cake was 15 kg and 21 kg respectively. The speed of the diesel engine could be varied and much use was made of this facility during the warm-up period. The wormshaft speed varied from 20 to 30 r.p.m.
+Oil clarification
+About 0.5 l of warm water was added to the crude oil and the mixture heated with stirring until the water boiled. The boiling pattern changed from an initial vigorous 'boiling' to a gentle frothing, during which time (about 30 min.), the sediment conglomerated to a 'jelly-like' consistency. At this stage the oil was filtered through the cleaning sieve to give a clear product.
+Yield of finished oil:
+13.5 kg (about 39 l/100 kg seed)
+Weight of sediment:
+2.2 kg
+Run 2: 20 kg of seed was taken and water was added. The mixture was processed in a single pass with a constant wormshaft speed of 28 r.p.m. Expeller temperature during the run was constant at 61°C. The process time was 22 min., which is equivalent to a seed throughput of about 55 kg/in. Product yields were as follows:
+Crude oil
+8.0 kg
+Clarified oil
+7.5 kg
+Sediment
+1.0 kg
+Expeller cake
+12.0 kg
+The initial seed contained nearly 55% oil with 4% moisture. Oilseed cake from the process contained 19-22% residual oil. The extraction efficiency was 73-76%.
+<section>Shea nuts</section>
+Shea nuts are produced by a tree which grows to a height of 12 m. The tree has a thick trunk and a number of spreading branches which form a dense crown. It is found in the drier parts of the equatorial belt of Central Africa, where oil palms do not grow. It is present in extensive areas with differing climatic and soil conditions.
+The shea nut tree bears fruit when 10-15 years old, reaching full bearing capacity at 20-25 years. The fruit, which is allowed to fall to the ground naturally, is a spherical, ellipsoid berry about 3-5 cm long. It consists of a thin brown shell enclosing a single, dark-brown, egg-shaped seed embedded in a yellowish-green sweet pulp. Average production is between 15 and 20 kg of fresh fruit/tree, and about one tree in three is productive in each year. On average, 50 kg of fresh nuts give 20 kg of dry kernels which contain 40-55% of a fat which has the consistency of butter. The fatty acid composition of shea butter is: palmitic acid 5-9%; stearic acid 30-41%; oleic acid 49-50%; and linoleic acid 4-5%. Shea butter is processed to make a cocoa butter substitute and is used in the cosmetic industry; it also represents a valuable source of fat for cooking in the areas where it is produced.
+Traditional processing
+Ghana
+Traditional methods of oil processing vary in detail but all are arduous and time consuming. The following method was observed in 1990 at Kanvilli village, near Tamale, northern Ghana.
+Nuts are shelled by hand. The kernels are pounded individually using the end of a pestle. The resulting kernel particles are aggregated and roasted on a metal sheet over a fire. The kernels are then milled in a maize mill to form a liquid paste. A small amount of water is added to the paste and the mixture agitated by hand using a 'paddling' motion (see Plate 8). The quantity of water added is not measured, but is judged by experience. The mixture is continuously stirred for anything up to 4 h. The length of time depends on the quality of the nuts. During the visit, only one woman carried out this stirring operation, which took 2 h. At the end of this time, the mixture became lighter in colour and more water was added. The white shea butter then floated to the top of the mixture. (The residue remaining from primary extraction is used as a preservative to coat wood and is said to have pest control properties.) At this point, the stirring action was carried out much less
+vigorously. The butter was scooped off the top by hand and washed several times with water. The butter was then boiled over an open fire until clear. The resulting oil was decanted off the dark-brown residue using a spoon. (The residue from oil clarification is used medicinally to rub into callouses and cracks in feet.) The oil is left overnight. The next day it is stirred with small sticks until it becomes solid. The resulting shea butter is then ready to be used. Yield: 2.5 bowls shea nuts (cost 200 cedis) gave 1 bowl of shea butter (value 400 cedis). No special equipment other than the village maize mill was used.
+Notes: The influence of adding water to improve oil yield is recognized. The amount of water added is judged by experience. This process is hard work.
+Analysis:
+% moisture
+% oil (MFB)
+Shea nuts
+Burkina Faso
+The following description was given by Projet Karite staff.
+1. The nuts are sun dried in shell.
+2. The nuts are boiled to destroy enzyme.
+3. The nuts are cracked, then the kernels are individually pounded to a paste with a pestle and mortar.
+4. The paste is heated (at an estimated temperature of 120°C) in a pan.
+5. The paste is repounded in a large pestle and mortar.
+6. The paste is ground by hand using a stone roller on a flat stone.
+7. Water is added to the paste and the mixture is churned manually.
+8. A white butter floats to the top after a continuous churning period of between 20 min. and 2 h.
+9. The butter is scooped off and washed with water four or five times. 10. The butter is heated to remove water and the oil is poured off.
+11. The resulting oil is left for two or three days to set and is then ready for use.
+12. The water residue from step 8 is evaporated and used as a wood preservative and an insecticidal ingredient for plaster walls.
+13. The residue, after the oil is poured off at step 10, is used in the preparation of soap, and as a skin cream.
+Note: The shea nuts can be ground in a maize mill, but many village millers are reluctant to make their mills available for this purpose as the nuts make the discs very sticky and difficult to clean.
+Improved village methods
+Much attention has been directed towards improving village methods of processing shea nuts. GTZ/GATE/DMA (see Appendix 2) have carried out a study in Mali using equipment developed by KIT (see Appendix 2), technical details, and a financial evaluation of the procedure developed, have been published (Niess, 1988; Wiemer and Altes, 1989). At another project in Mali the responsibility of DMA/CMDT/CEPAZE (see Appendix 2), the use of a manual or motor-driven decorticator/winnower, an animal- or motor-driven grinder, and a centrifuge has been investigated. Extraction rates (35-40%) were similar to those achieved in the KIT process. An interim evaluation concluded that only the motor-driven version of the equipment was commercially and technically viable (Wiemer et al., 1989). Shea nut processing has been studied by TCC who can supply a suitable grinder for the kernels (180 kg/in) and a kneading machine for the paste (44 kg/h).
+The KIT process (Wiemer and Altes, 1989)
+The equipment required consists of the following:
+o an oven, made up of a fireplace with a 40 l pot and a heated pot to hold a few buckets covered with lids;
+o a hydraulic press equipped with two press cages with press-plates;
+o a cake expel stand to remove the oil-cake from the cages; and
+o some pestles and mortars for grinding.
+The dried kernels are pounded to powder (with particles smaller than 5 mm). If the powder is dry, about 10% water is added and left for at least 1 h to be absorbed. The mass is divided into 5 kg batches, heated in a pot over a fire (to about 120°C) and kept hot for at least 1 h in an oven. The hot mass is poured into a pre-heated cage and pressed. When pouring, the mass should be divided into small portions of about 1 kg by means of a press-plate. After pressing, the cage is removed from the press and put on the expel stand to free the cake, after which the oil extraction process is repeated using the first press-cake as raw material. For the second pressing, the cake should be pounded and sieved to pass a 2 mm mesh, after which about 10% water is added. Finally, the extracted oil, which contains fine brown particles, is boiled with a little water containing some juice of okra and lemon to obtain a clear white oil. On cooling, the oil solidifies to form solid shea butter.
+The cake which is low in protein, is used as a fuel.
+It takes about 10 man hours to process 10 kg of kernels, of which about 3 h are required for pounding. Oil recovery depends on the quality of the nuts and is in the range of 35-42% of the dry kernel weight. This is equivalent to an extraction efficiency of 65-78%.
+Note: The hydraulic press can be replaced by a hand-operated bridge press provided it is equipped with a small diameter cage so as to increase the operating pressure. UNATA can supply a suitable assembly.
+Small-scale expeller
+The following is a description of a laboratory trial carried out at NRI in which shea nuts from Ghana were processed in a De Smet Rosedown Mini 40 expeller.
+The cage rings (12 in number) in the expeller have three steps and are assembled in such a way that the rotation of the wormshaft directs the seed into the steps, thus assisting the forward motion of the seed towards the choke. In preliminary trials, using a conventional cage assembly, it was found that shea nuts tended to produce a paste. Improved process characteristics were obtained by reversing the assembly of the first seven rings. When using the machine under these conditions it is important not to have any spacer at the point where the rings are reversed. The spacer settings (in thousands of an inch) were:
+feed: 0:30:30:20:20:20:15:0:5:5:5:5:5:choke
+Whole shea nuts, with 5-7.5% added water, were heated in a vessel with a loose-fitting lid for 15 min. The moisture content of the feed to the press was 10.3-11.3% and the seed temperature was approximately 50°C. The conditioned whole seed was then passed twice through the expeller to yield crude oil, representing 53% of the seed weight.
+Clarification of crude oil from the expeller
+The crude oil was added to water (1:4) and the mixture warmed to 70°C. The mixture was heated for 1 h with occasional stirring, after which it was allowed to cool until the upper oil layer solidified. The separated fat was then dried by heating slowly to 110°C, after it was filtered through filter paper, to give the final product.
+The recovery of clarified oil from seed was 34.6% which is equivalent to an oil extraction efficiency of 70%. Seed throughput at the expelling stage was low, at only 8 kg/in, but this could probably be improved by further experiment. One clear advantage of the technique is that grinding is eliminated; both size reduction and oil expression are carried out in one machine.
+<section>Soya</section>
+The soyabean, or soybean, is an annual, and with the selection of the appropriate variety, can be grown in a wide range of conditions. The plant is essentially subtropical, but cultivation extends to tropical regions and temperate regions up to latitude 52°N. The seeds are contained in a short hairy pod that is harvested when fully mature. The traditional method of harvesting soyabeans in Asia and many tropical countries has always been by hand, but the crop is easily harvested by machine.
+Soyabeans are widely used as a food crop. They are unusual oilseeds in that the products derived from their processing, soya oil and soya meal, are of almost equal value. The oil content of soyabeans (approximately 20%) is relatively low but the composition of the meal is ideal for the manufacture of animal feeds. Soyabean meal is also the raw material in the manufacture of 'textured vegetable protein' used for human consumption. Commercial processing of soyabeans is nearly always carried out in large-capacity solvent extraction plants. The final stage of this process involves 'toasting' the meal which ensures the removal of an anti-nutritional factor present in the bean. The flavour and instability of crude soya oil, together with the low oil content of the seed, mean that soyabeans are not ideally suited to small-scale processing.
+Processing soya beans in a Reinartz APV11 expeller
+(International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, see Plate IX)
+Cleaning:
+the beans must be free from dirt and stones.
+Grinding:
+the beans are lightly broken in a knife mill.
+Conditioning:
+the seed is heated to 80°C in an oil-fired conditioner. During conditioning, the moisture content is reduced from 8% to 4.2%.
+Expelling:
+wormshaft speed approximately 15 r.p.m. Cake thickness 8 mm.
+Performance:
+throughput approximately 70 kg/in.
+Oil content (MFB)
+seed
+cake
+Moisture content
+cake
+Oil extraction from seed
+Extraction efficiency
+It is understood that the expeller cake still contained a high proportion of the anti-nutritional factor present in the beans, but this problem can be overcome by using an extruder to cook the beans before expelling (Nelson et al., 1987). Details of this process and a range of small-scale processes for the manufacture of soyfoods can be obtained from INSTOY, who are based at the University of Illinois in the US.
+<section>Sunflower seed</section>
+Varieties
+Hot water flotation
+Manually-operated presses
+Expeller operation
+Sunflower is an annual plant that thrives in the tropics at medium and high elevations and, under suitable conditions, in temperate climates. Smallholders harvest the crop by hand, pulling off the sunflower heads when dry and rubbing off the seeds. Large plantation stands are harvested using a combine harvester.
+Varieties
+There are numerous varieties of sunflower seed. Many hybrid varieties have a thin, soft shell and a high oil content. Most indigenous local varieties have thick, hard shells and relatively low oil contents. Smallholders in many countries prefer to grow local varieties of sunflower, as the plants, when harvested, can provide seed for growing the next season. The progeny from hybrid seeds cannot be used for this purpose; fresh seed stock has to be purchased every growing season. This incurs extra cost, time and effort for the smallholder. There is often no premium offered by merchants to farmers for high oil-content crops. A local variety of sunflower seed called 'Record', which has a thin shell and a high oil content, grows in Tanzania. Soft-shelled, high oil-content sunflower seed types such as 'Record' (another of this type is called 'Peredovik') are ideal for processing in the ram press.
+Hot water flotation
+In a method used in Tanzania, sunflower seed is roasted in a clay pot over a wood fire and then pounded manually to make a fine flour. The flour is boiled with water in an oil drum for up to 9 h. After boiling, cold water is added to bring the oil to the surface; it is then skimmed off and dried. Oil yield is 1.25 l from approximately 10 kg of undecorticated seed, which is equivalent to an extraction efficiency of 38% for a low oil-content seed (30% total oil) or 23% for a high oil-content seed (50% total oil).
+Laboratory studies have shown that the yield of available oil can be increased to about 53% by using sunflower kernels, and that the hot water for one extraction can be recovered and used for further processing, thus saving on energy and water consumption.
+Manually-operated presses
+Bridge press using the KIT process (Wiemer and Altes, 1989)
+KIT have developed a hand-operated system for sunflower in association with UNATA who can supply all the necessary equipment. The equipment is as follows:
+o sunflower seed decorticator
+o winnower
+o roller mill
+o 'cooking' furnace
+o bridge press
+A suggested layout for this equipment is shown in Figure 16. The throughput of the equipment is 150 kg of undecorticated seed/day. For seed with an oil content of 32-35%, oil production ranges from 31 to 34 l of oil/day. Details of the method, which was developed in association with TDAU (see Appendix 2) and several women's groups in Zambia, are given in a publication Simple Sunflower Production at the Village Level which is available from UNATA.
+Scissor press
+This system was developed by the Institute of Production Innovation (IPI) of the University of Dar es Salaam (Chungu et al., 1987). The equipment is available from Themi Farm Implements Co. Ltd of Arusha, Tanzania, and is basically the same as that used in the KIT process described above. The heart of the process is a scissor press which has a capacity of 21 kg decorticated seed/in. The daily throughput of the plant is 210 kg seed (140 kg decorticated seed), and oil production varies from 46 to 69 l, depending on the oil content of the seed. The effect of the various processing steps on oil yield is shown in Figure 17. An instruction booklet describing the process is available from the University of Dar es Salaam (Chungu, 1986).
+Ram press operation, near Ilonga, Tanzania
+Press type:
+ram press manufactured at Morogoro by the Craftsmen and Artisans Production Unit (CAPU, see Plate X).
+Seed processed:
+sunflower seed, 'Record' variety
+Operation:
+custom milling. Average of three labourers/day to operate the press.
+Throughput:
+up to 100 kg/day. Seed is heated in the sun before processing.
+Yield:
+50 kg 'Record' seed yield 30 kg cake and 15-16 l of 'raw' oil (14-15 l after clarification).
+Oil clarification:
+oil is boiled on a charcoal stove.
+Local farmers bring between 10-100 kg seed to be processed.
+Cake is mixed with maize bran and sold to local farmers.
+(Changu et al., 1987)
+Expeller operation
+Oilseed expeller operation, Usa River, near Arusha, Tanzania
+Expeller type:
+manufactured in Tanzania.
+Seed processed:
+undecorticated sunflower seed.
+Seed pre-treatment:
+sunflower seed sieved and winnowed.
+Throughput:
+60 kg/in: 900 kg/working day (15 h; two shifts of 7.5 h).
+Yield:
+60 kg seed yield 18-20 kg oil before settling.
+Oil clarification
+oil is allowed to settle for 2-3 days or is boiled with procedures: water (adding 50 l water to 50 l of oil) together with a handful of salt. Clarified oil recovery is 90% of the crude oil weight.
+Cake is sold locally as animal feed.
+Expeller trials with partially decorticated sunflower seed
+Laboratory trials have been carried out to compare the processing characteristics of sunflower seed containing differing amounts of hulls (Head et al., 1989). The results of these trials are summarized in Table 3.
+It would appear that r.p.m. reduction is related to hull content. Low hull content results in reduced load on the motor and lower operating temperatures. There seem to be no inherent problems associated with the processing of partially decorticated sunflower seed, and indications are that optimum extraction will occur with a hull level of about 20%. One practical observation made during these trials was that when running on partially-decorticated mixtures, the machine readily accepted 'flood' feeding and the wormshaft could be set to make a thinner cake.
+Effect of heat conditioning on the performance of a small-scale expeller processing undecorticated sunflower seed
+It has been reported that heat conditioning of low oil-content sunflower seed increases oil yield from 17.4 to 19.6 l/100 kg seed. This work was carried out using the De Smet Rosedown Mini 40 expeller (Head et al., 1990). This increase was achieved with a 25% reduction in the power requirement of the expeller, which suggests that heat conditioning of the seed may reduce expeller wear.
+<section>Minor oilseeds (reference list)</section>
+Argan
+Avocado
+Macadamia
+Niger seed
+Winged been
+A reference list of publications related to small-scale processing methods for minor oilseeds is given below.
+Argan
+HEAD, S. W., RAHMNI, M., HAMMONDS, T. W., HARRIS, R. V. and SOUTHWELL, K. H. (in press). Studies on the extraction of argan seed oil (Argania spinosa).
+Avocado
+SOUTHWELL, K. H., SWETMAN, A. A. and HARRIS, R. V. (1990) Extraction and refining of oil obtained from dried avocado using a small expeller. Tropical Science, 30: 121-131.
+SWETMAN, A. A. (1994) Extracting oil from avocado. Food Chain, (11): 10-11.
+WERMAN, M. J. and NEEMAN, I. (1987) Avocado oil production and chemical characteristics. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 64(2): 229-232.
+Macadamia
+MACFARLANE, N. (1981) Extraction of macadamia oil using a small expeller. Tropical Science, 23(3): 206-215.
+Niger seed
+SWETMAN, A. A. and HEAD, S. W. (1994) Ram pressing of niger (noug) seed (Guizotia abyssinica(L) Cass.) Oilseed Press, No. 2.
+Winged bean
+BODGER D. et al. (1982) An investigation of the extraction, refining and composition of oil from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus [L.] D.C.). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 59(12): 523-530.
+References
+ATEN, A., MANNI, M. and COOKE, F. C. (1958) Copra processing in rural industries. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 63. Rome: FAO.
+ATI (1987) Village coconut processing in the Philippines. Appropriate Technology International Bulletin No. 10.
+ATI (in press) State-of-the-art study of small-scale coconut processing.
+BARRETT, J. C., HAMMONDS, T. W. and HARRIS, R. V. (1987) A technical and economic evaluation of a small-scale coconut oil expeller in the Cook Islands. Coconut Research and Development (CORD), 3(2): 60-86.
+BOUTIN, D. (1990) Small-scale coconut oilmills - use of fresh kernels. Oleagineux, 45(7): 327-331.
+BREAG, G. R., DREW, P. J. and JOSEPH, P. G. (1991) Production of coconut oil from fresh coconut meat using the waste-heat recovery technology: a 'new oil process'. Coconut Research and Development (CORD) 7(1): 35-48.
+CORBETT, S. (1981) A new peanut oil-press machine fails to improve older methods. VITA News, April 1981.
+CORNELIUS, J. A. (1979) Palm oil and palm kernel oil. Progress in Chemistry of Fats and other Lipids, (15): 5-27.
+CHUNGU, A. S. (1986) Preparation of cooking oil in the village; an instruction manual for IPI sunflower processing equipment. Tanzania: University of Dar es Salaam.
+CHUNGU, A. S., KAUNDE, O. K. and PROTZEN, E. Th. P. (1987) Development of village and homestead oilseed processing equipment. Presented at: A Workshop on Expert Consultation on Rural Vegetable Oil Expression and Utilization in the SADCC Region, Zanzibar, November 1987.
+DENDY, D. A. V. and TIMMINS, W. H. (1973) Development of a process to extract protein and oil from fresh coconuts. Published in 2 parts: Oleagineux, 28 Annee No. 12 - Decembre No. I - Janvier.
+DENDY, D. A. V. and TIMMINS, W. H. (1975) The processing of fresh coconuts. Chapter 14. In: Coconut palm products - their processing in developing countries. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 9. Rome: FAO.
+DIETZ, M. (1992) Technical solutions in Nepal. Food Chain no. 5: 13-14.
+DIETZ, M., METZLER, R. and ZARATE, C. (1989) Review of the Current State of Screw Expellers and Strategies of its Upgrading. Eschborn, Germany: GATE.
+HAMMONDS, T. W., HARRIS, R. V. and HEAD, S. W. (1991) The influence of moisture content on the extraction of oil from fresh, grated coconut. Tropical Science, 31: 73-81.
+HAMMONDS, T. W., HEAD, S. W., SWETMAN, A. A. and HARRIS, R. V. (1993) A low pressure method for the extraction of coconut oil from fresh coconuts. Proceedings of a workshop on village, small- and medium-scale processing of fresh coconuts, Philippine Coconut Authority, Manila, June 1993.
+HEAD, S. W., HAMMONDS, T. W. and HARRIS, R. V. (1989) Experiences with small-scale expellers in developing countries. Presented at: A Symposium on Edible Oil Processing, February 1987. Rugby, UK: Institution of Chemical Engineers.
+HEAD, S. W., HAMMONDS, T. W. and HARRIS, R. V. (1989) Experiences with small-scale oil expellers in developing countries. Presented at: A Symposium on Edible Oil Processing. Rugby, UK: Institution of Chemical Engineers.
+HEAD, S. W., HARRIS, R. V. and SWETMAN, A. A. (1990) An inexpensive oilseed conditioner. Appropriate Technology, 17(2): 28-30.
+ILO (1983) Small-scale oil extraction from groundnuts and copra. Technology Series, Technical Memorandum No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.
+JACOBSEN, L. A. and BACKER, L. F. (1986) Recovery of sunflower oil with a small screw press. Energy in Agriculture, 5: 199-209.
+KAMEL-ELDIN, A., YOUSIF, G., ISKANDER, G. M. and APPELQVIST, L.A. (1992) Seed lipids of Sesamum indicum, L. and related wild species in Sudan 1: fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Fat Science and Technology, 94(7): 254-259.
+LOBULU, W. (1990) Village sunflower project Arusha, Tanzania, project implementation and spread of benefits. Case study report. Arusha, Tanzania.
+LYON, C. K. (1972) Sesame: current knowledge of composition and use. JAOCS, 49(4): 245-249.
+NELSON, A. I., WIJERATNE, W. B., YEH, S. W., WEI, T. M. and WEI, L. S. (1987) Dry extrusion as an aid to mechanical expelling of oil from soybeans Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 64(9): 1341-1347.
+RAMSEY, R. W. and HARRIS, F. D. (1982) On-farm soybean oil expression. pp. 252-260. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels, Fargo, ND, August 1982. St Joseph, MI, US: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
+SHANTHA, T. (1984) Aflatoxin in groundnut and its products and methods of detoxification - a review. Proceedings of Village Oil Industry Regional Technical Seminar, India, June 1982. India: Karnataka State Khadi and Village Industries Board.
+SIVAKUMARAN, K. and GOODRUM, J. W. (1988) Laboratory oilseed processing by a small screw press. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 65(6): 932-935.
+SOUTHWELL, K. H. and HARRIS, R. V. (1992) Extraction of oil from oilseeds using the hot water flotation method. Tropical Science, 32: 251-262.
+SWETMAN, A. A. and HARRIS, R. V. (1989) Small-scale sunflower seed processing in rural Zambia. Tropical Science, 29:157-169.
+THIEME, J. G. (1968) Coconut oil processing. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 89. Rome: FAO.
+VIDKE, V. S. and SOSULSKI, F. W. (1988) Mechanics of oil expression from canola. JAOCS, 65(7): 1169-1176.
+WIEMER, H. J. and ALTES, F. W. K. (1989) Small-scale Processing of Oilfruits and Oilseeds. Eschborn, Germany: GATE/GTZ.
+<section>Chapter 5 Oilseed products and further processing</section>
+<section>Oil for human consumption</section>
+Oils and fats constitute an essential part of the human diet. Together with proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals they are some of the main nutrients required by the human body. They are rich sources of energy, containing two and a half times the calories of carbohydrates (per unit weight). In addition to being a source of vitamins A, D, E and K, fats also contain essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids cannot be manufactured by the body and must be obtained from the diet. Examples are linoleic and linolenic acids.
+Refined vegetable oils, and foods rich in fats, are readily available in developed countries; they can be found in great variety on any supermarket shelf. As foods containing carbohydrate and protein are also readily available, the importance of fat as an energy source in developed countries is probably less significant than its role in supplying vitamins and essential fatty acids.
+<section>Human food products prepared from oilseeds in africa</section>
+Culi-culi is a snack food made in Ghana from groundnuts, and is prepared from the de-oiled paste left over from the traditional village method for extracting oil from groundnuts. In this method, the groundnut kernels are reduced in size using a village hammer-mill or a pestle and mortar. The groundnut paste is put into a bowl and water is kneaded into it by hand. After the water has been added, the mixture is kneaded until the oil flows freely from the paste. The oil is decanted and used for cooking. The de-oiled paste is formed into rings and fried in oil to make culi-culi.
+Peanut butter This method for preparing peanut butter was used in a domestic science class at ATC, Farafenni, Gambia.
+1. Examine the decorticated kernels carefully and remove stones and other trash by hand. Sieve the kernels to remove any small stones which may still be present. Make sure that the groundnuts have no trace of mould growth.
+2. Remove any fine dust from the surface of the kernels by wiping them with a cloth.
+3. Prepare a fire and roast the kernels in sand. This is done by using a shallow bowl, about 300 mm in diameter, with a layer of clean, washed sand about 10 mm deep at the bottom. The layer of sand helps to transfer the heat evenly to the kernels without burning them. The kernels must be continually stirred with the sand while they are being heated. The roasting takes about 10 min.
+4. After roasting, remove the sand from the kernels by shaking them in a finely meshed sieve. After the loose sand has been removed, wipe the kernels with a cloth to remove any sand clinging to their surfaces.
+5. Remove the skins from the kernels by rubbing the kernels together. Shake the kernels and skins together in a bowl so that the skins collect at the bottom. Carefully sort out the kernels and remove them from the bowl.
+6. Add any salt desired to the roasted kernels and pound them into coarse fragments in a pestle and mortar. Finally, use a rolling pin to crush the fragments to make peanut butter.
+7. Hand-operated disc mills or meat-mincing machines can also be used to grind the roasted peanut kernels into peanut butter.
+<section>Use of oil-cake in animal feeds</section>
+Oil-cake is the residue obtained after the greater part of the oil has been extracted from an oilseed. Oil-cakes are rich in protein and most are valuable food for farm animals. The typical composition of selected oil-cakes is given in Table 4. Oil-cake from large-scale oil mills is often an ingredient of compounded animal feeds. Some seeds, such as castor beans, yield oil-cakes unsuitable for direct incorporation into animal feed as they contain toxic substances.
+It is only possible here to give a general account of the role of oil-cake in animal nutrition since blending optimum diets for different types of animals involves a number of considerations which are outside the scope of this book. Readers interested in obtaining further details on this subject are recommended to obtain NRI Bulletin 9 The small-scale manufacture of compound animal feed.
+Acceptable feeds can be produced by blending about 30% of oil-cake from small expellers with other local ingredients such as cereals and bran.
+Animal feeds consist of carbohydrates, fats and oils, and proteins, together with smaller amounts of minerals and vitamins which are essential for the proper functioning of body metabolic processes.
+Most farm animals will develop with feeding systems consisting of a small range of components, or even a single component, but production levels may be low and if the nutrient levels in the feed are not balanced, those present in excess will be wasted. Optimum yields of meat, milk or eggs are obtained by feeding farm animals appropriate quantities of various raw material components.
+The most important nutritional features of feed raw material are the amounts of usable energy and protein which they provide to various classes of livestock. In general, fats and carbohydrates are the main sources of energy, while proteins and minerals are necessary largely for the building and replenishment of body tissue. An adequate supply of protein is of particular importance for growing animals, which require a higher proportion of protein in their rations than mature animals.
+Most farm animals have either ruminant or non-ruminant digestive systems. Ruminant animals such as sheep, cattle and goats have compound stomachs; they have some capacity to digest dietary fibre and to convert non-essential amino-acids in their diet into essential amino-acids through rumen microbial fermentation. The non-ruminant animals are monogastric (with single stomachs), such as pigs and poultry. Non-ruminants have a very restricted capacity to digest fibre. Essential amino-acids, in the correct proportions must be provided by their diet as they cannot be formed in the body from other compounds.
+Roughage, concentrates and supplements are the main types of materials used for animal feeds. Roughage is made up of bulky fibrous plant materials, fresh, dried or ensiled, which are mainly suitable for feeding ruminant animals. Concentrates are non-fibrous, starchy or proteinaceous materials suitable for feeding to all kinds of animals. The main types of concentrates are cereals and cereal by-products, legumes, oil-cakes, dried starchy roots and tubers such as cassava and potatoes, animal and fish by-products such as meat, blood and bone meal, fish meal, and dried milk. Supplements are minerals, vitamins and medicaments which maintain animal health and ensure satisfactory feed conversion. Miscellaneous materials, such as grass and lucerne meals, dried sugar-beet pulp, molasses and carobs, are also used.
+The quality of the protein in oil-cake is considerably higher than that of cereals but it tends to be of poorer quality than animal protein and, in particular, meatmeal or fishmeal protein. Proteins consist of chains of sub stances called alpha amino-acids linked to one another. Some 20 amino-acids are normally found in proteins but it is now known that only some of these are 'essential', in that sufficient of them must be present in the ration to meet the minimum nutritional requirements of the animal. The quality of proteins for nutritional purposes is determined by the proportions of the essential amino-acids present.
+Oilseed proteins are normally deficient in one or more essential amino-acids. As a result they cannot provide adequate supplementation of the cereal proteins with which they are commonly used, and should be fed in conjunction with an animal protein, e.g. meatmeal or fishmeal, when given to monogastric animals.
+When oilseed residues are used to raise the protein level of animal diets, they may be complemented by legume seeds, animal by-products and synthetic amino-acids. As well as cost, the major decisive factor for using a particular oilseed residue depends on the amino-acid composition of the cereal and cereal by-products incorporated in the diet. If, however, most of the energy is derived from root crops, then the oilseed residues will be required in greater quantities to contribute a higher proportion of protein.
+Oilseed cake may make a significant contribution to the energy content of the diet, particularly when the oil content is high. Digestive disturbances, however, may result from the uncontrolled use of cakes rich in oil, or if the oil is unsaturated. Body fat may become soft and carcass quality may be lowered. Oilseed-cakes usually have a high phosphorus content but a low calcium content. They contain only negligible amounts of vitamin A-active materials, vitamin D and vitamin B12. The content of other group B vitamins is rather higher than that of pulses.
+The fat in oil-cakes is also usually a good source of linoleic acid, which is essential for animal metabolic processes.
+For oilseeds with fibrous husks, such as groundnuts and sunflower seed, the protein content of the oil-cake is higher if the husks are removed before the oil is extracted. Oil-cakes from oilseeds extracted with the husks on have a much higher crude fibre content than those from oilseeds from which the husks have been removed. Oil-cakes of high crude fibre content cannot be included in high proportions in feeds for non-ruminant animals.
+Oilseeds may contain a number of toxic or undesirable substances, which may pass unaltered into the oil-cake. These substances may be natural constituents of the seeds, such as gossypol and cylopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed, cyanogenetic glycoside in linseed, ricin in castor beans, sinigrin or sinalbin in mustard seed, saponin in shea nuts, the trypsin inhibitor in soyabeans, or toxic mould metabolites, such as aflatoxin, which may form if the seeds are allowed to spoil by moulds. Rubber seed, in addition to containing cyanogenetic glucosides and a chemical factor with gossypol characteristics, has a shell which causes irritation in the animal's gastrointestinal tract. The effect of some of these undesirable factors can be reduced by restricting the amount of the particular oil-cake present in the animal's diet, by heating or steaming the oil-cake, by extracting it with water, or by using oil-cake from decorticated seed. The processing, particularly if heat is
+involved, may result in a lowering of the digestibility and in denaturation of the protein, with a consequent lowering of its nutritive value.
+If livestock are scarce in the locality where small-scale processing is being carried out, the local market for oil-cake my not be promising. The quantity of oil-cake produced using small-scale manual methods of extraction will usually be limited. Larger quantities will be produced from small oilseed expellers and it is possible for a market to be found for this material. Depending on the seed type, it may be possible to feed the residue directly to animals without further treatment. In the Cook Islands, copra cake from a small expeller has been sold to farmers as a pig feed supplement. In the Gambia, groundnut cake produced from a small expeller has replaced cake from a large-scale commercial mill in poultry rations used on a farm in a rural location. If a local market for the oil-cake cannot be found, it may still be worthwhile transporting it to a region where livestock ownership is more widespread. This will depend on sufficient quantities of the cake being produced.
+<section>Soap manufacture</section>
+Soap can be in short supply in rural areas of developing countries, but it may be made easily by mixing oils and fats with a solution of caustic soda in water. The process is simple but it needs to be done carefully. The oil, caustic soda and water used to make the soap have to be mixed together in the correct proportions. This is important because soap-making involves a chemical reaction between the oil and the caustic soda in the water. The oil and the caustic soda combine to make one product, the soap. In this reaction, a definite weight of oil reacts with a definite weight of sodium hydroxide If more caustic soda is used than is needed it will remain in the soap and produce a burning action on the skin.
+Making the caustic soda solution has to be carried out carefully since caustic soda is very corrosive. All contact with the skin should be avoided. On accidental contact, the skin must be washed immediately with water. It is advisable to wear safety goggles, or face shields, and rubber gloves when making up the solution. Caustic soda solution reacts with zinc, tin, aluminium and brass very readily, so only utensils and containers made from iron, steel, wood or plastic should be used. When the caustic soda is dissolved in water, a considerable amount of heat is generated. It is very important that when mixing the caustic soda and water, the caustic soda must always be added to the water. Never attempt to add the water to the caustic soda. This will cause an explosive evolution of heat. It is also important to add the caustic soda to the water in small amounts, at a slow rate, so that the solution does not heat up much above 60°C. If the caustic soda is added too quickly, the
+solution can boil and produce irritating caustic steam and spray.
+A number of things affect the soap-making process and the quality of the soap produced. The characteristics of the soap depend on the type and quality of the oil, and the amounts of caustic soda and water used to make it. The speed of the reaction between the oil and the caustic soda is influenced by the free fatty acid content of the oil, the temperature of the components before mixing, and how vigorously the mixing is done. High free fatty acid contents, vigorous mixing, and heat, tend to speed up the soap-making process.
+Two groups of fats are used for soap-making. The first group, the lauric oils are obtained from the kernels of different types of palm. The most common oils in this category are coconut oil and palm kernel oil. They are known as lauric oils because they contain lauric acid as the major fatty acid. These fats make a hard soap which produces a fast-forming lather with a strong detergent action. The soap tends to have a harsh effect on the skin. Soaps made from lauric oils are used as salt water soaps.
+Non-lauric oils are the other group of fats. These contain virtually no lauric acid and include a large selection of liquid oils such as olive oil, corn oil sunflower seed oil, groundnut oil, soyabean oil and cottonseed oil, as well as semi-solid fats such as palm oil and tallow. Soap made from the oils in this group produces lather more slowly than lauric oil soap, but the foam is longer-lasting, it has a milder detergent action and it has a gentler effect on the skin. Palm oil and tallow have a similar foaming action but the soaps produced are harder. Castor oil is also included in this category. It produces a hard but very soluble soap with poor foaming characteristics.
+By making blends of these different types of oils, soaps with a range of characteristics may be produced.
+The division of fats into lauric and non-lauric types is useful because it provides a simple way of calculating how much caustic soda should be added to the oil to make the soap.
+The lauric oils need to be mixed with caustic soda in the ratio, by weight, of one part of caustic soda to six parts of oil, i.e. 1 kg of caustic soda needs to be added to every 6 kg of lauric oil.
+The non-lauric oils require less caustic soda to make soap. They require the ratio by weight of one part of caustic soda to eight parts of oil, i.e. 1 kg of caustic soda needs to be added to every 8 kg of non-lauric oil.
+These ratios use slightly less caustic soda than is theoretically needed to make soap from the oil which has been measured out. This it to make sure that no excess caustic is left in the finished soap.
+When a mixture of oil types is used to make soap, the amount of caustic soda is calculated according to the amount of lauric and non-lauric oils present in the mixture. For example, a mixture of 2 kg of lauric oil and 8 kg of non-lauric oil would require 0.33 kg of caustic soda to react with the lauric fat, and 1 kg of caustic soda to react with the non-lauric fat. This adds up to a total of 1.33 kg of caustic soda for the 10 kg total weight of the fat mixture.
+The caustic soda required to react with the fats is dissolved in water in the ratio of one part of caustic soda to two parts of water by weight. For example, 1 kg of caustic soda should be dissolved in 2 kg of water. The amount of water used is important as it affects the way in which the caustic soda reacts with the oil; also, excess water will evaporate from the finished soap when it is stored and cause it to distort and shrink.
+The equipment needed for soap-making includes a weighing machine, volume measure, vessels to mix the caustic soda solution and make the soap in, stirring rods, soap moulds, and wire to cut the finished soap into tablets.
+If they are available, kitchen or bathroom scales should be used to weigh out the materials. Volume measures such as those used in kitchens, or containers or bottles of known capacity, such as 1 litre, can also be used. A plastic bucket of about 8-10 l capacity is a useful vessel for mixing the soap ingredients in. Stirring rods can be made simply from suitable lengths of wood.
+Soap moulds can be made from wood, but cardboard boxes are also suitable. A table can be adapted to make a soap mould by attaching removable lengths of wood, about 2.5 cm high, around the edge so that the block of soap can be moved forward for cutting after it has set. Larger moulds can also be made from boxes about 0.5 x 0.25 m in size which can be taken apart to release the soap after it has set. Lining the mould with thick plastic sheeting helps to stop the soap sticking in the mould and makes it easier to remove. Spreading a thin layer of petroleum jelly over the plastic sheet also helps to prevent the soap from sticking to the mould.
+A length of cheese-wire or wire tuna-fishing line, attached at each end to wooden handles, can be used to cut up the soap blocks. For making soap tablets, a cutting board equipped with a guide-rail to align the soap bar at right angles to the cutting wire can easily be constructed from wood.
+It is best to measure out the ingredients for soap making using a weighing machine such as bathroom or kitchen scales. However, if the caustic soda is sold in small packs of known weight, such as 1 kg packs, it will be possible to make soap without needing a weighing machine provided that volume measures, such as 1 l bottles, are available. The 1 kg of caustic soda from the pack is used as the basis for calculating the proportions of oil and water needed to make the soap. When measuring out the oil and water using a volume measure, it must be remembered that 1 l of water weighs 1 kg and that 1 l of oil weighs about 0.92 kg. Half litres can be measured using 1 l bottles of the same type; one of the bottles is filled with oil which is then poured into an empty bottle until the same level of oil is reached in each. Each bottle then contains 0.5 l. This process can be continued to measure 0.25 l by pouring the 0.5 l of oil into another empty bottle until the same level is
+reached in each. By making marks on the side of the bottles corresponding to the 0.5 l and 0.25 l levels obtained in this way, simple volume measures can be made.
+To make soap from coconut oil using a 1 kg pack of caustic soda, first dissolve the 1 kg of caustic soda in 2 l of water (2 l of water weighs 2 kg) in a suitable plastic container.
+Measure out 6.5 l of coconut oil (6.5 l of coconut oil weighs 6 kg) into a plastic bucket. The oil needs to be between 30 and 40°C; normal tropical day-time temperatures are usually satisfactory.
+Allow the caustic soda solution to cool to about body temperature, 35-40°C, before adding it to the coconut oil. When the caustic soda solution has cooled, pour it slowly into the coconut oil, stirring the oil all the time so that the caustic soda solution is absorbed into the oil and does not separate from it. If the oil is slow in absorbing the caustic soda solution, add it in small amounts at a time and stir it well into the oil so that it is absorbed before more caustic soda solution is added. When all the caustic soda solution has been added keep stirring the mixture until it begins to thicken and patterns can be drawn on the surface with the tip of the stirring rod. The speed at which this thickening occurs is greatly influenced by the free fatty acid content of the oil used. The higher the free fatty acid content, the quicker the oil thickens. At this stage, before it thickens any further, the soap must be poured into moulds and allowed to harden for about 24 h.
+During this hardening time, the soap-making reaction continues and the soap will feel warm to the touch.
+After the soap has hardened it should be removed from the mould and cut up into tablets using cutting wire. The soap tablets need to be stored for about two weeks before being used. This is to allow time for all the caustic soda to react with the oil. About 9 kg of soap will be obtained, equivalent to 90 soap bars of 100 g each.
+In this soap-making method, the 1 kg of caustic soda was dissolved in 2 l of water. This makes a strong solution of caustic and helps to reduce the time that the soap takes to thicken when it is being mixed. However, if the oil has a high free fatty acid content, the soap may thicken too quickly and make it difficult to add all the caustic soda solution. If this happens, dissolve the 1 kg of caustic soda in 2.5 l of water for making the next batch of soap from the same oil. This makes a weaker solution and increases the time taken for the soap to thicken, but still makes a good quality soap with the advantage that 500 g of extra soap are made.
+When oils with a very low free fatty acid content are used, the soap may take a long time to thicken. If the soap takes much longer than 45 min. to thicken, the caustic may not be absorbed very well. If this happens, it is best to heat the oil until it is just bearable to touch, about 60°C, before mixing in the caustic soda solution. This will decrease the time taken for the soap to thicken.
+To make soap from a non-lauric oil using a 1 kg pack of caustic soda, use 8.75 l of the oil (about 8 kg) and follow the same method used to make soap from coconut oil.
+Fragrances and colouring may be added just as the soap mixture starts to thicken, stirring them in well just before pouring it into the moulds. These fragrances are usually added in the form of essential oils at about 1% of the total soap weight. For the 9 kg of coconut oil soap described above, about 90 g of essence would be needed. This would be equivalent to about 20 teaspoonsful of citronella oil.
+The quantity of dye required for colouring soap is very small; usually, only 0.01-0.03% is needed. For 9 kg of soap this would be about 0.9-2.7 g. The dye should be added as a strong solution, either in oil or water depending on the nature of the dye used. Try dissolving about half a teaspoonful of colour in about 50 ml of water or oil before adding it to the soap. Only edible dyes should be used.
+References
+ANON. (undated) Soap-making by the cold process. Coconut Development Authority Advisory Leaflet No. 10. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Coconut Development Authority.
+DONKOR, P. (1986) Small-scale Soapmaking. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd.
+LONSDALE, C. (1989) Straights raw materials for animal feed compounders and farmers. Marlow, UK: Chalcombe publications.
+McDONALD, P., EDWARDS, R. A. and GREENHALGH, J. F. D. (1973) Animal nutrition. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
+PALMER-JONES, R. and HALLIDAY, D. (1971) The Small-scale Manufacture of Compound Animal Feed. Report G67. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. [out of print.]
+PARR, W. et al. (1988) The Small-scale Manufacture of Compound Animal Feed. Natural Resources Institute Bulletin 9. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
+SWEETMAN, A. A. (1992) How to make soap. Food Chain, (5): 19.
+Append ices
+<section>Appendix 1 Currency conversion table</section>
+(equivalents to one US $*)
+Country
+Currency
+Symbol
+Value
+United States
+Dollar
+Germany
+Mark
+DM
+United Kingdom
+Pound
+Netherlands
+Guilder
+FL
+Belgium
+Franc
+BF
+Note: * as at December 1993
+<section>Appendix 2 Sources of equipment</section>
+Decortication and winnowing
+Known sources of equipment for the decortication of sunflower seeds, groundnuts and palm kernels are listed below.
+Sunflower seed
+Tinytech Plants, India. Decorticator, capacity 300 kg/in with 2 hp electric motor. Price US$ 500.
+UNATA, Belgium. Decortication in a hammer mill followed by husk separation in a winnower. The prices of the hammer mill and winnower are 61000 and 28000 Bfrs, respectively. The equipment is hand driven but can be motorized if required.
+CeCoCo, Japan. This company manufactures equipment for decorticating and winnowing sunflower seed in both manual and powered versions.
+Groundnuts
+Alvan Blanch, UK. This company offers a manually operated decorticator with a throughput of 100 kg/in in kit form priced at £150. A manually operated machine with an inbuilt winnower having a throughput of 150 kg/ h costs £1140; this can also be supplied powered by an electric motor or diesel engine.
+SPF, India. This company manufactures three powered groundnut decorticators, the smallest having a capacity of 20 bags of undecorticated seed/in.
+Tinytech Plants, India. Groundnut decorticator, capacity 350 kg/in with inbuilt blower to remove husks, grade kernels and split kernels. Price US$ 600 without motor.
+UNATA, Belgium. This company manufactures a groundnut decorticator and a separate winnower costing 32000 and 28000 Bfrs, respectively. The equipment is hand driven but can be motorized if required.
+CeCoCo, Japan. This company manufactures machines for decorticating and winnowing groundnuts in both manual and powered versions.
+Palm kernels
+Alvan Blanch, UK. A range of palm nut crackers and separators can be supplied. The smallest machine, which is hand operated, has a capacity of 120 kg/in and costs £ 1280.
+Tinytech Plants, India. Decorticator, capacity 300 kg/in with 2 hp electric motor. Price US$ 500.
+UNATA, Belgium. UNATA use their hammer mill (priced at 61000 Bfs) to achieve decortication. The mill is hand driven but can be motorized if required.
+General SPEC, India, manufacture three decorticators, the smallest of which is priced at US$ 1350 (excluding motor).
+Seed cleaning
+Seed cleaning at a small-scale level is usually carried out manually either by winnowing or sieving. The importance of this operation prior to expelling is again stressed, especially in relation to sunflower seed and sesame processing.
+Size reduction
+Alvan Blanch, UK. The company manufactures a wide range of hammer mills with options of drive by electric motor, diesel engine, petrol engine and tractor. The smallest model, the 'Merrymill' is priced at around £ 1100. Alvan Blanch also make vertical steel plate mills, the smallest of which costs £ 98 hand operated, or £ 235 powered by a single-phased 0.37 kW electric motor.
+Christy Hunt, UK. This company manufactures the 'Christy Norris' range of hammer mills and the 'Atlas' and 'Premier' range of small-scale manual and powered disc mills.
+CeCoCo, Japan. The company manufactures three 'seed crushers' which operate on the hammer mill principle. Seed throughput ranges from 300 to 1000 kg/in.
+Ecirtec, Brazil. Ecirtec manufactures a small hammer mill with a seed throughput of around 60-80 kg/in. The cost of this mill is US$ 1800.
+IBG Monfords Gmbh & Co., Germany. IBG Monfords manufacture the 'Komet' cutting machine which is designed to operate on a range of oilseeds including copra and palm kernels. The mill contains two serrated cutting wheels which rotate at different speeds giving a cutting action The 'ax-works' cost of this machine, complete with 1.1 kW three-phase motor, is DM 6315.
+Laxmi Vijay Brass & Iron Works, India. This company makes two disc mills which are suitable for grinding small seeds and oilseed cakes.
+Miracle Mills Ltd, UK. This company's 100 Series hammer mills are suitable for most small-scale applications.
+MRN, Germany. MRN fabricates a small crusher suitable for copra and palm kernels. Power is supplied by a 2.2 kW electric motor.
+SPEC, India. The company offers a choice of three copra cutters and five disintegrators. The smallest copra cutter is priced at US$ 550.
+SPF, India. The company manufactures two copra cutters which operate on the hammer mill principle. The smaller version has a capacity of 1 t/in.
+The Rex Trading Co., India. This company manufactures a range of disintegrators, some of which are suited to small-scale operation.
+Tinytech Plants, India. Tinytech manufacture a small hammer mill with a capacity, using copra, of 300 kg/in. The cost of this machine is US$ 700.
+UNATA, Belgium. UNATA market a general-purpose, manually-operated machine that operates both as a hammer mill and a decorticator for palm nuts. When grinding palm kernels, the throughput is 20 kg kernels/in. The machine in its hand-driven version costs 61500 Bfrs.
+Rolling
+UNATA, Belgium. UNATA recommend rolling oilseeds to produce flakes in their processing systems. The cost of the machine in its hand-driven version is 53000 Bfrs.
+Conditioning
+CeCoCo, Japan. This company manufactures three seed 'scorchers' which may be built into a hearth and heated by firewood or oil.
+Ecirtec, Brazil. Ecirtec manufactures a seed conditioner similar in construction to the CeCoCo 'scorcher'. The cost of this unit is US$ 2750.
+UNATA, Belgium. UNATA can supply parts and plans for the construction of a heating oven which can heat seed to a temperature of about 85°C in about
+20 min. Heating capacity matches the capacity of the UNATA bridge press. The cost of the basic parts for this oven is 24000 Bfrs.
+Note on conditioners for expellers. Some manufacturers of small expellers can fit steam-heated conditioning kettles. These include Ludhiana Expeller Ind., India and Tinytech Plants, India. MRN, Germany, fabricate a conditioner which can be heated by steam, electricity, light fuel oil or diesel.
+Manual presses
+Plank press
+ITDI, Philippines. This organization has described the use of a plank press for the extraction of coconut milk from freshly-grated coconut.
+Bridge-type presses
+Agricultural Engineers Ltd, Ghana. This company manufactures a manually-operated press suitable for palm oil processing.
+Alvan Blanch, UK. This company manufactures a bridge press which is suitable for general oilseed processing. The cost of the press is £ 850.
+Anglesey Hydraulics, UK. This company manufactures a heavy-duty hydraulic press with a 45 l cage. The maximum pressure applied to the seed is 54 kg/cm². The press is supplied with three cages. While one cage is being pressed, the second cage containing pressed material can be emptied, while the third cage is reloaded.
+000, The Netherlands. DDD manufactures and sells an 81 capacity 'spindle' press designed by KIT which costs 1940 FL. The press is equipped with a steel 'spindle' which turns in a cast-iron nut, and the frame is constructed from sheet metal. As the weight of this press is only 60 kg, it can easily be transported on a bicycle (as being practiced in Casamance). The maximum attainable pressure is 40 kg/cm². The capacity of the press is half that of the UNATA press.
+NRI, UK. NRI can supply the plans of a bridge press. The cost of building this press in the UK is estimated at £ 1000. A recent cost estimate obtained in the Solomon Islands was £ 660 for a single press or £ 550 for one of a production run of six. The cost can be considerably reduced if the construction is adapted to allow fabrication from locally-available materials.
+TDAU, Zambia. TDAU manufactures a simple bridge press which costs US$ 200. The capacity is quoted at 50 kg/day (for sunflower seed or groundnuts), yielding 6-8 l of oil.
+UNATA, Belgium. This press, which is at the centre of all UNATA's processing methods, is priced at 45000 Bfrs. This normal version has a 17 l cage which is manufactured in two forms depending on the type of seed being processed. For palm fruit, the cage has 6 mm oil drainage holes, while for other seeds, the hole size is reduced to 2 mm.
+Ram press
+ApproTEC, Kenya. This organization has developed a ram press which is claimed to be ergonomically correct.
+CAMARTEC, Tanzania. CAMARTEC manufacture a small version of the ram press termed the BP-30. This machine is priced at about 40000 TSh.
+CAPU, Tanzania. CAPU have several workshops in Tanzania which manufacture this version of the ram press. The machine costs about 100000 TSh.
+TDAU, Zambia. This organization has developed a stronger version of the Bielenburg press which is reported to be suitable for processing the common type of locally-grown sunflower seed with a thick shell. The press can be purchased at TDAU and other Zambian manufacturers.
+Ghani
+The Rex Trading Co., India. This company manufactures a rotary oil mill which can be powered either by an electric motor or a diesel engine.
+Tinytech, India. This company can supply a power ghani with a seed throughput of 12 kg/45 min. The ghani is powered by a 2 hp single-phase electric motor.
+Expellers
+Capacity of small expellers A small expeller is regarded in this manual as being capable of processing oilseeds within the range of 15 to 100 kg/in.
+Agricultural Engineers Ltd, Ghana. This company is known to manufacture an expeller but no details are available.
+Alvan Blanch, UK. This company manufactures an expeller which operates on the same principle as the Mini 40 expeller, but is called the Mini 50. Power is supplied through a 5.5 kW electric motor or a diesel engine. The cost of the electrically-powered Mini 50 is £ 3695, while the f.o.b. cost of a spares kit containing a wormshaft, set of cage rings, a choke ring and other items, is £ 1154. The cost of the diesel-powered version and spares kit is £ 4195 and £ 1208, respectively.
+Anderson International Corporation, US. Anderson have recently introduced a new expeller called the Lion-90. The capacity of this machine is 45-180 kg/in, depending on the seed.
+BAR N. A., Incorporated, US. This company markets several small-scale systems to extract oil mechanically from soyabeans and process the soyacake further into low cost human foods. Extrusion cooking equipment is used in the extraction system before expelling.
+Bismillah Machinery Store, Pakistan. The New Lahore expeller has a rapeseed throughput of around 65 kg/in. It is powered by a 7.5 kW motor and is used widely in Pakistan. There are many companies manufacturing similar designs to this expeller.
+CeCoCo, Japan. CeCoCo manufactures an extensive range of small-scale processing equipment including four expellers. These expellers have throughputs of between 30 kg/in and 130 kg/in.
+The smallest expeller (see Figure 13) in the range is the Type 52. It has a nominal capacity of 30-50 kg seed/in and is powered by a 2.2 kW electric motor. The cost of this expeller (c.i.f., Amsterdam) is US$ 11860; this includes standard spare parts (comprising one wormshaft, a set of cage bars and two taper rings) for 600-800 h running. The cost of spare parts for two years of operation (4800 h running) is assessed by the company as follows:
+6 wormshafts
+@ US$ 520 each
+US$ 3120
+6 cage bar sets
+@ US$ 480 each
+US$ 2880
+12 taper rings
+@ US$ 70 each
+US$ 840
+The exact requirement for spare parts will depend both on the nature of the seed and its method of preparation.
+The next size up is the Type M which processes 50-80 kg seed/in. It is fitted with a cake-breaking device and is powered by a 3.7 kW electric motor.
+The Type H-54 is able to process 80-100 kg seed/in and is powered by a 7.5 kW electric motor.
+CeCoCo's Type EX-100 expeller is capable of processing 100-130 kg seed/in. This expeller is also powered by a 7.5 kW motor.
+All the above expellers can be operated using diesel engines as well as electric motors. The barrels of CeCoCo expellers consists of steel bars assembled axially in line with the wormshaft. Cake is discharged as flakes. The wormshafts of the larger CeCoCo expellers are manufactured with removable flights so that when the end becomes worn after extended use, only that portion needs to be replaced and not the complete wormshaft.
+De Smet Rosedowns, UK. This manufacturer makes the Mini 40 expeller (see Figure 18) which has a throughput of 15-60 kg/in depending on the oilseed being processed.
+The Mini 40 barrel consists of 12 cast-iron rings arranged to fit on three bars running parallel to the wormshaft to form a barrel through which the wormshaft rotates. Spacer shims fit onto the bars and between each ring to form gaps through which the expelled oil is discharged. The size of the shims is adjusted to suit the seed being processed. The wormshaft supplied with the Mini 40 is of a single-piece construction. When this item becomes worn, the whole wormshaft needs to be replaced. The unit can be powered by a 4 kW electric motor or a 6.6 kW diesel engine. The electrically-powered version is fitted with an electromagnetic vibratory feeder.
+Current prices vary from about £ 6900 for the electric Mini 40 and £ 8500 for the diesel-powered unit. The cost of wear parts is as follows:
+Wormshaft
+Set of cage rings
+Choke ring
+Ecirtec, Brazil. Ecirtec has developed a small-scale expeller similar in design to the De Smet Rosedown Mini 40. The expeller is powered by a 3 kW electric motor through a helical wormgear providing a wormshaft speed of 70 r.p.m.
+The price of the press is US$ 3720, while a complete set of wear parts (wormshaft, cage rings and choke ring) is US$ 1035. These prices are f.o.b. Santos.
+Essential Products, Bangladesh. This company makes an inexpensive expeller designed to process rapeseed/mustardseed.
+FAKT, Germany. FAKT is a German consulting firm which has developed an expeller for GTZ in close collaboration with Development and Consulting Services in Butal, Nepal, and Tinytech Ltd, Rajkot, India. The expeller, called the Sundhara, has a capacity of 30-40 kg seed/in. One of the key objectives in the development of the Sundhara expeller was the creation of a design which could be manufactured in reasonably well-equipped workshops in developing countries. The press can be obtained from a manufacturer in Germany for DM 17000 (enquiries through FAKT). FAKT is presently assisting the development of manufacturing facilities in Nepal and India where the price will be $ 1250.
+IBG Monforts & Reiners GmbH & Co. This company manufactures the Komet spindle press (see Figure 19). The design of this expeller differs from most other small expellers. Normally, the pitch of the screw on the wormshaft is such that it provides increased compression as the seed passes through the machine. In the Komet expeller, the screw on the wormshaft is of an even pitch. The barrel in all the Komet expellers consists of a length of tubular steel into which pin holes are machined, at regular intervals, for the discharge of expelled oil. Cake is extruded through a hole in a nozzle. The size of the nozzle determines the back-pressure on the seed. A variety of sizes are available. The press is made in two sizes and with different power sources as follows:
+Komet CA 59 This is an electrically-operated (0.4 kW) expeller which operates a very small wormshaft through a gearing mechanism. The throughput of this machine (with a wormshaft speed of 45 r.p.m. is 8-15 kg/in depending on the oilseed being processed. It is not possible to drive the expeller with a diesel or petrol motor. However, the machine can be supplied for hand operation in two forms: the Komet CA 59-1 H operated through a direct-drive gearing mechanism; and the CA 59-2 H operated using a chain drive. In addition, the expeller can be supplied as the CA 59-2 F model which uses a pedal system operated by two people pedalling simultaneously. It is doubtful whether the non-electric versions of the press can be operated at a regular speed of 45 r.p.m. continuously without the operators becoming tired. Throughputs lower than that quoted above are therefore likely to be achieved.
+DD 85 This machine consists of two expellers mounted side by side and driven from a common electric motor or diesel engine (see Figure 18). The electric motor is a 1.75/3.5 kW two-speed type, giving two wormshaft speeds of 29 r.p.m. and 58 r.p.m. to both expellers. The throughput is 25-70 kg/in depending on type of seed. The expeller can also be supplied with a diesel engine.
+When starting up a Komet expeller it is essential to pre-heat the press-head and nozzle. This can be done by an electrical heater which may be purchased with the machine, or simply by heating the items in boiling water. Starting the flow of cake can be aided by the judicious use of a suitable tool (an old screwdriver) placed in the nozzle hole and hit with a hammer. The operator should wear protective goggles during this operation as the cake may initially be ejected with considerable force. In operation, oil production must be carefully watched since it tends to fall as the holes in the barrel become blocked. At this point the machine should be stopped and a replacement cage installed. Provided this is carried out quickly there is no difficulty in restarting the machine. The blocked cage can then be cleaned.
+Insta-Pro International. This company markets the technology for the extrusion/expelling of soya.
+Moparco, Zambia. Moparco manufactures an expeller with a capacity of about 40 kg oilseed/h.
+Laxmi Vijay Brass & Iron Works, India. This company manufactures the Arun mini expeller which is priced at US$ 4500.
+MRN, Germany. MRN manufacture a range of expellers including one, the AP VII, for small-scale operation. This is a particularly strong machine and is essentially a scaled-down version of a conventional oilseed press. The capacity is between 60 and 100 kg/in depending on the kind and condition of the seed. The wormshaft is constructed in two sections which allows for their separate replacement; the section adjacent to the cone is particularly subject to wear. The press cage is of the conventional cage bar design and is divided into four sections. These sections are of the same length and diameter, and the gaps between the bars may be adjusted for optimum operation. The power requirement is 5.5 kW for most 'soft' seeds but this is increased to 7.5 kW for 'hard' seeds such as palm kernels and coarse-crushed copra. Power may be supplied by an electric motor or a diesel engine.
+Sichuan Grain Machinery Works, China. This company manufactures small-scale oil expellers which have been applied to the wide range of oilseeds found in China, including rapeseed, cottonseed, tuna seed, sunflower seed, tea seed and rice bran.
+TDAU, Zambia. This organization manufactures an ox-powered oil press (see Figure 20) which can process a range of oilseeds without pre-conditioning. The capacity for sunflower seed or groundnuts is 50 kg for a 4 h period of operation. The cost of the expeller is about US$ 3000.
+Themi Farm Implements, Tanzania. This company manufactures an expeller with a throughput of about 60 kg sunflower seed/in. This machine can be powered either by electricity or by a diesel engine.
+Penchi Agricultural Tool and Machinery Works, China. This company makes and expeller model ZYB 78. The authors have seen this machine being used for cottonseed and sunflower seed processing in Zambia. The capacity is about 40 kg oilseed/h.
+SP Engineering Corporation, India. This company includes several small-scale expellers in its range of processing equipment, with throughputs of up to 85 kg/in. Prices, which do not include the cost of the electric motor, range from US$ 735 to US$ 3200.
+SP Foundries, India. SP Foundries manufacture a range of small-scale expellers at prices ranging from US$ 298 for the smallest table-top version, to US$ 2440 for a machine with a capacity of 100 kg seed/in.
+Tinytech Plants, India. The Tinytech Lokpal expeller has a throughput of 40 kg seed/in which costs US$ 1500. The company also manufactures the Sundhara expeller which is based on a design supplied by the German organization FAKT. The Sundhara expeller is priced at US$ 1100.
+General note on expellers
+The expellers mentioned above all have relative merits and drawbacks in terms of cost, ease of local repair of replaceable parts, ease of obtaining replacement parts from overseas, and suitability of the press for a given oilseed. For instance an inexpensive machine designed to process rapeseed and mustardseed may not perform well on other oilseeds. The end of the wormshaft on the larger CeCoCo expellers is removable and can easily be replaced when worn, but this replacement part is relatively expensive when purchased from CeCoCo in Japan. However, it is not as expensive as replacing a complete wormshaft, which is required in the case of the Mini 40 and Komet expellers. Of course, the costs can be reduced if local workshop facilities exist and a suitable repair (e.g. welding of worn parts) can be effected; the existence of local workshops willing and able to carry out repair work should be considered of major importance for a successful venture. The ready availability of
+workshops in Asia is a major factor contributing to the successful operation of small-scale expellers on the continent. Running costs for these machines can be more than expected and costs can be reduced by not having to import spares.
+NRI prototype expeller
+NRI has developed a prototype expeller which incorporates the design features from many of the commercial expellers mentioned above. It includes a nozzle arrangement for regulating seed throughput and degree of pressure in the expeller, a wormshaft with a square-cut screw, and drive arrangements based on a commonly available chain. It is hoped that incorporating such features into the expeller design will make it easy to manufacture in developing countries. This prototype is currently undergoing long-term trials in the Gambia where it is being used to process sesame seed and groundnuts. If necessary, the design will be refined before plans are made available to interested manufacturers.
+Oil clarification
+The following manufacturers can supply conventional plate and frame filter presses:
+Agricultural Engineers Ltd, Ghana
+CeCoCo, Japan
+Ecirtec, Brazil
+Laxmi Vijay Brass & Iron Works, India
+Sichuan Grain Machinery Works, China
+SKET, Germany, expeller unit mounted in a container
+SP Engineering Corporation, India
+SP Foundries, India
+Tinytech Plants, India
+The Zambia-based Technology Development and Advisory Unit (TDAU) has developed an inexpensive oil filter designed specifically for sunflower oil produced in a ram press. In this equipment, the crude oil is passed through a layer of sunflower cake which is supported on a layer of sunflower seeds. The capacity is 15-20 l/day and the price is US$ 25.
+Suppliers of complete process plant and sources of advice
+The following organizations can supply, or offer advice, on complete process plant:
+Alvan Blanch, UK
+ATI, US
+BAR N. A., Incorporated, US, extrusion/expelling of soya
+CeCoCo, Japan, extensive range of small-scale equipment
+Ecirtec, Brazil
+FAKT, Germany
+GATE, Germany
+GRET, France
+IBG Monforts, Germany, based on the Komet 'spindle' press
+Insta-Pro International, extrusion/expelling of soya
+IPI, Tanzania
+J.B. Central Research Institute, Gujarat State, India
+Khadi & Village Industries Commission, Bombay, India
+KIT, The Netherlands
+Laxmi Vijay Brass & Iron Works, India
+MRN, Germany
+NIFOR, Nigeria, complete plant oil palm processing
+NRI, UK
+OTRI, Andhra Pradesh, India
+Regional Research Laboratory, Andhra Pradesh, India
+RENTEC n.v., Belgium, range of modular mills for oil palm processing
+Sichuan Grain Machinery Works, China
+SKET, Germany, expeller unit mounted in a container
+SP Engineering Corporation, India
+SP Foundries, India
+TCC, Ghana, complete plant oil palm processing, also shea nuts and groundnuts
+TDAU, Zambia, appropriate technology
+Tinytech, India, small expeller plant
+TOOL, The Netherlands
+UNATA, Belgium, appropriate technology for processing oil palm fruits, palm kernels, groundnuts and sunflower
+VOPP, Tanzania
+<section>Appendix 3 List of abbreviations and addresses</section>
+Alvan Blanch Development Co. Ltd
+Chelworth
+Malmesbury
+Wilts
+SN16 9SG, UK
+AAB:
+AFRICA ASIEN BUREAU
+Schildergasse 93-101
+Postfach 100 193
+D-5000 Köln 1, Germany
+Agricultural Engineers Ltd
+Ring Road
+West Industrial Area
+PO Box 1217
+Accra North, Ghana
+Anderson International Corporation
+6200 Harvard Avenue
+Cleveland
+Ohio 44105, United States
+Anglesey Hydraulics & Associates
+Llawr Tyddyn
+Bodedern, Holyhead,
+Anglesey, LL65 4TD, UK
+APICA:
+BP 5946
+Douala Akwa, Cameroon
+ATDA:
+Appropriate Technology Development Association
+PO Box 311
+Lucknow - 226 001, India
+ATI:
+Appropriate Technology International
+1331 H Street, N.W.
+Washington, DC 20005, United States
+Bismillah Machinery Store
+Pakistan
+BAR N. A., Incorporated
+205 South Main Street
+PO Box 190,
+Seymour, Illinois 61875, US
+CAMARTEC:
+Centre for Agricultural Mechanization & Rural Technology Arusha, Tanzania
+CAPU:
+The Craftsmen & Artisans Production Unit
+c/o Village Oil Press Project
+PO Box 1409
+Arusha, Tanzania
+CeCoCo:
+Chuo Boeki Goshi Kaisha
+PO Box 8
+Ibaraki City
+Osaka 567, Japan
+Christy Hunt Agricultural Ltd
+Foxhills Industrial Estate
+Scunthorpe
+South Humberside
+DN15 8QW, UK
+CEPAZE:
+18 Rue de Varenne
+75007 Paris, France
+CONGAT:
+Conseil de Organismes Non-Governementaux en Activite
+au Togo
+BP 1857
+Lome, Togo
+Dedicated Design Development
+W Nijhoff, Boddenkampstraat
+7522BZ Enschede, The Netherlands
+De Smet Rosedowns Limited
+Cannon Street
+Hull
+HU2 0AD, UK
+DMA:
+Division du Machinisme Agricole,
+Ministere de l'Agriculture
+BP 155
+Bamako, Mali
+E R & F Turner Ltd
+Knightsdale Road
+Ipswich
+IP1 4LE, UK
+ECIRTEC
+Rua Padre Anchieta
+No 7-61 - Jardim Bela Vista
+17060-400 - BAURU - SP, Brazil
+ENDA:
+BP 3370
+Dakar, Senegal
+FAKT:
+Association for Appropriate Technologies in the Third
+World
+Stephen-Blattman-Strasse 11
+D-7743 Furtwangen, Germany
+FAO:
+Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
+Viale delle Terme di Caracalle
+00100 Rome, Italy
+G RET:
+Groupe de Recherche et d' Echanges Technologiques
+213 Rue Lafayette
+75010 Paris, France
+GTZ/GATE:
+Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
+German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE)
+Postfach 5180
+D-6236 Eschborn 1, Germany
+IBE:
+Institut Burkanibe de l'Energie
+BP 7047
+Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
+IBG:
+Monforts & Reiners GmbH & Co.
+Postfach 20 08 53
+D-4050 Monchengladbach 2, Germany
+ICCO:
+Interchurch Co-ordinating Committe for Development Co operation
+PO Box 151
+LN-3700 AD Zeist, Netherlands
+ILO:
+International Labour Organization
+CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland
+Insta-Pro International
+10301 Dennis Drive
+Des Moines, Iowa 50322, US
+INTSOY:
+International Soybean Program
+University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
+113 Mumford Hall
+1303 West Gregory Drive
+Urbana, Illinois 61801, US
+IPI:
+Institute of Production Innovation
+PO Box 35075
+Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
+ITDI:
+Industrial Technology Development Institute
+Department of Science and Technology
+PO Box 774
+Manila, Republic of the Philippines
+JB Central Research Institute,
+Manganwadi, WARDHA (PO)
+Gujarat State, India
+Karite Project
+Projet Karite
+BP 296
+Koudougou, Burkina Faso
+Khadi & Village Industries Commission
+IRLA Road, Vile Parle (West)
+Bombay-400 056, India
+Ludhiana Expeller Industries
+471 Industrial Area B
+Ludhiana-141 003, India
+KIT:
+Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen
+63 Mauritskade
+NL-1092 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
+Laxmi Vijay Brass & Iron Works
+Pratap Nagar
+Opp. Patel Industrial Estate
+Baroda-390 004, India
+MRN:
+Machinenfabrik Reinartz
+lndustriestrasse 14
+D-4040 Neuss, Germany
+NIFOR:
+Nigerian Institute for Oilpalm Research
+Benin City, Nigeria
+NRI:
+Natural Resources Institute
+Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime
+Kent ME4 4TB, UK
+OPC:
+Outils Pour Les Communities
+BP 5946
+Douala Akwa, Cameroon
+OTRI:
+Oil Technology Research Institute
+Bangalore Road, Ananthapur
+(PO)-515 004, Ananthapur District
+Andhra Pradesh, India
+Regional Research Laboratory, Tarnaka,
+Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
+RENTEC n.v.
+Nijverheidsstraat 13
+B-8870 Pittem, Belgium
+SKET Schwermaschinebau
+Postfach 77
+Marienstrasse 20
+Magdeburg, Germany
+SPEC:
+S P Engineering Corporation
+PB No 281
+79/7 Latouche Road
+Kanpur-208 001, India
+SPF:
+S P Foundries
+77/156 Latouche Road
+PB No 450
+Kanpur-108 001, India
+TECHNIP SPEICHIM
+Parc Saint-Christophe
+95865 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
+TCC:
+Technology Consultancy Centre
+University of Science and Technology
+Kumasi, Ghana
+TDAU:
+Technology Development and Advisory Unit
+University of Zambia, Lusaka Campus
+PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
+The Rex Trading Co.
+Manufacturers, Exporters & Importers
+P13 No 5049
+40 & 42 Pedariar Koil Street
+Madras 600 001, India
+Themi Farm Implements & Engineering
+Arusha, Tanzania
+Tinytech Plants Pvt Ltd
+Tagore Road
+Rajkot - 360 002, India
+TOOL:
+Technologie Overdracht Ontwikkelings Landen
+Sarphatistraat 650
+PO Box 10039
+1001 Ej Amsterdam, The Netherlands
+UNATA:
+Unie voor Aangepaste Technologische Assistentie
+Nieuwlandlaan B437
+PO Box 50
+3200 Aarschot, Belgium
+UNIDO:
+United Nations Industrial Development Organization
+Vienna International Centre
+A-1400 Vienna, Austria
+UNDP:
+United Nations Development Programme
+One United Nations Plaza
+New York
+NY 10017, US
+<section>Appendix 4 Additional references</section>
+ATI (1987) Choosing technologies for agricultural processing technologies. Appropriate Technology International Report 1984-1987.
+AXTELL, B. and FAIRMAN, R. M. (1992) Minor oil crops. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 94, Rome: FAO.
+CARR M. (1989) Women and the Food Cycle. London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications.
+PRIVATE AGENCIES COLLABORATING TOGETHER (PACT) (1989) Food Oils in Africa Directory. New York, United States: PACT.
+SADCC (1988) Proceedings of a Subregional Workshop on Smallscale Oilseed Expression, held in Zanzibar, November 1987. Harare, Zimbabwe: Post Production Food Industry Advisory Unit.
+SIDO (undated) Information for Women's Groups Interested in Producing Cooking Oil by Using the Hand-Operated Ram Press. Arusha, Tanzania: SIDO.
+UNIFEM (1987) Oil extraction. 1. Food Cycle Technology Source Book. New York, United States: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
+WIEMER, H. J. and ALTES, F. W. K. (1989) Small Scale Processing of Oilfruits and Oilseeds. Eschborn, Germany: GATE/GTZ.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr28le.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr28le.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21d4985dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr28le.key
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+ACRIDIDAE
+ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY
+LIFE CYCLE
+SWARMING
+GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
+HABITATS
+MIGRATION
+CONTROL METHODS
+SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA
+LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA
+SPECIES
+AFRICA
+SAHEL
+SOUTH EAST ASIA
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr28le.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr28le.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..277d2a82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/nri_nr28le.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1569 @@
+<title>Locust handbook</title>
+Natural Resources Institute (NRI)
+Overseas Development Administration
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+© Crown Copyright
+First published by The Anti-Locust Research Centre 1966
+Second edition published by the Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute 1988
+Third edition published by the Natural Resources Institute 1990
+The Natural Resources Institute (NRI) is the scientific arm of Britain's Overseas Development Administration. NRl's principal aim is to increase the productivity of renewable natural resources in developing countries through the application of science and technology. Its areas of expertise are resource assessment and farming systems, integrated pest management and food science and crop utilisation.
+Short extracts of this publication may be reproduced, providing the source is acknowledged:
+STEEDMAN, A. (Ed.) (1990). Locust handbook. (3rd edn) Chatham: Natural Resources Institute, vi + 204pp.
+Permission for commercial reproduction should, however, be sought from the Head, Publications and Publicity Section, Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.
+ISBN 0-85954-281-5
+Price £30.00 including postage and handling
+No charge is made for single copies of this publication sent to governmental and educational establishments, research institutions and non-profit making organisations working in countries eligible for British Government Aid. Free copies cannot normally be addressed to individuals by name but only under their official titles.
+The Natural Resources Institute is indebted to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for the use of the locust frequency maps used in Figs 65-88. In addition, NRI is especially grateful to Dr P. M. Symmons of the FAO for much of the information used in Chapter 7, Controlling Locusts.
+NRI would also like to thank Micronair Ltd. Micron and CDA and Lockinge Farm Enterprises for providing material on their sprayers which are described in the Appendix.
+The contributions and suggestions of the following NRI staff offered during the production of this edition of the handbook are acknowledged:
+R. Allsopp, E. M. Ambridge, R. A. Cheke, 1. F. Grant, V. P. Howe, N. D. Jago, D. R. Johnstone, J. 1. Magor, G. R. Manners and D. R. Reynolds.
+The Overseas Development Administration provided funds to cover the costs of production for this handbook.
+<section>Introduction</section>
+The first edition of the Locust Handbook was published in 1966, shortly after the end of the last major plague of the Desert Locust. The second edition was produced in response to another upsurge in the numbers of Desert Locusts and, for the first time for 50 years, the simultaneous appearance of swarms of African Migratory Locust, the Red Locust and the Brown Locust. In addition, significant populations of grasshoppers have been damaging crops in West Africa. Demand for the second edition was such as to warrant this third edition. It is timely as recently there have been grasshopper outbreaks on an unprecedented scale in the Sahel and Oman.
+Locusts and grasshoppers remain a potent factor in the agricultural environment of many countries and plant protection departments need to be vigilant because of the locusts' potential to reduce crop yields. This edition of the handbook is designed to help those involved with locusts and grasshoppers to understand them and to assist in their control. The opportunity has been taken to update many of the maps and to include more information on grasshoppers. The emphasis is on those species which do most damage. Readers who require information on the complete range of locust and grasshopper pests should consult the Locust and Grasshopper Agricultural Manual (COPR 1982) and those who are responsible for detailed forecasting of the Desert Locust should consult the Desert Locust Forecasting Manual (COPR 1981). Relevant information from both manuals has been included here.
+This handbook deals more with the Desert Locust than other species but much of what is said about this locust is applicable to all species. Information on biology, distribution and movement is included with particular reference to those matters which directly affect control or survey practice.
+Locusts have the capacity to live in a wide range of habitats, and consequently exhibit great variation in the details of their life cycle and behaviour; this plasticity of behaviour adds to their interest but in this book it is neither possible nor desirable to describe all this variation in detail. Here we are concerned with what usually happens, telling the story of the majority of cases and giving an account which is sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes.
+A handbook cannot be a substitute for practical training and experience in the field, but it can provide a source of basic data for those who are just beginning to work on locusts and those whose duties concern anti-locust work only occasionally. It is hoped that the handbook will also serve to indicate to the more experienced officer the detailed observations on particular aspects of the problem that are needed to supplement existing knowledge. It is expected that many of the readers of the handbook will be people who not only actually do anti-locust work, but also have the opportunity to observe locusts in areas seldom if ever visited by research teams. Such people are in a position to make careful observations on locusts which will help anti-locust organisations to learn more about the pests, and so help to develop new and better methods of killing them and ultimately preventing new locust plagues arising.
+<section>1. What are locusts?</section>
+Locusts belong to a large group of insects commonly called grasshoppers, which are recognisable by the big hind legs used for jumping. All grasshoppers (except the so-called long-horned grasshoppers) belong to the super family Acridoidea, and the most important locusts are all in the family Acrididae. Locusts are special grasshoppers, usually large ones, which have a capacity for changing their habits and behaviour when they occur in large numbers. When their numbers rise they become gregarious in habit and stay together in dense groups. These groups are called swarms when they are composed of adults and bands when they consist of the wingless young stages, commonly called 'hoppers'. The swarms of several species of locust can migrate over great distances, and this and gregarious behaviour are the outstanding characteristics that distinguish typical locusts from other grasshoppers. When locusts are in small numbers they live their individual lives like ordinary grasshoppers.
+There are several different kinds of typical locusts capable of forming large migrating swarms, but there are also several other species of grasshoppers which do not normally live in vast crowds but which have the capacity to multiply rapidly and produce groups or swarms in special circumstances. These sudden population rises may be started by unusual weather conditions or changes in land-use; they may not actually result in large migrating swarms but the groups formed will stay together in a typical locust way. Such species may be regarded as being intermediate between grasshoppers that live alone and typical locusts that often do not.
+<section>Locust and grasshopper distribution</section>
+The green areas in Fig. 1 indicate the parts of the world where crops may suffer damage caused by locusts and grasshoppers. The area covered by this handbook is enclosed by a black line. Some areas may be liable to attack by only one species while in other areas several kinds may be serious pests. The species covered in this handbook are listed below; an individual distribution map accompanies the description of each species.
+Desert Locust
+Schistocerca gregaria
+African Migratory Locust
+Locusta migratoria migratorioides
+Oriental Migratory Locust
+Locusta migratoria manilensis
+Red Locust
+Nomadacris septemfasciata
+Brown Locust
+Locustana pardalina
+Tree Locusts
+Anacridium spp.
+Bombay Locust
+Nomadacris succincta (formerly Patanga succincta)
+Sudan Plague Locust
+Aiolopus simulatrix
+Senegalese Grasshopper
+Oedaleus senegalensis
+Rice Grasshopper
+Hieroglyphus daganensis
+Variegated Grasshopper
+Zonocerus variegatus
+Javanese Grasshopper
+Valanga nigricornis
+Other Sahelian grasshoppers
+Diabolocatantops axillaris (formerly axillaris) Catantops
+Kraussaria angulifera
+Cataloipus cymbiferus
+Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes
+<section>Damage and losses caused by locusts</section>
+Locusts have probably been an enemy of man ever since he began to grow crops. The Desert Locust is mentioned in ancient writings such as the Old Testament of the Bible and the Koran. Carved images of locusts have been found on Sixth Dynasty (2420-2270 BC) tombs at Saqqara in Egypt. Locusts are still a great enemy of the farmer and in some countries they are the determining factor between sufficient food for the people and starvation. Damage is sometimes diffuse and not very obvious, but it can be very severe in many more restricted areas. This depends on whether the swarms are moving about quickly or whether they stay for several days in one area.
+The number of people in the world is increasing by about 220,000 every day, so that more and more crops must be grown to feed them. No one wants to grow more crops to feed locusts. Table 1 gives examples of crop losses caused by locusts.
+TABLE 1
+Year
+Country locusts (in £ sterling)
+Value of crops destroyed by(in £ sterling)
+1986 value
+India
+400,000 per year
+6 million
+1928 and 1929
+Kenya
+300,000 per year
+4.5 million
+Somalia (Southern Region)
+Morocco
+4,500,000 in a single season
+40 million
+FAO estimate for only 12 out of 40 affected countries
+1,500,000 per year; in 1955 over 5,000,000
+45 million
+It is even more significant to reckon the losses in terms of quantities of actual food or other crops and the examples in Table 2 show how serious these can be.
+TABLE 2
+Year
+Country
+Amount of crops eaten by the Desert Locust
+Libya
+7,000,000 grapevines; 19% of total vine cultivation
+Sudan
+55,000 tonnes of grain
+Senegal
+16,000 tonnes of millet, 2000 tonnes of other crops
+Guinea
+6000 tonnes of oranges
+Ethiopia
+167,000 tonnes of grain, which is enough to feed 1,000,000 people for a year
+India
+4000 hectares of cotton (value £300,000)
+These are not all the figures available for damage by locusts; they are only a few examples and much more information is required about exact crop losses. There are several reasons why locusts are able to do so much damage.
+1. They eat a wide range of food.
+2. Each one eats its own weight of food every day. This increases gradually from the small hoppers to the adults and reaches a maximum of about 2 9, two or three weeks after fledging. Young swarms of this age cause the most severe damage.
+3. There are often so many of them together. We know that there can be at least 40 million and sometimes as many as 80 million in each square kilometre of swarm. Figure 2 shows a small part of a swarm which measured over 1000 km², and therefore contained about 40,000 million locusts weighing about 80,000 tonnes. (Half a million locusts weigh approximately 1 tonne.)
+One tonne of locusts (a very small part of an average swarm) eats as much food in one day as about 10 elephants or 25 camels, or 2500 people.
+Locusts do damage by eating the leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, bark and growing-points, and also by breaking down trees because of their weight when they settle in masses, and sometimes even by spoiling plants with their excrete. They do not, as far as we know, carry any disease but some laboratory workers have developed an allergy to them.
+An analysis of 2000 records of Desert Locust damage shows that: 8% of the damage is done by hoppers, 69% by immature and maturing swarms and 23% by mature swarms. The figure for hoppers is low because the breeding areas are mostly outside the main crop areas.
+Damage by the Desert Locust
+The following illustrates the nature and degree of damage to both food and cash crops that can occur in the Desert Locust invasion area.
+Bulrush millet
+Bulrush millet (Pennisetum americanum) is a staple grain crop along the southern edge of the Sahara and in the Indo-Pakistan desert. It is much liked by the Desert Locust as a food plant and since it is grown extensively in areas which are highly frequented by this locust for breeding, considerable damage is caused; both leaves and ripe grain are destroyed (Fig. 3).
+Sorghum
+The staple food crop in areas receiving a slightly higher rainfall than the Pennisetum zones. Many varieties of this crop are not greatly liked by the Desert Locust during their main period of growth but the ripening grain of most varieties is readily attacked. Heavy damage is caused, mainly by newly fledged swarms of the summer generation.
+Maize
+Usually grown as a staple food crop in areas which are either too cool or too wet for the Desert Locust, but in parts of eastern Africa where it is grown under hotter and drier conditions than is customary for this crop, heavy damage does occur, the plants often being entirely defoliated and the cobs eaten away (Fig. 4).
+Wheat and barley
+Staple food crops in the spring breeding areas of the Desert Locust where they can be severely damaged, especially when they are approaching harvest. At this stage locusts bite through the last remaining moist part of the plant, the section of stem just below the ear, causing complete loss of grain, often without attacking the ear itself.
+Rice
+Comparatively little damage is done to irrigated rice even in areas highly frequented by the Desert Locust, probably because the artificially wet conditions in which it is grown are not liked by this locust.
+Sugarcane
+The effect of damage varies according to the stage of cane growth and the variety; for example, in Pakistan damage is greatest during the first four months of cane growth.
+Cotton
+This crop can be severely attacked. The effect of damage on yield is great if it occurs just before flowering but less if it occurs afterwards. In the Desert Locust summer-breeding zone the start of cotton flowering generally coincides with the fledging of adult locusts and as the young adult is the stage at which most feeding takes place, this increases the danger to cotton in these areas.
+Coffee
+Coffee is rarely attacked. Occasionally defoliation of bushes occurs, but locusts do most damage at the flowering stage or when they settle on bushes in such large numbers that their weight breaks the branches.
+Fruit trees
+These are particularly vulnerable to attack by immature swarms which have a preference for roosting in trees. Serious damage has occurred on oranges, lemons, pawpaw, dates and grapevines. Once damaged by locusts, the trees are liable to have their fruit yield affected for more than one year. Orange trees were very severely attacked in 1954-1955 in Morocco (Fig. 5).
+Grasslands and rangelands
+It is not always fully realised how much damage can be done by locusts to natural grassland because it is generally less noticeable than damage to crops. We know that in the
+United States grasshoppers, at a density of only 2/m² can eat approximately 2 kg of grass/ ha/day. Locust densities can be as much as 15 times higher than this, so that 30 kg/ha of grassland may be lost each day. This is particularly important in areas where rangeland is not very good anyway and there can be widespread losses of cattle.
+Damage by other species
+African Migratory Locust
+During plagues, the last of which ended in 1941, swarms of the African Migratory Locust invaded most of Africa south of the Sahara. Throughout this invasion area there are extensive areas of cereal crops which are liable to severe damage. For example, in West Africa in the late 1920s and early 1930s, when there were also plagues of Desert Locusts and Tree Locusts, the Migratory Locust was the most voracious crop pest and in East Africa, where there were plagues of the Desert Locust and the Red Locust, it had a similar reputation.
+The Migratory Locust feeds mainly on grasses. During recessions it feeds on wild grasses and cereal crops in and around the flood plains of the Middle Niger that form its main outbreak area.
+Millet crops are particularly liable to damage, especially the bulrush or fox-tail millet and sorghum. Rice can also be severely attacked and it was reported that in 1930 40% of the rice crop in Guinea was destroyed. Non-cereal crops are damaged much less frequently, usually when wild grasses are dry or where cereal crops are not available. They include: sugarcane, palms, pineapple and less frequently pigeon pea, cabbage, carrot, cassava, coffee, cotton, groundnut, kidney bean, hyacinth bean, lettuce, Lima bean, pawpaw, pea, potato, turnip and yam. In Guinea 30-40% of the banana crop was lost annually from 1931 to 1934 because locusts ate the foliage, thus removing shade from the fruit. In general there is little damage to trees, either from feeding or breakage by the weight of settled locusts, because, unlike the
+Desert Locust, swarms of the African Migratory Locust normally settle on low vegetation or bare ground.
+Red Locust
+The last major Red Locust plague lasted from 1930 to 1944 and during two of those years South Africa reported spending some £933,000 on crop and grassland protection measures.
+The Red Locust feeds principally on grasses and damages cereals and sugarcane. Other crops attacked include: citrus, fruit trees, cotton, legumes, palms, root crops, tobacco and vegetables. Damage has been reported throughout the invasion area and the branches of trees can be broken by the weight of roosting locusts.
+Brown Locust
+The Brown Locust is a pest in southern Africa. It feeds on grasses and is an important pest of pasture. When these are not available it feeds on cotton, lucerne, potato, legumes and citrus, particularly lemon which can have both leaves and bark attacked. In 1964 the mean annual expenditure on control in South Africa was reported to be between £100,000 and £200,000.
+Tree Locusts
+Tree Locusts are not major pests. Anacridium melanorhodon has been recorded as being a significant but occasional pest of millet from Senegal to Sudan. In the Sudan it damages Acacia Senegal (the tree from which gum arabic is obtained), cotton, fruit trees, dates and shade and ornamental trees. Anacridium aegyptium is a minor pest throughout the Middle East and North Africa where it has been recorded damaging tobacco, grapevines, dates, vegetables, fruit and other trees.
+Grasshoppers
+The group of West African grasshoppers (see Chapter 4) are nearly all grass feeders and are pests of cereal crops, especially millet and sorghum. The exception is the Variegated Grasshopper, which can be a major pest of cassava.
+Oriental Migratory Locust
+This locust causes damage throughout its distribution area in the low-lying grasslands of Southeast Asia. Unfortunately there are few estimates of the value of crops destroyed. In the Philippines damage estimated at 10 million pesos was reported for 1911-1912 with damage of varying intensity every year from 1925 to 1934.
+While grasses are the preferred food it will feed on a wide range of crops including bamboo, banana, barley, beans, citrus, coconut, groundnut, lettuce, maize, millet, pea, pineapple, rice, sago, palms, sisal, sorghum, soyabean, sugarcane, sweet potato, tobacco and wheat.
+Bombay Locust
+The Bombay Locust was reported doing most damage at the turn of the century in India. At that time crop damage was almost as great as that caused by the Desert Locust. In 1903 locusts were reported to be dispersed over an area of 350,000 km². There have, however, been no reports of swarms of Bombay Locust since 1908. Elsewhere it damages coconut leaves in the Laccadive Islands and in Thailand is a pest of maize. Significantly, although the maize lost due to locust action is only a small proportion of the crop, estimated to be 1%, this amount has a substantial cash value as the maize is exported. It is therefore worthwhile for the Ministry of Agriculture to carry out control.
+Both hoppers and adults feed on a wide variety of plants including bamboo, banana, betel nut, millet, cashew, cassava, castor, chinese cabbage, citrus, coconut, cowpea, cucumber, durian, fig, ginger, groundnut, guava, lime, maize, mango, mulberry, mung bean, mustard, oil palm, orange, rambutan, rice, rubber, sorghum, soyabean, sugarcane, sweet potato, talipot palm, tea and tobacco.
+Javanese Grasshopper
+This grasshopper is not a major pest but does considerable local damage to a wide range of cash and tree crops mainly in Java and West Malaysia. Most records of damage concern leaves, growing shoots and young plants. Teak is attacked and the largest infestation recorded was some 5000 km² in the teak forests of central Java in 1915. Almost all the plants damaged by the Bombay Locust are attacked by the Javanese Grasshopper which also damages cover crops.
+Conclusion
+While locusts have been reported doing damage to a wide variety of crops it is difficult to obtain detailed information. It would appear that this is an area for future study so that only populations which really need to be controlled are sprayed. It is now widely recognised that the careless and liberal use of pesticides can lead to the poisoning of the environment both locally and in areas far from the original site of application. Therefore it is vital that all those responsible for locust control are fully informed of the ecology of the pest in their area so that spraying is only done when necessary and at the time when the minimum amount will have the maximum effect.
+<section>2. Desert Locust-Schistocerca gregaria</section>
+The Desert locust is probably the most important locust species because it has a vast invasion area of some 29 million km², affecting 57 countries (Fig. 6). This is more than 20% of the total land surface of the world. During plagues the Desert Locust has the potential to damage the livelihood of a tenth of the world's population. Fortunately there are not plagues every year; they occur intermittently (Fig. 7). Recent plague years are 1926-1934,1940-1948, 1949-1963,1967-1969 and 1986-1989. Between plagues the Desert Locust occupies a smaller area known as the recession area, where it lives in small scattered populations. However, with suitable weather conditions, which include sufficient rainfall, these scattered populations are concentrated where they can breed successfully, leading to a vast increase in numbers of insects so highly mobile they may travel up to 1000 km in a week.
+<section>Anatomy of a locust</section>
+The basic anatomy of an adult locust is described here and illustrated by photographs of the Desert Locust (see also Plate 2).
+External anatomy
+The body can be divided into three main parts: head, thorax and abdomen (Fig. 8).
+Head
+On the head can be seen:
+1 A pair of jointed antennae or feelers which the locust uses to recognise things by touch or smell.
+2 A pair of large compound eyes which give the locust a wide field of vision and enable it to detect movement easily. It is not known how many colours locusts can recognise but it has been shown that they react to green.
+3 The mouth which has several parts that can easily be separated and identified. These are the upper lip, a pair of hard, black, serrated jaws which move sideways to cut through plant food, a pair of secondary jaws which help in holding the food, and a lower lip.
+4 Jointed appendages which are called palps. These are used for tasting food.
+Thorax
+This is the part of the body which contains the muscles for walking, jumping and flying, and to which the wings and legs are attached.
+On the thorax can be seen:
+5 A sheath covering the top and sides of the front part of the thorax. It is called the pronotum.
+6,7, 8 Three pairs of legs, the hind legs being large and used for jumping. Each leg has three main parts, the femur (9), the tibia (10) and the tarsus or foot (11).
+12 Two pairs of wings. At rest the harder front wings cover and protect the softer hind wings which are folded fan-wise.
+Abdomen
+On the abdomen can be seen:
+13 The ear, on the first section of the abdomen just behind the first joint of the large back legs. This is where the locust receives sounds. Locusts can hear one another up to about 2 m apart.
+14 The ovipositor valves in the female. These are two pairs of short, curved, black hooks which form the tool with which the female locust digs a hole in the soil when the eggs are laid. This is how the female can be distinguished from the male, as the male does not have these hooks (Figs 9 and 10).
+Along the sides of the thorax and abdomen are small openings called spiracles (15). These are holes through which the locust breathes. The largest spiracle on each side is just above where the middle pair of legs joins the body and can be seen opening and closing if a live locust is examined. The spiracles lead to very fine tubes which carry air directly to all parts of the locust's body; these tubes, which appear as slender silvery threads when you examine the internal organs, constitute the tracheal system.
+Cuticle
+The locust is covered with a special kind of skin which is referred to as the cuticle. It has three different layers. The layer nearest the inside of the body is soft and flexible; then comes a harder layer and on the outside is a thin layer of wax. This wax makes the skin waterproof and its presence also means that insecticides required to kill locusts by contact action should be dissolved in oils which will penetrate the wax. The hard part of the skin serves as the skeleton of the locust and is thinner at the joints so that movement can take place.
+On many parts of the skin very fine short hairs can be seen. These are connected to nerves inside the body and serve in many ways to make the locust aware of the conditions in which it has to live. Those on the face detect air movement so that the locust can take off and land into the wind.
+Inside the locust's body can be seen a dark-coloured tube running from the mouth at the front to the anus at the hind end (Fig. 11). This is the food tube or gut. There is always some material in the gut and it is not possible by merely looking at the gut to decide whether the locust has been feeding or not. The more feeding a locust does the quicker the food passes through the gut. The usual length of time is from 0.5 h to 2 h, but it can take 3-4 days if there is little food available. This allows the locust to withstand long periods of starvation.
+The front part of the gut is wider than the remainder; it is concerned with grinding and storing food. The middle part is where digestion takes place and the hind part is where the water is absorbed. The waste is passed out at the anus as small dark-coloured faecal pellets, 4-5 mm long and 2 mm thick. These can often be seen in vast numbers beneath bushes and trees where locusts have been feeding and can provide evidence of the recent presence of locusts even though the locusts themselves have departed. After digestion some of the food material is stored in the body as fat, which can be seen inside the abdomen when a locust is cut open. It is a soft, yellow, shapeless mass, and it provides fuel for activities such as marching and flying. Flying locusts use up this fat at the rate of about 14 mg (0.8% of the body weight) per hour. A complete lack of fat inside the body of a fully grown (not a fledgling) locust means that it has probably been flying a long time without
+feeding. A large amount of fat means that it has probably been feeding considerably without much flying.
+Many very fine silver-coloured tubes can also be seen inside the body. These are the air tubes or tracheae already mentioned.
+In a mature female locust the yellow eggs are conspicuous and arranged in rows in the ovary. When fully grown the eggs of the Desert Locust are each about 7 mm long.
+If red spots can be seen in the ovary this usually means that the female locust has already laid at least one egg pod. It can, however, mean that some eggs started to develop and then stopped because of unfavourable conditions.
+<section>Life cycle</section>
+The life cycle comprises three stages: egg, hopper, adult (Fig. 12). The time spent in each stage varies considerably depending on the weather. This is discussed in more detail in the the section on seasonal movements and breeding areas (page 36).
+Immature adults
+Immature adults are usually pink, lighter or darker according to whether the locusts have been bred under high or low temperatures. The bright pink may change to a brownish red if the locusts have spent more than two months in this immature stage.
+Maturation
+Desert Locusts may become sexually mature in a few weeks or a few months, according to environmental circumstances. In unfavourable weather and food conditions, as for instance when they are subjected to low temperatures and drought, maturation may take as long as six months. If they have the right kind of food and weather, maturation can take place rapidly in 2-4 weeks. The exact conditions that cause locusts to mature are not known but the process is usually associated with the start of the rainy season. Male locusts start to mature first and then give off from their skin a chemical substance the odour of which causes maturation to start in females, and also in any males in which it has not already begun. The beginning of maturation can be recognised by the disappearance of the pink colour from the hind tibia. At this stage yolk is deposited in the eggs. It is at this stage that the eggs present in the female locusts begin to accumulate yolk and as they grow to full size
+over the next week the abdomens of the females become distended.
+Mature adults
+The mature adult is yellow, the males being a brighter yellow than the females. The ovaries of the female locusts contain eggs which can easily be seen if the abdomen is pulled away from the thorax. At this stage large swarms break up into smaller ones, as those locusts that mature first settle on the ground for breeding, while those not yet quite mature fly on.
+Copulation
+This is the mating act. The male jumps on the back of the female and holds on to her with the front pair of legs (Fig. 13). The tips of their abdomens come into contact and the male sex cells (spermatozoa) are passed into the body of the female where they fertilise the eggs. The time spent in copulation varies from 3 to 14 h. Several females can be fertilised by one male and the spermatozoa can be stored inside the female's body and used to fertilise more than one set of eggs. Sometimes there are many more males than females in a mature swarm and then fighting occurs amongst the males for possession of females.
+Laying and eggs
+When copulation ends the males usually remain for some time on the backs of the females. The females become restless and walk about carrying the males. They begin to select a suitable place to lay their eggs by probing and testing the soil with the tip of the abdomen. During this probing they can detect warmth, hardness, moisture and salinity (salt content) of the soil. They are also attracted to each other at this time, assembling together in groups. Selection of laying places then depends partly on the soil conditions and vegetation and partly on the presence of other locusts. Laying can occur at all times of day and night provided that the soil surface does not become too hot or too cold, and that the soil is moist, at least below the surface. Laying can also occur in a wide range of soil types varying from quite coarse sand to silty clays, but the female must be able to dig into the soil with the extremity of her abdomen. Generally the top layer, about 6 cm deep, is dry,
+and there is a layer of damp soil below. This must be sufficiently deep to take all the eggs, that is, about 4 cm.
+When a suitable place is found the female pushes the ovipositor into the soil and makes a hole. The abdomen stretches to about twice its normal length and the eggs are laid (Fig. 14). The whole process of probing, digging and laying takes 1.5-2 h. A copulating and laying swarm usually stays in the same area for 1-2 days. Sometimes copulation occurs with females which appear not to be fully mature, that is, females in which the eggs are not fully developed. Mature female locusts often dig holes without laying eggs in them, even though the soil conditions appear to be suitable. The reasons for this behaviour are not known. On occasions females have been seen to lay eggs on the surface of the ground or on trees. This is usually because the soil is too hard and dry. Once eggs are fully developed inside the female she can only keep them for about 3 days; then they must be laid whether suitable soil is available or not. Eggs laid on the soil surface or on trees do not hatch.
+Abnormal laying of this kind, especially when on a large scale, constitutes important information and should be either mentioned in the routine locust reports, or reported separately.
+Female locusts lay many eggs at a time and these are bound together by a frothy secretion which forms them into an egg pod (Fig. 15). The egg pod is 3-4 cm long, the bottom being usually about 10 cm down in the soil. On top of the eggs the frothy substance hardens to form a plug which extends almost to the surface of the soil. The plug helps to prevent the eggs drying and it also provides a medium through which the young hoppers can easily reach the surface when they hatch. Egg pods are nearly always laid in groups, which may be either large or small. It is useful to record the maximum density in one square foot. The area over which egg pods are laid, which varies from a few square metres to a square kilometre or more, is called an egg field.
+The number of eggs in a pod can vary from about 20 to over 100 but the number for swarming locusts is usually between 70 and 80 for the first laying, between 60 and 70 for the second laying and less than 50 for the third laying, if it occurs. It is noteworthy that the egg pods of locusts not in swarms usually contain many more eggs than pods laid by swarming locusts. Three is probably the maximum number of egg pods laid by swarming locusts in the field, but those kept in laboratories can lay many more. There is some evidence that in the field non-swarming locusts lay more pods than swarming ones, about five on average.
+When the eggs are laid they are yellow in colour but in the soil they turn brown. They absorb water from the soil, about their own weight of water in the first five days if it is available at the time, and this is enough to allow them to develop successfully. Research has shown that 20 mm of water is sufficient. If they do not get this quantity of water they will not hatch. If, however, there is not sufficient water in the soil during the first few days, they can absorb as much as the supply permits and then wait for several days before taking in the remainder, after more rain has fallen. It is not possible for Desert Locust eggs to stay dry in the ground from one rainy season to the next and then hatch when the rain comes.
+Incubation period and hatching
+The period of egg development, between laying and hatching, is called the incubation period. The rate at which eggs develop varies according to the soil temperature. For example, in the summer breeding areas of West Africa, the Red Sea coast and lowland India the incubation period takes 10-14 days but this is extended to 25-30 days in the cooler spring breeding areas of central Arabia, southern Iran and Pakistan while in North Africa it can take as long as 70 days in exceptionally cold weather. More detailed information can be found in the section on seasonal movements and breeding areas (Page 36).
+When they are fully developed in the eggs, the young hoppers burst their way out of the egg shells, wriggle up the froth tube to the surface, and immediately shed a thin white skin. These white skins are easily visible on the surface of the soil and are an indication that hatching has recently taken place. They are, however, soon blown away by the wind. Hatching takes place either shortly before or within 3 h of sunrise, and all the hoppers from one egg pod normally hatch on the same morning. It usually takes three days for the complete hatching of a whole egg field but longer periods have been recorded. Only a few hoppers hatch on the first of these days, most on the second and a few more on the third.
+Hoppers
+When hatching is complete, some small and some larger groups of hoppers will be noticed all over the egg field. Sometimes there is very little movement of hoppers on the first day of hatching but after a day or two the groups of hoppers will have joined together to form larger groups which move about; these are called bands.
+Moulting
+By the time they are a day old the hoppers have started to feed. Their skin is hard and tough by now and will only stretch a little. They therefore have to grow by casting off their skins from time to time. This process is called moulting. When the hopper sheds its old skin it has a new, soft skin underneath. This stretches for a short time, allowing the hopper to grow, before it hardens. Moulting usually occurs five times during the development of the Desert Locust (apart from the skin-shedding that occurs at hatching).
+Instars
+The hopper stage of the life cycle is thus divided into five instars. (Hoppers are sometimes called nymphs and the hopper instars are then called nymphal instars. The word 'stage' is occasionally used instead of 'instar' in locust reports, e.g. 'fifth-stage hoppers'; it should, however, be restricted to the three main stages of the life cycle, egg, hopper and adult.) Figures 16-22 show the distinctions between the different instars of the Desert Locust.
+The first instar is whitish in colour when newly hatched but in 1-2 h turns mainly black. As it grows bigger and becomes ready for moulting a pale colour pattern becomes more obvious.
+It is not always easy to distinguish the second instar from the first but with experience one recognises that the pale colour pattern is more obvious and that the head is much larger. It is easily distinguished from the third instar because there is no sign yet of wing growth.
+The third instar is easily recognised by the two pairs of wing 'buds' which can be seen projecting from underneath the pronotum on each side of the thorax.
+The colour now is conspicuously black and yellow, more black in cold conditions and less black in hot. The wing buds are larger and more obvious but they are still shorter than the length of the pronotum measured along the middle line.
+The colour of the fifth instar is bright yellow with a black pattern, again varying with temperature. Wing buds are now longer than the pronotum, but still cannot be used for flight.
+Fledging
+The final moult is from the fifth-instar hopper to the adult stage. This change is called fledging and the young adult is called a fledgling. After this there is no further moulting and the adult locust cannot grow in size but gradually increases in weight.
+Notice the thin bent wings hanging down; later they will be pumped full of blood and take up their final shape.
+The fledgling is pink and the wings, head and body are relatively soft. Activity is limited to walking and short descending flights. Fledglings gradually become hard and able to fly strongly. Locusts in this condition are called immature adults.
+Duration of life cycle
+The length of life of individual adults varies. Some have been kept alive in cages for over a year, but in the field they probably live between 2.5 and 5 months. Apart from accidental death the life span depends on how long they take to become sexually mature. The quicker they mature the shorter the total length of life.
+Phase
+Desert Locusts can exist as scattered individuals within the recession area or, when numerous, as swarms throughout the invasion area. This is because the locust exists in different phases. When breeding conditions lead to an increase in the numbers of locusts crowded together the insects have the ability to change their colour, behaviour, shape and physiology. Not all these characteristics change at once; behaviour and colour being the characteristics to change first.
+Colour
+An adult in the solitary phase is likely to be pale grey or beige when immature, with the males becoming pale yellow on maturation. In contrast, an adult from the swarming (gregarious) phase will be bright pink when immature and bright yellow when mature.
+Behaviour
+Solitary locusts live separately, the hoppers do not move together and the adults usually fly individually at night. They are often difficult to see and their colours blend with their surroundings. Gregarious hoppers move in marching bands and have distinctive black markings. The brightly coloured adults move together in cohesive day-flying swarms. In between the two extremes are locusts exhibiting some characteristics of solitary locusts and some gregarious ones; such locusts are referred to as transient locusts.
+Shape
+Scientists have tried to describe the changes in shape which occur by measuring parts of the locust (Fig. 8). For example, if the length of the front wing or elytron (E) is divided by the length of the femur (F) of the hind leg the resulting ratio is greater in the case of locusts taken from a swarm than for those locusts living alone. These measurements are called morphometrics. Changes in the shape of the pronotum and sternum of the Desert Locust are shown in Fig. 24.
+Unfortunately it is necessary to introduce a note of warning at this point. Morphometric studies do not always give a completely reliable indication of the behaviour phase. One reason is that changes in behaviour and appearance do not always occur at the same rate. In the Desert Locust for example, some swarms comprise locusts whose morphometrics are the same as those of solitary-living ones. The environmental conditions during the development of the hopper can affect the morphometrics of the adults. Nevertheless, it is safe to state, as a general rule, that locusts taken from swarms will have a certain appearance (and certain morphometrics), whilst those of the same species taken from an area where there have been no swarms for several months will have a different appearance (and different morphometrics).
+Physiology
+Solitary locusts lay pods containing 95-158 eggs each. In the laboratory they have been known to lay more than three pods; gregarious females lay pods usually containing less than 80 eggs and laying occurs twice, rarely three times.
+Hoppers in the solitary phase usually develop through six instars before fledging, each moult is indicated by a marked stripe on the eye (total 7). Gregarious hoppers invariably fledge after five instars and have a total of six eye stripes although sometimes the eye can be a uniform dark brown.
+<section>Behaviour in relation to habitat</section>
+Different species of locusts and grasshoppers behave in different ways. The behaviour of a single species also changes with age and the size and density of the population. Behaviour is affected by a wide range of external factors which characterise the habitat and among which the weather is dominant.
+Knowledge of locust behaviour and of the factors which determine it are essential for an efficient locust officer.
+In this section the behaviour of the Desert Locust in the hopper and adult stages is described. Particular reference is made to those features of behaviour which are of direct importance in locust control operations.
+Hoppers
+When hoppers occur in large numbers-as the result of breeding by a swarm or dense concentrations of locusts-they gather together in bands, which move about as distinct units (Fig. 25). The behaviour of the individual hoppers in bands and that of the bands themselves are best considered separately.
+Behaviour of individual hoppers in bands
+Hoppers have several kinds of general activity. There is a more or less regular pattern of daily behaviour which is summarised in Table 3.
+Roosting. At night and in the early morning hoppers will be found roosting {Fig. 26). This means that the hoppers are off the ground, resting on plants, bushes or stones. Roosting also occurs during the middle of the day when the temperature exceeds about 36ºC.
+Ground grouping. When hoppers are concentrated in dense groups on the ground and are mainly stationary they are said to be in ground groups (Fig. 27). These are seen in the morning when the hoppers come down from the bushes and again in the evening before they roost for the night. Ground grouping may occasionally occur at other times of day.
+Marching. Hoppers usually spend the greater part of the day marching (Fig. 28). This means that they are moving together by either jumping or walking in a definite direction. They stimulate each other and the whole band moves from one place to another. The net distance covered is called the displacement.
+Feeding. The main feeding period occurs when the hoppers go up into the bushes for their evening roost, but they also feed when marching, stopping briefly to eat low vegetation in their line of march. These two types of feeding are important to note because the success of certain control operations depends upon them.
+Many kinds of plants are eaten by hoppers but they seem to have preferences when there is a choice of plants. Note in your own area those which seem to be specially liked by hoppers, and also record any common plants which you never see them eating. This will be useful information when applying insecticide. On some plants hoppers prefer the flowers or fruit while on others they prefer the leaves and on some they eat both. They have on occasions also been seen eating bark.
+The readiness with which a plant is eaten depends on the presence of other food plants at the site. A plant which is readily eaten in one area may be avoided in another because of the presence there of other plants which are even more palatable. Furthermore, the appetite of hoppers for a given species of plant may change with their age and their physiological condition. For instance, as hoppers grow older they may eat tough plants which they avoid when young, and thirsty hoppers may eat fleshy, watery plants which would normally not attract them.
+Feeding mainly occurs in the evening but sometimes it is seen on a considerable scale in the middle part of the morning. Very little occurs during the hotter, middle part of the day. Hoppers eat more during the middle part of each instar than at the beginning or the end. Just before moulting they feed either very little or not at all. For the first three moults this non-feeding period lasts about one day, but for the two later moults it may be 2-4 days. This is important when bait or vegetation poisoned by insecticides is being relied on to kill them when they eat it, since it means that at certain times the hoppers will not eat enough to pick up a lethal dose of insecticide. It is therefore necessary to learn to recognise these periods by observation and postpone control work until the appetite of the hoppers returns, or to use persistent insecticides which will remain effective for several days at least.
+Daily pattern of behaviour of hoppers in bands. Table 3 shows the daily pattern of behaviour usually seen in the East African region. If you find differences in your own area make notes of them and think about why they are different. Organise your control work to fit in with the hopper behaviour.
+Behaviour of hopper bands
+Hopper bands vary in size from a few square metres to several square kilometres, depending upon the number and density of the hoppers they contain (Fig. 29). The number of bands and the proportion of large and small ones depend on the amount and pattern of egg laying in the egg field from which they have arisen. Bands often join together to form larger ones, but sometimes they divide into smaller bands.
+Hopper bands tend to occur in groups and this is important from a control point of view. It means that if one band is discovered it is probable that there will be others nearby.
+Change in size. The joining and splitting of bands clearly causes changes in the numbers of hoppers in them, and sometimes bands of different ages join together so that hoppers of very different instars occur in the same band.
+Hopper bands also change size without any alteration in the number of hoppers that they contain, partly through growth of the hoppers and partly because they are sometimes close together while at other times they are further apart.
+Daily change in size due to changing behaviour. Hopper bands change their size during the day according to the behaviour of the hoppers. The size of a band when it is marching can be up to eight times that of the same band when it is roosting or in ground groups. The reduction in size at roosting time tends to be greater in an area with shrubby vegetation.
+Change in size due to change in instar. Hopper bands get bigger as the hoppers in them grow older. A band of fifth-instar hoppers may be 20-30 times as large as a first-instar band containing the same number of hoppers. This means that bands are more concentrated in the early instars and are therefore easier and more economical to destroy.
+Change in size due to fusion or splitting. Hopper bands may get larger owing to the fusion of two or more bands. Sometimes, however, bands split up and this is most likely to occur after moulting.
+Movement of hopper bands
+Speed and distance. Large bands move quicker and farther than small bands of the same instar. The thicker the vegetation the more slowly will bands move through it, and where there is much bare ground bands will move more quickly and therefore farther each day. Sunny weather, provided it does not get too hot, i.e. above 36ºC air temperature, favours marching, so that bands move quicker and farther each day under sunny conditions than in cloudy overcast weather.
+Marching speeds of individual young hoppers may be as high or higher than those of old hoppers, but in general, older bands move faster and further. This is because by the time the fifth instar is reached in the same area the weather is usually sunnier and the vegetation has become drier and thinned out, and these conditions induce more rapid marching.
+The following observations on the daily movement of hopper bands of various sizes and instars were made in East Africa.
+TABLE 4
+Size of band (night roosting area in square yards)
+Instar single day (yards)
+Displacement in a
+150,000 (12.5 ha)
+96 (88 m)
+160,000 (13 ha}
+579 1530 m)
+165,000 (14 ha}
+916 (838 ml
+One mile wide (260 ha)
+1 mile (1610 m)
+Direction of movement. Hopper bands often move in the same direction for several days at a time and sometimes in roughly the same direction throughout hopper life. They have often been observed moving generally downwind.
+Very often all the bands in a quite large area move in the same general direction. This kind of behaviour is more likely in flat unbroken country. In hilly country and country broken up with many water channels there is likely to be less constant direction of movement. Sometimes hoppers move in long narrow bands along dry water channels and sunken roads. This is known as canalisation.
+Shape of hopper bands
+There is no regular shape. The shape depends on the behaviour of the hoppers and the type of country. Nearly always when the band is marching the hoppers are most dense at the leading edge, which is known as the front (Fig. 30). In large bands there is a high density for about 150 m back from the front; the density then decreases until at the trailing edge of the band the hoppers are very scattered.
+It is useful to find the fronts of hopper bands when controlling them. If the leaders of each band stop to feed on bait or sprayed vegetation the ones following behind them are likely to do the same. To find the front, drive or walk in the direction in which most of the hoppers appear to be marching.
+It is possible with experience to recognise the tracks of hoppers where they have recently marched over loose sand. This is quite useful in finding bands which might otherwise be missed. Hoppers may not be sighted but the tracks will indicate that they have passed by on that day or on the previous day.
+Adults
+Flying capabilities
+One of the most striking features of the Desert Locust is its great mobility. Experiments have shown that locusts suspended in a windtunnel can go on flapping their wings non-stop for 6-17 h and there is evidence that the maximum period may be as long as 20 h. By gliding some of the time, locusts can stay in the air very much longer. This allows them to make long journeys over the sea. For example, locusts regularly cross the Red Sea, a distance of 300 km, and in October 1988, a large number crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies-a distance of 5000 km!
+The muscles of a flying locust perform 10-20 times as much work in proportion to body size as those of a human being working at top speed. The energy needed is derived from fat stored inside the body, so that the flight endurance depends on the amount of fat present. The fat content of Desert Locusts, according to age, is shown in Table 5.
+TABLE 5
+Age
+Total weight (g)
+Weight of fat (mg)
+Newly fledged
+Second week after fledging
+4-5 weeks after fledging
+Very old locust about to die
+Same as fledglings
+The longest flights are made by immature locusts which do most feeding and store most fat. The Desert Locust has a flying speed of 16-19 km/in but the rate at which it moves relative to the ground depends on the wind as well as its own flying speed.
+Locusts are cold-blooded animals and their activity is affected by air temperature and sunshine. If there is no sunshine long continuous flight usually takes place only above 23ºC. Rain and cloud generally decrease the amount of flying. In sunshine long continuous flight is possible when air temperatures are above 14ºC but flight decreases when the air becomes hotter than 40ºC. Locusts take off and land into the wind, but in very strong winds they do not take off at all but shelter behind rocks or vegetation.
+Adults in swarms
+The size of Desert Locust swarms ranges from less than one square kilometre to several hundred square kilometres. There are about 50 million locusts in each square kilometre of a medium-density swarm. The total number of locusts in a swarm varies from a few hundred millions to tens of thousands of millions. The volume density varies from one locust per thousand cubic metres to 10 locusts per cubic metre.
+The shape of flying swarms can be stratiform or cumuliform (Fig. 31).
+Large swarms generally fly higher than small ones. According to the weather conditions it experiences, a swarm may appear at one time as a very large single swarm, and perhaps a few days later as several small swarms with scattered locusts between them.
+Daily pattern of behaviour of swarming locusts
+Desert Locusts in swarms fly by day and settle on vegetation at night, although they have sometimes been seen flying after dark. It is not easy to say exactly what their behaviour will be at any time as this depends on the weather, the type of country they are in and the state of the locusts themselves, but the general daily behaviour pattern for immature (pink) swarms in tropical Africa or Asia is as shown in Table 6.
+TABLE 6
+Time
+Behaviour
+Night (1 h after sunset to sunrise)
+Settled on vegetation; the place where the swarm settles is called the roosting site.
+Sunrise +0.5 h
+Crawling about slowly on vegetation. A few locusts may jump or fly about on disturbance. During the next hour or so more locusts make short flights and many come to the ground.
+Sunrise +2 h (about 0800 h)
+Dense carpets of locusts now on the ground lying broadside on to the sun's rays to absorb radiant heat. Some still basking on trees and some flying between groups. During the next hour the amount of local flying increases with streams of locusts flying in different directions while still remaining within the area of the roosting site.
+0900 to 1000 h
+Majority of locusts become airborne. As the air temperature rises and convection starts the locusts rise higher into the air and the swarm begins to leave the roosting site; this is usually referred to as mass departure.
+1000 h to sunset or just
+Swarm in flight as a whole, but there are nearly always many locusts temporarily settling beneath after it the swarm, particularly at the leading edge; near the rear edge these take off again and follow the rest of the swarm. Thus the swarm moves in a rolling manner.
+Sunset or soon afterwards
+Settling in progress, very often followed by heavy feeding.
+A locust swarm consists of streams of locusts. Figure 32 shows that all the locusts in a stream face in the same direction (or orientation). There will be other streams in the same swarm facing in many other directions.
+Any locusts which fly or are blown outside the edge of the swarm turn back into it and as this is taking place all round the edge of a swarm it means that the different directions of flight by the various streams do not affect the direction of movement of the swarm as a whole. The net distance traversed by the swarm as a whole is called the displacement. The presence of streams of locusts flying in all directions within a swarm means the direction of movement of the swarm as a whole cannot be judged merely by watching which way individual locusts are facing or moving, or noting which way the stream which happens to be above at the time appears to be moving.
+The direction of movement of a whole swarm can be judged roughly from the ground by seeing where it is centred at different times in relation to landmarks. A much better way of finding out which way it is moving is by obtaining successive fixes of its position from an aircraft.
+Non-swarming populations
+Solitarious Desert Locusts living at low densities start flying after dusk on warm evenings and continue flying during the early part of the night. Large-scale night flight normally requires a temperature of 23ºC or more at take-off. Some solitarious locusts seem to fly frequently, but others hardly at all. There is evidence that long-distance migrations, rather similar to those of swarms, can occur but as they occur at night, unlike those of swarms, they are not seen, and thus can lead to surprise infestations of locusts in areas previously clear. During the daytime solitarious locusts will fly only when they are disturbed, or flushed. When they are flushed they usually fly low and settle quickly. Sometimes they rise almost vertically, and then drop quickly like a stone, or they may be carried out of sight by the wind.
+Direction of swarm displacement in relation to meteorology
+By using aircraft to find the direction of displacement of individual swarms and knowing the wind direction at the same time it has been shown that swarms move in a downwind direction (Figs 33 and 34). The steadier the wind direction the steadier will be the direction taken by the swarms. In unsettled weather or in mountainous country with frequent changes of wind, swarm movement will be more irregular. Steady flight against very light winds has often been seen in mature swarmlets flying only a few feet above the ground. These observations have led people to believe that in these cases whole swarms are moving upwind, for short distances at least. No satisfactory proof of swarm displacement upwind has so far been provided. The speed at which swarms move varies greatly. Rates of movement measured have ranged from 1.5-16 km/in and swarms have been known to travel a few kilometres to over 100 km in a day and as much as 3500 km in a month. The speed at which swarms travel is
+often considerably less than the wind speed because all the locusts in a swarm are not flying all the time.
+Since swarms travel consistently downwind they eventually arrive at a place where winds meet or, in other words, where masses of air converge. These places of convergence can be recognised on synoptic weather maps which can be used to find out where swarms are likely to be found. A synoptic map shows the weather over a given area at a given time, it can be used to estimate the wind and temperature at any place in the area for that time. Winds and temperature vary with height above the ground but information of most use to a local control organisation can be found on synoptic maps prepared for the surface (nominally 10 m above ground) 850 and 700 millibars (about 1.5 and 3 km above sea level). Cooperation between a country's locust control organisation and its meteorological service is therefore highly desirable. Converging air masses produce certain recognisable weather systems in different parts of the world at different times of the year and it has been possible to relate
+the position of locust swarms to these. For instance in the summer months Desert Locust swarms tend to congregate along the belt where the northerly and southerly winds meet.
+This is called the inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or sometimes the Inter-Tropical Front. From late September onwards swarms generally move northwards out of the ITCZ into North Africa and the Middle East, often during periods of warm southerly winds associated with the passage eastwards of depressions through the Mediterranean and the Near East. In East Africa swarms follow the seasonal displacement of the ITCZ southwards across the Somali peninsula between late September and February.
+Areas of convergence of air masses are the areas where rain is most likely to fall. An important result of the way swarms move is that they eventually come into places where there is rain. This is essential to the survival of the Desert Locust, for it can only breed successfully where there is moist sold in which eggs can be laid and develop and suitable plants will grow and provide food for the young hoppers. Sometimes the rainfall is too little and this leads to heavy mortality in locust populations.
+At present weather stations in the Desert Locust area are few and far between, so there is room for much improvement in the weather maps for some parts of the area. As weather information improves, it should be possible to have a fuller understanding of swarm movements and to forecast them better. This improvement will occur with the widespread use of information from weather satellites. The cloud pictures now available from geostationary satellites show the growth of rainstorms throughout the day and can be used with surface observations of clouds and rain to determine the time and extent of rainfall. Pictures from both geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites are particularly useful in helping to estimate possible rains in remote places.
+Anti-locust organisations themselves should do all they can to provide weather information from places where there are no permanent weather stations.
+<section>Seasonal movements and breeding areas of desert locust during plagues and recessions</section>
+This section uses maps to show the seasonal changes in distribution, frequency of infestation and breeding of the Desert Locust in plagues and recessions. The Desert Locust lives in a generally dry, arid environment where rainfall is sporadic and seasonal. As this locust needs moist soil for egg laying and egg development and the hoppers need fresh vegetation on which to feed, they are only able to breed after periods of rainfall.
+Desert Locust plagues do not start within permanent outbreak areas. Both solitary and gregarious adult locusts move downwind between seasonal breeding areas. The areas within countries where breeding occurs differs during plagues and recessions.
+During plagues, the breeding areas associated with the spring rainfall are found in North Africa, the Middle East, southern Iran and Pakistan (Fig. 35). The resulting swarms move southwards as the area dries (thus no longer providing food or suitable laying sites) to the belt where summer rains occur. This is in Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia and southern Arabia. Swarms also move eastwards to the monsoon rainfall areas of Pakistan and India (Fig. 36). There is also a winter breeding season around the Red Sea coasts. In East Africa (Somalia, southeast Ethiopia, Kenya and northeastern Tanzania) breeding occurs between October and December on the short rains and from February to June on the long rains (Fig. 37). In contrast to plague populations, recession populations are restricted to the central, drier parts of the distribution area where the average rainfall is less than 200 mm. As a consequence breeding does not occur in North Africa, the Middle East and
+East Africa. The area of recorded seasonal breeding during all recessions since 1920 is shown in Figs 38-40. In any one season, however, rainfall and consequently, breeding will be more limited.
+All areas are not equally liable to infestation and Figs 41-64 show for each month, the number of years between 1939 and 1963 in which swarms and hopper bands were recorded. This was a period of almost continual plagues. The maps show the frequency but not the severity of infestation in the degree squares. A comparison of the maps for each month shows the area most likely to have swarms or hopper bands and their changing distribution throughout the year.
+In contrast, Figs 65-88 represent frequencies during a period of almost continuous recession. All reports of gregarious or non-gregarious adults or hoppers, were summarised for the period 1964-1985; 1968, which was a plague year, was omitted.
+Figs 41-64. The following maps show, for each calender month, the number of years in which swarms and hopper bands were recorded during the 25-year period 1939-1963, i.e., they represent frequencies during a period of almost continual plagues. Records are grouped into 'squares' of one degree latitude and one degree longitude.
+Figs 65-88. The following maps show, for each calender month, the number of years for which adults or hoppers were recorded during the period 1964-1985 (excluding 1968 which was a plague year), i.e., a period of almost continual recession.
+Incubation period and hopper development
+Research has shown that about 20 mm of rainfall in a short period is sufficient moisture to allow eggs to complete their development. Rain does not need to fall over the breeding site as areas can become sufficiently moist from run-off from nearby hills and mountains. If eggs do not absorb enough moisture in the first few days, however, they can remain dormant and continue their development when rewetted. Dormant periods of up to 60 days have been recorded in the field.
+The speed of egg development varies with the soil temperature; the warmer the soil the faster the eggs develop. Tables 7-10 show the ranges recorded in the field for each breeding area.
+Hoppers, like the eggs, develop faster in warmer temperatures. Laboratory experiments showed that at 24ºC hoppers developed at 1.5% per day but at 38ºC this rose to 5%. Thus the total time taken for hopper development would be 66 and 20 days respectively. Table 11 shows the range of hopper development periods recorded in the field. Hoppers generally spend a similar period in each of the first four instars, e.g. 6-7 days, and a longer period in the fifth instar before fledging, e.g. 10 days.
+To estimate the total time from laying to fledging the egg incubation period should be added to the hopper development period, e.g. laying in Niger on 1 June
+egg incubation hopper development total
++ = ..fledging from 14 July
+12 days 32 days 44
+When fledging is complete the immature adults will begin to fly together in swarms. If the area in which they bred is beginning to dry out they will move to another area of green vegetation. If rain falls the swarms may mature and lay to produce a second generation. At the end of the breeding season when further rain is unlikely, swarms will move away on the prevailing winds to new breeding areas. These movements are summarised in Figs 35-37. It is at these periods that the spectacular long distance migrations of the Desert Locust take place. For example, swarms produced from summer breeding in Sudan can move westwards and northwards to invade Morocco in October; swarms from monsoon breeding in India can migrate via Oman and southern Arabia across the Gulf of Aden and invade northern Somalia in November; and spring swarms from Iraq can fly eastwards to India in June. Field officers should be aware of the likely sources of swarms which could invade their country. The Desert
+Locust Forecasting Manual (D. Pedgley, ed. COPR 1981) discusses these in far more detail than is possible here.
+TABLE 7. Egg incubation periods (days) in the summer and monsoon breeding areas
+June
+July
+August
+September
+October
+India
+Pakistan
+Arabia
+Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (below 1500 m)
+Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (above 1500 m)
+Sudan, Chad, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Senegal
+TABLE 8. Egg incubation periods (days) in the long rains and short rains breeding areas in East Africa
+February
+March
+April
+May
+October
+November December
+Somalia, south-east Ethiopia
+0-900 m
+Kenya 900-1500 m
+TABLE 9. Egg incubation periods (days) recorded in the coastal areas around the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
+January February March April May June July August September October November December
+TABLE 11. Hopper development periods (days) recorded in the field
+Summer and monsoon breeding areas
+Short rains
+31-45 (63% of records 35-391
+Long rains
+Red Sea coast/Gulf of Aden
+24-48 (71% of records 30-39)
+Winter-spring
+<section>Recession periods, outbreaks and the origin of plagues</section>
+During recession periods, swarms and hopper bands are rare and the Desert Locust inhabits the central, drier part of its distribution area (Fig. 89). This dry desert and semi-desert area of some 16 x 10^6 km² receives less than 200 mm of rain annually. Sufficient water must be available in the soil when females lay to ensure both the development of the eggs and the growth of vegetation to sustain the resulting hoppers and adults. Consequently, the Desert Locust survives best, and its numbers are highest, where adequate falls of rain are most frequent and reliable, where direct rain is enhanced by run-off and flooding and the soils and vegetation create especially suitable habitats. While less is known about the movements of solitary locusts, they appear to migrate between seasonal breeding areas in a similar way to swarms but not to travel so far. Figure 90 shows the resultant seasonal distribution of solitary hoppers during recessions.
+Outbreaks, marked increases in population leading to the appearance of gregarious populations, may follow successful breeding. Three processes are involved in their formation, concentration, multiplication and gregarisation.
+Concentration occurs on two scales. On the larger scale, solitarious locusts moving into a seasonal breeding area may be concentrated by wind convergence and selectively settle in certain areas which are especially favourable, notably areas where it has rained recently and where there is green vegetation which provides food and shelter, and moist soil for egg laying. Within these generally favourable habitats conditions are not uniform and locusts further concentrate on the smaller scale when they are sheltering, roosting, basking and, very importantly, when they are laying (which is normally at night).
+Egg-laying sites are often very restricted in extent so quite dense groups of egg pods can be laid by non-swarming adults (densities of up to 700 pods/m² having been recorded). Solitarious females lay up to about 160 eggs in each egg pod and probably at least two egg pods each. There is thus a potential multiplication rate of about 200 times but this is rarely, if ever, achieved, principally because there always seems to be very high mortality amongst the young hoppers, for reasons which are not yet clear. When the hoppers emerge from the egg pods they sooner or later encounter other hoppers. As a result of these repeated encounters they start to gregarise; i.e. they become conditioned to the presence of their fellows and start to form small basking groups, then small marching groups which later become larger. If there are sufficiently large numbers of hoppers present the marching groups can join up and form small bands and subsequently swarms. The above is a very simplified
+account of the early stages of an outbreak. Occasionally, these processes occur sequentially in a succession of the geographically distinct but interrelated seasonal breeding areas and should the build-up continue long enough, a plague results. While outbreaks are frequent, however, upsurges marking the start of a plague are rare. More frequently, potentially dangerous, partially gregarised populations die down without producing hopper bands and swarms. High hopper mortality is often caused because rains fail, or sometimes because of parasites and predators. In most seasons, initially low density populations do not achieve the multiplication rates needed to produce a major upsurge. In others, however, gregarisation occurs after several successive generations so it is essential to search for and report any populations during recessions, particularly if they are located in areas and under conditions suitable for successful breeding.
+Figure 91 shows areas of observed or deduced gregarisation between 1926 and 1976. Although these are widely distributed throughout the recession area, the distribution does suggest that the following factors are important in producing outbreaks:
+- the borders of highland areas where run-off can provide favourable breeding sites, e.g. central Sahara, interior of Oman and the valleys of Mekran of Iran and Pakistan;
+- the Indo-Pakistan summer breeding areas with complex mesoscale convergence systems which concentrate the locust populations;
+- the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coasts with a rainfall regime that can provide suitable conditions for breeding all year round.
+Should an outbreak occur in one or more of these regions and the resulting adults move to a complementary breeding area, e.g. locusts from the Red Sea coast moving inland to the summer breeding belt of the Sudan, and there find favourable conditions for breeding then it is likely that the resulting populations could lead to a plague. A plague is in progress when there are many bands and swarms over large areas.
+Habitats of solitarious Desert Locusts
+Solitarious locusts live in fewer varieties of habitat than swarms. In general they occur in open sandy steppes with few or no trees. They are not usually present in places where the trees are on average less than 10 m apart. The vegetation generally consists of perennial
+bushes and herbs less than a metre high and annual plants which come up after rain. The actual distribution of locusts within this general type of area is affected by the pattern of the vegetation. The capacity to concentrate locusts varies considerably between different habitats. Thus if the pattern is fairly uniform the locusts will probably remain scattered, but when it is patchy groups will be formed because the locusts prefer certain plants for food and shelter.
+Some of the plants with which solitarious Desert Locusts are often associated are Heliotropium spp., Dipterygium glaucum, Tribulus spp., Schouwia purpurea, S. thebaica, Aerva persica, Hyoscyamus muticus and, among cultivated plants, the bulrush millet. In the absence of these, however, they may show preference for other species. These should be noted. Such preferences, the patchiness of vegetation and the presence of only occasional patches of bare moist soil suitable for laying help to bring locusts together. This is an important step leading to gregarisation and outbreaks; the number of locusts in the resulting concentration must be large, otherwise it may not be able to maintain itself against the disrupting influences of weather and predators. The habitats of solitarious locusts in the different regions are described below.
+Pakistan, Iran and India
+During the summer locusts tend to concentrate in the open steppe vegetation where there are patches of bare ground on dune crests and slopes (Fig. 92). The main food is Tribulus alatus, and perhaps Aerva persica or Crotalaria burhia. These sites become particularly important when the period of monsoon rain is long enough to allow two generations. There is good vegetation cover after the first rain and patches of bare ground suitable for laying are restricted to sites such as bare dune crests and cultivations, resulting in concentration of locusts at later layings.
+In the winter and spring, in the lowlands of Pakistan, Baluchistan and southeastern Iran, Desert Locusts are to be found principally in the so-called 'rek' or 'rig' sand-dune country which occurs at intervals along the coast between Karachi and Bandar Abbas. The vegetation is of the open steppe type containing such species as Heliotropium undulatum, Sericostoma pauciflorum, Sphaerocoma hooker), Aerva persica and Panicum turgidum (Fig. 93). The locusts breed regularly in these areas in the winter and spring, but no important concentration seems to occur. Concentration usually happens later when the locusts move into inland valleys such as Turbat, Panjgur and Kharan, where suitable habitats are restricted to small cultivated areas and deposits of sand similar to the 'reks' (Fig. 94).
+Arabia
+When it rains the sand-dune areas of southern Arabia become suitable habitats for Desert Locusts and small concentrations can be found in patches of such plants as Chrozophora oblongifolia, Tribulus sp., Dipterygium glaucum and Aerve persica. More important concentrations can be formed if rain and breeding take place in the plains of the interior where the only suitable habitats are sandy wadis draining from the mountains towards the sands (Fig. 95). Good vegetation develops in the wadis and concentrates the locusts. There are many of these wadis between Oman and Yemen. Those in southwest Arabia receive more regular floods and have some cultivation which also provides suitable habitats for locusts (Fig. 96).
+Red Sea coastal areas
+The southern Red Sea area is one of semi-permanent convergence of winds in winter and comes under the influence of the ITCZ in summer. Most rain in the Red Sea area occurs in winter, but there is also some rainfall in the summer and the south then has more than the north. The prolonged rainfall in the south is probably one reason why the Red Sea coastal areas frequently have locust populations.
+The important locust habitats are almost all man made, created by the practice of shifting cultivation, principally within the wadi areas. When the original vegetation is cleared and Pennisetum millet (dukhn) is planted this provides a suitable locust habitat, especially when left unweeded (Fig. 97). Abandoned fields are invaded by weeds such as Heliotropium pterocarpum, Dipterygium glaucum and Aerva persica which are favoured by locusts. The vegetation cover is usually patchy and therefore leads to locust concentrations (Fig. 98).
+The south coast of Arabia and the north coast of the Somali peninsula have similar habitats to those along the Red Sea coasts.
+West Africa
+Here the locust habitats are associated with the Saharan highlands and with the open steppes surrounding the Sahara. In the drainage areas around the highlands there are restricted areas of Schouwia thebaica, Tribulus alatus and Hyoscyamus muticus. These plants grow on silty and clay soils which are often covered by sand and hold moisture well (Fig. 99). Here Schouwia may stay green for 3-4 months after heavy rain. These slow-drying soils allow laying for a long period, and their patchiness causes concentration of locusts during laying.
+<section>3. Other African locusts</section>
+There are three other plague species of locust in Africa south of the Sahara: the African Migratory Locust, the Red Locust and the Brown Locust. All these species have one important difference in common from the Desert Locust. Whereas the Desert Locust can form large populations leading to plagues in several geographically separate parts of its distribution, the other African species have been shown to have more restricted outbreak areas. This knowledge has been used to prevent further plagues in the first two species by siting control organisations in or near the outbreak areas. These organisations have kept populations small and restricted. Figure 7 compares the annual fluctuations in the number of countries infested from 18871 970.
+While chemical control of the Brown Locust has not prevented swarming or reduced the frequency of outbreaks it has, nevertheless, reduced the area subject to invasion and breeding and the intensity of swarming and crop damage.
+<section>African migratory locust-Locusts migratoria migratorioides</section>
+The distribution of this locust is shown in Fig. 100. Its main breeding area is in the flood plains of the Middle Niger in West Africa and it is the escape of swarms from this outbreak area that are known to lead to plagues. Elsewhere throughout the distribution area populations of solitarious phase Migratory Locust may be found. These solitary populations are generally regarded as residual populations left over after the dying out of plagues. There are other areas, such as parts of Sudan, Ethiopia and Angola, where swarms of Locusta have formed, but none are as meteorologically favourable as the Niger flood plains and none has yet led to the start of a plague. It is considered that Locusta is actually indigenous in the Lake Chad basin.
+Life cycle
+The life cycle of the Migratory Locust is similar to that of the Desert Locust. The time spent in each stage varies from season to season in different parts of the distribution area according to environmental factors; temperature appears to be the most important factor. There can be 4-5 generations per year in the Niger delta but this falls to three in the Chad basin area and to between one and two generations in South Africa. Elsewhere in the invasion area there are two generations per year.
+Immature adults
+Solitarious adults differ from gregarious ones in shape and colour. They have an arched pronotum and are green or brown in colour. The gregarious adults have a much flatter pronotum and are a yellowish-brown or greyish colour with darker markings.
+Maturation. The first signs of egg development in solitaries usually appear a few days after fledging and males can copulate four days after fledging. In the laboratory solitarious females start to lay about 10 days, and gregarious females 2.5-3 weeks, after fledging. Egg laying may start as soon as this in the field, but much more information is needed. It is known, however, that there is no delay in maturation even though laying does not always occur as the eggs can be resorbed. Resorption means that yolk and other material already deposited in the developing eggs are removed from these eggs which, therefore, get smaller and typically become red and are known as corps rouges. In the African Migratory Locust the presence of a double row of red spots in the ovaries (they are very small and it is best to use a hand lens when looking for them) usually means that the female has resorbed her eggs.
+Resorption can be caused by low temperatures and also occasionally by a lack of food or prolonged flight. Corpora lutea are also found in the ovaries. They are another kind of resorption body and their presence indicates that the female has laid. They too are sometimes reddish but they are usually colourless or yellow; they are more conspicuous in the Desert Locust than in the African Migratory Locust.
+Mature adults
+As solitarious locusts mature they become somewhat darker, particularly the abdomen of the females. In swarms the general colour becomes duller and the males become partly yellow (Plate 4).
+Egg laying. Egg laying usually takes place in soil which has been moistened either by rain or by recent flooding but can also occur in dry soil. Reports during the last plague indicate that typical laying sites for swarms include burnt patches of grassland with a flush of new green grass, open areas near swamps, cleared farmland or bare areas near villages where cattle have been herded.
+After the eggs are laid and the female has withdrawn her abdomen she scrapes the soil over the hole and pats the surface. The Desert Locust has never been seen to do this.
+The eggs are roughly similar to those of the Desert Locust but their arrangement within the pod is different in that they are arranged in rows (compare Fig. 15 with Fig. 101). The eggs are surrounded by a thin but tough film of froth to which sand particles adhere.
+The number of pods laid by a single female varies considerably as does the interval between successive layings. During the winter months in the outbreak area locusts have been found to lay 1-3 pods each at intervals of about 20 days, while in the summer they may lay 2-4 egg pods each at intervals of only 3-4 days. Solitary locusts lay about 65 eggs (range 551101 per pod which falls to 39 eggs per pod for gregarious females.
+Incubation period
+For successful development Locusta eggs must absorb water from the soil in the early stages, and provided there is adequate water in the soil the incubation period is dependent upon temperature. In the outbreak area of the Niger flood plains the incubation period is generally 10-20 days in the summer and 20-40 days in the winter. Eggs laid in dry soil, or in soil that dried out rapidly after laying, may take over 100 days to hatch.
+Hoppers
+An important aspect in which the life cycle of the African Migratory Locust differs from that of the Desert Locust is in the number of instars. In both phases of the African Migratory Locust there are normally five instars but in the solitarious phase under very dry conditions there may be six or even seven instars.
+The duration of each instar is, as in the Desert Locust, dependent on environmental factors of which the most important is temperature. In the laboratory hoppers developed faster in humid conditions (38 days) than in dry conditions (57 days). Records from the last plague in both East and West Africa show that the whole hopper period lasts 30-60 days for the five instars. In the Middle Niger area hopper development lasts only 24-35 days.
+Gregarious Migratory Locust hoppers have a very distinct brown and black colour pattern. Solitarious hoppers are grey in the first instar but the colour may vary in later instars: there can then be a very wide range of colours including green, grey, buff, brown, red and black, often resembling the background colour of their habitat, e.g. black hoppers on burnt grassland, and various shades of green according to the tone of the vegetation.
+Table 12 gives an indication of the size and weight of the various hopper instars.
+TABLE 12
+Average length
+Average weight
+(mm)
+(mg)
+First instar
+Second instar
+Third instar
+Fourth instar
+Fifth instar
+Behaviour
+The behaviour of the African Migratory Locust is similar in many respects to that of the Desert Locust, described above. In order to avoid undue repetition the emphasis in this chapter is therefore upon the differences in behaviour between the two species.
+As the last plague of the African Migratory Locust ended in 1941 most present-day observers have seen neither swarms nor hopper bands produced by swarm laying. The only hopper bands seen since the last plague have been produced as a result of local concentration, multiplication and gregarisation, but not on a scale sufficient to initiate a new plague.
+Hoppers
+Migratory Locust hopper bands are sometimes much denser than those of the Desert Locust. For example, there are records of hopper bands piling up to 15 cm deep. During the first instar the hoppers tend to form very dense ground groups or small bands on bare patches of soil or on stones. In the later instars bands march and the daily pattern of behaviour is similar to that of the Desert Locust.
+Hopper bands tend to march downwind, but canalisation along gullies, tracks etc. is common. Bands, particularly large ones, often cross obstacles such as stones and the same direction of march may be maintained for long periods. There are records of bands marching 24 km during the whole period of hopper life.
+Hopper bands can maintain cohesion in the very dense grasslands of the flood plain but move less under these circumstances, or when there is no sun or temperatures are low.
+Adults
+Swarms of the African Migratory Locust can be very dense and the densest locust swarm ever recorded photographically was a Migratory Locust swarm in West Africa during the last plague (Fig. 102).
+The daily pattern of behaviour is similar to that of the Desert Locust as described on page 31 except that swarms often settle at mid-day but feed little. The main feeding occurs in the evening when they settle for the night roost. Migratory Locusts mainly eat grasses or low vegetation and cereal crops are often damaged.
+Swarms generally fly in stratiform shape and tend to avoid obstacles such as prominent topographic features or lines of trees. Swarms of African Migratory Locusts seem to be somewhat less active than those of the Desert Locust, perhaps because they tend to fly close to the ground, but large-scale migrations do occur and are described below.
+Seasonal migrations of swarms
+While the details of swarm movement during the last plague have not yet been fully worked out it appears that, in general, swarms of the African Migratory Locust, like those of the Desert Locust, move downwind.
+The spread of the last Migratory Locust plague, which is illustrated in Fig. 103 shows the progressive increase in the area invaded by swarms and Fig. 104 shows the number of months of infestation by swarms and hopper bands in each affected country expressed as a percentage of the 157-month period (June 1928-June 1941) for which the plague lasted. By mid-1932 swarms occurred nearly 7000 km from the outbreak area in Mali. This plague clearly spread in an easterly and then southerly direction over a number of generations. This progressive type of spread can be contrasted with the seasonal north-south migration of the Desert Locust in West Africa, northward after the summer breeding and southward after the following spring breeding, and similarly back and forth between the summer and spring breeding areas of the Eastern Region (Figs 35-37).
+In addition to the eastward and southward spread in Africa there are regular small-scale migrations in areas such as Nigeria where swarms were reported every month between December 1929 and January 1940. During the winter months from December to February and March swarms and hopper bands were found in the southern part of the country whilst in the summer months from July to September they occurred in the north. It would appear that swarms move northwards on southwesterly winds with the northward extent of the ITCZ from February to September. There is then a corresponding southward displacement of swarms as northerly winds spread over Nigeria following the ITCZ as it retreats towards the south from October to December.
+In the event of another plague arising in Mali it is not possible to say whether it would develop in exactly the same way.
+Seasonal breeding and migrations of solitarious African Migratory Locusts
+Solitarious African Migratory Locusts are found over many widely separated areas of Africa but this account is limited to the regular seasonal breeding and migrations in and around the main outbreak area in Mali. The map of the outbreak area (Fig. 105) shows the flood plains which are subject to seasonal inundation and in which the vegetation consists of various types of grassland, and the surrounding semi-arid areas of Sahelian vegetation consisting of wooded steppe and woodland.
+Rain in this outbreak area normally falls between June and September but the rains may begin as early as May and continue into October. The River Niger begins to rise because of the rain which falls in the highlands to the southwest, and each year it floods the surrounding country. The first areas to flood are in the south in August and the floods generally do not reach the north until November. The floods begin to recede in October at the southern end of the plains but last until February or even March in the north.
+This flooding of the outbreak area enables locusts to breed there not only in the rainy season from June to September but also during the period October to March or April as the floods recede, whereas in the surrounding areas of the Sahel breeding is limited to the rainy season alone. In the flood plains (Fig. 106), where breeding can occur throughout the year, there is some overlap between generations but it is possible to recognise a general seasonal pattern of breeding and migration (Fig. 107).
+At the time of the high floods in August and September most of the adults leave the flood plain for the surrounding Sahelian areas where they breed and fledging of the Sahelian generation begins in September. (It should be noted that the Sahelian generation can also be referred to as the last rains generation.)
+Adults of the new generation then begin to migrate from the Sahel back to the flood plains and to concentrate in those areas most recently exposed by the retreating flood waters. The locusts move gradually northwards behind the retreating floods and lay in their wake, thus producing the first retreating flood generation during the period October to January. During January to April some locusts breed again and a last retreating flood generation is produced in the northern plains by locusts resulting from earlier breeding in the south.
+By the time the rains begin in May or June the floods have disappeared and a first rains generation results. Fledging occurs in July and August. A second rains generation occurs in the northern plains, laying begins in June and there is fledging from August onwards. Adults from both generations disperse widely in the surrounding Sahel to breed and produce the last rains generation-a total of five generations during the year (Fig. 107). If the annual rains are late or finish early there will probably be only two generations (annual total four).
+Habitats of solitarious African Migratory Locusts
+Solitarious African Migratory Locusts have been found in widely separated parts of Africa but the following account of their habitats is restricted to the main outbreak areas in and around the flood plains of the Middle Niger in Mali. The vegetation of the flood plains is mainly controlled by the rise and fall of the floods, the lower areas being under water the longest. Over the whole flood plain the soil generally consists of a silty clay with more clay in the lower areas, but sandy patches are widespread.
+The higher levels (those flooded for the shortest time)
+In this zone the vegetation consists of very dense grasses, up to 2 m high. The main species are Andropogon gayanus and Hyperthelia dissolute. Owing to the extremely dense nature of the vegetation this zone is not a good habitat for the African Migratory Locust and it is seldom found there.
+In addition to the natural vegetation there are also cultivations of rice, and no locusts are found in these, but in the northern part of the flood plain, where the last flooding occurs, crops of sorghum can be grown and harvested on the rains before the area is flooded. These cultivations form a good habitat for locusts breeding during the rains.
+The intermediate levels
+The vegetation in this zone also consists of grasses, forming a mixture of dense stands and areas of more open patchy vegetation. The main grasses in the dense stands are Andropogon africanus and Vetiveria nigritana. In the more open areas the principal species are Eragrostis atrovirens, and Panicum anabaptistum and P. fluviicola.
+The more open areas constitute the better locust habitat and the scattered patches of bare soil provide good laying sites. These sites are particularly suitable for laying when locusts which bred in the drier Sahel return in November and give rise to the first retreating flood generation. Parts of this intermediate zone are also used for the growing of rice but locusts are not found in the rice-growing areas.
+The lower levels (those flooded for the longest time)
+This zone is dominated by Echinochloa stagnina and Oryza barthli. These grasses give rise to a mass of floating vegetation which forms a mat on the ground when the floods recede. This zone is a poor habitat for the African Migratory Locust, both when the vegetation is floating and when it is dry. All three zones described above are burnt in the dry season between February and May, after which time the locusts concentrate in the fresh regrowth, particularly in the middle zone.
+The Sahel
+Part of the locust population flies out of the flood plain in August and September and breeds in the surrounding more arid areas of the Sahel.
+The areas of principal interest lie to the east and west of the flood plain between 15ºN and 17ºN. Further north there are semi-desert areas and to the south there is woodland vegetation. The vegetation of the Sahel, which consists of wooded steppe, is dependent upon rainfall, unlike that of the flood plains where the rise and fall of the flood is more important. In the Sahel the soils vary from silty sands on fixed dunes to clay-filled depressions, and in some areas the underlying laterite layer is exposed.
+The southern Sahel. The natural vegetation in this area consists of quite dense low woodland in which Pterocarpus spp. and Acacia spp. are the main trees. Seasonally waterlogged clay-filled depressions support dense Pterocarpus woodland to a height of 5-8 m. Clearings have been made in the natural woodland for the cultivation of bulrush millet (Pennisetum americanum). From time to time the fields are abandoned and annual grasses soon begin to colonise the bare ground. The main species are Cenchrus biflorus and Eragrostis tremula and when the fields are left longer Diheteropogon hagrupae becomes important together with the perennial, Andropogon gayanus.
+The northern Sahel. The northern part of the Sahelian zone is drier and the tree cover is lower and less dense. There are numerous fixed dunes and undulating country is common. in this region there are natural open areas as well as man-made clearings for growing millet. The commonest trees in this area are Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca and Euphorbia balsamifera. When the fields are abandoned annual grasses soon appear; as in the south these include Cenchrus biflorus and Eragrostis tremula, but in this drier zone Aristida spp. are also important.
+When locusts invade the Sahel from the flood plains the most important habitats are the man-made clearings. Judging from the numbers of locusts found in both the northern and southern Sahel, the fields in current use and those which have been recently abandoned seem to provide equally good habitats and in the northern Sahel man-made clearings are more favoured than those which occur naturally.
+Recession periods and outbreaks
+The African Migratory Locust has been in recession since 1941 when the last swarms of the plague died out in Chad, Sudan and Zambia. This recession period has been far longer than any known for either the Desert Locust or the Red Locust and historical evidence suggests that there have only been two plagues this century (1891-1903 and 1928-1941). Hopper bands have, however, formed in 16 years between 1941 and 1971 in the Middle Niger outbreak area since the end of the plague. The most important upsurge in the main outbreak area occurred in 1951 when over 17,000 bands were chemically controlled and a possible new plague was prevented.
+The last plague was traced to the flood plains of the Middle Niger in Mali from where swarms left at the start of the rainy season in 1928. Hopper bands occur more frequently during the cool dry season as the floods recede and are rarely found during the rainy season. They appear to result from the breeding of concentrations of parent locusts which have appeared in larger numbers than usual due to increased multiplication during the preceding rainy season. Such high rates of multiplication are associated with above-average rainfall and were a feature of both 1927 (the year preceding the plague) and 1950 (the year preceding the upsurge). Hopper bands produced on the retreating floods rarely give rise to swarms because they are too widely scattered and the fledglings disperse. Such fledgling populations are, however, sometimes larger than usual due to increased survival of gregarious individuals compared with solitarious ones. If they persist until the following rainy season,
+and if breeding is successful and multiplication occurs on a large scale, they may be potentially dangerous. This is again associated with above-average rainfall during the early part of the rainy season and occurred in 1928 (the start of the plague), 1951 (the year of the upsurge) and 1968 (a recent upsurge).
+The distribution of the egg pods appears to be the primary factor involved in the formation of hopper bands because gregarisation mainly occurs during the first instar. The concentration of solitary hoppers or adults does not normally lead to any gregarious interaction, as it does in some other species of locust, unless densities are extremely high.
+The processes involved in an outbreak are basically similar to those already described for the Desert Locust. However, because the African Migratory Locust has a relatively fixed annual cycle where a period of dispersal and population increase (rainy season) alternates with a period of concentration and decrease (retreating floods season), the processes of concentration, multiplication and gregarisation are not so much concurrent as consecutive events and are restricted to certain breeding seasons. They tend to lead to outbreaks at the start of the rainy season when conditions are most favourable for the spread of swarms.
+Although the origin of the last plague has been traced to the main outbreak area in Mali there have been reports from other widely separated parts of Africa of Migratory Locusts multiplying to form large hopper bands and small swarms.
+These small outbreaks have been reported from around Lake Chad, on the Red Sea coastal plains of Ethiopia and Sudan, the Gash, Gedar and Gezira areas of Sudan, the northern coastal plains of Somalia, Hippo Valley in Zimbabwe, northwest Angola and the Lake Ngami region of Botswana. Some of these populations have been large enough to require control measures; whether or not outbreaks in such areas could start a plague is not known. If resident solitarious populations of the African Migratory Locust become established in areas of new agricultural development in countries such as Sudan and Zimbabwe, there is always the possibility that under suitable conditions they may concentrate, multiply and gregarise and so create migratory swarms. It must be borne in mind that areas which have so far only produced unimportant outbreaks may be capable of initiating a new plague. It is therefore essential that a watch be kept on the establishment and growth of solitarious populations of the
+African Migratory Locust in these suspect areas.
+<section>Other subspecies of Locusta migratoria</section>
+Figure 108 shows the widespread distribution of this species. Nine subspecies have so far been distinguished. The Locusta found in Arabia and India is very similar to the African subspecies but forms swarms much less frequently and except for India is a relatively minor pest. In Madagascar Locusta is regarded as the most important agricultural pest, especially of rice and sugarcane. There can be four generations in a year: one in the dry season and three in the rainy season. Development is continuous so that all stages can be found at the same time. Plagues last 1-3 years (last plague was 1960-1961) and follow periods of above average rainfall. Recession periods are much longer. The main outbreak area is in the southwest corner of the island where Locusta is concentrated by the North East Trade Winds into marshy areas suitable for breeding.
+Locusta m. manilensis is described in Chapter 5 and the other subspecies are outside the area covered by the handbook.
+<section>Red locust-Nomadacris septemfasciata</section>
+Figure 109 shows the outbreak areas and invasion area of the Red Locust. Small numbers of this locust are present in grasslands up to 2000 m over much of Africa south of the Sahara. It is also found in the Cape Verde Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion.
+The Red Locust is similar to Cyrtacanthacris tatarica tatarica and Ornithacris spp. Plate 2 shows how they can be distinguished.
+Life cycle
+The immature adult is a brown colour which gets deeper and redder with age with a distinctive yellow band running along the head, pronotum and central edges of the folded wings. There is only one generation per year unlike the Desert Locust and Migratory Locust. Adults mature and lay at the beginning of the rainy season which for most of the distribution area is in November-December. Females of both phases usually lay twice but the egg pods of solitarious ones contain 20-195 eggs while those of gregarious females contain 20-100 eggs.
+The average time taken for the eggs to hatch is 30 days, ranging from 18 days in Mozambique to 54 days in cool areas in South Africa. Hoppers go through 6-8 instars and the average development period is 60 days, ranging from 37 days in Madagascar to 78 days in Natal in South Africa. Solitarious hoppers have more instars than the gregarious ones. Fledging begins in February and continues until May. The adults then remain immature for some six months until the start of the next rainy season. This is true even in areas like southwest Uganda where there is no marked dry season. Breeding can occur all year round but there is still a six-month period as an immature so that there is one generation per year.
+North of the equator, Red Locust populations in the Lake Chad Basin and Niger delta flood plains mature and lay between April and August depending on the beginning of the rains. Hoppers are found from mid-July to October.
+Behaviour
+Hoppers
+The most detailed studies have been carried out in the Rukwa Valley where the locust populations are never wholly solitarious. The habitat is a mixture of tall and short grasses, sedges and patches of open ground. At the end of the dry season most of the grasses are burned so that when the rains start and laying begins large areas are available for oviposition. Laying is restricted in areas of unburned grassland.
+Newly hatched hoppers disperse but regroup in the second and third instars. Bands are most likely to be found in the tall grass and mixed short and tall grass habitats. The hoppers like to roost in the tall grass but feed on soft leaves with a high moisture content. Bands do not move very far in dense vegetation but in open country can march up to 700 m/day.
+Adults
+Adults fledging from hoppers in bands remain in cohesive groups. Swarms are formed by locusts congregating in tall vegetation to roost and by restriction of the habitat during the dry season usually caused by burning of the grassland. Gregarious behaviour is most fully developed in dry years when the vegetation becomes patchy earlier. Flight behaviour changes from wandering to a migratory pattern and swarms leave the outbreak area.
+Flight occurs during the day at temperatures above 26ºC; swarms do not travel far, rarely more than 20-30 km/day. The direction of displacement is generally downwind.
+The mechanisms leading to migration from the outbreak areas are not fully known. It is unlikely that food availability is important. The level of gregarisation of adults is important as are numbers in excess of 5-10 million locusts in a swarm. The escape of a few swarms from the outbreak areas does not always lead to a plague; these swarms frequently seem to disappear.
+Red Locusts in West Africa behave in a broadly similar way. In Madagascar breeding occurs in the extreme southwest of the island from November to March and the ensuing adults disperse northward and northeastward during the dry season from April to October. Swarms form at the end of the dry season during outbreaks; the last one occurred in 19601961.
+Plagues, outbreak areas and seasonal movements
+There have been three plagues documented since the middle of the nineteenth century, i.e. 1847-1854, 1891-1920 and 1930-1944. Detailed studies of the last plague suggested strongly that they start from restricted outbreak areas. The most important of these are the Mweru wa Ntipa marshes in Zambia and the Rukwa valley in Tanzania. The ideal environment for an outbreak area is either a treeless grassland with poor drainage or seasonally flooded plains and valleys.
+Other likely outbreak areas are: the Malagarasi and Wembere plains in central Tanzania; the plains north of Lake Chilwa in southern Malawi; the Busi-Gorongosa plains in Mozambique; the Kafue marshes in Zambia; the Niger flood plain and the Lake Chad basin in West Africa. Swarms have formed in some of these areas but so far none has led to the formation of a widespread plague.
+The last plague began after populations increased over three generations from 1927-1930 probably in the Mweru wa Ntipa and also the Rukwa valley. When swarms left these initial sites they eventually reached two areas: the first, the Shire and lower Zambesi valleys in Malawi and Zimbabwe and the second, an area to the west of Lake Victoria in northwest Tanzania and southwest Uganda (Fig. 1 10). In both these areas swarms successfully survived as immature adults until the next breeding season. Elsewhere either dry season survival or breeding success was low. Figure 1 10 shows the retention areas and the seasonal movements out of them.
+The general movements of young immature swarms are westwards from April to June towards Angola and Zaire with some swarms moving northwest towards the retention area in Uganda and others northward along the coastal area of Tanzania to Kenya. By August, when swarms are beginning to mature and the dry season coming to an end, movements are more likely to be southward. Swarms move through Botswana and Zimbabwe to the Transvaal and Natal provinces of South Africa and into Swaziland. These movements continue until October-November and the beginning of the rains.
+It is important to note that the movements are general shifts of population and included swarms which had bred in areas along the displacement routes. Further, although there is an apparent 'return' movement of swarms it is thought unlikely that the swarms reach those areas where they or their forbears were produced. Thus many of the swarms died without breeding or reached areas where breeding was not very successful. Similar movements the following year were dependent on new swarms from the retention areas where breeding was successful. Once the main area in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi became clear of Red Locust in 1943 the plague rapidly declined.
+Figure 111 shows the frequency of breeding during the 1927-1945 plague. Although Natal is shown as a high frequency area and was regularly invaded by swarms from the north, the breeding success was very low. There was a virtual absence of any swarms leaving this area. Other movements took swarms to places where breeding was unsuccessful such as the striking northward movements along the Nile to about 20ºN and along the Somali Peninsula to the Gulf of Aden coast. Elsewhere there were occasional invasions of Gabon from northwest Angola and of Namibia from Zimbabwe.
+The maximum spread of swarms occurred in 1934-1935 when 7,000,000 km² was infested. Thereafter the plague became more restricted until it declined in 1945. A total of 16 generations was estimated to have been involved.
+<section>Brown locust-Locustana pardalina</section>
+The Brown Locust is illustrated in Plate 4. Figure 112 shows the outbreak area and the invasion area for this locust. Between plagues solitary Brown Locusts can be found throughout the Karoo area of South Africa, some 250,000 km². This is a dry region where the rainfall is erratic and generally less than 300 mm annually. The vegetation is made up of dwarf grasses which are the main food of the locust, and many bare patches which become suitable basking and egg-laying sites.
+Life cycle
+As its name suggests, the immature adult is brown, but there are occasionally green forms. In seasons with good rainfall there can be three generations but in droughts the eggs can remain dormant for up to 15 months. Laying takes place in well-drained, loose soil and the eggs hatch after 10-20 days; sometimes there is a 1-3 month diapause. Both diapause and non-diapause eggs can be laid in the same pod but generally solitarious locusts are more likely to lay eggs which diapause than gregarious locusts. Females can lay up to five pods but the average is nearer two; each pod contains 10-82 eggs.
+Solitary hoppers can be brown, green or grey; gregarious hoppers are black with orange markings in the later instars. There are 4-5 hopper instars for males and five for females. Development periods vary from 21-38 days for solitarious hoppers. Gregarious hoppers take longer, at least 42 days, because they are significantly larger than the other phase. The size difference between the two phases is greater than in any other species.
+In the Karoo Brown Locusts overwinter in the egg stage (1-3 months). Hatching begins in September after the first rains and continues in October with fledging in December. In years of good rainfall further laying can occur in January to produce a second generation in March; this generation in turn can lay again, probably in April.
+Behaviour
+Hoppers
+Solitary hoppers move away from other hoppers while gregarious hoppers group as with other locust species. Research has suggested, however, that within a single egg pod hoppers hatch with different behavioural characteristics. For example, reared under similar conditions, hoppers from the top of the egg pod are more likely to have gregarious characteristics than those at the bottom of the egg pod.
+Bands of Brown Locust hoppers usually march in very long narrow columns and can cover up to 2 km during their life time, although up to 40 km has been recorded. Densities of hoppers in bands sometimes reach 3000-4000 hoppers/km².
+Adults
+Gregarious behaviour takes at least two generations to develop. Adults fledging from grouping hoppers fly in loose swarm formation and lay together some 15-50 km from the hatching site. The following generation produces more strongly gregarious characteristics and swarms (up to 43 km²) can fly hundreds of kilometres in a generally downwind direction.
+Gregarisation occurs when the numbers of solitary locusts begin to rise over a wide area. As more contacts are made between insects phase transformation begins. This is further encouraged by good rainfall especially if it follows an early summer drought the previous season.
+Plagues, upsurges and seasonal movements
+Studies of the Brown Locust this century have suggested that periods of 7-11 years of great swarming activity are separated by recessions of similar length.
+Neither chemical control nor exceptional periods of rainfall have effectively disrupted this periodicity of swarming and recession. This has led to the suggestion that there are other factors influencing changes in numbers and behaviour, such as an individual locust's response to density. Locusts not sensitive to density will not be active movers and if numbers increase locally these locusts will not move away but become part of a transient population. Such a population will provide a target for predators and will be reduced. Locusts sensitive to density will initially move away from contact with other insects. They will thus be difficult to find and will not be a prey to natural predators. Eventually the proportion of these adults in the total population will predominate. When overall numbers reach a critical level phase transformation takes place quickly and highly mobile swarms are formed. At the end of an active swarming phase it is thought that the density-sensitive
+adults are killed or die out leaving the remaining solitary population with a majority of locusts not sensitive to density. There must then be a period of build-up of locusts which are density sensitive before there will be another swarming period.
+When swarms do form they can be displaced by the winds northward, northwestward and northeastward away from the recession area in the Karoo. This movement takes place in February (early summer) but later in the summer movements have an easterly trend both north and south. Control has been relatively effective so there have been few invasions outside South Africa in the last 50 years. Botswana and Namibia are the countries most likely to be invaded. Invasions of Mozambique, Angola and Zambia are not well documented. In 1924 swarms from northern Botswana invaded Zimbabwe. Breeding occurred in the extreme west in January and the resulting swarms moved eastward throughout the country from late April. By June maturation had occurred and laying took place. The eggs hatched in September when the rains came and the ensuing adults flew westward into Botswana in December.
+<section>Tree locusts-Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon, Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum, Anacridium wernerellum, Anacridium aegyptium</section>
+Figure 113 shows the areas where Anacridium species are found in Africa and Arabia. Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon, A. melanorhodon arabafrum and A. wernerellum are illustrated in Plate 3.
+Anacridium melanorhodon
+This species is generally found in areas of short grass and scattered trees, the most common trees in such habitats being various species of Acacia, but it may also be found in treeless areas. Of the two subspecies, A. melanorhodon melanorhodon occurs in the western part of the distribution area and A. melanorhodon arabafrum in the eastern, but the two subspecies meet in Ethiopia and Sudan.
+Anacridium wernerellum
+This species is mainly found to the south of A. melanorhodon in areas where there are more trees, but the two species overlap considerably.
+Anacridium aegyptium
+This is the Egyptian Tree Locust. It occurs in countries around the Mediterranean and in the Middle East.
+Life cycle
+The life cycle of Tree Locusts is similar to that of the Desert Locust except that the males generally have six instars and the females usually 7-8 or, more rarely, 6 or 9. The extra instars are quite common in both swarming and non-swarming Tree Locusts.
+There is little definite information on the duration of the various stages of the life cycle but Table 13 gives some idea of the time taken for egg and hopper development. Breeding occurs during the rainy season and there is usually only one generation each year, but as in other locusts development is influenced by the weather and food supply.
+TABLE 13
+A. melanorhodon melanorhodon
+A. melanorhodon arabafrum
+Incubation
+15-65 days
+27-48 days
+Hopper development
+48-69 days
+63-141 days
+Immature adults
+Immature adults are grey, sometimes a little brownish, brighter in younger, and duller in older individuals; in the latter a pinkish tinge is present at the base of the hind wings. In swarming adults this pinkish colour appears quite early, a month or so after fledging. Non-swarming adults are somewhat browner than swarming ones and the pink coloration may not develop until maturation.
+Mature adults
+Maturation takes place at the start of the rainy season. Mature adults cannot be distinguished from immature adults by colour alone. The only certain way to recognise a mature female is by dissection. The presence of yellow yolk in the eggs, whatever their size, is a sure sign of maturity.
+Copulation and laying are much the same as in the Desert Locust except that the copulating pairs are mostly in trees or bushes until egg laying begins. Laying usually takes place at night. The eggs are laid in moist, usually sandy, soil in the form of an egg pod similar to that of the Desert Locust. The average number of eggs in a pod is high, about 150. Whether swarming Tree Locusts, like Desert Locusts, lay fewer eggs than non-swarming ones is not known. Females can lay up to three pods.
+Hoppers
+Gregarious hoppers of Tree Locusts are yellow with black markings, the pattern being different in detail for each species; solitarious hoppers are green with white and black dots. It is not unusual to find solitariously coloured hoppers amongst gregariously coloured ones, and vice versa. Various intermediate colour forms are also quite common.
+Behaviour
+Hoppers
+After hatching hoppers climb the nearest bush or tree and may form groups. Where laying has been concentrated groups may be found over many hectares. Feeding occurs at night.
+Adults
+Adults form swarms which are usually both smaller and less mobile than those of the Desert Locust. During the day adults normally roost in trees, and if disturbed they will fly from branch to branch or to a nearby tree. Such disturbance, however, does not cause mass departure. Swarms usually fly at night, a habit which has earned them their Arabic name, Sari el leil, which means the 'night wanderer'. Flight usually starts soon after sunset when mass departure from the roosting sites occurs. It is in stratiform formation.
+There is little information on how far Tree Locust swarms can fly because none has ever been followed. They probably settle fairly soon and begin to feed. If trees and bushes are available they settle on them, but they settle on herbaceous crops if there are no taller plants, and eat them. Feeding on crops is most likely during the dry season.
+Seasonal movements and breeding
+Little is known about the seasonal movements of the various species of Tree Locust. There are records which suggest that swarms of A. melanorhodon melanorhodon can move considerable distances during the dry season. For instance, it seems likely that swarms gradually moved eastward from northern Nigeria into eastern Chad between February and June 1956 and individual locusts have been caught at sea up to 100 km off the West African coast.
+Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon breeds in an area where there is a well-defined wet season between June and October, during which breeding occurs, and a long dry season lasting from November until May. Records show that this breeding area is smaller than the overall distribution area. There is only one generation per year. Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum occurs in areas of East Africa and Arabia where the rainy seasons are much more complex and variable. Hoppers of this subspecies have been recorded for every month between October and May. It is probable that there is only one generation a year, but it is possible that in some areas there may occasionally be two. Anacridium wernerellum has one generation per year in Nigeria where it survives the dry season as an immature adult, but two generations have been observed in Tanzania.
+Further studies in the field are needed to increase the sparse knowledge of the seasonal breeding and movements of Tree Locusts.
+<section>4. Sahelian grasshoppers</section>
+The Sahel covers an area from about 9ºN to 20ºN from the west coast of Africa across to Sudan in the east (in East Africa, Sahelian-type habitat extends north to about 24º and south into Tanzania, about 5ºS). It covers sub-Saharan semi-desert, dry savannah and dry woodland, especially Acacia. It is characterised by regular, but unpredictable rainfall and frequent drought.
+The region includes the recession areas for the Desert Locust and is prone to invasion by both the African Migratory Locust and the Red Locust but it is the grasshoppers that are the major agricultural problem in the region. Many grasshopper species cause varying amounts of damage, but only a few have locust-like gregarious behaviour. The Sahelian grasshopper problem is a chronic one with damage caused in one area or another on an annual basis by different species acting together or on their own.
+Only the eight most important species from over 200 species of grasshoppers that occur in West Africa and the Sahel are discussed here.
+Little is known about the hopper instars of the various species and their reproductive behaviour, however, a general idea can be given of adult appearance, distribution and an outline of each life cycle.
+<section>Senegalese grasshopper-Oedaleus senegalensis</section>
+The Senegalese Grasshopper is widely distributed in dry Savannah areas from West and North Africa to India (Fig. 114) and is a major pest of millets (Pennisetum spp.) in the Sahel. Adults are some 19-47 mm long and generally straw-coloured with black markings (Fig. 115), females generally being larger than males. It is differentiated from other acridids by the X-mark on the pronotum, the rounded back edge of the pronotum and the black crescent on the yellow-based hindwings (Plate 4). It is distinguished from O. nigeriensis (found in Africa from the Sahel southwards) by the latter having red inner surfaces to the hind femora and an angled back edge to the pronotum.
+Life cycle
+Mating is preceded by the female flicking her hind legs in a closed position when the male is in close range. The male then makes a rapid approach and mounts the female. Copulation can be maintained either with the male on the female's back or with the pair pointing in opposite directions.
+Egg laying occurs at any time of the day. The egg pods, each containing 8-37 eggs, are laid in patches of open or bare, well-drained sandy or sandy-silty soil; each female lays 2-3 egg pods. Egg pods are often clustered in the more favoured positions.
+Hatching is dependent upon soil moisture, thus eggs laid towards the end of the rains are unable to hatch and diapause until the next or up to at least three seasons later. Eggs laid early in the season hatch in 12-15 days, whilst eggs which have been through a period of diapause hatch within 9-10 days of the onset of the rains.
+There are five hopper instars (Table 14) and development from hatching to fledging takes about 17-25 days.
+TABLE 14
+Hopper instar
+Length (mm}
+The fifth-instar hopper has a green head, pronotum, upper thorax and hind femora; the rest of the body is brown above and creamy (very pale brown) below, with a broad green stripe down each side of the abdomen. The wings are yellow with dark (grey) veins and brown edges. In the gregarious form, the basic colour is creamy on the abdomen and legs and pale brown on the head, pronotum and thorax, the whole cuticle is densely covered with dark brown spots; the wings are yellow with black veins and there is a black mark on each of the hind femora.
+Polymorphism
+The Senegalese Grasshopper has two main colour types. At the beginning and end of the season, a brown form predominates, whilst mid-season a green form is more common. The controlling factor is believed to be the vegetation eaten by the grasshoppers, which varies through the season. There is also a seasonal variation in size, the grasshoppers being generally larger from mid-season onwards (males) or peaking mid-season (females).
+Gregarisation
+Differences in colour are also noticeable between solitary individuals and gregarious individuals. In the solitary form, the markings give a somewhat mottled effect on the green or brown basic colour. In the gregarious form, however, there is a marked contrast with dark markings on a basic fawn (pale brown) colour. It is also likely that morphology varies between solitary and gregarious individuals, much as it does in the Desert Locust.
+There are several factors which lead to gregarisation. The most important of these is the tendency for egg pods to be laid on patches of bare soil. In seasons of good rains, these patches will be less common and so, gregarisation will be more likely. If the vegetation dries out at different rates, adult and hopper concentration can occur in the course of seeking fresh food or shelter. On migration, adults can be concentrated by converging winds.
+In Sudan, hoppers of the Senegalese Grasshopper have been seen marching among hopper bands of Desert Locust in July.
+Migration
+In West Africa, the migratory flights of the Senegalese Grasshopper take place at night, on the wind at heights of several hundred metres above the ground. Populations often migrate between fledging and egg laying. The first eggs to hatch are those in the south of the region where the rainy season occurs first. Once fledged, this first generation follows the ITCZ some 50 km or so north. Here they breed and lay their eggs just as the rains arrive. The rains signal the development of both the local diapaused eggs (first generation) and the newly laid eggs. The second generation eggs hatch about 10 days after those of the first generation. The mixed population continues to move northward into the north of the breeding range. Here eggs are laid again in the moist conditions. Thus hatching in this northern region is of three generations: diapaused eggs (relatively few) from the previous season and eggs from first- and second-generation grasshoppers from the intermediate zone. By
+the time these have all fledged, the ITCZ is retreating rapidly southward. Pairing begins quite quickly and pairs leave the southward migration at various stages to lay their eggs: a few in the northern region, rather more in the intermediate zone and the majority in the southern breeding area (Fig. 116). The location of the highest density egg fields depends on the speed of retreat of the ITCZ and the maturation rate of the adults; usually adults lay at greatest density in the intermediate and/or southern zones. These eggs all diapause during one or more dry seasons and the cycle begins again in the following March-April. A fourth generation in one season has been recorded once in Niger-Mali in 1978. In Sudan, it is likely that there are two generations per year, but little work has been done on the Senegalese Grasshoper life cycle outside West Africa.
+The dry season (winter) diapause of the eggs is a product of both physical (environmental) and physiological factors. The physical factors involved are the lower temperatures and the lack of rain, causing the soil around the egg pods to dry, thus inhibiting development which requires moisture. The physiological trigger for diapause is within the female grasshopper. It is probable that it is related to day-length and begins towards the end of the rainy season when a shorter day-length initiates diapause. The role of physical factors starts to predominate at the end of the rains and beginning of the dry season.
+The 1985-1986 grasshopper upsurge in northwestern Mali
+Upsurges in grasshopper populations have been recorded in the Sahel on several occasions when several years of drought have been followed by good rains (e.g. 1974, 1977). An account is given here of the events as they occurred in northwestern Mali in 1985 and 1986.
+Late but extensive rains in October and November 1984 marked the end of the Sahelian drought. Local hatching of eggs gave rise to remarkable hopper densities. Hoppers were seen marching at a density of up to 30-40/m² over areas of 4 km² and 20 km². Eggs had accumulated in the soil over four years (it is known that Senegalese Grasshopper eggs can remain in the soil for up to five years before hatching) and 1984 was a prelude to the hatching of a massive store in 1985 and 1986.
+In 1985 the rains were less than average in total amount, but were well distributed in time and space. By the end of August there was a massive upsurge with 7000 km² of northern Mali infested with hoppers. Many of these populations were at high densities of 7-10/m². In September, OICMA were requested to control these grasshoppers and used two aircraft for aerial spraying and also ground teams. They laid down barriers in the wild vegetation against the hoppers and the return flight of the adults. At this time the millet was at the 'milky grain' stage favoured by the Senegalese Grasshopper. An infested area of 900 km² was successfully sprayed, but crop loss across northwestern Mali was estimated at 20-30%. At the end of the 1985 season the ITCZ moved south rapidly, taking young adult grasshoppers further south than usual, to about 13ºN.
+At the onset of the 1986 rains (June), early first generation hatching in the south covered about 1000 km². At the end of June and the beginning of July (mostly in the first week), the new adults from this first hatching moved northward into the centre of the millet-farming belt and laid at the onset of the rains in this area. Diapaused eggs (laid 1985) hatched, followed 7-10 days later by the recently laid (1986) eggs. By the end of July, these had all fledged (fledging time was remarkably short at about 15 days and the resultant adults were considerably smaller than average) and had caused major crop loss to young millet plants, forcing the farmers to resow up to four times. Many farmers became discouraged at this stage and either abandoned their fields or started to sow sorghum instead of millet (sorghum is resistant to grasshopper attack). It is estimated that 25% of the potential area for cultivation was lost.
+The area then cleared of grasshoppers as they migrated northward to lay their eggs. The belt of hatching reached 15ºN and possibly even farther. By the end of August-beginning of September, infestations were detected covering 2800 km² (conservative estimate) in the sector 7-9ºW and 14º30'N into Mauritania. By mid-September, the infested zone from about 14º30'N to 15º30'N had suffered approximately 20% crop loss. Despite spraying, some populations escaped and moved south so that there was a residual population of grasshoppers in the southern part of the infested zone in 1986.
+In 1986, the ITCZ moved south rather slower than it did in 1985. The result of this was that the egg fields were at their most dense at about 15ºN.
+Throughout most of the region the Senegalese Grasshopper was the predominant species, but in the south, i.e. about 14º30'N to 15º30'N, the August-September populations were 50% Senegalese Grasshopper and 50% Kraussaria angulifera.
+Oedaleus johnstoni
+Oedaleus johnstoni is a larger, stockier species, 26-45.5 mm in length, found in the semidesert and northern Sahel which corresponds to the northern breeding zone of the Senegalese Grasshopper. It is distinguished from the Senegalese Grasshopper by its size and shape, orange inner surfaces of the hind tibiae and parts of the hind femora and an incomplete black crescent on each of the hindwings.
+In West Africa, it has one generation per year. Localised concentrations of hoppers and low-flying swarmlets have been noted; these can be a serious pest of grazing pasture in wadis.
+In Sudan, there are possibly two generations per year with dry-season diapause in the egg stage. It has been recorded damaging millet and cotton.
+<section>Sudan plague locust-Aiolopus simulatrix</section>
+The Sudan Plague Locust is found from east of The Gambia in a narrow belt across West Africa to Sudan and then southward to northern Tanzania and east as far as western Burma; it also occurs in the Seychelles. A second subspecies occurs in a narrow L-shaped belt from central Tanzania to southeast Zambia and South Africa (northern Transvaal) (Fig. 117). It is found in a wide range of grassland habitats, including moist grasslands, irrigated lands and cultivated fields, often by streams. In Africa, it is restricted to areas of clay soil which cracks in the dry season; this is mainly in the valleys of the major rivers. It is a serious pest of sorghum and millets in Sudan and a 'moderate' pest of these crops elsewhere. It is some 2122 mm long and generally a dirty sand colour with darker markings (Fig. 118). It is distinguished from other acridids by its forewing pattern, i.e. two dark irregular patches on a sandy background, the colour of the hind tibiae is banded
+yellow/black/yellow/orange-red to the tarsus, the hind femora is deep (length=3 x depth) and the hind tibiae are shorter than the hind femora (Plate 4); the last two characteristics distinguish the species from A. thalassinus (distributed throughout Africa, southern and southeast Asia to eastern Australia).
+Life cycle
+The Sudan Plague Locust passes the dry season in the adult stage in the Sahel and Sudan and in the egg stage in Egypt and India. Information is given for Sudan.
+Females lay 2-3 egg pods, each containing 15-40 eggs, in bare soil at the edges of often dense, patches of wild or cultivated sorghum. Egg pods may be straight, slightly curved (most common) or distinctly bent; the pod is 16-29 mm long with a froth tube 20-37 mm long. There are two generations, the first in the south in June and the second in the north in September. Incubation lasts about 18 days (first generation, June) and 23-28 days (second generation, August-September); there are five hopper instars and hatching to fledging takes 35-50 days.
+The fifth-instar hopper is generally a pale brown colour with no markings, except for dark brown spots on the upper abdomen and a green stripe down each side of the abdomen. In the gregarious form, the whole cuticle is covered with darker brown spots and there are no green abdominal stripes. It is approximately 13 mm in length.
+Migration
+It is possible that the Sudan Plague Locust follows an annual migration cycle related to the ITCZ, similar to that of the Senegalese Grasshopper.
+It is likely that the minor importance of the Sudan Plague Locust in West Africa is due to the lack of continuity of suitable habitat in a north-south plane. The cracking clay soils occur mostly within the major river valleys and whereas the Nile runs south-north, the major rivers in West Africa (the Senegal, the Niger and the Chad) do not. Thus, whereas first generation Sudan Plague Locusts in Sudan follow a strip of habitat in their migration following the ITCZ, any northerly migration in West Africa would take the locusts away from any suitable habitat. Hence, the build-up of populations which occurs in Sudan cannot occur in West Africa.
+Behaviour
+The cracks in the mud provide a constant environment, in terms of temperature and humidity, for the over-wintering adults. At the beginning of the dry season, the clay soil begins to crack (October) and these cracks are used as shelter from the sun by the Sudan Plague Locust and Acorypha clara. This habit continues with the cool nights spent in the cracks and activity in the warmth of the morning and afternoon; the heat of the day is spent in shade, either in the cracks or in vegetation. From mid-November through the winter, the Sudan Plague Locust only leaves the cracks during the heat of the day.
+As the surface of the cracks dries out, the locusts move further down to more favourable (moist and warm) areas, finally retreating into horizontal cracks 70-90 cm below the surface.
+<section>Rice grasshopper-Hieroglyphus daganensis</section>
+The Rice Grasshopper is a strictly Sahelian species ranging from Senegal to western Somalia, between about 1§N and 22ºN (Fig. 1 1 9). It inhabits clay-based grassland subject to seasonal flooding. It is some 38-59 mm long and is generally a green colour with black markings. Its distinguishing features are the black markings on the front end of the sides of the thorax and on the sides of the pronotum (Plate 1, Fig. 1 20), and the rounded back edge of the pronotum. The shape of the pronotum and the thoracic marks distinguish this species from H. africanus also a Sahelian species, and Hieroglyphodes occidentalis, which is also smaller.
+As might be expected, the Rice Grasshopper is principally a minor pest of rice, its natural habitat being wild rice grasslands, but it has also been recorded damaging millet.
+Life cycle
+Mating takes place from October to early December. Copulation may last for many hours. The egg pods are laid in the soil and diapause until the next rainy season.
+The rains start in July and hatching occurs in that month. The hoppers are rather elongated and are bright green in colour. Gregarisation occurs at high population densities.
+The gregarious form of the fifth- and sixth-instar hoppers are generally an orange-brown colour with a black facial mask and antennae and black spots all over the thorax, pronotum and legs; the abdomen is yellow on top with a black stripe each side, brown on the sides with darker brown spots and black underneath. There is also a black stripe on the hind femora.
+Fledging occurs from August to November, the adults dying after mating and egg laying.
+Polymorphism
+The adult Rice Grasshoppers occur in two forms: a fully winged form and a flightless form with much reduced wings. Under normal circumstances, the flightless form is more common, but in upsurges more flying types occur-flight being an aid to dispersal.
+Behaviour
+Both adults and hoppers can swim and this is the normal route by which a rice field is infested. In fact, the swimming capabilities are such that individuals can remain under water for several minutes. Even mating pairs can swim, the female being the active swimming partner.
+An unrelated species, Orthochtha venosa, is very similar in its biology and behaviour and the two species often form mixed populations.
+<section>Diabolocatantops axillabis</section>
+Diabolocatantops axillaris is distributed throughout the Sahel, the southern two-thirds of the Arabian peninsula and south to Zimbabwe and Mozambique (Fig. 121). It is a pest of a wide variety of crops. It is a pest of millet at the 'milky grain' stage, but does not eat the green parts of the plant, and can also be a problem on sunflower and sesame. In Sudan it is a pest of cotton. It is some 27-44 mm long and generally pale brown in colour. Its distinguishing feature is the red markings on the lower part of the inside of the hind femora and the bottom half of the hind tibiae (Plate 3), coupled with a small black, hyphen-like mark on the outer side of each hind femur (Fig. 122).
+Life cycle
+In Sudan and northern Nigeria, mating takes place in June and the females lay their eggs at the beginning of the rains, in late June and July. The eggs hatch in July and fledging occurs from August to September. In Tanzania, egg laying occurs from November to January, hatching from January to March and fledging from April to June. In these areas and in West Africa in general, D. axillaris has only one generation per year and the dry season is passed in the immature adult stage.
+Generally, 18-81 pale brown eggs are laid in a mass some 11-30 mm long which is plugged with 7-25 mm of soft, off-white 'froth'; the eggs take on a green tinge just before hatching. There appear to be six hopper instars.
+The hoppers of D. axillaris are green. The sixth-instar hoppers have white streaks on the abdomen and a few small black spots on the pronotum, thorax and legs; the eyes and antennae are brown. Their length is approximately 24 mm.
+At the onset of the rains, the adults undergo a dramatic colour change, becoming considerably darker.
+Behaviour
+At the end of the rains, nocturnal migrations of solitary D. axillaris occur on the winds at heights of several hundred metres above the ground. After passing the dry season in adult diapause, the grasshoppers may migrate again at the beginning of the next rainy season.
+The species has been observed to form 'small swarmlets' and 'incipient swarms' in Tanzania in December and May.
+First- and second-instar hoppers normally feed by rasping away the top layer of leaf cells on either surface without producing a hole. Other hopper instars and adults bite holes through the leaf and continue to feed from the initial hole, making larger holes in the leaf, or they eat the leaf from the edges. Unlike other grasshopper species, D. axillaris does not normally straddle the leaf edge when feeding.
+<section>Kraussaria angulifera</section>
+Kraussaria angulifera is distributed throughout the Sahel from the west coast of Africa to the Red Sea coast of the Arabian Peninsula (Fig. 123). Its favoured habitat is savannah with trees, but it is also found in tall-grass savannah in the south of its range. It is often associated with other species, e.g. Senegalese Grasshopper and Rice Grasshopper, and can be an important pest of millet and cowpea.
+It is some 40.5-64 mm long and generally brown in colour (Plate 1, Fig. 124). Its distinguishing features are its pronotum, which is very angular viewed from above, and has four yellow spots on each side and its hind tibiae, which are dull maroon not blue (as in Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes).
+Life cycle
+The dry season is passed in the egg stage and the hoppers hatch at the onset of the rains in June and July. Fledging occurs from July to October and breeding and egg laying occur from September onwards. Egg pods, each containing 80-100 eggs, are laid in shade, often on abandoned agricultural ground. Most are found in the shade of a shrub known as Guiera senegalensis and may be at a density of 15-20/m² or more. In dry areas, where eggs could die due to excessive drying, an egg capsule is made of earth, which prevents loss of moisture from the eggs, and this is topped by a spongy substance mixed with sand grains. It is only these dry areas that are normally prone to K angulifera upsurges.
+The hoppers are bright green with red spines on the hind tibiae and a white stripe low on each side of the abdomen. There are white spots on the pronotum and the eyes are striped blue and yellow-green. The third-instar hoppers have black spots all over their pronotum, thorax, legs, abdomen and behind the eye on the head. They are about 12.5 mm long. The sixth-instar hoppers have black markings only on their pronotum, thorax and legs and are about 25.5 mm.
+Kraussaria angulifera has only one generation per year. The hoppers are more susceptible to insecticides than the adults.
+Behaviour
+Kraussaria angulifera is not normally gregarious and feeds alone. Morning and late afternoon flights are made to farmland from the surrounding habitat for feeding; the heat of the day is spent roosting in shade in the natural habitat.
+The preferred food is millet, of which both the leaves and the immature seed-head are eaten, at the 'milky grain' stage only the grains are taken from the head. It is the 'milky grain' stage which is primarily attacked because it is ideal food and tends to occur at about the time when K. angulifera is in the late hopper or fledgling stages. Once a millet crop is destroyed or too mature, K angulifera populations move on to cowpea, where the flowers and green pods are eaten; both crops may be attacked at the same time if the cowpea begins to fruit before the millet is uneatable. Sorghum and groundnut may also be attacked in areas with no millet or cowpea. Economic loss to these crops is common and in 1972 in northern Nigeria was estimed at £120,000.
+<section>Cataloipus cymbiferus and cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes</section>
+Cataloipus oberthuri and C. cymbiferus are at present under review. For the purposes of this handbook both are described as C. cymbiferus.
+Cataloipus cymbiferus is found throughout much of Africa from eastern Senegal to the south-western Arabian Peninsula and south to the northern border of Lesotho. Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes is a strictly Sahelian species found from northeast Senegal to Ethiopia (Eritrea) and northern Kenya (Fig. 125). Both species occur in grassland habitats, favouring moist grasslands, but C. fuscocoeruleipes is confined to areas subject to periodic flooding. In a classification by habitat, the species are grouped with the Senegalese Grasshopper, the Rice Grasshopper and Diabolocatantops axillaris. Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes occurs on cultivated and abandoned cultivated ground.
+Identification
+Cataloipus cymbiferus is some 34-63 mm long and generally brown in colour (Fig. 126). There is a pale stripe near the top of each side of the pronotum (Plate 1) which extends along the body. The hind legs are relatively large with a dark mark along the femora and the tibiae are blue with a pale ring near the base. There are faint pale spots on the sides of the pronotum.
+Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes is of a similar size and colour, but the pronotal spots are clear (not faint) and the femur mark is more ven along its length (Plate 1).
+Females of each of these species are easily confused with Heteracris leant and Jagoa gwynni which are often abundant in the same areas.
+Life cycle
+In areas with a distinct dry season, Cataloipus cymbiferus has one generation per year, with egg diapause. The six hopper instars develop through the rainy season and adults mature soon after fledging and lay. In Tanzania, 22-103 brown eggs are laid in a mass some 11-32 mm long, they are enclosed in a strong case and are surrounded by a hard brown 'froth', this is extended into a plug some 11-53 mm long with occasional air-spaces in it. The adults die at the onset of the dry season.
+In areas with a more moist and warmer climate, C. cymbiferus adults occur all year. It is possible that in these areas the adults can survive the dry season, but it may be that there is semi-continuous breeding with two generations each year.
+The life cycle of C. fuscocoeruleipes is little known, but it undergoes a long egg diapause in the dry season in northern Nigeria. It is possible that there is sexual dimorphism in the number of hopper instars: five in males and six in females, but no detailed research has been carried out into this.
+The fourth-instar hopper of C. fuscocoeruleipes is generally black and brown. The head is dark brown at the 'apex', pale brown-yellow in front of the eye-upper jaw line and the remainder is a golden brown colour. The pronotum is similarly golden brown with three black stripes towards the top. The wing-buds are black with yellow veins. The front two thoracic segments are pale brown with darker brown spots, whilst the third thoracic segment and the front of the abdomen are black. The abdomen becomes grey with black spots for most of its length; there are yellow stripes along the top and bottom. The hind legs are golden brown to two-thirds of the length of the tibiae, the remainder of the tibiae and tarsi being black. The other legs are pale brown with dark brown tibiae. The antennae are black for most of their length. The length of the hopper is approximately 19 mm.
+Behaviour
+Gregarious behaviour by Cataloipus cymbiferus in its long-winged, probably gregarious form, has been observed in West Africa and a large loose swarm occurred in Malawi in 1974. Gregarious behaviour has not been noted in C. fuscocoeruleipes.
+In its short-winged, probably solitary form, C. cymbiferus is a poor flier. It has been noted to 'spend a considerable time flexing' the 'hind legs back and forth, often placing the femora in front of the head'.
+Cataloipus cymbiferus feeds and roosts on the lower parts of plants, preferring areas of dense vegetation. Feeding is carried out with the head orientated upwards. In Tanzania, adults of this species have been observed to seek out preferred food plants (drying Cyperus spp.) among dense vegetation.
+Cataloipus cymbiferus is recorded as damaging various crops, but only maize and rice seedlings to any great significance. Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes is a pest of pasture in Kenya. Cataloipus, with other grasshopper species, can be an important pest of bulrush millet in Chad and Sudan.
+<section>Variegated grasshopper-Zonocerus variegates</section>
+The Variegated Grasshopper belongs to the group known as pyrgomorphid grasshoppers, some of which are brightly coloured as an advertisement to predators that they are poisonous. It secretes its poison from a gland in the first abdominal segment.
+Zonocerus is found throughout West Africa to western Chad and the western border of the Central African Republic. It also occurs in a band from northeast Angola to central Kenya and Ethiopia (south of Eritrea) (Fig. 127). Its habitat is cultivated areas of the 'forest zone'. and riverine forest and swamp areas of the 'savannah zone'.
+In appearance, Zonocerus is unmistakable (Plate 4). The basic body colour is yellow with extensive black markings on the head, thorax, legs and tip of the abdomen; there are also red markings on the head, legs and tip of the abdomen and white markings on the head. The pronotum is green-yellow. The forewings are green. The antennae are black except for the last segment and one or two other segments which are orange-yellow. The eyes are red. The adult is 28-49 mm long (Fig. 128).
+Life cycle
+The life cycle of Zonocerus is perhaps the best studied of all Sahelian grasshoppers. There is one generation per year, but in many damper areas there are two distinct periods of hopper and adult abundance suggesting two physiological races.
+Zonocerus seeks out areas of continuous shade in which to lay its eggs. Any plant offering such shade is used as an egg-laying site, particularly isolated shrubs and shrubs on the edge of denser vegetation; these sites are very often within 30 m of fields of cassava (Manihot esculenta). The Variegated Grasshopper is active during daylight only and the females are attracted to the egg-laying sites from mid-morning onwards usually from a downwind direction. Before this they may be found roosting either in the tops of the same shrubs or in adjacent fields of food crops. As a female approaches the egg-laying site (at 2-5 m ranger, it is mounted by a male. Whilst mounted, the males buzz, continually move their legs and display rapid bursts of body twitching. Once under the shade, the females probe the soil with their abdomens (ovipositor}; 'test probe holes' are made as near to the base of the bush as the presence of other females and egg pods already laid will allow until a
+suitable laying position is located. Once egg laying has occurred, the females depart, males dismounting at 2-6 m from the site. Egg-laying activity tends to peak around midday and trails off rapidly in the afternoon. Females arriving at the site in the afternoon climb the bush to roost overnight, many with partners. Marking experiments have shown that most females only visit the egg-laying sites once and for one day only, whereas many males return to the site and/or are present for more than one day. In the course of her lifetime, a female may lay up to six egg pods, however, normally only one or two are laid as females are killed by the parasite Blaesoxipha filipjevi.
+The dark brown eggs, numbering 17-98, are laid in a mass some 15-28 mm long with a 15-40 mm plug of 'soft, pale brown froth'. The egg pod is cushioned by a 1 mm layer of froth. The egg pod itself is usually straight, but may be slightly curved. As they develop, the eggs become reddish-brown. The eggs develop in four months or 6-7 months if there is a diapause.
+There are generally six hopper instars (Table 15), but 4-9 have been recorded (mostly in the laboratory}. In the field, fledging takes place 100-120 days after hatching.
+TABLE 15
+Instar
+Length (mm)
+Duration {days}
+At hatching, first instar hoppers are uncoloured, but within about 2 h they are fully coloured. The first-instar hopper is predominantly black and yellow. The body has alternate black and yellow stripes running along its length. The head is a mozaic of black and yellow, the eyes red-brown and the antennae black with one yellow segment half way along their length and a yellow tip. The legs are black, banded in yellow; there is only one broad yellow band on each of the hind femora.
+The second and subsequent instars are similar but the body stripes are black and white, the white becoming yellow at the rear of each segment.
+Seasonality of life cycle
+Much work has been carried out on the two populations of Zonocerus which appear in the same regions of Nigeria. In the savannah regions of Nigeria, there is only one generation and one population of Zonocerus. Further south, however, there appears to be two populations separated each year by climate. These are known as the dry-season and wet-season populations. In the north, the wet-season population is restricted to river valleys and this corresponds to the wet-season population in the south.
+The precise timing of the life cycle in each population seems to vary a little from area to area. Generally, dry-season population eggs hatch from mid-September to November, adults emerge from January to March and breeding occurs from March to June. Wet-season population eggs hatch from December to April, adults emerge from July to August and breeding occurs from August to October. In these cases, the two populations will not overlap and therefore not interbreed. In other areas, the actual periods concerned are longer, overlap occurs and individuals from the two populations are capable of interbreeding.
+In one area of southwestern Nigeria, it has been suggested that there is only one population and that oviposition occurs continuously from February to December, peaking in April. Hatching occurs from October to March, peaking from October to November. Eggs laid early in the season take six months to hatch and include a period of diapause. In June there is a switch to non-diapause and eggs hatch within four months and this is true for the rest of the season, although hatching in as short a period as two months has been recorded. The second peak of adult abundance (June-July) is thought to be due to heavy mortality of early-season adults caused by parasitism by the fly Blaesoxipha filipjevi (Chapter 8), leaving no live adults during April.
+It is the dry-season population which produces the greatest numbers and is a pest in many areas. In wet situations, the population is limited by the fungal disease caused by Entomophaga grylli (see Chapter 8).
+Behaviour
+The more abundant dry-season population tends to become concentrated at egg laying. Thus, the first- and second-instar hoppers of this population occur at high concentrations and have a tendency to become aggregated. This habit is reduced in the third, and generally lost in later instars and only partially returns in the aggregated egg-laying habits of mature adults.
+The first- to third-instar hoppers show a preference for Siam weed (Chromolaena odoratum) and do not thrive on cassava. All other stages feed on cassava leaves, especially the lower, partially wilted ones.
+In general, adults have short wings and cannot fly for long distances, but the more successful dry-season population does produce a proportion of fully winged adults capable of flight.
+The Variegated Grasshopper is only active in the daytime, spending the night and cooler hours of daylight resting near the top of the broad-leaved herbs on which it feeds or under which it lays its eggs.
+Pest status
+Cassava is the main crop attacked, but the yield of tubers is only affected if damage is prolonged. In cases where cassava plants are only stripped of their leaves once in a season the plants regrow and no yield loss occurs. Where cassava leaves are eaten throughout the season, however, damage is considerable. If no natural vegetation is available throughout the hopper and adult life of the dry-season population, bark, buds and growing points may be damaged and natural regeneration may be delayed sufficiently to reduce tuber yield at harvest (up to 65% loss).
+Other crops which may suffer significant damage include citrus, coffee, oil palm seedlings and yams.
+Control
+The Variegated Grasshopper's specific requirements for egg laying means control measures can be carried out by the farmers themselves. To reduce the following year's dry-season population, all that needs to be done is to locate as many egg-laying sites as possible. Once egg laying is complete, the eggs can be destroyed by hoeing or digging up the pods in all of the sites discovered.
+Elegant Grasshopper-Zonocerus elegans
+The Elegant Grasshopper effectively replaces the Variegated Grasshopper in southern, east-central and East Africa, although there is some overlap of ranges in northeast Angola, central Congo, southern Uganda and western Kenya; the Elegant Grasshopper also occurs in Madagascar. It is a savannah species and feeds on a wide range of plants causing particular damage to fruit trees and young cotton.
+Zonocerus elegans is mainly yellow, but heavily marked in black, white and green. The eyes are orange-red and the antennae are alternately banded black and orange. The wing bases are red. The hoppers are yellow and black with white markings, but Z. elegans is rather more variable in colour than Z. variegatus. The adult is 32-51 mm long.
+The adult is normally slow-moving, short-winged and flightless, although fully winged adults occur but are poor flyers. The life cycle is similar to that of the Variegated Grasshopper.
+<section>Kraussella amabile and ornithacris cavroisi</section>
+Kraussella amabile and Ornithacris cavroisi were virtually unknown as pest species until 1989, when both occurred in grasshopper outbreaks in Mali.
+Kraussella occurs from Mauritania and Senegal in the west to northeast Ethiopia in the east. It is a grassland species. Ornithacris cavroisi has a much wider distribution, extending from Cape Verde to southern Libya and central Sudan, and south to northeast Angola and northwest Kenya. It also is a grassland species found in most grass types.
+Identification
+Kraussella amabile is some 21-35 mm long, principally yellow in colour with dark markings. The combination of dark blotches on the hind femora and dark lines on the pronotum (much like the Rice Grasshopper) is diagnostic.
+Ornithacris cavroisi is about 63 mm long and is similar to the Red Locust in appearance. The markings on the pronotum form an arrowhead like marking, unlike the Red Locust which has parallel marks on the pronotum (See Plate 2).
+Life cycle
+Both species have only one generation per year.
+Kraussella lays its eggs at the beginning of the dry season and these lie dormant until the onset of fresh rains. Hoppers develop from June to August and adults emerge August to November. The hoppers are distinctive, being typically green with a brown dorsal stripe (along the back), which is edged by darker brown and cream.
+Ornithacris cavroisi survives the dry season in the immature adult stage. Adults mature and disperse to lay in May and June. The eggs hatch in July and August and 6-7 hopper instars precede the adults which appear in October. Green hoppers have a distinctive pronotal crest which is white broadly edged with pinkish brown; the hind tibia is also pinkish brown. Brown hoppers have pink markings on the legs and mouthparts.
+<section>5. Southeast Asian locusts</section>
+<section>Oriental migratory locust-Locusta migratoria manilensis</section>
+The Oriental Migratory Locust is a subspecies of Locusta migratoria and its distribution in southeast Asia is shown in Fig. 129. It has long been an important agricultural pest in the region; the earliest records of plagues come from China in 707 BC and the Philippines in the sixteenth century. Locusta is widely distributed in low-lying grasslands, and gregarious populations have been produced in several outbreak areas.
+Life cycle
+There can be as many as five generations a year depending on the temperature; there are more generations in warmer areas. For example, 3-5 generations in the Philippines; 4 in Thailand; 3-4 in China at latitude 25ºN and 1-2 at latitude 40ºN.
+This species is very similar to the African Migratory Locust but is smaller. Solitary adults can be green or brown but as the population becomes more gregarious there are more brown varieties. Maturation takes 3-4 weeks.
+Eggs are laid in a variety of soils including volcanic ash, alluvium and sand. There is a wide range in the number of egg pods laid and the number of eggs that they contain. Females can lay 2-7 pods (a maximum of 12 has been recorded) at intervals of 4-15 days. The number of eggs per pod can be as low as 15 and as high as 100. Solitary locusts lay more eggs than the gregarious phase.
+Hoppers hatch from 10 to 24 days after the eggs were laid. At this time they are grey-brown in colour but this changes with age according to population density and habitat. Solitarious hoppers are green or brown, brown being more likely in dry conditions. At high densities the colour becomes a reddish-brown or brownish-orange with distinctive black markings. There are usually five instars but some females go through an extra moult. The hopper development periods recorded in four countries are given in Table 16.
+TABLE 16
+Malaysia
+26-32 days
+China (Taiwan)
+37-52 days
+Philippines
+43-61 days (Males)
+42-58 days (Females) Mean 48
+Thailand
+27-39 days (Males five instars)
+30-40 days (Females six instars)
+Behaviour
+There is little information on solitary hoppers but gregarious hoppers form basking groups and bands which can march up to 4 km/day. Solitary adults fly at night but gregarious adults fly during the day.
+Outbreaks, plagues and seasonal movements
+Outbreaks of the Oriental Migratory Locust have occurred in several parts of the distribution area, in western Malaysia, Sabah, eastern China and the Philippines (Fig. 129). There seem to be two types of habitat likely to provide ideal conditions for population increase. The first is a region of low-lying intermittently flooded ground such as that in the delta areas of the Hwang-Ho in China. The second is an area of tropical grassland where forests have been cleared. Local people practice shifting cultivation for a few years then abandon their plots for a new area. The abandoned plots are invaded by grasses such as Imperata species which provide food and shelter for locusts. Nearby open spaces used for cultivation are ideal laying sites.
+China
+Recent studies suggest that outbreaks occurred every 9-11 years between 1906 and 1956 but 75% only lasted for one year. They were more likely to occur after dry summers and autumns followed by warm winters. It is thought that the dryness provided more laying sites; warm winters put less stress on the eggs so that a higher proportion survived. Limited flooding also lead to population increase but continued flooding had the opposite effect. Unlike Locusta in Africa swarms produced in China do not migrate very far. They expand outwards from the breeding areas but are restricted to the river valleys by the surrounding uplands. Movement northwards takes them to areas that are too cold and to the south it is too wet for successful breeding. By 1962 the outbreak areas had been changed by flood control, drainage, cultivation and afforestation. Since then there does not appear to have been another outbreak.
+Philippines
+There have been four plagues this century: 1919-1929, 1932-1939, 1941-1949 and 19581960. Analysis of the plagues has suggested that they originated from an area in southern Mindanao around Sarangani Bay. This was an area of natural grassland. The soil is porous containing a high proportion of volcanic ash so that in any month when the rainfall is less than 50 mm there can be local droughts.
+The last outbreak occurred in 1958 and is one of the few where the early stages were recorded. In Mindanao the rainy season lasts from April to November when the island is under the influence of the summer monsoon. The wettest months are July and August with average falls of 106 mm. Although rain falls every month there is a drier season between December and March when the winds are mainly from the northeast. March is the driest month with an average rainfall of 45 mm.
+Analysis of the previous plagues suggested that they occurred after a period of drought or below average rainfall. In 1957 concentrations of adults were controlled in June around Sarangani Bay. In November and December increasing densities of locusts were observed. By early February 1958 hoppers and clouds of locusts were reported some 100 km north of Sarangani Bay in the central plain of Cotabato. The rainfall from October 1957 to March 1958 was 133 mm, about 22 mm per month. This was the driest period on record since January 1949.
+In mid-March there were reports of mature locusts in groups and at the end of the month small swarms were seen in the outbreak area. Laying occurred in April and hoppers and adults appeared in May and June. By July and August there were many reports of concentrations of solitariform locusts in central Cotabato as well as the outbreak area. In September there was a northward shift in the infested area and several reports of day-flying swarms which covered a reported area of 5478 ha.
+There were fewer reports during the following dry season but locust activity increased again in 1959 and terminated in late 1960. There were no reports of swarms outside southern Mindanao.
+The movement of swarms within the Philippines is not clear. Analysis of earlier plagues suggested that there was a gradual northward extension across the archipelago over seven years (some 1500 km). There have also been outbreaks on other islands, for example, Palawan, Bohol, Panay in 1952, Luzon 1959, Masbate 1962-1964 and Negros 1965.
+Outside the Philippines it is thought that locusts invaded Taiwan from Luzon and invaded Sulawesi, probably from Mindanao, but movements from Sabah and Sulawesi to the Philippines have also been considered.
+The origin of swarms in Peninsula Malaysia and Sabah is also unclear but both have areas of cleared forest with extensive grasslands providing ideal local breeding conditions which could lead to outbreaks.
+Recent outbreak in Japan
+There was an outbreak of Locusta migratoria manilensis in southern Japan in September 1986. Swarms were reported on Mageshima Island which is located to the south of Kyushu and west of Tanegashima. The island has been uninhabited since 1980 and the vegetation is a mixture of wild grasses and abandoned rice fields.
+There are two generations of Locusta a year and population increase is thought to have begun in 1984 following dry conditions. On 20 November 1985 a grass fire burnt a quarter of the island. The effect of this appears to have been to concentrate the locusts in the remaining areas of vegetation for feeding, this was followed by further concentration as the females preferred to lay in the open sites of burnt land. This laying took place in spring 1986.
+The grass fire also allowed good growth of a favoured food plant, Eulalia (Miscanthus sinensis) so that there was plenty of young green vegetation for the emerging hoppers.
+By September, when the island was visited after fishermen had reported seeing swarms, locusts were found widely over the whole island. There were marching bands of hoppers reported at densities up to 1000/m² and flying swarms were seen between 26 September and 21 October. Spraying was carried out in December and the locusts were said to have been controlled.
+Decline in Locusta plagues
+Since 1960 Locusta has become a minor local pest in the Philippines. This would appear to be the result of increasing land use in those areas where grassland had predominated. Not only rice and maize are cultivated but cassava, pineapple and citrus; other areas have been planted with imported grasses and used for ranching. There are thus few sites where locusts can live and breed undetected. In both the Philippines and China Locusta has declined as an agricultural problem, however, its wide distribution and ability to live successfully in newly created grassy habitats make it a potential danger elsewhere in the region where land use change is in progress. It is also important to remember that if a pest has not been a problem for several years it does not mean that it will not be again.
+<section>Javanese grasshopper-Valanga nigricornis</section>
+The genus Valanga is probably undergoing a period of rapid evolution and shows considerable adaptability. Some 18 subspecies of Valanga nigricornis have been recognised occurring throughout the area shown on Fig. 130. It is found in forest clearings and shrub thickets, feeding mainly on trees.
+Life cycle
+The adult is a yellowish-brown, or yellowish or greenish with blue-black markings; the hindwings are a deep rose colour. Males are 45-55 mm long and females 15-75 mm (Fig. 131). There is one generation a year. Eggs are laid in clearings in moist soil. Females can lay 2-4 pods at intervals of 12-41 days, with a mean of 158 eggs per female. Hoppers hatch after 60-75 days in Malaysia but in Java it takes 6-8 months. Males usually develop through six instars, sometimes seven, and females through seven, occasionally eight. In Malaysia, hopper development in cages was 92-125 days for males and 111-136 days for females. Hoppers are light green with black markings.
+In areas with marked wet and dry seasons it appears that hoppers hatch and develop through the wet season so that Valanga survives the dry season as an immature adult, e.g. Thailand. In Java however, the dry period is survived in the egg stage. Elsewhere where there are no pronounced seasons all stages can be found together. For example, in west Malaysia there are two peak periods of laying, December-January and June-July. Hoppers hatch about 60 days later and fledging occurs in June and December. The adult stage from fledging to final laying lasts about six months which suggests that there are two physiological races each having one generation a year.
+Behaviour
+Young hoppers remain close to laying sites. Both hoppers and adults like sunlight and seek out sunny areas for basking, either at the top of vegetation or on open sites. Most feeding is done during the daytime. There are no records of gregarious behaviour.
+Outbreaks
+Most damage done by Valanga occurs when numbers increase locally. There are no records of invading swarms and large-scale movements. Local population increases appear to be related to rainfall. Heavy rainfall causes high mortality in both eggs and hoppers but dry periods allow numbers to increase. In Malaysia it is thought that several consecutive dry seasons are unlikely and as Valanga has only one generation a year then widespread population increase also seems unlikely.
+In Java, where eggs remain dormant for 6-8 months, dry weather delays hatching but the arrival of the west monsoon results in the simultaneous hatching of many hoppers. Fledging occurs towards the end of the west monsoon and the young adults soon mature and lay. If the succeeding east monsoon is particularly dry, however, the adults concentrate and if these conditions are repeated the following year then there will be many locusts. The outbreak in 1915 in the teak forests of Java was thought to have followed three seasons of below average rainfall and synchronisation of breeding.
+Elsewhere outbreaks are thought to have arisen when forest areas were cleared for cultivation.
+<section>Bombay locust-Nomadacris succincta (formerly Patanga succincta)</section>
+The Bombay Locust is widespread in southwest and southeast Asia (Fig. 132). It was a major locust pest in India in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries but has rarely swarmed since the end of the last plague in 1908. However, in other countries it has become an important local pest as forest areas are cleared for cultivation. It inhabits grassy plains up to 1500 m and secondary habitats of coarse tussock grasses (mainly Imperata spp.), shrubs and trees.
+Life cycle
+There is one generation a year and the adults usually spend the dry cool season as an immature adult. With the arrival of the rains they mature and lay. In Thailand females lay 1-3 egg pods containing 96-152 eggs; in India up to four pods have been recorded with a maximum of 606 eggs from all four pods. The adults die soon after laying. There is considerable variation in the timing and extent of egg and hopper development. Table 17 compares the laboratory data from Thailand, India and Malaysia.
+TABLE 17
+India
+Thailand
+Malaysia
+Laying
+June-July
+March-April
+August-September
+Egg incubation
+Hopper development
+Number of instars
+6,7,8 males
+(7 most common)
+7,8 females
+Fledging
+September
+July-August
+January-February
+The hoppers are green with black spots in the early instars. In the later stages the colours are more variable: there is a green form and a dark orange-brown form both with two black spots at the base of the wing pads and a green form without the black spots.
+Immature adults are generally pale brown with a pale yellow stripe along the back of the body. There is also a pale band on the sides of the pronotum with darker bands above and below. This colour darkens after 6-8 weeks to a rosy red colour especially on the lower part of the hindwings. On maturation the locusts become dark brown.
+Behaviour (data from Thailand)
+Hatching occurs at night or in the early morning and the young hoppers move into stands of various small wild grasses. From about the third instar they begin to feed on other plants, especially maize. During the early part of the day hoppers are found near the tops of plants on the east-facing side, at midday they are likely to descend to shaded parts returning in the early evening to enjoy the last of the sun on west-facing plant stems. Bands of the Bombay Locust have not been reported but this could be because they would be difficult to see in dense vegetation.
+Adults
+Immature adults in non-swarming populations are remarkably static. In Thailand up to 50 immature adults have been recorded from a single maize plant. Their movements are restricted to a few adjacent plants. If disturbed they will fly up to about 100 m and then settle. After the maize is harvested the locusts move back to the local grasses to feed. Populations become concentrated during the dry season especially when burning of the old maize stalks occurs. However, there is still only local movement between stands of grasses and shrubs and banana groves. With the onset of the rainy season the adults rapidly mature, copulate and lay.
+Plagues, seasonal movements and outbreaks
+It is only in India that the Bombay Locust has formed swarms, and the following account is based on the last plague in 1901-1908.
+From November to March swarms spend the cool months in the western Ghats. In March and April the swarms become more active during the day leaving the forest areas where they have spent the preceding four months. By May the southwest monsoon has become established, and the swarms are displaced northwards, northeastwards and eastwards towards Gujarat, Indore, Nagpur, Hyderabad and the eastern Ghats. By this time the infested area can be some 500,000 km²; the vegetation is typically dry woodland, perennial grasses and millet cultivations. If rain falls in June the swarms split up and lay, but if the rains fail then the swarms continue to move northeastwards possibly as far as Orissa, Bihar and Bengal.
+Females prefer to lay in the black cotton soils avoiding dry or waterlogged soil. They choose areas of open grassland, burned millet fields or the bunds (raised areas) between fields. Fledging begins about September and the young adults remain amongst the ripening millet or wild grasses. As numbers increase loose swarms are formed which gradually increase in size and density. In October and November northeasterly winds become predominant over the area and swarms begin to displace in a south and westerly direction until they once again reach the western Ghats. Interestingly, although some movement occurs by day most of the return movement apparently occurs during the night.
+The last swarm was reported from India in 1927 since then the Bombay Locust has only been found in small numbers. It is thought this is a result of cultivation spreading into areas of natural grassland and reducing the area available to the locust.
+There have been outbreaks in Thailand and Malaysia where forest clearance has been the major ecological factor. In Malaysia the outbreaks appeared to be restricted to one year after clearance. This would seem to be a result of growing upland rice and regularly weeding the plots. Outbreaks in Sabah, the Philippines and Vietnam occurred in areas where natural grasslands were cultivated and a wide range of crops were damaged.
+<section>6. Locust reporting</section>
+It is absolutely essential to have accurate and timely information about the occurrence, numbers and movements of locusts, from the whole of the area in which they can be found so modern control methods can be properly used and so that even better ones can be discovered and organised (Fig. 133). Information is required about both swarming and non-swarming locusts, the latter being particularly important when swarms are not present.
+This means that there must be an improvement in the present extent and standards of reporting and this guide is presented with that object in view. It aims to be simple and practical because any reporting system which is complicated will never be used by those who have large areas to cover and many different jobs to do, especially during anti-locust campaigns when time must be mainly devoted to killing locusts.
+<section>The aims of a reporting system</section>
+The aim in preparing locust reports is for the person who sees the locusts to give an accurate and useful picture of what is happening in the infested area to someone else who needs to know about them. This guide shows how that can be done, but it must not be forgotten that the usefulness of any report depends not only on the skill, accuracy and energy of those who prepare it, but also on the experience and efficiency of those who interpret and use it. All must be trained and disciplined to use the chosen system correctly.
+In preparing a system of reporting there are five things to consider.
+1. Who needs the reports?
+2. Why do they need reports and how can they be used?
+3. What information is required?
+4. How can the information be collected and recorded?
+5. How can the information best be transmitted to those who need it?
+Who needs the reports?
+(a) Those in charge of anti-locust campaigns.
+(b) Emergency Centre for Locust Operations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (FAO), Rome.
+(c) Research workers.
+Why do they need reports and how can they use them?
+(a)Those in charge of anti-locust campaigns need them so that they can arrange for supplies of personnel, vehicles and stores, determine priorities and generally carry out the campaign efficiently.
+(b) FAO needs them to provide information on the general locust situation to all interested countries, and to give timely warnings to those countries in danger of invasion.
+(c) Research workers need them so that they can learn more about locusts: their life and behaviour, their distribution and intensity of breeding, their movements, and the factors affecting all these. Forecasting could then be improved and new and better ways of killing locusts devised, and the ultimate object of such research is to discover how locust plagues may be prevented, rather than merely suppressed after they have occurred.
+What information is required?
+(a) Those in charge of anti-locust campaigns need to know:
+date and time of observation;
+where the infestations are;
+what the infestations are, i.e. eggs, hopper instars, or adults; swarming or non-swarming; extent and scale of infestation;
+estimated consumption of materials used in control operations;
+amount and state of available transport and equipment.
+(b) FAO needs to know:
+date and time of observation;
+where and what the infestations are;
+extent and scale of infestation;
+what sort of weather prevails;
+what control measures are being carried out; whether the infestations are being completely destroyed or whether locusts are surviving in large numbers to form new swarms.
+(c) The information required by research workers depends upon the kind of research being carried out, and special requests will have to be made as occasion demands.
+How can the information be collected and recorded?
+Much of the information required by various people is the same, which means that the number of observations to be made at any one time can be limited. The people who make observations in locust habitats are the local inhabitants, locust scouts and locust officers.
+The basis of all reporting must be the record obtained by the locust officer. This is composed of what he sees himself and the knowledge gained by careful questioning of his scouts and the local people, particularly in places where people gather together and talk, e.g. market places and watering places. The most convenient way for the locust officer to keep his record is in the form of a daily diary printed in book form and consisting of a basic questionaire (Fig. 134).
+Daily diary
+The locust officer who fills in a daily diary regularly will have a complete record of both what he has seen and the work he has done. It is suggested that the pages to be filled in should be printed, and should be bound, with instructions on how to complete the diary printed on the inside of the cover. Accuracy is vital. Only report those facts that you believe to be correct. Do not rely on your memory; fill in the diary at the time when you make the observations or receive reports from other people.
+Locusts observed or reported
+1. Date and time
+Record the time of your observation, or the date and time that refers to a report you have received. In the case of a report, which may be some days old, you must be careful to give the date correctly, since it will not be the same as that for your daily diary, which must be entered at the top of the page. Use local time and the 24-hour system, e.g. for 3.30 p.m. write 1530 hours.
+2. Place and/or latitude and longitude
+Give a place name which is marked on the maps that are in general use, or fix the position from such a place, e.g. 23 miles southeast of such a place. Remember that the people who will study your reports may never have heard of the small villages in your country; therefore latitude and longitude should also be given, when possible to the nearest minute, e.g. 27º12'N, 73º16'E.
+3. Type of population
+Write 'swarming' or 'non-swarming', whichever applies.
+4. Stage
+Write eggs, hoppers or adults, whichever are seen.
+5. Age, colour, maturity
+Write down, if known, for:
+eggs; the number of days since they were laid
+hoppers; the instar and colour, if the instar is not known, give colour only
+adults; maturity of eggs in dissected female or colour of body and wings.
+6. Size of infestation
+Give any dimensions that can be measured.
+Flying swarms. It is difficult to measure their size without aircraft, but useful observations can be made. For example:
+(a) took 1 h to pass overhead (give wind speed and direction)
+(b) extended from point A to point B, if there are two suitable recognisable points, such as villages or hills
+Settled swarms. For example:
+(a) took 1 h to walk through
+(b) 2 km across by vehicle
+Hoppers. Give the number of bands seen in an area or distance traversed on foot or by vehicle, and the size of the largest band seen.
+Egg fields. Give the size of the area if you can, but this will only be possible if you or someone else actually saw the swarm laying. Otherwise state the points at which egg pods were found.
+Non-swarming adults and hoppers. Give the number of adults and/or hoppers seen, together with the distance or area in which they were seen.
+7. Density
+This is one of the most difficult things to record. The best way is to count the numbers in sample areas.
+Swarms. Record the time of day when the swarm was seen, and whether its shape was stratiform or cumuliform, because the time and shape are sometimes related to density. The terms thin, dense and medium are used for describing the density of swarms, in the following way:
+thin -the swarm is visible only when near enough for separate locusts to be distinguished
+dense -the swarm blots out parts of nearby features, such as trees
+medium-the density is between 'thin' and 'dense', most swarms seem to be in this category
+Hoppers in bands. Density is very closely related to behaviour, so state whether the hoppers are roosting, marching or in ground groups.
+Eggs. Carry with you a wire square of a standard size, e.g. 1 m². When groups of egg pods are discovered, count the maximum number which can be included in the wire square. Detailed fir-scale surveys of egg fields require several well-trained observers and are very time-consuming. Such an elaborate survey must be considered as being a research responsibility rather than the duty of a control officer.
+Non-swarming populations. Adults. Use a hand tally counter to count the number disturbed (flushed) in a stated distance, and whether done on foot, by animal or by car. Adult locusts can only be counted in this way at a time when they are active. When walking and doing counts of this kind you should move upwind. Also record whether the locusts were seen singly or in groups. State if possible the highest number seen in a group. The proportion of the locusts present that are flushed during a traverse will depend upon the air temperature. Record the air temperature at the time of the traverse and include it in your report.
+Hoppers. Walk through the infested area and count the hoppers seen in a 1-m wide strip. If there is insufficient time for this, state whether the hoppers are seen singly or in groups. Estimate and state the number in the largest group and the area covered by the group.
+8. Direction of displacement
+Swarm. Wait until you can determine the direction in which the whole swarm has moved.
+Hoppers. Again it is the direction of displacement of the whole band which is wanted. Mention if there is a general direction of movement of bands over a wide area.
+9. Remarks
+Write down the name of the person who saw the locusts (even if it is yourself). Express an opinion about the reliability of the report if it is not your own. State here any other observation which you consider interesting, for example, locusts dying, showing signs of maturation or being eaten by predators.
+Control measures
+1. Area over which control has been carried out
+Give the area between certain reference points which can be recognised on a map; if possible, give size of area in square kilometres or say within a certain radius of a known place.
+2. Action against swarms
+State whether a whole swarm or part of a swarm was destroyed and by what means. Also state whether you think there was a good kill (because dead locusts were obvious) or a bad one (because you had to look carefully to find any dead).
+3. Number and size of hopper bands destroyed
+Write down the figures which you know to be correct; add a suitable note if you believe these to be underestimates. Make sure that any bands that escape destruction are recorded in a separate note; failure to destroy all bands in a heavy infestation must not be regarded as bringing discredit on the control teams, and must always be mentioned when it occurs.
+4. Material used
+It may not always be possible to record this daily, but do it whenever you can. The total number of bags of bait, litres of liquid insecticide or tons of dust used should be recorded.
+5. Transport
+Information can often be obtained from log books which should be kept by the drivers of the vehicles. The information particularly needed is the number of vehicles of each type used, the number of miles they travelled and the amount of fuel used. Criticisms of performance should also be noted, including the number of days during which any vehicles were broken-down.
+From this diary the locust officer can prepare his daily report which should be sent by radio to operational headquarters. It should contain the following information: locusts observed or reported; requests for supplies based on the stocks position recorded in the diary. Locust reports should be forwarded to country headquarters every 2-3 days where weekly summaries should be prepared on FAO forms and despatched without delay. Requests for supplies should be sent to headquarters according to an agreed schedule. At the end of the campaign the officer should use his diary to prepare a Campaign Report. Guidelines on preparing such a report are given in the Appendix. Filling forms can be a tedious activity but it is the only way to collect and store important information. Much of what is now known about locusts was discovered by the careful analysis of reports; without them little progress would have been made. It is still vital to have accurate reports quickly so that control
+organisations can operate efficiently. It is cheaper and safer to control small, gregarising populations of limited area than to cope with many mobile swarms over hundreds of kilometres.
+How can the information be best transmitted to those who need it?
+Information which is needed for immediate action must be sent quickly either by radio or telephone and can be confirmed in writing later. Figure 135 indicates the channels along which the locust informaton should flow so that it can travel quickly from the people who collect it to those who need it elsewhere.
+<section>7. Controlling locusts</section>
+<section>Control strategies</section>
+The principal aim of strategies designed for locust control is to reduce the size of the total population of insects and not only to attack insects in or near crops. This is the only way to achieve crop protection with such mobile pests, and to prevent plagues.
+1. Red and Migratory Locusts. These species have outbreak areas where the first sequences of a plague develop (pages 102 and 106). The aim of control is to prevent the plagues by controlling any bands and swarms which form in these areas. Swarms of the African Migratory Locust have formed outside the recognised outbreak areas and caused local upsurges on a significant scale, notably in the Republic of South Africa during 1982 and in Sudan during 1985, but these have not led to a plague. Similarly swarms have escaped from the Red Locust outbreak areas many times but no plagues have resulted.
+2. Tree Locust. This species does not migrate long distances and is, therefore, a localised problem.
+3. Desert Locust. Upsurges leading to plagues are believed to occur through sequences of successful breeding by initially solitary-behaving populations. The sequences start in the arid central belt recession area. Each upsurge then requires a series of above average rains in areas to which the locust migrate in successive generations (page 36). Some experts claim that control of gregariously behaving locust populations at the start of the upsurge sequences can prevent a plague. However, while the gregarious populations are obvious targets for spraying, their destruction does not necessarily make significant inroads into the critical mass of the population. Solitary locusts, which are not targets in practical or economic terms, migrate and continue to multiply. These locusts expand into an ever increasing area for several generations and it is only when they come together into swarms and become recognisable targets that effective control can be achieved.
+<section>Chemical control</section>
+At present, for both locust and grasshopper outbreaks, the application of broad-spectrum insecticides, often on a large scale, is the only effective control measure, and so far resistance to these chemicals has not developed.
+To kill locusts efficiently, five things are needed:
+information -on the location, life stage, size and density of infestations (see Chapter 6);
+insecticides -appropriately chosen and applied safely;
+trained manpower;
+machines;
+an organisation -to fund, implement and evaluate control methods and campaigns.
+Advice is given here on methods of chemical control. The control measures carried out by any particular country depend on its resources and on the co-ordinated plans for the region to which that country belongs. Good control operations require trained and experienced personnel, efficient materials and equipment. Consideration is also given to the safety of insecticide application and storage (see page 182) and the dangers of polluting the environment (see page 187).
+Insecticides
+In order to kill locusts with insecticide they must either swallow it or get it on the outside of their bodies. This is achieved by:
+stomach action: putting the insecticide on or in the food, either natural vegetation or a specially prepared bait;
+contact action: by spraying the insecticide directly on to the locusts in such a form, often dissolved in oil, that it will penetrate the cuticle.
+Insecticides may be applied in dry forms as baits or dusts. Generally insecticide concentrations are low with these types of formulation. They can be used in oil-based formulations as ultra-low volume (ulv) applications. These formulations are applied in a concentrated form and are not diluted with water. Water-dispersible formulations of insecticides come in liquid or powder form.
+Liquids: emulsifiable concentrate (ec), water miscible liquid (wml), water soluble liquid (wsl) or soluble concentrate (sc).
+Powders: soluble powder (sp) or wettable powder (wp).
+Insecticides and formulation
+The insecticide formulation is designed to present the active ingredient (a.i.) in solid or liquid form as a toxic dose to the locust.
+The formulation selected will depend upon the insecticide's inherent toxicity and the practical requirements of the application technique. For instance, the synthetic pyrethroids are highly toxic and the dosage of active ingredient applied per unit area need only be small. The application of a low volume, high concentration, formulation is, however, impractical since a high proportion of the relatively expensive insecticide would remain as a residue in the spray system, the number of drops produced would be insufficient to produce the required coverage and there are no spray generators capable of applying extremely low emission rates.
+To achieve the required volume application rate and corresponding drop numbers the active ingredient is dissolved in a carrier which is usually a mixture of volatile light oils. This greatly increases the bulk of the insecticide and inevitably results in greater transportation and application costs. The ideal formulation is therefore a cost-effective compromise which takes account of these various factors.
+The recommended application rate for locust control is between 0.5 and 1.0 1 /ha with a concentration dependent upon the insecticide's toxicity.
+Microencapsulation. The persistence of an insecticide can be increased by coating each insecticide drop with a thin polymer film which reduces the rate of chemical breakdown. It also reduces the rate of evaporation between emission and impact. This process is known as microencapsulation; it produces insecticide spheres which are supplied mixed with water. Alternatively, the polymer film is produced on each drop after the drop has been emitted, this is known as in-flight encapsulation. Field trials suggest microencapsulation may approximately double the persistence of an insecticide but at the cost of a reduction in the immediate kill. However, with the short-lived insecticides now used, a doubling of persistence is not a critical advantage. This has to be compared with the greater cost of the microencapsulated product and the greater volume of liquid which must be transported and applied.
+Insecticide specification
+Liquid insecticides are defined by the proportion of active ingredient in a given amount of the product. The active ingredient is given as a weight, usually in grams, so the proportion is given by weight of active ingredient in a weight of formulation expressed as a percentage.
+For example, 95% fenitrothion is 950 g a.i./kg of product. Occasionally a product may be defined as 'X% wt/vol', but this is incorrect and is not the same as X% a.i./kg. A percentage is a ratio and as such has no units. For example, 95% wt/vol means there is 950 g ad. in 1000 ml of formulation. One litre of water weighs 1 kg which means water has a specific gravity (sg) of 1 (i.e. 1 g/ml). Many chemicals, however, are heavier than water. For example, 1 ml of fenitrothion weighs 1.32 g. Therefore, 95% wt/vol fenitrothion is approximately 70% active ingredient as it contains only about 700 g a.i./kg.
+Choice of insecticide
+There are four main classes of insecticides, that is, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids. The organochlorines are highly persistent and include dieldrin and HCH. These insecticides were the most favoured for locust control because of their efficacy, cost and persistence. Now they are considered to be such a risk to man and the environment that safer alternatives are recommended. Organophosphates and carbamates have a moderate range of persistence and speed of action. Synthetic pyrethroids have a rapid effect on the behaviour of the insect but if the dosage is too low, or if the application technique is poor, the insects may recover.
+Insecticides known to control locusts and grasshoppers effectively under field conditions are shown in Table 18.
+Most locusts experts agree that the early hopper stage is the most vulnerable but it must be remembered that the locusts are at this stage for only a few weeks and it is unlikely that they will all be reached quickly enough to be destroyed while they are still young. Therefore one must be ready to deal with all stages of the life cycle, even though the early instars are to be preferred.
+The insecticide most appropriate for the target must be chosen. For example, a quick-acting insecticide is needed to treat individual bands as the hoppers may have marched out of the sprayed area before they have taken up enough of the chemical to kill them. Using a synthetic pyrethroid, which prevents marching by disorienting the locust, with a slower acting insecticide may prove very effective. A slow-acting, more persistent insecticide is necessary for treatment of blocks of land because it reduces the need for a uniform deposit. An insecticide that acts by direct contact is necessary for all swarm treatments. Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used as they may disorient the flying insects so that they drop out of the swarm but recover later.
+Ways of using insecticides against locusts
+Hoppers and adult locusts can be controlled with chemicals by a variety of application methods, both from the ground and from the air. The choice between these methods will depend upon several factors such as environment, farming system, locust population, technical capability and the availability of equipment. A brief outline is given here of some of factors that should be considered before a particular application method is chosen (see also Table 19).
+These factors can be considered under the following headings: Where are the locusts? What is the locust stage? What are the economic and administrative problems?
+Where are the locusts?
+The infestation can occur either in cultivated and populated areas or in remote areas far from cultivation and human habitation.
+In cultivated areas there are usually many people who have a direct and immediate interest in locust control for the protection of their crops. Such people can usually be persuaded to carry out control measures themselves, and for this purpose the ideal methods are usually baiting and dusting because of their simplicity and the ready distribution of supplies.
+This applies during the hopper stage, but when cultivated areas are invaded by swarms there is little that the individual farmer can do. Swarm control can only be successfully undertaken with aircraft, and is the responsibility of plant protection departments. Plant protection departments usually have most of their resources in and around the crop areas and it is, therefore, in such areas that crop-spraying machines may be used if the infestation is too large to be dealt with by individual cultivators.
+When locust infestations occur in desert or other remote areas their control is undertaken by specially equipped teams. If adequate labour is available hopper infestations can be controlled by baiting (page 148) and dusting (page 150) in crop areas, but often labour is not available and spraying must be used. If the infestation is large, aerial spraying is required.
+Table 20 shows some different methods of control together with the necessary inputs to control a moderately sized plague infestation. The table shows the negligible impact of baiting and individual band spraying on a large infestation, and agrees with events during the 1986-1989 upsurge and plague when at least 90% of control was achieved by applying ulv sprays mainly over large blocks of country containing hopper bands.
+What is the stage?
+Eggs. Laying swarms will produce egg beds with tens or even hundreds of egg pods in a square metre. Attacking egg beds would seem to be a good method of control and formerly eggs have been destroyed by digging them up. However, the position of the beds is unknown unless someone has seen the swarm laying and marked the spot, and in practice, only a small fraction of the beds making up a major infestation are ever discovered. Also, hoppers usually hatch in waves over a period of days or even weeks, necessitating the use of either a persistent insecticide or treating the same bed repeatedly. There is no longer a suitable persistent insecticide, although the insect growth regulators may eventually prove suitable (see page 160). Ploughing destroys some eggs, but the few trials that have tested this technique show that control is poor. Attacking egg beds is not a practical method of control at present.
+Hoppers. Small hopper bands can be destroyed by baiting or dusting by hand. When the bands are either numerous or widely spaced baiting and dusting can be done from a vehicle but the use of sprays makes less demand on supply transport. Target spraying with an appropriate sprayer is probably the ideal method and should be considered first.
+Adults. The adult stage is the most difficult one to control. Adults can occur either in swarms which are very mobile, or in scattered populations which constitute a diffuse and extremely difficult control task. Owing to their mobility swarms can usually be successfully destroyed only by spraying from aircraft, and such operations require not only the appropriate aircraft and pilots but also considerable ground support teams based on suitably sited airstrips. If a swarm settles near a locust control or plant protection post, however, dusting, baiting and spraying with crop-spraying machines can all be used.
+The following example illustrates the magnitude of the task of controlling a swarm of 60 km², which might contain 2000 million locusts, by baiting compared with spraying the same swarm using aircraft. While the ground team will probably have only a single night at their disposal before the swarm flies away, the aircraft will probably be able to attack it for several successive days. Such a swarm would require only eight aircraft loads of 375 1 each of 96% ulv fenitrothion to destroy it. The same swarm would require the spreading of 600 tonnes of bait, a truly fantastic task for one night. (See also Table 20.)
+When swarms invade highland areas such as those of Ethiopia, Kenya and Morocco, low temperatures may cause them to stop migrating. Under such conditions a swarm may stay in the same area for several days, during which it can be attacked with crop-spraying and dusting machines.
+What are the economic and administrative problems?
+Factors in this category will be different for each country and it is only possible here to give the briefest indication of the questions that may be involved. Locust infestations often occur in areas of under-employment and may, owing to crop damage, make hard times worse; under such conditions it may suit governments to employ a large labour force as a means of helping the people, in which case hand baiting and dusting are appropriate methods of control.
+The availability of locally manufactured insecticides may also be an important consideration. If one particular type is both locally available and cheap, it is clearly to be preferred. If, however, the hopper infestation is large an enormous labour force may be required, and it may well be that the savings achieved by using a cheap insecticide are more often offset by the vast labour costs incurred. Countries which are not often affected by locusts may have well-organised plant protection departments but only a relatively small anti-locust unit. In such instances crop-spraying equipment, including aircraft, can be pressed into use when the emergency arises, but it is emphasised that the specially designed machines and concentrated insecticides are more economical if they are available.
+Application methods
+The insecticide is actually applied or offered to the locusts in one of three forms: bait, dust or spray. All forms are used for killing by stomach action, and dusts and sprays are also used for killing by contact action.
+Baiting
+Bait is usually prepared by the anti-locust organisations themselves. The insecticide, or insecticide and a biological control agent, is mixed with a material, the carrier, which locusts eat readily.
+The insecticide chosen for mixing with the carrier must be one which has a high stomach toxicity to locusts and is available in a convenient form. Carbamates such as bendiocarb and propoxur are now commonly used as baits.
+Tests have shown that the following products are the best carriers for locust bait: maize meal, wheat bran, maize bran, cotton seed husk and rice bran. Others which can be used but are not as good are: sugarcane waste, millet stalk, groundnut husk, corn cob, sawdust and rice husk.
+The carrier chosen will depend on what is available and also on the price; but it must be remembered that the material which is cheapest at source may not turn out cheapest in the long run if the locusts do not relish it. A large part of the cost of baiting is the cost of transporting the bait to the locusts, so that it is not worthwhile paying the transport costs unless the material gives good results when it reaches them.
+The effectiveness of the bait will clearly depend upon the concentration of the insecticide it contains. The concentration is usually 1 or 2% active ingredient.
+How to mix bait
+When mixing bait it is important not to attempt to mix too much at once as this will result in uneven distribution of insecticide, so that some of it will be ineffective.
+To prepare a bait from a selected carrier and insecticide:
+for each 200 kg of wheat bran (or other selected carrier)
+use 10 kg of 1 % bendiocarb dust
+or 50 kg of 1% propoxur dust
+or 25 kg of 2% propoxur dust
+Spread the wheat bran on a hard dry surface and sprinkle the insecticide dust evenly over it. Mix the two together, preferably with shovels, for about 15 min. If large quantities of bait have to be mixed quickly it is advisable to use a mechanical mixer.
+Packaging and storage of bait
+Sacks are the usual containers because the carrier is normally supplied in them. It is best to have bait packed in sacks which hold about 10 kg. If it is in larger sacks, which are cumbersome or impossible for one person to handle, it has to be transferred from these to other containers, and this results in considerable wastage of time and labour as well as wastage of material due to spillage.
+Stored bait must be kept dry: if it gets wet it cakes into large hard lumps and is then useless. if it is to be stored on damp ground, a dry, well-aired base should first be prepared and covered with waterproof sheeting. Bait stored for more than two years may lose its efficacy. It should be tested and re-mixed with more insecticide if necessary before it is used.
+Methods of baiting
+Bait can be used to kill both hoppers and settled adults but its main use is against hoppers. It can be used against all hopper instars but gives very poor results during the last 2-3 days of the fifth instar and during all moulting periods. It is particularly useful for control of marching bands when there is little annual vegetation and much bare ground.
+Baiting is effective against adult locusts settled on the ground, for example, in the morning before take-off, and is one of the safest methods to use amongst crops. It has been used with considerable success against swarms in Sudan.
+Research has shown that the best results are obtained if the following method is used.
+1. Find and bait hoppers in the early instars if possible.
+2. Spread the bait actually amongst the hoppers. They only eat bait if they find it in their path. They are not attracted to it from a distance. Disturbance caused by walking through them is only temporary.
+3. Spread the bait thinly and evenly so as to allow the maximum area for the hoppers to feed. Do this by throwing it high in the air and letting it drift with the wind. Do not be afraid that the wind will separate the insecticide from the carrier; this does not seem to happen with well-mixed bait.
+4. Start baiting if possible along the front edge of a band. This will stop the leading hoppers. Then spread bait over the whole area of the band, or, if it is a very large band, over the whole area of denser hoppers.
+5. Spread bait from a truck whenever possible (Fig. 136).
+6. Do not spread bait when the hoppers do not stop readily to feed, since this usually means that the ground is too hot or the hoppers are near to moulting.
+7. Any bait left on the ground when a hopper band has been killed is wasted; too much has been used. Obviously in extensive control operations there will be some waste, but it should and can be kept to a minimum. Field research has shown that the kills obtained with bait are very variable, not only for different instars but also at different times for the same instar. If something is also known of the density of hoppers in different instars and in different states of behaviour, the amount of bait required to kill 1 ha of locusts can be approximately worked out. This is shown in Table 21.
+TABLE 21. Quantity of bait required for locusts according to behaviour
+Settled groups
+Actively marching
+(kg/ha)
+(kg/ha)
+Hoppers
+Adults settled
+A kilogram of bran bait is roughly 10-12 handfuls.
+Baiting is particularly useful in controlling over wintering concentrations of the Sudan Plague Locust. This survives the dry season in the adult state hidden for much of the time in cracks in dry soil, emerging occasionally to feed. During this period baiting is more effective than either dusting or spraying.
+When baiting is not successful, it is probably because:
+the bait was spread in the wrong place;
+the bait was old;
+locusts did not stop to feed because the ground was too hot, or because they were near moulting;
+locusts stopped to feed but did not eat enough bait to receive a lethal dose of insecticide; this happens particularly during the last 2-4 days of the fifth instar.
+The advantages of baiting are:
+it requires no machinery;
+it can be carried out by relatively unskilled labour in undeveloped and remote areas;
+it can be given to farmers to protect their fields from hopper bands;
+it gives striking results which are quickly seen; dead and dying locusts are seen soon after feeding on bait (Fig. 137);
+it provides seasonal labour which is convenient for the general economy of some countries;
+it is a convenient method of control against small scattered bands.
+The disadvantages of baiting are:
+it requires much heavy transport and spacious storage facilities (Fig. 138);
+it requires much labour which may be needed for other work;
+it is time consuming;
+the bait carrier, e.g. bran, might be difficult to obtain since it is used as animal feed.
+Biocontrol baits
+The use of baits containing pathogens such as the protozoan Nosema locustae, with or without an admixture of an insecticide, has had some success against range grasshoppers in the United States of America and Argentina. Mortalities of up to 60% are sometimes achieved, together with some loss of fecundity among the survivors. The method is still at an experimental stage in Africa. Given the high mobility of the Desert Locust and the impermanence of its habitats, it is unlikely to be successful against this species, but could perhaps be more so against the African Migratory Locust and some of the more sedentary species of grasshopper.
+Dusting
+Commercial preparations of insecticidal dusts consist of an insecticide mixed with some inert material like powdered chalk or talc. The most suitable insecticidal dust for killing locusts and grasshoppers is bendiocarb. Dust can be applied by a variety of methods.
+1. By hand. When dust is distributed by hand it is advisable to use a dusting bag or to mix the commercial product with fine sand to give a better distribution. One handful of insecticide dust to four handfuls of dry sand or silt.
+2. By hand-blower (Fig. 139). These block easily. Use the dust as supplied commercially.
+3. By machine powder-duster. Care must be taken not to apply the dust in swaths more than about 10 m wide, otherwise the dust will be to diffuse to achieve an adequate kill.
+Experience has shown that the best results are obtained when dusting is carried out under moist conditions, that is, high relative humidity or with dew on the vegetation. Dusting gives good results against the following targets:
+first-instar hoppers in dense groups, particularly as they hatch (see Figs 29 and 39);
+hoppers marching slowly through dense low vegetation on which they feed;
+either adults or hoppers when they are roosting for the night (but it is difficult to apply dust to adults settled in tall trees).
+The reason for failure is that the dust may not fall or remain on the hoppers or on the vegetation they eat. This can be caused by wind, or air turbulence close above hot ground.
+The advantages of dusting are:
+it can be applied by hand;
+it is cheaper than bait because no carrier has to be bought or transported;
+the possible risks to plants are less likely to occur with dusts than sprays;
+it is less bulky than bait and is therefore more suitable when targets have to be reached by animal transport;
+it is very convenient against small isolated hopper bands.
+The disadvantages of dusting are:
+dust is a poor contact poison against older hoppers and adults, because, unlike oily sprays, it cannot penetrate their cuticles readily;
+it is generally less useful as a standard method for all kinds of locust target and less reliable than bait or spray;
+it uses far more insecticide per unit area than spraying;
+it has poor persistence on foliage;
+it is unpleasant to use by hand, and there are tiresome and time-wasting difficulties due to blockages in dusting machines;
+there is a safety risk due to inhalation of the small particles.
+Spraying
+In this method of locust control, liquid insecticide is broken up into fine drops and sprayed either on to the locusts or on to the vegetation which they eat. Spraying can be done either from the ground or from aircraft.
+Spraying can be successfully carried out with many types of machine. Suspensions, emulsions or oil solutions of insecticides may be used. To obtain the best kills at the minimum cost, however, the insecticides require special formulations and an appropriate spraying machine should be chosen.
+Until about 30 years ago all liquid insecticides were applied in large volumes diluted with water. For locust control this caused problems because water often had to be transported large distances. It was realised that much greater areas could be treated more quickly and cheaply, if the insecticide was applied at high concentration in a specially prepared, effectively involatile formulation. This is the basis of ultra-low volume (ulv) spraying.
+It is clear, however, that such concentrated material must be spread over a large area and must collect on the locust and on vegetation and not simply allowed to 'rain down'. This means using very small drops which are spread by the wind. Although easy in theory, in practice, spray application is more complicated and variable, and the ideal technique for every situation is as yet largely undetermined. Nevertheless, the advice that is given here will give good results.
+Drop production
+All sprayers produce drops in a range of sizes called the drop spectrum. Drops are measured by diameter in millionths of a metre (µm).
+Two terms often used in connection with spraying are:
+volume median diameter (VMD) is the drop diameter where half the total spray volume is in smaller drops and half is in larger ones.
+number median diameter (NMD) is the drop diameter where half the total number of spray drops are smaller and half are larger.
+The volume of a drop is given by d^3/6 where d is the diameter of the drop. If you halve the diameter you get eight small drops for every large one. For example, one 200 µm drop will make eight drops of 100 µm, 64 drops of 50 µm and 1000 drops of 20 µm diameter. This means the NMD is always less than the VMD. The VMD/NMD ratio is a measure of the dispersion of the drop spectrum. This ratio does not have a consistent meaning in terms of the drop spectrum, although a small ratio indicates a narrower drop spectrum than a large ratio. There is no single parameter which represents the drop spectrum completely.
+The best way to describe the spectrum is to give the proportion of the total volume of insecticide emitted within the drop size range which accounts for most of the emitted insecticide. For example, of the total volume of spray emitted by a Micronair AU5000 on an aircraft, 80% is in a drop size between 5 and 120 µm. Whereas, of the total number of drops, 80% are between 5 and 56 µm. That is, a relatively small number of large drops account for a substantial percentage of the total volume of spray (Fig. 140).
+The output drop spectrum is the only technical characteristic of a ulv sprayer which influences the effectiveness of control. Output drop spectra can be determined reasonably easily and accurately with laser analysers.
+Drop behaviour
+The only effective drops are those which impact upon the locust or leave a residual deposit on vegetation which is subsequently eaten by the insect. Drops fall vertically under the force of gravity, drift laterally according to wind speed and can be carried upwards by thermal convection. The rate of movement in all three directions is affected by droplet size (Table 22).
+TABLE 22. Terminal velocities of drops of various sizes*
+Drop diameter (µm)
+Velocity (cm/second)
+*Specific gravity of 1 at 20ºC
+Even with some lateral drift or convection large drops (VMD above 120 µm) tend to fall directly to the ground where they are largely wasted. Smaller drops remain airborne for a longer time and are consequently more likely to impact on vegetation or an insect clinging to it. At low velocities very small drops (<20 µm) may be deflected by the air flow around the surfaces of leaves and stems but the probability of impaction increases with both wind speed and the narrowness of the target, that is, the impaction efficiency of small drops is considerably greater on insect hairs than on leaves or large stems (Fig. 141). They are also most affected by convection and may be carried above the target site.
+For a given volume application rate, therefore, a drop range between 50 and 100 µm is the most cost effective.
+Atomisation
+Atomisation is the way in which the spray drops are produced. There are four methods for producing drops in commercial use.
+(a) Nozzles. There are various designs of nozzles, but in all of them insecticide is forced under pressure through a narrow bore orifice; the smaller the hole, the smaller the VMD of the emitted liquid. The volume which can pass through a single nozzle is relatively small, so a bank of nozzles is needed. The nozzles on an aircraft are mounted on a boom (Fig. 142). With aerial spraying the airstream further shatters the jet of liquid coming out of the nozzle. Placing the nozzles at different angles gives different drop spectra.
+(b) Rotating cages. The Micronair is the only make of rotating cage in widespread commercial use with aircraft. A version is also available for use on vehicles. The Micronair atomiser consists of a central core with a cylindrical mesh cage. The core and the cage are rotated by a wind-driven propeller or, in the case of a vehicle sprayer, by a petrol motor. The insecticide is forced from the central core under pressure, but is also thrown out by centrifugal force. It is then partly shattered against the mesh and partly spun off from it. With aircraft-mounted atomisers and the new air-blast systems, wind-shear will also help atomise the insecticide. (See also Appendix, page 198.)
+(c) Rotating discs. Rotating discs are generally used for ground application. A device has been developed for aircraft but is not often used. The insecticide is fed on to a rotating disc and drops are produced at the perimeter by centrifugal force. The disc edge is toothed and must be carefully engineered to get a narrow drop spectrum. The discs cannot handle a large volume without flooding so a vehicle-mounted sprayer needs a stack of discs. The discs must be fed evenly otherwise some will flood. Even flow is not easy to achieve.
+(d) Air blast. In this system insecticide is fed from a narrow tube and shattered by a blast of air. This is similar in principle to a nozzle mounted on an aircraft. Air blast machines tend to produce a wide range of sizes of drops, although some 'foggers' produce mostly very small drops. The exhaust nozzle sprayer is essentially an air blast machine (Fig. 143). (See also Appendix, page 191.)
+Different methods of atomisation tend to produce different drop spectra. Discs should produce the narrowest spectrum, followed by cages, nozzles and air blast. Much depends on the model used, however, and on its setting and on the flow rate. Spinning cages and discs will produce smaller drops at higher revolution speeds. All sprayers produce a wider drop spectrum at higher flow rates. The stacked disc atomisers are an exception, however, because at low flow rates (below 300 ml/min) and low pump pressures, the discs may be fed unevenly and so result in their being overloaded.
+Swath width and track spacing
+Drops are carried by the wind and deposited over a strip of ground. The area from where the deposit starts, to where it finishes, is the swath width.
+The swath width increases with the spray emission height and is proportionally greater with smaller drops (Fig. 144).
+The interval between spray runs is called the track spacing. When spraying large drops in light winds or still air, the track spacing used is about the same as the swath width as large drops fall straight to the ground. (Most non-locust spraying uses emulsifiable concentrates applied in still air and the terms track spacing and swath width are often wrongly interchanged and can lead to confusion.)
+Spraying with emulsifiable concentrates
+The aim of aerial spraying with emulsifiable concentrates (ec) is to use a large drop which falls rapidly, and to spray in still air or a light wind. The swath width is only a little more than the wingspan, and track spacing is normally only slightly less than the swath width. Accurate control of track spacing is essential for ec application so you must use flagmen or vehicles to mark the ends of the runs (see page 164). Most aerial crop spraying is carried out in this way using a bank of nozzles with the nozzles arranged to produce an even deposit. Little ec aerial spraying is carried out for Desert Locust control.
+Ground spraying of ec is usually only used to treat relatively small areas (not blocks) using backpack sprayers. The technique is to spray with large drops in a light wind or in still air and with a track spacing roughly equal to the swath width. The drops fall in a reasonably uniform pattern over a 1 m wide swath.
+Nozzles mounted on a tractor boom are seldom used because they are rarely available and because much of the terrain where hopper bands are found is too uneven to use this equipment.
+Ultra-low-volume spraying
+When using ulv material, one must accept the settings and flow rates given in the manufacturer's handbook. To be confident of actual emission rates an aircraft with a flow meter is highly desirable. A flow meter will be highly accurate, although it should still be checked, if possible.
+Controlled drop application (CDA). The technique of Controlled Drop Application (CDA) applies insecticides within an overall drop size range of 40-130 µm. Although the ideal size of a drop is unknown it is known that insecticides should be applied in a narrow band of small drops. The best range for practical purposes lies between about 70 and 110 µm.
+It is essential for CDA that drops arrive at the target at the same size as when they are emitted. Emulsifiable concentrates cannot be used for ulv application as water evaporates quickly reducing drop size. The surface area of a large drop is proportionally much smaller than that of a small one. They stay airborne for a shorter time than small drops, so they evaporate more slowly. Large drops, therefore, tend to arrive at the target mostly unchanged, whereas small drops are quickly reduced to concentrated non-volatile insecticide. Evaporation is especially rapid in the typical hot dry habitat of the locust.
+Incremental spraying. The technique for ulv spraying uses a track spacing which is smaller than the swath width and so swaths overlap and an even deposit is produced. This is known as incremental spraying and a crosswind spreads the spray (Fig. 145). The track spacing can then be irregular without producing too uneven a deposit (Fig. 146). However, the upwind edge of the sprayed block will always be underdosed, especially close to the edge and will require a supplementary pass to windward to correct. A change in wind direction up to 30º can be accommodated without producing an unacceptably irregular deposit providing a wide swath is used; a strip at the sides will, however, be underdosed.
+Aerial ulv spraying of settled swarms and blocks containing hopper bands. There is still much to be learnt about the behaviour of the spray and the techniques to obtain the best kill. The following recommendations are based on what is known at present.
+Where possible all spray tracks should be made at right angles to the wind.
+Always work upwind to avoid passing through spray released earlier.
+In all but light winds make one (or more) additional pass(es) upwind of the final upwind demarcated track to compensate for the effect of downwind swath displacement.
+Use a drop spectrum with as much as possible of the emitted insecticide in a 30 µm band within the 70-120 µm range. (This is difficult to achieve with nozzles.)
+Recommended nozzle and Micronair settings at different aircraft speeds are given in Table 23.
+Spray in a steady wind which is greater than 2 m/second measured at 2 m above the ground. Winds stronger than this are satisfactory up to the limit at which it is judged safe to fly, provided allowance is made for the effect of downwind swath displacement.
+With a steady wind use a 100 m track spacing with a flying height of between 5 and 10 m. With a 10-15 m flying height a 150 m track spacing is allowable, but the savings are small with a light spray aircraft. It is better to standardise the track spacing at 100 m, and so standardise the emission rate for a particular insecticide.
+Flying heights above 15 m are not recommended since there is little information on the swath width and no information on recovery with emissions above 15 m.
+Never spray in very still air such as occurs under temperature inversions. These often set in before sunset and last until some hours after dawn.
+Never spray on hot afternoons with strong convection when updraughts alternate with downdraughts. These conditions are indicated by frequent changes in both wind strength and direction, interspersed with calm periods.
+If forced to spray in light winds reduce the track spacing to that recommended in Table 23 according to the type of aircraft. The emission rate has also to be reduced to give the correct area dosage. Control may be less effective in light winds.
+Aerial spraying of milling swarms at the roost site. Spraying swarms at the roost site is an efficient and effective technique but it has not been studied in detail. Most of the locusts in such a swarm are likely to be flying, exposed on bare ground or exposed high in vegetation, so they should collect small drops. When spraying these swarms it is recommended:
+- use a reduced emission rate, 40% of the standard emission rate for treatment of blocks of land (Table 23), with a 100 m track spacing, to reduce waste through overdosing the more exposed fliers;
+- spraying the block twice at a 100 m track spacing to allow locusts to change position between runs.
+Spraying swarms in flight. The aim in spraying flying swarms is to keep the spray within the swarms for as long as possible which means using a small drop. The locust passes through the spray cloud at its flying speed of about 3 m/second while its beating wings will be moving even faster. It will, therefore, collect small drops efficiently. Furthermore, the locust has narrow collecting surfaces, such as legs and antennae, that collect small drops better than wide surfaces.
+Methods for spraying swarms have not been developed. However, even a less than ideal method should produce a good kill and uses small amounts of pesticides.
+Low flying stratiform and high flying cumuliform swarms (see page 30) present substantially different control targets.
+It is difficult to carry out a spray trial with flying swarms, especially cumuliform swarms. These following recommendations should be used as guidelines only.
+Stratiform swarms. It is recommended that the stratiform swarm is treated like a settled target and so spraying should be carried out close to the top of the target.
+Treat the target twice with a 100 m track spacing and half the emission rate recommended for block spraying, using drops in the 70-100 µm size range.
+This treatment is essentially the same as that recommended for milling swarms. The aim is to produce drops which will fall sufficiently quickly to reach the swarm, but not so quickly that they will be carried through to the ground before they have a chance to be collected by the flying insects.
+A further advantage of treating the whole swarm using a drop size near the upper limit recommended is that many of the locusts are likely to be settled. These would escape if spraying was carried out with only small drops, unless spraying continued for long enough to allow all the locusts to take off and pass through the airborne spray.
+Cumuliform swarms. The basic technique for treating cumuliform swarms is to spray repeatedly above the densest part of the swarm using a small drop and a low emission rate. The spray should remain within the swarm for a long time and the movement of the locusts should bring them into the spray cloud. Treatment should be continued until the swarm disappears.
+It is not easy when in an aircraft to see where you are in relation to a swarm when you are close to it. Flying into locusts can be dangerous since the aircraft's air intakes can become blocked, causing the engine to overheat and the windscreen to become obscured when locusts hit it.
+There is no possible recommended area dosage for treating flying swarms. It is known how much insecticide should be used, although it will be much less than with any other treatment, except perhaps that needed to spray a settled swarm. One suggestion is that spraying continues until the swarm fall to the ground.
+With a quick-acting insecticide such as bendiocarb, phoxim or chlorpyriphos, lethally dosed locusts should fall to the ground within about 30 min. A slower acting insecticide, such as fenitrothion, will give a more certain kill, but at the risk of significant overdosing; the locust might collect several times the amount needed to kill it before it became unable to fly.
+Barrier spraying. With barrier spraying an extremely persistent stomach-acting insecticide is applied in swaths such that eventually a hopper band marches through the barrier, eats the poisoned vegetation and is killed. Only dieldrin is known to be satisfactory for this purpose but dieldrin is no longer generally permitted or available. Barrier spraying, therefore, cannot now be practised until a reasonably persistent alternative to dieldrin is found.
+Insect growth regulators (IGRs), such as diflubenzuron or teflubenzuron, which disrupt hopper development, may prove to be a partial substitute for dieldrin but much testing still needs to be done. Even if they prove to be persistent their use will require more care than with dieldrin since the IGRs are not cumulative; that is, the barrier should be wide enough and dosed so heavily that the insect acquires a lethal dose whilst the band is crossing the barrier.
+Spraying with helicopters. Spraying with a helicopter, whether applying ulv or ec formulations, is, in principle, no different from spraying with a fixed-wing aircraft. A helicopter is, however, more manoeuverable and can be used in restricted areas, such as narrow valleys, where it might be dangerous to use a normal aircraft. Helicopters are more expensive to operate, are difficult to maintain, have a shorter range and are slower than a normal aircraft, so they should be used only where there is no alternative.
+Block spraying of bands using vehicle-mounted sprayers. The requirements for this ground application are the same as for aerial block spraying with the following recommendations:
+use a 50 m track spacing and the appropriate emission rate
+never spray unless there is sufficient wind to carry the spray away from the vehicle quickly.
+Spraying individual hopper bands from the ground. It is rare that individual bands are large enough to be treated by aircraft or even by helicopter, so single bands are usually treated from the ground. The disadvantage of this method is the time needed to find and treat a hopper band and the high numbers of vehicles necessary to combat a major infestation. In practice, the total impact of individual band spraying is not large. It is, however, a very economical method because you are not spraying the uninfested vegetation between the hopper bands, as you do with block spraying.
+1. Large bands. Hopper bands larger than about 50 ha can be treated as a block, although defining the limits of a large band is not easy. The edges of the band should not be marked but instead, start with a track across the downwind edge, then continue spraying subsequent tracks until you reach the edge of the band (Fig. 147). It will not be definitely known where to start and stop spraying, and consequently, individuals at the edge are likely to escape. Regardless of the direction of movement of the hopper band, spraying must proceed with crosswind runs, moving upwind into the band. Fortunately, most hopper bands move upwind, in which case start with a run across the well-defined leading edge of the band.
+2. All other hopper bands. With vehicle-mounted sprayers a small to medium-sized hopper band will be smaller in diameter than the swath width. This means the band will have to be treated in one or two passes. A medium-sized hopper band will only be two swath widths across. With the settings for incremental spraying, one run will not produce a sufficiently high deposit to result in a reliable kill. For a small hopper band, say less than 0.5 ha, a single swath, 10 m from the upwind edge, returning along the same track so that there is a double deposit, should be used. For a larger hopper band, 0.5-50 ha, three passes, one about 10 m from the upwind edge, one through the middle of the band, and the third a repeat of the first, are recommended.
+Do not apply this recommendation rigidly-use your judgement.
+Small hopper bands are better treated individually with a hand-held sprayer. With handheld sprayers, such as the Micro-Ulva, the requirements are exactly the same as for block spraying. The whole process is scaled down so blocks as small as 0.5 ha can be treated by incremental spraying.
+Calibration
+Calibration is the measurement and adjustment of spray application equipment to achieve an appropriate emission rate. It is necessary with all equipment, all methods of application and classes of insecticides.
+Equipment must be calibrated each time the sprayer setting or the insecticide is changed. How often it is necessary to calibrate afterwards depends on the type of equipment used. Using an aircraft fitted with a flow meter and totaliser, a single calibration at the beginning of each season should be sufficient. However, the flow meter should be cleaned every week to maintain accuracy. Flow regulators of some vehicle-mounted sprayers are unreliable so, initially, the emission rate should be checked daily and readjusted if necessary. If the setting does not need to be changed significantly, the number of checks can be decreased, but at least one check should be made every week.
+It is important to calibrate at temperatures typical of those experienced during spraying since emission rates increase with temperature, because at high temperatures liquids flow more readily, due to their lower viscosity. More importantly, different insecticides have different viscosities so the calibration is only valid for a particular insecticide.
+Calculating the emission rate
+The overall emission rate is the volume of insecticide sprayed in a given period. This is equal to the sum of the individual emission rates for each spray head.
+The required emission rate depends on three factors: area dosage, the speed of the sprayer and the track spacing (Fig. 148).
+Area dosage. This is the amount of liquid which is spread over each unit of area. For ulv insecticides, area dosage is usually expressed in ml/ha (although with the higher volumes used with emulsifiable concentrates, l/ha is more sensible). The concept of area dosage does not apply to air-to-air spraying in which you are attempting to treat a volume, not an area.
+Speed of the sprayer. This is usually measured in km/h, although with an aircraft, speed may be given in miles per hour or nautical miles per hour (knots). Speed can be controlled, although it is usual practice to fly or drive at a standard speed-about 200 km/in for aircraft (125 mile/h or 108 knots) or 7 km/in for ground-vehicle sprayers. For vehicles, higher speeds are difficult to maintain in rough terrain. With a hand-held sprayer, you need to measure the time it takes a person to spray a set distance (at least 100 m). The person should carry the sprayer and walk at a normal speed over the type of country where spraying will be carried out. The average of several passes should be calculated.
+Track spacing. This is the distance between crosswind runs of the sprayer and is usually measured in metres. Normally, this is selected in advance and the emission rate is adjusted to give the desired area dosage. However, with some hand-held sprayers the emission rate can be altered only by changing the nozzles, which means only a few rates can be obtained. The track spacing that will give the exact area dosage required must then be determined. Do not confuse swath width and track spacing (see page 157).
+Emission rate (ml/min)= Area dosage (ml/ha) x sprayer speed (m/min) x track spacing (m)/10,000
+This speed unit may seem unusual, but the equation is in this form so that the answer needs only to be divided by a round figure, that is, 10,000. Therefore, if a mistake is made the answer is likely to be ten times too large or ten times too small, which should be obvious. Convert speeds from km/h, miles/h or knots, to m/min before using the equation (see conversion tables in the Appendix).
+Measuring the actual emission rate. The emission rate must be measured if at all possible. To do this load the spray tank with sufficient ulv insecticide, or if emulsifiable concentrate is to be used, with a sufficient amount of water for the system to operate normally. The flow rate with spinning devices is roughly the same whether they are spinning or not. With a hand-held sprayer, such as the Microulva, allow the insecticide to drain into a measuring cylinder for a given length of time (flow rates will normally be less than 100 ml/min so the volume emitted during 5 min should be measured). If calibration is not possible, use the sprayer manufacturer's figures.
+Hand-held sprayers. The flow for these sprayers is determined by which nozzle is used. Choose the nozzle which the manufacturer's handbook states gives the emission rate closest to the one required. Then measure the actual emission rate, and finally, calculate the track spacing which gives the recommended area dosage. The measured flow rate will vary only slightly with changing temperature.
+Rotating-cage and stacked-disc sprayers. Where the pump is driven by a separate motor, hang a plastic bucket beneath the sprayer head and run the insecticide through the sprayer for a known time with the pump on, but without the spray head turning. The volume can then be measured. Do not put the bucket on the ground in case the wind suddenly blows the spray stream to the side of the bucket, or the insecticide splashes out of the bucket.
+Wind-driven aircraft pumps. The only way to calibrate these systems is to spray for a known time and then to measure the decrease in the volume of insecticide in the tank. This method is impracticable with ulv insecticides and aircraft because of the cost of the insecticide. It can, however, be afforded if emulsifiable concentrates are to be used as water is a reasonable substitute for the insecticide. Aircraft spray tanks are usually wide, so it is difficult to mark the volume accurately. The only reliable method is to put a measured volume into an empty tank and note the time taken to spray it all; nevertheless, there will be a measurement error due to the volume of liquid remaining in the connecting pipes between the tank and the spray head.
+Routine checks. Always make an estimate of the amount of insecticide expected to be used and compare this with what has been sprayed. This check will only be approximate since vehicle and aircraft speeds cannot be controlled precisely and the amount of insecticide cannot be measured accurately. If 1001 insecticide were put in the tank and an estimated 100 ha was treated at an intended 0.5 I/ha, but only about three quarters of the insecticide has gone, clearly something is wrong. The first thing to check is the flow rate. With ground spraying, the next most likely source of error is the sprayer speed, and the least likely to be wrong is the track spacing. With an aircraft, the track spacing is more likely to he wrong than the flying speed.
+Track marking
+If at all possible, flagmen should be used in locust spraying operations. They should stand at the ends of the spray run with large flags, preferably of 'day-glo' cloth, on poles about 2 m long. Even then it is difficult for the pilot to fly tracks that are more than 2 or 3 km long as he cannot see the far flag as he flies over the near one. As the aircraft approaches, the flagman should set off for his next position so that he can avoid being sprayed (as this could make him ill) and be in place by the time the pilot makes his turn. It is best to mark both ends of the spray run, but marking one end is still useful since this helps to avoid overdosing or underdosing.
+Flagmen should 'calibrate' their pace by walking in a normal way over 100 m of the type of country where locusts are sprayed. Take the average of, say 10 runs. You will find that 100 m is somewhere between 1 10 and 140 paces, depending on the person.
+It is useful to set up a flag with a long streamer or to light a small smoky fire to give the pilot an indication of wind speed and direction.
+Track marking will always be possible with ground spraying and should always be carried out, unless you are using only a single swath to treat a small band.
+Much aerial block spraying has been carried out successfully without flagmen. The track spacings will not be exactly the same, but with incremental spraying an irregular track spacing is not too important. Without marking, however, the average spacing is likely to be either too large, leading to underdosing, or too small, which means that overdosing may occur, and much expensive insecticide will be used.
+Electronic guidance systems for track marking which do not require equipment to emit a signal on the ground at the spray site may become available within a few years at affordable prices. These should solve the problem of spraying an accurate track spacing without ground support.
+Assessment of kill
+You should attempt to assess the effectiveness of control, if only subjectively, at a sample of target places. This sampling can be done by either counting live and dead locusts sometime after spraying or by caging a sample of locusts collected immediately after spraying.
+With band control, you should count the live and dead hoppers in quadrats within the band area: since you are counting both in the same quadrat, a precise quadrat size is not important. If you spread your feet apart that will form a base about 1 m wide to give you an estimate of a 1 m² quadrat. Then count about 20 quadrats. The ratio of dead hoppers to the sum of those alive and dead gives the proportional kill:
+dead/(alive+dead) x 100= % kill
+Alternatively, you can sweep some hoppers and cage them with sprayed grass. Try not to sweep the net through the vegetation since the net can collect insecticide from the grass and the hoppers then collect additional insecticide from the net. Clean plastic flasks, about 2 litres, with air holes in the lid can be used to make good cages. They may be better than gauze cages since, in gauze cages the locusts seem to spend most of their time on the gauze and not on the grass. This is important as the locusts may get much of their dose of insecticide from the grass even with a quick-acting insecticide. Also, grass dries quickly in a well-ventilated gauze cage.
+You should keep about six cages, each containing 20-30 locusts, and at least two controls (unsprayed locusts with unsprayed grass). Collect the control upwind of the sprayed area using the net you have used to collect the treated sample (this will check if net contamination is contributing to the observed mortality). The cages should be kept in the shade. Dead and live hoppers should be counted at intervals up to about 48 h after spraying. If there is more than about 10% mortality in the control cages, the results must be treated with reserve, because they show that catching and caging has caused some additional mortality.
+You can collect from settled swarms using a vehicle or a motorcycle, by holding a net just above the grass; this avoids contaminating the net. You should be able to collect samples from milling swarms and from stratiform swarms, but there is no obvious way of sampling a cumuliform swarm. With a swarm sprayed at the roost site, it is worth watching to see if many, or any, adults are capable of flying off.
+Estimating kill in blocks sprayed with a slow-acting insecticide is difficult except by caging. The control team cannot wait the two or so days for the insecticide to have its full effect. Moreover, the dead and dying locusts will drop out from the bands as they move. The only good test for slow-acting insecticides is the reduction in the band area, that is, the reduction in the percentage of the block that is infested. This necessitates careful sampling before and after spraying, which is not practicable except for research trials.
+Control records
+A record of every aircraft spray sortie should be kept. What is needed is shown on the form in Fig. 149. It may not be possible to fill in everything on every occasion, but as much as possible should be completed each time. Do not omit to keep a record simply because all the details cannot be completed. Even the date, the type of target, the aircraft and the insecticide used, alone, are important details. A similar record should be kept for block hopper band ground control. With individual hopper band spraying, a daily record should be kept of the number of bands treated and the insecticide used.
+<section>Safety in insecticide application and storage</section>
+In locust control operations large quantities of insecticides are likely to be stored and used, with associated risks to man and the environment. Care is therefore required at all stages in their transport, storage and application. Siting, design, maintenance and day-to-day organisation of stores and transport operations must be planned to keep hazards to a minimum. Application of insecticide should be made in accordance with good pest control practice to ensure efficacy and safe use. Some insecticides are more hazardous than others and require very careful handling. It is important, therefore, to know which insecticides are most dangerous so that adequate safety precautions can be taken. Such information is given on the insecticide label.
+Insecticide label
+The insecticide label must always be read before handling insecticides and the instructions given heeded. Besides giving the name and quantity of the insecticide a good label has all the information needed to handle the insecticide efficiently and safely.
+DANGER (usually used with the word POISON and a skull and crossbones) signifies a highly toxic pesticide. WARNING is used for a moderately toxic pesticide and CAUTION for a pesticide of low toxicity. Pesticides may be classified for GENERAL USE or RESTRICTED USE, the latter should only be used by qualified personnel.
+The label should include directions for use, first aid procedure in case of poisoning and a statement on hazard to the environment. The safety period (time before harvesting crop or re-entering the treated area) should be given and also information on storage and disposal and date of manufacture.
+Insecticide toxicity and user safety
+The hazard presented by an insecticide depends on toxicity and exposure. Insecticides can enter the human body through the mouth (oral poisoning), skin (dermal poisoning) or lungs (poisoning by inhalation). Acute poisoning is the result of taking in a single large dose; chronic poisoning is the result of repeated small doses of insecticide.
+Toxicity of an insecticide may be measured in milligrams of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight required to kill 50% of a test sample of living organisms (usually rats). This is the LD50 (LD = lethal dose). Insecticides are classified by the World Health Organization into four classes of hazard based on the oral or dermal LD50 of the active ingredient:
+Class la-extremely hazardous; Class lb-highly hazardous; Class II-moderately hazardous; Class III-slightly hazardous.
+Hazard varies with the method of contamination, i.e. oral or dermal, and whether the insecticide is in a solid or liquid form. Formulation can reduce the hazard of the active ingredient by: reducing the concentration and changing the physical state, e.g. an insecticide which is highly hazardous in liquid form may present a much reduced hazard in the dry state, so formulations such as dusts and granules would reduce the hazard to the user. Table 24 shows the hazard of those insecticides that have been used for locust control.
+Protective clothing
+Wear protective clothing when handling or applying an insecticide to prevent it entering the body through the mouth, skin or lungs. In the tropics, rubber gloves, overalls, respirators and face masks can become uncomfortable and unpleasant, and may present a threat to the health of the wearer in high humidities. An uncomfortable insecticide user then becomes a dangerous or careless user. The selection of protective clothing should take into account the degree of protection required for safe practice and the comfort of the wearer.
+In tropical conditions, materials should be as light as possible. A pair of light, durable cotton fabric overalls (dungarees) is useful, but a shirt and long trousers (without turn-ups) may suffice. They should be washed immediately after use and kept separately from everyday clothing. Protective footwear like rubber boots (with trouser ends worn outside) and a hat reduce contamination from insecticide during spraying operations. Rubber/neoprene gloves (not cotton or leather) must be free from holes and overall and shirt sleeve cuffs should be worn outside the top of the gloves to prevent insecticides trickling inside. It is always advisable to wear a respirator or dust mask when handling dust and fine powder formulations. Where protective clothing is unavailable only insecticides in the lower hazard categories should be used. Remember, always have plenty of clean water and soap available for washing thoroughly after using insecticides. A general guide to clothing
+recommended for handling and spraying insecticides is shown in Table 25.
+Code of conduct for insecticide users
+Mixing and applying insecticides
+1. Wear appropriate protective clothing.
+2. Read the instructions on the label and follow them.
+3. Avoid contamination by pouring liquids carefully without splashing and transferring powders without spillage or puffing them up into the face.
+4. Never eat, smoke or drink when handling insecticides.
+5. Avoid inhaling toxic dusts and vapours.
+6. Never work alone when handling very toxic substances.
+7. Keep unauthorised people, especially children, away from insecticides.
+8. Have plenty of soap and water available for washing.
+9. Use insecticides in correct quantities.
+10. Never blow out blocked nozzles or holes with your mouth.
+11. Never leave insecticides unattended in an insecure place.
+12. Do not apply insecticides if weather conditions (wind, time of day) and season are unsuitable.
+13. Ensure that operators are adequately supervised and have sufficient rest periods.
+14. Do not continue to work or remain in contact with insecticides if blood tests show that your cholinesterase level (see page 172) is below normal.
+After applying insecticides
+1. Return unused insecticides to the store and keep them locked away from unauthorised people and out of reach of children.
+2. Render all empty containers unusable (pierce plastic and metal ones), and by burying or burning (keep clear of the smoke) safely dispose of them. It is impossible to clean an insecticide container well enough to make it safe for storing food or water or for use as a cooking, beer brewing or distilling utensil.
+3. Unused insecticides must be removed from sprayers, and all equipment properly cleaned and returned to the store.
+4. Remove and wash protective clothing.
+5. Wash yourself and put on clean clothing.
+6. Keep an accurate record of insecticide usage, including details of worker hours exposed to insecticide during application.
+7. Prevent people entering treated areas until safe to do so.
+Safety in storage of insecticides
+Ideally, any store for insecticides should be designed and used solely for that purpose and located on a carefully selected site away from other buildings. Other commodities, especially food, drink, animal feed, seed and fertiliser, and also fuel (petrol, diesel fuel and oil) should not be stored with insecticides to avoid contamination and fire hazards. The site should be well drained, not subject to flooding, and well away from water courses, wells and other sources of domestic water to avoid contamination from leaks, spills and a major emergency such as fire. The site should be shaded to keep store temperature down (high temperatures reduce the shelf life of some insecticides) and have good access for delivery vehicles and fire-fighting equipment.
+During the course of mobile locust control operations, a temporary store may have to be made in the open. The basic principles of insecticide storage still apply, and a temporary store must be secure (fenced in or locked in a vehicle), kept dry and cool, and well ventilated (especially if in a vehicle). All pesticide stores must have a prominently displayed notice outside: DANGER. INSECTICIDES. AUTHORISED PERSONS ONLY. Notices should be prominently displayed both on the inside and outside: NO EATING, DRINKING OR SMOKING.
+The storeman's office should be outside or away from the store.
+Storage systems
+A permanent store especially should have a systematic method of storage, allowing rotation of stocks on a first in, first out basis. It is useful to write the date of receipt on the labels of new stocks.
+Suitable stacking arrangements should be made, and recommended stacking heights observed. Older insecticides should be used first. The floor must be kept free of debris and passages between stacks should allow free access and air circulation. Insecticide containers should be stored on dunnage (timber, bricks) and not directly on the floor so that leaks are quickly seen and corrosion from damp on the floor or leaking insecticide is avoided.
+Insecticide shelf life
+Nearly all insecticides have a limited shelf life and methods of storage and packing should be designed to prolong this as much as possible. Shelf life rapidly declines once a container has been opened. Shelf life as well as rate of use must be taken into account when ordering quantities of insecticide. Outdated stocks may still be usable if the formulation has not broken down and advice for large quantities should be sought from the manufacturer.
+Disposal of outdated or unusable insecticides presents many problems and should be avoided by good storekeeping.
+Recording system
+There must be a system of recording the quantities of insecticides already inside, entering or being removed from the store. A stock record sheet can be kept for this purpose recording the name of the insecticide, manufacturer, the formulation and other details, the quantity and date received, storage notes, the date and quantity issued and the balance in stock.
+Transport of insecticide
+There have been serious cases of poisoning following contamination of foodstuffs by insecticides being transported in the same truck. Insecticides should never be transported with foodstuffs or in open or leaky containers. Labels should not be allowed to rub or drop off. The driver should be informed of the contents of the load and have instructions provided on what action to take in the event of an emergency (crash, fire, spillage). People must be kept away from a major spill, which is then covered with earth, sand, etc.
+Insecticide drums and other containers should be unloaded with care, using ramps if necessary. They should never be thrown off trucks. After unloading the insecticides, check the inside of the truck for evidence of spills or leaks and decontaminate immediately. Leaky containers in stores have usually been the result of transport damage. Torn or unreadable labels should be replaced.
+Spills and leaks in stores
+Spills will occasionally occur even in the best run stores. Liquid spills and leaks should be soaked up with an absorbent material, e.g. sawdust, sand or earth, supplies of which should always be kept in the store and swept up. Solid spills should also be swept up carefully, avoiding creating dust (made easier by adding damp sand, sawdust etc.). Sweepings of solid and liquid spills should be placed in marked containers for disposal. The affected area should be scrubbed with detergent or strong soap and water, not hosed down as this merely disperses the spill.
+Disposal of insecticides
+The need to dispose of unwanted or surplus insecticides should be kept to an absolute minimum by careful store management and stock rotation. For large quantities, advice should be sought from the supplier. When only a few litres or kilograms are involved, the best method of disposal is usually burial. Although very practical, burial can lead to problems with public health and environmental contamination, especially of water supplies. Burial sites should therefore be carefully chosen, permanently fenced and marked. Sometimes it may be possible to dispose of small quantities of surplus insecticides by diluting in the normal way and spraying at field application rates on waste ground away from people and livestock.
+First aid procedure
+If adequate safety precautions are taken, the following information will not be necessary.
+Symptoms of insecticide poisoning
+Mild. Headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, irritation of skin (rashes), eyes, nose and throat, diarrhoea, cold sweats and loss of appetite.
+Moderate. Vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, rapid pulse, difficulty in breathing, constricted eye pupils, heavy cold sweat, trembling and twitching of muscles, fatigue and nervous distress.
+Severe. Convulsions, respiratory failure, loss of consciousness, loss of pulse, sometimes leading to death.
+Treatment
+1. Remove patient from source of contamination, including removal of contaminated clothing.
+2. Wash skin with plenty of soap and water taking care not to become contaminated too.
+3. Keep patient warm and quiet, preferably in a sheltered place.
+4. If an insecticide is swallowed:
+(a) for a highly toxic chemical (Class la) likely to prove fatal, and if medical assistance is not readily available, induce patient to vomit by giving him salt solution (2 tablespoons of salt in 1 pint, just under 0.5 litre, of water) or tickling back of throat;
+(b) if the chemical is an emulsifiable concentrate or solution in an organic solvent, induce patient to eat a large quantity of a suitable, soothing de-mulcent, e.g. beaten egg, milk of magnesia, starch solution etc., to reduce irritation in the stomach.
+5. If patient's breathing stops apply artificial respiration (for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation remember to avoid contamination by washing out patient's mouth or by placing an handkerchief over the patient's mouth); in extreme cases, heartbeat may stop and cardiac massage will be necessary.
+6. Prevent patient from hurting himself if convulsions occur.
+7. For severe or serious cases of poisoning, immediate professional medical attention is required. The doctor should be told the name of the active ingredient in the insecticide, if possible show him the label.
+Occupational health
+Some insecticides (organophosphates and carbamates) can inhibit an enzyme in the blood known as acetylcholinesterase (cholinesterase). This controls acetylcholine, an impulse transmitter substance in the nervous system. Blood cholinesterase levels are a useful indicator of the degree of exposure to insecticides and can be depressed even in the complete absence of external symptoms of poisoning. The level of cholinesterase in the blood should be determined in organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide users before exposure and checked at regular intervals subsequently, where spray operations are carried out using the same operators over a prolonged period.
+<section>Environmental concerns and locust control</section>
+The quality of the environment has become a major issue. Many chemicals previously accepted for locust control at national and international levels would not survive the rigorous environmental testing required of modern insecticides. Detailed field assessments are urgently needed to ascertain the impact of all insecticides. Regrettably, detailed environmental evaluations were not made after the upsurges in locust and grasshopper populations of 1977-1978 and 1985-1986, but recent studies in Mali, Sudan and Senegal have provided some information on the environmental side-effects associated with the use of insecticides.
+Non-target organisms and ecological processes
+Insecticides used for the control of specific agricultural pests will inevitably affect non-pest species, the so-called 'non-target organisms', for broad-spectrum insecticides affect many animal species and the methods of application are less precise than is desirable.
+Other animals may be affected directly, through contact with pesticides during application, or indirectly as a result of eating a contaminated diet or having their food source reduced. Some of these organisms may be beneficial as parasites or predators of pest species. Wildlife, birds, livestock, invertebrates and microorganisms may all be susceptible to insecticides, the most common outcome of insecticide use being reduction in population size and community diversity. There are also sub-lethal effects such as reductions in breeding success for particular species and important ecological processes that regenerate nutrients or maintain the fertility and structure of soil may be affected.
+Factors affecting pesticide hazard
+1. Dosage. The concentration and rate and frequency of application of insecticide.
+2. Persistence. The longer insecticides remain in the environment, the greater are the chances of side-effects. Persistence is affected by mobility, degradation and attenuation rate.
+Mobility. The physico-chemical properties of the compound, e.g. solubility in water, and those of the medium on which it is deposited, e.g. cation exchange capacity, largely determine the speed of movement of the insecticide away from the sprayed area. Highly mobile compounds have the potential to affect a larger number of non-target organisms.
+Degradation rate. Breakdown of a compound is affected by the interaction of its molecular structure with the chemical and biological characteristics of the environment in which it is applied. Water, sunlight and bacteria all lead to the breakdown of insecticides since hydrolysis, photo- and big-degradation are the main pathways of insecticidal breakdown. Compounds that resist rapid degradation are considered a greater threat to non-target organisms.
+Attenuation rate. Volatilisation from a surface or dilution within soils and water quickly reduces the likelihood of non-target effects.
+3. Movement. Insecticides stand more chance of affecting non-target organisms if dispersed by wind, e.g. aerosols or impacted dusts, or are transported by rainfall run-off.
+4. Bioaccumulation. Non-target organisms can take in chemical residues directly from the soil and water, or indirectly with their food. In this way, residues may accumulate to
+hazardous amounts in animal tissues. Carnivores (meat-eaters) are at particular risk, since they can be poisoned by a build-up of insecticide, especially organochlorines, through the food chain.
+Impact of insecticides on non-target organisms
+Studies of the side-effects of the insecticides used for locust control, i.e. acridicides, have just begun. Meanwhile it is reasonable to infer from laboratory and field observations of insecticides that have been used to control other pests the likely impact of the same insecticides only reformulated as acridicides. The following guide is based on recommended rates of application. In practice, these rates are not always adhered to, navigation is often poor and consequently overspraying is very common.
+Mitigating against severe side-effects from over-dosing is the sporadic nature of locust outbreaks, and the infrequent, usually single applications made over any one area. Also, rapid immigration of non-target species from outside the relatively small treatment areas can be expected, reducing the acute effects of the acridicide on population structure and ecosystem function to a tolerable level. Aquatic fauna are often buffered against the effect of insecticides by organic material and sediment suspended in the water.
+1. Birds, reptiles and mammals. The FAO recommended rate for fenitrothion, 400-500 g/ha, applied aerially, is near the threshold where it can cause immediate deaths among birds. Sub-lethal effects upon birds with diazinon (450-500 g/ha), carbaryl (1000-1200 g/ha), propoxur (80-150 g/ha), and perhaps malathion (900 g/ha) may also occur. HCH applied aerially at up to 500 g.ha is unlikely to kill birds and mammals, but tends to taint crops and milk taken from the area. When mixed as a bait (1.3 g/ha), it can be eaten and accumulate in the fat of mammals. It has been replaced by safer alternatives. Dieldrin is extremely toxic to birds and mammals and is no longer available. Chlorpyrifos (240 g/ha) is probably hazardous for birds and indirect mortalities can be expected in birds and reptiles from consumption of contaminated grasshoppers.
+2. Fish and amphibia. HCH, chlorpyrifos and pyrethroid insecticides are likely to cause mortalities among fish populations and should not be sprayed over water bodies. However, pools and rivers carrying high sediment loads offer more protection from acridicides.
+3. Arthropods. Deaths of honeybees and other insects have occurred with fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, carbaryl and propoxur. The pyrethroids are also likely to affect bees, spiders and aquatic insects. Spraying deltamethrin (12.5 g/ha) and lambdacyhalothrin (20 g/ha) can be expected to cause high mortalities of decapod crustaceans (shrimps, prawns and crabs) and should be avoided near water bodies (especially clear water). If sprayed over swamps, phoxim (240 g/ha) will also be toxic to aquatic insects and their larvae.
+The pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin, are less of a risk to the environment than many other insecticides. If they are to substitute for dieldrin as a barrier spray, formulations increasing their persistence will increase the chances of side-effects. The toxicity of insecticides varies with age, sex and weight of the non-target organisms and the time of year they are applied.
+Impact of insecticides on non-target processes
+Microorganisms have an important role in the breakdown of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients in natural and agricultural soils. These processes, and the contribution made by nitrogen-fixing microbes, can be vital in arid and desert areas for the maintenance of short-lived seasonal plants and their grazers. Important ecological processes that can be affected by insecticides include nitrification, biological nitrogen-fixation, respiration and ammonification, but the effects are very much related to soil types and climate, and generalisations are difficult to make.
+1. Nitrification (oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate). HCH applied to certain tropical soils at a rate of 4400 g/ha has severely reduced the numbers of nitrifying bacteria and at a rate of 1500-3000 g/ha inhibited nitrification. Above 2500 g/ha, dieldrin and propoxur inhibit nitrification leading to a build-up of nitrite. Pyrethroids may inhibit nitrification for short periods, but recovery is normally rapid and complete.
+2. Biological nitrogen fixation (microbial use of atmospheric nitrogen for growth which returns nitrogen to the soil). At the field rates used for locust control, inhibition of nodulation, nodule efficiency and fixation by free-living bacteria by diazinon is likely to be insignificant. In general, insecticides are not very disruptive to nitrogen-fixing organisms in soil.
+3. Respiration and ammonification (oxygen utilisation and production of ammonia from organic matter respectively). Application of propoxur (500 g/ha) and diazinon (1100 g/ha) and pyrethroids have shown only minor effects on soil respiration and ammonification.
+No lasting effect is likely at the application rates currently recommended for locust control.
+Impact of insecticides in locust breeding sites
+In flood plains and swampy areas, fisheries, shellfisheries and birds will be of local importance. Invertebrate animals eaten by fish may be affected by insecticides used to control locusts, and fish-eating birds may also be at risk. These wetlands will probably be seasonal or temporary habitats, and the animal communities will normally migrate, lay drought-resistant eggs and/or die. Risks associated with domestic animal watering and the likelihood of contaminated milk should be considered. Insecticides with the least effects upon aquatic species should be selected and organochlorines avoided.
+In sandy areas, contamination of dune grasses and desert shrubs with persistent insecticides could lead to lethal and sub-lethal effects in herbivores, i.e. goats, camels etc., and contamination of milk with insecticide residues. Organochlorine insecticides should be avoided. With some control methods, it should be possible to treat specific areas to minimise the side-effects. In Desert Locust areas, an alternative to dieldrin for treating marching hopper bands is urgently required.
+In crop areas, insecticides kill beneficial insects, e.g. the insect predators and parasites of crop pest species, pollinators of trees or crops, and soil animals involved in the maintenance of soil fertility. Under no circumstances should dieldrin be used.
+Control decisions
+The use of any insecticide has both benefits-the reduction of a pest problem, and dangers-the reduction of beneficial animals and the poisoning of food. While there is little detailed information on the environmental effects of locust control from past campaigns, it is hoped that the information given above will be a useful guide to the safest method of control in a given area in the future. The details are summarised in Table 26.
+Locust control is based on the strategy of forecast and discovery of breeding populations. Insecticides are then used to reduce or destroy the populations before they encroach on crop areas. To have the right insecticide available at the right time requires considerable organisation and planning and is especially difficult with those species which recur at infrequent and irregular intervals. However, the information given in this handbook should help those responsible for locust control to plan ahead. Every support should be given to research leading to the provision of safer insecticides which have been fully tested and which are then widely available with associated training in their safe and economical use.
+In the longer term, it is hoped that changes in land use may be the best method of locust control for many species, although they will not affect the Desert Locust. It has been shown above that locusts have ceased to be a significant pest in many areas where their habitats have been reduced by keeping agricultural areas free of weeds and grasses and varying the type of crops grown. In spite of the considerable knowledge of locust behaviour there is still much to learn. Many species have a different pattern of behaviour in different places and it is vital that this behaviour is fully understood so that the best place, time and method for local locust control can be identified. This should lead to safer, less damaging use of insecticides where they are needed.
+The factors influencing control decisions and, in particular, choice of insecticide are complex. In practice, local constraints such as availability of insecticide, manpower and resources often limit the options open to those with responsibility for taking such decisions. Where the use of insecticides known to be associated with high risk to the environment is the only recourse a decision to proceed with control must be weighed against the likely environmental damage and human suffering which would result from a failure to do so, and application must be conducted in such a way that environmental impact of the insecticide is minimised.
+<section>8. Natural control</section>
+In an earlier chapter attention was drawn to the fact that sometimes there are plagues of locusts and at other times there are not. Nowadays, with modern insecticides, the availability of considerable control forces and the expenditure of large sums of money, war can be waged against swarming locusts. However, even before man developed such resources locust plagues eventually came to an end through natural factors, though sometimes not for 20 years.
+Detailed studies of the biology and ecology of the main species of locust suggest that these plagues came to an end as a result of a rising mortality produced by a combination of numerous ecological factors, including the weather and natural enemies. The term natural enemies is applied to the many parasitic and predatory organisms which attack the locust in all stages of its life cycle.
+This chapter begins with a brief consideration of some of the weather factors that limit locust numbers. Unfortunately there is insufficient knowledge to assess the full effect of such factors in the natural control of locust plagues, but it is probable that weather, acting directly and indirectly in a variety of ways and differently on different locusts, is a vitally important natural controlling influence. In the remainder of this chapter the more important natural enemies of locusts are mentioned and notes are given about their life cycles and the overall effect that they may have on locust populations.
+Much more information on the natural enemies (including diseases) of locusts is required and accurate observations by locust officers in the field would be most valuable.
+As elsewhere in this handbook, this chapter concentrates on the Desert Locust with notes on other species where appropriate.
+<section>Weather factors</section>
+Weather is probably the most important of the natural factors that limit locust populations. The Desert Locust is affected adversely in the conditions outlined below.
+Temperature
+Locusts are resistant to low temperatures, but adults buried in snow or exposed to prolonged frost may die. Near the upper limit of their temperature range, hoppers have been seen to die during the heat of the day if they are unable to find shade or get off the hot ground, particularly if the humidity is low. Excessive heat is probably sometimes the cause of death of newly hatched hoppers in very large numbers, but much more information is needed on this point.
+Rainfall
+Too little rain means that sometimes there is insufficient moisture in the soil for eggs to develop successfully, or even if the eggs hatch there may not have been enough rain to allow growth of suitable food plants for the young hoppers.
+Too much rain can kill eggs by exposing them on the surface of the soil, washing them out of the ground or causing them to rot. Floods can drown large numbers of young hoppers.
+Wind
+Wind can carry flying locusts out to sea where many may drown, or up into the icy peaks of high mountains where they may die of cold. Strong winds sometimes blow the soil away from egg pods, which then dry out so that the eggs die (Fig. 150). Also strong winds occasionally cause drifting sand to bury settled locusts alive when they are too cold to move.
+<section>Natural enemies of the desert locust</section>
+During its long travels over a large part of the earth's surface the Desert Locust encounters many natural enemies. For much of the time these various enemies are not numerous enough to reduce the locust populations appreciably, so that man has to use chemicals and control organisations to protect his crops and pastures. On the other hand there are times when natural enemies play an important part locally in reducing locust numbers.
+Most of the natural enemies of the Desert Locust are now known, but knowledge about the proportion of locusts killed by them is very scanty. Much more information is required so that we can have a better idea of how much assistance can be expected from these natural enemies at various times and places.
+Insect enemies
+Egg parasites and predators
+Scelio species. There are several parasitic wasps of the genus Scelio (Fig. 151 ) which destroy the eggs of locusts.
+When a female locust lays its eggs, the female Scelio digs through the froth plug of the egg pod and lays its own minute eggs inside the locust eggs. Only one Scelio egg is laid in each of several of the locust eggs. The parasite hatches and, feeding on the contents of the locust egg, develops through three instars to the adult stage, entirely inside it. The adult Scelio emerges by biting round the end of the locust egg. Affected locust eggs are easily recognised since they become more opaque and darker than normal eggs.
+Scelio has only rarely been found in egg pods laid by swarms. It occurs more frequently in egg pods of scattered solitarious locusts, but is never plentiful.
+Scelio spp. are also predators of the eggs of African Migratory Locusts, Red Locusts, Diabolocatantops axillaris, Kraussaria angulifera, Bombay Locusts and Javanese Grasshoppers.
+Stomorhina lunate. This is a fly which resembles the housefly and is about the same size (Fig. 152). It is very often to be seen where swarms of Desert Locusts are laying and, because it is not found in these areas when there are no locusts, it has been suggested that it travels with the swarms.
+The adult Stomorhina waits on a plant or on the ground for a female locust to lay nearby and then moves immediately to lay its own eggs in the top of the locust egg pod. The fly's eggs hatch in a few hours and the larvae feed on the locust eggs, making their way down through the pod as they grow. They are creamy-coloured grubs a few millimetres long, tapering at one end, and are easily seen with the naked eye (Figs 153 and 155). There may be one or several in a single egg pod. They always damage more locust eggs than they completely devour and usually prevent all the eggs in the pod from hatching. They are fully grown after about five days (in the warmer areas) and then they change to puparia (Fig. 154); they may be found in this state, as small brown or black capsules inside the remains of the egg pod. A week later an adult Stomorhina fly emerges from each puparium, usually before the undamaged locust eggs of the same egg field hatch.
+Stomorhina occurs in many parts of the Desert Locust invasion area, but has never been found in the West African region south of the Sahara. It is not present in every egg field and is usually much more plentiful during the first series of layings in any particular season than during later ones. Even in egg fields where it is present its occurrence is very patchy; part of an egg field may be infested while another part is not, or one egg field may be infested all over while another only a few miles away may not have any Stomorhina.
+This fly is probably the most important insect enemy of the Desert Locust. It often destroys up to 20% of locust eggs locally and on occasions has been known to destroy whole egg fields.
+Stomorhina lunate has also been recorded in egg pods of Red Locust, Brown Locust and Migratory Locust in southwest France (Locusta migratoria gallica) and can destroy a significant proportion of eggs in each of these species. As with the Desert Locust, S. lunate is normally found only with swarms.
+Systoechus some/i. This is a fly belonging to a group called the Bombyliidae, which are sometimes called 'bee flies' because of their hairiness which makes them resemble bees (Fig. 1 56).
+The adult flies are active only on warm sunny days and fly rapidly, rarely settling. The females fly close to the ground and lay eggs in cracks and hollows in the soil. When the larvae hatch they move through the soil until they find locust egg pods. The second and third instars of the larvae feed in the egg pod. The third-instar larva is a creamy colour, markedly curved and legless (Fig. 157). (The difference between these and beetle larvae is that the latter have three pairs of legs at the front end of the body.)
+Systoechus larvae feed on locust eggs by puncturing them and sucking the contents. The resulting flattened eggs are often found amongst healthy eggs in the same pod, damage being done only to those eggs actually eaten. A single locust egg pod may contain several larvae, and as many as 50% of the pods in an egg field have occasionally been found to be attacked and partially destroyed. Damage to more than 10% of the eggs, however, has never been recorded and is usually less even when large numbers of larvae are present.
+Systoechus somali is confined to East Africa; other species occur elsewhere, e.g. West Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but they seem to be relatively less important as predators of eggs of the Desert Locust.
+Other species of Systoechus have been recorded feeding on the eggs of the Brown Locust and Senegalese Grasshopper.
+Trox procerus. Several kinds of beetle larvae may be found on digging up locust eggs. One of the commonest is that of a beetle called Trox procerus (Fig. 158), which appears to be important as an egg predator in the summer breeding areas of West Africa south of the Sahara, Sudan, the Red Sea coasts and the Indo-Pakistan desert.
+Tiny mounds of earth all over the egg field often indicate that Trox larvae are present. The full-grown larva is a relatively large creature (40 mm long) with three pairs of legs and a black head (Fig. 159). Sometimes the larvae eat locust eggs for a while and then wander away in the soil before they are full-grown, presumably to complete their feeding on other eggs or larvae. It is therefore difficult to decide exactly how much damage they do to locust egg fields. They have once been recorded as destroying a complete egg field.
+Other enemies of eggs. There are many other insects, particularly the larvae of certain flies and beetles, that attack locust eggs, but on the whole their importance seems to be minor.
+Parasites of hoppers and adults
+Blaesoxipha filipjevi. This is one of the sarcophagid flies, commonly called flesh flies (Fig. 160). The adult flies may be seen sitting on plants or on the ground.
+Blaesoxipha does not lay eggs; its eggs hatch inside the female's body. When the female contains larvae it becomes very active, and if a locust flies by it darts after it and strikes it. The locust falls to the ground and if examined carefully with a lens it will be found to have newly born fly larvae (Fig. 161) on the underside of its wings. The larvae burrow through the membranes at the base of the wings and then feed and grow (Fig. 162) inside the locust; when fully grown they leave the locust and pupate in the ground. The puparia are barrel-shaped and reddish-brown.
+Blaesoxipha filipjavi is an effective control agent only against small stationary populations of Desert Locust. Blaesoxipha spp. are non-migratory and take some three weeks to complete their life cycles.
+Blaesoxipha filipjavi has also been recorded parasitising Tree Locusts, Diabolocatantops axillaris, Kraussaria angulifera and Variegated Grasshoppers. Other Blaesoxipha spp. parasitise African Migratory Locusts, Red Locusts, Sudan Plague Locusts, Diabolocatantops axillaris, Cataloipus cymbiferus and Bombay Locusts.
+Symmictus costatus. This is a fly belonging to a group called Nemestrinidae (Fig. 163).
+It probably lays a large number of minute eggs in cracks in the soil or the bark of trees. These hatch and the young larvae are blown about by the wind. If they find locust hoppers they enter them through the soft membrane and pass through four instars inside the hoppers. This takes 9-14 days, after which they leave the hoppers and enter the ground where there is a resting period. Pupation is induced by rain and may not occur for several months or even years if the soil is dry. The adult emerges about 14 days after pupation. When they are about to emerge from the hoppers they are quite large and occupy most of the inside of fourth-instar hoppers (Fig. 1 64).
+On one occasion in East Africa, in a band of fourth- and fifth-instar hoppers, 34% of the hoppers contained Symmictus larvae. The larvae were mainly in the fourth-instar hoppers, which were almost all at the rear of the band. It seems that moulting was delayed owing to the presence of the parasites and few of the affected hoppers survived. The hoppers containing parasites appeared swollen and had chalky pinkish-white markings instead of the usual yellow ones.
+Symmictus costatus has also been reported parasitising Brown Locusts and Sudan Plague Locusts.
+Predators of hoppers and adults
+Cannibalism. Locusts eat each other. This happens particularly in the hopper stage and especially at hatching time. The first hoppers to hatch often eat some of those that hatch later. It is probable that this sometimes occurs on a large scale, especially in very dry conditions. Field observations are needed.
+Ants (Formicidae). In some places ants are very numerous and they probably eat large numbers of young hoppers. Nothing is known, however, about their effect on locust populations, but they have been seen carrying away numerous hatchlings as soon as the latter appeared at the surface of the soil.
+Wasps (Sphecidae). Wasps, particularly species of Sphex, have frequently been seen attacking Desert Locusts. They paralyse them, drag them away and bury them after they have laid eggs on them, one egg on each. Although this has often been seen the total numbers of locusts killed must be very small compared with the number in the swarm.
+Sphex spp. also attack and parasitise Tree Locusts.
+Ant lions (Myrmeliontidae). Both hoppers and adults of the Desert Locust have been seen crossing the pits in which ant lion larvae lie in hiding, but although a locust is occasionally caught on such occasions by the larger species of ant lions, these predators are neither specific to locusts nor significant in numbers.
+There are many other kinds of insects that destroy locust adults and hoppers in small numbers.
+Birds. Many kinds of birds, both large and small, feed on locust hoppers and adults. On one occasion in East Africa, when a swarm was attacked by several thousand large birds, some of these were shot and the locusts in them counted. The largest numbers of locusts found in single individuals of three kinds of bird were as shown in Table 27.
+TABLE 27
+Marabou Stork
+White Stork
+Eagle
+Mouth
+Oesophagus
+Crop
+Stomach
+Total
+In addition, many locusts were found on the ground with their abdomens ripped off, so that many more were killed than could be assessed from the numbers inside the shot birds. The large number of birds present on this occasion was considered exceptional by experienced locust officers; nevertheless, there is no doubt that the amount of damage done to bands and swarms by birds, though very variable, is sometimes great and occasionally amounts to total annihilation of local infestations.
+Locust swarms moving on bird migration routes tend to collect large numbers of birds which may stay with them and destroy large proportions of them.
+Birds have been seen feeding on hoppers on many occasions. Table 28 shows some figures which indicate the number of hoppers some of the larger birds may eat at a single meal. It is still not known how many such meals these birds take in a day, but it is probably at least two.
+Nematodes. Nematodes, which are thin worms, commonly occur inside locust hoppers and adults. They are probably not often responsible for the death of locusts, but they may well reduce their fecundity in severe cases. More information about their effect on locusts is needed.
+Reptiles and mammals. Lizards and snakes feed on locusts sometimes, as do foxes, dogs, hyenas, jackals, ant bears and smaller mammals like hedgehogs and rats. Nothing is known of their overall effect on locust populations; it is likely that they are rarely important alone.
+Bacteria. Sometimes when locusts have been found dead in the field with no apparent reason for their death, specimens have been sent for examination to bacteriologists. Bacteria which could have been the cause of death have been discovered in specimens.
+Fungi. Several kinds of fungi attack locusts. They generally do so when the locusts are living in humid, overcast conditions. When affected by fungi the locusts are found hanging with their front legs around stems or twigs and the hind legs hanging free. The fungus spreads through the body and eventually appears on the outside of the locust as a white cushion. Observations have indicated that whole swarms have been wiped out by fungal disease, but such occurrences are rare, depending on unusual combinations of weather factors.
+One such fungus is Entomophaga grylli which attacks Bombay Locusts, Variegated Grasshoppers, Brown Locusts, Red Locusts and Tree Locusts.
+Green Muscardine Disease is caused by the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae. The spores stick to insects in warm humid conditions, they germinate and grow through the cuticle to infect the insect. Finally, within 2-4 days under favourable conditions, the fungus re-emerges through the cuticle to produce more spores. In 1959 in Eritrea, Desert Locusts were found dead and dying, hanging from trees by their front legs. In favourable conditions, Green Muscardine Disease can destroy complete swarms. However, insects show a resistance to the disease and the overall effect of the disease is small.
+Green Muscardine Disease has also been recorded in Red Locusts, Tree Locusts and Javanese Grasshoppers.
+<section>Biological control</section>
+It may well be asked why, with all these natural enemies, chemicals must be used for controlling locusts. For instance, we might consider breeding bacteria or fungus spores in great quantities and releasing them on locust swarms. Unfortunately, this would be ineffective in most cases because special weather conditions are needed for these diseases to develop. In other words, local factors would have to be 'just right' at exactly the right time. Similar difficulties apply to the possibility of using other natural enemies, notably insect parasites and predators, to kill locusts. Moreover, the mass migrations of locusts usually make it impossible for any insect enemies to multiply sufficiently to prevent a developing locust plague from proceeding further.
+From the knowledge so far available about the numbers of locusts killed by natural causes, it seems that the most important natural factor is the weather. This is the factor that probably operates over the widest area at any one time. The effect of the natural enemies, insects, birds and others, appears to be limited, usually being important only when the locust population is already reduced by other causes.
+<section>Appendix</section>
+<section>Campaign report</section>
+A campaign report should be written by the locust officer in charge of each area, and the reports from all the locust officers should then be combined into a single report for the whole campaign. Copies should be made available to all who request them.
+The campaign reports of locust officers should be compiled under the following headings.
+Introduction
+Summary of locust situation before and during the campaign. General description of preparations for the campaign.
+Information
+Summary of methods of obtaining information and their relative importance and efficiency.
+Weather
+General description of weather preceding and during the campaign, with particular reference to rainfall.
+Infestation
+Summary of laying, hatching and fledging by areas, and general description of the whole infested area (size, position, terrain, vegetation).
+Any available details of intensity, e.g. sizes of largest hopper bands seen in each instar, maximum egg pod densities measured, number of eggs per pod etc.
+General remarks about the behaviour and movement of swarms and/or hopper bands.
+Map of infested areas.
+Information about natural mortality if any striking predation or parasitisation observed, e.g. by large flocks of birds or attack on eggs by predators or parasites (Chapter 8).
+Organisation
+Staff.
+Base, sub-bases, dumps of control materials.
+Airfields used.
+Supply arrangements, e.g. petrol, diesel, aviation fuel and water.
+Operations and communications
+Operations
+Areas worked; starting and finishing dates.
+Methods used, with comments on efficiency.
+Labour employed.
+Materials used-types and quantities.
+Transport-aircraft, ground vehicles, animals.
+Communications
+Roads and tracks.
+Radio-efficiency and schedules.
+Particular reference to new areas opened up.
+Assistance from other organisations
+Note any joint surveys, control work and exchange of information.
+Results
+Number of swarms attacked; assessment of results, even if vague.
+Estimated number and size of hopper bands destroyed.
+Estimate of total area worked.
+Estimate of any infested area not worked.
+Areas from which reports not received.
+Estimate of number of swarms that were not destroyed.
+Summary
+Describe where and when locust infestations were found. Note the age and extent of the populations. Also note those areas surveyed where no locusts were found. Describe any control undertaken. List the number of people involved, the transport required and the quantity of insecticide used. Make suggestions for improvements to be made in good time for the next campaign.
+Even if the next campaign does not occur for several years, previous reports will provide the basis for planning and organisation.
+<section>Latitude and longitude</section>
+Locust officers are often required to indicate the exact locality in which observations have been made, or in which control operations have been carried out. Sometimes this can be done satisfactorily by giving the name of a nearby large town, but if the observation occurred near a small village it is unlikely that the organisation receiving the report, e.g. FAO, other regional organisations etc., will know where the village is. Localities can, however, be accurately determined from the latitude and longitude, which should, wherever possible, be given. They will enable a person reading the report to find the locality even on a map on which the small villages are not marked.
+Lines of latitude are imaginary lines round the world running parallel to the equator, and lines of longitude run at right angles to them and through the North and South Poles. Lines of latitude and longitude are usually marked on maps; the lines of latitude run across the map from side to side, and the lines of longitude run from top to bottom. The latitude of a locality indicates its position relative to the equator, and the longitude indicates its position relative to the 'Greenwich Meridian', which is longitude 0º and runs through London.
+Latitudes and longitudes are measured in degrees, which are each subdivided into minutes.
+The symbol for a degree is º, e.g. 5º.
+The symbol for a minute is ', e.g. 21'.
+There are 90 degrees of latitude to the north of the equator and 90 to the south of it, and there are 180 degrees of longitude to the east of the Greenwich Meridian and 180 degrees to the west of it. Most of the Desert Locust invasion area lies to the north of the equator and to the east of the Greenwich Meridian (Fig. 165).
+How to determine latitude and longitude
+The first thing to be decided is whether you are reading latitudes north or south of the equator and longitudes east or west of the Greenwich Meridian. You can determine this either from Fig. 165 or by making an examination of the direction in which degrees of latitude and longitude increase along the edges of the map.
+To determine the latitude of the point in question (Fig. 166) draw a line to the left or right side of your map, whichever is the nearer, and then read the smaller number of degrees marked. In Fig. 166 the latitude of the place chosen as an example is clearly more than 11ºN. The longitude is determined similarly by reading the smaller number of degrees on the top or bottom of the map. In the example the longitude is more than 50ºE. It is important that lines drawn from the point to the side and to the top of the map should be parallel to the top and side respectively, or to the nearest line of latitude or longitude. If they are not drawn parallel an inaccurate reading will be made.
+To determine the number of minutes by which the latitude and longitude exceed the nearest degree you must first examine the marks along the edges of the map. The distance between degrees is usually divided according to one of two systems {Fig. 167). In the upper system, the degree is divided into six sections each of which equals 10', and in the lower system the degree is divided into 12 sections of 5' Bach. You must first decide which system is used on your map. Then make an estimate of the number of minutes. In Fig. 166 the line going to the side of the map crosses the third section up from 11º line six-tenths of the way along. The number of minutes is determined by adding up 10' for each whole section and 6' for the portion of the third section. The latitude is therefore 11º26'N. Similarly the longitude is 50º38'E.
+Military grids
+In some parts of the world the only maps available may be military maps. These are normally crossed by numerous lines forming a military grid. Locust officers should not use these grids as they cannot be used by another person unless he has the same map. Even on military maps with a conspicuous military grid, the latitudes and longitudes will be found on the borders of the map, but they are often less clearly marked than on non-military maps.
+<section>Collecting, preserving and packing specimens</section>
+It is often useful or necessary to collect specimens of locusts and grasshoppers or their natural enemies to send to suitable organisations for identification, examination or morphometric measurement. The equipment required is: killing jar, a pair of small scissors, cardboard boxes, cotton wool and a pair of fine forceps.
+Killing
+Insects are best killed by using a specially prepared glass jar. This should be about 15 cm tall and 7.5-10 cm in diameter with an easily removable, wide stopper or screw-top. In the bottom is placed a 1-inch layer of plaster-of-Paris mixed with a little water and about one teaspoonful of potassium or sodium cyanide. The plaster sets hard and the killing jar is then ready for use. The locusts or other insects are placed in the jar and the stopper put in place. A newly prepared killing jar should kill locusts in 5-10 min.
+If a killing jar of this kind is not available the locusts can be killed in a closed container with a piece of cotton wool or rag soaked in petrol or by dipping their heads for a few minutes in petrol. The jar should be kept in the shade as far as possible; otherwise moisture will condense inside and the specimens will become messy and discoloured.
+Cleaning and drying
+If the specimens are to be kept for some time they should be de-gutted and thoroughly dried. This is done by slitting open the abdomen along one side, taking out the gut with a pair of forceps and then further cleaning the inside of the abdomen with small pieces of cotton wool on the end of a pair of forceps. Drying can be carried out in a low oven or in the hot sun; it must be done thoroughly. In the case of insects much smaller than locusts, de-gutting is not necessary, but thorough drying is always essential.
+Packing
+Cardboard boxes, not tin boxes, should be used for packing. Specimens decay very quickly in tin boxes. Place a layer of cotton wool in the bottom of the box and lay the specimens on it, not too close together. Then lay a sheet of paper over them and then another layer of cotton wool and more specimens, then another sheet of paper, and so on until the box is full. For morphometric measurements 50 males and 50 females should be collected, if possible, as a sample from a swarm or from an area of solitary locusts.
+The box of specimens should always have a label inside giving at least:
+the name of the collector;
+the place where the specimens were collected, with a map reference if possible;
+the date on which they were collected (day, month and year).
+Collection of 'wet' specimens
+Sometimes locust specimens are needed for dissection and examination of the internal organs. Specimens for this purpose should be preserved by dropping them into a jar containing medical spirit or 10% formaldehyde, if these are available; if not, an attempt should be made to send the specimens alive in the way described below.
+Live specimens
+Live specimens can be sent in a cage if a suitable one is available. Otherwise a very good way is to roll each individual in a tube of paper and then put them all in a suitable box. In either case the specimens must be despatched by air at the earliest possible moment.
+Eggs
+Live eggs can be packed in small tins or glass tubes with some damp soil or in damp blotting paper. If soil is used the container must be filled with it; otherwise the soil is thrown about within the container in transit and the eggs are crushed.
+Egg predators
+For transporting these as larvae, each should be placed in a cavity made in firmly packed damp soil in a glass specimen tube, which is then plugged with cotton wool. This is to prevent the larvae being killed through abrasion by soil particles.
+<section>Sprayers suitable for locust control operations</section>
+Exhaust nozzle sprayer
+This sprayer provides an easy and cheap way of killing locust hoppers. Egg fields (if known) can also be sprayed a few days before hatching so that hoppers will die when they eat the sprayed vegetation. Locust control operations have mostly to be carried out in places where there are no workshops and time is limited. It is therefore highly desirable to cut down mechanical maintenance to a minimum. A machine like this exhaust sprayer is suitable because it uses the exhaust gases of the motor vehicle to atomise and disperse ulv spray and does not involve looking after another engine. It is simple to maintain because it has no moving parts, and is robust, relatively inexpensive and particularly suitable for Landrover, Unimog or equivalent vehicles. It is effective for a swath width of up to 300 m. Its lack of off-vehicle portability, more or less fixed drop size range and alleged tendency to shorten engine life are of some disadvantage.
+It kills hoppers by depositing insecticide on the vegetation which they eat. This is achieved by drifting a very fine spray over and in front of the area which they occupy. The method uses only 0.5 litre of special insecticide solution per hectare.
+While this method was designed primarily for target spraying of hoppers, i.e. direct application to the area occupied by each band, it can also be used for barrier spraying (page 1 60).
+How the exhaust nozzle sprayer works
+The components of the exhaust sprayer and how it operates are illustrated in Figs 168 and 169. The spray is produced by directing the exhaust gases from the engine of the vehicle through a restricted orifice surrounding a nozzle jet from which the liquid insecticide is expelled under pressure (Fig. 169). This pressure is produced by restricting the escape of the exhaust gases; the resultant back pressure is directed into the spray tank, thus forcing the liquid insecticide out of the tank and through the nozzle jet, where it is shattered into minute droplets by the escaping exhaust gases. Thereafter the resulting spray is carried and spread by the wind.
+The sprayer can be fitted to most types of four-wheel drive reconnaissance vehicles used by locust control organisations and has been successfully used with pick-up versions of:
+Landrover-long and short wheelbase, powered by both petrol and diesel engines (Fig. 1 43)
+Willey's Jeep Models No. 6-726 and CJ 5/6-one-ton truck powered by a petrol engine
+Dodge Power Wagon-powered by a petrol engine
+Toyota Land Cruiser-powered by a petrol engine
+Unimog 410, 411-powered by a diesel engine.
+Whatever the vehicle used, it should have a double-ratio gear box, and an enclosed cab for the driver to protect him from the insecticide spray.
+When placing orders for exhaust nozzle sprayers with the manufacturer*, locust control authorities should give full details of the make and type of vehicle to which the sprayer will be fitted, since the methods of fitting and the diameter of the restriction orifice vary with the type of vehicle.
+All vehicles to be used for exhaust-nozzle spraying operations should be adapted before being sent out in the field. This can be done in any garage equipped with drilling and welding apparatus.
+How to fit the exhaust nozzle sprayer to a Landrover
+1. Remove the canvas canopy and its supporting metal frame from the back of the vehicle. These should be left off during spraying operations.
+2. Before going into the field, cut off or heat up and bend the end of the exhaust pipe until it heads to the rear of the vehicle. Preferably extend the pipe until it is level with the back of the vehicle. The exhaust connection supplied must be welded or braised to the vehicle exhaust pipe.
+3. Fitting the spray tank. Before fitting the spray tanks, always rinse out with kerosene to remove any solid particles that may be inside.
+The tank unit must be fitted so that the driver can operate the ON/OFF tank selector valves, and have full view of the pressure gauge. The pressure gauge should be mounted on the cab of the vehicle and connected by the rubber hose provided.
+4. Assembly of nozzle jet (Fig. 170). Take the nozzle jet and brass tube to suit the particular vehicle and engine. Screw on the l/. inch BSP back nut, as found in the tool bag.
+Screw into ¼ inch BSP socket, found in centre of 1½ inch BSP socket on exhaust chamber, and lock up with ¼ inch BSP back nut.
+Screw brass lock collar on to end of stack pipe with longest thread, for five turns, and hold up vertically, collar downwards. Carefully place stack pipe over the nozzle jet tube, and screw on to socket on exhaust chamber. Press spider into base of nozzle restrictor, flange downwards. Screw nozzle restrictor down into socket up to shoulder on nozzle. Now position the socket assembly carefully over nozzle jet, and screw socket down on to stack pipe until tight. Screw the stack pipe down into the socket on the exhaust chamber, so that the jet is in the centre of, and protruding 0.5-1 mm above, the restrictor orifice. Secure with the locking ring at the base of the stack pipe.
+5. Connecting sprayer to exhaust system. Screw the plain large bend supplied into the hole on the exhaust chamber, and then attach one end of the flexible pipe. The other bend is then screwed into the other end of the flexible pipe, and the whole then connected to the exhaust fitting by means of the screwed union.
+How to test the exhaust nozzle sprayer
+The exhaust system should always be tested before the sprayer is used to ensure that
+there are no gas leaks which would affect the spraying performance. The procedure for
+testing is as follows.
+1. Screw the protective cap on to the top of the nozzle restrictor.
+2. Connect the exhaust feed pipe to the connection point of the sprayer and to the union on the exhaust pipe of the vehicle.
+3. Put enough kerosene (or spray solution) into the spray tank to cover the bottom of the tank.
+4. Close the shut-off valves.
+5. Start the engine.
+Allow the engine to run slowly in neutral, and watch the pressure gauge needle rise to 0.5 bar without the need to accelerate. After the engine is stopped, the needle should gradually return to zero. This will indicate that there are no air leaks.
+If the needle fails to rise when the engine is running slowly, or the needle returns to zero quickly when the engine is stopped, this indicates air leaks which must be sealed.
+The following procedure should be adopted to find and remedy leaks in the exhaust system.
+1. Inspect all screws, gaskets on spraying equipment and screwed union on exhaust system,
+tighten if necessary.
+2. Re-start the engine and run as above, switch off when the pressure reaches 0.5 bar.
+3. Inspect the pressure release valve and ensure proper functioning by cleaning and oiling as necessary. If the valve continues to leak, it is necessary to readjust the valve setting to release to 0.5 bar, or to regrind the valve seating.
+4. Inspect the vehicle's exhaust system and check for leaks. These are most likely to occur in the following places:
+around newly welded joints;
+at the joints between the silencer and the exhaust pipe;
+at the junction of the exhaust pipe to the engine due to faulty gasket or loose connecting bolts.
+The exhaust system of old vehicles may be corroded and need complete replacement.
+How to use the exhaust nozzle sprayer
+1. Place a large funnel, with gauze filter, into filling hole in top of tank.
+2. Fill the tank to indicated level, or below, do not overfill.
+3. Remove the protecting cap from the nozzle restrictor and place in a safe place.
+4. The flexible exhaust pipe supplied must be fitted to the union on the vehicle exhaust pipe and to the exhaust chamber of the sprayer.
+5. Start the engine.
+6. Engage in first gear, low ratio and let in the clutch.
+7. Unscrew one of the wheel-type selector valves when the pressure in the spray tank rises to 0.2 bar.
+If the vehicle is fitted with a hand throttle this can be used to regulate the speed of the vehicle to obtain a steady pressure of 0.3 bar.
+8. During spraying operations, always maintain a steady pressure in the spray tank of 0.20.4 bar. Always avoid sudden acceleration of the vehicle. If the pressure falls below 0.2 bar, atomisation of the spray will be impaired and the emission rate reduced.
+The pressure release valve, which is incorporated to prevent the build-up of an excessive back pressure in the engine, operates when the pressure in the spray tank reaches 0.5 bar.
+9. Always close the ON/OFF valves at the end of each spray run.
+10. Start downwind of the target and move upwind.
+11. After spraying operations, remove the flexible exhaust feed pipe and replace the protecting cap on the nozzle orifice.
+If the sprayer fails to operate when the above procedure is carried out, it is almost certainly due to a solid particle causing a blockage. Open and shut the selector valves several times. Blockages will seldom occur if a funnel with a gauze filter is always used to filter the insecticide when filling the spray tank. Stop the engine, when pressure has dropped, remove the cover from the filters, and check for cleanliness.
+To ensure the sprayer will work properly whenever needed, the manufacturer's recommended maintenance procedures should be carried out regularly.
+Micro-Ulva
+The Micro-Ulva is a popular sprayer with smallholders and plant protection officers in the tropics. Its variable spray control means it is economical with insecticides and it minimises the risk of environmental contamination. It is ideal for locust control and some chemical companies have introduced special ultra-low volume formulations that can be used with both water and oil-based sprays.
+The hand-held Micro-Ulva sprayer (similar to the Micron Ulva-8 illustrated in Fig. 171 ) is designed for controlled drop application of insecticides. A spinning disc produces a range of spray drop sizes for different applications so making this machine an easy, safe and economical sprayer.
+Torchlight batteries (R20S D-cells) fit into the carrying handle of the Micro-Ulva and power a small motor which spins the disc. The spray liquid is gravity fed on to the disc from a O. 5 or 1 litre insecticide bottle. The speed of the spinning disc determines the size of the spray drops. When ready to use, the Micro-Ulva weighs only 1.7 kg. The 0.5 litre bottle gives 30 min spraying time and is sufficient to cover 1 ha. A 10 litre backpack reservoir can be used to treat larger areas. The natural forces of wind and gravity distribute the spray drops and so the sprayer must always be held downwind of the operator.
+Ulvamast
+The Mark 2 Ulvamast (Fig. 172) is a tractor-mounted sprayer designed specifically for wind-blown ultra-low volume application. It is a simple machine that requires little maintenance. The spray-head atomises chemicals in oil to produce a non-variable uniform drop size.
+The rotating atomiser head of 15 discs is powered by a 12 volt battery. Chemicals are pumped from the 270-litre tank to the spray-head. The height of the arm can be adjusted to 3.5 m for high-level spraying of trees and bushes. The application rate for insecticides can be set as low as 1 I/ha.
+The small drop size improves impaction on the target and greatly reduces the volume of chemicals needed for sufficient coverage.
+CDA Boom
+This sprayer is suitable for locust control on crops or grassland.
+The CDA Boom sprayer (Fig. 173) is mounted behind a tractor and produces a variable spray droplet size suitable for ultra-low volume application. It is economical with chemicals.
+The sprayer is engineered to be driven at 24 km/in without losing boom stability. The boom is 12 m wide and has 10 atomiser heads. The sprayer unit is powered by a 12 volt battery. The tank capacity is 250 litres and the flow rate can be set from 5 to 501/ha.
+Micronair AU5000
+Micronair spray heads produce a uniform drop size that can be varied by changing the rotational speed of the atomiser. This means that the drops are not so small that they evaporate before impaction or so large that they are wasteful and contaminating.
+The Micronair AU5000 {Fig. 174) is an atomising spray head that is usually attached to aircraft but it can also be used on air-blast ground sprayers. It consists of a gauze cage which is rotated about a fixed spindle by a three-bladed fan in the aircraft slipstream. The rotational speed of the atomiser can be adjusted by varying the pitch of the fan blades. Each atomiser is attached to the aircraft boom by a lightweight streamlined mounting clamp. The flow of insecticide can be regulated by a variable restrictor unit. It is designed to deliver up to 56 litres of insecticide per minute.
+This sprayer is usually used by large organizations for widespread locust control. It requires sophisticated equipment and a suitable landing strip for the aircraft.
+Micronair AU7000
+The Micronair AU7000 (Fig. 175) spray head has been developed from aerial sprayers. It has been adapted for use in ground spraying applications and is easily fitted to appropriate machinery. It utilises less chemicals and carrier liquid than conventional nozzles and is simpler to maintain.
+The device consists of a rotating cage behind a fan driven by hydraulic motor connected to the hydraulic system on a tractor, or alternatively to an hydraulic pump fitted to the P.T.O. The rotation of the fan atomiser imparts a swirling motion, ensuring good penetration of dense foliage. The Micronair AU7000 can be calibrated for any application, including low volume spraying, by changing a restrictor unit. The maximum flow rate is 15 1/mint
+This sprayer is suitable for use on locusts invading cropping systems and low-level vegetation. It can also be fitted with a 13 foot extension for spraying into trees and bushes.
+Micronair AU8000
+The Micronair AU8000 (Fig. 176) is a hand-held backpack sprayer used with a mist-blower. It is economical with chemicals and carrier liquid and produces spray droplets of a uniform size.
+It incorporates a 14 litre chemical tank and a small engine, which drives the air blower. A flexible air duct connects the blower to the spray head. This contains a rotary atomiser fitted with a cylindrical wire gauze, which is driven by adjustable fan blades in the air-stream. The application rate can be controlled by a restrictor unit. Maximum flow rate is 1.2 1/mint The complete kit empty weighs 12 kg.
+The air blower carries spray droplets away from the operator and ensures good penetration and coverage of the target. It is suitable for ultra-low volume applications and can be used for the control of locusts by farmers or plant protection officers.
+<section>Conversion tables</section>
+Temperature
+Freezing point of water 32ºF, 0ºC; boiling point of water 212ºF, 100ºC
+Length
+BritishMetric
+12 inches= 1 foot 10 millimetres (mm)= 1 centimetre NOTE 1 micron (µm) =0.001 mm
+3 feet = 1 yard 100 centimetres (cm)= 1 metre (This is the unit used to measure the size
+1760 yards = 1 mile 1000 metres (m) = 1 kilometre (km) of spray droplets.)
+British to Metric
+Metric to British
+inch=2.54 cm or 0.025 m
+1 mm=0.039 inch
+foot=30.48 cm or 0.3048 m
+1 cm=0.394 inch
+yard=91.44 cm or 0.9144 m
+1 m=39.37 inches=3.28 feet
+mile = 1.609 km
+1 km = 1093.6 yards = 0.62 mile
+Area
+British
+Metric
+144 square inches= 1 square foot (ftý)
+10,000 square centimetres (cm²)= 1 square metre (m²)
+9 square feet = 1 square yard (ydý)
+10,000 square metres = 1 hectare (ha)
+4840 square yards = 1 acre
+British to Metric
+Metric to British
+1 square inch =6.452 square centimetres
+1 square centimetre =0.155 square inches
+1 square foot (144 sq in)=929.0 square centimetres 1 square metre
+=1.196 square yards
+1 square yard (9 sq ft) =0.836 square metre
+1 hectare (10,000 square metres) = 11,960 square yards=2.471 acres
+1 acre (4840 sq yd) =0.405 hectare
+1 square mile (640 acres)=259.0 hectares
+1 square kilometre (100 hectares)=247.11 acres = 2.59 square kilometres = 0.386 square mile
+Other units
+Ethiopia
+British
+Metric
+1 Gasha =
+99 acres
+=40 hectares
+Sudan and Egypt
+1 Feddan
+= 1.038 acres
+=0.42 hectares
+Weight
+Solids
+Wind speed
+The use of the following terms was recommended by the Desert Locust Information Service for non-instrumental records of wind strength. They constitute a simplified Beaufort scale.
+<section>Bibliography</section>
+CENTRE FOR OVERSEAS PEST RESEARCH (1982).
+The locust and grasshopper agricultural manual. London: Centre for Overseas Pest Research. 690pp.
+FISHPOOL, L. D. C. and POPOV, G. B. (1984).
+The grasshopper faunas of Mali, Niger, Benin and Togo savannas. Bulletin de l'lnstitut Fondamental d'Afrique Noir, 43A: 275-410.
+LAUNOIS, M. (1978).
+Manuel practique d'identification des principaux acridiens du Sahel. Paris: MinistSre de la Cooperation de la Republique Francaise and GERDAT, 297pp. (English edition available, Practical manual of identification of the principal locusts and grasshoppers of the Sahel. )
+MACCUAIG, R. D. (1983).
+Insecticide index: an index giving details of tests made to assess the usefulness of particular insecticides for control operations against locusts. (2nd edn) Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 191 pp.
+PEDGLEY, D.[E.] (1981).
+Desert Locust forecasting manual. ( 2 volumes) London: Centre for Overseas Pest Research. 268pp. + 142pp.
+POPOV, G.B. (1988).
+Sahelian grasshoppers: a summary of the work of the COPR/OCLALAV Research and Development Project on Sahelian grasshoppers in the middle Niger valley, August 1976-December 1978. Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute Bulletin No.5, 87pp. (French edition, Les sauteriaux du Sahel, available as Stations de recherche acridienne sur le terrain, series techniques No. AGP/DL/TS/25 from Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.)
+POPOV, G. B. (1989).
+Nymphs of the Sahelian grasshoppers: an illustrated guide/Les larves des criquets du Sahel. Chatham: Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute, 158pp.
+UVAROV, B.[P.] (1977).
+Grasshoppers and locusts. A handbook of general acridology. Volume 2. Behaviour, ecology, biogeography, population dynamics. London: Centre for Overseas Pest Research. 613pp.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/wb_wb46ie.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/wb_wb46ie.key
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+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/wb_wb46ie.key
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+SALINITY
+IRRIGATION
+DRAINAGE
+SALINITY CONTROL
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/wb_wb46ie.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/wb_wb46ie.txt
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+<title>Irrigation-induced salinity - A growing problem for development and the environment</title>
+Dina L. Umali
+WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 215
+The World Bank
+Washington, D.C.
+Copyright © 1993
+The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
+All rights reserved
+Manufactured in the United States of America
+First printing August 1993
+Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors.
+The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation.
+The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970, U.S.A.
+The complete back list of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iéna 75116 Paris, France.
+ISSN: 0253-7494
+Dina L. Umali is a consultant in the Agricultural Technology and Services Division of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of the World Bank.
+Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
+Umali, Dina L.
+Irrigation-induced salinity: a growing problem for development and the environment / Dina L. Umali. p. cm. -- (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494; no. 215)
+Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
+ISBN 0-8213-2508-6
+1. Irrigation--Environmental aspects.
+2. Water salinization.
+3. Soil salinization.
+4. Water quality management.
+5. Soil protection. I. Title. II. Series.
+TD195.H93U43 1993
+333.76'137 - dc20
+CIP
+<section>Abstract</section>
+Irrigation has contributed significantly growth in agricultural production in many developing countries during the last century. However, irrigation-induced salinity is an increasing problem in several of these countries, threatening the productivity of agricultural lands. FAO (1990) reports that about 20 to 30 million hectares are severely affected by salinity and an additional 60 to 80 million hectares are affected to some extent. In some regions, the impact of salinity is felt across international borders. This report reviews the extent of the problem in various countries and examines the technical, economic, social, and institutional factors contributing to the onset of irrigation-induced salinity. It subsequently reviews the array of strategies that can be pursued to ameliorate the problem. The report finds that poor water management (e.g. over application by farmers, excessive seepage throughout the irrigation system, absence of or inadequacy of drainage
+infrastructures) is the primary cause of irrigation-induced salinity. Although salinity is a technical problem, it is also the product of several other factors. Distortive government policies contribute to inefficient water use, and poor project planning and implementation leads to the rapid deterioration of infrastructures. In some cases, the lack of or weak understanding of the problem or the lack of or weak commitment to environmental protection by public officials and policy-makers contributed to the spreading problem of salinity.
+The battle against salinity has to be launched in three fronts. Governments have to commit to a policy of sound water management and to the fostering of an economic environment that promotes efficient water resource use, e.g. appropriate pricing of irrigation water. At the same time, country agricultural strategies should incorporate measures to promote the adoption of environmentally sound production methods, particularly efficient water-use among farmers. Greater effort also has to be directed towards the analysis of the environmental impact of projects that involve water resource use and development to ensure that only economically and environmentally sound projects are undertaken.
+<section>Acknowledgements</section>
+I wish to thank Theodore Herman, Peter Streng, Herve Plusquellec, Ashok Subramanian (IPTRID), Thomas Brabben (IPTRID), Professor Lyman Willardson (Utah State University) and the participants of the Ninth Annual World Bank Irrigation and Drainage Seminar held in Annapolis, Maryland on December 8-10, 1992, for their valuable comments on previous drafts of this report. Barry Yatman's assistance in compiling the World Bank irrigation and drainage project and investment figures is also very much appreciated.
+My special thanks to Shawki Barghouti for his commitment to and support of this study and to Lambert Smedema, Walter Ochs, William Easter, Jeremy Berkoff and Alfred Duda for the insightful discussions and helpful suggestions, which all helped to make this a better study.
+Any errors remain the responsibility of the author.
+<section>Foreword</section>
+During the last century, irrigation has enabled the considerable expansion of cultivated land and the intensification of production, contributing significantly to the output increases achieved by many developing countries. Although urban and population pressures on agricultural areas continued to increase, the adoption of new high yielding varieties, greater use of fertilizers, and the expansion of irrigation spurred substantial rates of growth in agricultural production, offsetting the spiralling demands for food. Irrigation, thus, remains one of the potent forces for agricultural development. The continued intensive cultivation of many irrigated farm areas during the last century, however, was not without cost. It has also resulted in serious environmental degradation in many countries, including irrigation-induced salinity, waterlogging, soil erosion, and water pollution. These problems increasingly threaten the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in both developed
+and developing countries.
+This study on irrigation-induced salinity was initiated in response to the growing concern in the World Bank regarding the environmental impact of agricultural projects and the need to promote environmentally sound and sustainable agricultural development. Shawki Barghouti, former chief of the Agricultural Production and Services Division of AGR, was instrumental in motivating the preparation of this report. This report is designed to promote a greater understanding of the nature of irrigation induced salinity by drawing on the experiences from irrigation development projects supported by national governments and the World Bank. It examines the technical, economic, social and institutional factors contributing to the onset of irrigation-induced salinity, and reviews the array of strategies that can be pursued to ameliorate it. The study confirms that sustainable water resource management requires a comprehensive strategy emphasizing economic pricing, financial
+accountability, fuller participation of stakeholders, and greater attention to environmental concerns, and whose successful fulfillment will require the strong commitment and efforts of farmers, governments and donors.
+Michel Petit
+Director
+Agriculture and Natural Resources
+Department
+<section>Table of contents</section>
+<section>Summary</section>
+Irrigation has been and continues to be an important force in agricultural development. Irrigation enabled the expansion of cultivable land and the intensification of production, which spawned sizable production increases in both developed and developing countries. For some developing countries, its contribution to the attainment of development objectives of food security, poverty alleviation, and the improvement of the quality of life of the rural population has been significant.
+The sustainability of irrigated agriculture, however, is now threatened. The expanded dependence on irrigation has not been without cost: salinity and waterlogging, soil erosion and sedimentation, the spread of disease-carrying organisms, and water pollution are a few of the serious problems that have gone hand-inhand with irrigation. UNEP (1987) estimated that the rate of loss of agricultural land is approximately 5-7 million ha per year and overall, salinization is the second major cause of such losses. In irrigated areas, it is the primary cause. As the Hydraulics Research Ltd. (1990, p. 1) reports, "...FAO earlier predicted that...[the area] under irrigation in the world will expand to 320 million ha by the year 2000. For many years, the rate of growth has been 5 million ha per year, but recently it has fallen to 2 million ha per year. However, this growth is counteracted by 2-3 million ha going out of production each year due to salinity problems-this means that
+cultivated land is being lost at a similar rate to new land being brought into production..
+This report describes the process by which irrigation-induced salinity develops and the extent of the problem in various countries. It examines the physical, economic, social, and political factors that spur the onset of salinity, drawing on the experiences in World Bank projects. It explores the role that: farmers, the government and donor agencies can play in dealing with the problem of irrigation-induced salinity.
+Irrigation-induced salinity can arise as a result of the use of any irrigation water, irrigation of saline soils, and rising levels of saline ground water. When surface or ground water containing mineral salts is used for irrigating crops, salts are carried into the root zone. Most of the water returns to the atmosphere through transpiration by plants and through evaporation from the soil surface. In the process, the salt is left behind in the soil, since the amount taken up by plants and removed at harvest is quite negligible. The more arid the region, the larger is the quantity of irrigation water and, consequently, the salts applied, and the smaller is the quantity of rainfall that is available to leach away the accumulating salts. The amount of salt which accumulates is further influenced by the water table depth, the capillary characteristics of the soil, and the management decisions regarding the amount of water applied in excess of plant evapo-transpiration to leach
+the salt away (Young and Homer 1986).
+Although plants can tolerate and even require certain levels of salinity for growth, excess salinity within the root zone reduces plant growth. Moreover, different crops exhibit varying degrees of tolerance to salinity. For example, clover and rice are more sensitive to salts than barley and wheat. For rice, a salinity level of 7.2 dS/m will result in a 50 percent yield loss, while it will have no effect at all on barley. The impact of irrigation-related salinity is not restricted to the production areas alone. For example, the disposal of saline drainage water back into rivers have adverse effects on downstream riparians. In some regions, the effects are felt across international borders.
+Very limited research has been done to empirically quantify the economic impact of irrigation induced salinity. Quantitativs measurements have generally been limited to the amount of land affected or abandoned. Of more critical importance is its impact at the micro-level on farm productivity and farm incomes and at the macro-level on the performance of the rural sector. The Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulicos (SARH, Secretariat of Agriculture and Water Resources, cited in World Bank 1991c) of Mexico found that agricultural productivity in the Northwest districts and Lerma Balsas region decreased between 30 to 50 percent in the last ten years due to salinity. In the Menemem irrigation and drainage project in Izmir, Turkey, the average net returns per ha for cotton and paddy production were TL307 and TL415 respectively in the salinity affected areas, which is equivalent 42 and 35 percent of the income in the unaffected areas (Republic of Turkey 1990).
+The FAO report, An International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development. A Strategy for the Implementation of the Mar del Plate Action Plan of the 1990s (1990, p. 15) estimates that "...about 20 to 30 million hectares are severely affected by salinity and an additional 60 to 80 million hectares are affected to some extent.. Estimates of the area affected have ranged from 10 to 48 percent of total irrigated area. Clearly, the countries in the arid and semi-arid regions that ranked high in irrigation investments have extensive salinity problems: salinity-affected areas as a percentage total irrigated area amount to 11 percent in India, 21 percent in Pakistan, 10 percent in Mexico, 23 percent in China, and 28 percent in the United States. In the case of India, for example, 11 percent translates to 4.7 million ha, and given the generally small farm sizes, this translates to thousands of farm households: 100,000 households assuming an average farm size
+of 5 ha. The newly-formed Central Asian Republics in the Aral Basin--Kazakhstan (17%), Turkmenistan (48%), and Uzbekistan (24%)-also exhibit serious salinity problems. In other regions, the effects are felt across international borders. The increasing use of the Euphrates system by Syria and Turkey not only reduces the flow of the river to Iraq, but is also contributing to degradation of water quality (higher salinity) for the downstream riparian (Keenan 1992b). Similar problems are being encountered in Israel and Jordan with respect to the Jordan River and the United States and Mexico with respect to the Colorado River (Keenan 1992b; Schilfgaarde 1992).
+The Operations Evaluation Division (QED) of the World Bank reviewed 21 projects that were approved between 1961 and 1978 and completed in 1970-86. These comprised medium- and large-scale public irrigation systems which were typical of the Bank's lending policy for irrigation projects in the 1960s and 1970s. The OED evaluation found that more than half the 21 projects were very successful but had some degree of adverse impact on the environment (World Bank l991b). Increasing waterlogging problems were found in 11 projects and soil salinity problems were found in four (Pyongtaek-Kumgang Irrigation Project in Korea, the Seyhan Irrigation Project in Turkey, the San Lorenzo Project Irrigation and Land Settlement project in Peru and the Rio Sinaloa Project in Mexico), caused mainly by poor drainage. The drainage network was insufficient or incomplete in half of the 21 projects.
+Although irrigation-induced salinity is a technical problem, the factors contributing to its existence are a complex web of technical, economic, political, and social elements. At the technical level, irrigation induced salinity has developed in some areas due to: (i) poor on-farm water use efficiency; (ii) poor construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation canals leading to excessive seepage; (iii) the inadequacy or lack of drainage infrastructure; and (iv) even when drainage structures are provided, their poor quality of construction, operation and maintenance. These technical problems, however, maybe the product of several other factors. Distortive government policies lead to inefficient use of water resources. In the case of irrigation water, it is frequently priced below its true economic value, thus leading to overapplication. Water use efficiency is further aggravated by a lack of awareness of farmers of more efficient and water application methods and poor
+water management by irrigation authorities. Off-farm, excessive irrigation and drainage canal seepage can be traced to ineffective project planning, poor quality of construction, and inadequate monitoring and maintenance, which lead to rapid infrastructural deterioration. In some cases, no provision for drainage is made at all. These weaknesses in the planning and implementation of irrigation and drainage projects can stem from the shortsighted perspectives assumed by many policy makers. Often, there is a lack of or weak understanding of the consequences of inaction or at the extreme, weak or lack of commitment to environmental protection. In the presence of competing demands for financial resources, priority is directed to other areas other than salinity abatement. At the same time, donor agencies have inadvertently contributed to the problem. Weaknesses in donor project planning and supervision and, not until recently, the inadequate priority to environmental consequences
+of projects, have similarly contributed to the problem.
+In summary, poor project planning and implementation, scarce financial resources of governments in many countries to undertake corrective measures, the short-term outlook and inadequate priority assigned to agricultural sustainability and environmental protection by policymakers, and the inability of donor agencies to ensure adherence to project plans all contribute to the advent of salinity. The technologies exist to ameliorate or eliminate the problem and delays in taking action will only escalate the economic, social, and environmental damage and the cost of repairing such damage. In light of the externalities associated with corrective measures, governments will have to play a major role in correcting or alleviating salinity problems. Donor agencies will also have an important role in enhancing the capacities of governments to do so.
+The battle against salinity will have to be launched in three fronts. Governments have to commit to a policy of sound water management and to the fostering of an economic environment promoting efficient resource use. At the same time, agricultural strategies should promote the adoption of improved production methods, particularly efficient water-use practices among farmers. Lastly, greater effort has to be directed at examining the environmental impact of projects that involve water resource use and development to ensure that only economically and environmentally sound projects are undertaken.
+As the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) wisely describes it, ..."development which destroys the natural resources on which it is based is not development. (cited in FAO, 1990, p. 6). It is widely recognized that irrigation has been a powerful force in fostering development in many countries. But when it is pursued injudiciously, it can become the progenitor of agricultural devastation, embodied in form of irrigation-induced salinity. Irrigation-induced salinity has began to cause drastic reductions in agricultural productivity in many parts of the world and the time has come for farmers, governments and donors to take it seriously.
+<section>Introduction 1</section>
+Irrigation has been and continues to be an important force in agricultural development. The expansion of cultivable land and the intensification of production achieved through the use of irrigation have contributed to substantial production increases worldwide. For developing countries, its contribution to the attainment of development objectives of food security, poverty alleviation, and the improvement of the quality of life of the rural population has been significant.
+During the mid-60s to the mid-80s, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that the expansion of irrigation accounted for over 50 percent of the increase in global food production (cited by World Bank-UNDP, 1990, p.3). Although irrigated area accounted for only 17 percent of global cropland in 1986, it accounted for more than one-third of total world food production. In fact, almost 60 percent of rice and 40 percent of wheat production in developing countries is on irrigated land (World Bank-UNDP, 1990). In India, where irrigation has been widely used prior to the 1950s, the contribution of irrigation has approached 100 percent (Frederiksen, 1989), while in the United States, about 25 percent of the value of agricultural production is grown on approximately 10 percent of the land as a result of irrigation (van Schilfgaarde, 1990).
+World irrigated area grew more than 250 percent from 94 million ha in 1950 to 237 million ha in 1990 (World Bank-UNDP, 1990; FAO 1991). Five countries: China, India, the Commonwealth of
+Independent States, the United States, and Pakistan accounted for almost two-thirds of irrigated area (Figure 1.1). Seventy-three percent is situated in developing countries, with China, India, and Pakistan accounting for 45 percent of the world total or 62 percent of the developing country total. Indonesia, Iran, and Mexico are the second three most important developing countries in terms of irrigated hectarage (FAO 1991).
+The "sustainability of irrigated agriculture, however, now faces a growing ride. The expanded dependence on irrigation has not been without cost. Salinity and waterlogging, soil erosion and sedimentation, the spread of disease-carrying organisms, and water pollution are a few of the serious problems that have gone band-in-hand with irrigation. UNEP (1987) estimated that the rate of loss of agricultural land is approximately 5-7 million ha per year and overall, salinization is the second major cause of such losses. In irrigated areas, it is the primary cause.
+As the Hydraulics Research Ltd. (1990, p.1) reports, ....FAO earlier predicted that...[the area] under irrigation in the world will expand to 320 million ha by the year 2000. For many years, the rate of growth has been 5 million ha per year, but recently it has fallen to 2 million ha per year. However, this growth is counteracted by 2-3 million ha going out of production each year due to salinity problems this means that cultivated land is being lost at a similar rate to new land being brought into production." Indeed, the same countries who have invested heavily in irrigation infrastructure are not having to deal with serious salinity problems.
+Irrigation-induced salinity is without question an issue which had merited limited attention in the past. Amidst spiralling demands for greater agricultural production to meet the growing demand of exponentially increasing populations, the potential reduction in agricultural productivity due to salinity cannot be left unresolved. In seeking to contain, and if possible reverse, the damaging impact of salinity, several concerns move to the forefront. How extensive is the area affected by irrigation-induced salinity? What are the factors that contribute to the problem? What options are available for solving these salt related problems? What role can farmers, the government, and donor agencies play in alleviating these problems?
+This study explores the answers to these questions. The study is divided into five sections. The following section describes the process by which irrigation-induced salinity develops, while section 3 surveys the extent of the problem in various countries. Section 4 examines the physical, economic, social, and political factors that spur the onset of salinity problems by drawing from experiences from World Bank projects. Finally, section 5 presents the major findings of the study and examines the role that farmers, the government and donor agencies can play in dealing with the problem of irrigation induced salinity.
+<section>The nature and impact of irrigation-induced salinity</section>
+The provision of irrigation water, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, is one of the most important factors in the expansion of agricultural production and increasing productivity of cultivated lands. However, the onset of salinity problems in irrigated areas threatens the progress that has been made so far. In order to gain a better understanding of the problem, this section examines how soil salinity and alkalinity come about.
+<section>Nature of irrigation-induced salinity</section>
+Water serves as the vehicle by which salt is transported into and out of the root zone. The amount of water in the root zone is a function of the level of rainfall, irrigation applied, seepage from irrigation canals, and drainage; the rate of evaporation and transpiration; the depth of the water table; and the area's proximity and elevation relative to natural bodies of water. Figure 2.1 represents the cross section of an irrigated valley and vertical water movement in the soil profile. The salt content in the root zone of plants is therefore controlled by the difference between the volume and salt concentration of the water supplied to the production area and the volume and salt concentration of the water discharged from the same area. This can be expressed by the following relation:
+- D[c]C[d] - S[p] - S[c]
+Irrigation-induced salinity can arise as a result of the use of any irrigation water, irrigation of saline soils, and rising levels of saline ground water. When surface or ground water containing mineral salts is used for irrigating crops, salts are carried into the root zone. Most of the water returns to the atmosphere through transpiration by plants and through evaporation from the soil surface. In the process, the salt is left behind in the soil, since the amount taken up by plants and removed at harvest is quite negligible. The more arid the region, the larger is the quantity of irrigation water and, consequently, the salts applied, and the smaller is the quantity of rainfall that is available to leach away the accumulating salts. The amount of salt which accumulates is further influenced by the water table depth, the capillary characteristics of the soil, and the management decisions regarding the amount of water applied in excess of plant evapotranspiration to leach
+the salt away (Young and Homer 1986).
+In many arid and semi-arid areas, the soil strata are naturally saline. When these areas are developed for irrigation, the salt in the soil is mobilized by seepage water from canals and irrigation. If the volume of water applied is less than the volume of water needed to leach the salt away, the salt concentration at the root zone increases. In some cases, application of irrigation water results in rising saline ground water levels. When the watertable approaches the bottom of the root zone, capillary action results in the salinization of the root zone and the surface soil.
+<section>Alkalinity: a related problem</section>
+A problem closely related to the problem of irrigation-induced salinity is that of alkalinity or sodicity; its impact is manifested by the degradation of the soil structure. The application of irrigation water to areas with abundant salts (common in arid and semi-arid areas) and more than 15% exchangeable sodium lead to the formation of "alkaline. or "sodic" soils, through the process of alkaline hydrolysis. If the soil has a low chloride and calcium content and if the soil and/or irrigation water applied have abundant exchangeable sodium bicarbonate and/or sodium carbonate (over 15% exchangeable sodium), the clay particles in the soil adsorb the sodium and magnesium salts and swell. The soil loses its permeability (ability to conduct air and water) and filth (friability of the seedbed). When this occurs, water infiltration is hindered and plant roots/soil organism may be starved of oxygen (Rhoades 1990; Barrow, 1991).
+Alkalinity may also induce calcium deficiency and various other micro-nutrient deficiencies because of the associated high pH and bicarbonate levels repress their solubilities and concentrations (Kijne and Vander Velde 1992). The addition of gypsum to the soil surface or to the irrigation water help to prevent or alleviate the problems of infiltration and seed emergence. In this study, alkalinity is also considered as an irrigation-induced salinity problem.
+<section>Effects of salts on plants</section>
+Although plants can tolerate and even require certain levels of salinity for growth, excessive salinity within the root zone reduces plant growth. A high salt concentration in the soil water can have both a physical and chemical effect on plants. Generally, the excess salts increase the energy that the plant must expend to acquire water from the soil and undertake the biochemical adjustments necessary to survive. Energy is diverted from the physiological processes necessary for plant growth, including cell enlargement and the synthesis of metabolites and structural compounds (Rhoades 1990a). At very high salinity levels, the osmotic potential outside the plant root falls below that of the osmotic potential inside the root and results in osmotic desiccation and wilting of the plant (Maas and Nieman 1978; Lauchli and Epstein 1990).
+A soil salinity problem also implies the presence of high concentrations of certain ions, particularly sodium and chloride, relative to other ions. High concentration of some ions can obstruct the absorption of other essential elements, such as potassium or calcium that are readily available to plants at lower saline concentrations, thereby leading to critical nutrient deficiencies. Furthermore, the high concentration of certain ions, such as chloride, can have toxic effects on plants. Often, the toxic effects are indistinguishable from impact of nutrient deficiency (Läuchli and Epstein 1990).
+Plant growth is suppressed when a threshold concentration value of salinity is exceeded. The threshold value is a function of the type of crop, the stage of plant growth, the irrigation method and frequency, and a combination of environmental (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) and edaphic (soil structure, soil fertility, and salt distribution in the soil profile) factors. The deleterious effect of salinity on plant development escalates as the salt concentration increases to the point of being lethal to the plant. Most plants are relatively salt-tolerant during germination and more sensitive during seedling emergence and early stages of seedling growth. Differences in salt tolerance for the same plant growth stage even occurs between different varieties of the same species. Rootstocks affect salt tolerances of trees and vine crops because they regulate the uptake and transfusion of toxic salts to the shoots. The type of irrigation method, for example sprinkler
+irrigation, increases the potential damage due to foliar salt uptake and leaf burns resulting from spray contact of the foliage. The type of climate is a also major factor affecting salt tolerance because most crops can tolerate greater salt stress if the weather is cool and humid than if it is hot and dry (Maas 1990).
+Maas and Hoffman (1977) estimated the salt tolerance of several crops using the following equation:
+Y[r]= 100 - b (EC[c] - a)
+where Y[r] is the percentage yield of the crop grown under saline conditions relative to the yield under nonsaline conditions; a is the threshold level of soil salinity at which yield begins to decline; b is the percentage of yield loss per unit increase in salinity in excess of a; and EC, is the soil salinity of a saturation extract measured in decisiemens per meter (dS/m). The toxic effects of specific ions, however, are not defined by this formula. Table 2.1 lists the salt tolerance threshold of selected crops and the salinity levels that will lead to yield losses of 10, 25 and 50 percent based on the formula developed by Maas and Hoffman (1977). Different crops exhibit varying degrees of tolerance to salinity. For example, clover and rice are more sensitive to salts than barley and wheat. For rice, a salinity level of 7.2 dS/m will result in a 50 percent yield loss, while it will have no effect at all on barley.
+The results presented in Table 2.1 highlights two important issues. In the short term, the broad range of salinity tolerance by a variety of crops offers farmers some options for shifting production and changing crop mixes to include more salt tolerant crops Such opportunities to shift become particularly critical when the salinity problem cannot be immediately remedied, either for physical, technological or economic reasons. However, the feasibility of shifting production to other commodities will be determined by several factors including the magnitude of consumer demand for and the cost of production
+Table 2 1 The affect of soil salinity levels on yields of selected crops
+SALT TOLERANCE THRESHOLD
+YIELD LOSS
+CROP
+(dS/m)
+(dS/m)
+(dS/m)
+(dS/m)
+FIELD CROPS
+Barley^1
+Beans (field)
+Broad Beans
+Corn
+Cotton
+Cowpeas
+Flax
+Groundnut
+Rice
+Safflower
+Sesbania
+Sorghum
+Soybean
+Sugarbeet
+Heat^1
+VEGETABLE CROP
+Beans
+Beets
+Broccoli
+Cabbage
+Cantaloupe
+Carrot
+Cucumber
+Lettuce
+Onion
+Pepper
+Potato
+Radish
+Spinach
+Sweet Corn
+Sweet Potato
+Tomato
+FORAGE CROPS
+Alfalfa
+Barley hay^1
+Bermuda areas
+Clover, berseem
+Corn (forage)
+Harding grass
+Orchard grass
+Perennial rye
+Sudan grass
+Tall fescue
+Tall wheat grass
+Trefoil, big
+Trefoil, small
+Wheat grass
+FRUIT CROP
+Almond
+Apple, pear
+Apricot
+Avocado
+Date pal.
+Fig, olive, pomegranate
+Grape
+Grapefruit
+Lemon
+Orange
+Peach
+Plum
+Strawberry
+W
+1 Data may not apply to new semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and barley.
+Source: Ayers and Westcot 1976. and marketability of the alternative commodities (which determines their overall profitability and comparative advantage in production), the compatibility of the new crop to local environmental conditions (other than salinity levels), and the farmer's skills and knowledge in the production of the alternative commodity. At the same time, because increasing salinity results in increasing production losses over time, without intervention, the land will eventually become totally unproductive and will be abandoned. Although reclamation may be technologically possible, it may not be economically feasible. Soil salinity, therefore, seriously threatens the productivity of irrigated land and the livelihoods of the farmers dependent on the affected land. If the affected sites are major food producing areas, a nation's capacity to meet the food needs of its population is also jeopardized.
+<section>Economic impact of salinity</section>
+Irrigation-induced salinity is not a 20th century problem. The accumulation of salts in soils and the accompanying drainage problems plagued agriculture even in ancient times (See Box 2.1). However, the problems of the past continue to haunt the present. Very limited research has been done to empirically quantify the economic impact of irrigation-induced salinity. Quantitative measurements have generally been limited to the amount of land affected or abandoned. Of more critical importance is its impact at the microlevel on farm productivity and farm incomes and at the macro-level on the performance of the rural Sector. Joshi and Jha (1991) conducted one of the few comprehensive studies of farm-level effects of irrigation-induced salinity in the Sharda Sahayak irrigation project in India. The study surveyed 110 farm households in the Gauriganj Block of the Sultanpur District in 1985/86. They found that the yields of paddy and wheat were 41-56 percent lower on the degraded
+soils and net incomes in salt-affected lands were 82-97 percent lower than the unaffected land Table 2.2). Paddy is the only option on waterlogged soils, though net incomes are reduced by 54-55 percent, compared to paddy grown in normal soils. Production efficiency losses are manifested by increased costs of production: paddy per unit costs rise by about 60 percent, while wheat per unit costs increase by about 85 percent in saline lands. Using decomposition analysis, the study found that salinity accounts for as much as 72 percent of the difference in gross income between normal and salt-affected plots. It was also found that farmers tend to revert to low-input traditional varieties and practices as soil conditions deteriorate.
+Box 2.1: Irrigation-induced Salinity--A Historical Perspective
+Historical records for the past 6,000 years reveal that numerous societies based on irrigated agriculture have failed. Mesopotamia, now Iraq, suffered salt damage from about 2400 B.C. to 1700 B.C. The problem stemmed from a dispute between the Sumerian cities of Umma and Girsu over land and water rights (Jacobsen and Adams 1958). Umma, located upstream from Girsu on the Euphrates River, blocked branch canals that supplied water to Girsu's agriculture. The latter responded by building other canals off the Euphrates to irrigate a large basin. Flooding, seepage, over-irrigation, and siltation resulted in a rising water table, which led to excessive soil salinity (Gelburd 1985). The crop records show that production of wheat was phased out over time and replaced by more salt-tolerant barley, but the yields of barley similarly gradually declined. After 1,000 to 5,000 years of successful irrigated agriculture, the Sumerian civilization declined. Numerous references to canal
+building in Sumeria from the third millennium B.C. are available, but no record of drainage canals being built to sustain agriculture exists. Similar problems have developed in more recent times in the Indus Plain region, which includes parts of modem day India and Pakistan, where irrigation began about 2,000 years ago by the Harappa civilization. Serious salinity and drainage problems did not develop until recently, within the last 150 years or so (Taylor 1965).
+Salt and drainage problems also existed in North and South America. The inhabitants of the Viru Valley on the coast of Peru developed an irrigation system between 400 B.C. and 30 A.D. (Willey 1953). By 800 A.D., the population of the Viru Valley reached its peak and from 1200 A.D. dramatically decreased. Evidence shows that people relocated from the previously densely-settled valley bottoms to the upper narrows of the valley. Historians partly attribute this relocation to increasing soil salinity and rising water tables from lack of drainage (Armilas 1961).
+The Hohokam Indians, who lived in the Salt River region in what is now Arizona, practiced a form of flood irrigation, similar to that practiced by the farmers in the Viru Valley during about 300 B.C. This civilization flourished through 900 A.D. Historical records indicate that waterlogging and salt accumulation in the valley floors caused extensive crop failures. After 1450 A.D., no evidence of the Hohokam civilization exists and historians surmise that these problems led the Hohokams to either relocate or starve.
+Source: Tanji 1990.
+Some indirect evidence has been collected by the Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulicos (SARH, Secretariat of Agriculture and Water Resources, cited in World Bank 1991c) of Mexico. SARH's data showed that 357,000 ha in the Northwest districts and 96,000 ha in the Lerma Balsas region were affected in varying degree by salinity and it is estimated that agricultural productivity in these areas has decreased between 30 to SO percent in the last ten years. In the Sinaloa Project in Mexico, it was reported that by 1986/87, salinity and waterlogging problems "now prevents cropping-or considerably reduces yields- on 17% of the project area. The cropping intensity (128X) in 1986/87, is lower than expected at [project! completion. A number of houses and buildings have also been damaged by salinity.. (World Bank 1989b, p. ii). Unfortunately, the farm income effects of such declines in productivity can only be hypothesized from the above figures. In the Menemem irrigation and
+drainage project in Izmir, Turkey, the average net returns per ha for cotton and paddy production were TL307 and TL415 respectively in the salinity affected areas, which is equivalent 42 and 35 percent of the income in the unaffected areas (Republic of Turkey 1990). In the future, studies of the farm-level impact of salinity is a research area that should be given more attention.
+Table 2.2: Average coat and return from major crops under different soft conditions, Sultanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1986.
+Crop (Variety)/ Soil Type
+Gross Income
+Prods Costs
+Net Income
+Net income/ Cost Ratio
+Cost per Kg
+Paddy (HYV)
+Normal
+Alkaline
+Water logged
+Paddy (Traditional)
+Normal
+Alkaline
+Waterlogged
+Wheat (NYV)
+Normal
+Alkaline
+Waterloggad
+Barley
+Normat
+Alkaline
+Source: Joshi and Jha, 1991.
+<section>Off-site external costs</section>
+The impact of irrigation-related salinity is not restricted to the production areas alone. For example, the disposal of saline drainage water back into rivers have adverse effects on downstream riparians. Deason (1992) notes that many rivers, especially in arid regions reflect a progressive increase in salinity levels from their headwaters to their mouths. In some areas, such as the Colorado River Basin, the aquifers interrelated with the river are highly saline because of soluble salts in the aquifer fill material. The salts discharged to the river system from saline aquifers adversely affect downstream water users--irrigated agriculture, municipal and industrial consumers, and in some special cases, wildlife. In Pakistan, the disposal of saline drainage water from the state of Punjab, which involves the channelling of the drainage water through the Left Bank Outfall Drain that cuts through the state of Sind, has resulted in substantial political tensions between the two
+states (Smedema, 1992). In other regions, the effects are even felt across international borders. The increasing use of the Euphrates system by Syria and Turkey not only reduces the flow of the river to Iraq, but is also contributing to degradation of water quality (higher salinity) for the downstream riparian (Keenan 1992b). Similar problems are being encountered in Israel and Jordan with respect to the Jordan River and the United States and Mexico with respect to the Colorado River (Keenan 1992b; Schilfgaarde 1992). The following section discusses the extent of salinity problems in various countries in greater detail.
+<section>Global magnitude of irrigation-induced salinity</section>
+Salinity buildup is a long degenerative process; initial manifestations may take as long as 15 or more years to appear after the introduction of irrigation. Because the advent of salinity, to the level that is clearly injurious to plant growth, often takes years, monitoring for its presence is often neglected by irrigation authorities. The general lack of monitoring of salinity-affected areas is clearly evidenced by the dearth of field level information on this topic. This section attempts review the available information in the extent of irrigation-induced salinity problems worldwide.
+<section>A global survey of affected areas</section>
+A compilation of publicly available data on areas affected by irrigation-induced salinity in selected countries is presented in Table 3.1. It should be noted that these figures cover various years and since most of the available figures apply to the early to mid-80's, the extent of the problem may changed thereafter. Nonetheless, the FAO report, An International Action Programme on Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development, A Strategy for the Implementation of the Mar del Plata Action Plan of the 1990s (1990, p. 15) estimates that "...about 20 to 30 million hectares are severely affected by salinity and an additional 60 to 80 million hectares are affected to some extent.. Estimates of the area affected have ranged from 10 to 48 percent of total irrigated area. Clearly, the countries in the arid and semi-arid regions that ranked high in irrigation investments have extensive salinity problems: salinity-affected areas as a percentage total irrigated area amount to 11
+percent in India, 21 percent in Pakisan, 10 percent in Mexico, 23 percent in China, and 28 percent in the United States. In the case of India, for example, 11 percent translates to 4.7 million ha, and given the generally small farm sizes, this translates to thousands of farm households: 100,000 households assuming an average farm size of 5 ha. The newly-formed Central Asian Republics in the Aral Basin-Kazakhstan (17%), Turkemenistan (48%), and Uzbekistan (24%)-also exhibit serious salinity problems.
+As of 1985, 10 percent of irrigated area in Mexico is affected by salinity and approximately 64 percent of the affected area has salinity levels greater than 8.1 dS/m (Table 3.2). Over 80 percent of the affected areas is located in the northern regions of Mexico (Table 3.3). In California, Backlund and Hoppes (1984) found that most of the salt affected areas were situated in the San Joaquim Valley and totalled 890,000 ha or 22% of total irrigated area (Table 3.4).
+In the People's Republic of China, the extent of irrigation-induced salinity and its causal factors varied by region (International Program for Technology Research in Irrigation and Drainage [IPTRID] 1992). In the north, most of the salinity problems are found in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain or North China Plain. These problems began to be manifested in the fifties when large scale irrigation was introduced in the area without providing for adequate drainage to remove the excess water. The areas with improved drainage have already reduced the salinity problem and at present, it is mostly restricted to low lying areas underlain by saline groundwater at shallow depth. Total affected cultivated areas in North China in 1991 is estimated at 2.1 million ha. In North-East China, the total salt-affected area is estimated at 6.0 million ha in 1991. Soil salinity became a serious problem due to indiscriminate reclamation and over-grazing of natural pasture. The introduction of irrigation
+without providing for adequate canal seepage control and drainage led to large scale waterlogging and capillary salinization of the upper soil layers. The western section of the North-East Plain is also seriously affected. Similarly, irrigation development without adequate drainage provision resulted in significant groundwater table rise and to capillary salinization in North-West China. The area affected in the North-West is estimated at 3.0 million in 1991.
+Table 3.2: Land area subject to irrigation-induced salinity in Mexico, 1985
+SALINITY LEVEL
+SALINITY AFFECTED AREA
+PERCENT OF TOTAL
+(dS/m)
+(ha)
+4.0 to 8.0
+8.1 to 12.0
+12.1 to 16.0
+16.1 to 20.0
+Greater than 20.0
+Total
+Source: Aceves-Navarro 1985.
+Table 3.3: Regional distribution of salinity affected areas in Mexico, 1985
+REGION
+AFFECTED AREA(ha)
+PERCENT(%)
+Northwest
+North
+Northeast
+Central
+Southeast
+Total
+Source: Aceves-Navarro 1985.
+A survey conducted by Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority of salinity-affected areas in the Punjab, Sind, NWFP, and Baluchistan in 1981 revealed that 31 percent of salinity-affected areas exhibits strong salinity, 25 percent has moderate salinity, and 44 percent has slight salinity (Table 3.5). Ahmad and Kutcher (1992) used the Indus Basin Model Revised (IBMR), which models the groundwater and salt flows in the Indus Basin, to project salt accumulation in the Punjab and Sind regions in Pakistan in both the fresh and saline areas by the year 1995.9 The study estimated that the salt added to the groundwater in the fresh water areas by 1995 will amount to 1.16 mt per ha in Punjab and 1.95 mt per ha in Sind. In addition, the amount of salt added to the soil will total 0.10 and 0.30 mt per ha
+Table 3.4: Salinity and drainage problems by major irrigated areas in California, 1984 (000 ha)
+AREA
+REGION
+Irrigated
+Saline
+Hi. Water Table
+Water Quality
+San Joaquin Valley
+Sacramento Valley
+Imperial Valley
+Other Areas
+Total
+Source: Backlund and Hoppes 1984.
+Table 3.5: Extent of salinity in Indus Basin, Pakistan, 1981
+SURFACE SALINITY
+Slight
+Moderate
+Strong
+Total
+PROVINCE
+(000 ha)
+(000 ha)
+(000 ha)
+(000 ha)
+Punjab
+Sind
+NWFP
+Baluchistan
+Source: Survey and Research Organization, Planning Division, Water and Power Development Authority 1981 (cited by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 1989). in Punjab and Sind respectively. In the saline areas, 0.30 and 1.24 mt per ha will be added to the ground water and 0.54 and 0.84 mt per ha will be added to the soil in Punjab and Sind respectively.
+In India, the salt-affected area in the country as reported by the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India as of 1991 was 7 million hectares of which 2.4 million ha were inland saline soils of the arid and semi-arid regions, 2.5 million ha were alkali soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains and 2.1 million ha were coastal saline soils. This amounts to 2.3 percent of total geographical area or about 4 percent of total cultivable land. The leaching of the saline dessert soils by irrigation was the major cause of the secondary (capillary) salinization (Smedema 1990a).
+As an indication of the magnitude of salinity incidence at the field level, Table 3.6 presents some figures on waterlogged and salinized areas in 10 command sites in India. It should be noted, however, that the project areas overlap to a certain extent. Furthermore, due to the lack of appropriate information, it is also not known whether all waterlogging and salinization are irrigation-induced. Smedema (1990a) notes that irrigation-induced waterlogging and salinization in India are spreading. This conclusion is supported by information from the field and by the fact that the recharge of groundwater in the command areas from seepage and normal deep percolation from irrigation continues mostly unabated. Although the spread of waterlogging and salinity is monitored in some command areas, no statistics at the state and national levels are available.
+Table 3.6: Incidence of waterlogging and salinity In selected irrigation command areas In India, 1990
+AREA (000 HA)
+PROJECT AREA
+STATE
+Waterlogged
+Saline
+Shards Sahayak
+Uttar Pradesh
+Ran Gangaa
+Uttar Pradesh
+Gandak
+Bihar
+Rama Sagar
+Andhra Pradesh
+Tungabhadra
+Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
+Ukai Kakarpar
+Gujarat
+Mahi Kadana
+Rajasthan, Gujarat
+Chambal
+Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan
+Tawa
+Madbya Pradesh
+Rajasthan Canal
+Rajasthan
+Note: * - soil is highly alkaline. Source: Director, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute Karnal, Haryana, cited In Smedema 1990a.
+IPIRID (forthcoming) reports that soils affected by salinity represent close to 20 percent of irrigable land in the arid Tifalalet and Ouarzazate areas of southern Morocco. The climatic (hot and dry) and soil conditions (shallow, saline water table, and salt bearing land) and the external salt addition (excessive application of irrigation water) are factors that have contributed to the problem. Furthermore, traditions relating to water rights favored upstream users over those downstream, and the return water naturally drained from the upstream areas resulted in increasing salinity of irrigation water and accumulating concentrations of salt in the aquifers downstream. Similarly, increasing accumulation of salts have been observed in the Moulouya area (Triffa and Bou Areg). The IPTRID report also noted that in Algeria, 1.1 million ha are affected by salinity, whether due to poor management of the saline groundwater or due to the use of saline irrigation water.
+In many cases, irrigation has resulted in rising water tables that subsequently contributed to salinity problems. Table 3.7 presents a list of irrigation projects compiled by Smedema (1990b) which contributed to rising water tables. In the most extreme case, the water table rose over 3 meters per year.
+<section>The world bank experience</section>
+The Operations Evaluation Division (QED) of the World Bank conducts impact evaluation studies by revisiting Bank-supported operations some five to twelve years after completion. As instruments of evaluation, these studies are uniquely placed to measure trends and effects that are outside the purview of audits undertaken during the time of completion. They examine issues such as the social impact of fairly large development projects, the distributional consequences (i.e. poverty alleviation) of the design and implementation, the condition of the infrastructure created under the operation, the experience with the production of goods and services aided by the operation, the long term performance of the implementing organizations, and the ultimate effects of the project operation on the environment and natural resources.
+In 1989, OED reviewed 21 World Bank projects that were approved between 1961 and 1978 and completed in 1970-86. These comprised medium- and large-scale public irrigation systems which were typical of the Bank's lending policy for irrigation projects in the 1960s and 1970s. All were designed to: (1) raise food production to meet the demand of growing populations, and (2) earn or save muchneeded foreign exchange by reducing the need for food imports and/or creating surplus food for export. Most of the projects also aimed to reduce rural-urban migration by creating additional employment opportunities and increasing the incomes of the project beneficiaries.
+Table 3.7: Irrigation induced watertable rise In selected projects
+WATER TABLE
+IRRIGATION PROJECT
+COUNTRY
+Original Depth (meters)
+Increase(mters/yr)
+Bhatinda, Punjab
+India
+Pre-SCARP 1 area
+Pakistan
+Pre-SCARP VI area
+Pakistan
+Khaipur Command, Sind
+Pakistan
+State Farm 2°, Xinjang
+China
+Murray-Darling Basin,
+New South Hales
+Australia
+Noubaria, Western Desert
+Egypt
+East Ghor, Jordan Valley
+Jordan
+nil
+Beni Amir
+Morocco
+Gezira Scheme
+Sudan
+nil
+Salt Valley, Arizona
+USA
+Amibara, Hiddle Ahwaz Valley Ethiopia 10-15 1.00
+Source: Smedema 1990b.
+The OED evaluation found that more than half the 21 projects were very successful but had some degree of adverse impact on the enviromnent (World Bank 1991b). Increasing waterlogging problems were found in 11 projects (Table 3.8). Soil salinity problems were found in four (Pyongtaek-Kumgang Irrigation Project in Korea, the Seyhan Irrigation Project in Turkey, the San Lorenzo Project Irrigation and Land Settlement project in Peru and the Rio Sinaloa Project in Mexico) and were caused mostly by poor drainage. The drainage network was insufficient or incomplete in half of the 21 projects. The most striking cases were the Sinaloa project in Mexico and the San Lorenzo project in Peru where 17 and 20 percent of the project area respectively were uncultivable at the time of the impact evaluation. In the Sinaloa Project, the impact evaluation found a typical case of damage due to poor drainage; the area affected by salinity and waterlogging increased from about 800 ha in 1973 to
+about 11,000 ha in 1987. About 850 families were found to have incurred serious economic losses as a result.
+Despite the knowledge gained through the centuries regarding the causes of soil salinity and the availability of technologies to prevent or reverse its deleterious effects, salinity remains a serious problem in present day irrigated areas. The following section examines the economic and political factors that, deliberate or otherwise, foster the advent of salinity.
+<section>Factors contributing to a irrigation induced salinity</section>
+Irrigation-induced salinity is a technical problem: on-farm, the content at the root zone of plants rises to a level that is deleterious to plant growth and development, or off-farm, the salt content of different types of bodies of water (e.g. aquifers, streams, rivers, lakes) increases, with adverse consequences on other nonagricultural water users (e.g. municipal, industrial, and recreational) and the environment. The factors contributing to its existence are a complex web of technical, economic, political, and social elements. This section seeks to unravel this interlocking mesh, in order to trace the root causes of the problem and thus provide direction for ameliorating it.
+<section>Technical causes</section>
+Technically, irrigation-induced salinity occurs when the salt balance in the soil is disturbed (Figure 4.1). Such salt imbalances can occur as a result of repeated irrigation and deep percolation of water in areas, particularly arid and semi-arid regions, which have inadequate natural or artificially constructed drainage systems. Over time, the watertable rises and the dissolved salts from the irrigation water and the soil, through the process of capillary action, builds up in the root zone and surface soil. It also frequently occurs in arid and semi-arid areas where, although there is good natural drainage, insufficient volume of irrigation water is applied to leach away the salt that accumulated in the soil. In most cases, however, the main cause of irrigation-induced salinity is the former.
+In the first case, the watertable rises as a result of long-term, frequently excessive, use of water in farms and seepage from the canals and other irrigation infrastructures off-farm. Poor water use efficiency is a major cause of rising watertables. Rosegrant (1991, cited in Crosson and Anderson 1992) estimates that water-use efficiency in many systems in Asia varies between 25 and 40 percent. That is, 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of water channeled to farms are not available for crop use due to canal losses and/or overapplication. The results of a survey of irrigation water use efficiency (WUE) on-farm and by project by Xie, Kuffner, and Le Moigne (forthcoming) is presented in Table 4.1. The majority of the projects exhibits WUE of less than 50 percent. Ahmad and Kutcher (1992), using the revised Indus Basin model (IBMR), estimated that seepage from canals, watercourses, and irrigated fields in the Sind Region in Pakistan amounted to 1.971 feet per year.
+Table 4.1: Irrigation aster use efficiency at on-fare and project levels in selected countries
+COUNTRY ON-FARM:
+WE (%)
+COMMENT
+Colombia
+Coello project
+Cyprus
+Pipe conveyance system with sprinkler and drip
+Jordan
+Open canals with manual control, sprinkler and drip
+Mexico
+Both Yaqui and Sinaloa projects
+Morocco
+Doukkala project with sprinkler system
+Morocco
+Open canal gravity system and surface irrigation
+Morocco
+Doukkala project with gravity system
+Syria
+Basin irrigation method
+Turkay
+Traditional open canal gravity with manual control
+Yemen
+Large scale gravity irrigation on farm
+PROJECT:
+Colombia
+Coello project
+Cyprus
+Pipe conveyance systems with sprinkler and drip
+Jordan
+Open canals with manual control, sprinkler and drip
+Mexico
+Sinaloa project
+Mexico
+Panuco project
+Morocco
+Doukkala project with sprinkler system
+Morocco
+Doukkala project with gravity system
+Morocco
+Open canal gravity system and surface irrigation
+Syria
+Turkey
+Traditional open canal gravity with manual control
+Yemen
+Larga-scala gravity spate irrigation
+Source: Xie, Kuffner and La Moigne forthcoming.
+In Khaipur, Pakistan, after the Sukkur Barrage was opened in the 1930s, the watertable rose by 10 cm per year, finally reaching an average depth of less than 2 meters by 1965. This led to the evaporation from the watertable and resulted in a rapid increase in surface soil salinity (Carruthers 1985). At the Nubariya Irrigation Project in Egypt, from an original watertable depth of 15 to 20 meters, the watertable rose 2 to 3 mesas pa year (Smedema 1990b). In Northwest India, (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat), the watertables were generally at 25 mesas depth before irrigation development. Since the 1890s, the rate of rise of the watertable ranged from 25 to 30 cm/year (World Bank 1991a). By the 1920s, problems of irrigation induced waterlogging and salinity began to be observed, becoming widespread in certain districts of Punjab and Haryana by the l950s. Consequently, yields have been affected and some areas are no longer cultivated.
+<section>Poor farm water use efficiency</section>
+The inefficient application of irrigation water by farmers a. a major contributory factor to increasing watertables has been noted extensively (e.g., Phulpoto and Sahito 1983; Aceves-Navarro 1985; Carruthers 1985; Posted 1985; FAO 1988 & 1990; World Bank 1991). On the one hand, poor on-farm water-use efficiency can be traced to poor water management by both farmers and irrigation authorities. On the other hand, government policies have had a major role in influencing the typo technology and water application method used by farmer and the volume of irrigation water applied.
+Aceves-Navarro (1985) reports that in Mexico, "when irrigation [was introduced] in the arid areas, farmers believed that as more water was applied, a higher yield was obtained. This belief led to serious seepage and salinity problems in the Mexican irrigation distracts." In India, the typical situation in most irrigated commands is overwatering in the headreachos and lack of water at the tail. This contributed significantly to localized waterlogging and salinization in headends of commend areas in peninsular India. It especially aggravated monsoon waterlogging in eastern India (World Bank 1991a). Moreover, irrigation water deliveries at times coincided with rains, further increasing the volume of water seeping down the soil strata. Carruthers (1985) notes that the shift from seasonal to perennial irrigation in Egypt, India, and Pakistan could not be efficiently handled by farmers and seepage increased. In addition, water managers sometimes succumbed to pressure from farmers
+to increase water supply and many canals were run bank-full, much above design (Carruthers 1985). This contributed to increased seepage and waste when canal-bank breaches occurred.
+Although irrigation (and the absence or inadequacy of drainage) "frequently leads to the salinity problems in some areas, particularly the arid and semi-arid areas, the rate of development and spread of the salinity problem are significantly influenced by non-technical factors (boxed area in Figure 4.2). These factors are discussed separately in the following sections.
+<section>Government policies</section>
+While overapplication farmers is partly attributable to the lack of awareness about proper water application methods and water management, government policies, particularly water pricing policies, play a more significant role in determining the technologies adopted and levels of farmer water use. For most nations, particularly developing countries, food security, foreign exchange generation through agricultural exports, and the propping up of incomes of farmers, who often comprise a large proportion of the population, top the government's list of priorities. Since water, specifically irrigation water, is an essential input to agricultural production and whose cost is a major determinant of farm incomes, it is frequently priced below its true economic value. Such distortive policies prevent farmers from receiving appropriate economic signals; consequently distorting both private investments and consumption decisions.
+Problems of water use in the Middle East, for example, are aggravated by the application of massive energy and water subsidies (Keenan 1992b). In the region, particularly in Israel, the energy subsidy to the agricultural sector is excessively high, largely because of the great expense of bringing sufficient irrigation water to the most productive soils. One-fifth of the energy resources currently consumed in Israel is used for pumping water and 68 percent of the water is used for agriculture. As Keenan (1992b, p.41) explains, "The historical and ideological commitment to agricultural self-sufficiency is a major determinant of the pattern of water utilization in the Middle East. In economic teens, considerations of security, ideology, and politics are used to rationalize the provision of water at costs that exceed its marginal value. In Egypt, no irrigation water charges are collected from farmers. Farmers pay the state treasury indirectly in the form of land taxes. These
+taxes, however, have not improved either water allocation or water use efficiency (Abu-Zeid and Rady 1992).
+Governments have found it difficult to exact appropriate charges for water because it will involve imposing greater costs to farmers and landowners, who traditionally form an important and powerful group in many countries (Easter 1992; Abu-Zeid and Rady 1992). Output price policies, especially if they are consumer-biased, keep prices low for consumers, but with the corresponding effect of pushing farm prices down. Thus, input price subsidies, including water subsidies, are attractive complementary actions to compensate for price distortions in output markets and to support farmer incomes. In some cases, cultural factors also come into play. For example, in the Middle East, pricing water is not in line with Islamic percepts because water has always been viewed as a free resource-it is a "gift from God. (Abu-Zeid and Rady 1992). The high transaction cost of establishing an effective system of water charges is another deterrent and is one reason why the expansion of supply is
+the preferred alternative (Easter 1992). The overall effect, therefore, of the underpricing water is its excessive use, contributing to the hastening of watertable rise, and finally waterlogging and salinity.
+<section>Poor construction and maintenance</section>
+Canal deterioration is another important factor contributing to excessive seepage and the deep percolation of water. Often, it is the result of inadequate maintenance, but in some cases can be the result of the poor quality of construction (Carruthers 1981 & 1985; OED 1989; FAO 1990; World Bank 1990). In the OED (1989) review of 21 World Bank Projects previously described in Section 3, maintenance was poor at the impact evaluation stage in 14 projects (65 percent), and satisfactory in only four (Table 3.8). The impact evaluations also found that the main factor adversely affecting the performance of irrigation and drainage systems was the premature deterioration of civil works and water control structures. This problem was noted in three projects in Africa, five projects in Asia, and four in Latin America and the Caribbean (in total, 60 percent of the group of 21) (QED 1989)." In several projects, low construction standards made it difficult to operate and maintain the
+irrigation systems, causing higher water losses than anticipated, and substantially reducing the life of the projects. In fact, because of the poor quality of construction and poor maintenance, "it seemed likely that without major rehabilitation, only a few will reach the term of their expected useful life (30-50 years). (QED 1989, p.51). OED (1989) concluded that poor construction standards, insufficient funding, and lack of systematic maintenance plans were the main reasons for poor maintenance. Further evidence of the extensiveness of irrigation infrastructure deterioration due to poor construction and maintenance can be found by looking at the nature of World Bank projects with irrigation components (i.e., irrigation projects, area development projects) during the period 1986-1992 (Table 4.2). Of the 104 projects undertaken during the 6 year period, 77 percent included rehabilitation components: 27 (26X) were purely rehabilitation schemes and 52 (50%) included both
+rehabilitation and new irrigation construction components (World Bank data 1992).
+Carruthers (1981, p. 56), in seeking to explain the cause of poor operations and maintenance (O & M) notes, "Many problems with O & M might be traced back to the project planning stage. In principle, project appraisal examines the technical, economic, financial, organizational, managerial, and operational aspects of the plan. However, each of these aspects is not treated equally and it is contended that, in relation to a & M, sufficient disaggregated detail of working procedures is seldom provided.. In some cases, although adequate provision for O & M is included in the project plans, it is frequently neglected by the irrigation authorities/implementing agency or the funds allocated are diverted to other purposes. As a result, inadequate O & M is performed. The inadequate priority conferred to O & M is clearly illustrated in four World Bank irrigation projects in Sinaloa and Panuco, Mexico and in Doukkcala (2), Morocco. Poor project planning was manifested by the fact that
+in the four appraisal reports, detailed O & M programs were at most poorly specified and the O & M cost estimates were roughly expressed per delivered volume and per irrigated hectare with little or no supporting data (QED data 1989). Consequently, any comparison between planned and actual O & M programs was difficult, if not impossible. Actual O & M expenditure much lower than estimated at appraisal, which contributed to the severe understaffing of the O & M departments and the lack of adequate equipment. Inadequate staffing was also partly due to the greater priority placed by the government on new investments rather than recurrent expenditures.
+Table 4 2 Number of irrigation projects with new and rehabilitation components by fiscal year, region, and country, 1986-92
+NUMBER OF PROJECTS
+New
+Rahab
+New and Rahab
+COST OF IRRIG
+Country
+Year
+Schemes
+Schemes
+Schemes
+(SM)
+AFRICA
+Burundi
+Chad
+Total
+Ethiopia
+Ghana
+Guinea-Bissau
+Hall
+Mauritania
+Mauritius
+Nigeria
+Total
+Senegal
+Total
+Somalia
+Sudan
+Uganda
+Zambia
+EAST ASIA
+China
+Total
+Indonesia
+Total
+Laos, P.D.R.
+Malaysia
+Mynamar
+Philippines
+Total
+SOUTH ASIA
+Bangladesh
+Total
+India
+Total
+Nepal
+Total
+Pakistan
+Total
+EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
+Cyprus
+Portugal
+MIDDLE EAST AND
+NORTH AFRICA
+Algeria
+Total
+Egypt
+Total
+Morocco
+Total
+Rep. of Yemen
+Total
+Tunisia
+Total
+LATIN AMERICA
+Brazil
+Total
+Colombia
+Total
+Ecuador
+Jamaica
+Mexico
+Total
+Venezuela
+TOTAL
+Source: world Bank data 1992.
+In India and Pakistan, although waterlogging and salinity problems were observed in several areas due to poor drainage, investments were channeled to the further expansion of irrigated areas, rather than the construction of drainage infrastructure (Carruthers 1985; Makin and Goldsmith 1988; OED 1989; Carruthers and Smith 1990;World Bank 1991). In China and Mexico, drainage systems were planned but not completed in the irrigation districts resulting in rising watertables and soil salinity problems (Aceves-Navarro 1985; IPTRID 1992). World Bank irrigation and drainage projects encountered similar problems. According to the OED (1989) review, the incompleteness or insufficient density of the drainage network in 11 projects in 9 countries resulted in increasing waterlogging and salinization or both (Table 3.8).
+<section>The drainage factor</section>
+Artificial drainage is required if the rate of deep percolation of water exceeds the land area's natural drainage capacity. While the construction of appropriate drainage infrastructure can prevent the onset of serious salinity problems, several non-technical factors hindered the implementation of these measures (boxed area in Figure 4.3). In most irrigation projects, the problem of irrigation-induced salinity arises because of the absence or insufficiency of drainage infrastructure despite inadequate natural drainage or the drainage system is not constructed in time to prevent the adverse consequences. In some cases, although drainage facilities are constructed, poor construction and/or maintenance lead to rapid deterioration, rendering them ineffectual long before the end of their expected useful life.
+<section>Political factors underlying drainage performance</section>
+Several factors explain why, despite its crucial importance, drainage was frequently neglected or not constructed. First, the estimated canal and on-farm irrigation efficiencies (losses) are frequently overestimated (underestimated) during project design. Although at the start of many irrigation projects, the watertables lie at great depths below the surface and can potentially take years before becoming a threat to agricultural production, underestimation of the amount of excess water input results in the advent of waterlogging and salinity problems much earlier than calculated in the plans. because the salinity problem is not viewed as imminent. Thus, the salinity problem is often serious and substantially widespread before any corrective action is taken.
+Second, despite the spread of waterlogging and salinity, the gravity of the problem is often not given adequate attention by decision-makers (FAO 1990). In some cases, although adequate plans for irrigation and drainage operations, maintenance and monitoring are included, governments lack commitment to perform the necessary corrective tasks. In the Sinaloa Project in Mexico, incomplete construction of the drainage system in the Left Bank resulted in increasing salinity problems. At the same time, an irrigation and drainage project was initiated in the Right Bank. Government policy, the absence of any initiative from the World Bank, and farmer pressure to expand irrigated areas in the Right Bank at the expense of the completion of unfinished works in the Left Bank prevented the shifting of funds to solve the drainage problems in the Left Bank (QED data, 1989). The overall result was the gains in the construction of the irrigation system in the Right Bank project was offset by
+the loss of irrigable land in the Left Bank project Although the Mexican government has started a new drainage program in the Left Bank, to be followed by land reclamation, the governments's policy orientation created a difficult and costly situation which will take several years to revert to normal.
+Third, drainage infrastructure entails substantial investments, while only contributing benefits which many policy makers believe are not as politically glamorous. Carruthers and Smith (1988) estimate that, despite some variations, the annual costs of pumped drainage are about five times the cost of gravity irrigation. Frequently subject to more near-term constraints, as dictated by the typical short term occupancy of political offices, there is a preference for projects with greater grassroots popularity and visibility like irrigation projects. Also, due to scarce financial resources in many developing countries, drainage development is often postponed. In some instances, funds allocated for drainage are diverted to the construction of additional irrigation facilities (e.g. Pakistan). As an approximate indicator of the "demand" for drainage projects by countries, Tables 4.3 and 4.4 present figures on the number of World Bank projects and the corresponding volume investments
+in drainage projects during the period 1983-91. Most drainage projects were situated in the Asia and the European, Middle East and North Africa regions. Appendix Table 1 presents the number of projects and volume of investments by country during the period 1983-91.
+In arid India and Pakistan, it has been argued (Carruthers 1985; World Bank 1991a) that drainage was consciously neglected by irrigation advocates. Although developers long recognized the eventual need for drainage, they deferred expenditures on grounds of political expediency and finance. In the case of India, much less emphasis has been accorded to drainage by most state governments. This is illustrated by the very limited investments made on drainage even where such investments are clearly needed and the inadequate provision of funds for maintenance of drains, amounting to as little as 10 to 20 percent of funding requirements in most states (World Bank 1991a).
+Lastly, drainage, unlike irrigation, is also often unpopular with farmers, since it requires substantial amounts of land, approaching 15 percent in the case of open drains, and gives in return a benefit that is not obvious, is delayed, and is indirect (Carruthers 1985). From the point of view of many politicians, irrigation infrastructure and their benefits are also more visible relative to drainage structures, thus, the latter are less politically advantageous.
+<section>Project planning inadequacies</section>
+Good project analysis provides a strong foundation for project success. In the case of irrigation and drainage projects, however, some responsibility for irrigation-induced salinity problems is attributable to ineffective project planning. Of the 21 World Bank irrigation and drainage projects reviewed by OED (1989), it was estimated that most of the projects will not reach their expected useful life and already require rehabilitation and modernization. OED (1989) attributes the poor performance to a number of design flaws that are attributable to insufficient project preparation, inadequate attention to improved technologies that have become available in both irrigation and drainage, and a deliberate policy to build simple and cheap systems as rapidly as possible to insure food security.
+Ochs (1986) in an evaluation of World Bank Drainage Projects found that (1) implementation schedules were found to be over optimistic in a number of projects, (2) environmental issues did not receive careful consideration, and (3) drainage channel maintenance and on-farm drainage measures were not accorded adequate attention. He reports that typically, implementation schedules were realistic and achievable from a technical perspective, but were overly optimistic when evaluated in the context of individual country institutional procedures for recruiting consultants, reviewing and approval of designs, and obtaining rights of ways required by the drainage infrastructures. The environmental effects of drainage were not addressed at all in several projects. In one drainage project in Karan Agung, Indonesia, environmental costs and benefits were not examined at all, while a drainage project for the
+Lower Euphrates (Syria) failed to examine the adverse impact on water quality further in Iraq. A project in San Fernando, Mexico only briefly covered the environmental impacts of the project, but did not include provisions for correcting the resultant pollution problems. In fact, environmental impact assessments only became a standard requirement in the preparation of appraisal reports in the World Bank in 1989 (World Bank 1991a).
+Maintenance of drainage channels have likewise often been given inadequate emphasis. In a reclamation project in Heilongjiang, China, the consultant engineer's report identified, during preliminary engineering studies, that the older drains required considerable maintenance to function efficiently and devoted two pages to maintenance considerations. However, in the final version of the project plan, most of the maintenance recommendations were edited out and only minimal comments were incorporated (Ochs 1986). In other instances, the World Bank and the governments concerned have disengaged too early from a number of projects leaving the irrigation and drainage systems incomplete and the land development unfinished (QED 1989).
+<section>Government, donors, and soil salinity</section>
+The nation's water policy defines the level of priority that is bestowed on the development of water resources and infrastructures such as irrigation and drainage systems to harness these resources efficiently.. Thus, the character of a country's water resources management policy directly influences the nature and magnitude of salinity problems prevailing in a country through the type of projects undertaken, may it be irrigation or drainage projects, and the effectiveness of planning and implementation of these projects (Figures 4.2 and 4.3). But how is it then that governments and donors neglected or have been very slow in responding to the problem of irrigation-induced salinity in many developing countries?
+While salinity is technical problem, it can be concluded from the above discussion that several factors -political, economic and social factors--are significant variables in its development in many countries (Figure 4.4). The short-term outlook of policy makers create a bias for the more popular and publicly visible irrigation projects. Moreover, fiscal constraints in many developing countries often force policy-makers to make difficult trade-offs between additional irrigation canal construction, irrigation system operation and maintenance, irrigation system rehabilitation, drainage construction, drainage operation and maintenance, or drainage rehabilitation. Inadequate priority assigned to agricultural sustainability and environmental protection by policy-malkers in the last decades have further aggravated salinity problems. In the presence of competing demands for financial resources, priority is directed to other areas other than salinity abatement.
+At the same time, donor agencies share some of the responsibility for the salinity problems that have developed in many areas. In some cases, weaknesses in the project preparation and implementation process resulted in some serious problems in the projects. Moreover, inadequate mechanisms to enforce project plans and specifications (e.g. constructions standards, monitoring and maintenance activity) loaf to rapid deterioration of the infrastructure. Finally, a weak emphasis on agricultural sustainability and environmental protection by donors has in part been communicated to governments through the nature of the project development process.
+<section>Conclusion</section>
+In summary, some of the root causes contributing to irrigation-induced salinity include the short term outlook of policy makers, scarce financial resources of governments in many countries to undertake corrective measures, ineffective project planning and implementation, and inadequate priority assigned to agricultural sustainability and environmental protection by policymakers and donor agencies. From the previous discussion, it is clearly obvious that while irrigation-induced salinity represents a simple technical problem, its causes are a complicated web of technical, economic, political and social factors. Consequently, corrective actions will likewise involve multi-pronged strategies, each strategy having multiple components. The following section elaborates on some of these options.
+<section>Future directions in salinity abatement</section>
+Water is an essential input to agricultural production. However, if it is improperly harnessed, it can also serve as a serious threat to sustainable agriculture. Irrigation-induced salinity is but one consequence when a valuable resource such as water, particularly irrigation water, is employed injudiciously. This section reviews some of the options for preventing or reversing its negative impact.
+<section>Factors contributing to irrigation-induced salinity</section>
+At the technical level, irrigation-induced salinity has developed in some areas due to: (i) poor on farm water use efficiency; (ii) poor construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation canals leading to excessive seepage; (iii) the inadequacy or lack of drainage infrastructure; and (iv) even when drainage structures are provided, their poor quality of construction, operation and maintenance. These technical problems, however, maybe the product of several other factors. Distortive government policies lead to inefficient use of water resources. In the case of irrigation water, it is frequently priced below its true economic value, thus leading to overapplication. Water use efficiency is further aggravated by a lack of awareness of farmers of more efficient production and water application methods and poor water management by irrigation authorities. Off-farm, excessive irrigation and drainage canal seepage can be traced to ineffective project planning, poor quality of
+construction and inadequate monitoring and maintenance, which lead to rapid infrastructural deterioration. In some cases, no provision for drainage is made at all. These weaknesses in the planning and implementation of irrigation and drainage projects, however, frequently stem from the shortsighted perspectives assumed by many policy makers. Often, there is a lack of or weak understanding of the consequences of inaction or at the extreme, weak or lack of commitment to environmental protection. At the same time, donor agencies have inadvertently contributed to the problem. Weaknesses in donor project planning and supervision and, not until recently, the inadequate priority to environmental consequences of projects, have similarly contributed to the problem.
+<section>Technical measures</section>
+<section>Irrigation and Drainage System</section>
+The causes of irrigation-induced salinity discussed above provide some valuable directions for ameliorating the problem. Water-use efficiency should be promoted at both on-farm and off-farm levels. Off-farm, the sustained efficiency of irrigation systems depends on proper design, monitoring, and maintenance; otherwise, rapid deterioration results in excessive seepage, hastening the soil degradation process. Donor agencies should assist and if necessary apply some pressure on implementing agencies/irrigation authorities in affected countries to ensure (i) adequate and continuous funding and performance for monitoring and maintenance tasks and (ii) they meet the performance standards set by the project plans. Moreover, funds allocated for these expenditures should be prevented from being channeled to other purposes or sectors.
+Careful water management, from the water source to the farm, is essential to the quantity, timing, controllability and predictability of water delivered to users. Institutional weaknesses, however, are often cited as the cause of poor performance of many irrigation and drainage schemes. These weaknesses draw attention to the need for strengthening, including the reorganization, of the institutional capacity of agencies designated to perform and oversee these tasks. Donor agencies can play a major role in the strengthening of these agencies. A wide variety of technologies are also available to control off-farm seepage, leakage, and percolation losses. For example, Xie, Kuffner, and Le Moigne (forthcoming) provide a detailed review of potential technological options that countries can adopt for improving water-use efficiency. Greater effort should be exerted in adopting these technologies in projects. However, the economic feasibility of some measures may be significantly
+constrained by the project size.
+For the majority of irrigated agriculture, artificial drainage will be required at some future time. Thus, it is essential that provisions for drainage are incorporated in the plans. As in the case of irrigation projects, donor agencies can play an important role in ensuring that implementing agencies carry out the required construction, monitoring and maintenance of the drainage infrastructure, and funding for such activities is not diverted to other purposes. Pilot drainage projects in waterlogged and salinized areas may need to be established to verify design and effectiveness of materials, demonstrate the effect of drainage on productivity, and train personnel in operation and maintenance of drainage systems (FAO, 1990). Some areas that the pilot projects should tackle include: (1) the adaptation and testing of drainage technology developed in other areas using local materials and construction techniques where feasible and (2) the use of pilot areas to train personnel to
+operate and maintain drainage systems concurrent with the installation of large-scale drainage systems.
+<section>Farm Level</section>
+There are two main avenues by which on-farm water-use efficiency can be promoted. First, greater effort should be directed towards promoting farmer adoption of more efficient production and water management practices (e.g., the use of furrow instead of flood irrigation and preventing diversion of excessive amounts of water at the headreaches). Externalities associated with on-farm salinity control measures and the nature of the land structures in most developing countries (predominance of smalllandholdings) may result in less than socially optimal levels of adoption. But mechanisms for internalizing these externalities, such as water user's associations, can be pursued. Second, where it is technically and economically feasible, for example in the production of high value crops, more water-use efficient technologies such as pipe, sprinkler and drip systems, should be promoted. Effectively promoting both strategies will require the provision of some agricultural support
+services, such as agricultural extension to introduce and train farmers in the use of new technologies or practices. It may also necessitate assistance to facilitate access to agricultural credit to finance the purchase of these technologies.
+In areas where salinity problems exist, farm output has declined drastically, and technical measures (e.g. drainage) to correct for it are shown to be presently economically or technically infeasible, alternative crop mixes should be introduced to farmers. The cultivation of more salt-tolerant crops (see Table 2.1) will alleviate or remedy the decline in farm incomes resulting from the reduced output of the traditional crops. Similarly, the provision of support services, such agricultural extension and the marketing support services, will play a significant role in this endeavor. It should be noted, however, that the cultivation of salt-tolerant crops should not be undertaken as a substitute for good cultivation practices; neither should it be used as a corrective mechanism for improper irrigation practices. A program to shift to the cultivation of salt-tolerant crops should only be promoted when the traditional crops can no longer be grown profitably.
+<section>Improved project planning</section>
+Prevention of salinity problems rather than correction after they occur are generally more cost effective. However, prevention involves careful and effective project planning and implementation. Stronger environmental accounting and more comprehensive planning will also be required.
+<section>Environmental Impact Assessment</section>
+The environmental accounting of the direct and indirect impacts of projects should be ensured. Environmental assessments should be made mandatory for all projects to guarantee that on-farm and external environmental benefits and costs, especially the impact on downstream riparians, are incorporated in the project analysis. This requirement may be explicitly outlined in operational directives for project preparations (e.g. the World Bank's Operational Directive 4.01). In some countries, institutional capacity to conduct environmental assessment studies are weak. Additional resources will be necessary to develop or strengthened the required skills need for these tasks.
+In some cases, political pressures are employed to get around this constraint with the result that projects with real environmental problems are approved without the appropriate overview and evaluation of environmental issues. The appropriate strategy should include the early assessment of environmental impacts with a view to incorporating design features to minimize environmental damage. In some instances, the environmental process is used simply as a delaying or blocking mechanism against any project with potential negative impact. Although project disapproval will still be necessary if satisfactory solutions cannot be found, any decision should take into consideration full project costs, benefits and environmental impacts, rather than the single yardstick of environmental impact (World Bank, 1991a).
+<section>Project Preparation</section>
+To facilitate project preparation, more careful and comprehensive data collection and analysis of the hydro-geological relations in the project and related areas should be undertaken. While these may increase project preparation costs, the economic and social losses may far outweigh the initial investment. A more comprehensive framework for analysis should be pursued, taking into account not only on-site variables (e.g. local water availability and demand), but also the ecosystem implications (e.g. basin-level analysis). Resources should be channelled to monitoring and research activities, so that salinity problems are identified in a timely manner and alternative solutions generated before extensive soil damage has occurred. Monitoring and evaluation will also enable the prediction of whether small-scale drainage will be adequate to prevent localized waterlogging problems, or whether a large scale system will be needed.
+Water balance studies and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater should also be encouraged (FAO, 1990).
+<section>Political and economic reforms</section>
+The long run implications of salinity on agricultural productivity and the urgent need for corrective actions are often not fully understood by policy makers in developing countries. Near-term objectives: food security, supporting farm incomes, and the need to ensure popular support in future elections, supersede the need to ensure the sustainability of agricultural resources. Policy makers, however, have to be made aware about the gravity of the consequences of salinity and its implications to future generations. Likewise, farmers need to be convinced of the benefits derived from drainage, despite the fact that certain portions of their land will be taken out of production. Information campaigns will have valuable payoffs. Macro- and microeconomic policy reforms (input, output, water pricing) will be needed. Farmer water use and investment decisions require that they receive undistorted market signals. Some countries are already making a conscious effort to counter salinity
+problems, but they have often met with mixed success. Text Box 4.1 and 4.2 describe the efforts that have been undertaken by Egypt and Pakistan.
+<section>Areas for further research</section>
+Currently available water-use efficient irrigation (e.g. sprinkler, drip) and drainage technologies involve investments costs that are too prohibitive for most farmers in developing countries. Greater research effort needs to be directed at the development of less capital intensive technologies that are affordable to farmers. In some areas, soil salinity problems may not be economically reversed. Under these circumstances, the breeding of salt tolerant crops may become the only available option. Limited research, however, is being done in this area.
+Germplasm collection and classification, breeding and selection of salt tolerant crops, and development of cultural, harvest, and postharvest techniques are needed. There has been some recent advances in biotechnology relating to salinity tolerance and productivity. New techniques for in vitro selection of genotypes tolerant to high salinity levels have been found to improve the adaptability Of conventional genotypes as well as assist in the selection of desired genotypes from a wide range of natural variability in individual salt-tolerant plants (National Research Council 1990). New techniques in gene mapping and cell physiology are used to identify and follow these genotypes with increased tolerance to water and salinity stress. Examples of studies on salinity effects on crop performance include Rhoades et al. (1988) who investigated water quality management (by mixing water from the Colorado and Alamo Rivers) and crop performance in the Imperial Valley and Pastenak et al.
+(1985), who developed approaches that involve special breeding and selection of crops and meticulous water control in the Negev settlements in Israel. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) are also currently conducting research on salt tolerance (IRRI, 1990). Greater research and financial resources may have to be channeled to this area in the future. Greater interdisciplinary communication regarding research on salt-tolerant crops should also be promoted.
+Box 5.1. Salinity Reversal: Egyptian Experience
+Egypt has a total arable area of 2.95 million ha. The productivity of this limited land resource depends on irrigation. Water distribution and use by farmers are organized within a complex framework of rotation based on a canal system coupled with rotation among farmers. The operation of the system involves storage, release and diversion of some 55.5 billion cubic meters of water each year.
+Due to the inherent inefficiency of the irrigation distribution network and field water application and limited natural drainage, the watertable in most areas rose, resulting in waterlogging problems and eventually, soil salinity. By 1970, about 60 percent of all cultivated land in Egypt was classified as moderately to severely affected by salinity and waterlogging with crop yields below the national average. Thirty-three percent was rated slightly to moderately affected; only 7 percent of the total irrigated area remained unaffected. As a result, large scale drainage works were introduced in the 70's to arrest the problem. A Presidential Decree issued in 1973 established the Egyptian Public Authority for Land Improvement Projects (EPADP), whose task was the execution of all drainage works in Egypt. With continuous support from the World Bank, other donors, and the EPADP, the rate of drainage development increased. As of June 1990, some 3.5 million feddans (1.43 million ha)
+have been provided with subsurface drainage and improved open drainage systems. Annually, drainage coverage has been expanding at a rate of 70,000 to 80,000 ha.
+The installation of the drainage system effectively reduced soil salinity. For example, soil salinity in some areas ranged from 2-5 as/m. After the introduction of drainage, soil salinity reached an equilibrium level of approximately 1 as/m. Crop yields with and without drainage were also evaluated. The average yield for wheat before drainage was about I mt per ha, with drainage, it increased to about 2.4 mt per ha. Similarly the yield for maize increased from 2.4 mt per ha to 3.6 mt per ha after drainage infrastructure was constructed.
+Source: IPTRID 1991.
+Box 5,2. Salinity Reversal Strategy: Pakistan's Experience
+The biggest continuous gravity flow irrigation network, capable of handling over 123 million cubic meters of water and irrigating an area of approximately 14 million ha is situated in Pakistan. However, extensive waterlogging and salinity problems have developed in irrigated areas as a result of excessive seepage of water from unlined irrigation canals, inefficient irrigation and production practices, and the absence of drainage. Prior to the introduction of drainage, an appreciable amount of salt existed in the Indus Basin. The salt originating from the evaporation of (periodic) flood waters and groundwater increased the salinity in the upper soil strata. The rising watertable due to inefficient irrigation further aggravated the salinity problem.
+To reverse the growing salinity and waterlogging problem, the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) was established in 1958. WAPDA initiated a program of Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects (popularly known as SCARPs) with assistance from the World Nank and other donors to provide solutions to these problems. The projects aimed at lowering the groundwater table by providing vertical drainage through large capacity, deep tubewells. A total of 36 SCARP projects have been implemented so far, covering a gross irrigated area of about 3.7 million ha. Under these projects, about 11,000 SCARP tubewells have been installed in fresh groundwater (FGW) areas and 2,000 in saline groundwater (SOW) areas. In SGW areas, the tubewells provide subsurface drainage relief, while in FGW areas, they also provide supplementary irrigation water for conjunctive use with canal water. While the SCARPs have generally been successful in meeting their objective of maintaining the
+groundwater table at appropriate levels and providing a supplementary source of irrigation, their performance declined over time. As a result of poor management, inappropriate design and maintenance, frequent breakdowns and reduced pumpage of the public tubewells resulted in rising groundwater tables.
+As the performance of the SCARPs declined, their demonstration effect coupled with the introduction of low cost tubewell technology induced farmers to install their own. To date, over 250,000 private tubewells have been installed in the country. These tubewells are low capacity and pumped from shallow depths (6-10 m). The growth of private tubewells in FGW areas partially compensated for the deterioration of the public tubewells and helped maintain the groundwater table d appropriate depths. In view of the increasing fiscal burden of the public tubewells and encouraging performance of the private tubewells, the "SCARP Transition. was pursued. The responsibility for future groundwater development in FGW areas was transferred to the private sector and public tubewells allowed to be replaced by private ones. Since farmers will not have the incentive to install tubewells where groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation (particularly the saline groundwater areas), the government
+retained the responsibility for tubewell provision, tile drainage installation where necessary. Available information show that aggregate discharges from private tubewells now approximate the pumpage of public tubewells, resulting in higher cropping intensities and the shift towards higher value crops.
+The cumulative cost of salinity control and reclamation programs has amounted to PRs 20 billion ($974 million) by 1989. Nonetheless, the combined effects of public and private efforts have contributed to the reversal of salinity problems and the loss of agricultural land. On the average, 80,000 ha of affected land have been coming back into production every year due to improved water management and drainage efforts.
+Source: IPTRID 1991; World Bank 1991d.
+Declining farm productivity and incomes resulting from salinity and waterlogging problems can seriously retard the growth of the farm sector and will have profound implications for the rate of progress in agricultural development. The impact of these problems on the agricultural sector in general and on farmers in particular is often only roughly estimated or subject to conjecture. There is a clear lack of quantitative information on economic losses at the farm and basin levels, which further increases the difficulty in making investment decisions, particularly if it will involve trade-offs between additional irrigation and drainage infrastructures, or irrigation/drainage system improvements or rehabilitation. The economic impact of inaction versus some combination of the above alternatives will need to be studied more intensively. These economic studies will not only highlight the developmental and environmental consequences of salinity, but also provide valuable
+information in formulating appropriate policy and making sound infrastructure investment decisions.
+<section>Conclusion</section>
+The problem of irrigation-induced salinity warrants greater attention than it is getting today. The technologies exist to ameliorate or eliminate the problem and delays in taking action will only escalate the economic, social, and environmental damage and the cost of repairing such damage. Because of the nature of the agricultural sector and most irrigation schemes in developing countries, it is often the small farmer, who can least afford it, who has to bear the burden of the cost associated with salinity. In light of the externalities associated with corrective measures, governments will have to play a major role in correcting or alleviating salinity problems. Donor agencies will also have an important role in enhancing the capacities of governments to do so.
+The battle against salinity will have to Se launched in three fronts. Governments have to commit to a policy of sound water management and to the fostering of an economic environment promoting efficient resource use. At the same time, agricultural strategies should promote the adoption of improved production methods, particularly efficient water-use practices among farmers. Lastly, greater effort has to be directed at examining the environmental impact of projects that involve water resource use and development to ensure that only economically and environmentally sound projects are undertaken.
+As the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) wisely describes it, ..."development which destroys the natural resources on which it is based is not development. (cited in FAO, 1990, p. 6). It is widely recognized that irrigation has been a powerful force in fostering development in many countries. But when it is pursued injudiciously, it can become the progenitor of agricultural devastation, embodied in form of irrigation-induced salinity. Irrigation-induced salinity has began to cause drastic reductions in agricultural productivity in many parts of the world and the time has come for farmers, governments and donors to take it seriously.
+<section>References</section>
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+Aceves-Navarro, E. 1985. "Salinity Problems in Food Production of the Mexican Irrigation Districts" in Water and Water Policy in World Food Supplies. Proceedings of the Conference, ed. W.R. Jordan. College Station: Texas A & M University. pp. 129-133.
+Ahmad, M. and G.P. Kutcher. 1992. Irrigation Planning with Environmental Considerations, A Casestudy of Pakistan's Indus Basin." World Bank Technical Paper No. 166. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
+Ahmed, A. 1991. Irrigation Hazards Due to Poor Management: A Case Study of Kano River Project, Nigeria. in R. Wooldridge (ed), Techniques for Environmentally Sound Water Resources Development. London: Pentech Press Ltd. pp. 23-33.
+Arar, A. 1971. "Irrigation and Drainage in Relation to Salinity and Waterlogging" in Regional Seminar on Methods of Amerlioration of Saline and Waterlogged Soils. Baghdad. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, Water Resources and Development Service, Land and Water Development Division. pp. 86-111.
+Armillas, P. 1961. "Land use in pre-Columbian America" in L.S. Stamp (ed) A History of Land Use in Arid Regions. UNESCO Arid Zone Research, 17, Paris, France.
+Armstrong, A.S.B., G.R. Pearce, and D.E.D. El-Quosy. 1991. "Measuring the Effects on Nile Delta Soils of Irrigation with Drainage Water" in R. Wooldridge (ed), Techniques for Environmentally Sound Water Resources Development. London: Pentech Press Ltd. pp. 3449.
+Ayers, R. S. and D. W. Westcot. 1976. "Water Quality for Agricultures Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. Rome, Italy: FAO.
+Backlund, V.L. and Hoppes, R.R. 1984. "Status of Soil Salinity in California.. California Agriculture, 38: 89.
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+<section>Appendix</section>
+Appendix Table 1: Number of projects with irrigation and drainage components by fiscal year, region, and country, 1974-92
+NUMBER OF PROJECTS
+COST ($ million)
+COUNTRY
+YEAR
+Irrig.
+Drainage
+Irrig./Drain
+Irrig.
+Drainage
+Total
+AFRICA
+Burkina Faso
+Total
+Burundi
+Total
+Cameroon
+Total
+Chad
+Total
+Ethiopia
+Total
+Ghana
+Total
+Guinea
+Guinea-Bissau
+Kenya
+Total
+Lesotho
+Liberia
+Madagascar
+Total
+Malawi
+Mali
+Total
+Mauritania
+Total
+Muaritius
+Niger
+o
+Total
+Nigeria
+Total
+Benin
+Senegal
+Total
+Sierra Leone
+Somalia
+Total
+Sudan
+Total
+Swaziland
+Tanzania
+Total
+Togo
+Uganda
+Zaire
+Zambia
+Total
+ASIA
+China
+Total
+Fiji
+Indonesia
+Total
+Korea, Rep. of
+Total
+Laos, P.D.R.
+Total
+Malaysia
+Total
+Myanmar
+Total
+Philippines
+Total
+Thailand
+Total
+Vietnam
+SOUTH ASIA
+Afghanistan
+Total
+Bangladesh
+Total
+India
+Total
+Nepal
+Total
+Pakistan
+Total
+Sri Lanka
+Total
+EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
+Cyprus
+Total
+Hungary
+Portugal
+Total
+Romania
+Total
+Turkey
+Total
+Yugoslavia
+Total
+MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
+Algeria
+Total
+Egypt
+Total
+Jordan
+Morocco
+Total
+Rep. of Yemen
+Total
+Syria
+Total
+Tunisia
+Total
+LATIN AMERICA
+Bolivia
+Brazil
+Total
+Chile
+Colombia
+Total
+Dominican Rap.
+Ecuador
+Total
+Guyan
+Total
+Haiti
+Total
+Honduras
+Total
+Jamaica
+Mexico
+Total
+Nicaragua
+Panana
+Peru
+Total
+Source: World Bank data.
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+No. 194 Social Gains from Female Education: A Cross-National Study. K. Subbarao and Laura Raney
+No. 195 Towards a Sustainable Development: The Rio de Janeiro Study. edited by Alcira Kreimer, Thereza Lobo, Braz Menezes, Mohan Munasinghe, and Ronald Parker
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+No. 197 Korean Industrial Policy: Legacies of the Past and Directions for the Future. Danny M. Leipziger and Peter A. Petri
+No 198 Teerink and Nakashima, Water Allocation, Rights, and Pricing: Examples from Japan and the United States
+No 199 Hussi, Murphy, Lindberg, and Brenneman, The Development of Cooperatives and Other Rural Organizations: The Role of the World Bank
+No 200 McMillan, Nana, and Savadogo, Settlement and Development in the River Blindness Control Zone: Case Study Burkina Faso
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+No 203 Cleaver, A Strategy to Develop Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa and a Focus for the World Bank
+No 204 Barghouti, Cromwell, and Pritchard, editors, Agricultural Technologies for Market-Let Development Opportunities in the 1990s
+No. 205 Xie, Kuffner, and Le Moigne, Using Water Efficiently: Technological Options
+No. 206 The World Bank/FAO/UNlDO/lndustry Fertilizer Working Group, World and Regional Supply and Demand Balances for Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potash, 1991/92-1997/9
+No. 207 Narayan, Participatory Evaluation: Tools for Managing Change in Water and SanitationNo. 208 Bindlish and Evenson, Evaluation of the Performance of T&V Extension in Kenya
+No. 209 Keith, Property Tax: A Practical Manual for Anglophone Africa
+No. 210 Bradley and McNamara, editors, Living with Trees: Policies for Forestry Management in Zimbabwe
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+No. 212 Frederiksen, Berkoff, and Barber, Water Resources Management in Asia, Volume 1: Main Repor
+No. 213 Srivastava and Jaffee, Best Practices for Moving Seed Technology: New Approaches to Doing Business
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diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/winrock_wi10ce.key b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/winrock_wi10ce.key
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@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+CALLIANDRA CALOTHYRSUS
+PLANT PRODUCTION
+USES
+PEST CONTROL
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/winrock_wi10ce.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/training/winrock_wi10ce.txt
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+<title>Calliandra calothyrsus - Production and use: A Field Manual</title>
+Editor:
+Mark H. Powell
+Forest, Farm, and
+Community Tree Network
+© Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 1997
+All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the copyright owner.
+Powell, M. H., editor.
+Calliandra calothyrsus production and use: A field manual
+Published by Winrock International and the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute with financial support from the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, Republic of China. Published in cooperation with the Agency for Forestry Research and Development, Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia; the Forestry Research Program on behalf of the Overseas Development Administration, United Kingdom; and the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tropical Forestry Program.
+Winrock International
+Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)
+38 Winrock Drive
+Morrilton, Arkansas 72110-9370, USA
+Telephone: 1-501-727-5435
+Facsimile: 1-501-727-5417
+E-mail: forestry@msmail.winrock.org
+Taiwan Forestry Research Institute
+53 Nan-Hai Road
+Taipei, Taiwan
+Telephone: 886-2-381-7107
+Facsimile: 886-2-314-2234
+Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
+37 Nan-Hai Road
+Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
+The Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network is an international organization of 2,000 community groups, development workers, tree breeders, scientists and farmers. Through research, extension and communications activities, FACT Net provides the skills and resources necessary to introduce, improve, and manage multipurpose trees for economic and environmental benefits. FACT Net is a program of the Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, a non-profit organization in the United States of America.
+Photographs on front cover (clockwise from upper left): D. J. Maqueen, M. H. Powell, M. H. Shelton, and J. M. Roshetko
+Graphics by Mark H. Powell
+<section>Preface</section>
+The genus Calliandra contains 132 species. Most are endemic to the Americas, but a few species are endemic to the South Asian subcontinent or Africa, including Madagascar. Most species are shrubs or small trees, although a few are large trees or herbs. Native to Central America and Mexico, Calliandra calothyrsus is the most widely used species in the genus. In 1936, Indonesian foresters planted C. calothyrsus in screening trials to evaluate its potential as a shade tree for coffee plantations. Although the species proved unsuitable for this use in Indonesia, farmers on Java have planted C. calothyrsus widely for fuelwood production and land reclamation. It is also planted for green manure, animal fodder, bee forage, and pulpwood.
+The successful use of C. calothyrsus in Indonesia has stimulated global interest in the genus, and trials are in progress in countries throughout the tropics to evaluate Calliandra species and their potential uses in agroforestry systems. Through its international Calliandra network, the Oxford Forestry Institute (OFI) is taking a lead role in the investigation of genetic variation within the genus. OFI has sent Calliandra seed to researchers in 120 countries for the establishment of species and provenance trials and seed-production activities.
+In January 1996, Winrock International, the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry's Agency for Forestry Research and Development, and the Forestry Research Program on behalf of the Overseas Development Administration (UK) held an international workshop to discuss recent and current research and development activities focusing on the genus Calliandra. In addition to the workshop organizers, the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tropical Forestry Program (USDA/FS/TFP), the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and Council of Agriculture, and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund provided financial support for the workshop, in-kind support, or support for individual participants.
+The workshop took place from 23 to 27 January 1996 in Bogor, Indonesia. The objectives were to:
+o Report and exchange information on Calliandra production in a variety of sites and under a variety of management conditions
+o Explore the potential of Calliandra species for use in small farming systems
+Thirty-nine participants from 14 countries shared their research and observations. Winrock International has published selected papers presented at the workshop in a proceedings volume.
+During the workshop, working groups summarized current knowledge on Calliandra botany and ecology. They also prepared summaries on seed collection and production, establishment methods, uses, and fodder-production systems, focusing on C. calothyrsus. The summaries were used to prepare this field manual on C. calothyrsus production and use. Copies of the workshop publications, the field manual and the proceedings volume, are available from Winrock International.
+Winrock International's Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net), which helped organize this workshop, was formerly known as the Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA). Since 1982, NFTA/FACT Net has cosponsored 20 international workshops on important nitrogen fixing tree (NFT) species and on other agroforestry topics. These workshops have been instrumental in demonstrating the value and promoting the use of many NFT species. The Calliandra workshop was the last in a series of five funded in large part with a grant from the USDA/FS/TFP. Previous workshops in the series focused on the genus Dalbergia, NFTs for acid soils, Albizia and Paraserianthes species, and NFTs for fodder production. We believe that this series of workshops has expanded knowledge of NFT species and has provided foresters, development workers, and farmers with useful information.
+Mark H. Powell and James M. Roshetho, Winrock International
+<section>Acknowledgments</section>
+My sincere thanks go to the institutions and individuals who made the international Calliandra workshop a success. Members of the workshop steering committee were: Ngaloken Gintings, Mohamid Rosid, Dedeh, Syamsudin, Hayati Yusuf, and Agus Sukardi of the Agency for Forestry Research and Development, Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia; Alan Pottinger of the Oxford Forestry Institute; and Dale Evans of the University of Hawaii. A special thanks go to Dr. Gintings and his staff for their hospitality and kindness, and to Dr. Hsu-Ho Chung of the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute for arranging the printing and distribution of this field manual.
+Winrock International and the Agency for Forestry Research and Development, Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia gratefully acknowledge financial support for the workshop provided by:
+o United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tropical Forestry Program (USDA/FS/TFP)
+o Forestry Research Program on behalf of the Overseas Development Administration, United Kingdom
+o Taiwan Forestry Research Institute and Council of Agriculture
+o Rockefeller Brothers Fund
+In addition to providing financial support for the workshop, the USDA/FS/TFP provided support for the publication of this field manual. The Taiwan Forestry Research Institute arranged printing and distribution, with financial support from the Taiwan Council of Agriculture.
+A special thanks also go to the authors of the individual chapters in this field manual. They worked diligently both during and after the workshop to make this manual as complete and accurate as possible. In addition to the authors listed at the beginning of each chapter, Steve Krecik, Junus Kartasubrata, Brian Palmer, Duncan Macqueen, Joanne Chamberlain, and Bahiru Duguma provided valuable comments on Chapter 3.
+Sidney B. Westley edited the text, and Jim Roshetko provided technical assistance. Doris Cook keyed in text. Diane Michels proofread the final draft. Again, my sincere thanks to all these individuals and institutions.
+Mark H. Powell, Editor
+<section>1. Botany and Ecology</section>
+Duncan Macqueen
+The genus Calliandra belongs to the family Leguminosae, subfamily Mimosoideae and tribe Ingae. Calliandra is a large genus with about 132 species from North and South America, 9 species from Madagascar, 2 species from Africa and 2 species from the Indian subcontinent. The center of diversity of the genus is in the state of Bahia, Brazil. There is a secondary center of diversity in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Many of these species are mostly shrubs or small trees, although occasionally they are herbs or larger trees (for example the species C. stipulaceae grows to 25 m). Most of the species do not have spines, although there are rare exceptions such as C. umbrosa from India.
+Many species of Calliandra are found in humid lowland forest, often along river banks or in the forest understory. Some species, however, are found in montane vegetation (for example C. hirsuta), while others are found in arid scrub (for example C. californica).
+Despite the broad range of localities and habitats in which Calliandra species occur, there are a number of features which make the genus easy to identify. The leaves of all species have a main axis from which secondary axes branch in pairs opposite one another. Pairs of leaflets are arranged along the secondary axes. On the leaves of some species there are only two secondary axes with a single pair of leaflets on each. On the leaves of other species there are numerous pairs of secondary axes and numerous pairs of leaflets. Uniquely, in a single Calliandra species, C. hymenaeodes leaflets branch off one central axis.
+The flowers of all Calliandra species occur in clusters or semispherical heads. In some species these clusters are arranged in staggered groups towards the end of a flowering axis. The latter type of arrangement is called a raceme. The flowers themselves are almost always cup-shaped with five small petals arranged regularly. Many long white or red filaments extend beyond the floral cup. They are always joined into a tube at the base and are at least twice as long as the flower itself. Sometimes within the group of flowers in a head only the central few produce nectar and are functional. In these cases the outer flowers simple help to attract pollinators. In some species a small percentage of the flowers only have the male pollen producing parts, and these flowers are interspersed with bisexual flowers.
+Calliandra flowers open at night and are usually pollinated by bats or moths which drink the nectar produced in the base of the floral cup. In the single species C. schultzei the flower petals are arranged irregularly and the principle pollinator is a species of hummingbird.
+The fruit of all Calliandra species are straight (or slightly curved), flattened pods with raised margins. The pods split explosively from the tip to release seed. This particular mechanism of seed dispersal is found in only a few other genera, and in those genera it is always associated with very different floral structures. Appendix D gives morphological and seedling keys to the identification of some Calliandra species.
+Calliandra calothyrsus
+Distribution
+The species C. calothyrsus is unique within the genus in terms of its wide international use as an agroforestry multipurpose tree. It occurs naturally in Mexico and Central America from the state of Colima. Mexico. down to the north coast of central
+Panama. In 1936 seed was sent from south Guatemala to Java in Indonesia. This seed was most probably collected from the Guatemalan provenance 'Santa Maria de Jesus'. By 1974, village based trials had been set up to assess the species suitability for the reforestation of eroded land around villages. C. calothyrsus proved well suited to a range of agroforestry systems and was promoted by the Indonesian state forestry sector for widespread planting. From Java it was introduced to many other Indonesian islands. Its popularity soon generated interest elsewhere and seed was sent to many countries in Africa, Asia and even back to Central America.
+At the same time, in the early 1980s, the Costa Rican institute, CATIE, made a collection of seed from a limited number of provenances in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Honduras for trials in Central America.
+In 1990 the Oxford Forestry Institute began a range wide collection of seed which was completed in 1993. The collection included 50 provenances from the eight countries within the species range. The seed was then sent out to 32 countries for the purpose of species and provenance evaluation. Consequently, populations of the species now exist in South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania and it can truly be said to have a pan-tropical distribution.
+Botany
+Calliandra calothyrsus is a small branching tree growing to a maximum height of 12 m and to a maximum basal stem diameter of 20 cm. The stems have red or pale gray bark covered in small, pale, oval lenticels. Towards the tip the stems tend to be ridged, and in trees with red-brown bark the final stem portion may be tinged with red coloring. Beneath the stem, the root system consists of several deep tap roots and a maze of finer roots which extend outwards just beneath the soil surface. In the presence of the correct rhizobia and mycorrhiza, nodules and fungal associations form. In some populations the species has been shown to develop from root suckers so that an apparent clump of bushes may in fact be one single individual.
+The species has soft leaves divided into many straight leaflets. The leaves may reach 20 cm long and 15 cm wide and they fold against the stem at night. The leaf stalks are ridged with a groove on the upper surface, but they do not have glands between the pairs of secondary axes.
+In the native range flowering occurs throughout the year, but it tends to peak between July and March. The inflorescence develops in a terminal position. Several clusters of flowers develop around nodes up the axis. The flowers mature from the base to the tip over a period of many months. The flowers open for a single night with showy filaments which are usually white at the very base and red at the tip (although they may exceptionally be pink). By the next day, the filaments have wilted and unfertilized flowers drop.
+Pods take between two and four months to develop and when mature they may be 14 cm long and almost 2 cm wide. They are straight and mid-brown in color, and they contain 8-12 ovules which may develop into flattened oval seeds. The surface of mature seed is mottled brown and black, and it has a distinct marking in the shape of a horse shoe on both flattened surfaces. Mature seed reach 8 mm in length and are hard when pressed with a finger nail. In the native range, seed set peeks between the months of November and April. As the pods dry, tensions are created in the thickened pod margins which cause an explosive splitting from the tip. Seeds are ejected with a spinning motion and may fly up to 10 m.
+The seedling develops with the two fleshy cotyledons above the ground. The first leaf has only a single axis from which leaflets develop, but subsequent leaves are divided into secondary axes.
+The species has a number of common names in its local range, the most frequently used being 'cabello de angel' (meaning 'angel's hair') and 'barbe sol' (meaning 'the suns beard'). In Indonesia the species is referred to as 'Calliandra merah' (meaning 'red Calliandra').
+Taxonomy
+In Mexico and Central America, C. calothyrsus is one of seven naturally occurring species within a section of the genus called 'series Racemosae'. The name Racemosae indicates that these species have an elongated flowering axis (up to 40 cm long). The leaves of these seven species are also distinctive since many pairs of secondary axes branch off the primary leaf axis, and each secondary axis has many pairs of small leaflets (less than 2 cm long and 0.5 cm wide). In South America there are many similar looking species, but they either do not have such long flowering axes, or they have fewer divisions of the leaves.
+Calliandra calothyrsus can be distinguished from species of similar appearance by a unique combination of features. The species almost straight leaflets do not tend to overlap and they do not have a glossy upper surface. The leaves are soft and tend to fold when a leafy branch is cut. The small stipules (found in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk) are long and thin rather than oval, with a leafy texture when green. They almost always fall off on older stems. The stems, flowers and pods are almost always without hairs. The flower petals are delicate, smooth and green or pale yellow in color (rarely being tinged with red). The petals are never thick or woody and are never covered in hairs of any length or color.
+Ecology
+Calliandra calothyrsus occurs naturally along river banks, but will rapidly colonize any area of disturbed vegetation (for example roadsides). It is not particularly tolerant of shade and may soon be out-competed in secondary vegetation. It inhabits a range of sites within Mexico and Central America from sea level to an altitude of 1860 m. It primarily occurs in areas with a mean annual rainfall of between 1000 and 4000 mm, although exceptional populations occur in areas with only 800 mm annual rainfall. It principally occurs in areas with 2-4 months dry season (with less than 50 mm rainfall per month). On occasions, however, specimens have been found in areas with a dry season as long as 6 months. It occupies areas with a mean annual minimum temperature of 18-22° C. It is not frost tolerant. Within its natural distribution it occurs on a variety of soils and appears to be tolerant of slightly acid soils with pH values around 4.5. It does not tolerate soils with poor
+drainage which are regularly inundated.
+Morphological variation
+There is considerable morphological variation between different populations of C. calothyrsus. Certain geographical patterns present themselves, but the presence of numerous exceptions to these patterns has meant that no subspecies or varieties have yet been designated. Three particular trends of variation can be described.
+Along the Pacific coast to the north of the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico and in Central Honduras and Nicaragua there is a tendency for the species to have whiter bark, flowers with more white at the base of the filaments and sparse short hairs on slightly smaller pods. The areas in which this trend is found tend to be the drier portions of the species range.
+In southern Mexico, Central Guatemala, Belize and northern Honduras there tend to be populations with red-brown bark, red flower filaments, and larger pods without any hairs. The trees in these populations tend to be taller in the native range, and occur in some of the wetter areas of the species natural distribution.
+Finally, in similarly wet areas of Costa Rica and Panama populations tend to have leaves with more pairs of secondary axes.
+<section>2. Seed Collection and Production</section>
+Joanne R. Chamberlain, Alan J. Poffinger, and Rajesh Rajaselvam
+Flowering and fruiting characteristics
+In many areas, Calliandra calothyrsus can flower throughout the year, but the species usually has a peak flowering period three months before the onset of the dry season. Buds are held on a racemose inflorescence and open sequentially from the base to the apex of the inflorescence. Each flower opens at approximately 1600 furs, remains receptive for one night only, and wilts the following day. An individual inflorescence can flower for 90 to 120 days. Calliandra calothyrsus is andromonecious, which means that the plant produces both hermaphrodite (bisexual) and staminate (functionally male) flowers. The staminate flowers lack the female parts (ovary, style, and stigma) and can never produce fruits. After the flowers are fertilized, mature fruits and seeds develop in approximately 90 days. The plant always produces more flowers than fruits: fruit-to-flower ratios of 1:20 are common.
+Pollination
+Calliandra calothyrsus is outcrossing and has a low tolerance of selfing The species is pollinated by bats (Chiroptera) and hawkmoths (Sphingidae). The most efficient pollinators are small, nectivorous bats in the subfamilies Glossophaginae (New World fruit bats) and Macroglossinae (Old World fruit bats), although larger, primarily fruit-eating bats are also efficient pollinators of the species. Bats pollinate C. calothyrsus by hovering over the flower for a second or two. They insert their long tongues into the base of the flower and drink the nectar. Sometimes, larger fruit-eating bats land on the inflorescence, which bends under the weight of the bat allowing access to the nectar. In Honduras, a small nectivorous bat, Glossophaga sp., has a very small foraging range (less than 600 m), but other, frugivorous bats can travel much greater distances (up to 50 km) for food.
+Seed production
+In its native range, C. calothyrsus generally forms small scattered populations within river systems and areas of disturbance. There is a great deal of variation in seed production, both between populations and within populations, from year to year. This variation may have a genetic basis (i.e. some populations are genetically better seed producers than others), or it may result from environmental factors such as climatic conditions or pollinator type. Calliandra calothyrsus produces less seed that several other multipurpose-tree species, such as Leucaena spp. or Gliricidia sepium, and is known as a shy seed-producer both in its native range and when planted as an exotic species.
+Seed collection, processing, and storage
+When collecting C. calothyrsus seed in the native range or from naturalized stands, pods should be sampled from trees spaced evenly and widely across a population. To prevent selecting seed from closely related individuals, sampling more than one tree in a patch of dense C. calothyrsus should be avoided. Pods should be collected from all positions in the crown. The pods of C. calothyrsus are dark brown and dry when ready for collection, and contain an average of five to eight seeds per pod. An individual tree may possess branches with pods at all stages of maturity, hence ripe pods can be collected from the same tree over a period of four to six weeks.
+The pods dehisce explosively and can scatter the mature seeds several meters from the tree. Seed can be collected by placing matting below and around trees that have mature pods and removing the dehisced seed from the matting on a daily basis. Alternatively, the mature pods can be hand-picked from the tree and left to dry in the sun under netting to extract the seed. Seed can also be extracted by hand but must be dry and hard to ensure good germination and viability. Once collected and extracted, the seed should be stored in sealed containers in a refrigerator at 4°C. Stored in this manner, C. calothyrsus seed can retain its viability for at least five years. If the seed is going to be planted soon after collection, it should be stored in sacks in a cool dry place and protected from pests such as rats or mice.
+Seed orchards
+To date, large quantities of Calliandra calothyrsus seed have only been collected from natural populations or naturalized stands. Seed orchards are currently being established in the native range and elsewhere in order to produce large quantities of seed with known and desirable traits, such as good wood production or forage quality. These seed orchards have not yet reached a productive stage, however.
+Seed orchards should be planted in an isolated site to reduce the risk of pollination from other, unselected sources and should be managed to produce frequent, abundant, and easily harvested seed crops. Although there has been little research on the best method of establishing C. calothyrsus seed orchards, it is possible to make some suggestions:
+1. The seed orchard should be located on a uniform site that is accessible and secure.
+2. It should be located away from other C. calothyrsus trees to make sure that the orchard trees are not contaminated by pollen from outside.
+3. One of two types of seed orchard can be established: (a) Seed is collected from individual trees and kept separate in "families." Seed or seedlings from these families are planted, and their identities are maintained. The performance of each family can be measured and ranked, and less-desirable families can be removed; (b) Seed is collected from individual trees and bulked, and seed or seedlings are planted from the bulk seedlot. The second type of seed orchard is simpler to establish and maintain than the first, and the seed crop will have a broader genetic base.
+4. The seed orchard can have a number of possible designs, but the pollinators require good access to the flowers to allow abundant seed production. Possible designs might include planting at a very wide spacing, such as 3 x 3 m, or planting in widely spaced rows, such as 2 x 4 m.
+5. Coppicing or pollarding can be used as a management technique to improve seed production and ease of collection.
+6. Early flowering in the seed orchard will not necessarily guarantee good seed yields in the first year, but seed production can be expected to improve with time.
+<section>3. Establishment</section>
+James M. Roshetko, Didier Lesueur, and JeanMichel Sarrailh
+Calliandra calothyrsus is adapted to a wide range of environments. When planting this species, however, it is important to use a provenance (seed source) that is known to perform well in an environment similar to that of the planting site. Additionally, the selected provenance should provide needed services or products such as control of soil erosion, overstory shade, and fuelwood, fodder, or seed production. Identifying the best provenance for a site will usually result in increased tree survival, growth, and productivity.
+Propagation
+Seed selection. Seed of C. calothyrsus is more delicate than seed of most other leguminous tree species. Some seedlots may germinate well during testing, yet produce weak seedlings that perform poorly in the nursery or field. To ensure high quality, only collect seed that is fully mature. Only purchase seed from reliable sources. At a minimum, sources should provide documentation on where the seed was collected, the number of trees the seed was collected from, and the date of collection. To maintain seed quality, always store seed under optimum conditions--in sealed containers in a refrigerator at 4°C.
+Seed treatment. Simple seed treatment can overcome the protective function of the seed coat and encourage good germination. Cutting or scraping a small hole through the seed coat, called "nicking," is recommended for small quantities of seed. A knife, nail-cutter, or file can be used for this procedure. To avoid damaging the seed embryo, cut the seed coat opposite the micropyle or hilum. After nicking, soak seed in cool water for 12 to 24 hours before sowing. The nicking treatment is not practical for large quantities of seed. Instead, soak seed in cool water for a minimum of 24 hours. With either treatment, seed should be sown immediately.
+Soaking seed in hot water for 2 to 5 minutes and then in cool water for 12 to 24 hours usually produces good results. However, soaking in very hot water may damage the seed. Test the hot-water treatment on small samples for different lengths of time before treating large quantities of seed. Mechanical scarification machines (similar to grist mills or threshers) have been used to scarify large quantities of seed quickly, but this method is inconsistent and sometimes damages the seed.
+Inoculation with Rhizobium. Like many other legumes, C. calothyrsus can form a symbiotic relationship with the soil bacterium, Rhizobium spp. The trees provide the rhizobia with carbohydrates for energy, and the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen from the soil into a form that the trees can use. This process, called nitrogen fixation, occurs in nodules that develop on the roots of the trees.
+There are many strains of Rhizobium in different soils around the world, but only some strains form a symbiotic relationship with C. calothyrsus that leads to effective nitrogen fixation. It is easy to determine whether the rhizobial strains that occur naturally in your soil are fixing nitrogen. Simply check the roots of C. calothyrsus trees for nodulation. Nodules should be abundant, and when you cut them open they should be red or pink inside. If root nodules are green, brown, or black, they are not fixing nitrogen.
+In areas where C. calothyrsus is native or has been naturalized for some time, the soil may well contain rhizobia of the appropriate strains. If C. calothyrsus is not common to the area, however, or if the site is degraded, there may not be enough of the correct rhizobia in the soil to stimulate nitrogen fixation. In such situations, it is best to treat seed or seedlings with a selected strain of rhizobia to stimulate maximum nitrogen fixation. This process is called inoculation.
+For C. calothyrsus, the Nitrogen Fixation by Tropical Agricultural Legumes (NifTAL) Center in Hawaii recommends a mixture of rhizobial strains that are also compatible with Gliricidia septum and Leucaena leucocephala. If rhizobial strains are present in the soil, however, they may compete with introduced strains. Where indigenous rhizobia are present, trials should be conducted to compare tree growth in the presence of indigenous and introduced strains. The best-performing strains can then be chosen for inoculation.
+The material used to inoculate seed or seedlings is produced by isolating rhizobia from the root nodules of healthy trees, growing them in a laboratory, and mixing them with peat. The peat-based inoculant, which is manufactured and distributed by several government agencies and private commercial firms, contains 1,000 times the number of rhizobia normally found in the soil. Because rhizobial inoculants are inexpensive and the potential benefits are great, inoculation is recommended under most circumstances.
+Rhizobium inoculants are available from the suppliers listed in Appendix A. When ordering inoculants, you should specify the C. calothyrsus provenance you are planting and the environmental characteristics of the planting site, such as average annual rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, elevation, soil type, and soil pH. This information will help the supplier select the best available strain.
+When using or storing a rhizobial inoculant, remember that the bacteria it contains are alive. They are sensitive to heat, drying out, freezing, and exposure to direct sunlight. If not used immediately, the inoculant should be tightly sealed and stored in a moist, cool, dark place. It should not be frozen. Follow the application and storage instructions provided by the supplier.
+The rhizobial inoculant should be applied directly to C. calothyrsus seeds immediately before planting. Just after soaking the seeds, cover them with a sticker solution to make sure that the inoculant adheres to them. The NifTAL Center (Keyser 1990) recommends placing seeds in a plastic bag or bucket and covering them with a solution of gum arabic, sugar, or vegetable oil. Either dissolve 40 g of gum arable in 100 ml of hot water and allow it to cool, or dissolve 1 part sugar in 9 parts water. Combine 2 ml of one of these mixtures, or 2 ml of vegetable oil, with 100 g of seeds, and shake or stir the mixture vigorously until the seeds are evenly coated. Then add 5 mg of inoculant and shake or stir again until the seeds are well coated. Allow the inoculated seeds to dry for 10 minutes to eliminate any stickiness, and sow immediately. Do not store inoculated seeds--the rhizobia will die.
+Seedlings can also be inoculated in the nursery. Mix inoculant in cool water, and irrigate the seedlings with the suspension. Keep the mixture well stirred or shaken, and irrigate until all the inoculant is washed into the root zone. One 50 g bag of inoculant is enough to inoculate 10,000 seedlings.
+Alternatively, seedlings can be inoculated with alginate beads. These are produced in a laboratory and contain pure cultures of select Rhizobium strains. Before application, the beads must be rehydrated for 10 hours in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Five grams of beads require I liter of buffer. If phosphate solution is not available, rehydrate 5 g of beads for 24 hours in I liter of water. Apply the solution to seedlings at a rate of 16 g per nursery bag.
+Diem and others (1989) provide detailed information on the production of alginate beads. Somasegaran and Hoben (1985) provide information on the production of peat-based inoculants. General information on nitrogen fixation is available in Postgate (1987) and Roskoski (1989).
+Inoculation with mycorrhizae. Calliandra calothyrsus also forms an important symbiotic relationship with vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). These are immobile fungi that live in the organic layer of the soil. By growing in filaments out from a tree's roots, the mycorrhizae increase the tree's root area and thus improve access to soil moisture and nutrients. This relationship is especially important in arid environments and in soils low in nutrients such as acidic, phosphorous-deficient soils. The best way to insure that C. calothyrsus benefits from the VAM symbiosis is to inoculate trees with the appropriate mycorrhizae.
+The most common method of VAM inoculation is to take soil from the organic layer beneath a healthy C. calothyrsus tree and mix it with nursery soil at a rate of 5 to 10 percent by volume. This method is practical for most small-scale farm or community nurseries. The main disadvantage is that soil pathogens may be introduced into the nursery. Treating the soil with chemicals or hot water to kill pathogens is not recommended because the treatment will also kill the mycorrhizae.
+Establishing a VAM "production bed" in the tree nursery is another method of inoculation. The first step is to collect soil from under a healthy C. calothyrsus tree. Place the soil in a nursery bed and sow Calliandra seeds at a spacing of 5 x 5 cm. The seedling roots and associated mycorrhizae will grow throughout the production bed. Once this occurs, dig up the soil along with the roots, chop the mixture finely, and combine it with nursery soil at a rate of 5 to 10 percent by volume. This method is more expensive and labor intensive than the first, and it has the same disadvantage of possibly introducing soil pathogens into the nursery. Nevertheless, if a large number of seedlings are to be grown for several consecutive years, the construction and management of a VAM production bed may a worthwhile investment.
+To avoid the risk of introducing soil pathogens, you may prefer to order a VAM inoculant from one of the suppliers listed in Appendix A. As with rhizobial inoculants, you should specify the C. calothyrsus provenance you are planting and the environmental characteristics of the planting site. Although little information is available on the specificity between C. calothyrsus and particular strains of VAM fungi, commercial inoculants are now available that are claimed to be effective with most tropical legumes.
+When using or storing a VAM inoculant, remember that it contains live fungi, which are sensitive to heat, drying out, freezing, and exposure to direct sunlight. If not used immediately, the inoculant should be tightly sealed and stored in a moist, cool, dark place. It should not be frozen. Follow the application and storage instructions provided by the supplier. More information on VAM inoculation is available in Castellano and Molina (1989), Ferguson and Woodhead (1982), and Malajczuk and others (undated).
+Nursery Production. In the nursery, treated and inoculated seeds should be sown directly into plastic bags. These may vary in size from 5 x 15 cm to 15 x 25 cm when pressed flat. They should always contain drainage holes at their base. The choice of bag is determined by the desired seedling size: if large seedlings are desired, use large bags. Large seedlings compete well in the field and need less care after planting than small seedlings. Small seedlings, on the other hand, are easier and less expensive to grow and to transport.
+Fill nursery bags with a fertile nursery mixture several days before seeds are treated and inoculated. A good-quality nursery mixture is three parts soil, one part sand, and one part compost. These components should be thoroughly mixed. The compost should be completely decomposed--uncomposted manure may spread harmful pathogens. The soil mixture should have a pH of 5.5 to 7.5. Fill bags with the mixture, and pack gently to close all air pockets. To promote settling, irrigate the soil until water drains from the holes at the base of the bag. Inoculate the soil with a VAM inoculant.
+Sow seeds that have been treated to stimulate germination and inoculated with rhizobia to a depth equal to their width. The planting hole can be filled with the nursery mixture or clean sand. Water bags daily. Germination will occur in 4 to 10 days. When seeds are of good quality and you expect high germination, sow one seed per bag. When you anticipate low germination, sow two seeds per bag. If both seeds germinate, transplant one to an empty bag. Weak or malformed germinants should be discarded.
+Depending on local environmental conditions, you should water seedlings once or twice a day. Water should penetrate to the bottom of the bags and drain freely. The soil surface should be dry before watering again. Provide germinants and young seedlings with 50 percent shade during their first month or half the period of their stay in the nursery. After this, gradually reduce shade to harden-off seedlings before transplanting. In most areas, seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 6 to 12 weeks in the nursery. Seedling height may vary from 15 to 50 cm. Evans (1982), Jackson (1989), and Liegel and Venator ( 1987) provide more information on nursery-management techniques.
+Direct Sowing. Calliandra calothyrsus may be established by sowing seeds directly into the planting site. However, seedlings produced in this way are more susceptible to climatic extremes than are seedlings grown in a nursery. For this reason, seeds used for direct sowing must be of the highest quality. They should be treated and inoculated as in the nursery and planted to a depth equal to their width. The spacing between seeds will be determined by the management objective. In most areas, seeds are sown by hand. However, in Australia and New Caledonia where labor costs are high, C. calothyrsus seeds are commonly sown by a mechanical "band seeder." If using such equipment, do not soak seeds during pretreatment because swollen seeds will jam the machine.
+Young germinants and seedlings are slow growing and vulnerable to competition from other plants. For this reason, it is important to prepare the site thoroughly before sowing. You should kill or remove all competing vegetation, including roots, within 40 to 50 cm of sowing positions. This can be accomplished by manual, mechanical, or chemical means. Continue controlling competing vegetation until trees are well established. You can also improve tree establishment and growth by loosening the soil at the planting site. Soil cultivation is particularly beneficial on heavy soils with poor water infiltration.
+Stump sprouts. Calliandra calothyrsus can be successfully propagated by stump sprouts made from seedlings or wildlings. Make cuttings from seedlings that are 4 to 12 months old. Stumps made from older seedlings often show poor growth and vigor. Only healthy, straight seedlings should be selected. They may be as tall as I meter with root collar diameters of 1 to 2 cm. Remove seedlings from the nursery or forest soil. Cut their stems at 10 to 30 cm above the root collar, and remove all remaining foliage. Cut their taproots at 10 to 20 cm below the root collar. Survival is greatest when stumps are planted immediately, but they may be stored for up to one week in a place that is cool, dry, and shady. Stumps should be planted so their root collar is flush with the soil surface. Because stumps are vulnerable to desiccation, they should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season.
+Vegetative propagation. Calliandra calothyrsus can be propagated vegetatively from young, succulent seedlings or root sprouts. Prepare an air-tight propagation box, called a "polypropagator," by lining the bottom and sides with a polyethylene sheet, and adding a bottom layer of gravel, a second layer of fine gravel, and a third layer of sand, topped with a uniform mixture of sand and sawdust. Each layer should be 3 to 5 cm deep. An airtight poly-propagator loses very little moisture, but you will need to water the planting medium to maintain a relative humidity of 80 percent.
+Harvest stems from young seedlings or root sprouts early in the morning, and transfer them immediately to the propagation area. Succulent stems are very sensitive to desiccation--delays of more than I to 2 hours will result in high mortality. Cut stems into small pieces, 5 to 7 cm long, each containing two to three leaflets. Place cuttings in the poly-propagator at a spacing of 5 x 5 cm to 10 x 10 cm. Keep them in the poly-propagator for one month, and mistspray them every 2 to 3 days with water. Then transplant cuttings into plastic nursery bags, provide them with shade for one week, and gradually expose them to full sunlight. After transplanting cuttings into bags, you should maintained them for at least two months in the nursery before planting them in the field. Longman (1993) describes this propagation method in detail.
+Although simple and useful, this method adds a month to seedling production schedules, requires additional work, and is not widely known. In most areas, its use is not warranted. However, once superior provenances and land-races of C. calothyrsus are identified, this propagation method may be a suitable for treeimprovement projects. It may also be useful in areas where C. calothyrsus seed production is limited.
+Transplanting
+Transplant seedlings at the beginning of the rainy season into pits prepared two to four weeks ahead of time. Dig pits at least 25 cm wide and 25 cm deep, cultivate the soil finely, and return it to the pit. Just before planting, slit each plastic nursery bag down one side, and remove the seedling carefully without disturbing the ball of soil around its roots. If roots are encircling the soil ball, cut them on two sides of the ball with a sharp, clean knife. This will keep the roots from growing in a ball after transplanting.
+Place each seedling in the middle of a planting pit. The top of the soil ball should be level with the soil surface. Gently pack the loose soil around the seedling so it is perfectly straight. If soil moisture evaporation is a problem, cover the soil surface around the seedling with mulch. Be sure, however, that the mulch does not contain weed seeds.
+Tree management
+Regardless of how they are established, all young C. calothyrsus seedlings demonstrate slow initial growth. During this period, they are very vulnerable to competition from other plants for sunlight, moisture, and soil nutrients. Fast-growing pasture grasses, such as Bothriochloa petusa (silver grass), Bracharia mutica (pare grass), and Panicum maximum (guinea grass), have dense root systems in the upper soil layers and are particularly competitive with young seedlings. Such competition must be controlled if C. calothyrsus seedlings are to grow well. In general, all vegetation within 40 to 50 cm of the seedlings should be removed every one to three months. Weed control may be necessary for 6 to 12 months or until the seedlings dominate competing vegetation.
+In arid conditions, however, neighboring vegetation may actually protect C. calothyrsus seedlings from sun and wind. Lowgrowing ground cover may also protect the soil surface from desiccation. Under such conditions, removing neighboring vegetation may increase seedling mortality and decrease growth. This situation has been observed on shallow, infertile soils in Jamaica.
+Studies have shown that phosphorus fertilizers can improve C. calothyrsus growth and promote nitrogen fixation with symbiotic Rhizobium. Although precise fertilization regimes have not yet been determined, in New Caledonia the standard recommendation is to apply 100 kg of 32-16 phosphoruspotassium fertilizer per hectare.
+<section>4. Uses</section>
+Hoang Xuan Ty, Endang Hernawan, M. de S. Liyanage, Mapatoba Sila, Hikmat Ramdan, A. Ng. Gintings, Yayat Hidayat, Adji Setijoprodjo, Ralph Roothaert, Rodrigo Arias, and Duncan Macqueen
+Calliandra calothyrsus is a popular multipurpose tree because it is easy to establish, grows quickly, and resprouts after repeated harvests. In many parts of Indonesia, these trees are planted for fuelwood and livestock fodder, for soil conservation and improvement, and as a nurse tree for other species. Producing flowers throughout the year, C. calothyrsus is also an important species for honey production. The successful use of this species in Indonesia has stimulated wider interest, and trials are currently underway in other countries to evaluate the potential of C. calothyrsus, particularly for soil improvement and livestock fodder. The use of C. calothyrsus in animal production systems is discussed separately in Chapter 5.
+Fuel and pulpwood
+More than 30,000 hectares of C. calothyrsus fuelwood plantations have been established on private and public lands in Java, Indonesia. The dense wood (specific gravity of 0.5 to 0.8) dries rapidly and burns well, producing about 4,600 kcal of heat per kg of dry wood and 7,200 kcal of heat per kg of charcoal. For fuelwood production, C. calothyrsus is usually planted at a spacing of 1 x 1 m or 1 x 2 m. To encourage rapid resprouting, trees should be cut to a height of 30 to 50 cm at the end of the dry season. Annual fuelwood yields range from 5 to 20 m^3/ha from one-year-old plantations and 30 to 65 m^3/ha from 20-year-old plantations (NAS 1983).
+In the Pintulung Valley of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, C. calothyrsus plantations are a major source of fuelwood for homebased production of palm sugar (Arenga pennata). Farmers prefer Calliandra fuelwood because it burns hotter then other woods end thus less time is required to prepare the palm extract. Calliandra calothyrsus wood is also burned to smoke sheet rubber, dry copra, and heat brick and tile ovens.
+A paper company in West Java, Indonesia, mixes pulp of C. calothyrsus with pulp of Paraserianthes falcataria and Leucaena leucocephala. With a cellulose content of 44 to 51 percent, C. calothyrsus is a suitable component for paper pulp (NAS 1983), but its low density and folding endurance limit its usefulness. It can provide a filler, but should comprise no more than 10 percent of total pulp. When planting C. calothyrsus for pulpwood production, a 2 x 2 m spacing (2,500 trees/ha) is recommended.
+Bee forage
+Calliandra calothyrsus is becoming an important source of forage for honey bees in Indonesia. Honey production increased from 650 tons in 1989 to 1,300 tons in 1994, and Indonesian farmers currently manage about 50,000 hives. Under farm management, it is estimated that bees can produce 1 ton of honey a year from 1 ha of C. calothyrsus forage (Sila, 1996).
+An interesting secondary benefit from the introduction of C. calothyrsus for honey production has been improved pollination of coffee trees. In Indonesia's Pintulung Valley, growers traditionally harvested coffee only once a year. With the establishment of C. calothyrsus plantations and the resultant increase in bee populations, farmers now harvest coffee two to three times a year (Sila, 1996).
+Intercropping
+In Sri Lanka, C. calothyrsus has been planted in coconut plantations to reduce weed growth, conserve soil moisture, and improve soil structure and fertility. For maximum biomass production, the Calliandra is planted at a density of 2,500 trees/ha and pruned at four-month intervals to a height of I m above the ground. The trees grow well under mature coconut planted at a density of approximately 160 trees/ha. The Calliandra produces about 5 tons/ha dry matter, which provides the annual nitrogen requirement of the coconut trees--30 kg of green manure is spread around each coconut tree. In addition to providing nitrogen, the C. calothyrsus leaves decompose slowly and make a good mulch for conserving soil moisture and suppressing weed growth during the dry season (Liyanage and Abeysoma, 1996).
+Farmers plant C. calothyrsus as a nurse tree in coffee plantations in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and also in some areas of Guatemala and Costa Rica. As plantations mature in Guatemala and Costa Rica, farmers replace C. calothyrsus with larger shade trees such as Inga, Gliricidia, and Erythrina species. In Sri Lanka, farmers have expressed an interest in using C. calothyrsus as a medium-sized shade tree in tea plantations.
+In West Java, Indonesia, farmers plant C. calothyrsus as a nurse tree in plantations of high-value timber trees such as Agathis loranthifolia an d Tectona, Swietenia, and Pinus species. The C. calothyrsus is planted along contour lines in dense rows between rows of the main timber species. The rows of nurse trees are usually spaced at 2.5 to 3 m from the timber trees, depending on the slope. The Calliandra trees are pruned regularly, and the pruning material is returned to the soil as green manure and mulch. The nurse trees suppress weed growth, prevent soil erosion, and add fertility to the soil.
+Calliandra calothyrsus also has good potential for intercropping with food plants such as maize, rice, or groundnuts. Preliminary results from hedgerow-intercropping trials indicate that the trees should be planted at a 2.5 m spacing within rows and pruned to a height of 0.5 m. The biomass should be incorporated into the soil before planting the food crop. Rows of C. calothyrsus may have to be pruned once or twice more during the growing season to reduce competition for light and soil moisture. Pruning frequency depends on the rate of tree growth, the availability of soil moisture, and the height of the food crop (Satjapradja and Sukandi, 1981).
+Farmers in Indonesia interplant C. calothyrsus and other shrubs with food crops on hillsides (slopes less than 45 percent) in contour rows 1.5 m to 2 m apart. The hedgerows are pruned for mulch during the dry season and green manure during the wet season.
+Planted fallows
+In southern Cameroon, C. calathyrsus has proven to be an excellent species for enhancing the fertility of acid soils. Trees planted at a spacing of I x I m (10,000 trees/ha) and managed as a rotational fallow can increase the yield of subsequent food crops 1.5- to 2-fold compared with yields following natural fallows of the same duration (Duguma, 1996). Trees are cut to ground level during the cropping phase and allowed to grow during the fallow phase.
+Preliminary trials in Vietnam indicate that fallow periods can be reduced from 10-15 years to 4-5 years without reducing soil fertility by replacing natural fallows with C. calothyrsus. In this improved-fallow system, farmers plant 5,000 to 10,000 Calliandra seedlings/ha during the last crop rotation (Ty, 1996).
+Erosion and landslide control
+Calliandra calothyrsus is planted on steep hillsides in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, to control soil erosion and prevent landslides. The species works well for this purpose because trees can be direct seeded, they grow quickly, and they continue to produce coppice regrowth after repeated harvests. Planted on hillsides along the contour, the trees capture the top soil and eventually form natural terraces.
+Rehabilitation of Imperata grasslands
+In North Sumatra and South Sulawesi, Indonesia, C. calothyrsus has been used successfully to rehabilitate unproductive acid soils infested with alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica). These areas have been transformed into productive grazing lands for sheep and goats.
+Intensive weeding is required to establish C. calothyrsus plantations under these difficult conditions. Trees are planted at a spacing of 5 x 5 m and the alang is weeded from a circular area of 60 cm diameter around each seedling until the crown cover of the trees begins to close, usually one to two years after planting. As the tree crowns grow together, the amount of sunlight reaching the understory is reduced, and the alang-alang disappears (Sila, 1996).
+<section>5. Fodder Production</section>
+Rob Paterson, Brian Palmer, Max Shelton, Roger Merkel, Tatang M. Ibrahim, Rodrigo Arias, Kahsay Berhe, and A. N. F. Perera
+Although the genus Calliandra includes a number of species that may have potential value for animal production, assessment of Calliandra as livestock fodder has been limited to a single species--C. calothyrsus. Under favorable conditions, C. calothyrsus grows rapidly and can play a useful role in a number of animal-production systems.
+Fodder characteristics
+Like many other tree and shrub fodders, C. calothyrsus is rich in protein, but relatively poor in metabolizable energy. The edible fraction normally contains 20 to 25 percent crude protein, which makes it appropriate for use as a protein supplement for animals that are kept on a basal diet of grass or other poor-quality roughage. Its use should be limited, however, to a maximum of about 30 percent of the total diet on a dry-matter basis because higher levels are not fully utilized.
+Estimates of digestibility vary widely, ranging from 30 to 60 percent or more. Oven-dried samples usually give poor digestibility levels, whereas fresh samples are normally at the higher end of the range. Sun-dried and freeze-dried samples tend to be intermediate between these extremes.
+Although information is limited, animal production appears to show some correlation with laboratory results on digestibility: fresh C. calothyrsus fodder has given good liveweight gains in growing animals and good milk production in lactating cows, but dried fodder has given poor production levels. For this reason, C. calothyrsus should be fed fresh: conservation of leaf meal is not recommended. The leaves are known to contain high levels of tannins (twice as high as Leucaena, for example), and this may account for the fodder's low digestibility.
+No matter how good a fodder looks in the laboratory, it is of no benefit to livestock if it is not eaten. Most experience shows that C. calothyrsus is well accepted by both large and small ruminants, particularly after a short period of adaptation. In some instances, however, cattle have been reluctant to eat it. Differences in fodder acceptability may be related to provenance, environment, or to an interaction between the two.
+Alternatively, as with many tree fodders, it may simply be that animals require an adaptation period to become accustomed to the fodder before it can be used successfully as one component in a normal feeding regime. Further research is needed in this area. Meanwhile, it is advisable to screen a range of provenances when introducing C. calothyrsus as livestock fodder, not only for agronomic characteristics but also for acceptability. Certainly, provenance evaluation should precede any large-scale extension program to promote establishment of the trees on farms.
+Although C. calothyrsus has proven quite resistant to pests and diseases in most areas where it has been tested, there is always a potential danger in placing too much reliance on a single species, or worse a single provenance of a species. For this reason, it is recommended that farmers plant C. calothyrsus along with other useful fodder species, such as Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania sesban. Each tree has different strengths and weaknesses, and farmers will benefit from planting a variety of complementary species.
+Animal feeding regimes
+Two principal production systems can be used to raise livestock with C. calothyrsus as a feed supplement: a cut-and-carry system or direct grazing. Although the conservation of C. calothyrsus as leaf meal is not recommended, a deferred-feeding technique can be used with either system that involves accumulating leaves on the tree during the growing season and harvesting these in the dry season when the quality and quantity of the basal diet fall to low levels.
+Under a cut-and-carry system, trees are grown to a convenient height with judicious pruning. The regrowth is then cut periodically and fed to livestock kept elsewhere on the farm. When the fodder is lush and growing rapidly, animals will consume the soft green stems up to a diameter of about I cm. When plant growth is slower, however, the stems become lignified at a smaller diameter, and livestock may limit their consumption to stems of about 0.4 cm or less. After the animals have consumed the leaves and small stems (edible fraction), the remaining sticks can be dried for use as cooking fuel. Trees are cut no lower than 30 cm above ground, but otherwise cutting frequency is more important than cutting height to ensure maximum tree productivity. To optimize the fodder's nutritive value, trees should be cut when they carry about 100 cm of regrowth. At this stage, the edible fraction is about 50 to 60 percent of total biomass. Under most conditions, such a cutting regime allows
+four to six cuts per year.
+There is little information about the use of C. calothyrsus in direct-grazing systems. The wood is fairly brittle, and branches may be broken during browsing. Furthermore, if the animals chew the bark from the trunks, the trees may die. Nevertheless, positive results have been reported in North Queensland, Australia from continuous direct grazing over a two-year period (Palmer and Cooksley, personal communication). Calliandra calothyrsus was direct seeded into an established pasture of Brachiaria decumbens. The planted rows were 2 m apart with 50 cm between trees within rows. The stocking rate was 5 animals per hectare. The C. calothyrsus appeared to benefit from high stocking rates that prevented the trees from growing too tall. The trial site has a mean annual rainfall of 3399 mm, soil pH of 5.3 and aluminum saturation of 11%. While it would be a mistake to place too much reliance on a single experience, several trials have shown that C. calothyrsus can tolerate frequent
+and severe defoliation. It therefore seems likely that direct grazing may be possible, although further work is required to identify optimal utilization systems (Palmer and Ibrahim 1996).
+Calliandra calothyrsus may also play a useful role in the production of non-ruminant livestock. Although there is little information on productivity levels, there are reports from Vietnam that C. calothyrsus is used for feeding fish in small ponds. The fodder can also be fed to rabbits in limited quantities as part of a mixed diet, and the addition of small amounts of leaf meal to the diets of laying hens (up to 5 percent on an as-fed basis) will produce a strong color in the egg yolks without any negative effects on egg yields or feed-conversion ratios (Paterson et al. 1996).
+Fodder production systems
+Volunteer stands. In Indonesia, where C. calothyrsus has been naturalized, trees are now found as volunteers in woodlands, along roadways, and in other sites. Farmers collect the foliage and use it to feed their livestock. Under such conditions, tree productivity varies widely depending on plant populations, soil fertility, cutting frequency, and other factors.
+Linear plantings. Calliandra calothyrsus may be planted in single or multiple rows along farm boundaries or on contour bunds, terrace risers, or similar sites. In many instances, theses niches can be utilized for tree production without causing any adverse effects on adjacent crops. Within rows, trees are usually spaced 40 to 50 cm apart. Yields vary widely depending on climate, soil fertility, and other factors. At one site in sub-Saharan Africa, trees that were more than two years old produced annual yields of edible forage in the range 3 to 5 kg dry matter per meter of row (Paterson et al. 1996).
+Block plantings. When grown in blocks, C. calothyrsus is usually planted at a spacing of I x I m or 2 x 0.5 m, although these distances may be adjusted to permit the use of machinery. Annual dry-matter yields of edible forage are frequently in the range of 3 to 8 t/ha.
+<section>6. Pests and Diseases</section>
+Eric Boa
+Calliandra species do not appear to suffer serious damage from pests or diseases, either in their native range or in areas where they have been introduced. This suggests that farmers and local communities will be able to expand their use of these trees with little risk of pest or disease problems.
+This general observation calls for a word of caution, however. There has been very little systematic study of pests or diseases in Calliandra species. Field observations have been limited and sporadic, and proper scientific assessment has been rare. This reflects the marked absence of suitably trained tree disease specialists in many developing countries. Given our incomplete knowledge of present pest and disease problems, we have a weak basis on which to calculate future risk--particularly in view of increased plantings and the widespread use of improved varieties.
+Table 1 summarizes the information available on fungal diseases, Table 2 summarizes information on insect pests, and Table 3 gives information on other disease conditions, mostly resulting from unknown causes. These tables draw on two recent lists of pests and diseases affecting members of the genus. The first major attempt at a comprehensive listing appeared in Lenné (1990). In 1992 and 1993, Jill Lenné and 1 conducted field surveys of pests and diseases in natural populations of Calliandra spp., Leucaena spp., and Gliricidia septum, work supported by the Forestry Research Programme of the UK Overseas Development Administration. Within Calliandra we concentrated principally on C. calothyrsus.
+The final report of this project contains detailed observations of diseased specimens, selected colour photographs, and an assessment of the economic and quarantine significance of the diseases observed. For copies, contact me at the address given above. The results were later included in a general publication covering diseases of nitrogen fixing trees in developing countries (Boa and Lenné, 1994), which has also been consulted for this account of Calliandra pests and diseases. I have also searched the CAB International TREE CD, a compilation of all the abstracts published in Forestry Abstracts from 1939 to the end of 1995.
+Smith and Vanden Berg (1992) have prepared a useful booklet with excellent colour photographs of leaves showing symptoms of idiopathic conditions and nutrient deficiencies. These are not specifically referred to in this account.
+Suggestions for diagnosis
+One problem for farmers or community workers introducing or expanding the use of Calliandra species is that symptoms such as dieback, loss of leaves, and general failure to thrive are nonspecific. Such symptoms may occur as the result of adverse growth conditions related to climatic conditions, water availability or the tree site, and are not necessarily indicative of pest attack. Carefully observe the distribution of leaf drop and dieback within the crown since this will give an initial indication of the possibility of pest attack.
+Other symptoms of pest attack are less equivocal. Rapid wilting, for example, results in a distinctive "burnt" appearance of the foliage. Canker development and leaf spots are also reliable indicators of pest attack. The presence of large numbers of insects may provide clear evidence of what is causing observed damage. There is a tendency to assume that large and visible insects are pest organisms, but you need to be aware that insect pests are not always readily found in association with the damage they cause.
+Tree management practices can make diagnosis difficult because of the removal of diseased parts. Branches and foliage may be cut because they are diseased or showing poor growth, but removal more usually occurs to meet routine needs for tree material. In my experience, farmers have a poor awareness of tree diseases. Seasonality of growth and variation in the appearance of foliage and extent of leaf cover is another important factor in assessing the health of trees. Foliage and crowns generally usually appear much less healthy at the end of a dry season than during periods of active growth. Accurate assessment of tree health thus relies on a familiarity by observers of routine tree management practices and seasonality of growth. This emphasises the need to monitor trees at different times of the year and to discuss tree health issues with farmers.
+The range of pest organisms listed in Table 1 suggests that the most common symptom is leaf damage of some sort. A number of rust fungi have been observed on Calliandra, although none has been recorded causing significant damage. These fungi have a typically powdery appearance, occurring as small raised dots, usually on the underside of leaves. They may be inconspicuous and thus easily missed. There is no evidence that they cause damage to stems and other parts of the tree.
+In some areas intensive coppicing of C. calothyrsus is associated with increased damage by Corticium salmonicolor, or 'pink disease', a widespread pathogen attacking many woody hosts; the stumps are also attacked by Xylaria sp.
+Dieback has been observed in association with fungal attack, but there are only two examples of a root rot and the only one other example of pink disease. This causes a general blight and may also result in limited canker formation. There are no recorded wilts affecting Calliandra and no evidence of either viral or bacterial diseases. Minor leaf damage often results from inconsequential insect feeding: this is usually revealed as a series of specks on the upper leaf surface.
+Assistance with diagnosis
+It is always best to ask a local pathologist or entomologist to help diagnose a tree disease problem, but the International Mycological Institute operates a disease diagnosis and fungal identification service for situations where trained specialists are not available locally. Readers are encouraged to send their questions on disease problems, along with samples, to the author--Eric Boa, Tree Health Specialist, at the International Mycological Institute, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, U.K (e.boa@cabi.org). Examination of diseased material is undertaken for a modest fee. Reduced charges apply to many developing countries and charges may be waved, depending on the country and institute requesting assistance. Further information is available from the author. Advice can also be given on identification of insect and nematode pests through services available from other CAB International scientific institutes.
+When sending plant material for diagnosis, leaf samples are best pressed lightly to ensure that the leaves dry quickly and to preserve any fungal structures. Note that Calliandra leaflets or pinnae start to curl almost immediately after branches are cut, at least for C. calothyrsus and C. houstoniana, so have suitable pressing facilities readily on hand. Branches that are dying or show evidence of localized necrosis should be sampled at the junction between healthy and diseased tissue. Never wrap samples in polythene or plastic bags because samples will rot. Small insects can be preserved in 75 percent alcohol in sealed tubes. Insect larvae are less useful than adults for identification purposes.
+Make sure that you provide detailed notes concerning the condition of the tree and where it is growing, and give each sample a unique code or number. In addition to specimens, photographs of symptoms are extremely useful.
+Table 1. Fungal diseases of Calliandra spp.
+Information is from Boa and Lenné (1994) unless otherwise stated.
+Disease
+Fungus species
+Host species
+Occurrence
+Symptoms and notes
+Black mildew
+Asteridiella sp.
+C. calothyrsus
+Belize, Mexico
+Minor pathogen; black pustules commonly seen on upper surface of leaves
+C. houstoniana
+(probably widespread in Central America)
+Dieback
+Nectria ochroleuca
+C. surinamensis
+Sierra Leone
+Dieback
+Nectria rigidiuscula
+C. surinamensis
+Sierra Leone
+Dieback
+Thyronectria pseudotrichia
+Calliandra sp.
+General blight
+Corticium
+C. calothyrsus
+Papua New
+("pink disease")
+salmonicolor
+C. surinamensis
+Guinea
+Leaf drop and dieback
+Camptomeris calliandrae
+C. calothyrsus
+Honduras, Costa Rica
+Associated with moderate to severe damage on C. calothyrsus in Honduras; forms powdery pustules on lower surface of leaves, superficially resembling rust, but spores easily distinguished; no information on disease in Cost Rica, but could be more widespread
+C. surinamensis
+Leaf mould
+Cladosporium sp.
+C. surinamensis
+Costa Rica
+Unlikely to be associated with any primary damage to foliage
+Leaf spot
+Cercospora sp.
+Calliandra sp.
+USA
+Leaf spot
+Helminthosporium sp.
+Calliandra sp.
+USA
+Pod scab
+Sphaceloma sp.
+C. houstoniana
+Mexico
+Produces rust coloured pock marks on pods that could easily be overlooked or confused with insect damage; only seen at one site in Palenque, but probably under-recorded; major disease on other legumes; occurrence on pods raises quarantines issues
+Leaf spot
+Helminthosporium sp.
+Calliandra sp.
+USA
+Pod scab
+Sphaceloma sp.
+C. houstoniana
+Mexico
+Produces rust colouredpock marks on pods that could easily be overlooked or confused with insect damage; only seen at one site in Palenque, but probably under-recorded; major disease on other legumes; occurrence on pods raises quarantines issues
+Root rot
+Ammillaria mellea subsp. africana
+C. calothyrsus
+Kenya
+Limited outbreak of root disease at cooler high altitude sites; also affected Jacaranda mimosolia and Grevillea robusta; trees were killed (Paterson & Mwangi, 1996)
+Root rot
+Ammillaria tabescens
+Calliandra sp.
+USA
+Rust
+Ravenelia affinis
+Calliandra sp.
+Brazil
+Rust
+Ravenelia armata
+Calliandra sp.
+Brazil
+Rust
+Ravenelia bizonata
+Calliandra sp.
+Guatemala
+Rust
+Ravenelia dieteliana
+Calliandra sp.
+Brazil, Taiwan
+Rust
+Ravenelia echinata
+Calliandra sp.
+Ecuador, Mexico
+Rust
+Ravenelia echinata
+C. calothyrsus
+Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, South America
+Pustules inconspicuous; var. ectypa not associated with any notable damage to foliage in Guatemala; no information from other countries
+Rust
+Ravenelia lagerheimiana
+Calliandra sp.
+Mexico
+Rust
+Ravenelia mexicana
+C. houstoniana
+Guatemala,
+C. jazepzukii
+Mexico
+Inconspicuous pustules; not associated with any significant damage
+Rust
+Ravenelia pazschkeana
+Calliandra sp.
+Brazil
+Rust
+Ravenelia reticulate
+C. humilis
+Mexico
+Rust
+Ravenelia spp.
+Calliandra sp.
+Honduras,
+C. houstoniana
+Guatemala
+Sample from C. houstoniana in Guatemala associated with significant leaf loss and general blight; difficult to identify Ravenelia species when teliospores absent
+Rust
+Ravenelia texensis
+Calliandra sp.,
+USA
+C. humilis var. reticulata
+Rust
+Ravenelia texensis var. texensis
+C. humilis
+Mexico, USA
+Rust
+Uredo longipedis
+Calliandra sp.
+Brazil
+Rust
+Uredo quichensis
+C. conzatti
+Guatemala
+Sooty mould
+Periopsis fusispora
+C. tweediei
+Trinidad
+Unlikely to be associated with any primary damage to foliage
+Stem blight
+Phomopsis sp.
+C. tweediei
+Cuba
+Stump rot
+Xylaria sp.
+C. calothyrsus
+Table 2. Insect pests of Calliandra spp.
+Insect species
+Host species
+Occurrence
+Symptoms and notes
+References
+Leucopholis irrorata
+C. calothyrsus
+Philippines
+Scarabid beetle recorded from a growth plot in uriago del Sur
+Braza (1991)
+MyIIocerus viridanus
+Calliandra sp.
+India
+Common teak defoliator also noted on other herbs and trees; capable of causing significant defoliation
+Mukhtar-Ahmed & Ahmed (1989)
+Pachnoda ephippiata
+C. calothyrsus
+Kenya
+Rose flower beetle; infestation aggravated by prolonged dry spells
+Kaudia (1990)
+Sabyadrassus malabaricus
+C. calothyrsus
+India
+Teak sapling borer also attacks other young trees
+Nair (1982)
+Spittlebug ("salivazo")
+C. calothyrsus
+Central America
+Unidentified cercopid (plan/hopper); no specific information
+Hilje et al. (1991)
+Stator sordidus
+C. calothyrsus
+Nicaragua
+Bruchid beetle; attacks seeds
+Johnson & Lewis (1993)
+Stator limbatus
+C. calothyrsus
+Nicaragua
+Bruchid beetle; attacks seeds
+Johnson & Lewis (1993)
+Stemborer
+C. calothyrsus
+Philippines
+Noted as resembling Hypsipyla robusta (mahogany shoot borer)
+Luego (1989)
+Tetraleurodes acaciae
+Calliandra sp.
+USA
+Acacia whitefly; no information on damage; probably found only on ornamental Calliandra
+Johnson & Lyon (1994)
+Tussock moth
+C. calothyrsus
+Philippines
+Unidentified Iymantrid also recorded from growth plot in Suriago del Sur
+Braza (1991)
+Umbonia crassicomis
+C. calothyrsus Calliandra sp
+Guatemala, Central America, USA
+Distinctive thorn bug with red tip to prominent spine; no specific information given on damage to tree; Boa noted in Guatemala; probably widespread though rarely causing significant damage
+Hilje et al. (1991),. Johnson& Lyon (1994)
+Table 3. Other disease conditions of Calliandra spp.
+Condition
+Host species
+Occurrence
+Symptoms and notes
+References
+Parasitic plant(Struthanthus quercicola)
+C. calothyrsus
+Central America
+No information
+Hilje et al. (1991)
+Leaf and stem galls
+C. calothyrsus
+Honduras, Guatemala
+Frequently seen but more of biological curiosity then disease significance; presumed to have an insect cause but no association positively identified
+Boa and Lenné(1993)
+Flower blight
+C. calothyrsus C. jazepzukii
+Dieback of floral stalk; flowers appear to die prematurely and become covered in secondary black mould; gummosis seen occasionally
+Boa and Lenné(1993)
+Seed rot
+Seeds die in pod; similar to bacterial pod rot in Leucaena (caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens) but no bacterial association proven
+Boa and Lenné(1993)
+<section>Seed and inoculant suppliers</section>
+This list of seed and inoculant suppliers is intended to provide a first reference. Prices may vary depending on the particular import/export requirements of each country. They also change frequently. We suggest that you contact a supplier and provide a description of your site, a list of the species you require, and how you intend to use the seeds. The supplier can then send you detailed information about seed and inoculant availability and prices. Sources are listed alphabetically by country.
+Seed
+M. L. Farrar Pty., Ltd.
+P.O. Box 1046
+Bomaderry, N.S.W. 2541, Australia
+Tel: (61) 44-217-966
+Fax: (61) 44-210-051
+Banco Latinoamericano de Semillas Forestales
+CATIE 7170-137
+Turrialba, Costa Rica
+Tel: (506) 556-1933
+Fax: (506) 556-1533
+Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Banco de Semillas Forestales
+Km 79 Carretera Managua-Leon
+Aptdo. 630
+Leon, Nicaragua
+Tel: (505) 0311-6579/5803
+Fax: (505) 0311-3711/6578
+International Institute of Rural
+Reconstruction
+Plant Genetic Resources Conservation
+Program
+Appropriate Technology Unit
+Silang, Cavite 4118, Philippines
+Tel: (63) 2-58-2659
+Fax: (63) 2-522-2494
+National Tree Seed Programme
+P.O. Box 373
+Morogoro, Tanzania
+Tel: (255) 56-3912 or 56-3093
+Fax: (255) 56-3275 or 51-46312
+Henry Doubleday Research Association
+Ryton Organic Gardens
+Ryton- on-Dunsmore
+Coventry CV8 3LG, U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-203-303-517
+Fax: (44) 1-203-639-229
+E-mail: pharris @ hdra.demon.co.uk
+Oxford Forestry Institute
+South Parks Road
+Oxford OX1I U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-865-275131
+Fax: (44) 1-865-275074
+Agroforester TM Tropical Seeds
+P.O. Box 428
+Holualoa, Hawaii 96725, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 808-324-4427
+Fax: (1) 808-324-4129
+E-mail: agroforester@igc.org
+ECHO
+17430 Durrance Road
+North Fort Myers, Florida 33917-2239, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 941-543-3246
+Fax: (1) 941-543-5317
+E-mail: 74172.370@compuserve.com
+Rhizobium inoculants
+CIRAD-Forêt
+Laboratoire BSFT/Programme Agroforesterie
+Campus de Baillarguet
+B.P. 5035
+F-34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
+Tel: (33) 67-61-5800 (posse 4252)
+Fax: (33) 67-59-3755 (3733)
+CSIRO
+Cunningham Laboratory
+Carmody Road
+St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
+Tel: (61) 7-3377-0209
+Fax: (61) 7-3371-3946
+Dr. Peter Dart
+Department of Agriculture
+University of Queensland
+Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
+Tel: (61) 7-3365-2867
+Fax: (61) 7-3365-1177
+AgroForester TM Tropical Seeds
+P.O. Box 428
+Holualoa, Hawaii 96725, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 808-324-4427
+Fax: (1) 808-324-4129
+E-mail: agroforester@igc.org
+Lipha Tech (Nitrogen Inoculants)
+3101 West Custer Avenue
+Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53217, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 414-462-7600
+Fax: (1) 414-462-7186
+Mycorrhizae inoculants
+Bioscientific, Inc.
+4405 South Litchfield Road
+Avondale, Arizona 85323, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 800-872-2461
+Fax: (1) 602-925-0506
+Plant Health Care, Inc.
+440 William Pitt Way
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15238, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 412-826-5488
+Fax: (1) 412-826-5445
+Premier Enterprises, Ltd.
+326 Main Street
+Red Hill, Pennsylvania 18076, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 800-424-2554
+Fax: (1) 215-679-6430
+Tree of Life Nursery
+P.O. Box 736
+San Juan Capistrano, California 92693,
+U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 714-728-0685
+Fax: (1) 714-728-0509
+<section>Authors</section>
+Mr. Rodrigo Arias
+Director Técnico, Unidad Productión Animal
+Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas
+Km 21.5 Carretera hacia Amatitlán
+Bárcenas, Villa Nueva, Guatemala
+Tel: (502) 9-312007/312009
+Fax: (502) 9-312002
+Dr. Eric Boa
+Tree Health Specialist
+International Mycological Institute
+Bakeham Lane
+Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-784-470111
+Fax: (44) 1-784-470909
+E-mail: e.boa@cabi.org
+Dr. Joanne Chamberlain
+Oxford Forestry Institute
+South Parks Road
+Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-865-275131
+Fax: (44) 1865-275074
+E-mail: jo.chamberlain@plant- sciences.oxford.ac.uk
+Dr. A. Ng. Gintings
+National Coordinator
+Forestry and Nature Conservation Research and Development Centre
+P.O. Box 165 Bogor 16001, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 251-325111
+Fax: (62) 251-325111/315222
+Mr. Endang Hernawan
+Forest Faculty
+Winaya Mukti University
+Jl. Winaya Mukti No. 1
+Bandung, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 22-798260
+Fax: (62) 22-798260
+Mr. Yayat Hidayat, Ir.
+Forest Faculty
+Winaya Mukti University
+Jl. Winaya Mukti No. I
+Bandung, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 22-798260
+Fax: (62) 22-798260
+Dr. Hoang Xuan Ty
+Director, Research Center for Forest
+Ecology and Environment
+Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
+Chem, Tu Liem
+Hanoi, Vietnam
+Tel: (84) 43-347434
+Fax: (84) 43-45722
+Dr. Tatang M. Ibrahim
+Small Ruminant CRSP
+P.O. Box 1
+Galang 20585, North Sumatra, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 61-958013
+Fax: (62) 61-958270
+E-mail: rcmerkel@idola.net.id
+Mr. Kahsay Berhe
+International Livestock Research Institute
+P.O. Box 5689
+Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
+Tel: (251) 1-61-32-15
+Fax: (251) 1 -61 - 18-92
+Email: ilri.ethiopia@cgnet.com
+Dr. Didier Lesueur
+Research Scientist
+CIRAD-Forêt, Maison de la Technologie
+B.P. 5035, F-34032
+Montpellier Cedex 1, France
+Tel: (33) 67-615766
+Fax: (33) 67-616560
+Dr. M. De S. Liyanage
+Director, Coconut Research Institute
+Lunuwila N.W.P., Sri Lanka
+Tel: (94) 30-3795/5300
+Fax: (94) 31 -7195
+Mr. Duncan Macqueen
+39 Norreys Avenue
+Oxford OX1 4ST, U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-865-721502
+Fax: (44) 1-865275074
+E-mail: duncan.macqueen@plantsciences.ox.ac.uk
+Mr. Roger Merkel
+Resident Project Scientist
+Small Ruminant CRSP
+P.O. Box 1
+Galang 20585, North Sumatra, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 61 -958013
+Fax: (62) 61-958270
+E-mail: rcmerkel@idola.net.id
+Dr. Brian Palmer
+Principal Research Scientist
+CSIRO, Davies Laboratories
+P.M.B., P.O. Aitkenvale
+Queensland 04814, Australia
+Tel: (61) 77-538528
+Fax: (61) 77-538600
+E-mail: brian.palmer@tvl.tcp.csiro.au
+Dr. Rob Paterson
+13 Damar Gardens
+Henley on Thames
+OXON RG9 1HX, U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-491-571712
+Fax: (44) 1-634-883888
+Dr. A. N. F. Perera
+Deptartment of Animal Science
+Faculty of Agriculture
+University of Peradeniya
+Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
+Tel: (94) 8-88239188354188375188657
+Fax: (94) 8-88041/88151/32572
+E-mail: postmast@pgia.pdn.ac.lk
+Mr. Alan Pottinger
+Oxford Forestry Institute
+South Parks Road
+Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K.
+Tel: (44) 1-865-275131
+Fax: (44) 1865-275074
+E-mail: Alan.Pottinger@plantsciences.oxford.ac.uk
+Mr. Mark H. Powell
+Program Officer
+Winrock International
+38 Winrock Drive
+Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 501-727-5435
+Fax: (1) 501-727-5417
+E-mail: mhp@msmail.winrock.org
+E-mail: mhp@msmail.winrock.org
+Mr. Rajesh Rajaselvam
+UP-OFI Link, Faculty of Agriculture
+University of Peradeniya
+Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
+Tel: (94) 8-88375/88354
+E-mail: rajesh@agri.pdn.ac.lk
+Mr. Hikmat Ramden, Ir.
+Forest Faculty, Winaya Mukti University
+Jl. Winaya Mukti No. 1
+Bandung, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 22-798260
+Fax: (62) 22-798260
+Mr. Ralph Roothaert
+Researcher, ICRAF/KARI
+Kari-RRC
+P.O. Box 27
+Embu, Kenya
+Tel: (254) 161-20116/20100/20873
+Fax: (254) 161-30064
+E-mail: icraf-embu@cgnet.com
+Mr. James M. Roshetko
+Program Officer
+Winrock International
+38 Winrock Drive
+Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, U.S.A.
+Tel: (1) 501-727-5435
+Fax: (1) 501 -727-5417
+E-mail: jmr@msmail.winrock.org
+Mr. Jean-Michel Sarrailh
+Officer in Charge, CIRAD-Forêt/NC
+Departement Forêt
+Centre de Cooperation Internationale en
+Recherche Agronome pour le
+Développement
+P.O. Box 10001
+Noumea 98805, New Caledonia
+Tel: (687) 284105
+Mr. Adji Setijoprodjo
+Secretary, Board of Trustees
+Yayasan Sumberdaya and Lingkungan Untuk
+Pelestarian Pembangunan
+YSLPP - Desa Kekait, Kecamatan Gunung Sri
+Mataram NTB
+Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 364-31273
+Dr. H. Max Shelton
+Deptartment of Agriculture
+University of Queensland
+Queensland 4072, Australia
+Tel: (61) 7-3365-2541
+Fax: (61)7-3365-1188/1177
+E-mail: m.shelton@mailbox.uq.oz.au
+Dr. Mapatoba Sila
+Honey Bee Researcher
+Universitas Hasanuddin
+Lembaga Penelitian Kampus Unhas Tamalaurea
+Jl Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10
+U. Pandang, Indonesia
+Tel: (62) 751 -510200
+Fax: (62) 751 -510088
+<section>Selected References</section>
+Botany and ecology
+Chang B., and H. Martinez. 1984. Germplasm resources of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. in Central America and Panama. Forest Genetic Resources Information 13:54-58.
+Macqueen, D. J. 1993a. Calliandra series Racemosae: Taxonomic information, OFI seed collections, trial design. Oxford Forestry Institute. Oxford, UK.
+Maqueen, D. J. 1996. Calliandra taxonomy and distribution, with particular reference to the Racemosoe. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue), Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 1-17.
+Soedarsono, R., A. G. Gintings, and I. Samsoedin. 1996. Historical introduction of Calliandra in Indonesia. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 18-25.
+Seed collection and production
+Bawa, K. S., and C. J. Webb. 1984. Flower, fruit, and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: Implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns. American Journal of Botany 71 :736-751.
+Boland, D. S., and B. Owor. 1996. Some aspects of floral biology and seed production in exotic Calliandra calothyrsus at Maseno, Kenya. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 49-61.
+Chamberlain, J. R., and A. J. Pottinger. 1995. Genetic improvement of Calliandra calothyrsus. In D. O. Evans and L. T. Szott, eds. Nitrogen fixing trees for acid soils. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 250-257.
+Chamberlain, J. R., and R. J. Rajaselvam. 1996a. Calliandra seed production--a problem or not? In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 29-33.
+Chamberlain, J. R., and R. J. Rajaselvam. 1996b. Calliandra calothyrsus pollinator behavior and seed production. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 34-40.
+Macqueen, D. J. 1992. Calliandra calothyrsus: implications of plant taxonomy, ecology, and biology for seed collection. Commonwealth Forestry Review 71 :20-34.
+Macqueen, D. J. 1993a. Calliandra series Racemosoe: Taxonomic information, OFI seed collections, trial design. Oxford Forestry Institute. Oxford, UK.
+Macqueen, D. J. 1993b. Exploration and collection of Calliandra calothyrsus. Final Report, ODA Research Scheme R.4585. Oxford Forestry Institute. Oxford, UK.
+NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1983. Calliandra: A versatile small tree for the humid tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C..
+Rajaselvam, R. J., H. P. M. Gunasena, and J. R. Chamberlain. 1996. Reproductive biology of Calliandra calothyrsus in relation to its seed production in Sri Lanka. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 41-48.
+Establishment
+Briscoe, C.B. 1989. Field trials manual for multipurpose tree species. Multipurpose tree species network research series; manual no. 3. Winrock International. Bangkok, Thailand.
+Castellano, M. A., and R. Molina. 1989. Mycorrhizae. In T. D. Landis, R. W. Tinus, S. E. McDonald, and J. P. Barnett, eds. The container tree nursery manual. Volume 5. USDA Forest Service. Washington, D.C.. p. 101-167.
+Diem, H. G., K. Ben Khalifa, M. Neyra, and Y. R. Dommergues. 1989. Recent advances in the inoculant technology with special emphasis on plant symbiotic microorganisms. In U. Leone, G. Rinaldi, and R. Vanore, eds. Proceedings of the Workshop on Advanced Technologies for Increased Agricultural Production: Actual situation, future prospects, and concrete possibilities of application in developing countries. CNR-USG. Rome. p. 196 209.
+Evans, J. 1982. Plantation forestry in the tropics. Oxford University Press. New York, USA.
+Ferguson, J. J., and S. H. Woodhead. 1982. Production of endomycorrhizal inoculum. A: Increase and maintenance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In N. C. Schenck, ed. Methods and principles of mycorrhizal research. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. p. 47-54.
+Jackson, J. K. 1989. Manual of afforestation in Nepal. Kathmandu: Nepal-UK Forestry Research Project, Forest Research Division, Department of Forestry and Plant Research.
+Keyser, H. 1990. Inoculating tree legume seed and seedlings with rhizobia Nitrogen Fixation by Tropical Agricultural Legumes (NifTAL) Center. Paia, Hawaii, USA.
+Liegel, L. H., and C. R. Venator. 1987. A technical guide for forest nursery management in the Caribbean and Latin America General Technical Report S0-67. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
+Longman, K. A. 1993. Rooting cuttings of tropical trees. Commonwealth Science Council. London, UK.
+Malajczuk, N., N. Jones, and C. Neely. Undated. The importance of Mycorrhiza to forest trees. Land Resources Series No. 2. World Bank, Asia Technical Department. Washington, D.C..
+Postgate, J. R. 1987. Nitrogen fixation. Institute of Biology, Studies in Biology. Second edition. Edward Arnold. London, UK.
+Roshetko, J. M., D. O. Lantagne, M. A. Gold, B. Morikawa, and S. Krecik. 1996. Recommendations for establishing and managing Calliandra calothyrsus as a fodder resource in Jamaica. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports. (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 168-179.
+Roskoski, J. P. 1989. Biological nitrogen fixation: Commonly asked questions and answers. Nitrogen Fixation by Tropical Agricultural Legumes (NifTAL) Center. Paia, Hawaii, USA.
+Shrestha, K.B., L.B.S. Tuladhar, and P.K. Tyystjarvi. 1980. Manual on nursery and plantation practices for community forestry development. HMG/UNDP/FAO Community Forestry Development Project. Nepal. 80 p.
+Somasegaran, P., and H. J. Hoben. 1985. Methods in legume-Rhizobium technology. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Agricultural Legumes (NifTAL) Center. Paia, Hawaii, USA.
+Uses
+Arias, R. A., and D. J. Maqueen. 1996. Traditional uses and potential of the genus Calliandra in Mexico and Central America. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 108-114.
+Baggio, A. X., and J. Heuveldop. 1984. Initial performance of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner in live fences for the production of biomass. Agroforestry Systems 2: 19-29.
+Duguma, B., and J. Tonye. 1994. Screening of multipurpose trees and shrub species for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Forest Ecology and Management 64:135-143.
+Duguma, B., and M. Mollet. 1996. Provenance evaluation of Calliandra calothyrsusin the humid lowlands of Cameroon. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 147- 163.
+Gichuru, M. P., and B. T. Kang. 1989. Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner in an alley cropping system with sequentially cropped maize and cowpea in southeastern Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems 9:191-203.
+Kartasubrata, J. 1996. Culture and uses of Calliandra calothyrsus in Indonesia. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 101-07.
+Liyanage, M. de S., and H. A. Abeysoma. 1996. Management and utilization of Calliandra calothyrsus in coconut plantations. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 137-143.
+NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1983. Calliandra: A versatile small tree for the humid tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C..
+Rosecrance, R. C., S. Rogers, and M. Tofinga. 1992. Effects of alley cropped Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia septum hedges on weed growth, soil properties, and taro yields in Western Samoa. Agroforestry Systems 19:57-66.
+Sarrailh, J. M., C. Corniaux, L. Desvals, and S. Lebel. 1996. Calliandra, a panacea for New Caledonia? In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 115-119.
+Satjapradja, O., and T. Sukandi. 1981. Agroforestry with red calliandra. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal (3)3: 85-88.
+Setijoprodjo, A. 1996. Calliandra calothyrsus hedgerows in a land conservation project in Indonesia. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p.144-146.
+Sila, A. M. 1996. Calliandra for community development in Sulawesi. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p.13436.
+Wiersum, K. F., and I. K. Rica. 1992. Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. In L. It Mannetje and R. M. Jones, eds. Plant resources of South-East Asia. Volume 4: Forages. PROSEA. Bogor, Indonesia. p. 68-70.
+Ty, H. X. 1996. Adaptability trials with Calliandra calothyrsusin Vietnam. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 120126.
+Fodder production
+Ahn, J. H., B. M. Robinson, R. Elliot, R. C. Gutteridge, and C. W. Ford. 1989. Quality assessment of tropical browse legumes: Tannin content and protein degradation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 27:147-156.
+Akyeampong, E., and K. Muzinga. 1994. Cutting management of Calliandra calothyrsus in the wet season to maximize dry season fodder production in the central highlands of Burundi. Agroforestry Systems 27(2): 101 -105.
+Barry, T. N., and C. S. W. Reid. 1984. Nutritional effects attributable to condensed tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, and oestrogenic compounds in New Zealand. In R. F. Barnes, R. W. Brougham, and D. J. Minson, eds. Forage legumes for energy effect: Animal production. United States Department of Agriculture. Beltsville, Maryland.
+D'Mello, J. P. F. 1995. Leguminous leaf meals in non-ruminant nutrition. In J. P. F. D'Mello and C. Devendra, eds. Tropical legumes in animal nutrition. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.
+Kaitho, R. J., S. Tamminga, and J. Bruchem. 1993. Rumen degradation and in-vivo digestibility of dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 43:19-30.
+Kashay, B., and Mohamed Saleem. 1996. The potential of Calliandra calothyrsus as a fodder tree on acidic Nitosols of the southern, western, and southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 234-244.
+Lowry, J. B., and B. Macklin. 1989. Calliandra calothyrsus--An Indonesian favorite goes pantropic. NFT Highlight 88-02. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA. 2p.
+Mangan, J. L. 1988. Nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutrition Research Reviews 1 :209-231.
+McLeod, M. N. 1974. Plant-tannins: Their role in forage quality. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 11 :803-815.
+Merkel, R. C., K. R. Pond, J. C. Burns, and D. S. Fisher. 1996. Condensed tanins in Calliandra calothyrsus and their effects on feeding value. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports. (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 222-233.
+Morikawa, R. T., D. O. Lantagne, M. A. Gold, S. G. Krecik, and J. M. Roshetko. 1995. Management of Calliandra calothyrsus for fodder production in Jamaica. Tropical Grasslands 29: 236-240.
+Narvaez, N., and C. Lascano. 1989. Digestibilidad in vitro de especies forrajeras tropicales. 2: Factores asociados con su determinación. Pasturas Tropicales I 1:13-18.
+Niang, A., E. Styger, and A. Gahamanyi. 1992. Fodder potential of grass and shrub combination on contour bunds in Rwerere. In D. Hoekstra and J. Beniest, eds. Summary proceedings: East and Central African AFRENA Workshop. AFRENA Report No. 58. International Center for Research in Agroforestry. Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
+Norton, B. W. 1994. The nutritive value of tree legumes. In R. C. Gutteridge and H. M. Shelton, eds. Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. CAB International. Wallingford, UK. p. 177-191
+Palmer, B., R. A. Bray, T. M. Ibrahim, and M. G. Fulloon. 1989. Shrub legumes for acid soils. In E. T. Craswell and E. Pushparajah, eds. Management of acid soils in the humid tropics of Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 13. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Canberra. p. 36-43.
+Palmer, B., and T. A. Ibrahim. 1996. Calliandra calothyrsus forage for the tropics: A current assessment. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 183-194.
+Palmer, B., D. J. Macqueen, and R. C. Gutteridge. 1994. Calliandra calothyrsus: A multipurpose tree legume for humid locations. In R. C. Gutteridge and H. M. Shelton, eds. Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. CAB International. Wallingford, UK. p. 65-74.
+Palmer, B., and A. C. Schlink. 1992. The effect of drying on the intake and rate of digestion of the shrub legume Calliandra calothyrsus. Tropical Grasslands 26:89-93.
+Paterson, R. T., G. A. Proverbs, and J. M. Keoghan. 1987. The management and use of fodder banks. Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute. Barbados.
+Paterson, R. T., R. L. Roothaert, O. Z. Nyaata, E. Akyeampong, and L. Hove. 1996. Experience with Calliandra calothyrsus as a feed for livestock in Africa. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 195-209.
+Perera, A. N. F., and E. R. K. Perera. 1996. Use of Calliandra calothyrsus leaf meal as a substitute for coconut oil meal for ruminants. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 245-250.
+Perera, A. N. F., E. R. K. Perera, and H. P. M. Gunasena. 1996. Nutritive value and degradation characteristics of Calliandra calothyrsus provenances In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports. (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 251-259.
+Shelton, H. M., B. W. Norton, B. F. Mullen, R. C. Gutteridge, and P. J. Dart. 1996. Utilization and nutritive value of Calliandra calothyrsus for forage: A review of research at the University of Queensland. In D. O. Evans, ed. International Workshop on the Genus Calliandra. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports (Special issue). Winrock International. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA. p. 210-221.
+Sumata, I.-K., M. Ali, and E. Wina. 1994. The effect of supplementation of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) leaves on reproductive performance of Javanese fat-tailed sheep. Ilmu den Peternakan 7(2): 13-16.
+Veen, W. van den 1993. Economic analysis of fodder trees for dairy cows on farms in Western Kenya M.Sc. thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
+Veen, W. van der, and R. Swinkels. 1993. Fodder trees: A profitable option for a higher milk production. West Kenya Agroforestry Newsletter 4(July 1993).
+Wina, E., B. Tangendjaja, and E. Tamtomo. 1993. The effect of drying on the digestibility of Calliandra calothyrsus. Ilmu den Peternakan 6(1): 32-36.
+Pests and diseases
+Boa, E. R. 1995. A guide to the identification of diseases and pests of neem (Azadirachta indica). RAP Publication 1995/41. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Bangkok.
+Boa, E. R., and J. M. Lenné. 1993. Pilot assessment of diseases of important woody legumes in Central America and Mexico. Project R4852, Final Report. Natural Resources Institute. Chatham, UK.
+Boa, E. R., and J. Lenné. 1994. Diseases of nitrogen fixing trees in developing countries: An annotated list. Natural Resources Institute. Chatham, UK.
+Boa, E. R., and J. M. Lenné. 1996. Diseases and insect pests. In J. L. Stewart, G. E. Allison, and A. J. Simons, eds. Gliricidia septum: Genetic resources for farmers. Oxford Forestry Institute. Oxford, UK. p. 73-76.
+Braza, R. D. 1991. Insects damaging Calliandra calothyrsus in the Philippines. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 9:38-39.
+Browne, F. G. 1968. Pest and diseases of forest plantation trees. Clarendon Press. Oxford, UK.
+Hilje, L., C. Araya, and F. Scorza. 1991. Plagas y enfermedades forestales en America Central: Guía de campo. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Turrialba, Costa Rica.
+Johnson, C. D., and G. P. Lewis. 1993. New host records for Stator sordidus and Stator limbatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) with comments on bruchid feeding guilds. Coleopterists Bulletin 47:246248.
+Johnson, W. T., and H. H. Lyon. 1994. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York.
+Kaudia, A. 1990. Report of an insect pest on Calliandra calothyrsus (Meissn.) in Kenya. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 8:126.
+Lenné, J. M. 1990. A world list of fungal diseases of tropical pasture species. Phytopathological Paper No. 31. International Mycological Institute. Egham, UK.
+Lenné, J. M. 1992. Diseases of multipurpose woody legumes in the tropics: A review. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 10:13-29.
+Luego, J. N. 1989. Contributed papers involving one NFT genus: Calliandra. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 7:76.
+Mukhtar Ahmed. 1989. Feeding diversity of Myllocerus viridanus Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from south India. Indian Forester 115:832-838.
+Nair, K. S. S. 1982. Seasonal incidence, host range, and control of the teak sapling borer, Sahyndrassus malabaricus. KFRI Research Report No. 16. Kerala Forest Research Institute. India. 36 p.
+Paterson, R. T., and L. M. Mwangi. 1996. Honey fungus in agroforestry. Agroforestry Today 8:19-20.
+Smith, F. W., and P. J. Vanden Berg. 1992. Foliar symptoms of the nutrient disorders in the tropical shrub legume Calliandra calothyrsus. Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures Technical Paper No. 31. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Canberra, Australia.
+<section>Morphological and seedling keys to the identification of species in the Racemosae.</section>
+Morphological Key
+1. Pinnae greater than 6-jugate. Calyx less than 5 mm long and cup shaped Pinnae 2-6 jugate. Calyx inflated, bilabiate, and membranaceous, greater than 10 mm long. Pods rigidly membranaceous, short pubescent, undulate. Often multiple stemmed shrub (1.5 4 m tall).
+7. C. physocalyx. Oaxaca-Guerrero, Mexico.
+2. Leaves dark lustrous green above, pale beneath, rigid. Leaflets falcately truncate, somewhat inequilateral, sharply acute, overlapping. Stipules oblanceolate Leaves pale-mid green above and slightly paler green beneath, without a lustrous sheen, soft and tending to fold upon collection. Leaflets acute, but not falcate or overlapping. Stipules lanceolate
+3. Stem and flowers white-cream incanous-velutinous. Flowers large, corolla greater than (13) 14 mm long. Pods always ligneous, canescent pilose. Stem and flowers ferruginous pubescent, rarely glabrescent. Corolla less than 14 mm long. Pods rigidly coriaceous, red pilose, velutinous or detachably hispid, very rarely white pubescent. Large shrub to small tree (1.5 6 m)
+3. C. houstoniana. Nicaragua-Chihuahua, Mexico.
+4. Leaves large (leaf rachis 12-25 cm long). Shrub, less than 1.5 m tall. Flowers on 1-5 well spaced nodes with long peduncle but short pedicel (0-4 mm)
+6.C. palmeri. Jalisco-Nayarit, Mexico.
+Leaves mid-sized (leaf rachis 8-12 cm long). Large shrub, greater than 1.5 m tall.
+Long peduncles and pedicels (2-8 mm)
+4. C. juzepczukii Chiapas-Oaxaca, Mexico.
+5. Corolla (6) 8-14 mm long. Pods either sub-ligneous or coriaceous and densely white, dark, or brown sericeous or short, red, pilose, and corrugated. Pinnae 10-26 jugate. Leaflets 0.5-1.4 mm wide. Stems and flowers white, dark, or ferruginous pubescent, rarely sparsely pubescent. Shrubs, few-branched, 1-6 m tall Corolla 6-8 mm long. Pods rigidly membranaceous 10-18 mm wide and glabrescent. Pinnae 4-19 jugate. Leaflets 0.8-2.5 mm wide. Stems and flowers glabrescent, rarely short white pilose. Small trees, 2-12 m tall
+2. C. calothyrsus. Panama-Colima, Mexico.
+6. Flowers borne on long peduncles (12-18mm) and long pedicels (5-8 mm). Flowers glabrescent or short pubescent. Pods 9-12 mm wide, short red pubescent, clearly corrugated in the intermarginal area. Large shrubs (2-6 m tall)
+5. C longepedicellata. Jalisco, Mexico.
+Flowers borne on medium length peduncles (5-12 mm) and short pedicels (1-2.5 mm). Flowers densely white, dark or ferruginous pilose. Pods 11-18 mm wide, white or dark sericeous. Small shrubs (1-2 (4) m tall)
+1. C. grandiflora. Honduras-Sonora, Mexico.
+Seedling key
+1. First leaf pinnate
+First leaf bipinnate
+2. Cotyledons phaneroepigeal
+Cotyledons cryptohypogeal or phanerogeal
+3. Stipules lanceolate
+Stipules ovate-oblanceolate. Cotyledons developing 0-1 cm above the ground. First leaves almost opposite, densely haired
+C. houstoniana. Nicaragua-Chihuahua, Mexico.
+4. Seedlings with cotyledons 1-3 cm above the ground. First leaves clearly alternate
+.C. calothyrsus. Panama-Colima, Mexico
+Seedlings with cotyledons 0-1 cm above the ground. First leaves opposite or scarcely alternate
+C. physocalyx. Oaxaca-Guerrero, Mexico
+5. Stipules ovate-oblanceolate. Cotyledons opening at ground level; epicotyl scarcely elongated
+C. juzepczukii. Chiapas-Oaxaca, Mexico.
+Stipules lanceolate. Cotyledons remain, at least partially beneath the ground; epicotyl 0.5-1.5 cm
+6. Cotyledons remain below ground. First leaf with 8-10 pairs of leaflets
+C. grandiflora. Honduras-Sonora, Mexico.
+Cotyledons open at ground level. First leaf with 10-15 pairs of leaflets
+C. longepedicellata. Jalisco, Mexico.
+7. Cotyledons opening at ground level, first leaves clearly alternate
+C. palmeri. Jalisco-Nayarit, Mexico.
+Cotyledons opening from close to ground level to 1 cm, first leaves opposite or nearly so...
+C. houstoniana. Nicaragua-Chihuahua, Mexico.
+Source: D.J. Macqueen (1996), p. 12-13.
+Glossary of technical botanical terms.
+Source: D.J. Macqueen (1993), p. 57
+Acropetally
+Developing towards the apex.
+Actinomorphic
+Parts radiating equally from the center.
+Anthesis
+Time of anther opening and pollen release.
+Acuminate
+Having a gradually diminishing point.
+Adaxial
+The side facing the main plant axis.
+Angulate
+Showing a determinate number of angles.
+Campanulate
+Bell-shaped.
+Canescent
+Growing grey.
+Capitate
+Pin-headed or growing in heads.
+Ciliate
+Fringed with hairs.
+Ciliolate
+Slightly fringed with hairs.
+Coriaceous
+Leathery.
+Eglandular
+Without glands.
+Foliaceous
+Leafy.
+Glabrous
+Without hairs.
+Hirsute
+Covered with long weak hairs.
+Hispid
+Covered with coarse rigid hairs or bristles.
+Jugate
+Joined (Paired).
+Lanceolate
+Sharply pointed or lance-like.
+Ligneous
+Woody.
+Membranous
+Thin and semi-transparent.
+Obovate
+Upside down egg-shaped.
+Ovate
+Egg-shaped.
+Paniculate
+With a branched conical inflorescence.
+Pedicel
+The stalk of a single flower.
+Peduncle
+The stalk of a flower cluster.
+Pentamerous
+With parts in fives.
+Petiole
+Leaf stalk.
+Pilose
+Hairy.
+Pleurogram
+The horse-shoe marking on the seed coat.
+Puberulent
+Slightly hairy.
+Rachilla
+A secondary axis.
+Rachis
+The main axis of a compound leaf.
+Rostrate
+Narrowed into a point or beak.
+Sericeous
+Covered with very fine hairs, silky to the touch.
+Sessile
+Without a stalk.
+Setose
+Bristly.
+Striate
+Striped.
+Sub-
+Less than
+Terete
+Round in cross-section.
+Trigonus
+Three angled.
+Umbelliform
+Shaped like the ribs on an umbrella.
+Verticillate
+Whorled.
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/skos/UNESCO.skos.xml b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/skos/UNESCO.skos.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..380ad2453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/skos/UNESCO.skos.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,69928 @@
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BILATERAL RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES BILATERALES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VANDALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VANDALISM</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGROINDUSTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTIONS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORCED LABOUR">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL FORCÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FORCED LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO FORZOSO</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER PROTECTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSUMIDOR</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSOMMATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSUMERS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHERS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO HUMANO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LETTER WRITING">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LETTER WRITING</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORRESPONDENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN ART">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART AFRICAIN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICAN ART</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAYA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PARTICIPANTS IN VOCATIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE OR TECHNICAL TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR PURPOSE OF DEVELOPING JOB RELATED SKILLS.</skos:scopeNote>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED BY THE SCHOOL, FOR WHICH PARTICIPATION IS GENERALLY NOT COMPULSORY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL CLUBS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ HORS PROGRAMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD FUERA DE PROGRAMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUTDOOR EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ADMINISTRATION RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION ENSEIGNANT-ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN DOCENTE-ADMINISTRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER ADMINISTRATION RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION MARKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOTE D'EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NOTA DE EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXAMINATION MARKS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT COURSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHORT COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUMMER SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS DE BRÈVE DURÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO DE CORTA DURACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARGET GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACECRAFT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACECRAFT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSILES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VEH�CULO ESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VAISSEAU SPATIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OASES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OASIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OASIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OASES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CÔTE D&apos;IVOIRE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CÔTE D'IVOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATTERN RECOGNITION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PATTERN RECOGNITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECONNAISSANCE DES FORMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECONOCIMIENTO DE FORMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ROLE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER STATUS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÔLE DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER ROLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER FORECASTING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METEOROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METEOROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTÉOROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGICAL DATA"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WINDS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE AID">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AID PROVIDED BY CHURCHES, FOUNDATIONS, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA PRIVADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE PRIVÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATE AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY">
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL BALANCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVAK">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESLOVACO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SLOVAQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLOVAK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LUXEMBOURG"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWITZERLAND"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPAIN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECH REPUBLIC"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY FR"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAND"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGARY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DE LA OCDE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORWAY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRELAND"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICELAND"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA R"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRALIA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DE L'OCDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREECE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OECD COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEXICO"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANADA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKEY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDEN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRIA"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW ZEALAND"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ADMINISTRATION RELATIONSHIP"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL LITERATURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.40 LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT ESTUDIANTIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO ESTUDIANTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PER�ODICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWSPAPERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JOURNAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROWAVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOMUSEUMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECOMUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOMUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOMUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAVE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTORISATION D'ABSENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERMISO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEAVE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING FINANCE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCEMENT DU LOGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANCIACIÓN DE LA VIVIENDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOUSING FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION UNIVERSELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPULSORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SYSTEM OF EDUCATION EXTENDING OPPORTUNITIES TO ALL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDICATORS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NUMERICAL DATA USED TO ASSESS VARIOUS ASPECTS OF CULTURAL LIFE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDICADOR CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDICATEUR CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL INDICATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN DANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALLET"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MODERN DANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DANZA MODERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DANSE MODERNE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECAMBRIAN">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUATERNARY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREC�MBRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRECAMBRIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉCAMBRIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEUNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERATION GAP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JOVEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JORDAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JORDANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JORDANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JORDAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARD OF LIVING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST OF LIVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NIVEAU DE VIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIVEL DE VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STANDARD OF LIVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILINGUALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTILINGUALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MULTILINGUISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MULTILINGÃœISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SORDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE DEAF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAFNESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEAF</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPOWERMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT PARTICIPATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO PARTICIPATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASS SIZE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAMAÑO DE LA CLASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RATIO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MAPPING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIMENSION DE LA CLASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASS SIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SHORTAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PETROLEUM INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA PETROLERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE PÉTROLIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCTORAL DEGREES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACHELORS DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRADO DE DOCTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCTORAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCTORAL DEGREES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM STUDY CENTRES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DEL CURR�CULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE D'ÉTUDES SUR LE CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM STUDY CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROBOTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROBOTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL LOGIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROBÓTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN AREA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLIED TO THE INDUSTRIAL USE OF ROBOTS FOR PERFORMANCE OF REPETITIVE TASKS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCRIVAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WRITERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCRITOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYWRIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION MUNICIPALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BARRIERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BARRIÈRE LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE BARRIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BARRERA LING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT HUMAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE AQUACULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA FISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO HUMANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING SKILLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RENDEMENT DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFICACIA DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEGREE TO WHICH TEACHERS ARE SUCCESSFUL IN SATISFYING THEIR OBJECTIVES, OBLIGATIONS AND FUNCTIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ROLE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPREHENSION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPRENSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPREHENSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY AIDS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAFNESS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAILLE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APARATO SENSORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SENSORY AIDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLINDNESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISPOSITIF D'AIDE SENSORIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE MÉDICAL SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO ESCOLAR DE SALUD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE AU SUD DU SAHARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA AL SUR DEL SAHARA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERBOCROATIAN"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECH"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYELORUSSIAN"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV CULTURES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAK"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINIAN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACEDONIAN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BULGARIAN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA ESLAVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVENE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLAVIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLISH"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVAK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE SLAVE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EXPLORATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.65 NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAW MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS NATURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC UNIFICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UNIFICATION LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNIFICACIÓN LINGÜ�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGUISTIC UNIFICATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DES CARA�BES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DEL CARIBE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARIBBEAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION METHODS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING METHODS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EVALUATION METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO DE EVALUACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE D'ÉVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMPLING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMATIVE EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUMMATIVE EVALUATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT MODELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMETRICS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION MODELS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND WAVE PROPAGATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPAGATION D'ONDES SONORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPAGACIÓN DE ONDAS ACÚSTICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUND WAVE PROPAGATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCABULARIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEXICOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOCABULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCABULARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VOCABULARIO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERACY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NUMÉRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUMERACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE AQUACULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONOCIMIENTOS ARITMÉTICOS B�SICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC CULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE BALTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA B�LTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALTIC CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARVESTING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCOLTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSECHA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HARVESTING</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDORRA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANDORRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANDORRA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN ART"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA ASI�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-">
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH&apos;S CRUST"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERRE -PLANÈTE-</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANETS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIERRA -PLANETA-</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUOTATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CITATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STÉRÉOTYPE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER STEREOTYPES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMÉDIE MUSICALE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEAM TEACHING">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT EN ÉQUIPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA EN EQUIPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEAM TEACHING</skos:prefLabel>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUDGETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUDGET DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL BUDGETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESUPUESTO EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITIONAL DISEASES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORBIDITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMUNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASE CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANCER"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOXICOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKIN DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMOA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN SAMOA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLOMON ISLANDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KIRIBATI"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAWAII"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW CALEDONIA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPUA NEW GUINEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARSHALL ISLANDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIJI"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VANUATU"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICRONESIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN SAMOA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUAM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOK ISLANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRALIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUVALU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH POLYNESIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIUE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WALLIS AND FUTUNA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PITCAIRN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAURU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOKELAU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW ZEALAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TONGA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉANIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATEUR SPÉCIALISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENTE DE EDUCACIÓN ESPECIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOCIETY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD POSTINDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ POST-INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE DERECHO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAW LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECONSTRUCTION -BUILDINGS-">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING OPERATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECONSTRUCTION DE BÂTIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECONSTRUCCIÓN DE INMUEBLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECONSTRUCTION -BUILDINGS-</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL MODELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICAL MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE MATHÉMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO MATEM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAN MARINO">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINT-MARIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAN MARINO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL EXCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHANGE CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME EXCHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERCAMBIO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGREEMENTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIANS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGISTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMISTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENTISTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECIALISTA EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGISTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SPÉCIALISTE DE SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">F�SICA DEL PLASMA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENTE MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADVERTISING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TUNGSTENO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TUNGSTEN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANISMO DE LA ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPHTHALMOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPHTHALMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPHTALMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EYESIGHT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OFTALMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉFICIENCE MENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTALLY DISABLED"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPATHOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABILITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROELECTRONICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MENTAL DEFICIENCY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEFICIENCIA MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DENSITY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DISTRIBUTION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DENSITÉ DE POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DENSIDAD DE POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION DENSITY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA CENTRES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLEARING HOUSES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPIRICISM</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSECTS">
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSETSE FLIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSECTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMITES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY">
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF CHANGE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLIANCES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A TELEFÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DU TÉLÉPHONE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEPHONE ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A FARMACÉUTICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALANCE OF POWER</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUILIBRIO DE PODER</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LAC</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAKES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTROPHICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAGOONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INLAND WATER TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOMETRICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOMETR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOMETRICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOMÉTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BACTERIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BACTERIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROORGANISMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BACTÉRIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL POWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDONESIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDONÉSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDONESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA EXCHANGE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL DATA FLOW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERCAMBIO DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA EXCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA FORMATS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHANGE DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR VEHICLES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOTOR VEHICLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VEH�CULO AUTOMOTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VÉHICULE À MOTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL WATER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUNDWATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MOISTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERDEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.30 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA CAUC�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASQUE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEORGIAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE CAUCASIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INITIATION RITES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RITO DE INICIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INITIATION RITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RITE D'INITIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADDICTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADICCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPENDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADDICTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAL INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METAL INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA METALÚRGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE MÉTALLURGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLURGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUNDWATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SURFACE WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WETLANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER BALANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA DE SUPERFICIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE BASINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU DE SURFACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS TESTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERIALS ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE MATERIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DES MATÉRIAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IBERIAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IBERIAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE IBÉRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA IBÉRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPAIN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CINÉMATHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILMOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATORS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT EDUCATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCADOR DE ADULTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATEUR D'ADULTES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CRISES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISIS POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRISE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL CRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATIGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE LA TERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EARTH SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COOPERATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES COOPERATIVE MEASURES IN BANKING, TRADE, INDUSTRY ETC., BETWEEN AND AMONG COUNTRIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDEPENDENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL WOMEN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL WOMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTUITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMAGINATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COGNITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COGNICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCEPTUALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEMORIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THINKING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOCRACY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELITE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOCRACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOCRATIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOCRACIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SILVICULTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYLVICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SILVICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SILVICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A SECTOR OF FORESTRY THAT DEALS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION AND CARE OF FOREST TREES.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BROAD STEPS OF FORMAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRESSIONS FROM ELEMENTARY TO MORE COMPLICATED EXPERIENCE. USED AS A CLASSIFICATION IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND STATISTICS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.30 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIVEL DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NIVEAU D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH HABITS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANERA DE HABLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH DISORDERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODE D'EXPRESSION ORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEECH HABITS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRADUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSCRIPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLITERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRADUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPRETING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRESENTATIVE LITERARY WORKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OEUVRE LITTÉRAIRE REPRÉSENTATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBRA LITERARIA REPRESENTATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REPRESENTATIVE LITERARY WORKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN ALIMENTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FROM AGE FIVE TO ELEVEN.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT PRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STARS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GALAXIES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUASARS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STARS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRELLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTOILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACK HOLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINICOMPUTERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINI-ORDINATEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINICOMPUTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINICOMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRECIMIENTO DEMOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DECREASE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMIGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CROISSANCE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION INCREASE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCAS">
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INCA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INCAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILK">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LAIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'ÉCRITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA ESCRITURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING INSTRUCTION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETABLES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGUME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORTICULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HORTALIZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VEGETABLES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSENSUS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSENSUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSENSO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARNING DEVICES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISPOSITIF D'ALARME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY DEVICES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISPOSITIVO DE ALARMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WARNING DEVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEFT PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGOLA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANGOLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS TESTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSAYO DE MATERIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MISE À L'ÉPREUVE DES MATÉRIAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERIALS TESTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPAMIENTO ELECTRÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PRIVACY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À LA VIE PRIVÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO PRIVACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA PRIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRACE ELEMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS TESTING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRACE ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS QU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CABLE TELEVISION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITE BROADCASTING"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE RADIODIFUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DESALINATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESALINIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TREATMENT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDIANT DE TROISIÈME CYCLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSTGRADUATES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADUATES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD STATISTICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGROCLIMATOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIGRANT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWAHILI"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA BANTÚ</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGALA"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAMMALS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIMATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRIMATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SPECIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMOROS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMOROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMORAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVOCATIONAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT PRÉPROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREVOCATIONAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PREPROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PRISONERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TORTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCENTRATION CAMPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉTENU POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THOUGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL PRISONERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESO POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BROADCASTING LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE AIR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION DE LA RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN DE LA RADIODIFUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALENDARS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CALENDRIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALENDARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CALENDARS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT PHYSIOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO FISIOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMBRYOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN STUDENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIANTE EXTRANJERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDENTS NOT NATIVE TO A PARTICULAR COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDIANT ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGN STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGNERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBJETO ARQUEOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBJET ARCHÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT UNREST"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALNUTRITION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL PROBLEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADDICTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.20 SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TORTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROBLEMA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROBLÈME SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIOLENCE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSTITUTION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORNOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ALIENATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY DISORGANIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL COSTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRORISM"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUICIDE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMELESS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN RELATIVA A LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION EN MATIÈRE DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FICTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOVELS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FICTION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT STORIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE WRITING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA DE FICCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COFFEE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEVERAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COFFEE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAFÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAFÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPAIR WORKSHOPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL PLANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">USINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">F�BRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING STANDARDS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO ARQUITECTÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING COSTS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR CONDITIONING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS -BUILDINGS-"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRE PROTECTION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTION DE BÂTIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE RÉGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL MUSEUMS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MINORITIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIBUJO TÉCNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL DRAWING</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE INTERCAMBIO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROVIDE SYSTEMATICALLY FOR THE EXCHANGE OF STUDENTS OR TEACHERS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING ABROAD"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART COLLECTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESENTACIÓN DE LOS BIENES CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART MUSEUMS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVELLING EXHIBITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GALLERIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MISE EN VALEUR DES BIENS CULTURELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEAVE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC YEAR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE IN CONNECTION WITH PAID OR UNPAID LEAVE GRANTED TO EMPLOYEES FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL LEAVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONGÉ D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LICENCIA PARA ESTUDIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEADERSHIP"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉLÉGATION D'AUTORITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRALIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DELEGACIÓN DE AUTORIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECENTRALIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM ACCESS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILE ORGANIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACCESO ALEATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCÈS ALÉATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RANDOM ACCESS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAVE MECHANICS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES WAVE EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUANTUM THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCANIQUE DES ONDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEC�NICA DE LAS ONDAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAVE MECHANICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN LANGUAGE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ÉCRITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA ESCRITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WRITTEN LANGUAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES">
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORENSIC MEDICINE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROPSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERONTOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEDIATRICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES MÉDICALES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY MEDICINE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE MEDICINE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL MEDICINE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS MEDICINE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE EUROPEO</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL MARKETS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVINGS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTIVITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTIVITÉ INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OLA MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIÓN COSTERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOUR AND COASTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COASTAL PROTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION CÔTIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL EROSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEARING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OU�E</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEARING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LISTENING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECEPCIÓN AUDITIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC STUDY SUBJECTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATIÈRE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERACY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASIC STUDY SUBJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIA DE LA ENSEÑANZA B�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO HEALTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À LA SANTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO HEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATIENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA SALUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITIES EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MELTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONVERSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCESSUS PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPORATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO F�SICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IONIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEZING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL PROCESSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIFFUSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TREATMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL REHABILITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL TREATMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRATAMIENTO MÉDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT MÉDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE LABORATORIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LABORATOIRE DE LANGUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE LABORATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LABORATORIO DE IDIOMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MACHINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INKS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENCRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TINTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYES TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GIRLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUCHACHA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUNGLES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUNGLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JUNGLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JUNGLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIGA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉRIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMERICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAY NURSERIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DAY NURSERIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CENTRES WHERE PRESCHOOL CHILDREN MAY BE LEFT TO BE CARED FOR, WHILE THE PARENTS ARE AT WORK OR STUDY; MAY INCLUDE HEALTH AND FAMILY SERVICES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUARDER�A INFANTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSERY SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÈCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL AGE POPULATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL AGE POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN EN EDAD ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POPULATION D'ÂGE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVALANCHES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AVALANCHES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVALANCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSLIDES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL REWARDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCOMPENSE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL PUNISHMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECOMPENSA ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL REWARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS -BUILDINGS-">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÉMENT STRUCTURAL -BÂTIMENT-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELEMENTO ESTRUCTURAL -CONSTRUCCIÓN-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS -BUILDINGS-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC CONFLICTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO ÉTNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT ETHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNIC CONFLICTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRIBES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY HISTORY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">19TH-20TH CENTURY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE CONTEMPORAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTEMPORARY HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA CONTEMPOR�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB DESCRIPTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESCRIPCIÓN DEL EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECRUITMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOB DESCRIPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DESCRIPTION DE POSTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RECOGNIZED LIST OF FUNCTIONS AND TASKS INCLUDED IN A PARTICULAR JOB.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE REACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVIEWERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USERS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO LISTENERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL USERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UTILISATEUR CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">USUARIO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING ABROAD">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER MOBILITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT À L'ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA EN EL EXTRANJERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING ABROAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISITING TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC WORKERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOYÉ DE MAISON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMESTIC WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR DOMÉSTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR HEATING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHAUFFAGE SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR HEATING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALEFACCIÓN SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL ECONOMY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE WHEN REFERRING TO REGIONS WITHIN A COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL ECONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE RÉGIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DISPARITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION PARENTS-ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN PADRES-DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL POWER"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE BUDGETS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPENDITURE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FINANCE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESUPUESTO DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE BUDGETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUDGET DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGENDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGENDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEYENDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGENDE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA EXPERIMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE EXPÉRIMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL METHODS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLURGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTALLURGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METALURGIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METALLURGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALWORKING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLAN DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT PLANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLAN DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION">
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION FINANCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN FINANCIERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.40 INDUSTRY">
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL POLITICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCUPÉRATION DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECUPERACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SEARCHING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOXICOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOXICOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOXICOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOXICOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.85 PATHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTERCULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRE-CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBCULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CULTURAL SYSTEM WHICH DEVELOPS IN CONFLICT WITH THE PREVAILING CULTURE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTRACULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COUNTERCULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER STUDIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDE D'UTILISATEURS D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIO DE LOS USUARIOS DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION USER STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POULTRY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOLAILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POULTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AVE DE CORRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING METHODS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO DE PLANIFICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANNING METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECTORAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATEGIC PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE DE PLANIFICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMBRYOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMBRYOS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMBRYOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMBRYOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMBRIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BEBIDA ALCOHÓLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEVERAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOISSON ALCOOLISÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL LAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERRE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAZING LAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIERRA AGRICOLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFORESTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO PREPRIMARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREPRIMARY CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CURRICULUM PRÉPRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONVIOLENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERATION MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUERILLA ACTIVITIES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEST MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIOTS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPPRESSION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL WAR"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REVOLUTIONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COSMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COSMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLUBS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLUB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLUB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECLUBS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNESCO CLUBS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLUBS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND VALUE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND VALUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VALEUR DES TERRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VALOR DE LA TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BOSNIA Y HERZEGOVINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOSNIE-HERZÉGOVINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECENTRALIZATION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRALIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DISPERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONS AND POWERS FROM A CENTRAL AUTHORITY TO A LOCAL AUTHORITY OR COMMUNITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCENTRALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DECENTRALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESCENTRALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL STEREOTYPES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL STEREOTYPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTEREOTIPO NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STÉRÉOTYPE NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL IDENTITY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAMPUS UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FLOW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWS FLOW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS AGENCIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FLUJO DE NOTICIAS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARABS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INICIACIÓN A LA COMPUTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM PROCESSES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CERCLE PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO PEDAGÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUILIBRIO ECOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECOLOGICAL BALANCE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASINS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUENCA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALITÉ DE LA VIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPAREIL ÉLECTROMÉNAGER</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGEBRA">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALGEBRA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DEL TIEMPO LIBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DU LOISIR</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY OF LEISURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERRESTRIAL HEAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHALEUR TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALOR TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL SPRINGS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NAMIBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NAMIBIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECTROMETERS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE SPECTROCHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METALLIC DEPOSITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPÔT MÉTALLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">YACIMIENTO MET�LICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCÉNAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FINANCE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MECENAZGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHURCH AND STATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN IGLESIA-ESTADO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS">
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GROUPINGS OF COUNTRIES FOR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, OR MILITARY PURPOSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL EDUCATIONAL BODIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉORGANISATION DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM REORGANIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECTRÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLECTRON</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SALINITY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SALINITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALINIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ATTITUDES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERIAL CHARACTERISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGORITHMS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL LOGIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALGORITMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALGORITHMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALGORITHME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOMENTO DE RECURSOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EXPLORATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MISE EN VALEUR DES RESSOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ DE LA JEUNESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD JUVENIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREGNANCY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROSSESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREGNANCY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMBARAZO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABORTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME DE VALEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE VALORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIEF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE JUDGMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VALUE SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHICAL DATA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DONNÉE GÉOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHICAL DATA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DATO GEOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIED MEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WIDOWS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY DISORGANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATUT CONJUGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIED WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGLE PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARITAL STATUS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF AND DUMB">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURD-MUET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF DUMBNESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SORDOMUDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIPLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEAF AND DUMB</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE ART">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE BIZANTINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART BYZANTIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BYZANTINE ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EXCHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATION AIMED AT INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING, COOPERATION, PEACE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH EDUCATION IN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN A VOCACIÓN INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION À VOCATION INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIGHT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUMIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERBIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SERBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERBIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS SECTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SECTE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SECTA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS SECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL DANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MUSIC DISTINCTIVE OF A CERTAIN REGION OR ETHNIC GROUP.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURTHER TRAINING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERFECTIONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GLOBAL TERM FOR TRAINING SUBSEQUENT AND COMPLEMENTARY TO INITIAL TRAINING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERFECCIONAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FURTHER TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMS OF TRADE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE RATIO OF EXPORT TO IMPORT PRICES OF THE PRODUCTS INVOLVED IN A GIVEN COUNTRY OR REGION'S INTERNATIONAL TRADE. MAY ALSO BE USED BY EXTENSION WITH RESPECT TO TRADE BETWEEN AREAS WITHIN A COUNTRY, SUCH AS URBAN OR RURAL AREAS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPORTS/IMPORTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERMES DE L'ÉCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY PRICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERMS OF TRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN DE INTERCAMBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEORGIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉORGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEORGIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A GEOTÉRMICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL HOLIDAYS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES EN CHARBON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS CARBON�FEROS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SSR DE TAYIKIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTI POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METABOLISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉPIDÉMIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EPIDEMIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE AND SPREAD OF DISEASE IN A COMMUNITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASE CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EPIDEMIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHRONOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODESY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL HEAT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOF�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMAGNETISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOPHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOPHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL AREAS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LOCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AREAS, USUALLY URBAN, WITH A RELATIVELY HIGH INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION, EITHER PLANNED OR UNPLANNED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL TOWNS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.65 NATURAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES NATURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS NATURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES MÉDICALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PROFESSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS MÉDICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTENNAS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTENNAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO WAVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTENA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUTORING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIRECTION D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TUTOR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TUTORING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PRIVATE INTENSIVE TEACHING, USUALLY OF A SINGLE STUDENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.55 EDUCATIONAL POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.80 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE PERSONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DU PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WHITES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BLANC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BLANCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WHITES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MEDIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO ELECTRÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDIA ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIKKIM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SIKKIM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIRCULATION FIGURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIRCULATION FIGURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIFFRES DE TIRAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIFRAS DE CIRCULACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNREST">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIOTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MALESTAR DE LA JUVENTUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH UNREST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT UNREST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERATION GAP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALAISE DE LA JEUNESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH POLYNESIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLYNÉSIE FRANÇAISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRENCH POLYNESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POLINESIA FRANCESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOUR AND COASTAL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A PORTUARIA Y COSTERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOURS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE PORTUAIRE ET CÔTIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL PROTECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HARBOUR AND COASTAL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DESFAVORECIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE DÉFAVORISÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SCHOOLS WHERE ACTIVITIES, FACILITIES, OR RESOURCES DO NOT MEET THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF STUDENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES TRANSPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOWMELT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRESHWATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FONTE DES NEIGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESHIELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SNOWMELT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUNOFF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SCHOOLS OPEN BEYOND ORDINARY HOURS FOR USE OF STUDENTS, THEIR PARENTS AND THE COMMUNITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE LA COMUNIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCEANOGRAF�A F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA ICE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEEP SEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA LEVEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉANOGRAPHIE PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL WATERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL PRESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOCAL PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGROUND PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSE LOCALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRENSA LOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE ATYPIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COVERS ATYPICAL STUDENTS OF ANY KIND.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW LITERATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO AT�PICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOW ACHIEVERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOW LEARNERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.55 EDUCATIONAL POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIFTED STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING LIFE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIE ACTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKING LIFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDA ACTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR WORKS DEALING WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS. FOR GENERAL WORKS, USE "DEMOGRAPHY".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROJECTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN DEMOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISPLACED PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIGRANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXILES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGNERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMIGRANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALCIUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CALCIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALCIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC YEAR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC YEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AÑO ACADÉMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL HOLIDAYS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEAVE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TIMETABLES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANNÉE ACADÉMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL TIME"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTROPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELESTIAL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DEL ESPACIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.30 SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF SPACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE L'ESPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE ART"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ICÔNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ART"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ICONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ICONO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ONDA ELECTROMAGNÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO WAVES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/X-RAYS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAVE MECHANICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ONDE ÉLECTROMAGNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PER�ODO HISTÓRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL PERIODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉRIODE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUSAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS CAUSAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE CAUSALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUSE AND EFFECT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAUSAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DETERMINISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE STYLES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTILO DE VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIFE STYLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVERYDAY LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODE DE VIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER ROLES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER MINORITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÔLE SEXUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ROLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENDER ROLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER STEREOTYPES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROL DE LOS GÉNEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, EQUIPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, ÉQUIPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEMS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PIERRE PRÉCIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PIEDRA PRECIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICY MAKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRUNEI DARUSSALAM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRUNEI DARUSSALAM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METHODOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLIED RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROJECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSLIDES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANDSLIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GLISSEMENT DE TERRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECTONICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESLIZAMIENTO DE TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVALANCHES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INFORMATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.25 SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIEN-ÊTRE SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIENESTAR SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL WELFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ITALY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ITALIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ITALIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OMAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBJECIÓN DE CONCIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBJECTION DE CONSCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MEDICAL CARE IN ITS RELATION TO WORK AND THE WORK ENVIRONMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICINA DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOTHERAPY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL REHABILITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECINE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY TECHNICIANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY TECHNICIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉCNICO DE BIBLIOTECAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNICIEN DE BIBLIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETIC DISCS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCO MAGNÉTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGNETIC DISCS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISQUE MAGNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCE PAPERS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCUMENT DE RÉUNION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY WHEN REFERRING TO THEIR WRITING, EDITING, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCUMENTO DE REUNIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONFERENCE PAPERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSIONARY WORK">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO MISIONERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MISSIONARY WORK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OEUVRE MISSIONNAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBD"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECUADOR"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURINAME"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERU"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URUGUAY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUYANA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUTH AMERICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOMBIA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARGENTINA"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMÉRICA DEL SUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉRIQUE DU SUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAZIL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FALKLAND ISLANDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAGUAY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEZUELA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH GUIANA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILE"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUATERNARY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREHISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC MAN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEOLITHIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉHISTOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOLITHIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREHISTORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT A RANGE OF FACTORS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HUMAN CONDITION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO INTEGRADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED PLANNING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUMPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POMPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BOMBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUMPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE LA FAUNA Y FLORA SILVESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DE LA VIE SAUVAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRDS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WILDLIFE CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILD ANIMALS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERACY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES MATHÉMATIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LAS MATEM�TICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLUNTEERS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOMICIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HOMICIDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ARABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA �RABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARABIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR MEDITERR�NEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER MÉDITERRANÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDITERRANEAN SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEGEAN SEA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADRIATIC SEA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY CRITICISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRITIQUE LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CR�TICA LITERARIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART CRITICISM"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY CRITICISM</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK REVIEWS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HAUTE MER</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEEP SEA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA ICE">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIELO MARINO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEA ICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GLACE MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE EXPÉRIMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATED SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA EXPERIMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLICATION SOFTWARE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGICIEL D'APPLICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE COMPUTADORA DE APLICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APPLICATION SOFTWARE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER STATUS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING PROFESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROFESSION D'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RECRUITMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.20 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFUSION DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION DISSEMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFUSIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SUPPLY OF INFORMATION OR RECORDS FROM A STORAGE POINT TO PERSONS OR ORGANIZATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION EXCHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH LEADERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT UNREST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT DE JEUNESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO JUVENIL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA ORIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOMALIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EAST AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERITREA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TANZANIA UR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DJIBOUTI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UGANDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMOROS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RWANDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITIUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAYOTTE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURUNDI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KENYA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHIOPIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MADAGASCAR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEYCHELLES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REUNION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE DE L'EST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUDAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR PHYSICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYSIQUE MOLÉCULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR STRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOLECULAR PHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">F�SICA MOLECULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYWRIGHTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLAYWRIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DRAMATURGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DRAMATURGE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETIC EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CONSUMPTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES ALIMENTAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS ALIMENTARIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SECURITY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SHORTAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRODUCTION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AWARDS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNESCO AWARDS AND HONOURS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREMIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PRIZES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIX ET DISTINCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AWARDS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE AUTOMATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL LEGIBLE POR M�QUINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INFORMATION CODED BY METHODS REQUIRING THE USE OF A COMPUTER FOR PROCESSING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL LISIBLE EN MACHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHÔMAGE DES JEUNES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GLACIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GLACIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GLACIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA Y GOBIERNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTALISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIMNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BHUTAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BHUTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BHOUTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCRETE MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAZZ"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSICAL MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTILO MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSICAL STYLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STYLE MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE DEPLETION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIR POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACID RAIN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION DE L'AIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NICARAGUA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NICARAGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.85 LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR INTENSITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORCED LABOUR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO BOTH TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSPORT OF GOODS. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAILWAY TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TRANSPORTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTAINERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.65 SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INLAND WATER TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE ROUTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGER">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NIGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUROPA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN ART"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.20 EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUROPE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOPOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMORPHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOPOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOPOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDI">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HINDI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUSTANI"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME SERIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIME SERIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERIES TEMPORALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉRIES TEMPORELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SEARCHING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ONLINE SEARCHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEARCH STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BÚSQUEDA EN L�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE DISPOSAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC UTILITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UTILITÉS PUBLIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIOS DE UTILIDAD PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC UTILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVERSIFICATION OF EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT PRIVÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PRIVADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FEES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOODS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INUNDACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLOODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INONDATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOLIVIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOLIVIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOLIVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTBOOK PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DEL LIBRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DU LIVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING PAPER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAUCASIAN STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEORGIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO CAUCASIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.20 EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT DU CAUCASE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPERVISION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER SUPERVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PRACTICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSPECTION DES ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUPERVISIÓN DE LOS DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL SUPERVISION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRINGE BENEFITS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVANTAGES ACCESSOIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BENEFICIO ACCESORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRINGE BENEFITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MERCADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARKETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARCHÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET STRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DATO OCEANOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DONNÉE OCÉANOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETARY CONTROL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL PRESUPUESTARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE BUDGÉTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AUDIT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUDGETARY CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL LEADERSHIP">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULING CLASS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICIANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEADS OF STATE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEADERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LEADERSHIP POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIDERAZGO POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELIGIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS SECTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION GAMES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE PLAYING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SIMULATION GAMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUEGO DE SIMULACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEU DE SIMULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAYMAN ISLANDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS CAIM�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES CAYMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAYMAN ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNEMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS CYCLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDEREMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESEMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHÔMAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRANIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUAS IR�NICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KURDISH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PASHTO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRANIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSIAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANCER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CANCER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOGRAPHIE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLERS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOKSELLERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE REPOSITORIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPÔT D'ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE REPOSITORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEPÓSITO DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE DEPLETION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REDUCCIÓN DE LA CAPA DE OZONO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉDUCTION DE LA COUCHE D'OZONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OZONE DEPLETION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY MEDICINE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECINE VÉTÉRINAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VETERINARY MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICINA VETERINARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC MODELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMETRICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DES HANDICAPÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DE LOS IMPEDIDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF WORK">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE OF WORK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL EDUCATIONAL BODIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES GROUPING A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES. -IBE USES: REGIONAL AGENCIES-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISME RÉGIONAL DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANISMO EDUCACIONAL REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL EDUCATIONAL BODIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTORS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCULTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCULPTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCULPTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COURTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEADS OF STATE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTITUTION POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIÓN POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGAS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WASTES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOGAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOGAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPENDENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARXISM"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERDEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A HIGHLY INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD INVOLVING ALL THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, IN ADDITION TO ECONOMICS, ALSO SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, HEALTH RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER NATURAL SCIENCES, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DEL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STYLES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GROWTH"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERNIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOARDING SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERNAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOARDING SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA CON INTERNADO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMIC AREAS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMICITY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SISMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOMETERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEISMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CREATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL WORKSHOPS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPAIR WORKSHOPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL WORKSHOPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATELIER SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TALLER ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERSPACE LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PRIVACY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTHIQUE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ÉTICA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION ETHICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROADS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROUTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROADS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARRETERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUTATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ANY CHANGE IN THE GENOTYPE OF AN ORGANISM OCCURRING AT THE GENE, CHROMOSOME OR GENOME LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENSORSHIP">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENSURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENSURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THE PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF SPEECH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENSORSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDDHISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA CENTROASI�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE D'ASIE CENTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DEL TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DES TRANSPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METRIC SYSTEM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE TOOLS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">M�QUINA HERRAMIENTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACHINE-OUTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALWORKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACHINE TOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DISCIPLINE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAÃŽTRISE DE SOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTODISCIPLINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL CONCEPTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELF DISCIPLINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOVEREIGNTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE LIABILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ERGONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE OPTIMAL ADAPTATION OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT TO HUMAN NEEDS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ERGONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ERGONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YEMEN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YEMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SURVEYS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC SURVEYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENQUÊTE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENCUESTA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉCNICA DID�CTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY GROUPING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TECHNIQUES USED IN THE CLASSROOM OR IN ANY OTHER EDUCATIONAL SETTING TO CREATE PROPITIOUS LEARNING CONDITIONS; INCLUDES DISCIPLINE, MANAGEMENT, SITTING ARRANGEMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESSON PLANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNIQUE DE LA CLASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONG KONG CHINA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1 JULY 1997. OTHERWISE, USE HONG KONG</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HONG KONG CHINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HONG KONG CHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À LA QUALITÉ DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA CALIDAD AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INNOVATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INNOVACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH RESULTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SPACES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN RENEWAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW TOWNS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉNAGEMENT URBAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBURBS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL AREAS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANITY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTESTANTISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHRISTIANITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATHOLICISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISTIANISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHRISTIANISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.05 EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVESTMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANZAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.70 FINANCE AND TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISCAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEYCHELLES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEYCHELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALWORKING">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES FORGING, FORMING, SHEET METALWORKING, DRAWING, EXTRUSION, ROLLING, TUBE-MAKING ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLURGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO DEL METAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METALWORKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE TOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART METALWORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL DU MÉTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICELANDIC">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ICELANDIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ISLANDAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLANDÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMAGINATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMAGINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTUITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IMAGINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME EXCHANGE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROGRAMME EXCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ECHANGE DE PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERCAMBIO DE PROGRAMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION LOCALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOCAL GOVERNMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GOBIERNO LOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM CURATORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINIMUM WAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALARIO M�NIMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINIMUM WAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SALAIRE MINIMUM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY ART">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE CONTEMPOR�NEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTEMPORARY ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ART OF THE 20TH CENTURY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART CONTEMPORAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVANT-GARDE ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMÉRICA Y EL CARIBE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASOCIACIÓN PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSOCIATION PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FLOW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AFRICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUTH AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE DU SUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APARTHEID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA DE SUD�FRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUREDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO HISTÓRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STREET CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABANDONED CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED YOUTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANT DÉFAVORISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIÑO DESFAVORECIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOCIETY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPED COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SOCIETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMPLE SURVEYS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAMPLE SURVEYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENQUÊTE PAR SONDAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENCUESTA POR MUESTREO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCISION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXCISION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTAL SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DES COMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC MATTER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COSMIC MATTER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIA CÓSMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERSTELLAR SPACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATIÈRE COSMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULE OF LAW">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÈGLE DE DROIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPERIO DEL DERECHO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RULE OF LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU DE MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA DE MAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESALINATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEA WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRESHWATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING SKILLS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPÉTENCE PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HABILIDAD PEDAGÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING SKILLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETENCY BASED TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROTEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRELAND">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IRLANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IRLANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRELAND</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL TOWNS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL TOWNS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LOCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VILLE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIUDAD INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL AREAS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIMNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOSYSTÈME AQUATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOSISTEMA ACU�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ANIMALS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT SERVICES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE L'EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SERVICES PROVIDED OFFICIALLY BY GOVERNMENTS AS WELL AS THOSE RUN ON A PRIVATE FEE-PAYING BASIS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LIBRARIANSHIP">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECOLOG�A COMPARADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPARATIVE LIBRARIANSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÉCONOMIE COMPARÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.70 FINANCE AND TRADE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANZAS Y COMERCIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCE AND TRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL VIDEO">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FILMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIDÉO ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDEO EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL VIDEO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CRISES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISIS CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION CRISES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTERCULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL CRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL REVOLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRISE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER PREVENTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE PARASISMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A S�SMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE SOILS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUELO SALINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOL SALIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SALINE SOILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFORMS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PRINTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFORMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROFORMA DE SALIDA DE COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROFICHE EN SORTIE D'ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERBER">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BERBER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BERBERISCA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BERBÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.45 LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRUPACIONES LING�STICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF DUMBNESS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF AND DUMB"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEAF DUMBNESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE DEAF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SORDOMUDEZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAFNESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SURDIMUTITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCOMMONLY TAUGHT LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MENOS ENSEÑADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNCOMMONLY TAUGHT LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE MOINS ENSEIGNÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRODYNAMICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RHEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CURRENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDRODIN�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDRODYNAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDRODYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLONIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECOLONIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLONISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COLONIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REUNION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REUNION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECONFERENCING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELECOMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELECOMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEPHONE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA TRANSMISSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉCOMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC CULTURE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE ISLAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA ISL�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLAMIC CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND DEVELOPMENT, WHICH MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF RELIANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOINT VENTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRISE EN PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOINT VENTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN INVESTMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA EN PARTICIPACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROJECT INVOLVING ENTERPRISES OR ORGANIZATIONS THAT COMBINE THEORY, KNOW- HOW, CAPITAL AND/OR LABOUR TO REACH A COMMON OBJECTIVE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBSTACLE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBST�CULO AL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICLE ACCELERATORS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELEMENTARY PARTICLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCÉLERATEUR DE PARTICULES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACELERADOR DE PART�CULAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARTICLE ACCELERATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA EN L�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME EN LIGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ONLINE SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVERYDAY LIFE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EVERYDAY LIFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIE QUOTIDIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE STYLES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDA COTIDIANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS -LESSONS-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPÉRIENCE -EN CLASSE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMONSTRATIONS -EDUCATIONAL-"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPERIMENTO -EN CLASE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTS -LESSONS-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC REFORM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFORMA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC REFORM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DAMAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉGÂT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER RELIEF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DAÑO Y PERJUICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLISH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLONAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POLACO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -MODERN-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRIEGO -MODERNO-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GREEK -MODERN-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GREC -MODERNE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -CLASSICAL-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LEVEL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NIVEAU D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIVEL DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA LEVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER LEVEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUNGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SHORTAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HAMBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALNUTRITION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FAIM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL PROPERTIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD TÉRMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ THERMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMAL PROPERTIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC ANIMALS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMESTIC ANIMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMAL DOMESTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMAL DOMÉSTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, COOPERACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, COOPÉRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERLIBRARY LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONTROL">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DETERMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO AL CONTROL DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT AU CONTRÔLE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THE PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS COUNCILS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL PRESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGROUND PRESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PRESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL PRESS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NEWSPAPERS, JOURNALS, PERIODICALS, AND THEIR PUBLISHING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRENSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TREATMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUNOFF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALIMENTATION EN EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER STORAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC UTILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER SUPPLY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLYMERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLYMERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLYMÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�MERO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL SELECTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECRUITMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONNEL SELECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SELECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉLECTION DU PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SELECCIÓN DEL PERSONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTION BUILDING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉATION D'INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREACIÓN DE INFRAESTRUCTURAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSTITUTION BUILDING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN SOBRE MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORESTERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FORESTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS FORESTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROFORESTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SILVICULTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL WRITING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LETTER WRITING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCRITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WRITING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCRITURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN LANGUAGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BEING HELD RESPONSIBLE AND ANSWERABLE FOR SPECIFIC RESULTS OR OUTCOMES OF AN ACTIVITY -OVER WHICH ONE HAS RESPONSIBILITY-.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETENCY BASED TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPONSABILIDAD -EDUCACIÓN-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL CONCEPTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPONSABILITÉ -ÉDUCATION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULING CLASS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RULING CLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELITE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARISTOCRACY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UPPER CLASS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL LEADERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE DIRIGENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE DIRIGEANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS CUTTINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESS CUTTINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COUPURE DE PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALENDARS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.30 SPACE SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEMPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIEMPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION FILMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM SCRIPTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL FILMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA ATTENDANCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTARY FILMS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS FILMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF CINEMA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM FESTIVALS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FILMS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL TOWNS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL AREAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBURBS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW TOWNS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC CITIES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROPOLITAN AREAS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL TOWNS"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER PLANNING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA MANO DE OBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER NEEDS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR SUPPLY"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ANALYSIS AND PROJECTION OF CURRENT MANPOWER NEEDS AS WELL AS FUTURE NEEDS IN LIGHT OF LONG-TERM ECONOMIC PLANNING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE LA MAIN-D'OEUVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANPOWER PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FAUNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIOLATION DES DROITS DE L'HOMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIOLACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADAR"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTRUMENT DE MESURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECTROMETERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTRUMENTO DE MEDICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOMETERS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEASURING INSTRUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIVING CONDITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIONES DE VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST OF LIVING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARD OF LIVING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS DE VIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEOCOLONIALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEOCOLONIALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPENDENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEOCOLONIALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NÉOCOLONIALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LABORATORIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LABORATOIRE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL LABORATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LABORATORIO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉRIODIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICACIÓN CIENT�FICA PERIÓDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMHARIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMHARIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMHARIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMH�RICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFICHES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROFICHA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROFICHES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROFICHE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS H�DRICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER DISCHARGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGULAR CLASS PLACEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGULAR CLASS PLACEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIFTED STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY GROUPING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉINSERTION SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PLACEMENT OF STUDENTS IDENTIFIED AS DISABLED OR GIFTED IN REGULAR CLASSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REUBICACIÓN EN CLASES REGULARES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ADVERTISING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESS ADVERTISING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICIDAD PERIOD�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBLICITÉ DE PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJAN SSR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS D'AZERBAIY�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS D'AZERBA�DJAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AZERBAIJAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION MOBILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOBILE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN MÓVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENERGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOTHERMAL ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE THERMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A TÉRMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMAL ENERGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL QUALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEGREES OF EXCELLENCE IN MEETING EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALITÉ DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIDAD DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.65 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOZAMBIQUE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGOLA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.45 LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPE VERDE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE LUSOPHONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA BISSAU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA DE HABLA PORTUGUESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDAL ENERGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE MARÉMOTRICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A DE LAS MAREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIDAL ENERGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN WAVES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC PLANNING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNED ECONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY CENTRES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">LOCAL CENTRES FOR ALL KINDS OF ACADEMIC AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO COMUNITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA AFRICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANTU LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE AFRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YORUBA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FULFULDE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAUSA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EWE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAMBARA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYELORUSSIAN SSR">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991; OTHERWISE, USE 'BELARUS'.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS DE BIÉLORUSSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE BIELORRUSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BYELORUSSIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AZERBAIJAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AZERBA�DJAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AZERBAIY�N</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAOISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAO�SMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAO�SME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAOISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTARY FILMS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL FILMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA DOCUMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FILMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENTARY FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM DOCUMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER INTERFACES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERFACE D'ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERFACE DE COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER INTERFACES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DE LA CONSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLAYGROUNDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPACE DE JEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPACIO DE JUEGOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANICAL GARDENS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JARDIN BOTANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JARDIN BOT�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOTANICAL GARDENS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BASE DE DONOS BIBLIOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BASE DE DONNÉES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS REFORM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGRAVING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRAFT WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STAINED GLASS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTESAN�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HANDICRAFTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GLASS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSAICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART METALWORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMIC ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWELRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTISANAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINA SEA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHINA SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER DE CHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR DE CHINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAILWAY STATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GARE FERROVIAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTACIÓN FERROVIARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RAILWAY STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSERVE NATURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESERVA NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANICAL GARDENS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURE RESERVES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL FLOW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAPITAL FLOW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIQUIDITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT DE CAPITAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO DE CAPITALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNGUS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTAIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TUNGUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOUNGOUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRUPTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CORRUPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORRUPCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CORRUPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERSPACE LAW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CYBERSPACE LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DU CYBERESPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DEL CIBERESPACIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN Y DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMEROON">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMERÚN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAMEROON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAMEROUN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEOTEX"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MAIL"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER TERMINALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEMATICS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SATELLITES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL FIBRES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE">
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARISTOCRACY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRATIFICATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CASTE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVERY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELITE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOBILITY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENTSIA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT TRANSFER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSFERT DE CHALEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEAT TRANSFER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEBUILDING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSOLIDATION DE LA PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACTION TO IDENTIFY AND SUPPORT STRUCTURES WHICH WILL TEND TO STRENGTHEN PEACE IN ORDER TO AVOID A RELAPSE INTO CONFLICT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEKEEPING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSOLIDACIÓN DE LA PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACEBUILDING</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE IN CONNECTION WITH THREE MAIN TASKS: SUPERVISION OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WORK OF OTHERS; ALLOCATING LABOUR, MATERIAL AND CAPITAL TO PRODUCE A HIGH RETURN; AND DECISION MAKING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLY SEE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOLY SEE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINT-SIÈGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANTA SEDE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECCIONES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSENSUS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTORAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL ENTERPRISES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA PEQUEÑA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIZE OF ENTERPRISE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PETITE ENTREPRISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMALL ENTERPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOLOG�A MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOLOGIE MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL SHELF"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN FLOOR"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA BED MINING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE GEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPLES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEMPLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEMPLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEMPLES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL VIDEO"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉVISION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEVISIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN UNIVERSITIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RADIO"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL NEEDS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BESOIN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NECESIDAD SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DECENTRALIZATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCENTRALISATION URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN DECENTRALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESCENTRALIZACIÓN URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUDA�SMO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JUDA�SME</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFECTO QU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFET CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA DEMOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA PHILOSOPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA FILOSOF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILOSOPHY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITIES EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.15 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE WHEN REFERRING TO THE SCIENCE OF STATISTICS. FOR COLLECTIONS OF STATISTICS, USE "STATISTICAL DATA", OR MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR, E.G. "EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS", ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMPLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMETRICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORTICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEED CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SCIENCE OF CROP AND SOIL MANAGEMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGRONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFITS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GANANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROFIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROFITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTRACEPTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGULATION DES NAISSANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREGNANCY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABORTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIRTH CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL DE LA NATALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE INGENIEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGINEERING EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES INGÉNIEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS NATURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES NATURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTOMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORNITHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT TAXONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL TAXONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER DISCHARGE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER BASINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIVER DISCHARGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER DISCHARGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESAGÜE DE R�OS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVERSEMENT DES RIVIÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL METHODS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE EXPÉRIMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO EXPERIMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPIRICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTAL METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUSCRIPTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE STUDY OF ANCIENT SCRIPTS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT AS FOUND IN MANUSCRIPTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALEOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE POLLUTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UZBEK SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UZBEK SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SSR D'OUZBEKISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SSR DE UZBEKIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTAL SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERLIBRARY LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIRCULACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE MATERIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION INTERNATIONALE DE MATÉRIELS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM COLLECTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD WAR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EXPENDITURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED WAR VETERANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND MINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMARY LAW">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO CONSUETUDINARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CUSTOMARY LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT COUTUMIER</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TANZANIA UR">
+    <skos:broader>
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+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TANZANIA UR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TANZANIA RU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TANZANIE RU</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORD PROCESSING"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA TRANSMISSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA PROCESSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO WAVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELABORACIÓN DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SYSTEMATIC HANDLING, MANIPULATION, AND COMPUTATION OF DATA, ALWAYS INVOLVING THE USE OF COMPUTERS. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "INFORMATION PROCESSING".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION INTELLECTUELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN INTELECTUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A COUNTRY'S ABILITY TO PROVIDE CERTAIN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES RELATIVELY MORE CHEAPLY THAN OTHER PRODUCTS OR SERVICES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVANTAGE COMPARATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VENTAJA COMPARATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIVILIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIVILISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVILIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.65 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CEREALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CEREALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CEREAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CÉRÉALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROPS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RICE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETWORK ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NETWORK ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE RÉSEAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPH THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE REDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONE PARENT FAMILIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FAMILLE À PARENT UNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGLE MOTHERS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ONE PARENT FAMILIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FAMILIA UNIPATERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SOILS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUELO DESÉRTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOL DÉSERTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DESERT SOILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SENSIBILIZACIÓN AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SENSIBILISATION À L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATIONS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ILUSTRACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWINGS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MISTICISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPIRITUALISM"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MYSTICISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MYSTICISM</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL EDUCATIONAL BODIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCENTRALISATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: DECENTRALIZATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL DECENTRALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESCENTRALIZACIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BINDING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BINDING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELIURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENCUADERNACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL TRAINING">
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH TRAINING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DEL PERSONAL CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DU PERSONNEL SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DE LA NATURE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE LA NATURALEZA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST CONSERVATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURE CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE RESERVES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
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+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASOCIACIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">VOLUNTARY BODIES CONCERNED WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSOCIATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPORTS/IMPORTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPORTATION/IMPORTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPORTACIÓN/IMPORTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPORTS/IMPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMS OF TRADE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF PAYMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE RATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPROGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�AS DE LA INFORMACIÓN-SOFTWARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINIAN SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE UCRANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS D'UKRAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UKRAINIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CEMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE TESTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTELLIGENCE TESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRUEBA DE INTELIGENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEST D'INTELLIGENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NACIONALISMO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATIONALISME CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL NATIONALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE LA RÉFRIGÉRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE LA REFRIGERACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEZING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONGOLIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MONGÓLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONGOLIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTAIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONGOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROBOT INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROBOT INDUSTRIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERSPACE LAW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PRIVACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE L'INFORMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE LA INFORM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OXYGEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBON DIOXIDE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NITROGEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PORTUGUESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PORTUGUÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PORTUGAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY BALANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BALANCE ENERGÉTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BILAN ÉNERGÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY BALANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME D'ÉDUCATION DES ADULTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROGRAMMES DESIGNED TO PROVIDE LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR BOTH ADULTS WHO HAVE NOT HAD ADEQUATE FORMAL EDUCATION, AS WELL AS OTHERS INTERESTED IN LIFELONG LEARNING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN DE ADULTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVAKIA">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1992.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SLOVAQUIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESLOVAQUIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLOVAKIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EXCHANGE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHANGE D'ÉTUDIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERCAMBIO DE ESTUDIANTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT EXCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRASSLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAZING LAND"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HERBAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEPPE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVANNAH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PASTIZAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOVEREIGNTY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOBERAN�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUVERAINETÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DETERMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOVEREIGNTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONINTERFERENCE PRINCIPLE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESSIONS LISTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A LIST OF NEW ACQUISITIONS ISSUED PERIODICALLY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LISTE D'ACQUISITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCESSIONS LISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LISTA DE ADQUISICIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT NUTRITION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NUTRITION DES PLANTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUTRICIÓN DE LAS PLANTAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT NUTRITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL FERTILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERNACULAR LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE NATIVE SPEECH OR LANGUAGE OF A PARTICULAR COUNTRY OR DISTRICT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA VERN�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VERNACULAR LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIALECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE VERNACULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMISMATICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NUMISMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUMISM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUMISMATICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN EXPLORATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPLORACIÓN MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEAN EXPLORATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPLORATION MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL COSTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL COSTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GROUP OF PERSONS BELONGING TO A CULTURE DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE MAJORITY OF THE SOCIETY IN WHICH THEY LIVE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINORITÉ CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ISOLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINANT CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL MINORITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINOR�A CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINORITY GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROGÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDROGEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUNDWATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATIGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROGEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DEL GAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GAS INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DU GAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA CHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMISTRY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE ALLOCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICY MAKING"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCE ALLOCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFFECTATION DES RESSOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASIGNACIÓN DE RECURSOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FINDING AIDS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTRUMENT DE RECHERCHE EN ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVENTORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTRUMENTO DE TRABAJO EN ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE FINDING AIDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES VÉGÉTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS VEGETALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL PERFORMANCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCAL MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL COMEDY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSICAL MUSIC"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANTOMIME"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUPPETS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVELLING THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTORS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR THEATRE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYWRIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE DIRECTORS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MONEDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRENCIES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN EXCHANGE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED CIRCUITS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTEGRATED CIRCUITS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE PLONGÉE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO DE SUMERSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEEP SEA DIVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUR BLINDNESS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLOUR BLINDNESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DALTONISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DALTONISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLINDNESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNED ECONOMY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A PLANIFICADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANNED ECONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE PLANIFIÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETRAINING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURTHER TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RETRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFRESHER COURSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECICLAJE PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECYCLAGE PROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TRAINING FOR A NEW OCCUPATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR SUPPLY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DENOTES NOT ONLY THE SIZE OF THE WORKFORCE, BUT ALSO ITS SKILLS AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AS WELL AS ITS WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO BE PRODUCTIVE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OFFRE DE TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OFERTA DE MANO DE OBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR SUPPLY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENOCIDE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR CRIMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENOCIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENOCIDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJANI">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTAIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AZERBAIDJANÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AZÉRI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AZERBAIJANI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELDERLY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OLD AGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNE ÂGÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETIREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELDERLY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENSIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BEYOND THE CUSTOMARY AGE OF RETIREMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANCIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROLIFERATION TREATIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTRUMENTO INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTRUMENT INTERNATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT TRENDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVOLUTION DES EFFECTIFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT RATIO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT PROJECTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVOLUCIÓN DE LA MATR�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TRENDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENROLMENT TRENDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID DYNAMICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIN�MICA DE LOS FLUIDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DYNAMIQUE DES FLUIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AERODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLUID DYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOW"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ATTITUDES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTITUD HACIA EL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATTITUDE ENVERS LE TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB SATISFACTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORK ATTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRALIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUSTRALIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUSTRALIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIUSER SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFIGURATION MULTIPOSTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTIUSER SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFIGURACIÓN MULTIPUESTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE CONSTITUTIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA CONSTITUCIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA CIENT�FICA SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT SCIENTIFIQUE SUPÉRIEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG CONTROL">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE DES STUPÉFIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUG CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUCHA CONTRA LA TOXICOMAN�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMOA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR EVENTS BEFORE SEPTEMBER 1997, USE WESTERN SAMOA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAMOA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREFABRICATION -BUILDINGS-">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREFABRICACIÓN -CONSTRUCCIÓN-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉFABRICATION -BÂTIMENT-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREFABRICATION -BUILDINGS-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOSPITALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HÔPITAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATIENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HOSPITAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOSPITALS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT MÉCANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO MEC�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MOISTURE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUMEDAD DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HUMIDITÉ DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL MOISTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMIDITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTISEMITISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL PREJUDICE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RACIAL DISCRIMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACISM -DOCTRINE-"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCRIMINATION RACIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCRIMINACIÓN RACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.30 ETHNIC QUESTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION PRÉALABLE DES ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN INICIAL DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMA Y GÉNERO LITERARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORME ET GENRE LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECHES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMOUR -LITERARY-"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.40 LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL READING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEED READING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING HABIT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROMOTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE RÉGIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATE ENTERPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE OWNERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRISE PRIVÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA PRIVADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GLASS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STAINED GLASS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISTALER�A DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VERRERIE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART GLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SECURITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF POWER"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLANDESTINE EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLANDESTINE EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO CLANDESTINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL CLANDESTIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GAINFUL OCCUPATION CARRIED OUT IN VIOLATION OF PROVISIONS SET BY LEGISLATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS REFORM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFORMA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS REFORM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BOOKS IN RELATION TO THE PUBLICATION PROCESS OR TO THE TECHNIQUES OF PRINTING, PRODUCTION AND MARKETING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DU BOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOODWORKING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOOD TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE LA MADERA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTABILIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPTABILITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AUDIT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCOUNTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIFE: ADEQUATE FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHING, COMMUNITY SERVICES. THEY ALSO INCLUDE NEEDS RELATING TO HUMAN RIGHTS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASIC NEEDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NECESIDADES B�SICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BESOINS ESSENTIELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FONDATION DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUNDACIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERDEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBDESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUS-DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDERDEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADAPTATION BIOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADAPTACIÓN BIOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A GENETICALLY DETERMINED CHARACTERISTIC THAT ENHANCES THE ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO COPE WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATE ZONES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE TEMPÉRÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEMPERATE ZONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA TEMPLADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FINANCE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPENDITURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCEMENT DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE BUDGETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANCIAMIENTO DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHIOPIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTHIOPIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ETIOP�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHIOPIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR LAW">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO LABORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAWAII">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HAWA�</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HAWAII</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HAWAI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEAM POWER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A DEL VAPOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STEAM POWER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOTHERMAL ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE À VAPEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CURRENTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORRIENTE OCE�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CURRENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CIRCULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURANT OCÉANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEAN CURRENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LINGUISTIQUE COMPARATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LING�STICA COMPARATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY OF LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETYMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLUBS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD DE TIEMPO LIBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ DE LOISIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.65 LEISURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITE BROADCASTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIODIFUSIÓN POR SATÉLITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SATELLITE BROADCASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SATELLITES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIODIFFUSION PAR SATELLITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TYPOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TYPOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TYPOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITIES EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDES LITTÉRAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUMANIDADES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDIES DEALING WITH MAN AS THE CENTRAL CONCERN, E.G. LITERATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, AND MODERN AND CLASSICAL LANGUAGES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMANITIES EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPIRITUALISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPIRITUALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SPIRITISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPIRITUALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYSTICISM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN ART"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC ART"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN ART"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDAL ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A HIDROELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE HYDROÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROELECTRIC POWER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION POUR LES DROITS DE L'HOMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PARA LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEZING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME DE REFROIDISSEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE ENFRIAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COOLING SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH STRATEGIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRATÉGIE DE LA RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH STRATEGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATEGIA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTILO ART�STICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR INDIVIDUAL ART STYLES, SUCH AS RENAISSANCE, GOTHIC, BAROQUE, IMPRESSIONISM, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART STYLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVANT-GARDE ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STYLE ARTISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY ART"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH THERAPY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORTOPHONIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEECH THERAPY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH DISORDERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORTOFON�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCARBON DATING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FECHADO POR RADIOCARBONO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHRONOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DATATION AU RADIOCARBONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOCARBON DATING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPETITION RATE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAUX DE REDOUBLEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TASA DE REPETICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REPETITION RATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADE REPETITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMON MARKETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MERCADO COMÚN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARCHÉ COMMUN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMON MARKETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS UNIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES TO ABOLISH RESTRICTIONS ON THE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL AND LABOUR AS WELL AS TRADE RESTRICTIONS AMONG THEMSELVES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVISTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVISTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABSTRACTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABSTRACTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESÚMEN ANAL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE USUALLY NON-CRITICAL INDICATION OF THE SUBJECT CONTENTS OF A DOCUMENT, AIMING TO PERMIT THE USER A DECISION ABOUT THE RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABSTRACTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSUMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC JOURNALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELITE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENTSIA"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOCRACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ELITE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULING CLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELITE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER MODIFICATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUNOFF"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRECIPITACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAIN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRECIPITATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACID RAIN"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ESTHÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AESTHETIC EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN ESTÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMIGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INMIGRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IMMIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ICONOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ICONOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE BRANCH OF ART HISTORY DEALING WITH THE IDENTIFICATION, DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE FIGURATIVE ARTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ICONOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART HISTORY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINLAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINLANDE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINLAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINLANDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS HEALTH"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANTÉ DE LA MÈRE ET DE L'ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALUD MATERNOINFANTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVENTION ANTISISMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROSA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT STORIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOVELS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ILUMINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCLAIRAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIGHTING</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETURN MIGRATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT WORKERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN DE RETORNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RETURN MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRATION DE RETOUR</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACHELORS DEGREES">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCTORAL DEGREES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIPLÔME UNIVERSITAIRE -1ER CYCLE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FIRST UNIVERSITY DEGREE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BACHELORS DEGREES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTISTA ESCÉNICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTORS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERFORMERS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICIANS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCERS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS COMPARATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS NATIONAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE COMPARATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIAN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA ASI�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RATIO">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPORCIÓN ALUMNOS/DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER MOBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SHORTAGE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT TEACHER RATIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPORTION ÉLÈVES/ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASS SIZE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROTEACHING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN EXPERIMENTAL TEACHER TRAINING METHOD USING SMALL GROUPS OF STUDENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROTEACHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PRACTICE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK DISTRIBUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLING"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISTRIBUTION DES LIVRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LIBROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTAL SERVICES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORCHESTRAS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCAL MUSIC"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL PERFORMANCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICIANS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INTENDED OR EXPECTED RESULTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS. -IBE ALSO USES: 'EDUCATIONAL AIMS' AND 'EDUCATIONAL GOALS'-.</skos:scopeNote>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBJECTIF DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BALANCE DES PAIEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BALANZA DE PAGOS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE RATES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTION DE LOGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING CONSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO DE VIVIENDA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYGIÈNE DU MILIEU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIGIENE AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION DES PARENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS PADRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ROLE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL EXCLUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ALIENATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXCLUSION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXCLUSIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOBILITY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPOWERMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLURGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACKAGING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE LA FABRICACIÓN Y DEL  TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION HISTORY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CELL BIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOLOG�A CELULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SURVEYS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MAPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENQUÊTE PÉDOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEVANTAMIENTO DE TERRENOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL SURVEYS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SALAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINIMUM WAGE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRINGE BENEFITS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PAYMENT MADE FOR WORK PERFORMED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT SAFETY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCURITÉ DES TRANSPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD DEL TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT SAFETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DESIGN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESTHÉTIQUE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL DRAWING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM STATISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA DE LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMANTICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEXICOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉMANTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEM�NTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEMANTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYNTAX"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHOIX DE TECHNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECCIÓN DE TECNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DECIDING ON LABOUR INTENSIVE OR CAPITAL INTENSIVE METHODS, CHOOSING AMONG VARIOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELEMENTARY PARTICLES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICLE ACCELERATORS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PART�CULA ELEMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELEMENTARY PARTICLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICULE ÉLÉMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE STATISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVANNAH">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TREELESS PLAINS OF TROPICAL AMERICA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAVANNAH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SABANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL ZONES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEPPE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAVANE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH HOSTELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALBERGUE JUVENIL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH HOSTELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUBERGE DE JEUNESSE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST FACILITIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOPOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPH THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOPOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEINTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PINTURA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAINTING</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL THEORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND RECLAMATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECUPERACIÓN DE TIERRAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCUPÉRATION DES TERRES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ DE PAROLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENSORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD DE PALABRA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉSERT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESIERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DESERTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATED SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE ASSOCIÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASSOCIATED SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATES TO THE UNESCO ASSOCIATED SCHOOLS PROJECT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA ASOCIADA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO DE ESCUELA SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE DU SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE L'HOMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION SPÉCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATION OF PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOW LEARNERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE BLIND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE DEAF"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUREDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLOUREDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO THE ETHNIC GROUP SO DESIGNATED IN SOUTH AFRICA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MESTIZO SUDAFRICANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTIS SUD-AFRICAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT DE STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERNIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL STRESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB SATISFACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MENTAL STRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TENSION MENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TENSIÓN PSICOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATOR TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DE FORMADORES DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER EDUCATOR TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES FORMATEURS D'ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROJECTIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECCIÓN DEMOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION PROJECTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION EN MATIÈRE DE POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUTRALITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEUTRALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONALIGNED COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NEUTRALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEUTRALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMPTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSUMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSUMPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARGINALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSOMMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL DISASTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYCLONES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CATASTROPHE NATURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STORMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST FIRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSLIDES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSUNAMI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESASTRE NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME ADMINISTRATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFORMA ADMINISTRATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE ECONOMY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE COLLECTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A COLECTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLLECTIVE ECONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.80 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYEES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELGIUM">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BELGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BELGIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BÉLGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUTCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEERLANDÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DUTCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NÉERLANDAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.65 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CERAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLAYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CER�MICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMIC ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CÉRAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GENERAL TERM FOR SCHEMES WHICH OFFER AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONAL EDUCATION OR FOR MOVEMENTS WHICH REJECT THE NOTION OF FORMAL SCHOOLING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ALTERNATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN ALTERNATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING WORKSHOPS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPRIMERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TALLER DE IMPRENTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRINTING WORKSHOPS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVANTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL SERVANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FONCTIONNAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVICE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUNCIONARIO PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUSTANI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANJABI"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE DE L'INDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINHALA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARATHI"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORIYA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEPALI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINDHI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA �NDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BENGALI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANY LANGUAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANSKRIT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL DRIFT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉRIVE DES CONTINENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH&apos;S CRUST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERIVA DE LOS CONTINENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECTONICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTINENTAL DRIFT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE CONFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA CONFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCLIMATOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOCLIMATOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOCLIMATOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOCLIMATOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRALIZATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO FINANCIERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT FINANCIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPENDITURE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFITS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION POLICY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA MIGRATORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIGRATION POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE MIGRATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION LAW"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO DE INNOVACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT INNOVATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTATORSHIP">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAZISM"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASCISM"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DICTATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPPRESSION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOTALITARIANISM"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DICTADURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DICTATORSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WELSH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GALÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WELSH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELTIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GALLOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISH"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY PRODUCTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS PESQUEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISHERY RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA FISHING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES HALIEUTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOTIVACIÓN DE RENDIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOTIVATION D'ACCOMPLISSEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL BODIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL BODIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANISMO EDUCACIONAL GUBERNAMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISME GOUVERNEMENTAL DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AND EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOW">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAIN"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVALANCHES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIEVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOWMELT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SNOW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NEIGE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGARY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HONGRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUNGR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUNGARY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TV/RADIO PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PRODUCERS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ADVERTISING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSULTANTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATEGIA DE INTERROGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEARCH STRATEGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROCEDURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL PROCEDURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COURTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCÉDURE LÉGALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL DECISIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCEDIMIENTO LEGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST FACILITIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH HOSTELS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOURIST FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN TUR�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION TOURISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PREPRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION PRÉPRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATION OF CHILDREN OF FIVE AND OVER JUST BEFORE ENTERING PRIMARY EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSERY SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREPRIMARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOF�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOPHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOPHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÂTIMENT ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE PERIODISTAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES JOURNALISTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOURNALIST EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICINA PREVENTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECINE PRÉVENTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VACCINATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASE CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINHALA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SINHALA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SINGALESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VARIANCE ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRELATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTIMIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE STATISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRAPOLATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS ESTAD�STICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPOLATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR STILLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR CELLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE LA ENERG�A SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE L'ÉNERGIE SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR HEATING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMAGINATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INJURIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL REHABILITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES FRACTURES, WOUNDS, BURNS, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INJURIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTROPHYSICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASTROF�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASTROPHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASTROPHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAVITATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRIVATIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC REFORM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIVATISATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTORAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CRISES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE INTÉRIEURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNAL POLITICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL LEADERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA INTERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS POLICY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICE POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYTOGÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYTOGEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NITROGEN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AZOTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NITROGEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NITRÓGENO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING MATERIALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL DE LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL DE LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROSCOPES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE ÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA ELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROINDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MARKETS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CREDIT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A AGRARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ECONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGROÉCONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EVALUATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">JUDGING TEACHER PERFORMANCE BASED ON ESTABLISHED CRITERIA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SELECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING SKILLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES VIERGES BRITANNIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS V�RGENES BRIT�NICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUANTUM THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MECHANICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAVITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEC�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUITECTURA DE MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHITECTURE DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPACTO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION IMPACT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFLUENCE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICIANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNICIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER TECHNICAL PERSONNEL"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BELOW LEVEL OF PROFESSIONAL BUT ABOVE CLERICAL OR LABOUR LEVELS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉCNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORIENTATION PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORIENTACIÓN PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">HELP GIVEN TO THE INDIVIDUAL INSIDE OR OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL SYSTEM IN CHOOSING A CAREER OR OCCUPATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNSELLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MURALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEINTURE MURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MURALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECORATIVE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHITECTURE D'INTÉRIEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUITECTURA INTERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRACKISH WATER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA SALOBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRACKISH WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU SAUMÂTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUACULTURE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACUICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AQUACULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE AQUACULTURE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIPLOMATIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEBUILDING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLIANCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETIQUETTE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIPLOMACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIPLOMACIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN RELATIONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERIALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LIBRARIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAZIL">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BRÉSIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRAZIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BRASIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND MINES">
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINES TERRESTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINAS TERRESTRES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND MINES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERMUDA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BERMUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BERMUDAS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BERMUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">OUTLINE OF PROCEDURES, COURSES AND SUBJECTS TO BE PROVIDED BY AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OVER A GIVEN PERIOD OF TIME.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL GENETICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENÉTICA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNÉTIQUE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL GENETICS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN EN EL TERRENO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FIELD WORK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LE TERRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CASE STUDIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPIRICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUESTIONNAIRES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERVIEWS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN DRAIN"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE ACTUAL WORKFORCE -MANPOWER-, PLUS THE POTENTIAL WORKFORCE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS HUMANOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES HUMAINES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE EDUCATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING RESEARCH"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE BARGAINING">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR STANDARDS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NÉGOCIATION COLLECTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLLECTIVE BARGAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE PROCESS BY WHICH REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES DISCUSS AND NEGOTIATE THE VARIOUS PHASES OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH A VIEW TO ARRIVING AT A MUTUALLY ACCEPTABLE LABOUR AGREEMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEGOCIACIÓN COLECTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEMAND"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BESOIN ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AT THE LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS.</skos:scopeNote>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL NEEDS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESCIFRAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT SCRIPTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSCRIPTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DECIPHERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCHIFFREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN LITERATURE">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA NORTEAMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN ART"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR DISABLED STUDENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE SPÉCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE BLIND"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA ESPECIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE DEAF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCK PAINTINGS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PINTURA RUPESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC ART"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROCK PAINTINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEINTURE RUPESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEREAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BACTÉRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROORGANISMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BACTERIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEPROSY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS SALES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VENTA DE ARMAMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARMS SALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VENTE D'ARMES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INFORMATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WASTES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGAS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL WASTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESPERDICIO AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCHET AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE EMPRESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUSINESS LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE D'ENTREPRISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCONSCIOUS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLEEP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INCONSCIENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUGGESTOPAEDIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INCONCIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNCONSCIOUS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL REWARDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION ÉTUDIANT-ÉCOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN ESTUDIANTE-ESCUELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ADJUSTMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL PUNISHMENT"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRUANCY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISASTERS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER PREVENTION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISPLACED PERSONS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CATASTROPHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER RELIEF"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMICS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESASTRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPÈCE EN DANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENDANGERED SPECIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILD ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECIE EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAZING LAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRAZING LAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERRE DE PÂTURAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIERRA DE PASTOREO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAMMALS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SPECIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAM�FERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAMMIFÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAMMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMATES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATIENTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOSPITALS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PATIENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PATIENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PACIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO HEALTH"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN ART"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA AMERINDIANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE AMÉRINDIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIANS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZTECS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEST MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNREST"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTESTATION ESTUDIANTINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT UNREST</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVERSIFICATION OF EDUCATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFECTO INVERNADERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFET DE SERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GREENHOUSE EFFECT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY SERVICE -HIGHER EDUCATION-">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO UNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">OPTIONAL OR COMPULSORY PART OF A PROGRAMME OF STUDIES WHERE CREDIT IS GIVEN FOR WORK OFF-CAMPUS IN SOCIAL OR DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, AND INDUSTRIAL OR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDY SERVICE -HIGHER EDUCATION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PRACTICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEREDITY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUGENICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HERENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HÉRÉDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEREDITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCRIMINATION ETHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCRIMINACIÓN ÉTNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTREPRENEURS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF EMPLOYED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRENEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENTREPRENEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYELORUSSIAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIELORRUSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIÉLORUSSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BYELORUSSIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING RULES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME DE CATALOGAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGLA DE CATALOGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CATALOGUING RULES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUNOFF">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RUNOFF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATERSHEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOWMELT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCORRENT�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOULEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXAMEN ESCRITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXAMEN ÉCRIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FLORE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANICAL GARDENS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPORTUNIDADES DE EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT CREATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANCES D'OBTENIR UN EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS D'EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR THE CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT STIPULATED IN THE STAFF REGULATIONS OF AN ENTERPRISE OR ORGANIZATION, OR IN A COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT NEGOTIATED BY EMPLOYER'S AND WORKERS' REPRESENTATIVES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB SATISFACTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIONES DE EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SATELLITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SATELLITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SATÉLITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR SYSTEM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOON"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEBANON">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEBANON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">L�BANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBAN</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOPTION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY DISORGANIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE LA FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE LA FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLIMATOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLIMATOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WINDS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC CHANGE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLIMATOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ÉTICA DE LA PRENSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PRIVACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTHIQUE DE LA PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESS ETHICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO AMBIENTE TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUTORING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR ENERGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MAIL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORREO ELECTRÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES MESSAGE CREATION, ELECTRONIC MAIL AND ELECTRONIC FILING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURRIER ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORD PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC MAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGARIAN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUNGARIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HONGROIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HÚNGARO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URALIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILIEU URBAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SPACES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS PRESERVATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESERVACIÓN DE LOS REGISTROS DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DES DOSSIERS D'ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE RECORDS PRESERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPOSITE MATERIALS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL COMPUESTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIAU COMPOSITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPOSITE MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION DE MASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MASS COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN MASIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A OCUPACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY APPLIED TO THE WORLD OF WORK, E.G. THE WORKPLACE AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM, OCCUPATIONAL STATUS, INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN THE ENTERPRISE, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF WORK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT INDUSTRIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXILES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXILES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXILÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INDIVIDUALS EXPELLED FROM THEIR HOME COUNTRY BY OFFICIAL AUTHORITY FOR POLITICAL REASONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXILADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISTRIBUTION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNIVERSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UNIVERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAO">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAI LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC CITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VILLE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORIC CITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRYSTALLOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROSCOPES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISTALOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CRYSTALLOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRISTALLOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STATUS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT RANK, POSITION OR STATUS ACHIEVED BY AN INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATUT PROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL STATUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POSICIÓN PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL DANCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DANZA TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DANSE TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL DANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS UNIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARIFFS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UNION DOUANIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMON MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNIÓN ADUANERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CUSTOMS UNIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANCER"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOBACCO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADDICTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TABAGISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMOKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TABAQUISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT EVALUATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DE PROYECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DE PROJET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROJECT EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA R">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORÉE R</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COREA R</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1948.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KOREA R</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GENETICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN GENETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUGENICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNÉTIQUE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENÉTICA HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATIGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRATIGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATIGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRATIGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EQUIPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION REPORTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOGRAPHS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RAPPORT DE MISSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORME DE MISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MISSION REPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMBALSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER STORAGE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESERVOIRS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPOTRANSPIRATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSERVOIR</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YEARBOOKS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANNUAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YEARBOOKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANUARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ANNUAL 'VOLUME' OF CURRENT INFORMATION IN DESCRIPTIVE AND/OR STATISTICAL FORM, SOMETIMES LIMITED TO A SPECIAL FIELD.</skos:scopeNote>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRETON">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRETON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME STUDY">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTENSION EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS A DOMICILIO</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEPENDENT STUDY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOME STUDY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ADVERTISING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVISION ADVERTISING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICIDAD TELEVISADA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY EDUCATION">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOLOGY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA GEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF POVERTY">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE OF POVERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DE LA PAUVRETÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DE LA POBREZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UTILISATEUR DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USE PROMOTION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER STUDIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER INSTRUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">USUARIO DE LAS BIBLIOTECAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY USERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ANTHEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCAL MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYMNE NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIMNO NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL ANTHEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERSTELLAR SPACE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACK HOLES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC MATTER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.40 INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFRESHER COURSES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO DE CAPACITACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STAGE DE FORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COURSES ORGANIZED IN A PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENT DURING OR AT THE END OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAINING COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY SERVICE -HIGHER EDUCATION-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCREDITATION -EDUCATION-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME ACADÉMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REQUISITO ACADÉMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETENCY BASED TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CRITERIA ESTABLISHED BY AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION TO DETERMINE LEVELS OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROCESS BY WHICH ONE DEVELOPS ABILITIES, ATTITUDES AND OTHER FORMS OF BEHAVIOUR CONSIDERED TO HAVE VALUE IN THE SOCIETY IN WHICH ONE LIVES. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.05 EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPPING OUT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ABANDON EN COURS D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESERCIÓN ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DROPPING OUT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FAILURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PREMATURE SCHOOL LEAVING BEFORE COMPLETING A CYCLE OR COURSE ALREADY BEGUN.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUT RATE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LISTENING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO LISTENERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUCHA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOUTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEARING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LISTENING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPLOSION NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPLOSIÓN NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WARFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILIPPINES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILIPINAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILIPPINES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORDINGS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDEO GRABACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENREGISTREMENT VIDÉO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VIDEO RECORDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "FAMILY EDUCATION".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN EN POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION EN MATIÈRE DE POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR WARFARE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIR WARFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERRE AÉRIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA AÉREA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KYRGYZSTAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KYRGYZSTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE KIRGHIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">KIRGUIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETITION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPETICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPETITION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE TO MEAN THE MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GROUPING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLECTROMAGNÉTISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECTROMAGNETISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTROMAGNETISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEDERALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FEDERALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FEDERALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEPARATISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEDERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FÉDÉRALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAZISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NAZISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACISM -DOCTRINE-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTATORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASCISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOTALITARIANISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NAZISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NAZISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CIRCLES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DISCUSSIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A GROUP OF WORKERS, PERFORMING SIMILAR WORK AND TRAINED TO IDENTIFY AND SOLVE PROBLEMS, WHO VOLUNTEER TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY, QUALITY, WORK MORALE, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">C�RCULO DE CALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CERCLE DE QUALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUALITY CIRCLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EYESIGHT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EYESIGHT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPHTHALMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VISTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOLCHILDREN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A DEL ADOLESCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE DE L'ADOLESCENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FICTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT STORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA FICCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOVELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE-FICTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE FICTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATELIER DE FORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TALLER EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL ABUSE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORNOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ABUS SEXUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSTITUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ABUSO SEXUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEXUAL ABUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RETROALIMENTACIÓN -COMUNICACIÓN-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉTROACTION -COMMUNICATION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN ISL�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLAMIC EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ISLAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINANT CULTURES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DOMINANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMINANT CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ELITE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DOMINANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREOLES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CREOLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIALECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRIOLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFLUENCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFLUENCIA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL INFLUENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFLUENCE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL INFERENCE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FACTOR ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICAL INFERENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFÉRENCE STATISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGRESSION ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFERENCIA ESTAD�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSQUES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOSQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOSQUÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEZQUITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAUDI ARABIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAUDI ARABIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARABIA SAUD�</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARABIE SAOUDITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOW ACHIEVERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE MÉDIOCRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADE REPETITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FAILURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO MEDIOCRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOW ACHIEVERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOW LEARNERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIME">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING STONES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KARST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBONATE ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DE PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOLERANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE OF PEACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A CULTURE THAT PROMOTES LIFEWAYS, PATTERNS OF BELIEF, VALUES AND BEHAVIOUR THAT FOSTER PEACE-BUILDING AND ACCOMPANYING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DE PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEBUILDING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOCHINA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRUPACIONES GEOGR�FICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCTRINE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCTRINA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC DOCTRINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEOLOGIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARGINALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARXISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEUDALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUSE AND EFFECT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAUSA Y EFECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAUSE ET EFFET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAUSE AND EFFECT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUSAL ANALYSIS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY COLLECTIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COLECCIÓN DE BIBLIOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLLECTION DE BIBLIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY COLLECTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE HISTORY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BYZANTINE HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE BYZANTINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA BIZANTINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN HISTORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBCULTURES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTERCULTURES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CULTURE PECULIAR TO A SOCIAL GROUP OR CATEGORY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUBCULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUBCULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBCULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TEXT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER APPLICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO GAMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SEARCHING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPLICATION INFORMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APLICACIÓN DE COMPUTADORAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCOMPOSITION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER GRAPHICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE SEA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE WITH RESPECT TO LEGAL ISSUES SUCH AS ACCESS TO THE SEA AND RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE EXPLOITATION OF MARINE RESOURCES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS SANS LITTORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S SIN LITORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALDIVES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MALDIVAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALDIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACÚSTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACOUSTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND WAVE PROPAGATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACOUSTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM VISITS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM VISITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VISITE DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VISITA A LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKFORM MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUSCRIPTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCUMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCUMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOGRAPHS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS COMPETITIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPETENCIA DEPORTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OLYMPIC GAMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPORTS COMPETITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPÉTITION SPORTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHLETES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDING EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL D'ENREGISTREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECORDING EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL DE GRABACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEN">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOYS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FATHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER STEREOTYPES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HOMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HOMBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION RÉGIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DISPARITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LOCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO REGIONS WITHIN A COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW TOWNS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYSIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MALASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALAISIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALAYSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACCESO A LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BARRIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCÈS À L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCESS TO INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGN POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE EXTÉRIEURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMPERIALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLIANCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA EXTERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLIANCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALLIANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLIANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALIANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.25 SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA ASI�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDRIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYNDICAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE BARGAINING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADE UNIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SINDICATO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPRINT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAPIER JOURNAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL DE PERIÓDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWSPRINT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING PAPER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMBRYOS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMBRYOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMBRYOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMBRION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMBRYON</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO EDUCATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MACHINES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL FURNITURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING ABILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAPACITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TALENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SURVEYS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SURVEYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENCUESTA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION POLLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENQUÊTE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPAIN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONACO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBANIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREECE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKEY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS MÉDITERRANÉEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNISIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISRAEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYRIAN AR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN SEA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S MEDITERR�NEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOROCCO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROATIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYPRUS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEBANON"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIBRALTAR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALTA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMETRY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOMETR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOMETRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOMÉTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBRE CIRCULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR VICTIMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND MINES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED WAR VETERANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VICTIME DE GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">V�CTIMA DE GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAR VICTIMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISPLACED PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VULCANOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOLCANOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VULCANOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CORRUPTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORRUPTION POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORRUPCIÓN POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL CORRUPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRUPTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTABLISSEMENT D'ÉDUCATION D'ADULTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTENSION EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUMMER SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.35 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIÓN DE EDUCACIÓN DE ADULTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVENING SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL RIGHTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL WATERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO TERRITORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERRITORIAL RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT TERRITORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOUNDARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DESIGNED TO CATCH UP WITH A LAG IN A GIVEN SUBJECT OR FIELD.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT CORRECTIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPENSATORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA CORRECTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUTORING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACEMAKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉTABLISSEMENT DE LA PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEKEEPING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEBUILDING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESTABLECIMIENTO DE LA PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACTION TO BRING HOSTILE PARTIES TO AGREEMENT THROUGH MEANS FORESEEN IN CHAPTER VI OF THE UN CHARTER CONCERNING THE PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERT SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CAPABILITY OF A DEVICE TO PERFORM FUNCTIONS NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN INTELLIGENCE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOGIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATTERN RECOGNITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOTOGRAF�AS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHOTOGRAPHIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC SLIDES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOGRAPHS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACK SEA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BLACK SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER NOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR NEGRO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LAW">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO COMPARATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPARATIVE LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT COMPARÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION DU PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN DEL PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECTROMETERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECTRÓMETRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SPECTROMÈTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECTROMETERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL CLUBS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL CLUBS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLUB SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLUB ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MACHINES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACHINE À ENSEIGNER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">M�QUINA DE ENSEÑAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEVICES THAT MECHANICALLY, ELECTRICALLY, AND/OR ELECTRONICALLY PRESENT INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES AT A RATE CONTROLLED BY THE LEARNERS' RESPONSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING MACHINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE LABORATORIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOSPHORUS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHOSPHORE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FÓSFORO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOSPHORUS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTEGRACIÓN ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESEGREGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL INTEGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO ETHNIC GROUPS; COVERS ALSO NEGATIVE ASPECT OF SEGREGATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GROUPING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTÉGRATION SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROYALTIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROYALTIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGAL�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REDEVANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CABLE TELEVISION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CABLE TELEVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEVISIÓN POR CABLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH DEFINITION TV"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECOVERY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC RECESSION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNGI">
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HONGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUNGI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHAMPIGNON</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN EN L�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SEARCHING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION EN LIGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">S�NSCRITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SANSKRIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK">
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PASSAGE À LA VIE ACTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSICIÓN A LA VIDA ACTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTINENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTINENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTINENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL DRIFT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MECHANIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MECANIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCANISATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHAD">
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TCHAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF ESTEEM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPETO DE S� MISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELF ESTEEM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPECT DE SOI</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.20 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATING TO PART OR THE WHOLE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEAN STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARCOAL"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPER"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MADERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOOD</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULE OF LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMOCRACIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL READING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORAL READING</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LECTURA ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LECTURE ORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOPHYSICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE GEOPHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOF�SICA MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOPHYSIQUE MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLUNTEERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH LEADERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECH">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CHECO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TCHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CZECH</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPACIO ABIERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPACE OUVERT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SPACES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPEN SPACES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.10 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPIRICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METHODOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.05 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION MODELS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBSERVATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DELINQUENCY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DELINCUENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALADJUSTMENT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA MIXTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE MIXTE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COEDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COEDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYSIQUE NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELEMENTARY PARTICLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUSION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">F�SICA NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATOMIC STRUCTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR PHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOVEMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN DE ESTUDIANTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE CHANGE">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETYMOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO LING�STICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREMIOS Y HONORES UNESCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNESCO AWARDS AND HONOURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIX ET DISTINCTIONS UNESCO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URUGUAY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MORTALITY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STREET CHILDREN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTAIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONGOLIAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ALTA�QUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNGUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJANI"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKISH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA ALTAICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALTAIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DE LA CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS OF CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL LIFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVERYDAY LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE STYLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE MARKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARCA REGISTRADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARQUE COMMERCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADE MARKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERSPACE LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN DE LAS COMUNICACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENSORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION DES COMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL DEPOSIT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL CRISIS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRISE ÉCOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISIS ECOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECOLOGICAL CRISIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.65 LEISURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEISURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOISIR</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLIND">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE BLIND"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVEUGLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIEGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAILLE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLINDNESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BLIND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO ADULTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE ADULTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINEES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA TRANSNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COMPANIES OPERATING IN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES BUT WITH SERVICE AND EVEN PRODUCTION FACILITIES FREQUENTLY LOCATED OUTSIDE THOSE COUNTRIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ TRANSNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOINT VENTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN INVESTMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POPULARIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VULGARISATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL WRITING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVULGACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE POPULARIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAORI"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPUAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE AUSTRONÉSIENNE ET OCÉANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA AUSTRONESIANA Y OCE�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICRONESIAN"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TASMANIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MELANESIAN"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVISTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE REPOSITORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS PRESERVATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF ARCHIVES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ARCHIVES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ARCHIVES"/>
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+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMBIENTE EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILIEU ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.05 EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFET DES ACTIVITÉS HUMAINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENHOUSE EFFECT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE DEPLETION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFECTO DE LAS ACTIVIDADES HUMANAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL CRISIS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL CONCEPTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONCEPTO MORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MORAL CONCEPTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPT MORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION FINANCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANZA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROSCOPES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROSCOPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROSCOPIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRYSTALLOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROSCOPE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DE LOS ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORY OF ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RICE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CEREALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RIZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARROZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RICE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY STRATEGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATEGIA MILITAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRATÉGIE MILITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILITARY STRATEGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MEDIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA -MEDIOS-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM -MÉDIAS-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM STRIPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BENGALI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BENGALI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ADMINISTRATION RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER WAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIONES DE EMPLEO DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS D'EMPLOI DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IRAN, REPÚBLICA ISL�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1979, USE IRAN.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IRAN, RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAORI">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAORI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RENTED HOUSING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RELATIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES ECONÓMICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS ONLY TO BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN COUNTRIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDEPENDENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS ÉCONOMIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉS DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDADES DE LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM VISITS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCRÉATION ARTIFICIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCREACIÓN ARTIFICIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMBRYOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DE LA CONSTRUCTION NAVALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVELLING EXHIBITIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPOSICIÓN ITINERANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAVELLING EXHIBITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPOSITION ITINÉRANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAD SEA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER MORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR MUERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEAD SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGICAL DATA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DATO GEOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOLOGICAL DATA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DONNÉE GÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WORKERS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROINDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEASANTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FARMERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST CONSERVATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DES FOR¯TS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIºN FORESTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREST CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ALIENATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALADJUSTMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALIÉNATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALIENACIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL ALIENATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAGALOG">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAGALOG</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAGALO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILLETTRISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERACY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ILETRISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INJURIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCURITÉ DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCEPTUALIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTUALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONCEPTUALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGET CONTRIBUTIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTRIBUCIÓN PRESUPUESTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES BOTH VOLUNTARY AND ASSESSED CONTRIBUTIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRIBUTION BUDGÉTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUDGET CONTRIBUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEPHONE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEPHONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELÉFONO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEPHONE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF PRISONERS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DE LOS PRISIONEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DES PRISONNIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF PRISONERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE CHROMATOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS CROMATOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL DISCS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCO ÓPTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPTICAL DISCS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISQUE OPTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECUEIL DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECOPILACIÓN DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUESTIONNAIRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA COLLECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBLEM SOLVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRISE DE DÉCISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DECISION MAKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REASONING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE JUDGMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOMA DE DECISIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOLARSHIPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT LOANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL GRANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FELLOWSHIPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLOCATION D'ÉTUDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBVENCIÓN DE ESTUDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUDAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUDAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUDAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WARFARE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERRE NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR WARFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERATES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANALFABETO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILLITERATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALPHABÈTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW LITERATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES ENSEIGNANTS DU SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES DE SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS STATUS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIÓN DE LA MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITION DE LA FEMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS STATUS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO AMBIENTE ACU�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT AQUATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUÉRICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUERICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CARE OF CHILDREN BY PARENTS, GUARDIANS, OR OTHER PRIMARY CARETAKERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD REARING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR SYSTEM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR SYSTEM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANETS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIFFUSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDDHISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BUDISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOUDDHISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUDDHISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DISPARITIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LOCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISPARITÉ RÉGIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESEQUILIBRIO REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE WHEN REFERRING TO REGIONS WITHIN A COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL DISPARITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS SOCIOECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL COSTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEALTH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RICHESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RIQUEZA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIVISION DU TRAVAIL BASÉE SUR LE SEXE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO BASADO EN EL GÉNERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CASPIAN SEA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CASPIAN SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR CASPIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER CASPIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.60 TEACHING AND TRAINING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURTHER TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINERS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SYSTEMATIC EDUCATIVE PROCESS BY WHICH ONE LEARNS NEW SKILLS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWIMMING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NATACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SWIMMING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SRI LANKA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SRI LANKA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLAGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLAGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HERALDRY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DRAPEAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BANDERA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.05 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC APPROACH</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFOQUE CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSTITUTION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEREAL DISEASES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORNOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL ABUSE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROSTITUCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN TRAFFICKING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROSTITUTION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLUNTEERS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SOCIETY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION NON GOUVERNEMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPUESTO QU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPOSÉ CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACIDS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANCIENT HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT THEATRE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA ANTIGUA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE ANCIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALTIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE BALTE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIAN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIAN"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE CHINO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHINESE ART</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN ART"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERDÉPENDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERDEPENDENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERDEPENDENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MUTUAL ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE AMONG COUNTRIES; FOR ACTIVE EFFORTS TO PROMOTE CLOSER ECONOMIC TIES, USE "ECONOMIC COOPERATION", "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION", ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COOPERATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TREATMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE DISPOSAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSAINISSEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANEAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYGIENE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SANITATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIJI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FIDJI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FIDJI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FIJI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN WARFARE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRORISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUERILLA ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIOLENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERRE URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN WARFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGLE MOTHERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGLE PERSONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MADRE SOLTERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONE PARENT FAMILIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SINGLE MOTHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÈRE CÉLIBATAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIENESTAR DE LA INFANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAY NURSERIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION DE L'ENFANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD WELFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOPTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POULTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEATHER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATTLE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHEPTEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIVESTOCK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GANADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEAT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION DE JEUNESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN JUVENIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH LEADERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATIONS OUTSIDE SCHOOL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEGEAN SEA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN SEA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AEGEAN SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER EGÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR EGEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY TECHNICIANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TOYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEURISTIC METHOD -TEACHING-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUEGO EDUCATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL GAMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE PLAYING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOOR GAMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEU ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION GAMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO SEEK ASYLUM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE CHERCHER ASILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A BUSCAR ASILO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO SEEK ASYLUM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADRIATIC SEA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN SEA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADRIATIC SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER ADRIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR ADRI�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM VISITS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO DE LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME D'ENSEIGNEMENT MUSÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUMPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT HYDRAULIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO HIDR�ULICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHARA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAHARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS COUNCILS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR LITERATURE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULAR LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FICTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOVELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA POPULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE POPULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINT MEDIA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIA IMPRESO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDIA IMPRIMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRINT MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING PAPER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPROGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKFORM MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS TURKAS Y CAICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES TURQUES ET CA�QUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEMAKERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME AU FOYER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOMEMAKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMA DE CASA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSEHOLDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIED WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CATALAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING HABIT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING HABIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HABITUDE DE LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROMOTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">H�BITO DE LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING OPERATIONS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MAINTENANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREFABRICATION -BUILDINGS-"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECONSTRUCTION -BUILDINGS-"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARPENTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING OPERATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES BRICK-LAYING, JOINERY, PLASTERING, GLAZING, DECORATING, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPERACIÓN DE CONSTRUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPÉRATION DE CONSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGRAPHIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOGRAPHIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE LA MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES FEMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING COSTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT DE LA CONSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING COSTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING FINANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING RT RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE"/>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOYS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JOUET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUGUETE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOOR GAMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TOYS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBSERVATOIRE ASTRONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOVELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NOVELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NOVELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FICTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC RELATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS PUBLIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES PÚBLICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO SEEK ASYLUM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFUGIADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFUGIÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REFUGEES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR DEVASTATED COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEE EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTAL SERVICES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIOS POSTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSTAL SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICES POSTAUX</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A MÉDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY AIDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOISOTOPES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CIRCULATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIRCULACIÓN OCE�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEAN CIRCULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CURRENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION OCÉANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER AND LAKE ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A HIDR�ULICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE HYDRAULIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENSORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PRIVACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOGEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZOOGEOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ZOOGEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZOOGÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBANIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALBANAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALBANIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALBANÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBCULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF POVERTY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTERCULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAWI">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALAWI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.05 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DAIRY INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA LECHERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE LAITIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILK"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHROMOSOMES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHROMOSOMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CROMOSOMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHROMOSOME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DE LA RELIGION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DE LA RELIGIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.30 ETHNIC QUESTIONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINORITY GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUESTIONES ÉTNICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNIC QUESTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER STORAGE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STOCKAGE D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALMACENAMIENTO DE AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER STORAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MADAGASCAR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MADAGASCAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA ORTOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'ORTOGRAPHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPELLING INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZAIRE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GABON"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE CENTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMEROON"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO, DEMOCRATIC R"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO DR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHAD"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUATORIAL GUINEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA CENTRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEPAL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEPAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN AID"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ALL FORMS OF COOPERATION ON AN INTERNATIONAL BASIS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPILATION BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPILACIÓN BIBLIOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICE POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRICE POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE PRECIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES PRIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS SUFFRAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUFRAGIO FEMENINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS SUFFRAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOTE DES FEMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTORAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN IN POLITICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS TRAINING">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES TRAVAILLEURS SOCIAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DE TRABAJADORES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL WORKERS TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGALA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANTU LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGALA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT URBAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BELIEF">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIEF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS BELIEF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREENCIA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CROYANCE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ETHNOLINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ETNOLING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNOLINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BARRIERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGROUND PRESS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL PRESS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRENSA MARGINAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSE CLANDESTINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDERGROUND PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHLETES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATHLÈTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATHLETES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ATLETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS COMPETITIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAINING CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE DE FORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE CAPACITACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ECOSYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO AMBIENTE MARINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT MARIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ATTITUDES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ADJUSTMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ATTITUDES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATTITUDE DE L'ÉTUDIANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT ATTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTITUD DEL ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLDOVA R">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOLDOVA R</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEY ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE ENCUESTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE D'ENQUÊTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SURVEY ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUES">
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FINDING AIDS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ORDERED COMPILATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS AND SUFFICIENT INFORMATION TO AFFORD ACCESS TO THE DOCUMENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CATALOGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAT�LOGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CATALOGUES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT SCRIPTS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EPIGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECIPHERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EPIGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EPIGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTRUMENTO MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORCHESTRAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTRUMENT DE MUSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY PRICES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMS OF TRADE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRECIO DE PRODUCTOS B�SICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIX DES PRODUITS DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMODITY PRICES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY">
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUEOLOG�A SUBACU�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHÉOLOGIE SUBAQUATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INGÉNIERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAINTENANCE"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPTIMIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPTIMIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONALITY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATIONALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NACIONALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A LEGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUSTICE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER FORECASTING"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STORMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WIND POWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WINDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYCLONES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBLICATION EN SÉRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICACIÓN SERIADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALENDARS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YEARBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A PUBLICATION ISSUED IN SEPARATE AND SUCCESSIVE PARTS USUALLY IN A UNIFORM FORMAT WITH CONSTANT TITLE AND INTENDED TO BE CONTINUED INDEFINITELY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISSN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPERS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA PARA NIÑOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILDRENS LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE POUR ENFANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DOUANIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARIFFS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA ARANCELARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CUSTOMS POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTECTIONISM"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBMARINES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHIPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NAVIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BUQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEST CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE ANTI-PARASITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTICIDES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL DE PLAGAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL GRANTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAVEL GRANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY TOURS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLOCATION DE VOYAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING ABROAD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BECA DE VIAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETRY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POES�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POETRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIC POETRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POÉSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHOLOGIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELABORACIÓN DE RESÚMENES AN�LITICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABSTRACTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉDACTION DE RÉSUMÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABSTRACTING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA OCE�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE OCÉANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANIC LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNSELLING">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GIVING ADVICE, INFORMATION OR ENCOURAGEMENT TO PEOPLE IN NEED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASESORAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COUNSELLING</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSULTATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ROLE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÔLE DE LA FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL DE LA FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY ROLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ROLE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA HIDR�ULICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLUNTEERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL WORK</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA QU�MICA/BIOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉDIATRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEDIATR�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROAD TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMELESS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POOR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STREET CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANS ABRI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONA SIN HOGAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOMELESS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE DU SAVOIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA DEL CONOCIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOODOO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELIGION PRIMITIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELIGION PRIMITIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARITHMETIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARITHMÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMBER THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARITMÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARITHMETIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE AQUACULTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE AQUACULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUACULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACUICULTURA MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AQUACULTURE MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERACY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMAL SECTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BARTER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SECTOR INFORMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE UNOFFICIAL, OR NON-REGISTERED AND UNTAXED, THEREFORE INFORMAL, SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SECTEUR INFORMEL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL STATUS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE STANDING OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP BEFORE THE LAW WHICH DETERMINES RIGHTS AND DUTIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIÓN JUR�DICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL STATUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATUT JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS STATUS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYSLEXIA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING ABILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DYSLEXIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISLEXIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DYSLEXIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">POPULATION CONCENTRATION IN URBAN AREAS AS A RESULT OF RURAL MIGRATION OR DUE TO AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF URBAN AREAS. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "URBAN DEVELOPMENT".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBANIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBURBS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">URBANISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">URBANIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROPAGANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR PROPAGANDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPAGANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSERY SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE MATERNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING EDUCATION FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AGED 2 TO 6.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAY NURSERIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NURSERY SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE P�RVULOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TEXT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LIBRARIANSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICY MAKING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY RT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLABORATION D'UNE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLICY MAKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE ALLOCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELABORACIÓN DE POL�TICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CINEMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM FESTIVALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA ATTENDANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF CINEMA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PLANNING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WINDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION ATMOSPHÉRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIRCULACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVENING SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE PROFESSIONNELLE SUPÉRIEURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST SCHOOLS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA PROFESIONAL SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPROGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OFFICE SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORTHAND"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE OFICINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE BUREAU</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OXYGEN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OX�GENO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OXYGÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OXYGEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER CONTROL">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER DISCHARGE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER AND LAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGULACIÓN FLUVIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGULATION DES COURS D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIVER CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FESTIVALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FESTIVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FESTIVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FESTIVALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTIVATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOTIVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOTIVACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT BANKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTION BUILDING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A DEFINITE COURSE OR METHOD OF ACTION SELECTED FROM AMONG DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTORS WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONCENTRACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOPOLIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIZE OF ENTERPRISE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCENTRATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR STILLS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR CELLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALAMBIC SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALAMBIQUE SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR STILLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH GUIANA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUAYANA FRANCESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUYANE FRANÇAISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRENCH GUIANA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROCESS OF CHECKING INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MANUFACTURE TO ENSURE THAT THEY CONFORM TO SET STANDARDS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTIMIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE DE QUALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS TESTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUALITY CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL DE CALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY MUSIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA CONTEMPOR�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTEMPORARY MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE CONTEMPORAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAZZ"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCRETE MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE PROTECTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL PROTECTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LANDSCAPES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIÓN DEL PAISAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION DU PAYSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANDSCAPE PROTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA SCIENCE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA ECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART CRITICISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRITIQUE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CR�TICA DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART CRITICISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY CRITICISM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOLCAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VOLCAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOUNTAINS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOLCANOES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC SOILS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL KINETICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL KINETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CINÉTIQUE CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CINÉTICA QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH PENALTY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PENA DE MUERTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEINE DE MORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEATH PENALTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUATORIAL GUINEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LUXEMBOURG"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.45 LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VANUATU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DE HABLA FRANCESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS FRANCOPHONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITIUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELGIUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIET NAM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAO PDR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT LUCIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONACO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWITZERLAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANADA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEBANON"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAITI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBMARINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE MAR�TIMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT MARITIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARITIME TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOURS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICYCLES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BICYCLETTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BICICLETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BICYCLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY THEATRE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉÂTRE CONTEMPORAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTEMPORARY THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO CONTEMPOR�NEO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOMETERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROSPECCIÓN GEOF�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EXPLORATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROSPECTION GÉOPHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICAC�ON INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT CREATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT CREATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉATION D'EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREACIÓN DE EMPLEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE GENERATION OF NEW JOBS IN SECTORS OR ENTERPRISES REQUIRING MORE MANPOWER.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALIAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ITALIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ITALIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ITALIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROJECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DEMOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR CONDITIONING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT PUMPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLIMATIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLIMATISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIR CONDITIONING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS CONEXOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS, PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS, AND BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS VOISINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYGIENE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIGIENE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYGIENE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDAL ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAREA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GLACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERMAFROST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOW"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FROST"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL CIRCULATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY CIRCULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION DES PÉRIODIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIRCULACIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES PERIÓDICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERIODICAL CIRCULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉMOCRATISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMOCRATIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEMOCRATIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATISTICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA FINANCIERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE FINANCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEORGIAN SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE GEORGIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS DE GÉORGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEORGIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO DEL ALUMNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRUANCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INTERACTION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT DE L'ÉLÈVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ADJUSTMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UPPER CLASS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UPPER CLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CLASS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE PRIVILÉGIÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE ALTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARISTOCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULING CLASS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA AGRARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SHORTAGES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉNURIE ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCASEZ DE ALIMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD SHORTAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC TEACHING PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISITING TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL SCHOOL TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATORS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS RACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS SALES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILITARISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MILITARISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILITARISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMPERIALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRPORTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AEROPUERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIRPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AÉROPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AVIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES LABORALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COLLECTIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES, BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND TRADE UNIONS, OR BETWEEN EMPLOYERS, UNIONS AND THE GOVERNMENT. USE "PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT" FOR INDIVIDUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.85 LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS DE TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER GRAPHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE USE OF COMPUTERS FOR INSTRUCTION, TESTING, STUDENT/PUPIL PERSONNEL SERVICES, SCHOOL ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SERVICES, ETC. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATIQUE ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORM�TICA EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUITECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHITECTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECT RESTORERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHITECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKFORM MATERIALS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINT MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOKFORM MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCUMENT IMPRIMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL IMPRESO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPARTITION DU REVENU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INCOME DISTRIBUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME AND WEALTH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL JUSTICE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SYSTEMATIC PROCESS OF PRODUCING NEW CURRICULA OR IMPROVING EXISTING ONES;</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELABORACIÓN DEL CURR�CULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DU CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIVIENDA ALQUILADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DENSITY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DECREASE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGEMENT EN LOCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION PROBLEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL REHABILITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISABLED PERSONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPEDIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELDERLY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED WAR VETERANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HANDICAPÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIPLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL CONFLICTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REVOLUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING STANDARDS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMA DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADVISERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICADOR DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PLANNERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATEUR DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF TRADE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALANCE OF TRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMS OF TRADE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BALANZA COMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BALANCE COMMERCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF PAYMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES PARENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE LOS PADRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL ART">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE COMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMERCIAL ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART COMMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SPEAKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION SKILLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNIQUE DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LISTENING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉCNICA DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOTHERAPY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOTHERAPY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOTERAPIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOTHÉRAPIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUITECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALACES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHITECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES CULTURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GABON">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GABON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA ESCANDINAVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE SCANDINAVE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARC NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARQUE NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL PARKS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASQUE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VASCO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEO DE LAS MUJERES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOI DES FEMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVICE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE LAW"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUNCIÓN PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FONCTION PUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL SERVICE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM CURATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITANIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAURITANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAURITANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART COLLECTIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLLECTION D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GALLERIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM COLLECTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COLECCIÓN DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART COLLECTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTIONARIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEXICOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DICCIONARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLOSSARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DICTIONNAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCYCLOPAEDIAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DICTIONARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOGRAPHIE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RADIO">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIO EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIO ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL RADIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE AND EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEISURE AND EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ORGANIZED ACTIVITIES INTENDED TO HELP INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS USE NON-WORK TIME IN A MANNER CONDUCIVE TO PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELL-BEING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN Y TIEMPO LIBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOISIR ET ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACCESS TO NEW TECHNOLOGY, BOTH PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES, AS A KEY FACTOR IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL GAP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRUPACIONES POL�TICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL GROUPINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER BALANCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BILAN HYDRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER BALANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE FLOW AND STORAGE IN A HYDROLOGIC UNIT SUCH AS A DRAINAGE BASIN, A SOIL ZONE, A LAKE OR RESERVOIR AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EVAPORATION, PRECIPITATION, RUNOFF AND THE CHANGE IN WATER STORAGE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUILIBRIO ACU�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIME OF WATERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDIVIDUALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDIVIDUALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIVIDUALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PETROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PETROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉTROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO UNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÂTIMENT UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MANGROVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WETLANDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL WATERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE AQUACULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL EROSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANGLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANGROVE AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE BIBLIOGRAPHIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOGRAF�A DE BIBLIOGRAF�AS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBERTY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIFE CYCLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CICLO DE VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CYCLE DE VIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'ARCHITECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA ARQUITECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEATRICAL PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE DIRECTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION THÉÂTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN TEATRAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSISTORS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSISTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSISTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSISTOR</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND FORMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORME TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALLEYS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAINS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUNGLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLANDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNDRA"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WETLANDS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASINS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOUNTAINS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KARST"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAVES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIGA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORAL REEFS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMA TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA LING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BARRIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC UNIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINNISH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINNOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URALIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINNISH</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONCEPCIÓN POR COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER GRAPHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTION ASSISTÉE PAR ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERATION MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO DE LIBERACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBERATION MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT DE LIBÉRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTAINERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACKAGING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCIPIENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECIPIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTAINERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMETRICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOMETR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT MODELS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMETRICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMÉTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC MODELS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN MILITAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILITARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION MILITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEKEEPING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEBUILDING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACEKEEPING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACTION LINKED WITH THE DEPLOYMENT OF UN MILITARY AND/OR POLICE PERSONNEL IN AREAS OF INSTABILITY, WITH THE CONSENT OF ALL THE PARTIES CONCERNED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANTENIMIENTO DE LA PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING RT RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAINTIEN DE LA PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OMBUDSMAN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE LAW"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OMBUDSMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSETSE FLIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUCHE TSÉ-TSÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TSETSE FLIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOSCA TSÉ TSÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METHODOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METODOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPIRICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY OF THE DIRECTION AND IMPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES, ESPECIALLY AS TO THEIR LOGICAL BASIS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METHODOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINT MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOMENTO DEL LIBRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROMOTION DU LIVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED CIRCUITS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIRCUITO ELECTRÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCUIT ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICAN REPUBLIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMINICAN REPUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYSTICISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELIGIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESAURUS COMPILATION">
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESAURI"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPILATION DE THÉSAURUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPILACIÓN DE TESAURO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFGHANISTAN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFGANIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFGHANISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEMORIZATION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEMORIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉMORISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEMORIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DU PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE PERSONAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECRUITMENT"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.80 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETIREMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAVE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROPOLITAN AREAS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA METROPOLITANA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE MÉTROPOLITAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METROPOLITAN AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL INTENSITY">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTENSIDAD DE CAPITAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAPITAL INTENSITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATIVELY GREATER PLANT AND EQUIPMENT COSTS THAN LABOUR COSTS.</skos:scopeNote>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTENSITÉ DU CAPITAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR INTENSITY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIZE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BELICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BELIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAUX DE NATALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIRTH RATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TASA DE NATALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELEMENTARY PARTICLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS QU�MICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODESY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LEVÉ TOPOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEVANTAMIENTO TOPOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAMMETRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SURVEYING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PETROLEUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉTROLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PETROLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRAFFIC">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN TRAFFIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TR�FICO URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOETHICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ETHICAL QUESTIONS RAISED BY DEVELOPMENT IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOÉTHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RENDEMENT DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INPUT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RENDIMIENTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTA RICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COSTA RICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR DISPUTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO DE TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRIKES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE BARGAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR LAW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART HISTORY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DEL ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DE L'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN JUR�DICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW LIBRARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY COURSES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTGRADUATE COURSES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO UNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECH REPUBLIC">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA CHECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1992.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CZECH REPUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DO NOT USE AS A DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD CONTEMPOR�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ CONTEMPORAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACID RAIN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLUIE ACIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACID RAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAIN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LLUVIA �CIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECT RESTORERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE MONUMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF WORKS OF ART"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DES MONUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC CITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALESTINE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKEY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YEMEN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIDDLE EAST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFGHANISTAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYPRUS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JORDAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORIENTE MEDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEBANON"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOYEN-ORIENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAQ"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISRAEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYRIAN AR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS NATURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES NATURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEPARATISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEPARATISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEDERALISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉPARATISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEPARATISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION PARENTS/ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN PADRES/DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERMOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMODYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THERMOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEN">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROGÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDRÓGENO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROGEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MINORITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNAUTÉ RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS SECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNIDAD RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEREAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD TRANSMISIBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFECTIOUS DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEPROSY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIRUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALARIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE CONTAGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE TESTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APTITUDE TESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEST D'APTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRUEBA DE APTITUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INSTRUMENTS USED TO ASSESS A COMBINATION OF NATIVE AND ACQUIRED ABILITIES WHICH ARE CONSIDERED INDICATIVE OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANPOWER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANO DE OBRA EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAIN-D'OEUVRE ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL MANPOWER</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATORS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMADOR DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATEUR D'ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER EDUCATORS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROSES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEUROSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NÉVROSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEUROSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIAN SSR">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS DE LETTONIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE LETONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATVIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GERMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLEMAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALEM�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REPRÉSENTATION THÉÂTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECT�CULO DE TEATRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.15 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATEM�TICAS Y ESTAD�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW ZEALAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOUVELLE ZÉLANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEW ZEALAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOKELAU"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUEVA ZELANDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE NORD-AMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA NORTEAMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN ART"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIND">
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPRIT</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN NATURE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBUMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALBUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALBUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALBUMS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT INTERNATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE AIR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF STATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERSPACE LAW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COURTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL POLITICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE LIABILITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE SEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUTRALITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF SPACE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ECOSYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOSISTEMA MARINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOSYSTÈME MARIN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGLISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGLÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANGLAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYEES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SALARIÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYEES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEADO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL AUDIOVISUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL AUDIOVISUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYES TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEHYDRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINT TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRYING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL OBJECTIVES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBJETIVO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL OBJECTIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBJECTIF CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPULSORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.20 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERATION GAP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN PADRES-NIÑOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION PARENTS-ENFANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC VIOLENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ROLE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEPPE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">VAST TREELESS PLAINS OF SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE AND SIBERIA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVANNAH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTEPA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STEPPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURBINES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE TOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">M�QUINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACHINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARKETING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACKAGING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMERCIALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMERCIALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAX">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA TRANSMISSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORIENTATION COURSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORIENTATION COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS D'ORIENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO DE ORIENTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MELANESIAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MELANESIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MELANESIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉLANÉSIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY FR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GERMANY FR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BETWEEN 1949 AND 1990.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN DR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALEMANIA, REPÚBLICA FEDERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLEMAGNE, RÉPUBLIQUE FÉDÉRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATMOSPHERE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ATMÓSFERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECTONICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL DRIFT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECTÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH&apos;S CRUST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND SUBSIDENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECTONICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECTONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSLIDES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS ATMOSPHÉRIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER MODIFICATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIONES ATMOSFÉRICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEATHER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SHORTAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DE L'ÉNERGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS AS IT RELATES TO THE ENERGY SECTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LA ENERG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM STRIPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM STRIPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM FIXE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA FIJA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC SLIDES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A STRIP OF MOTION PICTURE CARRYING A STILL PHOTOGRAPH, OR OTHER GRAPHIC MATERIAL, ON EACH OF ITS FRAMES; WIDELY USED AS AN AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION TOOL.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1948.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KOREA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COREA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER AND LAKE ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE FLUVIALE ET LACUSTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A FLUVIAL Y LACUSTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIVER AND LAKE ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICIANS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA CLIM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLIMATIC ZONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE CLIMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATE ZONES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMID ZONES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECUADOR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECUADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APARATO RESPIRATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME RESPIRATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL SPRINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES EN EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUNDWATER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAIN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIME OF WATERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LEVEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS H�DRICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN INTERCULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AMONG PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT CULTURES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION INTERCULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC SLIDES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM STRIPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIAPOSITIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOGRAPHIC SLIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIAPOSITIVE PHOTOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMIC AREAS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEISMIC AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMICITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA S�SMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE SISMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS EVALUATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SYSTEMS EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DU SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.35 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIÓN DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTABLISSEMENT D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUPPLY AND DEMAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OFERTA Y DEMANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OFFRE ET DEMANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMPTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TREES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICINAL PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNGI"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT TAXONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETITION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFLUENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SPEAKING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC SPEAKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART ORATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORATOR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECHES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU POTABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRINKING WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA POTABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TREATMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORTALITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEATH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUICIDE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUERTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEBREW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTHANASIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEGU">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TELOUGOU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEGU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SODIUM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SODIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SODIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIGNS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYMBOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SYMBOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">S�MBOLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMPERIALISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLONIALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLONIALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECOLONIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEOCOLONIALISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DETERMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COLONIALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELTIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WELSH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRETON"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA CÉLTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE CELTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAELIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CELTIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF ESTEEM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIND"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMPLING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHANTILLONNAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUESTREO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAMPLING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION METHODS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIPLY DISABLED">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF AND DUMB"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HANDICAPÉ MULTIPLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONA CON IMPEDIMENTOS MÚLTIPLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTIPLY DISABLED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.40 INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BULGARIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BULGARIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BULGARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA BED MINING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINER�A DE LOS FONDOS MARINOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN FLOOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEA BED MINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE DES FONDS MARINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKS OF ART"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETICS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC CREATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ATTITUDES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATTITUDE DES PARENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTITUD DE LOS PADRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT ATTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FULFULDE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEUL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FULBÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FULFULDE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE LATINOAMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA LATINOAMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN DRAIN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXODO INTELECTUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE LOSS SUFFERED BY A COUNTRY AS A RESULT OF THE EMIGRATION OF TRAINED PROFESSIONALS AND TECHNICIANS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRAIN DRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXODE DES COMPÉTENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPANISH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPAÑOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPANISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPAGNOL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY GROUPING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRUPAMIENTO POR APTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GROUPING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABILITY GROUPING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGULAR CLASS PLACEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPEMENT PAR APTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRAFT WORKERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTESANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTISAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLED WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CRAFT WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FAILURE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPPING OUT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC FAILURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHEC SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FRACASO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADE REPETITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOW ACHIEVERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TEXT ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUTOMATIC INDEXING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDIZACIÓN AUTOM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDEXATION AUTOMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUAL ECONOMY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ECONOMY IN WHICH A MODERN, CAPITAL-INTENSIVE SECTOR COEXISTS WITH AN IMPOVERISHED, TRADITIONAL SECTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DUAL ECONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DUALISMO ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DUALISME ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEMAS DE ESTUDIO VOCACIONALES Y TÉCNICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASOCIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASSOCIATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSOCIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNED SOCIETIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLUBS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.40 INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION STANDARDS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXAMINATION STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME D'EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION MARKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMA DE EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DES SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRICKS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIAU DE CONSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING STONES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLAYS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCRETE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL DE CONSTRUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO REVOLUCIONARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT UNREST"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT RÉVOLUTIONNAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALLET">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVEMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALLET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN DANCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DENMARK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DINAMARCA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENLAND"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DANEMARK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING GUIDES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MANUALS FOR TEACHERS OFTEN ACCOMPANYING TEXTBOOKS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GU�A DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM GUIDES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIVRE DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING GUIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESSON PLANS"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO DR">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONGO DR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONGO RD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONGO RD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER MAY 1997; OTHERWISE, USE ZAIRE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOLITHIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALEOL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAEOLITHIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALÉOLITHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUATERNARY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CANALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INLAND WATER TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CANAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CANAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALCULUS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">C�LCULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CALCUL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CALCULUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBSTANCIA BIOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUBSTANCE BIOCHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VITAMINS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRACE ELEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORMONES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENZYMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEINS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOCHEMICALS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFECTIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGGRESSIVENESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFFECTIVITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMOTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ELITE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INEQUALITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFERENCIACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFÉRENCIATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINANT CULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENTISTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SCIENTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SPÉCIALISTE DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A PERSON WHO WORKS ON THE THEORY OR APPLICATION OF INFORMATICS OR INFORMATION SCIENCE, I.E. ANALYSES, DESIGNS, IMPLEMENTS ETC. INFORMATION SYSTEMS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECIALISTA DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLAV LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE SLAVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA ESLAVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMPERIALISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPENDENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPERIALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPÉRIALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IMPERIALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL EUROPEAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL EUROPEAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA CENTROEUROPEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DE L'EUROPE CENTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUESTIONING -TEACHING METHOD-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERROGATION -MÉTHODE PÉDAGOGIQUE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERROGACIÓN -MÉTODO PEDAGÓGICO-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUESTIONING -TEACHING METHOD-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCUSSIONS -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DETERMINATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE L'HOMME COLLECTIFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS HUMANOS COLECTIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF STATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL COOPERATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT IN ANY ECONOMIC, SOCIAL OR TECHNICAL FIELD AT THE SUPRANATIONAL LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION RÉGIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMON MARKETS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, LEGISLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, LÉGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS MARINOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES DE LA MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE SEA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING METHODS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEASURING METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION METHODS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOSOCIOLOG�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOSOCIOLOGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS AGENCIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOURNALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FLOW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERIODISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JOURNALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS RACE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF POWER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARMS RACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARRERA DE ARMAMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURSE AUX ARMEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSIONARY WORK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS PRACTICE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS REFORM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FONOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHONOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUND ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYING FIELDS"/>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL YOUTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL WOMEN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MACHINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA MEDIANTE COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT ASSISTÉ PAR ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LITERACY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENGRAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGAS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL FERTILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FERTILIZANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTROPHICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FERTILIZERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEORGIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEORGIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉORGIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEORGIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SOLDIERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DES SOLDATS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF SOLDIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DE LOS SOLDADOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL THEATRE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉÂTRE TRADITIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUPPETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM GUIDES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESSON PLANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DES COURS -FASCICULES-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM GUIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GU�A DE ESTUDIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGNERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXTRANJERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMIGRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGNERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGENDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MITOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MYTHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MYTHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC MAPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLIMATIC MAPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC DATA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAPA CLIM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE CLIMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZAMBIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZAMBIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ZAMBIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENABLING PROCESS THROUGH WHICH CHILDREN AND ADULTS RECEIVE A SENSE OF IDENTIFICATION WITH THEIR COMMUNITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN COMUNITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPORATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPOTRANSPIRATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EVAPORATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVAPORACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRYING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEHYDRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION POLLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SONDAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SONDEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC OPINION POLLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SURVEYS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTICULACIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BETWEEN LEVELS OF EDUCATION OR TYPES OF SCHOOL. -IBE USES: ARTICULATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTICULATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COORDINATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO AL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR LAW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT AU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INTERACTION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN ALUMNO-DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER AUTHORITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION ÉTUDIANT-ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANÈTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR SYSTEM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER WAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REMUNERACIÓN DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SALAIRE DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER WAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION DES JEUNES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNESCO CLUBS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN JUVENIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH MOVEMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAPHYSICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN NATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METAPHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTAPHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METAF�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUSAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE, PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE, INFINITY, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOTOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHOTOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO B�LTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC SEA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALTIC STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTONIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT BALTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WASTES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRODUCTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY ACTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY ACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACCIÓN COMUNITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTION COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF RELIANCE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELIANCE PRIMARILY ON A COUNTRY'S OWN HUMAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE CAPACITY FOR AUTONOMOUS GOAL-SETTING AND DECISION-MAKING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELF RELIANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTOSUFICIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTOSUFFISANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUENTE DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURCE D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES ÉNERGÉTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.65 NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SHORTAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS ENERGÉTICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAVANESE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JAVANÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JAVANAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JAVANESE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DU PERSONNEL DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TV/RADIO PERSONNEL TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DEL PERSONAL DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEOTEX"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DES TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCENTRATION CAMPS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR CRIMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAMP DE CONCENTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMPO DE CONCENTRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONCENTRATION CAMPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORCED LABOUR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SELECTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SELECCIÓN DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉLECTION DES ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER SELECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RECRUITMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL SELECTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIBRES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FIBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FIBRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL FIBRES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FIBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT">
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGISTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID MECHANICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROSPHERE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIME OF WATERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE STUDY OF THE WATERS OF THE EARTH, THEIR CIRCULATION, DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELTIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GAELIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GAÉLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRISH GAELIC"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GAÉLICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THESES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÈSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TESIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN YOUTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEUNE URBAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JOVEN URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN YOUTH</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPAIR WORKSHOPS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING WORKSHOPS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSYNTHESIS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METABOLISM"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOS�NTESIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOSYNTHESIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOSYNTHÈSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING GEOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DU BÂTIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL DESIGN"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FITOECOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT ECOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HABITATS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYTOÉCOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOUVEAU PAYS INDUSTRIALISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAZIL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA R"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.30 ECONOMIC GROUPINGS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARGENTINA"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAILAND"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIWAN"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DE INDUSTRIALIZACIÓN RECIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONG KONG"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPED COUNTRIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEXICO"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONG KONG CHINA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIALIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYSIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGAPORE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES EN GAZ</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS DE GAS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS INDUSTRY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISCAL POLICY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL FINANCE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE BUDGET"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HACIENDA PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCES PUBLIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROGRAMMES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE VERANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUMMER SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SHORT COURSE USUALLY HELD AT A UNIVERSITY OR COLLEGE DURING THE SUMMER VACATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE D'ÉTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUNES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DUNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DUNES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMELESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOTISSEMENT SPONTANÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASENTAMIENTO DE PRECARISTAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINOR�A LING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE MINORITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BARRIERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINORITY GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINORITÉ LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAND">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLOGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POLONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APARTHEID"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RACIAL SEGREGATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTISEMITISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL PREJUDICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGREGACIÓN RACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESEGREGATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉGRÉGATION RACIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT URBAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TR�FICO URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW TOWNS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP ART">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART POP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE POP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POP ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY ART"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVANT-GARDE ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISH">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHELLFISH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POISSON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LINGUA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA AUXILIAR INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LINGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESPERANTO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE AUXILIAIRE INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE UNA SEGUNDA LENGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT D'UNE LANGUE SECONDE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT SECONDAIRE -2E CYCLE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA -2O NIVEL-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURGERY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIRURGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SURGERY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIRUG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA MUSEOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL FINANCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCES LOCALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOCAL FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HACIENDA LOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS INTERETHNIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.30 ETHNIC QUESTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES INTERÉTNICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERETHNIC RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDISH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUÉDOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SWEDISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUECO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.05 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE OF SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY ACTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNAUTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARUBA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARUBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTENEGRO">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONTENEGRO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT TRANSFER"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME TRANSPORT"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA BED MINING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A NAVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE MARITIME</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA MÓVIL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LIBRARIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOBILE LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SINTAXIS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SYNTAX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYNTAXE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAMMAR"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONALIZATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTÉGRATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFLUENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ALIENATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUESTIONING -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISCUSSIONS -TEACHING METHOD-</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMINARS -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCUSSION -MÉTHODE PÉDAGOGIQUE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCUSIÓN -MÉTODO PEDAGÓGICO-</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MULTICULTURALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILINGUALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MULTICULTURALISME</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB HISTORY">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA �RABE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE ARABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARAB HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENTISTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITOLOGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL SCIENTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POLITÓLOGO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY">
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO STATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BROADCASTING INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DE RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL VALUES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGULATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AJUSTEMENT STRUCTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART MODERNE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELEMENTO QU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÉMENT CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISOTOPES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SULPHUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOSPHORUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL ELEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OXYGEN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NITROGEN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBON"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZAIRE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE MAY 1997; OTHERWISE, USE CONGO DR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ZAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEPENDENT STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA INDIVIDUALIZADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT INDIVIDUALISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUTORING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETENCY BASED TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARCOAL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHARBON DE BOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARBÓN DE LEÑA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHARCOAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIFTING CULTIVATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHIFTING CULTIVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTIVO MIGRATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE ITINÉRANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TEMPORARY USE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND FOR CULTIVATION AS LONG AS IT IS FERTILE.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLOSSARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GLOSARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GLOSSARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A 'VOCABULARY' NOT NECESSARILY IN ALPHABETIC ORDER, WITH DEFINITIONS OR EXPLANATIONS FOR ALL TERMS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTIONARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GLOSSAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLUNTEERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER RELIEF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXAMINATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION BOARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFÉRENCE INDIVIDUELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFERENCIA INDIVIDUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION TECHNOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREDICCIÓN TECNOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN ART">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE NORTEAMERICANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART NORD-AMÉRICAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH AMERICAN ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN UNIVERSITIES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS WITH OPEN ADMISSION POLICIES THAT OFFER EXTERNAL DEGREE PROGRAMMMES AND OFTEN MAKE USE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNIVERSIDAD ABIERTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RADIO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UNIVERSITÉ OUVERTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPEN UNIVERSITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCATIONAL TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICESHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TRAINING AIMING AT PROVIDING THE SKILLS, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES REQUIRED FOR EMPLOYMENT IN A PARTICULAR OCCUPATION, OR GROUP OF RELATED OCCUPATIONS, IN ANY FIELD OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESCHOOL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATION IN NURSERY SCHOOLS OR KINDERGARTEN UP TO THE AGE OF FIVE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSERY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION PRÉSCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO ETNOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE ETHNOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RUSSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RUSSIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RUSO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT HOUSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALOJAMIENTO PARA ESTUDIANTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGEMENT DES ÉTUDIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT HOUSING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY DISORGANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY SIZE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILIEU FAMILIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ROLE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC VIOLENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO FAMILIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION MODELS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT MODELS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY IN CONNECTION WITH RESEARCH AND PLANNING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL MODELS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SIMULATION MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO DE SIMULACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE DE SIMULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION DE L'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTICIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER AND LAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIRUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTROPHICATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SAMPLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SPECIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECIE HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAMMALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPÈCE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN SPECIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BASE DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTUAL DATABASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BASE DE DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILE ORGANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATABASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AID">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC EXPENDITURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE DE L'ÉTAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATE AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA ESTATAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD OCUPACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL STRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">HARMFUL EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON WORKERS' HEALTH.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAVES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KARST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUEVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAVERNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KIRIBATI">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KIRIBATI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSUNAMI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TSUNAMI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN WAVES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMID ZONES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE HUMIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA HÚMEDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMIDITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMID ZONES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.25 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION THEORY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DECISION THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LA DECISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DE LA DÉCISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAME THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALÉOGÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAEOGEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALEOGEOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL RECONSTITUTION OF THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PAST AGES.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EVALUATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCES EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EXPLORATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DE RECURSOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DES RESSOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALI">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO DE INFORMACIÓN DOCUMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY CIRCULATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LETTONIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LETONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATION ON THE ISSUES OF CONCERN IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ADDRESSED TO YOUTH AND ADULTS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN SOBRE EL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COURTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR VICTIMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT INTERNATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SANCTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR DEVASTATED COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEED READING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LECTURA R�PIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEED READING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LECTURE RAPIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO AMBIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESTITUTION DES BIENS CULTURELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESTITUCIÓN DE LOS BIENES CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILOSOPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEOLOGIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF MIND"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOGIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MURALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PINTURAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINIATURE PAINTINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCK PAINTINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEINTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAINTINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVERS-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EGRESO DE ESCUELA SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FIN DE SCOLARITÉ SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATVIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LETTON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LETONO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATRIMONIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIXED MARRIAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY DISORGANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLYGAMY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARRIAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.40 FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUPTIALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARIAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT D'ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASS SIZE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGULAR CLASS PLACEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GROUPING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT DISEASES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE DES PLANTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD DE LAS PLANTAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNGI"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLIED RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASE CONTROL">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE CONTRE LES MALADIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISEASE CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUCHA CONTRA LAS ENFERMEDADES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME D'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SERIES OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES, WITH ADMINISTRATIVE CONNOTATION, RELATING TO DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONS. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBLICATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARACTER RECOGNITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CODIFICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CODAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">'DATA TRANSFORMATION' OR REPRESENTATION APPLYING A 'CODE'.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CODES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENCODING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE TRADE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTECTIONISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMON MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRE COMERCIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREE TRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBRE-ÉCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO DE ESCUELA PRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION NEEDS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOCIETY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DÉVELOPPÉ</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAINTENANCE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HABITATS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM ATTENDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBÉSITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOTHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEMAKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MADRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIED WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING MOTHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMIC ART">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POTTERY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CER�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART DE LA CÉRAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CERAMIC ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH STATISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA SANITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE SANITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEALTH STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LUXEMBOURG">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUXEMBURGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LUXEMBOURG</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POWER INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE ÉNERGÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POWER INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA ENERGÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DISCRIMINATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCRIMINACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INEQUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL DISCRIMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCRIMINATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEWERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAINAGE ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DU DRAINAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE DRENAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEVANTAMIENTO GEOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LEVÉ GÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT AUDIT">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SYSTEMATIC APPRAISAL OF MANAGEMENT METHODS BY TEAMS FROM EITHER THE ORGANIZATION OR OUTSIDE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VÉRIFICATION DE LA GESTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUDITOR�A DE GESTIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGEMENT AUDIT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POOR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMELESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAUVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAI LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAI LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUES THA�</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA TAI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAO"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE CARDIOVASCULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD CARDIOVASCULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GOUVERNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL POWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTION BUILDING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLOBALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GOBIERNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PHILOSOPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PHILOSOPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBUSTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INCENDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRE PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST FIRES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC OCEAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCTIC OCEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCÉANO ARTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉAN ARCTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS MEDICINE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECINE SPORTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPORTS MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICINA DEPORTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CATALOGUING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CATALOGAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING RULES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CATALOGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL PERFORMANCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERPRETACIÓN MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCERT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSICAL PERFORMANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL COMEDY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PITCAIRN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PITCAIRN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAK">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">KASAKO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KAZAK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN MEDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING GEOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE GÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGINEERING GEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A GEOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT THEATRE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉÂTRE ANTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANCIENT THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO ANTIGUO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN HISTORY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUROPEAN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE EUROPÉENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA EUROPEA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DE CENTRE DE CALCUL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE COMPUTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEBUILDING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEKEEPING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INGÉNIEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGINEERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SALT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADAR">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXHIBITIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPOSICIÓN DE BIBLIOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY EXHIBITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPOSITION DE BIBLIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILIEU SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC JOURNALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIC JOURNALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REVISTA BIBLIOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABSTRACTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PADRES -PROGENITORES-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FATHERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KINSHIP"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL EROSION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EROSION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EROSIÓN DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EROSION DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFORESTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL EROSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAIN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE COÛT-BÉNÉFICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS COSTO-BENEFICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL COSTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOINS INFIRMIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIOS DE ENFERMER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TREATMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOSPITALS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NURSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN EXTRAESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INSTITUTIONS, PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES FOR OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH AND EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES FOR THOSE IN SCHOOL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION EXTRASCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OUT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GHANA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GHANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STRUCTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IDEALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IDEALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IDÉALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PRACTICE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PR�CTICA PEDAGÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING PRACTICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY SERVICE -HIGHER EDUCATION-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRATIQUE PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPERVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROTEACHING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE JUDGMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JUGEMENT DE VALEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIEF"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VALUE JUDGMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUICIO DE VALOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT LEARNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRENDIZAJE DE ADULTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRENTISSAGE À L'ÂGE ADULTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PROFESSION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, PROFESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, PROFESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY PROFESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST OF LIVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRECIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY PRICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICE POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL CLUBS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ALL TYPES OF ACTIVITIES TENDING TO ENHANCE CULTURAL LIFE THROUGH CULTURAL ANIMATION AND CULTURAL VALUES PROMOTION. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR STANDARDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME DE TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE BARGAINING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR LAW"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STANDARDS CONCERNING EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS SET OUT IN COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND WORKERS OR IN LABOUR LAWS AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED BY THE LEGISLATURE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMA DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA ESPECIALIZADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.25 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A LIBRARY PRIMARILY SERVING ONE DISCIPLINE OR PARTICULAR FIELD.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE SPÉCIALISÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOBACCO">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOBACCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TABACO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TABAC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMOUR -LITERARY-">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUMOR -LITERARIO-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HUMOUR -LITTÉRAIRE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMOUR -LITERARY-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA TRANSMISSION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAX"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA TRANSMISSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSMISIÓN DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSMISSION DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL DATA FLOW"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBLICATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL ABROAD">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY TOURS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOYAGE À L'ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIAJE AL EXTRANJERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAVEL ABROAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ERUPTION VOLCANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ERUPCIÓN VOLC�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SALLE DE CLASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASSROOMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF CINEMA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DU CINÉMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORY OF CINEMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DEL CINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV CULTURES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA ESLAVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLAV CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE SLAVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRAPHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRAPHS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEREAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMUNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC CULTURE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PATTERN OF INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR BASED ON SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POPULARIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC EXPENDITURE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GASTO PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPENSE PUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AID"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EXPENDITURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR FUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUSIÓN NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASMA PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FUSION NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVINGS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVESTMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAVINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉPARGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AHORRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF STATES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE LIABILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE LOS ESTADOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOVEREIGNTY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DES ÉTATS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ARRANGEMENT INTO AN ORGANIC WHOLE OF THE INTERDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMMES PROVIDING FORMAL AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION. -IBE USES: EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.30 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOSYNTHESIS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOSYNTHESIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOTOS�NTESIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHOTOSYNTHÈSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH&apos;S CRUST">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EARTH'S CRUST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORTEZA TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCORCE TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECTONICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL DRIFT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES TO INFORMATION SOURCES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIRECTORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUIDE AUX SOURCES D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUIDES TO INFORMATION SOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GU�A DE FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEDIMENTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEDIMENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDICATEUR DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDICADOR DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FARMERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROCLIMATOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGISTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICÓLOGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN SAHARA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WESTERN SAHARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAHARA OCCIDENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAHARA OCCIDENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PROJECTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECTO DEL ALUMNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT PROJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROJET D'ÉLÈVE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TURBINES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER TURBINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURBINA HIDR�ULICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURBINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TURBINE À EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ANIMALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMAL AQUATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMAL ACU�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISH"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AQUATIC ANIMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WEAPONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR WEAPONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARMA NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARME NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUATERNARY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUATERNAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECAMBRIAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUATERNARY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEOLITHIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOLITHIC"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUATERNARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EFFORTS TENDING TO DEVELOP CULTURE IN THE BROADEST MEANING OF THE TERM, WITH REFERENCE TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND FREE CHOICE OF LIFE STYLE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACCIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORM EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROFORMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROFORMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFILMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROFORME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFICHES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WIND POWER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WINDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WIND POWER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE ÉOLIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A EÓLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE DU PRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO DE ESCUELA PRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK ART">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART POPULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE POPULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOLK ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAME THEORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LOS JUEGOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINEAR PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DES JEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION THEORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GAME THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBABILITY THEORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERCEPTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERCEPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERCEPCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC COMMERCE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMERCE ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENEALOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENEALOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUGENICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNÉALOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENEALOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HERALDRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLDAVIAN SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SSR DE MOLDAVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOLDAVIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SSR DE MOLDAVIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FINANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, FINANCIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, FINANCEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DE L'EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT CREATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODULAR INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.40 CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORE CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE TO MEAN THE SUBJECTS TAUGHT, THE TIME ALLOTTED TO EACH, AND THE SEQUENCE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDHOOD"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPE D'ÂGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OLD AGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGE GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO DE EDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUEGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLAY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECLUBS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELECLUBS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLUBS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELECLUB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉCLUB</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL LAW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO MERCANTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE MARKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT COMMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMERCIAL LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRACE ELEMENTS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ELEMENTS COMBINED IN MINUTE QUANTITIES IN PLANT OR ANIMAL TISSUES CONSIDERED ESSENTIAL IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRACE ELEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OLIGO-ÉLÉMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELEMENTO TRAZA -BIOQU�MICA-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VITAMINS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN DE LA MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION DE LA FEMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN IN POLITICS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYRIAN AR"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPT"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARAB STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT ARABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUDAN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JORDAN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATEGIC PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE COORDINATED PACKAGE OF PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS DICTATED BY DEVELOPMENT POLICY, WHICH AIMS TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR KIND OF DEVELOPMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF RELIANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATEGIA DEL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIOTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNREST"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIOTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉMEUTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTURBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN TÉCNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TRANSFER OF SKILLS AND PROVISION OF ADVICE TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN VARIOUS FIELDS: ADMINISTRATIVE, SCIENTIFIC, PROFESSIONAL, AND TECHNICAL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION TECHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK REVIEWS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESEÑA BIBLIOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY CRITICISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPTE RENDU DE LIVRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK REVIEWS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAINS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LLANURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEPPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLAINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVANNAH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRISH GAELIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GAÉLIQUE IRLANDAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAELIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GAÉLICO IRLANDÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRISH GAELIC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PRINTERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPRESORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPRIMANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER PRINTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC TRADE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMERCIO INTERNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMERCE INTÉRIEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMESTIC TRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRÉDITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CREDIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONEY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES DE PREPRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES ENSEIGNANTS DU PRÉPRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREPRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHELLFISH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHELLFISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARISCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COQUILLAGE ET CRUSTACÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA MUSEOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAQ">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRAQ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVENTORIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENTE DE ESCUELA PRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNANT DU PRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS LEADERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JEFE RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS LEADERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHEF RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT LOANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT LOANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÊT D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRÉSTAMO PARA ESTUDIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTENSION EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXTENSIÓN EN MEDIO RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VULGARISATION EN MILIEU RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES TRAINING FOR FARMERS IN MORE EFFICIENT PRACTICES, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS, LOW-INTEREST CREDIT, SIMPLE IRRIGATION, SUBSIDIZED FERTILIZER AND POST-HARVEST FACILITIES, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND REFORM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL EXTENSION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORY OF LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DE LAS BIBLIOTECAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE BUDGET">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUDGET DE L'ÉTAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESUPUESTO NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISCAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC DEBT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATE BUDGET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CLASS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL CLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRATIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEASANTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE CLASS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UPPER CLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS SUFFRAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS STATUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE LA FEMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DE LA MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER PREVENTION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREVENCIÓN DE DESASTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVENTION DES CATASTROPHES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISASTER PREVENTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLEMISH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FLAMAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FLAMENCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLEMISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIC POETRY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EPIC POETRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POES�A ÉPICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POÉSIE ÉPIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE ANTI-POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARNING DEVICES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLLUTION CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUCHA CONTRA LA CONTAMINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DJIBOUTI">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DJIBOUTI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONETARY POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA MONETARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCY DEVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONEY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE MONÉTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLEARING HOUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAILLE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY AIDS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRAILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE BLIND"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLIND"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AVAILABILITY OF EDUCATIONAL PROVISION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANCES D'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPORTUNIDADES EDUCACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOGEOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOGEOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOGÉOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL EROSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COASTAL EROSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EROSION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EROSION CÔTIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL PROTECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EROSIÓN COSTERA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOODWORKING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARPENTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOODWORKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL DU BOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO EN MADERA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCUSSIONS -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STORY TELLING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUP INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEAM TEACHING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA EN GRUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMINARS -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE PLAYING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKSHOPS -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LECTURES -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS FINANCIEROS EDUCACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUDGETS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES FINANCIÈRES ÉDUCATIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGUISTIC RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECIPHERING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN LINGÜ�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTITUTION RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIÓN RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONDURAS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HONDURAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOFISIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZIMBABWE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ZIMBABWE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SET THEORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SET THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DES ENSEMBLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LOS CONJUNTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DESIGN">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN RENEWAL"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTION URBANISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANJABI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PENDJABI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUNJABI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PANJABI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOLOG�A ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL ECOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLOGIE ANIMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HABITATS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PATHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PATHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABILITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INJURIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPATHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.85 PATHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PATOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CODES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CODES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CÓDIGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CODE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONEY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIQUIDITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONEY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARGENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DINERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL ART">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE ART"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE AGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDIEVAL ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE MEDIEVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART MÉDIÉVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERNACULAR LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPOKEN LANGUAGE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIGNS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCOMMONLY TAUGHT LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAD LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN LANGUAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN Y GESTIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTRY REPORTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORME NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RAPPORT NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOGRAPHS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COUNTRY REPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INPUT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INPUT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INVESTISSEMENT DANS L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APORTE EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES EN TERRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS TERRITORIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL RESOURCES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUR TELEVISION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEVISIÓN EN COLOR</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH DEFINITION TV"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLOUR TELEVISION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY">
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROLOGUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDRÓLOGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCYCLOPAEDIAS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENCICLOPEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENCYCLOPÉDIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENCYCLOPAEDIAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTIONARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A Y ÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEMASONRY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KARST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAVES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEASIBILITY STUDIES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THEY IDENTIFY AND PREPARE A PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF THE TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ALTERNATIVES THAT MAY EXIST FOR A PROPOSED PROJECT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT DESIGN"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FEASIBILITY STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDE DE FAISABILITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIO DE VIABILIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.30 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM RESOURCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS PETROL�FEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES PÉTROLIÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PETROLEUM RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING POPULATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENVEJECIMIENTO DE LA POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGEING POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISCRIMINATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONTINUING INCREASE OF ELDERLY POPULATION BOTH IN ABSOLUTE AND IN PROPORTIONAL TERMS IN A GIVEN SOCIETY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIEILLISSEMENT DE LA POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARITIME MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE MARITIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO MAR�TIMO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GYPSIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NOMADS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NÓMADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOMADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIÓN DE PRIORIDAD EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REGIONS, LOCALITIES, ETC., IN NEED OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL ACTION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE DE PRIORITÉ ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN ART">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE ASI�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOMUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL CRISIS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HABITATS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTALISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCLIMATOLOGY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS">
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTRACEPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS EN MATIÈRE DE PROCRÉATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIND"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN NATURE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALCANTARILLADO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPAGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IBERIAN CULTURES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPAÑA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEURISTIC METHOD -TEACHING-">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEURISTIC METHOD -TEACHING-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE HEURISTIQUE -ENSEIGNEMENT-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO HEUR�STICO -ENSEÑANZA-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ROLES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRATIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL ROLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÔLE SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER ROLES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION NON VERBALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN NO VERBAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVENE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLOVENE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESLOVENO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVISION PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE TÉLÉVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION FILMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE TELEVISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME CONTENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION NEWS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION HYDROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREDICCIÓN HIDROLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEREDITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUTATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVOLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHROMOSOMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SELECTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERVIEWS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT MÉDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO MÉDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHOLOGIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTHOLOGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A COLLECTION OF WORKS OF VARIOUS AUTHORS OR OF ONE AUTHOR SELECTED FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE OR UNDER SPECIFIC ASPECTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORITY LISTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LISTA OFICIAL DE ENCABEZAMIENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUTHORITY LISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LISTE D'AUTORITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTIMIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SURVEYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMPLE SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEY ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARGET GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENQUÊTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUESTIONNAIRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO DE SISTEMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED METHOD FOR PRODUCING A REQUIRED ARTICLE OR PERFORMING A DESIRED OPERATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETWORK ANALYSIS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONG KONG">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1 JULY 1997. OTHERWISE, USE HONG KONG, CHINA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HONG KONG</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST FIRES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREST FIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INCENDIE DE FORÊT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INCENDIO FORESTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BATHYMETRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN OCEANOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN EXPLORATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR WORKS DEALING WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS. FOR GENERAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS, USE "OCEANOGRAPHY".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE OCÉANOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIALECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERNACULAR LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERBOCROATIAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERBO-CROATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERBOCROATA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SERBOCROATIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFIC OCEAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PACIFIC OCEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉAN PACIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCÉANO PAC�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS UNEMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS UNEMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHÔMAGE DES FEMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESEMPLEO DE LAS MUJERES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRAL ELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRALE ÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBERTY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBERTAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBERTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEAT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOURBE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMAGNETISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGNETISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAGNETISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAGNÉTISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRISE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORENSIC MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CRIMINOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRIMINOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRIMINOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF SPACE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO ESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE L'ESPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAW OF SPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE EXPLORATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTENEGRO"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROATIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERBIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">YUGOESLAVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVENIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YUGOSLAVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">YOUGOSLAVIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLOMON ISLANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLOMON ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES SALOMON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS SALOMÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKMENISTAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TURKMENISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN ART�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR DRAWING, GRAPHICS, PAINTING, AND SCULPTURE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ARTISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL EDUCATIONAL BODIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISME LOCAL DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANISMO EDUCACIONAL LOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOCAL EDUCATIONAL BODIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECTROQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTROCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLECTROCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DETERMINISM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉTERMINISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DETERMINISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUSAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DETERMINISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SATELLITES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITE BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SATÉLITE DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION SATELLITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SATELLITE DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COURTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL COURTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRIBUNAL INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRIBUNAL INTERNATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACUPUNCTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACUPUNCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACUPONCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACUPUNTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE HOMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAISON ITINÉRANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CASA MÓVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOBILE HOMES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUITECTURA TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHITECTURE TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS STUDIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS SOBRE LAS MUJERES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDES FÉMINISTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USE PROMOTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIDAD DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER QUALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRACKISH WATER"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALITÉ DE L'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESALINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUT RATE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL HOLIDAYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TIMETABLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL AGE POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL TIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: STUDENT ATTENDANCE-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FRÉQUENTATION SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC YEAR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPULSORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASISTENCIA ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRUANCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INORGANIC CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE MINÉRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA INORG�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INTERACTION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ATTITUDES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER AUTHORITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARVESTING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIFTING CULTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRY FARMING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEED CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTIVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROFORESTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT RÉGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DISPARITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO REGIONS WITHIN A COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO STATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTACIÓN RADIOFÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATION DE RADIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEST PSYCHOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOMETRICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRUEBA PSICOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QATAR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QATAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASI�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECOLONIZATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DECOLONIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCOLONISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DETERMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESCOLONIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA -1ER NIVEL-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT SECONDAIRE -1ER CYCLE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OISEAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIRDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORNITHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POULTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DEL TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DES TRANSPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE INSUMO-PRODUCTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE INPUT-OUTPUT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGERIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NIGERIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTHROPOLOGIE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTROPOLOG�A CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPENDITURE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST REDUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GASTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPENSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPENDITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA EXTRANJERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILINGUALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.40 LITERATURE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICIANS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DES COMPÉTENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SKILLS DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLED WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE DESTREZAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WITCHCRAFT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCISION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOODOO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INITIATION RITES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS PRACTICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RITE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLAM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSQUES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSLEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANY LANGUAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROMANI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROMANY LANGUAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA GITANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GYPSIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADUATES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGRADUATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTGRADUATES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE COMPLETED THE REQUIREMENTS OF A HIGHER EDUCATION AND HAVE BEEN AWARDED A DEGREE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRADUADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.55 EDUCATIONAL POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRADUATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIPLÔMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYPRUS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CYPRUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CHIPRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHYPRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REFROIDISSEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COOLING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFRIAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY TEACHERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENTE DE PREPRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREPRIMARY TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNANT DU PRÉPRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMONSTRATIONS -EDUCATIONAL-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMOSTRACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉMONSTRATION PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS -LESSONS-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEMONSTRATIONS -EDUCATIONAL-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCATIONAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CURRICULUM D'ÉCOLE PROFESSIONNELLE SUPÉRIEURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO DE ESCUELA PROFESIONAL SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SELECTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL SELECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SELECCIÓN NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉLECTION NATURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVOLUTION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOCHINA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAO PDR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMBODIA"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIET NAM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDOCHINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDOCHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING PAPER">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAPIER D'IMPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRINTING PAPER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPRINT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL DE IMPRENTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINT MEDIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COORDINATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COORDINATION OF DIFFERENT AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COORDINACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COORDINATION EN ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL COORDINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COSTS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COST EFFECTIVENESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERTIDAL AREAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUNES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS COSTO-EFICIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE COÛT-EFFICACITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL MÉDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACISTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICIANS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGISTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PROFESSION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL MÉDICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROJET D'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MAPPING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECTO DE EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT GENETICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNÉTIQUE VÉGÉTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENÉTICA VEGETAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT GENETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN ART">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE LATINOAMERICANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART LATINO-AMÉRICAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATIN AMERICAN ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUICIDE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUICIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUICIDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL MIGRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE MIGRATION OF RURAL WORKERS TO URBAN AREAS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRATION RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIWAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAIWAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DRENAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE BASINS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAINAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WETLANDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATERSHEDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUNOFF"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS BIOQU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE BIOCHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION USERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UTILISATEUR DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">USUARIO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LISTENING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO LISTENERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVIEWERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE REACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.20 EUROPE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUROPA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUROPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATEM�TICAS ESTAD�STICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICAL MATHEMATICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL INFERENCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL MODELS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATHÉMATIQUES STATISTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBABILITY THEORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAMORPHIC ROCKS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METAMORPHIC ROCKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROCA METAMÓRFICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROCHE MÉTAMORPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.60 TEACHING AND TRAINING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING AND TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAINTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PINTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PEINTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL REHABILITATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INJURIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REHABILITACIÓN MÉDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL REHABILITATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TREATMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉÉDUCATION MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVES DE L'ADMINISTRATION LOCALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOCAL GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS DEL GOBIERNO LOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ELITE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INEQUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENTSIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELITE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ELITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLITE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ÉLITE CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINANT CULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS LEADERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BELIEF"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPE RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MINORITIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSLEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLERGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKMEN SSR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS TURCOMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TURKMEN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS TURKMÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TEXT ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS AUTOM�TICO DE TEXTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE AUTOMATIQUE DE TEXTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUTOMATIC TEXT ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA AND THE PACIFIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIA AND THE PACIFIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASIA Y EL PAC�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIE ET PACIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROCHE SÉDIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEDIMENTARY ROCKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBONATE ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROCA SEDIMENTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTRACT LAW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE LOS CONTRATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTRACT LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DES CONTRATS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MEALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMEDOR ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CANTINE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL MEALS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERLIBRARY LOANS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY CIRCULATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÊT INTER-BIBLIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERLIBRARY LOANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRÉSTAMO INTERBIBLIOTECARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSIAN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WALLIS AND FUTUNA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WALLIS AND FUTUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES WALLIS-ET-FUTUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS WALLIS Y FUTUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC PLANTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANTE AQUATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANTA ACU�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ALGAE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AQUATIC PLANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WARFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPÉRATION GUERRIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPERACIÓN BÉLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ATTITUDES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTITUD DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER ATTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATTITUDE DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE AID"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA SIN FINES DE LUCRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAXATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ À BUT NON LUCRATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SHORTAGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCASEZ DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉNURIE D'ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER SHORTAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASS SIZE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RATIO"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC MODELS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMETRICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARGET GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP SIZE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEPROSY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÈPRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEPRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEPROSY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TURBINES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRAL HIDROELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRALE HYDROÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC BUOYS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO OCEANOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT OCÉANOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCE PAPERS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOGRAPHS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RARE BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLASES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLANTIC OCEAN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCÉANO ATL�NTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉAN ATLANTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATLANTIC OCEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODESY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEODESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEODESY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA LEVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉODÉSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEOTEX"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERSONNEL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAO TOMÉ-ET-PRINCIPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANTO TOMÉ Y PRINCIPE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSERVATISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESISTANCE TO CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESISTENCIA AL CAMBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSISTANCE AU CHANGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIXED ECONOMY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEUDALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUAL ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNED ECONOMY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO PETROL�FERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PETROLEUM PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT PÉTROLIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES LIGHT OILS, GAS OILS, FUEL OILS, GREASES, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROCARBONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE RESEARCH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LA PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACE RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERBAL LEARNING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRENDIZAJE VERBAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VERBAL LEARNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRENTISSAGE VERBAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONFORMAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN NO FORMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION NON FORMELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.30 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFELONG EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ORGANIZED AND SYSTEMATIC LEARNING ACTIVITY, OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH WORK, PROVIDED OUTSIDE THE FORMAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN MORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION MORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MORAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ SYNDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD SINDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRIKES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAN PEDRO Y MIQUELON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINT-PIERRE-ET-MIQUELON</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR HEATING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOISE CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR CONDITIONING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAITI">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HAITI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AID">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPPRESSION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO OPPRESSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPRESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTATORSHIP"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART IMITATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMITATION D'OEUVRES D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMITACIÓN DE OBRAS ART�STICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKS OF ART"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART IMITATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBT SERVICE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE LA DETTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBT RELIEF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEBT SERVICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTERNAL DEBT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A TÉRMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBUSTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT PUMPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE THERMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMAL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT STORAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR CONDITIONING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TASMANIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TASMANIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA TASMANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE TASMANIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOWERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORTICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FLOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLOWERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FLEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDREN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDHOOD"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILDREN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTENTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATTENTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ATENCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USE PROMOTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROMOTION DE L'UTILISATION DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROMOCIÓN DE LA UTILIZACIÓN DE LAS BIBLIOTECAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY USE PROMOTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.85 LABOUR">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/X-RAYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOISOTOPES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIOACTIVITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELEMENTARY PARTICLES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE TRACERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIACTIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOACTIVITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SECURITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD SECURITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACCESS BY ALL PEOPLE AT ALL TIMES TO ENOUGH FOOD FOR AN ACTIVE, HEALTHY LIFE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCURITÉ ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION DE TÉLÉVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN TELEVISIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PRODUCERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVISION PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OIL POLLUTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION PÉTROLIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN PETROLERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OIL POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAD">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLOMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLOMB</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIETHNIC SOCIETIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD MULTIÉTNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTIETHNIC SOCIETIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ PLURI-ETHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETIQUETTE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETIQUETTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ETIQUETA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB ART">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE �RABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARAB ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART ARABE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARENA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMICITY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SISMICITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMIC AREAS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FRECUENCIA DE SISMOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEISMICITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL FIBRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER TERMINALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL PERIFÉRICO DE COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PRINTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉRIPHÉRIQUE D'ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXPRESSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPRESSION ORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SPEAKING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPRESIÓN ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORAL EXPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WELLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WELLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUNDWATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POZO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AS OPPOSED TO SEMI-MANUFACTURED OR FINISHED PRODUCTS; MATERIALS IN THEIR ORIGINAL STATE, OR PROCESSED ONLY ENOUGH TO BE PREPARED FOR MARKETING IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAW MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY PRICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO B�SICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMODITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROFESSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL PROFESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROFESSION JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROFESIÓN JUR�DICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAWYERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FEES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FEES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE MATR�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT D'INSCRIPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESKIMO LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ESQUIMAUDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESKIMO LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INUIT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA ESQUIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUDIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUDIOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUND LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTOLERANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOLERANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREJUDICE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESOURCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, RESSOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, RECURSOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAW MATERIALS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATIÈRE PREMIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIA PRIMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RAW MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL BROADCASTING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIODIFFUSION RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIODIFUSIÓN RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL BROADCASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS -LESSONS-"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO DE LABORATORIO DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE LABORATOIRE D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE LA PRIMERA INFANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DE LA PRIME ENFANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAY NURSERIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACTORS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FACTOR CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDICATORS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL FACTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FACTEUR CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC PUBLISHING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDITION MUSICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSIC PUBLISHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDICIÓN MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAQUINARIA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALACES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALACIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALACES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAZZ">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JAZZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE PHILOSOPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONALISM"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXISTENTIALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA FILOSÓFICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSITIVISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEOLOGIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DETERMINISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPIRICISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHEISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONACO">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONACO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A MILITAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILITARY ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY STRATEGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE MILITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIETETICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIETÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIETETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIÉTÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE RÉUNION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE REUNIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC ART">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART OCÉANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE OCE�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANIC ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTERNAL DEBT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEBTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DETTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC DEBT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEPPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VEGETATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION MAPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUNGLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLORA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVANNAH"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PLANT LIFE CHARACTERISTIC OF AN ECOLOGICAL AREA. FOR TAXONOMIC ASPECTS USE "FLORA".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNDRA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VEGETACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDHOOD">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILDHOOD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL PREJUDICE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RACIAL PREJUDICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APARTHEID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREJUICIO RACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACISM -DOCTRINE-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉJUGÉ RACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACKAGING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PACKAGING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMBALAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMBALLAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTAINERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPENDITURE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE BUDGETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPENSE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GASTO DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC EXPENDITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BODY OF FACTS DEVELOPED AND MAINTAINED BY A DISTINCT CULTURAL GROUP AS A RESULT OF DIRECT OBSERVATION AND PRACTICE, INCLUDING THE DISTINCTIVE PERSPECTIVE AND IDEAS INFERRED FROM THESE FACTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONOCIMIENTOS TRADICIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONNAISSANCES TRADIONNELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PRIORITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FABRICATION ASSISTÉE PAR ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FABRICACIÓN POR COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTABLECIMIENTO HUMANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONSIST OF SHELTER, INFRASTRUCTURE, SERVICES REQUIRED BY A COMMUNITY FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF ITS FUNCTIONS AS A SOCIAL BODY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN SETTLEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HABITATS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTABLISSEMENT HUMAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NARCOTIC DRUGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUPEFACIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STUPÉFIANT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMORPHOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOMORPHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOMORFOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOMORPHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEUDALISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FÉODALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FEUDALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FEUDALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECHES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCOURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEECHES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCURSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SPEAKING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARPETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARPETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAPIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAPESTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFOMBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRCRAFT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AVIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIRCRAFT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.40 FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.20 SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.25 SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.30 ETHNIC QUESTIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRECIACIÓN DE LA ACTUACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRÉCIATION DES PERFORMANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLED WORKERS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRAFT WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR QUALIFIÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SKILLED WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR ESPECIALIZADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDEPENDENCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVISIÓN INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIVISION INTERNATIONALE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF TRADE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL PLANNING AND AGREEMENTS BY WHICH COUNTRIES SPECIALIZE IN THE PRODUCTION OF THOSE COMMODITIES FOR WHICH THEY HAVE THE GREATEST COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "DIVISION OF LABOUR".</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FORMAL EDUCATION DESIGNED TO PREPARE FOR SKILLED OCCUPATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT PROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOPTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADOPTION D'ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADOPCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADOPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABBREVIATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ABREVIATURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABBREVIATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ABRÉVIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACRONYMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN SEA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARIBBEAN SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR DEL CARIBE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER DES CARA�BES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMATIVE EVALUATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A TYPE OF ASSESSMENT ESSENTIALLY USED TO MODIFY AND IMPROVE PRODUCTS, PROGRAMMES OR ACTIVITIES DURING THEIR PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FORMATIVE EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUMMATIVE EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN FORMATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION FORMATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRASSLANDS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE LARGEST LAND COMMUNITY REGION, E.G. TUNDRA, SAVANNAH, GRASSLAND, DESERT, FOREST; EACH BIOME MAY CONTAIN SEVERAL ECOSYSTEMS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNDRA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HABITATS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORBIDITY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MORBILIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORTALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MORBIDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MORBIDITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TRAINING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN EN SERVICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TRAINING ACQUIRED DURING EMPLOYMENT. -IBE USES: INSERVICE EDUCATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSERVICE TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION EN COURS D'EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL OBJECTIVES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPH THEORY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LOS GR�FICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DES GRAPHES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETWORK ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRAPH THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROELECTRONICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KENYA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KENYA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROMANCE LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA ROMANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPANISH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALIAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE ROMANE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANIAN"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE BLIND">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE CIEGOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION OF THE BLIND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAILLE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLINDNESS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLIND"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL PRESS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRENSA RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSE RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ADJUSTMENT">
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT ADJUSTMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADAPTATION DE L'ÉTUDIANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADAPTACIÓN DEL ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOBILITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MAPPING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL AGE POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT RATIO"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RATIO"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST -LEARNING-"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNING PROCESSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEMORIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETENTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO DE APRENDIZAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPREHENSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTENTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCESSUS D'APPRENTISSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -LEARNING-"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GOVERNING BOARDS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION BOARDS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL SUPERVISION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCREDITATION -EDUCATION-"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSPECTION DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSPECCIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPSYCHOLOGY">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARAPSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARAPSICOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCONSCIOUS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPIRITUALISM"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXTENSION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL LIBRARIES"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A LIBRARY WHICH SERVES THE POPULATION OF A COMMUNITY OR REGION FREE OF CHARGE OR FOR A NOMINAL FEE.</skos:scopeNote>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FISIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUGGESTOPAEDIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSISTANCE EN MATIÈRE D'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADVISERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROVIDED BY SPECIALIST MISSIONS TO COUNTRIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES. -IBE USES: EDUCATIONAL MISSIONS-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASISTENCIA A LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLITERATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALPHABETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSLITERACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSCRIPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSLITTÉRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSLITERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRISE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARIFFS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TARIFFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTECTIONISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARANCEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TARIF DOUANIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAN">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR EVENTS AFTER 1979, USE IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR CELLS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CELLULE SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CÉLULA SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR CELLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR STILLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL COMPANIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPAGNIE THÉÂTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEATRICAL COMPANIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE DIRECTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPA�A TEATRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN MÉDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRIBUNAL ADMINISTRATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OMBUDSMAN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COURTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FALKLAND ISLANDS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS MALVINAS -FALKLAND-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES MALOUINES -FALKLAND-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FALKLAND ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GALLERIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GALER�A DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GALERIE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART GALLERIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART COLLECTIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INEQUALITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESIGUALDAD CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ELITE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL INEQUALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INÉGALITÉ CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DISPARITY OF LEVELS OF CULTURE AND ACCESS TO IT WITHIN A GIVEN SOCIETY.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TRENDS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CHANGES IN EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT, EITHER PAST OR FUTURE, WHICH OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO SOCIAL, ECONOMIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS. -IBE USES: EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS-.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TENDANCE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TENDENCIA EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL TRENDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE ORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOROCCO">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOROCCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARRUECOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAROC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGICAL CONTROL">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESAURI"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE TERMINOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERMINOLOGICAL CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL TERMINOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONTROLS THAT SYNONYMS AND NEAR-SYNONYMS ARE CROSS-REFERENCED EQUIVALENTLY AND HOMONYMS AND POLYSEMES ARE DISTINGUISHED BY QUALIFIERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL INFERENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FORECASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREDICCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME SERIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROJECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WIDOWS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WIDOWS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VEUF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIUDO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BILINGUISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BILINGÃœISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILINGUALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BILINGUALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORTHAND">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHORTHAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAQUIGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STÉNOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATERAL DOMINANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CEREBRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CERVEAU</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL FORMS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMA MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORME MUSICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES CONCERTOS, SONATAS, SYMPHONIES, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSICAL FORMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL WRITING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POPULARIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL MINING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE MINIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND SUBSIDENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICLE ACCELERATORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACECRAFT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE REVIEWS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESSIONS LISTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC JOURNALS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A DOCUMENT CONTAINING DATA OR INFORMATION ABOUT "PRIMARY DOCUMENTS".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK REVIEWS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHOLOGIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCUMENTO SECUNDARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY DOCUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIRECTORIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH REGISTERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCUMENT SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUOTATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKFORM MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVENTORIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTONIAN SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESTONIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE ESTONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS D'ESTONIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE RECURSOS HUMANOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO ALL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS AFFECTING THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS EMPLOYEES, I.E. ITS HUMAN RESOURCES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DES RESSOURCES HUMAINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENSIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETIREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELDERLY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PENSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PENSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED WAR VETERANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PENSIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DE BUREAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE OFICINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OFFICE MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUGS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICAMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDICAMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICINAL PLANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION ÉCOLE-COLLECTIVITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN ESCUELA-COMUNIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISME SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH COUNCILS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANISMO CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAFNESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE DEAF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF DUMBNESS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABILITIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SURDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY AIDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SORDERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEAFNESS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO OBRERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT OUVRIER</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GOVERNING BOARDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSEJO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL GOVERNING BOARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENTRUSTED WITH SOME DEGREE OF CONTROL OVER MANAGING THE AFFAIRS OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.-IBE USES: GOVERNING BOARDS-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSEIL D'ADMINISTRATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNDRA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TUNDRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOUNDRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVIEWERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEVIDENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO LISTENERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉSPECTATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVIEWERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR MUSIC">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA POPULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULAR MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE POPULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAZZ"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS CYCLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GROWTH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIONES ECONÓMICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS ÉCONOMIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONVIOLENCE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONVIOLENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIOLENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NO VIOLENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NON VIOLENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.35 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUTO DE ENSEÑANZA SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTITUT D'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC TEACHING PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APTITUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APTITUDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TALENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE TESTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE POTENTIAL ABILITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL TO PERFORM AN AS YET UNLEARNED TASK OR SKILL.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECENSEMENT DE POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENSO DE POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DECREASE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION CENSUSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DENSITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABORTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTRACEPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVORTEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREGNANCY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ABORTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABORTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LAW">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE L'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SPACES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN SPACES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPACIO URBANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPACE URBAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES MARKET PLACES, TOWN SQUARES, URBAN PARKS, PLAYGROUNDS, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIFE SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHIATRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE LA VIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEUROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NEUROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEUROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DU LANGAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DEL LENGUAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECT RESTORERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO FOOD"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO HOUSING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS SOCIAUX ET ÉCONOMIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS SOCIALES Y ECONÓMICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROFORESTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGROFORESTERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGROSILVICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SIMULTANEOUS GROWING OF TREES WITH FOOD CROPS AND/OR LIVESTOCK ON THE SAME PIECE OF LAND.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGROFORESTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERMENTATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FERMENTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FERMENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASIA Y EL PAC�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIA AND THE PACIFIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIE ET PACIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CREDIT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT BANKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL CREDIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRÉDITO AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉDIT AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCANDINAVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCANDINAVIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORWAY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCANDINAVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCRETE MUSIC">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA CONCRETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE CONCRÈTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONCRETE MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINEAR PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNIQUE DE GESTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE ALLOCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETWORK ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION AND METHODS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉCNICA ADMINISTRATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GROWTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH MODELS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CROISSANCE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECOVERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE INCREASED OUTPUT OF GOODS AND SERVICES. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH RATE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC GROWTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROVERBS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROVERBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROVERBE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROVERBS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ ÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD ELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGHREB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAGREB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOROCCO"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNISIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITANIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOON">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUNE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAFFIC">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRAFFIC"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAFFIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FORESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BOSQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST FIRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIGA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORÊT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUMMATIVE EVALUATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION SOMMATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN SUMATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMATIVE EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A TYPE OF EVALUATION THAT SUMS UP THE EFFECTS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROGRAMME OR ACTIVITY ONCE IT IS CONCLUDED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUMMATIVE EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS PRESENTATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DONNÉE STATISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICAL DATA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME SERIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DATO ESTAD�STICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOSPITAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE D'HÔPITAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE HOSPITAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOSPITAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE PAPEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ROLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE RÔLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROLE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECONFERENCING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN INTERACTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEPHONE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION CONVERSATIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC ENTERPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC UTILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRISE PUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTRAÎNEMENT À L'EXPRESSION ORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEECH EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH THERAPY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SPEAKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EJERCITACIÓN DE LA EXPRESIÓN ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXPRESSION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION SUCH AS DISCUSSION, CONVERSATION, DEBATE, INTERPRETATIVE READING AND DRAMA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINIAN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UKRAINIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UKRAINIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UCRANIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LABORATORIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LABORATORIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH LABORATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTURE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCULPTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTORS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PRACTICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE-MAÎTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROTEACHING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO-DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD STATISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA ALIMENTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A ELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE ÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE DISPOSAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WASTE WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TREATMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA RESIDUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTROPHICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU RÉSIDUAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ETAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEVERAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DISTRIBUTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DENSITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPARTITION DE LA POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT AND LOCATION OF POPULATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION DISTRIBUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEX EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION SEXUELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OLD AGE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VEJEZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIEILLESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OLD AGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELDERLY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARATHI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARATHI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOPERATIVES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COOPERATIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAJIKISTAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAJIKISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TADJIKISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAYIKIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACQUIS ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTECEDENTES ACADÉMICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPENDENCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEPENDENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPENDANCE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEPENDENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMPERIALISM"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SITUATION IN WHICH A COUNTRY'S ECONOMY IS SUBORDINATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANOTHER COUNTRY'S ECONOMY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEOCOLONIALISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEEL">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STEEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACERO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE DIRECTORS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL COMPANIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIRECTOR DE TEATRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEATRE DIRECTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">METTEUR EN SCÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AWARDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL NORMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOGRAPHS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-1- A TREATISE ON A SINGLE SUBJECT. -2- IN CATALOGUING, ANY PUBLICATION WHICH IS NOT "SERIALS".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MONOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION REPORTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBD"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTRY REPORTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONOGRAPHS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIVILISATION ANCIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIVILIZACIÓN ANTIGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT SCRIPTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC CITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSYRIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCIDENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INJURIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCIDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACCIDENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHING RIGHTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE PÊCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE SEA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE PESCA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL WATERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISHING RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER TRADE UNIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SINDICATO DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER TRADE UNIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYNDICAT D'ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THOUGHT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD DE PENSAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF THOUGHT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ DE PENSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE SCIENCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMARY LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COURTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR WORKS CONCERNING THE SCIENCE OF LAW. FOR INDIVIDUAL LAWS, USE "LEGISLATION", "ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION", ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW REFORM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAWYERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH RESULTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSULTAT DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH RESULTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESULTADO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RATIONALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RATIONALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHEISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RACIONALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOUSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING CONSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIVIENDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO AMBIENTE NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT NATUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAUX PUBLICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBRAS PÚBLICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC WORKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC UTILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÂTIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALACES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING OPERATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND TENURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGIME FONCIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND TENURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TENENCIA DE LA TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BATHYMETRY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BATHYMETRIC CHARTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BATHYMÉTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BATHYMETRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BATIMETR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED WAR VETERANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INV�LIDO DE GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENSIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INVALIDE DE GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR VICTIMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISABLED WAR VETERANS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISME NUISIBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLAGA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSETSE FLIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSECTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA FISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POISSON DE MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEZ MARINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE FISH</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUANTUM THEORY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELESTIAL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAVE MECHANICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A CU�NTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DES QUANTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUANTUM THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGENTS TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ANIMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERIA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBERIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL PUNISHMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL PUNISHMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CASTIGO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL REWARDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUNITION SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE LIABILITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPONSABILIDAD DEL ESTADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPONSABILITÉ DE L'ÉTAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATE LIABILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC MAN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ETNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRIBES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONINDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ETHNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOISE POLLUTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN SONORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOISE CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION SONORE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NOISE POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO MILITAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT MILITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILITARY EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN ART"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA ASI�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICIANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECIN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIMEN JUR�DICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPUBLIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONARCHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTATORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEDERATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA INTEGRADO ESTUDIOS-TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME INTÉGRÉ ÉTUDES-TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES PROVIDING FOR SOME PART OF THE STUDENTS' TIME TO BE SPENT IN ONE OF THE SECTORS OF PRODUCTION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHRONOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SCIENCE OF COMPUTING TIME OR PERIODS OF TIME AND OF ASSIGNING EVENTS TO THEIR TRUE DATES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHRONOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRONOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHRONOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALENDARS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEONTOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEONTOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉONTOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN DR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GERMANY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALEMANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1949 AND AFTER OCTOBER 1990.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLEMAGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY FR"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLOBALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST WEST RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS ÉCONOMIQUES INTERNATIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES ECONÓMICAS INTERNACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH SOUTH RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPENDENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AID"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH SOUTH RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN INVESTMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL POLITICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL POLITICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXAMEN D'ENTRÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXAMEN DE INGRESO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTECTIONISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTIONNISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARIFFS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIONISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROTECTIONISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE TRADE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECTORAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION SECTORIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECTORAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN SECTORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALADJUSTMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY DISORDERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INADAPTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INADAPTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ALIENATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALADJUSTMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MESURE DE SÉCURITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIDA DE SEGURIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAFETY MEASURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRE PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENT PREVENTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE BASINS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUENCA DE DRENAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BASSIN DE DRAINAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER BASINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAINAGE BASINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISTRIBUTION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGE DISTRIBUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPARTITION PAR ÂGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTRIBUCIÓN POR EDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAIN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACID RAIN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL EROSION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLUIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LLUVIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN PENDULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRAFFIC"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRATION ALTERNANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">APPLICABILITY OF WHAT IS TAUGHT TO THE NEEDS AND INTEREST OF STUDENTS AND SOCIETY. -IBE USES: EDUCATIONAL QUALITY-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERTINENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERTINENCE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS CULTURE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MASS CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DE MASAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DE MASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERBAL LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL LEARNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTIVITY LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE D'APPRENTISSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNING METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO DE APRENDIZAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY TOURS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.60 TEACHING AND TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME STUDY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEPENDENT STUDY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL AFFECTÉ AU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSULTANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CURRENTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER CURRENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CORRIENTE DE AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURANT AQUATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CURRENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY HISTORY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA LITERARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BENIN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BENIN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL DANCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL THEATRE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAWING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DESSIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL DRAWING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIBUJO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REQUISITOS DE INGRESO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS D'ADMISSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONDITIONS -EXAMINATION CERTIFICATES, PROOF OF SKILLS, ETC.- OF ENTRANCE TO COURSES OF STUDY, FURTHER STUDY, TRAINING, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ENERGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR ENERGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPUA NEW GUINEA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAPUA NEW GUINEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAPOUASIE-NOUVELLE-GUINÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPÚA NUEVA GUINEA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCOMPUTERS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORD PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROCOMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROCOMPUTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROELECTRONICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTIQUITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDAD ANTIGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTIQUITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LANDSCAPES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY AND SETTLEMENT OVER TIME, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS/OPPORTUNITIES OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND OF SUCCESSIVE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FORCES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAISAJE CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE PROTECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL LANDSCAPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYSAGE CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHEISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATHÉISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATHEISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ATE�SMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP SIZE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIMENSION DU GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAMAÑO DEL GRUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUP SIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUERILLA ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERILLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDADES GUERRILLERAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUERILLA ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME NERVEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA NERVIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NERVOUS SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL LAW"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE L'HOMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS HUMANOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN Y EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ET EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH EMPLOYMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FITOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYTOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOSYNTHESIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYTOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WELLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU SOUTERRAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUNDWATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUIFERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA SUBTERR�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -CLASSICAL-"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA INDOEUROPEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELTIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE INDO-EUROPÉENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBANIAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -MODERN-"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUR TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CABLE TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉVISION EN CIRCUIT FERMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEVISIÓN EN CIRCUITO CERRADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH DEFINITION TV"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PARA LA PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION POUR LA PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYSLEXIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TROUBLE D'APPRENTISSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNING DISABILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOW LEARNERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFICULTAD EN EL APRENDIZAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES ENSEIGNANTS DU PRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES DE PRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL PROCESSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERMENTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO QU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBUSTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORROSION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCESSUS CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROCARBONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VITAMINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC MATTER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORMONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPUESTO ORG�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIC COMPOUNDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLYMERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPOSÉ ORGANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENZYMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BESOIN CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDICATORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL NEEDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NECESIDAD CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL OBJECTIVES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALESTINE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALESTINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALESTINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMS OF TRADE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPORTS/IMPORTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE ROUTES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTECTIONISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARIFFS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF TRADE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS DEL MAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUILIBRE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS CYCLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUILIBRIO ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EUROPE ORIENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN DR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAND"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN FEDERATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELARUS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVAKIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BULGARIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECHOSLOVAKIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVENIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUROPA ORIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.20 EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROATIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBANIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGARY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECH REPUBLIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTONIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EASTERN EUROPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLDOVA R"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOPOLIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COMPETITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET STRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MONOPOLIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONOPOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONOPOLIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KHMER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">KHMÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KHMER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">KMERE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGGRESSIVENESS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRESIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGGRESSIVENESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGRESSIVITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUVALU">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TUVALU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMINARS -TEACHING METHOD-">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MEETINGS OF A GROUP OF STUDENTS ENGAGED IN RESEARCH OR ADVANCED STUDY UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ONE OR MORE LEADERS TO DISCUSS PROBLEMS OF MUTUAL INTEREST.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉMINAIRE -MÉTHODE PÉDAGOGIQUE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEMINARIO -MÉTODO PEDAGÓGICO-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCUSSIONS -TEACHING METHOD-"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEMINARS -TEACHING METHOD-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATOMIC STRUCTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA ATÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE ATOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATOMIC STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINEAR PROGRAMMING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTIMIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMACIÓN LINEAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMMATION LINÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAME THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINEAR PROGRAMMING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SETTING TARGETS WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE GREATER EFFICIENCY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIRECTION PAR OBJECTIFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIRECCIÓN POR OBJETIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FARM SIZE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRARIAN STRUCTURE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND TENURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LA TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE FONCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND VALUE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINISTÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL BODIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINISTERIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME PREVENTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVENTION DU CRIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREVENCIÓN DEL CRIMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CRIME PREVENTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE COMMERCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF TRADE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE TRADE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMON MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA COMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADE POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTECTIONISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STATUS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRATIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">POSITION IN A COMMUNITY RELATIVE TO OTHER MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ROLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL STATUS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORD PROCESSING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCOMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORD PROCESSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO DE PALABRAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MAIL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT DE TEXTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFLATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS CYCLES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECESSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH COUNCILS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSEJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSEIL DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH COUNCILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIRECTORIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A LIST OF PERSONS OR ORGANIZATIONS SYSTEMATICALLY OR ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED GIVING SOME INFORMATION ABOUT THE SINGLE UNITS, USUALLY AT LEAST THE ADDRESSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIRECTORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPERTOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIRECTORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES TO INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ALL TYPES OF EDUCATION RELATED TO INDUSTRY INCLUDING INDUSTRIAL ARTS AND EDUCATION FOR OCCUPATIONS IN INDUSTRY AT ALL LEVELS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT INDUSTRIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE GROUPES SPÉCIAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE DISABLED"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DO NOT USE AS A DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SOLDIERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DE GRUPOS ESPECIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE MEDICINE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICINA AEROESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AEROSPACE MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECINE AÉROSPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INNOVATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CREATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INNOVACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL INNOVATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INNOVATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS FUELS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GAS FUELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMBUSTIBLE GASEOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMBUSTIBLE GAZEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPTOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EGIPTOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT SCRIPTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EGYPTOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EGYPTOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ART">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MUSIC"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC ART"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXISTENTIALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXISTENCIALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXISTENTIALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXISTENTIALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL DATA FLOW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSNATIONAL DATA FLOW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA TRANSMISSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSMISIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSMISSION INTERNATIONALE DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN FLOOR">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL SHELF"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FOND DES OCÉANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FONDO OCE�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALAGASY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANATOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANATOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANATOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EARTH SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DOCUMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING HABIT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROMOTION DE LA LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING GUIDANCE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROMOCIÓN DE LA LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION EN MUSÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OLYMPIC GAMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUEGOS OL�MPICOS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIORITÉ DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMUNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PATOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN ECOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR WORKS DEALING WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS. FOR GENERAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS, USE "ECOLOGY".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE ÉCOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY OPERATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPERACIÓN MILITAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPÉRATION MILITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MILITARY OPERATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION GRAND PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INFORMATION, OFFERED BY GOVERNMENTAL AND CORPORATE BODIES TO THE PUBLIC, TO DISSEMINATE KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE ANGLOPHONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWAZILAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZIMBABWE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KENYA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEYCHELLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIERRA LEONE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZAMBIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAMIBIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GHANA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITIUS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA DE HABLA INGLESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAWI"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UGANDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESOTHO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TANZANIA UR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.45 LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTSWANA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL DE RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL DE RADIODIFUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRABACIÓN EN CINTA MAGNÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENREGISTREMENT SUR BANDE MAGNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORDINGS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCAL MUSIC">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ANTHEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCAL MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE VOCALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA VOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTUARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOODS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER BASINS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">R�O</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER DISCHARGE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELTAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIVERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INLAND WATER TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER AND LAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT PROJECTIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROJECTION DES EFFECTIFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECCIONES DE LA MATR�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENROLMENT PROJECTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL THEORY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER PREVENTION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAFETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCURITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE DES CARA�BES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARIBBEAN LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA DEL CARIBE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN CULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALIMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VITAMINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEVERAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO FOOD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIETETICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMUNOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMMUNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INMUNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VACCINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.85 PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IMMUNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO DE OFICINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE BUREAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OFFICE EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORD PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL AID"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCURITÉ SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENSIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SECURITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AID"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICESHIP">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APPRENTICESHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRENDIZAJE -OFICIOS-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRENTISSAGE -MÉTIERS-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT LUCIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANTA LUC�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAINT LUCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINTE-LUCIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE WORKERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEADO DE OFICINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOYÉ DE BUREAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OFFICE WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARISTOCRACY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARISTOCRACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARISTOCRATIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULING CLASS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARISTOCRACIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UPPER CLASS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORWAY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORWAY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORUEGA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORVÈGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARASITOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.85 PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIRUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRYPANOSOMIASIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNGI"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARASITOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARASITOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHISTOSOMIASIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE SECURITY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÛRETÉ DE L'ÉTAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD DEL ESTADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATE SECURITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET STRUCTURE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COMPETITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOPOLIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA DEL MERCADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARKET STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE DU MARCHÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICACIÓN OFICIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBLICATION OFFICIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ADVERTISING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO ADVERTISING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICIDAD RADIOFÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PUBLICITÉ RADIOPHONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIRCULATION FIGURES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LE PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS DE AUDIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIENCE RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RATING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE REACTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMIDITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUMEDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMIDITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MOISTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HUMIDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMID ZONES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER VAPOUR"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF ART">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DEL ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DE L'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY OF ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">�FRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS CONTROL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGULATION DE L'ARMEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL DE ARMAMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARMS CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS RACE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL VISITS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VISITA ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL VISITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TRANSPORTATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VISITE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEMPERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEZING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BODY TEMPERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEMPERATURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÉCNICA DE CONSERVACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNIQUE DE CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URALIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMOYEDIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAPPIC"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE OURALO-ALTA�QUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URALIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGARIAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINNISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA UR�LICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTONIAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CUSTOMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTUMBRES ALIMENTARIAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD CUSTOMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PREPARATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HABITUDE ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW">
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTRACT LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL LIABILITY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRYSTALLOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL KINETICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAPAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO CHINA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIWAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA DPR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA R"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONGOLIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EAST ASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIE ORIENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASIA ORIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONG KONG"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO ENDÓGENO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BASED ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A COUNTRY, RATHER THAN ON ITS INTEGRATION INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT ENDOGÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF RELIANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONTOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ONTOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ONTOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE STUDY OF THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEING IN ITSELF APART FROM THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR EXISTING THINGS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ONTOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMANTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURISMO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOURISME CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL TOURISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FACTORY WORKERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBRERO INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OUVRIER D'USINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FACTORY WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE OBRERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE OUVRIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKING CLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CLASS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURKINA FASO">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BURKINA FASO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIALES Y PRODUCTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JARDIN ZOOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JARDIN ZOOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE RESERVES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SUPPLY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA ENERGÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SHORTAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE ÉNERGÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTESTANTISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTESTANTISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROTESTANTISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTESTANTISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PARA REFUGIADOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES RÉFUGIÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REFUGEE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GOBIERNO CENTRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION CENTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL GOVERNMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVICE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES REVENUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INCOMES POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME AND WEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE INGRESOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY WORKERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DE L'ALPHABÉTISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERACY WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFABETIZADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAMAICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JAMAICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JAMA�QUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIBRALTAR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GIBRALTAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREAN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORÉEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KOREAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COREANO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A REGIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOGRAPHIE RÉGIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR THE STUDY OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES WITHIN AN AREA AS THEY INTERACT TO GIVE THE AREA A UNIQUE CHARACTER.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN EN BIBLIOTECOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION EN BIBLIOTHÉCONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE SOILS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MAPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATERITES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNSATURATED SOILS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL WATER"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC SOILS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SOILS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERMAFROST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MOISTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT NUTRITION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE CONTINUOUS PLANNING CARRIED OUT TO ADVANCE A PERSON'S CAREER BASED ON EXPERIENCE AND ON ANY TRAINING UNDERTAKEN TO UPGRADE QUALIFICATIONS OR TO ACQUIRE NEW ONES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.80 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION DES CARRIÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE LA CARRERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAREER DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICRONESIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICRONESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICRONÉSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESPERDICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE DISPOSAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WASTES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WASTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCHET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS FUNCIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE FONCTIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUERTO RICO"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN SAMOA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTATS-UNIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUAM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">USA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAWAII"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADOS UNIDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALGÉRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALGERIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARGELIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONGOLIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONGOLIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONGOLIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR SYSTEM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SATÉLITE ARTIFICIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SATELLITE ARTIFICIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACECRAFT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FINANCE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANZAS CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COSTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATRONAGE OF THE ARTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCES CULTURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHOTOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOTOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOSYNTHESIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALEOGEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUATERNARY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAEOGEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALÉOGÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECAMBRIAN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIET NAM"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE. USE FOR HISTORICAL REFERENCES ONLY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.30 ECONOMIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGARY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DEL CAME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CMEA COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECHOSLOVAKIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUBA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONGOLIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DU CAEM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN DR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BULGARIA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUSCRIPTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MANUSCRIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANUSCRITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANUSCRIPTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RARE BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROADS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRIDGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INGÉNIERIE ROUTIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROAD ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR VEHICLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A VIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.25 SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOSPITALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEALTH SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATIENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE SANTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE SALUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOZAMBIQUE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOZAMBIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLUMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIDONVILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMELESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BARRIO DE TUGURIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HERBICIDES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HERBICIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HERBICIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEED CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HERBICIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESASTRE CAUSADO POR EL HOMBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANMADE DISASTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CATASTROPHE D'ORIGINE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEXICOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEXICOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCABULARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LEXICOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEXICOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMANTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTIONARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC MAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HOMME PRÉHISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HOMBRE PREHISTÓRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVOLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREHISTORIC MAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DURÉE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HORAS DE TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAVE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKING TIME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARPENTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING OPERATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARPINTER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOODWORKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHARPENTERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARPENTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENLAND">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROENLAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GREENLAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GROENLANDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL FORESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREST RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS FORESTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES FORESTIÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATHÉMATIQUES COMBINATOIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPH THEORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SET THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATEM�TICA COMBINATORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILE ORGANIZATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILE ORGANIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION DES FICHIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN DE FICHEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA FORMATS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM ACCESS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPAIR WORKSHOPS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATELIER DE RÉPARATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REPAIR WORKSHOPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAINTENANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TALLER DE REPARACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD MORTALITY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORTALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD MORTALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MORTALIDAD INFANTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MORTALITÉ INFANTILE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGREEMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILATERAL AID">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE MULTILATÉRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA MULTILATERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTILATERAL AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILATERAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIAN SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE LITUANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS DE LITUANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITHUANIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE QUALITATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS CUALITATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISAPPEARING LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA EN V�A DE DESAPARICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE EN VOIE DE DISPARITION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS APPRAISAL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECORDS APPRAISAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DE LOS REGISTROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DES DOSSIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANDEAN COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S ANDINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECUADOR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOLIVIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEZUELA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS ANDIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENT PRESERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESERVACIÓN DE DOCUMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUSCRIPTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY COLLECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DES DOCUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RARE BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CINÉASTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REALIZADOR CINEMATOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PRODUCERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM MAKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYING FIELDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÂTIMENT SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN PLAN SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROINDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA ALIMENTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLYMERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO QU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACIDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIME"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INKS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CICLO HIDROLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CYCLE HYDROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPORATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE CONTINUOUS CIRCULATION OF WATER THROUGH EVAPORATION AND PRECIPITATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPOTRANSPIRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAMIL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAMIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAMOUL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSIC EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION MUSICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN MUSICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETIC EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPINION PUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPINIÓN PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OPINION POLLS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC OPINION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR VEHICLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRCRAFT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VEH�CULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICYCLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VEHICLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACECRAFT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VÉHICULE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMPERIALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UTOPIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACISM -DOCTRINE-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARXISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOTALITARIANISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANARCHISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSERVATISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL DOCTRINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLURALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCTRINA POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEOLOGIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCTRINE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEUDALISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEPARATISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEDERALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOCRACY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM CURATORS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVADOR DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATEUR DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM CURATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFECTIFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATR�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL AGE POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS REGISTERED AS PARTICIPANTS IN A PROGRAMME OR ACTIVITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENROLMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STYLES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TYPE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTILO DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT STYLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE SECONDAIRE POLYVALENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NON-SELECTIVE SECONDARY SCHOOLS PROVIDING ALL TYPES OF EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA SECUNDARIA POLIVALENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING MOTHERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÈRE QUI TRAVAILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKING MOTHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MADRE QUE TRABAJA FUERA DEL HOGAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROPSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEUROPSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEUROPSICOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCRETE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÉTON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONCRETE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HORMIGÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORE CURRICULUM">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTIVE COURSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRONC COMMUN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CORE CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ESSENTIAL OR BASIC PARTS OF THE CURRICULUM OF AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION THAT ARE STUDIED BY ALL ITS STUDENTS EVEN THOUGH EACH HAS A CHOICE OF OPTIONAL SUBJECTS IN ADDITION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA OBLIGATORIO COMÚN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WITCHCRAFT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOODOO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SORCELLERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGIC"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BRUJER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WITCHCRAFT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPOKEN LANGUAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAROLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECHES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SPEAKING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXPRESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEECH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HABLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHONETICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMIGRATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN DRAIN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMIGRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLEEP">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCONSCIOUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUEÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLEEP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOMMEIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUGGESTOPAEDIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL THEORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION FILMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS AUDIOVISUALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVES AUDIOVISUELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM ARCHIVES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EXPENDITURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD SOLDIERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORCES ARMÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARMED FORCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SOLDIERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUERZAS ARMADAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC VIOLENCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMESTIC VIOLENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIOLENCE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIOLENCE DOMESTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIOLENCIA EN EL HOGAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHISTOSOMIASIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESQUISTOSOMIASIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHISTOSOMIASIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCHISTOSOMIASE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITIONS CULTURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ISOLATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CRISES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION CRISES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACTORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL CONDITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONDICIONES CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGUILLA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANGUILA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANGUILLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWITZERLAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SWITZERLAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUIZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUISSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINERALOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINERALOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRYSTALLOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINÉRALOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVERSIFICATION OF EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIVERSIFICATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVERSIFICACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIVERSIFICATION OF EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PRIZES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY PRIZES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AWARDS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREMIO LITERARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIX LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IDENTITÉ CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL IDENTITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DENOTES THE CORRESPONDENCE WHICH EXISTS BETWEEN A COMMUNITY -NATIONAL, ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC, ETC.- AND ITS CULTURAL LIFE, AS WELL AS THE RIGHT OF EACH COMMUNITY TO ITS OWN CULTURE.</skos:scopeNote>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND CULTURE"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SET THEORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATHÉMATIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.15 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARITHMETIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICIANS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMETRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL LOGIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATEM�TICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGEBRA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMBER THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUATIONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL EDUCATION">
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVEMENT EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WASTE TREATMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGAS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE HEAT RECOVERY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEWERS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE DISPOSAL"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT DES DÉCHETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WASTES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRATAMIENTO DE DESECHOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE APPROPRIÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED TO THE NEEDS, PRODUCTION SYSTEM, AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF A GIVEN COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A ADECUADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARGET GROUPS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT COURSES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPE CIBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO DIANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROGRAMMES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TARGET GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE ADMINISTRATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA ADMINISTRATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATERSHEDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATERSHEDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUNOFF"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIGNE DE PARTAGE DES EAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VERTIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGIC">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYSTICISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WITCHCRAFT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAGIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION EFFECTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOBIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFECTO DE LAS RADIACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFET DES RADIATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIATION EFFECTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMERINDIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMERINDIO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉRINDIEN</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD GOVERNMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORLD GOVERNMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GOBIERNO MUNDIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GOUVERNEMENT MONDIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONALISM"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL MINING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHARBON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINORITÉ RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS MINORITIES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINOR�A RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAR PROPAGANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPAGANDE DE GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPAGANDA DE GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN ENERGÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN DE MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMBIENTALISTA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, BUDGET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, PRESUPUESTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY BUDGETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE LATINO-AMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA LATINOAMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SURPOPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OVERPOPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUPERPOBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STYLE MANUALS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANUAL DE ESTIL�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STYLE MANUALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MANUEL DE STYLISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO NACIONAL BRUTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE OUTPUT OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN A GIVEN COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT NATIONAL BRUT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IONIZATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTSERRAT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONTSERRAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN SAMOA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAMOA OCCIDENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAMOA OCCIDENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WESTERN SAMOA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR EVENTS AFTER SEPTEMBER 1997, USE SAMOA.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAGNETOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGNETOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAGNÉTOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE TROPICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRYPANOSOMIASIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALARIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSETSE FLIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TROPICAL DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHISTOSOMIASIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMITES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEPROSY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD TROPICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROPS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CEREALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CROPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURES AGRICOLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRAPHIC ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES GR�FICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER GRAPHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS GRAPHIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALLIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERRITORIO NO AUTÓNOMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOVEREIGNTY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO CHINA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTSERRAT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAYMAN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WALLIS AND FUTUNA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOKELAU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUAM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST TIMOR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FALKLAND ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT HELENA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIAL COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PITCAIRN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUERTO RICO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIBRALTAR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH POLYNESIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS ANTILLES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN SAMOA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERMUDA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERRITOIRE NON AUTONOME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGUILLA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW CALEDONIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH CENTRES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH COUNCILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LABORATORIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POPULARIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE AND SOCIETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE ET SOCIÉTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATIONS BETWEEN SCIENCE AS HUMAN ACTIVITY AND AS FACTOR OF CHANGE, AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA Y SOCIEDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE PLAYING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEU DE RÔLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROLE PLAYING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESEMPEÑO DE UN PAPEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION GAMES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOGO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BENIN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITANIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GHANA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEST AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIERRA LEONE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALI"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CÔTE D&apos;IVOIRE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURKINA FASO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA BISSAU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPE VERDE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENEGAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA OCCIDENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED PLANNING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION INTÉGRÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTEGRATED PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN INTEGRADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICIANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSICIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSICIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPOSERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER TECHNICAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICIANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL TECHNIQUE SUPÉRIEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL TÉCNICO SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HIGHER TECHNICAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ÉTICA MÉDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTHIQUE DE LA MÉDECINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABORTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL ETHICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PROFESSION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.55 EDUCATIONAL POPULATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADUATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRACKISH WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESALINATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SALINE WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA SALADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRESHWATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU SALÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE SOILS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S MENOS ADELANTADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS LE MOINS AVANCÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERDEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY CIRCULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUMINISTRO DE DOCUMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROVIDING USERS OF INFORMATION WITH THE DOCUMENTS THAT THEY REQUEST.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERLIBRARY LOANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENT DELIVERY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL CIRCULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FOURNITURE DE DOCUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRUANCY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INASISTENCIA SIN JUSTIFICATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE BUISSONNIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRUANCY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARSHALL ISLANDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARSHALL ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LSLAS MARSHALL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES MARSHALL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE LATINO-AMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IBERIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA LATINOAMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RIEGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER STORAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRY FARMING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRRIGATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF WORKS OF ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESTAURATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESTAURACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION OF PAINTINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESTORATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOMUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFUSION DE LA CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFUSIÓN DE LA CULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA INSTITUCIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES FOR THE BLIND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOSPITAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE INSTITUTIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSURANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSURANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH SEA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER DU NORD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR DEL NORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET RESEARCH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARKET RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDE DE MARCHÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIO DE MERCADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET STRUCTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSITIVISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POSITIVISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POSITIVISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSITIVISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EX-RÉPUBLIQUE YOUGOSLAVE DE MACÉDOINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EX REPÚBLICA YUGOESLAVA DE MACEDONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE CLASS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE MOYENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIDDLE CLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST -LEARNING-">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTEREST -LEARNING-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTÉRÊT -APPRENTISSAGE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERÉS -APRENDIZAJE-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTABLISSEMENT D'AIDE À L'ENFANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORFANATO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABANDONED CHILDREN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIUM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIO -METAL-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN ART"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD SOLDIERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANT SOLDAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIÑO SOLDADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD SOLDIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA HIDROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'HYDROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉDÉTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ADVANCED SYSTEM OF INFORMATION GATHERING TO MONITOR AND FORECAST DEVELOPMENTS ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH AND IDENTIFY AN AREA'S NATURAL RESOURCES BY LOOKING AT THE WORLD FROM AIRCRAFT, BALLOONS, OR SATELLITES AND EVALUATING THE DATA GATHERED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARACTER RECOGNITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAMMETRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EXPLORATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TELEDETECCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REMOTE SENSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAPA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE GÉOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE OWNERSHIP">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE SECTOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ PRIVÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD PRIVADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATE OWNERSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ISOLATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ISOLEMENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ISOLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATIVE LACK OF PARTICIPATION IN THE CULTURAL SYSTEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AISLAMIENTO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAKHSTAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KAZAKHSTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">KAZAJST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES MESURES DE SÉCURITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAFETY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATTITUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDE CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOLERANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATTITUDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREJUDICE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTOLERANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTITUD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIERRA LEONE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SIERRA LEONA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SIERRA LEONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DU CONSOMMATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSUMER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY OF INTELLIGENT AND EFFECTIVE METHODS OF BUYING AND USING GOODS AND SERVICES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMERS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DEL CONSUMIDOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGE POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA LABORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO NEWS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOSSILS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FOSSIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOSSILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOSIL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YIDDISH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YIDDISH</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAURU">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NAURU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREA DPR">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1948.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KOREA DPR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORÉE RPD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COREA RPD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KINSHIP">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARENTESCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KINSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARENTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY SIZE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTIC EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT ACOUSTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO ACÚSTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACOUSTIC EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.65 NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.30 SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.05 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.85 PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.15 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO MASIVO DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDIAS DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MASS MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ADJUSTMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFLUENCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDE CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADAPTACIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADAPTATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALADJUSTMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL ADAPTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONTROL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NOMADISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOMADISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NOMADISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONINDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE RADIODIFUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME CONTENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESIGN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELARUS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BELARRÚS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BELARUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGENTS TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DE AGENTES CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES AGENTS CULTURELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL AGENTS TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE EDUCATION OF UNION MEMBERS TO IMPROVE THEIR BARGAINING SKILLS. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "ADULT EDUCATION".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES TRAVAILLEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN OBRERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKERS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL REVOLUTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CRISES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL REVOLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REVOLUCIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉVOLUTION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING TESTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING ABILITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEST DE LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRUEBA DE LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING TESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUGAR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AZÚCAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUCRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUGAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIZE OF ENTERPRISE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIMENSION DE L'ENTREPRISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAMAÑO DE LA EMPRESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SIZE OF ENTERPRISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INTEGRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC INTEGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDEPENDENCE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOPOLIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMON MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE TRADE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTÉGRATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCOMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINICOMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER TERMINALS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANALOGUE COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIGITAL COMPUTERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORDINATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALLET"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DANSEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BAILAR�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DANCERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALORIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALOR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CALORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CALORIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN IN POLITICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS SUFFRAGE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">WOMEN AS OFFICE-HOLDERS, POLITICAL PARTY FUNCTIONARIES, ETC. FOR POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN GENERAL, USE "WOMENS PARTICIPATION" AND "POLITICS", OR "WOMENS SUFFRAGE".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICIANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN IN POLITICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME DANS LA VIE POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER EN LA VIDA POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONE TEACHER SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ONE TEACHER SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE MAESTRO ÚNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE À CLASSE UNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARLEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGISLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARLIAMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OMBUDSMAN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL POLITICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARLAMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC SOFTWARE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASIC SOFTWARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGICIEL DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE COMPUTADORA DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY DEVICES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADAR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAFETY DEVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARNING DEVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISPOSITIF DE SÉCURITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISPOSITIVO DE SEGURIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL FERTILITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL FERTILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FERTILIDAD DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FERTILITÉ DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES VIERGES AMÉRICAINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS V�RGENES ESTADOUNIDENSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS AGENCIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGENCE DE PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGENCIA DE NOTICIAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWS AGENCIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FLOW"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE TOURISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOURIST INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA TUR�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTSWANA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOTSWANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VACCINATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VACCINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMUNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VACUNACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: HISTORY OF EDUCATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.40 ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPINGS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRUPACIONES ÉTNICAS Y RELIGIOSAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEO DE JÓVENES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOI DES JEUNES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE DES EAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SAMPLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAUSA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HAWSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HAUSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HAOUSSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPED COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASCISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATIONALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NACIONALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAZISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEPARATISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE DU DROIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA DEL DERECHO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DYNAMICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIN�MICA DE GRUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DYNAMIQUE DE GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUP DYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISRAEL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISRAEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION OF PAINTINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESTAURATION DE TABLEAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESTAURACIÓN DE CUADROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESTORATION OF PAINTINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOKELAU">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOKÉLAOU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOKELAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW ZEALAND"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRACE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRACE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE TRACES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE OLIGOELEMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS NATIONAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CROSS NATIONAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS TRANSNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE TRANSNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.25 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN DOCUMENTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN FEDERATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RUSSIAN FEDERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEBREW">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRORISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEBREW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSAYO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MISE À L'ÉPREUVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TESTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIANS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTORIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITORS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉDACTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REDACTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDITORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A PERSON WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR, OR PREPARES FOR PUBLICATION, THE CONTENTS OF A DOCUMENT TO WHICH HE MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE CONTRIBUTED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO FOOD">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À L'ALIMENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO FOOD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT PLANNING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DES TRANSPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DEL TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC MAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTROPOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGISTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTHROPOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTHROPOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA FISHING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÊCHE EN MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PESCA MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEA FISHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST WEST RELATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES ESTE-OESTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EAST WEST RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS EST-OUEST</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESFAVORECIDO EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPENSATORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERATES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉFAVORISÉ SUR LE PLAN ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACIDS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACIDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN IN POLITICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STANDARDS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, NORME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING RULES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, NORMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL PARAMÉDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL PARAMÉDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESPERANTO">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LINGUA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESPERANTO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGRAVING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENGRAVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRAVURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRABADO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE RÉFÉRENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REFERENCE SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE REFERENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLEARING HOUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ORGANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALITÉ DE LA VIE DE TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB SATISFACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIDAD DE LA VIDA DE TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.70 FINANCE AND TRADE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.40 INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.65 SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA, DERECHO Y ECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.15 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.80 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.30 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.85 LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECONFERENCING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MAIL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPLICATIONS DE TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APLICACIONES DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEMAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANPOWER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TECHNIQUES OF ECONOMICS APPLIED TO EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN PSICOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE PSYCHOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOMETRICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESOURCES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES ÉCONOMIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS ECONÓMICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISARMAMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉSARMEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS RACE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROLIFERATION TREATIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THE PRESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF SPEECH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENSORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ D'EXPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S EN DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS EN DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERDEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPING COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.30 ECONOMIC GROUPINGS"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTINENTAL SHELF">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLATEFORME CONTINENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN FLOOR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTINENTAL SHELF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUTDOOR EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN PLAN SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA AL AIRE LIBRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OUTDOOR EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">UTILIZATION OF THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT TO PROMOTE EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING AND ENRICH THE CURRICULUM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT EN PLEIN AIR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER NEEDS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GENERAL DEMAND FOR LABOUR, OR DEMAND IN PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES OR SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BESOIN DE MAIN-D'OEUVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NECESIDAD DE MANO DE OBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANPOWER NEEDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMATIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, INSTALACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, INSTALLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY BUILDINGS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.25 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A AEROESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AEROSPACE ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE AÉROSPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF SPACE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSERVATISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSERVATISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVATISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL THEATRE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉÂTRE NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON RECORDERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANCTON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANCTON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANKTON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ALGAE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS AGENCIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DE EDICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLISHING INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DE L'ÉDITION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEPALI">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEPALI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMMIGRATION ILLÉGALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INMIGRACIÓN ILEGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLIDAYS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOISIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.65 LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEISURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEZUELA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOLIVIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMAZONIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAZIL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMAZONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURINAME"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECUADOR"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUYANA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM EVALUATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DEL CURR�CULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RELEVANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DU CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HERBICIDES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTICIDES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLUNTEERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÉNÉVOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOLUNTEERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VOLUNTARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB EVALUATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DETERMINATION BY OBJECTIVE PROCEDURES OF THE RELATIVE VALUE OF INDIVIDUAL JOBS IN AN ORGANIZATION FOR SUCH PURPOSES AS WAGE DETERMINATION AND PROMOTION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB DESCRIPTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECRUITMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DES EMPLOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOB EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DE TAREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFELONG EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION PERMANENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIFELONG EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY EXTENSION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECURRENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PERMANENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARGENTINA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URUGUAY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAGUAY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONO SUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUTHERN CONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CÔNE SUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANARCHISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANARQUISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANARCHISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANARCHISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE POLICY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCE POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC DEBT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC DEBT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTERNAL DEBT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEUDA PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE BUDGET"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DETTE PUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.30 SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STARS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME ASTRONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERSTELLAR SPACE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GALAXIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC MATTER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA ASTRONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEORITES"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR SYSTEM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER PROTECTION">
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UKRAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBN">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISSN"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISBN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISITING TEACHERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VISITING TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC TEACHING PERSONNEL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROFESOR VISITADOR</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUSINESS CYCLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CYCLE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTICIDES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYTOCHEMICALS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO FITOQU�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE LABORATORIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LABORATORIO UNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL SIZE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL SIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MAPPING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAMAÑO DE LA ESCUELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIMENSION DE L'ÉCOLE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING HABIT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING CULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE EN VOIE DE DISPARITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA EN V�A DE DESAPARICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CRISES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN SCIENTISTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN SCIENTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONVENIO COLECTIVO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE WORKING CONDITIONS OF A PARTICULAR GROUP OF WORKERS CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE WORKERS' REPRESENTATIVES AND THE EMPLOYERS.</skos:scopeNote>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CROATIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CROACIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CROATIA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RAYO L�SER</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LASERS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESTONIEN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY TOURS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOYAGE D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL ABROAD"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDY TOURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIAJE DE ESTUDIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN BIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOLOGIE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOLOG�A HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SPECIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD PROBLEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE STUDIES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROBLÈME MONDIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORLD PROBLEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASE CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEALTH POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE LA SALUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DE LA SANTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS HEALTH"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANCIAMIENTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FEES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCEMENT DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COSTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUDGETS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOMETERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEISMOMETERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SISMOMÈTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISMÓMETRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALIFICATIONS DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RECRUITMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SELECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIFICACIONES DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SAMPLING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHANTILLONAGE D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER SAMPLING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUESTREO DE AGUAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION STATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVISION STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTACIÓN DE TELEVISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATION DE TÉLÉVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">LONG TERM PROJECTION OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT; MAY INCLUDE DESIGN OF SCENARIOS FOR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS.-IBE USES: EDUCATIONAL FUTURES-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT PROJECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION EN ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROSPECCIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ALGAE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE ALGAE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALGUE MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALGA MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CONSUMPTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SUPPLY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSOMMATION ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSUMO ALIMENTARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD CONSUMPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE TRANSCULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS TRANSCULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFORMATION">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.20 SOCIAL PROBLEMS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROBLEMA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROBLÈME SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISCRIMINATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL PROBLEMS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER MINORITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO SEXUAL MINORITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINORITY GROUPS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINORITÉ SEXUELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENDER MINORITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER ROLES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENREGISTREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRABACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIANTE UNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT LOANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADUATES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDIANT D'UNIVERSITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT UNREST"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERIAL CHARACTERISTICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARACTÉRISTIQUE DES CADRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARACTER�STICA ADMINISTRATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEADERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGERIAL CHARACTERISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA CARDIOVASCULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME CARDIOVASCULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHIATRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.85 PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPATHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHIATRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSIQUIATR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHIATRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RIGHTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCOMMONLY TAUGHT LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS LING�STICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS LINGUISTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGUISTIC RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH STRATEGIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION DE LA RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTGRADUATE COURSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSTGRADUATE COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY COURSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO POSTUNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COURSES OF STUDY OR RESEARCH AT A HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION AFTER COMPLETION OF FIRST DEGREE REQUIREMENTS. -IBE USES: POSTGRADUATE STUDY-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS DE TROISIÈME CYCLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOMALIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOMALIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOMALIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT HELENA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINTE-HÉLÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANTA ELENA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAINT HELENA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URANIUM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">URANIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URANIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAPITALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPITALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAPITALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUGENICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEREDITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EUGÉNISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUGENICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUGENESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENEALOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL WAR">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL WAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REVOLUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERRE CIVILE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND CULTURE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION AND CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ET CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION OF CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN Y CULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM CAMERAS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO FOTOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECTORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORM EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT PHOTOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANICAL GARDENS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL PARKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CONTROL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE DES ALIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL DE ALIMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC SECTOR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SECTOR PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC SECTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SECTEUR PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER NETWORKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER INTERFACES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER TERMINALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RED INFORM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC COMMERCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSEAU INFORMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEADERSHIP">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL LEADERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIDERAZGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERIAL CHARACTERISTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEADERSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIROLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VIROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIRUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION SERVICES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE TRADUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE TRADUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSLATION SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART METALWORK"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWELRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLASTIC ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMISMATICS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGRAVING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSAICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMIC ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES PL�STICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS PLASTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDEBOOKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL ABROAD"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOTEL INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL TOURISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOURISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.65 LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOURISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLIDAYS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN FAMILIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION FAMILIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATION WITHIN AND BY THE FAMILY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICALLY DISABLED">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLIND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPEDIDO F�SICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICALLY DISABLED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HANDICAPÉ PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF AND DUMB"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.20 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BARTER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BARTER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TROC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRUEQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉACTEUR NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR REACTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REACTOR NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRY FARMING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTIVO EN TIERRAS �RIDAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A SYSTEM OF PRODUCING CROPS IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS WITHOUT THE USE OF IRRIGATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRY FARMING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARIDOCULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRRIGATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACRONYMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABBREVIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACRÓNIMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A PRONOUNCEABLE ABBREVIATION OF A COMPOUND, NAME OR PHRASE USED AS ONE WORD.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACRONYMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SIGLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMORPHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEONTOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODESY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH&apos;S CRUST"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORAL REEFS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL VALUES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VALOR SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFLUENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NORMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VALEUR SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL VALUES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY COOPERATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION EN ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE NOVEMBER 1993. OTHERWISE, USE 'EUROPEAN UNION'.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LUXEMBOURG"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELGIUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRELAND"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREECE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY FR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DE LA CEE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DE LA CEE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPAIN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EEC COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE ET ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA Y EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS FILMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILDRENS FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA PARA NIÑOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS BOOKS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM POUR ENFANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROBIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEUROBIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEUROBIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NEUROBIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THINKING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PENSAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THINKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REASONING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE THINKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PENSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESSAYS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESSAI -LITTÉRATURE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESSAYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSAYO -LITERATURA-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEBANON"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURKINA FASO"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QATAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITANIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRUNEI DARUSSALAM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S ISL�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OMAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIERRA LEONE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMEROON"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA BISSAU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GABON"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KUWAIT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JORDAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYSIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOMALIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUDAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALDIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS ISLAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAKISTAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMOROS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BENIN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DJIBOUTI"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UGANDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNISIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.40 ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENEGAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALESTINE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYRIAN AR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRAQ"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDONESIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKEY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAUDI ARABIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLAMIC COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALI"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANGLADESH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOROCCO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHAD"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHRAIN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YEMEN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMICITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EARTHQUAKES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TSUNAMI"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOMETERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION INTERGOUVERNEMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN INTERGUBERNAMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSLETTERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWSLETTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BOLET�N DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BULLETIN D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARAPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES NON-TEACHING STAFF WHOSE FUNCTIONS ARE PROFESSIONAL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL ENSEIGNANT PARAPROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL PARADOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER AIDES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMISTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMISTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOMISTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY DISORDERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACHELORS DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIPLÔME UNIVERSITAIRE -2E CYCLE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTALLY DISABLED"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPATHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCTORAL DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRADO DE MAESTR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MASTERS DEGREES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO EDUCACIONAL ITINERANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE ÉDUCATIF ITINÉRANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOBILE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT STORIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHORT STORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOUVELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLASES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMORPHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVES DU FILM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS DEL CINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRAFFIC">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TR�FICO AÉREO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION AÉRIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAFFIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIR TRAFFIC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOGRAF�A NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS PRODUCED IN ONE COUNTRY WHATEVER THEIR LANGUAGE AND/OR IN THE LANGUAGE OF ONE COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOGRAPHIE NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEOLITHIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEOLITHIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NÉOLITHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUATERNARY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEOL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFILMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROFILM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROFILM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROFILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER STEREOTYPES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER ROLES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENDER STEREOTYPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTEREOTIPO SEXUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STÉRÉOTYPE SEXUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSTRUCTION NAVALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSTRUCCIÓN NAVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHIPBUILDING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USE PROMOTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, GESTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, GESTIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAINTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATHOLICISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK ART"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGIC"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL DANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WITCHCRAFT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOLKLORE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPESETTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPOSICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TYPESETTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFSET PRINTING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCOMPOSITION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASER PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPOSITION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL TIME">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIEMPO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL TIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC YEAR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEMPS SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA LEVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC SEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RED SEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH SEA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERING SEA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CASPIAN SEA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN SEA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAD SEA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINA SEA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACK SEA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN SEA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAMITIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOMALI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE CHAMITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA CAM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERBER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HAMITIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE DE BIBLIOTHÉCONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE BIBLIOTECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWELRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JOYAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIOUS METALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JEWELRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART METALWORK"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JOAILLERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL LAW">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALITY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT CONSTITUTIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RULE OF LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSTITUTIONAL LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC COMPETITION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCURRENCE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC COMPETITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOPOLIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPETENCIA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL LEARNING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRENTISSAGE VISUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRENDIZAJE VISUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VISUAL LEARNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAILWAY STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFRASTRUCTURE DES TRANSPORTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROADS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRPORTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRIDGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOURS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUENTE DE ENERG�A NO RENOVABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURCE ÉNERGÉTIQUE NON RENOUVELABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL BROADCASTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIODIFFUSION LOCALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL BROADCASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL PRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOCAL BROADCASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIODIFUSIÓN LOCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW CALEDONIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOUVELLE CALÉDONIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEW CALEDONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUEVA CALEDONIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UZBEKISTAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OUZBEKISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UZBEKISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS FUELS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMBUSTIBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMBUSTIBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEAT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROCARBONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON RECORDERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APARATO REGISTRADOR DE PLANCTON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANKTON RECORDERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC BUOYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENREGISTREUR DE PLANCTON</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITIES EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'HISTOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA HISTORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD SOLDIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE L'ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS OF THE CHILD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD LABOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DEL NIÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT STORAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCUMULATION CALORIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE HEAT RECOVERY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACUMULACIÓN CALOR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEAT STORAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHING INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA PESQUERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISHING INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DE LA PÊCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGENTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL AGENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGENTE CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION FILMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM DE TÉLÉVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA DE TELEVISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVISION FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERNIZATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MODERNIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODERNIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROCESS OF CHANGE IN A SOCIETY OR SOCIAL INSTITUTION IN WHICH THE MOST RECENT WAYS, IDEAS OR STYLES ARE ADAPTED OR ACQUIRED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODERNISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC CULTURES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE ARCTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA �RTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCTIC CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PROCESSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT DES ALIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESAMIENTO DE ALIMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD PROCESSING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ANTHEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIC EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTRUCTION CIVIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN C�VICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE AUTOMATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE AUTOMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE READABLE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMATIZACIÓN DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATISATION DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY AUTOMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER AUTHORITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTORITÉ DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL DISCIPLINE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTORIDAD DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER AUTHORITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTERACTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL INTERACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERACTION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERACCIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDICATORS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO LIFE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À LA VIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTHANASIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO LIFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DU PERSONNEL DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DEL PERSONAL DE EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATORS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA VETERINARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT VÉTÉRINAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VETERINARY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS MULTIVARIADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE MULTIVARIÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FACTOR ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VANUATU">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VANUATU</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION FORMELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUTDOOR EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.30 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPENSATORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PART TIME EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COEDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FORMAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN FORMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION EN ARCHIVISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN EN ARCHIVOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVISTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONARCHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONARCHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MONARQU�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONARCHY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PART TIME EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE MEDIA JORNADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION À TEMPS PARTIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRESPONDENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PART TIME EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER FORECASTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRONÓSTICO METEOROLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION MÉTÉOROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEATHER FORECASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WINDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAISON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOBILE HOMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CASA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOUSES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PASHTO">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PASHTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SILK">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SILK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE ROUTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO HOUSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO HOUSING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À UN LOGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA VIVIENDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE LOS USUARIOS DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION USER INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES UTILISATEURS D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION NEEDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING GUIDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN REGION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGION DE L'OCÉAN INDIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIAN OCEAN REGION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REUNION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIÓN DEL OCÉANO INDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MADAGASCAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEYCHELLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMOROS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITIUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SRI LANKA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEMAKERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER STEREOTYPES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGLE PERSONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SINGLE PERSONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGLE MOTHERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CÉLIBATAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOLTERO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEISMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBSERVATORIO SISMOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OBSERVATOIRE SISMOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREGNANCY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPRODUCCIÓN HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REPRODUCTION HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN REPRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEASTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FESTIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FÊTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FEASTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAD LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE MORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEAD LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MUERTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -CLASSICAL-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELLS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CELLULE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CÉLULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CELLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX DISTRIBUTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEX DISTRIBUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPARTITION PAR SEXE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SEXO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE INTEGRATION OF EDUCATION INTO THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PRIORITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PLANNING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTLITERACY PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE POSTALFABETIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE POSTALPHABÉTISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSTLITERACY PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW LITERATES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELTAS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DELTAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DELTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DELTA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONINTERFERENCE PRINCIPLE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH SOUTH RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST WEST RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF POWER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH SOUTH RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILATERAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEATHER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEATHER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CUIR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT TRANSFER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSFERENCIA DEL DERECHO DE AUTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COPYRIGHT TRANSFER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSFERT DU DROIT D'AUTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PROPERTY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT À LA PROPRIÉTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A LA PROPIEDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE OWNERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO PROPERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEOLOGIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCTRINE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCTRINA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSUASION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO DE ORIGEN ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEATHER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEAT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT D'ORIGINE ANIMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE TO DENOTE THE AVAILABILITY OF SOIL, MAINLY FOR CULTIVATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES EN SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RECLAMATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS DE SUELOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASHION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOTHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FASHION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNANCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GOUVERNANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MANNER IN WHICH POWER AND AUTHORITY ARE EXERCISED BY BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BODIES; INCLUDES SUCH ISSUES AS PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GOBERNABILIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL LEADERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL POWER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK PRODUCTION TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDITEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDITORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLISHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIGNS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEMIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉMIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEMIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMANTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENT PREVENTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVENTION DES ACCIDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCIDENT PREVENTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREVENCIÓN DE ACCIDENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASKS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK ART"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MASKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">M�SCARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE ART"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MASQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KUWAIT">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KUWAIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">KOWEIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HOLOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOLOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HOLOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FORMAL EDUCATION DESIGNED TO PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS UNDERLYING PRODUCTION PROCESSES WITH A WIDER CONNOTATION THAN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AT SECONDARY OR HIGHER LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT TECHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA TÉCNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICIANS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERATION MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS SUFFRAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO DE LIBERACIÓN FEMENINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT DE LIBÉRATION DES FEMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VARIANCE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE VARIANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VARIANCE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE VARIANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRELATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISPLACED PERSONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR VICTIMS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PERSONS WHO HAVE FLED OR BEEN DRIVEN FROM THEIR COMMUNITIES TO LOCALITIES WITHIN THEIR HOME COUNTRY. FOR PERSONS FORCED TO LEAVE THEIR HOME COUNTRY, USE REFUGEES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONA DESPLAZADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISPLACED PERSONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNE DÉPLACÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APPRENTICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRENDIZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICESHIP"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRENTI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINEES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MODERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE VIVANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MODERN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLAYS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLAYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARGILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POTTERY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCILLA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR CRIMES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENOCIDE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCENTRATION CAMPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRIME DE GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRIMEN DE GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAR CRIMES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 31 DEC. 1999. OTHERWISE, USE MACAO, CHINA</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACAO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PROFESSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROFESIÓN MÉDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL PROFESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROFESSION MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVENING SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE DU SOIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA NOCTURNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EVENING SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMBIENTE DE LA CLASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENVIRONNEMENT DE LA CLASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASS SIZE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAYOTTE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAYOTTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE FINANCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISCAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA FINANCIERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA BIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA BIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RED SEA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER ROUGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RED SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR ROJO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN B�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE FONDAMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RESEARCH DESIGNED TO PRODUCE NEW UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOXICOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROCARBONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLLUTANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACID RAIN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIRUSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PESTICIDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBON DIOXIDE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT PUMPS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEAT PUMPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BOMBA DE CALOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR CONDITIONING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POMPE À CHALEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH DISORDERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TROUBLE DE LA PAROLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH THERAPY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPEECH DISORDERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRASTORNO DEL HABLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH HABITS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHONETICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVESTMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUNES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLAYA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BEACHES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTRACEPTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTICONCEPCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABORTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTRACEPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY AGREEMENTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMODITY AGREEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCORD SUR LES PRODUITS DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONVENIO SOBRE PRODUCTOS B�SICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NAVIRE DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH SHIPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BUQUE DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN EXPLORATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIMNOLOGY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRESHWATER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN FRESHWATER.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIMNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIMNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIMNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUESTIONNAIRES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUESTIONNAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUESTIONARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUESTIONNAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOGIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOGIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A DE LA HISTORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE DE L'HISTOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE TEXTILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA TEXTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEXTILE INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MESURE HYDROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICIÓN HIDROLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC THEORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS CYCLES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDEPENDENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME AND WEALTH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE ART">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE PRIMITIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART PRIMITIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMITIVE ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INTEGRATION OF WOMEN INTO THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMMES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJERES Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UTOPIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UTOPIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UTOPIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC MAPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AVERAGE WEATHER OF ANY REGION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLIMAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC DATA"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLIMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLIMATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWINGS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DESSINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOONS"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIBUJOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAWINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A ALIMENTARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE ALIMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉMOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR THEORETICAL WORKS DEALING WITH HUMAN POPULATIONS, CONCERNED WITH THEIR SIZE, STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH AND MIGRATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEMOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EQUATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECUACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTROPHYSICS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELEMENTARY PARTICLES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COSMIC RADIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIATION COSMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIACIÓN CÓSMICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DYNAMICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DYNAMIQUE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIN�MICA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL DYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMOYEDIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URALIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAMOYEDIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE SAMOYÈDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA SAMOYEDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECRUITMENT"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE COMBINED APTITUDES AND SKILLS WHICH PERMIT SOMEONE TO TAKE UP A JOB.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLED WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIFICACIÓN PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL SELECTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB DESCRIPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCES MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALIFICATION PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMISMATICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO HISTÓRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORMONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENDOCRINOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENDOCRINOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENDOCRINOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL SUPERVISION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSPECCIÓN DE ESCUELAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPERVISION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSPECTION DES ÉCOLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL SUPERVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">APPRAISING OR JUDGING PERSONS, ORGANIZATIONS OR THINGS IN RELATION TO STATED OBJECTIVES, STANDARDS OR CRITERIA. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RATING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST REDUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PIRATAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PIRATER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION, IMPORTING OR DISTRIBUTION OF WORKS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT OR NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PIRACY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL AID">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSISTANCE JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASESORAMIENTO JUR�DICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL AID</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRESHWATER">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU DOUCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOWMELT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIMNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRESHWATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA DULCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF DETERMINATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELF DETERMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOVEREIGNTY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE AUTODETERMINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLONIALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECOLONIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT D'AUTODÉTERMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION D'ENTREPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE EMPRESAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTREPRENEURS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUSINESS MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DE L'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART CRITICISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC CREATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DEL ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENCOURAGEMENT OF BILINGUALISM THROUGH THE TEACHING OF REGULAR COURSES IN BOTH THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE AND A SECOND LANGUAGE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BILINGUAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN BILINGÜE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT BILINGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUPPETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUPPETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARIONNETTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARIONETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR THEATRE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOSISTEMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ECOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SYSTEM OF INTERDEPENDENT COMPLEX OF PLANT AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS WITHIN A PARTICULAR GEOGRAPHIC CONTENT, GENERALLY AN AREA OF UNIFORM ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.65 NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGICAL BALANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECOSYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOSYSTÈME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPHOTOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROFOTOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPROGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROPHOTOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROPHOTOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORM EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATTERN RECOGNITION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CYBERNETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CYBERNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETWORK ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARACTER RECOGNITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SCIENCE OF CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION, SPECIFICALLY THE INTERACTION BETWEEN AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND PEOPLE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIBERNÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKIN DISEASES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD DE LA PIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE DE LA PEAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SKIN DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMMUNITÉ DIPLOMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INMUNIDAD DIPLOM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECRUITMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECRUTEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECRUITMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR SEEKING QUALIFIED EMPLOYEES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL SELECTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB DESCRIPTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTRATACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CASTE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CASTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVERY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CASTA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TRANSFER OF A NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM THE FIRST COMMERCIAL USER TO A NUMBER OF COMPETING USERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFUSION DE LA TECHNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFUSIÓN DE TECNOLOG�AS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH RESULTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUDGET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE BUDGET"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETARY CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUDGETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESUPUESTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBMARINES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUBMARINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBMARINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUS-MARIN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT HUMANITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD SOLDIERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SOLDIERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED WAR VETERANS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND MINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO HUMANITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMANITARIAN LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR CRIMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR VICTIMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARUBA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRENADA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT LUCIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARA�BES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUBA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTSERRAT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARIBE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUADELOUPE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAITI"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS ANTILLES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BARBADOS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARIBBEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHAMAS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGUILLA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAMAICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARTINIQUE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAYMAN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUERTO RICO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.40 FAMILY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLEARING HOUSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE INTERCAMBIO DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLEARING HOUSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE D'ÉCHANGE D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPÈCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPECIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MODERN LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE MODERNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA MODERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING -COMPOSITION-">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE WRITING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPRESSION ÉCRITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WRITING -COMPOSITION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL WRITING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REDACCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBONATE ROCKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROCA CARBONATADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARBONATE ROCKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROCHE CARBONIFÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAGUAY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARAGUAY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS COUNCILS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSEJO DE PRENSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSEIL DE PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESS COUNCILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGUILLA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIBRALTAR"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERMUDA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROYAUME UNI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT HELENA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FALKLAND ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REINO UNIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTSERRAT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PITCAIRN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.25 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, RED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, RÉSEAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAHITIAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAHITIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAHITIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAHITIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF PAYMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KOREAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAPANESE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTAIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE EURASIENNE ET NORD-ASIATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA EURASI�TICA Y NORASI�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URALIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESKIMO LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHRAIN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BAHREIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BAHREIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BAHRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA Y PLANIFICACIÓN CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EVALUATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC FORECASTING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRAL NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRALE NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING POLICY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOUSING POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA DE LA VIVIENDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DU LOGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BATHYMETRIC CHARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARTA BATIMÉTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BATHYMETRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE MARINE BATHYMÉTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BATHYMETRIC CHARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC CULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA OCE�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC ART"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANIC CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE OCÉANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEREDITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHROMOSOMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MENTAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THINKING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL CONTROL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL BIOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEST CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEED CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONTROL OF UNDESIRABLE INSECTS, PLANTS OR ANIMALS BY THE INTRODUCTION OF PREDATORS, PARASITES, OR DISEASES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGICAL CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYEES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOYEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTREPRENEURS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR WEAPONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND MINES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEAPONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSILES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROWAVES">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO WAVES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROONDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROWAVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROONDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY OF LIBRARIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÉCONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LIBRARIANSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE SCIENCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.40 CURRICULUM"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORT COURSES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTIVE COURSES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANAMA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PANAMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEMASONRY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL VALUES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.55 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS MEDIOAMBIENTALES E INGENIER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOMASA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS ENERGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOMASS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE MASS OF ORGANISMS LIVING IN AN ANIMAL OR PLANT ECOSYSTEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOMASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW LITERATES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTLITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NÉO-ALPHABÈTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEOALFABETIZADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEW LITERATES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHRONOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOCRONOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCARBON DATING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOCHRONOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOCHRONOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TECHNIQUES PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION -ALTHOUGH SOME MODERNIZED COMPONENTS OR PROCESSES MAY BE INCLUDED-.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALLEYS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VALLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VALLEYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VALLÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BUDGETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUDGET CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESUPUESTO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL BUDGETS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRARIAN STRUCTURE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRARIAN STRUCTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND REFORM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A COMPLEX OF RELATIONSHIPS WHICH EXIST AMONG LAND TENURE, PRODUCTION AND SUPPORTING SERVICES, AND RELATED RURAL INSTITUTIONS, EACH CONSTITUTING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE WIDER WHOLE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ECONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURE AGRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURA AGRARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL REFORM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE EXPÉRIMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A EXPERIMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPÔT MINERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">YACIMIENTO MINERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALT DEPOSITS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLIC DEPOSITS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINERAL DEPOSITS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉPREUVE À CHOIX MULTIPLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRUEBA DE ELECCIÓN MÚLTIPLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIALECTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIALECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERNACULAR LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIALECTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREOLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIALECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE NATURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.75 NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHILI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER RELIEF">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCORRO EN CASO DE DESASTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISASTER RELIEF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR DEVASTATED COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SECOURS EN CAS DE CATASTROPHE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEZUELA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VENEZUELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPOTRANSPIRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPORATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER BASINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESERVOIRS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EVAPOTRANSPIRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">WATER LOSS THROUGH EVAPORATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN RADIACTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION RADIOACTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATIN AMERICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEXICO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMÉRICA LATINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUBA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIZE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EL SALVADOR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEZUELA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URUGUAY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARGENTINA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUATEMALA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANAMA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONDURAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTA RICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NICARAGUA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉRIQUE LATINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAZIL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.45 LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECUADOR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAGUAY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUERTO RICO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOLIVIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BANCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BANQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BANKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYES TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DYES TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE LA TEINTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE LA TINTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE SPÉCIALISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO ESPECIALIZADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CURRICULUM UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO UNIVERSITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEVERAGES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COFFEE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOISSON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BEBIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BEVERAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUTOMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTOMATISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTOMATIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE ACT OR PRACTICE OF USING MACHINES THAT NEED LITTLE OR NO HUMAN CONTROL, ESPECIALLY TO REPLACE WORKERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONINTERFERENCE PRINCIPLE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOVEREIGNTY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRINCIPE DE NON INGÉRENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONINTERFERENCE PRINCIPLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRINCIPIO DE LA NO INTERVENCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATION BUILDING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA NACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATION BUILDING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDIFICATION NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FULL EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLEIN EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FULL EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SITUATION WHERE ALL PERSONS SEEKING EMPLOYMENT HAVE BEEN PROVIDED WITH PAID POSITIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLENO EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAGOONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LAGON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LAGUNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAGOONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PROGRAMADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT PROGRAMMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MACHINES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOODOO">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VUDÚ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOODOO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VAUDOU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WITCHCRAFT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT AU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO AL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE AFRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICAN LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA AFRICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN ART"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEASANTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLASSE PAYSANNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLASE CAMPESINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CLASS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEASANTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -CLASSICAL-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRIEGO -CL�SICO-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GREC -CLASSIQUE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GREEK -CLASSICAL-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAD LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREEK -MODERN-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONITORING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIGILANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SURVEILLANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONITORING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRIKES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRIKES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRÈVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUELGA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATERITES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATERITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LATÉRITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LATERITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL ZONES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN JOURNALISTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN JOURNALISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME JOURNALISTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER PERIODISTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RENDIMIENTO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT TESTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.65 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FAILURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RENDEMENT SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPENDITURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REDUCCIÓN DE COSTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COST REDUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOTOGRAF�A AÉREA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIC CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDES CULTURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAILAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAILANDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THAILAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAI"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THA�LANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO LISTENERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUDITEUR DE RADIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LISTENING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO LISTENERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVIEWERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIOYENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPOWERMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENABLING INDIVIDUALS OR COMMUNITIES TO TAKE CHARGE AND MAKE FULL USE OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE, ENERGIES AND JUDGMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTONOMISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTONOMIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPOWERMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BEAUX-ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECORATIVE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINE ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BELLAS ARTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ANY PRINTED AND/OR NONPRINTED MATERIAL DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR OR USED IN INSTRUCTION. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL DID�CTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL DIDACTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERMINOLOG�A CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESFUERZO PROPIO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPOWERMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELF HELP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTOASSISTANCE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE TRACERS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONGELACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONGÉLATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA PSICOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCRIMINATION FONDÉE SUR LE SEXE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER ROLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESISTENCIA A LA OPRESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESISTANCE TO OPPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CORRESPONDENCE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLYGAMIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACADEMIA DE CIENCIAS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GIRLS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN STUDENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES FILLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE LAS MUCHACHAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METEOROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTÉOROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METEOROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BULGARIAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BULGARIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BULGARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BÚLGARO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOVEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOUVEMENT SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVIMIENTO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEMASONRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL MOVEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS HEALTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALUD DE LA MUJER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS HEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANTÉ DE LA FEMME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIBRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOSPHORUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPOSITE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW MATERIALS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INEQUALITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL INEQUALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRATIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INÉGALITÉ SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESIGUALDAD SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVELLING THEATRE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉÂTRE AMBULANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAVELLING THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO AMBULANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.60 TEACHING AND TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE TEACHING PROCESS. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BODY TEMPERATURE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEMPÉRATURE DU CORPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BODY TEMPERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEMPERATURA DEL CUERPO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILOSOF�A DE LA ACCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHIE DE L'ACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACK HOLES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STARS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERSTELLAR SPACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BLACK HOLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TROU NOIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUJERO NEGRO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIFTED STUDENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GIFTED STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO SUPERDOTADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE DOUÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGULAR CLASS PLACEMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFOQUE INTERDISCIPLINARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPROCHE INTERDISCIPLINAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY NETWORKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH RATE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROWTH RATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GROWTH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAUX DE CROISSANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TASA DE CRECIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAPANESE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JAPANESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EURASIAN AND NORTH ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JAPONÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JAPONAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YORUBA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YORUBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">YOROUBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS DU SPECTACLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES ESCÉNICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERFORMING ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOTHING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEXTILES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEXTILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SILK"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEJIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME SENSORIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLINDNESS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EYESIGHT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY AIDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SENSORY SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA SENSORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYSLEXIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEARING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DU PERSONNEL CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DEL PERSONAL CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING TRAINING"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGENTS TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM FESTIVALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MANIFESTATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PRIZES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FESTIVALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNESCO AWARDS AND HONOURS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANIFESTACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL EVENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY DISORGANIZATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESINTEGRACIÓN DE LA FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉSINTEGRATION DE LA FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY DISORGANIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZTECS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AZTÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AZTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AZTECS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA CENTRES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE DE DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ORGANIZATION HANDLING AND PROVIDING MAINLY NUMERICAL DATA USUALLY WITHOUT EVALUATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLEARING HOUSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INEQUALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉMOCRATISATION DE LA CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEMOCRATIZATION OF CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMOCRATIZACIÓN DE LA CULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENTRETENIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLUBS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENTERTAINMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIVERTISSEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FESTIVALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE SEA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHING RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DEL MAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL WATERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAW OF THE SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE LA MER</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROSPHERE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDROSFERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THAT PART OF THE EARTH THAT IS WATER E.G. OCEANS, LAKES AND RIVERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROSPHERE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANDSCAPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAISAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LANDSCAPES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL FORESTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUNGLES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMID TROPICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORÊT TROPICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TROPICAL FORESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BOSQUE Y SELVA TROPICALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRIKAANS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRIKAANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRENADA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRENADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRANADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRENADA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURGERY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPLANTATION D'ORGANES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS OF SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRASPLANTE DE ÓRGANOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PILOT PROJECTS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROJECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PILOT PROJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEASIBILITY STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROJET PILOTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECTO PILOTO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVABLE CULTURAL PROPERTY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIEN CULTURAL MUEBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIEN CULTUREL MEUBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOVABLE CULTURAL PROPERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL AMERICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUATEMALA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉRIQUE CENTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIZE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HONDURAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EL SALVADOR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NICARAGUA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTA RICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMÉRICA CENTRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANAMA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANIAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROUMAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROMANIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RUMANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORM�TICA Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATIQUE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE PERIÓDICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE JOURNAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWSPAPER LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAU">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALAOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREPARACIÓN DE TEXTO PARA LA PUBLICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITORS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉPARATION D'UN TEXTE POUR PUBLICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDITING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MAPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE PÉDOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL MAPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAPA EDAFOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUSTICE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUSTICIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JUSTICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL THEORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A HISTÓRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW TOWNS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VILLE NOUVELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEW TOWNS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIUDAD NUEVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE QUANTITATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS CUANTITATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIOUS METALS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METAL PRECIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOLD"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWELRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTAL PRÉCIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRECIOUS METALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRISONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRISON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURNITURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MEUBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECORATIVE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FURNITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUEBLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECTRICIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRICITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLECTRICITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTIVE COURSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS À OPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COURSES CHOSEN FREELY BY A STUDENT FROM AMONG A NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES; CONTRASTS WITH A REQUIRED COURSE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTIVE COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COEDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COEDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COEDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COEDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL LITERACY">
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GENERAL CONCEPT OF RELATING LITERACY TO IMPROVED LIVING CONDITIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUNCTIONAL LITERACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALPHABÉTISATION FONCTIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFABETIZACIÓN FUNCIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS PRESENTATION">
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICS PRESENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉSENTATION DE STATISTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNSATURATED SOILS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOL NON-SATURÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUELO NO SATURADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNSATURATED SOILS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PREPARATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREPARACIÓN DE ALIMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉPARATION DES ALIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CUSTOMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD PREPARATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL MINING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHARBONNAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINA DE CARBÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COAL MINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DROPOUTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPPING OUT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE ABANDONNANT LA SCOLARITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO DESERTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FAILURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORCHESTRAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORCHESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORQUESTA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACROECONOMICS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACROÉCONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACROECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MACROECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC MODELS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN IND�GENA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POPULATION INDIGÈNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFORESTATION">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEFORESTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEFORESTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉBOISEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMAL SPRINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURCE THERMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANANTIAL DE AGUA TERMAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOVENIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESLOVENIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YUGOSLAVIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SLOVÉNIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLOVENIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILDRENS BOOKS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIVRE D'ENFANTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILDRENS BOOKS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRO PARA NIÑOS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLOBALIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONDIALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GLOBALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GLOBALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROGRAPHE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDRÓGRAFO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROGRAPHS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GYPSIES">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANY LANGUAGE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TZIGANE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GITANO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS">
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRADOR DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LÓGICA MATEM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICAL LOGIC</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGIQUE MATHÉMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTRY PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY STYLE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY STYLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTILO LITERARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STYLE LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPIRICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL METHODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPIRICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN EMP�RICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METHODOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE EMPIRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARBITRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROCEDURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLERGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSIONARY WORK"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLERGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLERGÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER ROLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO SEXUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT SEXUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART BOOKS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART BOOKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRO DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIVRE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUECHUA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUECHUA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINT MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPROGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPRESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRINTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALARIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALUDISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL DISEASES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOBILITY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR MOBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVILIDAD DE LA MANO DE OBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL WORKERS TO MOVE IN AND AMONG LABOUR MARKETS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOBILITÉ DE LA MAIN-D'OEUVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR SUPPLY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ACCOUNTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPTABILITÉ NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INCOME"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL ACCOUNTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTABILIDAD NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACROECONOMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THAT PROVIDED BY SOCIETIES BEFORE OR ALONGSIDE THE INTRODUCTION OF A FORMAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL AREAS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DISPARITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL AREAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHRÉTIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHRISTIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISTIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ECONOMICS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK COSTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK COSTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT DES LIVRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO DE LOS LIBROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAUVRETÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF POVERTY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBREZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POVERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEALTH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POOR"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONALISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANISH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DANISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DANOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DANÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION GOUVERNEMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN GUBERNAMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFUSIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFUSION DES CONNAISSANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURTHER TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECURRENT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SPECIAL INSTRUCTION TO DEVELOP SKILLS NEEDED TO IMPROVE JOB PERFORMANCE OF PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL; USUALLY SHORT TERM AND JOB SPECIFIC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE SUPÉRIEURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROFESSIONAL TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTHROPOLOGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">APPLICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS TO THE STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND PROCESSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL VALUES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTROPOLOG�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE DE TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLIED RESEARCH">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE APPLIQUÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APPLIED RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION ORIENTED RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN APLICADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RESEARCH WHICH IS DESIGNED TO CREATE A NEW TECHNOLOGY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM REORGANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DE MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLEARING HOUSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABSTRACTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO BIBLIOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STATISTICS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, ESTAD�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, STATISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME PLANNING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROGRAMME PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE PROGRAMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUECHUA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE AMÉRINDIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIANS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA AMERINDIANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUARANI"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AYMARA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROJECTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOROASTRIANISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZOROASTRISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZOROASTRISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ZOROASTRIANISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUAJE FAMILIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIALECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGAGE FAMILIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPOKEN LANGUAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMBER THEORY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARITHMETIC"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DES NOMBRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LOS NÚMEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGEBRA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUMBER THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL VALUES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VALEUR CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL VALUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VALOR CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME AND WEALTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INCOME AND WEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGRESO Y RIQUEZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.25 ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REVENU ET RICHESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FROM BIRTH TO ADOLESCENCE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A DEL NIÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE DE L'ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME PREVENTION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINAL LAW"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEFT PROTECTION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POLIC�A</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SURVEILLANCE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SAMPLING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIGILANCIA AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ PUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOSA�QUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOSAICS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER AIDES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER AIDES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IMMIGRANTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAME THEORY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN OPERATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLIED RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS TO THE ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS SO AS TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM SOLUTIONS FOR DECISION MAKING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCENARIOS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL MODELS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE MENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL HEALTH"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MENTAL DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHIATRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOSES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUROSES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETS">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POETRY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POETS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION FACTORS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FACTOR DE PRODUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FACTEUR DE PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO MÉDICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN AUTHORS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME ÉCRIVAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN AUTHORS</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC CHANGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO CLIM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLIMATIC CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGULAR CLASS PLACEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANT HANDICAPÉ</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUMANISMO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANCIENT ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC MATTER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA ORG�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE ORGANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIC CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION PÉRISCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY EXTENSION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXTENSION EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME STUDY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT PUMPS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE CHAUFFAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEATING EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFRESHER COURSES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REFRESHER COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MISE À NIVEAU DES CONNAISSANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETRAINING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT CONTROL">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER PREVENTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DROUGHT CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUCHA CONTRA LA SEQU�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE CONTRE LA SÉCHERESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES">
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR PHYSICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACOUSTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS F�SICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMODYNAMICS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETISM"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE LEGISLATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LÉGISLATION DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LEGISLACIÓN SOBRE LOS ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE LEGISLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RACISME -DOCTRINE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RACISMO -DOCTRINA-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL PREJUDICE"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CIRCLES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICY MAKING"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPÉRATION DE GESTION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COUTUMES ET TRADITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CUSTOMS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉGYPTE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA INFORM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EMPLOYMENT">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEO DE LOS DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANPOWER"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH -PLANET-"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOSPHERE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THAT PART OF THE EARTH, AND THE ATMOSPHERE SURROUNDING IT, WHICH IS ABLE TO SUPPORT LIFE.</skos:scopeNote>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESIGN"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE AGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDIEVAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA MEDIEVAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE MÉDIÉVALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE HISTORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAHMANISM"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HINDUISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HINDUISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HINDOUISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMOCRATIZACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">POLICY OF ENSURING EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉMOCRATISATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORWEGIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORVÉGIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORWEGIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORUEGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPLORATION GÉOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPLORACIÓN GEOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OR PROGRESS IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF A COMMUNITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESSON PLANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLAN DE LEÇON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A TEACHER'S OUTLINE OF WHAT HE HOPES TO ACCOMPLISH WITH THE STUDENTS DURING A PARTICULAR LESSON. IT MAY LIST AIMS, MAIN TEACHING POINTS, MEDIA AND RESOURCES, TEACHING AND EVALUATION METHODS, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSROOM TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLAN DE CLASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LESSON PLANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAMORPHIC ROCKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROCA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IGNEOUS ROCKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING STONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROCKS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIGITAL COMPUTERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPUTADORA NUMÉRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CALCULATEUR NUMÉRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIGITAL COMPUTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABANDONED CHILDREN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESIDENTIAL CHILD CARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABANDONED CHILDREN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STREET CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANT ABANDONNÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIÑO ABANDONADO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSFERT DE SAVOIR-FAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KNOW-HOW TRANSFER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOWLEDGE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSFERENCIA DE CONOCIMIENTOS TECNOLÓGICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL AND MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT A TECHNOLOGY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
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+    </skos:related>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCEANOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉANOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD POPULATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN MUNDIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORLD POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POPULATION MONDIALE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN INTEGRADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION INTÉGRÉ</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUARANI">
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE">
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UTILISATION DES TERRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL LAND"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">USO DE LA TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND USE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION">
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN ANTIDROGADICCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUG EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION CONTRE L'ABUS DES DROGUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES">
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS MINERALES MARINOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA BED MINING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN FLOOR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES MINÉRALES DE LA MER</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA PÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION CRISES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERNIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL REVOLUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUERTO RICO">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PORTO RICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUERTO RICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC DATA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC MAPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DATO CLIM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLIMATIC DATA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DONNÉE CLIMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.40 LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.65 LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS ENERGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENERG�A DE LA BIOMASA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENERGY FROM THE CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST RESIDUES, STANDING VEGETATION, ENERGY CROPS, AND WASTES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGAS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉNERGIE DE LA BIOMASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOMASS ENERGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA ESTAD�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATISTICS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA STATISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASIC EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN B�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A BROADER CONCEPT THAN PRIMARY SCHOOLING, COMPRISING EARLY CHILD EDUCATION, ADULT LITERACY PROGRAMMES, AND A RANGE OF NONFORMAL ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE AND ADULTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DE BASE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRAPOLATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXTRAPOLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPOLATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXTRAPOLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACKS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NOIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUREDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BLACKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NEGRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOLOGIE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOLOG�A AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL PRESS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSE PÉRIODIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRENSA PERIÓDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIRCULATION FIGURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERIODICAL PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGROUND PRESS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRATÉGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONVERSION OF POLICY GOALS INTO OPERATIONAL TERMS, INCLUDING SOME INDICATION OF ALTERNATIVE PATHS TO REACH THESE GOALS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATEGIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA ATTENDANCE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASISTENCIA AL CINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CINEMA ATTENDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FRÉQUENTATION DES CINÉMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT HELENA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZIMBABWE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE AUSTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESOTHO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZAMBIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA MERIDIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWAZILAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOZAMBIQUE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTSWANA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGOLA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUTHERN AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAMIBIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEX">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTERACTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES ENTRE GRUPOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERGROUP RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS INTERGROUPES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIODIFUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PRODUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BROADCASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SATELLITE BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL BROADCASTING"/>
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+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GLACIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GLACIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA ICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GLACIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOPOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERMAFROST"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREJUDICE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREJUICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTOLERANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREJUDICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉJUGÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BARRAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER STORAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOOD CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPRESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DAMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPOTRANSPIRATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL ART"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILLUSTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ILUSTRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADE REPETITION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPETITION RATE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FAILURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOW ACHIEVERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REDOUBLEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPETICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRADE REPETITION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENEGAL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SENEGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOMALI">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOMALI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAMITIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALTA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA AMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMERICAN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE AMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOBILITY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVILIDAD ESTUDIANTIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOBILITÉ DES ÉTUDIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT MOBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINAL LAW"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.05 LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO, DEMOCRATIC R">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONGO, REPÚBLICA DEMOCR�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONGO, RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONGO, DEMOCRATIC R</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN POPULATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAWAIIAN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HAWA�EN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HAWAIANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HAWAIIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE D'ASIE DU SUD ET DU SUD-EST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIBETAN"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURMESE"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KHMER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA DE SUR Y SURESTE DE ASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINESE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIETNAMESE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAI LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA AEROESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRCRAFT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE AÉROSPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AEROSPACE INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC MAN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSYRIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCK PAINTINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHAEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING"/>
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+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAXATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISCAL POLICY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FISCALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRIBUTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAXATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME TAX"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PROPERTY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC PROPERTY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD LITERARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY PROPERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NOISE CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUCHA CONTRA EL RUIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE ANTI-BRUIT</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORY SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CÉCITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLIND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BLINDNESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUR BLINDNESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE BLIND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CEGUERA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT DE GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUP BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO DE GRUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TOYS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JOUET ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUGUETE EDUCATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL TOYS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH DEFINITION TV">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALTA DEFINICIÓN TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TÉLÉVISION HAUTE DÉFINITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HIGH DEFINITION TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUR TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CABLE TELEVISION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROECONOMICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROECONOM�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROÉCONOMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THAT PART OF THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS DEVOTED TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF PEOPLE, GOVERNMENTS, AND ORGANIZATIONS IN SPECIFIC MARKETS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEONTOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALÉONTOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALEONTOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOSSILS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAEONTOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGANESE">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANGANESO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANGANESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ANY SCIENCE THAT STUDIES HUMAN AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR IN ITS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT BY EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL METHODS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DU COMPORTEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION ORIENTED RESEARCH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE AXÉE SUR LES PROBLÈMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MISSION ORIENTED RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RESEARCH DESIGNED FOR THE SOLUTION OF A SPECIFIC PROBLEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBLEM SOLVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN ORIENTADA POR PROBLEMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLIED RESEARCH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODULE D'ENSEIGNEMENT INDIVIDUALISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MATERIALS DESIGNED SO THAT LEARNERS CAN LEARN FROM THEM WITHOUT MUCH HELP FROM A TEACHER: THEY ARE PRE-RECORDED, STORED TEACHING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNING PACKAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEPENDENT STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODULAR INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING GUIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAQUETE DE MATERIALES DID�CTICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATORS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSLATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRADUCTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPRETING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRADUCTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOKSELLING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VENTA DE LIBROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKSELLERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VENTE DE LIVRES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECORATIVE ARTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS DÉCORATIFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DECORATIVE ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURNITURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES DECORATIVAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STORMS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYCLONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEMPÊTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEMPESTAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STORMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WINDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER VAPOUR">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VAPOR DE AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VAPEUR D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMIDITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER VAPOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC PROPERTY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTISTIC PROPERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ ARTISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD ART�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN MASIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A LARGE-SCALE UNDERTAKING AIMED AT DISSEMINATING INFORMATION TO OR INFLUENCE THE OPINION OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC; MAY ALSO BE USED IN RELATION TO THE PROPAGATION OF POPULAR CULTURE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DE MASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MASS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIANS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENHOUSE EFFECT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL POLLUTION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOISE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANMADE DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OIL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN EN CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION EN SCIENCES DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAY LANGUAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MALAYA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE MALAISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALAY LANGUAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE REVIEWS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A PRINTED LIST OF DOCUMENTS CONTAINING FORMAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DOCUMENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTRICHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUSTRIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION AND METHODS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATION AND METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION ET MÉTHODE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN Y MÉTODO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUNTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHASSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACISTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICO FARMACÉUTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHARMACIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHARMACISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.55 EDUCATIONAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANPOWER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY LEADERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL DE EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TORTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIOLENCE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TORTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TORTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIVALENCIA DE DIPLOMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EQUIVALENCE DES DIPLÔMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCTORAL DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEGREES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES ALL LEVELS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL DEGRADATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉGRADATION DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL POLLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEGRADACIÓN DE SUELOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL DEGRADATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL FERTILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL EROSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PLURALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COEXISTENCE WITHIN SOCIETY OF CULTURALLY DIFFERENTIATED GROUPS WHICH MAINTAIN SEPARATE WAYS OF LIFE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLURALISME CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLURALISMO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISCRIMINATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGE DISCRIMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.20 SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCRIMINACIÓN POR EDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCRIMINATION FONDÉE SUR L'ÂGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISTRIBUTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SITE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUGAR DE INTERÉS ARQUEOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS SECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHURCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IGLESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉGLISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDICADOR EDUCATIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NUMERICAL DATA USED TO ASSESS VARIOUS ASPECTS OF EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDICATEUR DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADULTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADULTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION CONTRE LES RAYONNEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIÓN CONTRA LA RADIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY DEVICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIATION PROTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR PRISONERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRISONNIER DE GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAR PRISONERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRISIONERO DE GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR VICTIMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA PERSONNALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE LA PERSONALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGEMENT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE ADMINISTRADORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES TO INCREASE MANAGERIAL AND SUPERVISORY SKILLS OF MANAGERS AND MANAGEMENT TRAINEES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES GESTIONNAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLOBALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BARBADOS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BARBADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BARBADOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APPRENTISSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING READINESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEMORIZATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APRENDIZAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.05 EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIAN SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE ARMENIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARMENIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS D'ARMÉNIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTALLY DISABLED">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICALLY DISABLED"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOW LEARNERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HANDICAPÉ MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MENTALLY DISABLED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPEDIDO MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A 'LIBRARY' WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ACQUIRING AND CONSERVING COPIES OF ALL SIGNIFICANT PUBLICATIONS PUBLISHED IN THE COUNTRY AND MAY FUNCTION AS A 'LEGAL DEPOSIT LIBRARY'.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SOCIETY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL SOCIETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ORGANIZED AND LEGALLY BOUND SOCIAL LIFE THAT IS VOLUNTARY AND AUTONOMOUS FROM THE STATE, SUCH AS NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ASSOCIATIONS AND GRASSROOT MOVEMENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ CIVILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BODY TEMPERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METABOLISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FISIOLOG�A HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYSIOLOGIE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTHANASIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUTANASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUTHANASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EUTHANASIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING READINESS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MADUREZ PARA EL APRENDIZAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING READINESS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APTITUDE À L'APPRENTISSAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNING READINESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CREATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL CREATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC CREATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN LITERATURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE EUROPÉENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN ART"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUROPEAN LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA EUROPEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUT RATE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TASA DE DESERCIÓN ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAUX D'ABANDON EN COURS D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DROPOUT RATE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPPING OUT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEEP SEA DIVING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEEP SEA DIVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLONGÉE SOUS-MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NATACIÓN SUBMARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANNIVERSAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CELEBRACIÓN DE ANIVERSARIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURMESE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIRMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BURMESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIRMANO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEXICOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOMINIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOMINICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FOUILLE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXCAVACIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RIGHTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.10 HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS CULTURELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA GRATUITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT GRATUIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FEES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NON FEE-PAYING EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPULSORY EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAILWAY TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT FERROVIAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE FERROVIARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RAILWAY TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLEMOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLÉMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POLEMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLEMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLIC DEPOSITS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THORIUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPPER"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERCURY"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SODIUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URANIUM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALCIUM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNGSTEN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRYSTALLOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIOUS METALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGANESE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEAD"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALLURGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLUTONIUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY ACTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPOWERMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY LEADERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN COMUNITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO FORESTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREST PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT FORESTIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNCONSCIOUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATERAL DOMINANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN NATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTIVATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOUNDARIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FRONTIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOUNDARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FRONTERA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA MEDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEOPATHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACUPUNCTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREVENTIVE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIETETICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME MÉDICAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGISTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIÓLOGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM SCRIPTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCÉNARIO DE FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCENARIO DE PEL�CULAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM SCRIPTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITUANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITHUANIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITHUANIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDEN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNION EUROPEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LUXEMBOURG"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UNION EUROPÉENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPAIN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRELAND"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELGIUM"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINLAND"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER NOVEMBER 1993. OTHERWISE, USE 'EEC COUNTRIES'.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREECE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUROPEAN UNION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGRESSION ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE RÉGRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL INFERENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE REGRESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRELATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGRESSION ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERGERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUSIÓN DE EMPRESAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONOPOLIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MERGERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIZE OF ENTERPRISE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FUSION D'ENTREPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY ANIMALS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMAL DE LABORATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMAL DE LABORATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABORATORY ANIMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITIONAL DISEASES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE DE LA NUTRITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBESITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD DE LA NUTRICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALNUTRITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METABOLISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUTRITIONAL DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORIOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTORIOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT TAXONOMY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAXONOMIE BOTANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAXONOM�A BOT�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES OF PLANTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT TAXONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH DISORDERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLASES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFERENCE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATLAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ATLAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATLASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANTOMIME">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PANTOMIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PANTOMIMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVES NATIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS NACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉAN INDIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDIAN OCEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCÉANO INDICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOURNALIST SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE PERIODISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE DE JOURNALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�AS DE LA INFORMACIÓN-HARDWARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR INTENSITY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR INTENSITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL INTENSITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTENSIDAD DE MANO DE OBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATIVELY GREATER LABOUR COSTS THAN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT COSTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTENSITÉ DE MAIN D'OEUVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL DEPOSIT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE DEPÓSITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A 'LIBRARY' RECEIVING BY LAW OR UNDER ARRANGEMENTS FREE COPIES OF ALL OR ALL REQUIRED NATIONAL PUBLICATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE DÉPOSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVEMENT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPRESIÓN CORPORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALLET"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPRESSION CORPORELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOVEMENT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FINANCEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBVENTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVESTMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGET CONTRIBUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FINANCIACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN INTERCULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION INTERCULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIO HIDROGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BATHYMETRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LEVÉ HYDROGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC MACHINES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRIC MACHINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">M�QUINA ELÉCTRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACHINE ÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.30 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AID"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA AL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD AID"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL AID"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILATERAL AID"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE AID"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT MODELS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE EL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STYLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIUE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NIUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NIOUÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PILGRIMAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEREGRINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS PRACTICE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉLERINAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PILGRIMAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE LA ENERG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIES D'ÉNERGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARID ZONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRY FARMING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SCIENCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE ARIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SOILS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA �RIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURBINES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TURBINES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURBINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TURBINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TURBINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COSTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL COSTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BUDGETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROLIFERATION TREATIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONPROLIFERATION TREATIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRATADO DE NO PROLIFERACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITÉ DE NON PROLIFÉRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO NEWS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME RADIOPHONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME CONTENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA RADIOFÓNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETYMOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ETYMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETYMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ETIMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATTLE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GANADO VACUNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CATTLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÉTAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN INVESTMENT">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INVESTISSEMENT ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGN INVESTMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOINT VENTURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN DE RECREO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH HOSTELS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECREATIONAL FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION RÉCRÉATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.65 LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORNITHOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORNITOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORNITHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORNITHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE ARABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA �RABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB ART"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARAB CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARABIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNREST"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR DISPUTES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL CONFLICTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CLASS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN RENEWAL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN RENEWAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RENOVACIÓN URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉNOVATION URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.10 EDUCATIONAL POLICY">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE ROUTES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RUTA COMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SILK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROUTE COMMERCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADE ROUTES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONALISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGIONALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY IN A SUBNATIONAL CONTEXT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIONALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REGIONALISM</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINIATURE PAINTINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINIATURE PAINTINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINIATURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINIATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGISTS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTALISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM CURATORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.80 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF EMPLOYED"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIANS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICIANS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTREPRENEURS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN IN POLITICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICIANS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAWYERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVANTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALISTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROFESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FARMERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICIANS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENTISTS"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORKERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTHIQUE DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEONTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHICS OF SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ÉTICA DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL ETHICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FILMS">
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL VIDEO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION"/>
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+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE D'AGRICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPONSIBILITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPONSABILITÉ MORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERIAL CHARACTERISTICS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL CONCEPTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF ACTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPONSABILIDAD MORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESPONSIBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PATRIMONIO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISAPPEARING LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LANDSCAPES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PATRIMOINE CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL HERITAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL VALUES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A SOCIETY'S SOCIAL, ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL INHERITANCE FROM THE PAST, BOTH TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEMAND">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DEMANDE D'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CONSUMER DEMAND FOR EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL DEMAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEMANDA DE EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE REVIEWS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERATURE REVIEWS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ART�CULO BIBLIOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A SURVEY OF PROGRESS IN A PARTICULAR FIELD OF SCIENCE OVER A GIVEN PERIOD.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE HYDROGÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAPA HIDROGEOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.25 CHEMICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL KINETICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOLERANCE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERALISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTOLERANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOLERANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF PEACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOLERANCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POTTERY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFARER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CERAMIC ART"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLAYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POTTERY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POTERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPULSORY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCOLARITÉ OBLIGATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPULSORY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCOLARIDAD OBLIGATORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AVIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL AVIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AVIACIÓN CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRANSPORT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVIATION CIVILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRPORTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEOTEX">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VIDEOTEX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DISCUSSIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEBATE EN GRUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUP DISCUSSIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCUSSION DE GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CIRCLES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETIREMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENSIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RETIREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELDERLY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RETRAITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUBILACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAINERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTRUCTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PERSONS WHO DIRECT THE PRACTICE OF SKILLS TOWARD IMMEDIATE IMPROVEMENT IN SOME ART OR TASK.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALBANIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALBANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALBANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS BIENES CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VANDALISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF WORKS OF ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAUVEGARDE DES BIENS CULTURELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESTORATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY, AS WELL AS TO ITS PROTECTION AGAINST VANDALISM, THEFT AND REMOVAL FROM COUNTRY OF ORIGIN.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAILWAY TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEHICLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TREN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAILWAY STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERMINOLOG�A DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERMINOLOGIE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISOTOPES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOISOTOPES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISOTOPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ISOTOPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISÓTOPO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DU VERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLASS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DEL VIDRIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GLASS TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERALISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBERALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBÉRALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOLERANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEGREES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEGREES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">T�TULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCTORAL DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACHELORS DEGREES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RUSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RUSSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1918.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RUSSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉGRADATION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL DEGRADATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFORESTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DETERIORO AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECORDS MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DE DOSSIERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THAT AREA OF GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT CONCERNED WITH ACHIEVING ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY IN THE CREATION, USE AND MAINTENANCE, AND DISPOSITION OF RECORDS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS APPRAISAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LOS REGISTROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASCISM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOTALITARIANISM"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACISM -DOCTRINE-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FASCISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FASCISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FASCISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTATORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAZISM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAD LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATIN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL FACTORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONINDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.15 SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOCIETY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PART TIME EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT ON A REGULAR BASIS FOR HOURS SUBSTANTIALLY SHORTER THAN THE STANDARD HOURS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOI À TEMPS PARTIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PART TIME EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEO DE JORNADA PARCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERCURY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MERCURIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MERCURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MERCURY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION PRINTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCOMPOSITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPESETTING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGRAVING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPRESIÓN DE ILUSTRACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILLUSTRATION PRINTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPRESSION D'ILLUSTRATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPER">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAPIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPER TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAPER</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FACILITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION D'ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE REPOSITORIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE EQUIPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF EMPLOYED"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUAL WORKERS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FACTORY WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYEES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYED"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLED WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDEOLOGIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IDEOLOGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IDÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IDEOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALCOHOL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLISM"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN ANTIALCOHÓLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION ANTI-ALCOOLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROINDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RAW MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROPS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MARKETS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.55 MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUNDACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROVIDE GRANTS OR FUNDS TO FINANCE RESEARCH, SERVICES, FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FONDATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RWANDA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RWANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MELTING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MELTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUSIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES EN EJERCICIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DESIGNED TO ENABLE TEACHERS TO BE RETRAINED, OR TO OBTAIN A HIGHER LEVEL CERTIFICATE, OR EVEN TO BE INITIALLY TRAINED WHEN ALREADY IN THE FIELD.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES ENSEIGNANTS EN EXERCICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CENTRES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILIEU RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL AREAS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY METHODS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO DE ALFABETIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE D'ALPHABÉTISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERACY METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS NUMÉRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUMERICAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE NUMÉRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFENCE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS SALES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMS RACE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉFENSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEFENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEFENSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RARE BOOKS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUSCRIPTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRO RARO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RARE BOOKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIVRE RARE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONVERSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONVERSION D'ÉNERGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY CONVERSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONVERSIÓN DE ENERG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXAMEN PRATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXAMEN PR�CTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STATISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL MAPPING">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PLANNING FURTHER PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAPA ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL MAPPING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL SIZE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY AREAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASS SIZE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LITTÉRATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERATURE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITIES EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA LITERATURA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA INFORM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE L'INFORMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUATORIAL GUINEA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUINEA ECUATORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EQUATORIAL GUINEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CZECHOSLOVAKIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CHECOSLOVAQUIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1992.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CZECHOSLOVAKIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUYANA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUYANE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUYANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL IDENTITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL STEREOTYPES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IDENTITÉ NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL IDENTITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ANTHEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IDENTIDAD NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINESE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHINESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHINOIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CHINO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL TOWNS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIUDAD PEQUEÑA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PETITE VILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMALL TOWNS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL POWER STATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRALE THERMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRAL TÉRMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMAL POWER STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENERGY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THORIUM">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THORIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL WELFARE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATERNAL WELFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION DE LA MÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIENESTAR DE LA MADRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SECURITY"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIACIÓN SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR HEATING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSMIC RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR RADIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RAYONNEMENT SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUN"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELATIVITY"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRYSTALLOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTROPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODYNAMICS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCREDITATION -EDUCATION-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGRÉMENT -ÉDUCATION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACREDITACIÓN -EDUCACIÓN-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCREDITATION -EDUCATION-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RECOGNITION AND APPROVAL OF THE ACADEMIC STANDARDS OF AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION BY SOME EXTERNAL, IMPARTIAL BODY OF HIGH PUBLIC ESTEEM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIECHTENSTEIN">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIECHTENSTEIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMAS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIPLÔME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CERTIFICATES OF HIGHER EDUCATION WITH LESS WEIGHT THAN A DEGREE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIPLOMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIPLOMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOURS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN PORTUARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOUR AND COASTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITIME TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION PORTUAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HARBOURS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN SPACES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SETTLEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL AREAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS Y USOS DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ROLE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ROLE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT ROLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÔLE DES PARENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PAPEL DE LOS PADRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPONSABILITÉ SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE SECTOR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SECTEUR PRIVÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SECTOR PRIVADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE OWNERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATE SECTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAPAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JAPAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JAPON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JAPON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CULTURAL DIMENSION OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FARMERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGRICULTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRICULTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FARMERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN POL�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIC EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T7_COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�SES Y AGRUPACIONES DE PA�SES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.45 LINGUISTIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COUNTRIES AND COUNTRY GROUPINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.30 ECONOMIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.40 ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.20 EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDEN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUÈDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SWEDEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUECIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEREST GROUPS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEST MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTEREST GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE UNIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPE D'INTÉRÊT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO DE INTERÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC LAW">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO ISL�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT ISLAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLAMIC LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREGNANCY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NACIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NAISSANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIRTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE CYCLE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC TEACHING PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC TEACHING PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORPS ENSEIGNANT UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISITING TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL ACADÉMICO DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN TEACHERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEUNE NON SCOLARISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JOVEN SIN ESCOLARIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINEES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO DE ESCUELA SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME D'ÉTUDES SECONDAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYSTICISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHEISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BREAST FEEDING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BREAST FEEDING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLAITEMENT NATUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LACTANCIA MATERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUSTANI">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUJARATI"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URDU"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDI"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HINDUSTANI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION EXCHANGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCHANGE D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION EXCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERCAMBIO DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">UNIVERSITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION WITH LEGAL RIGHT TO CONFER DEGREES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNIVERSIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC TEACHING PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN UNIVERSITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERFORMING ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES ESCÉNICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS DU SPECTACLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPRETING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATORS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERACTION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ISOLATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERACCIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL INTERACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DYNAMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXECUTION DE PROJET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EJECUCIÓN DE PROYECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION CRISES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVILIZATION CRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CRISIS DE CIVILIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CRISES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SITUATION IN WHICH A CIVILIZATION IS FUNDAMENTALLY CALLED INTO QUESTION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRISE DE CIVILISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SUPPLY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISPONIBILITÉS ALIMENTAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUMINISTRO DE ALIMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD SHORTAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD CONSUMPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD SUPPLY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT RATIO">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ENROLMENT AS PERCENTAGE OF RELEVANT AGE GROUP.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENROLMENT RATIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TASA DE MATR�CULA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAUX D'INSCRIPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINT-VINCENT-ET-GRENADINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAN VICENTE Y LAS GRANADINAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INNOVACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CHANGES IN OBJECTIVES, CONTENT OR METHODS INITIATED, AS A RULE, IN EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INNOVATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHOD INNOVATIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SATÉLITE METEOROLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SATELLITE MÉTÉOROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEXICO">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MEXIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEXICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.65 EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.30 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.20 EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.60 TEACHING AND TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.10 EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.05 EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.55 EDUCATIONAL POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.35 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.40 CURRICULUM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EQUIPEMENT D'IMPRIMERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING PAPER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRINTING EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO TIPOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPH THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CODES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAME THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEOR�A DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM PROCESSES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION THEORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES THE CODING AND DECODING OF MESSAGES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉORIE DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL NUTRITION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL NUTRITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUTRICIÓN ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NUTRITION ANIMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIA">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITUANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITHUANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITUANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA JUR�DICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAWYERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DU DROIT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARTOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARTOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTISTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE DIRECTORS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.45 ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTISTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN ARTISTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMAGNETISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOMAGNÉTISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOMAGNETISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOMAGNETISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL REFORM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL REFORM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFORMA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW REFORM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND REFORM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DEL GOBIERNO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING TRAINING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM MAKING TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION AUX TECHNIQUES DU FILM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE CINEASTAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUIFERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPA ACU�FERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NAPPE AQUIFÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AQUIFERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUNDWATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE WRITING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CREATIVE WRITING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCRITURA DE CREACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING -COMPOSITION-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCRITURE CRÉATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMAL MARIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE ANIMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHELLFISH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMAL MARINO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN DEL PERSONAL DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOURNALIST EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES PERSONNELS DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK PRODUCTION TRAINING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL AGREEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACUERDO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCORD CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL AGREEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARXISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARXISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARXISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARXISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT THEORY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER DISCHARGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVERSEMENT DES EAUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER DISCHARGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAUDAL DE AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER DISCHARGE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING RESEARCH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LA LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPÉRIMENTATION PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPERIMENTO EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL GROUPS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP SIZE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO PEQUEÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMALL GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PETIT GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL CORRUPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FRANCÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRENCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANCE LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FRANÇAIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESCHOOL CHILDREN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREPRIMARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIÑO DE EDAD PREESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENFANT D'ÂGE PRÉSCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLCHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAY NURSERIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRESCHOOL CHILDREN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE RECORDS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGISTRO DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE RECORDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOSSIER D'ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE FINDING AIDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDS MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEAT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEINS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARNE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL POLLUTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTAMINACIÓN DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE SOILS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL DEGRADATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL POLLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLLUTION DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONUMENTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIC MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSQUES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MONUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MONUMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALACES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MONUMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DE FORMATION DES ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCRIMINACIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISCRIMINATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIRA CÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BANDE DESSINÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.45 CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL, MILITARY AND MINING ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILITARY ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A CIVIL, MILITAR Y DE MINAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VITAMINS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VITAMINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VITAMINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRACE ELEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VITAMINS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IGNEOUS ROCKS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IGNEOUS ROCKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROCHE IGNÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ROCA �GNEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB SATISFACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMBIENTE DE TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORK ENVIRONMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MILIEU DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK LITERATURE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOLK LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE FOLKLORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROVERBS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGENDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA FOLKLÓRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERAPY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NARCOPSYCHOTHÉRAPIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NARCOSICOTERAPIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOTHERAPY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÂTIMENT DE BIBLIOTHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE REPOSITORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO DE LA BIBLIOTECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINDHI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SINDHI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA LEVEL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEA LEVEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NIVEAU DE LA MER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODESY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NIVEL DEL MAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LEVEL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORD INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VIDEO RECORD INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DEL DISCO VIDEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DU DISQUE VIDÉO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE LIFE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ALGAE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIE MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDA MARINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARINE LIFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANKTON"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ANIMALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT TRANSPIRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPIRATION DES PLANTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPIRACIÓN VEGETAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT TRANSPIRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STAINED GLASS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GLASS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VERRE COLORÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDRIO DE COLOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STAINED GLASS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION PROTECTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCURITÉ NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEGURIDAD NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR SAFETY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTITUTION FINANCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIÓN FINANCIERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANISM"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FILMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTUALIDADES CINEMATOGR�FICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION NEWS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTUALITÉS CINÉMATOGRAPHIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWS FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERITREA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ERITREA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉRYTHRÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BÂTIMENT DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.15 EDUCATIONAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HANDWRITING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALLIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCRITURA MANUSCRITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCRITURE MANUSCRITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER TEACHING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS ENTRE PAIRS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES ENTRE PARES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEER RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCY DEVALUATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF PAYMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVALUATION DE LA MONNAIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEVALUACIÓN MONETARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRENCY DEVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPOLATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTRAPOLATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORMALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STANDARDIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONALIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INSTITUTIONALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIONALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTITUTIONNALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARENT SCHOOL RELATIONSHIP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT ROLE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION PARENTS-ÉCOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN PADRES-ESCUELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT PARTICIPATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SUPPLY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ABASTECIMIENTO DE ENERG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY SUPPLY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DISPONIBILITÉS ÉNERGÉTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORM EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPAMIENTO PARA MICROFORMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROFORM EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL DE MICROREPRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AERODYNAMICS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AERODYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AÉRODYNAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AERODIN�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOW"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID DYNAMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES ADMINISTRATIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING ABILITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">APTITUD PARA LA LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING ABILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING TESTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">APTITUDE À LA LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYSLEXIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING READINESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRICES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITY PRICES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIX AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL PRICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MARKETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRECIO AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICIANS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATEM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATHÉMATICIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN NATURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN NATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NATURALEZA HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIND"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATURE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY OF MIND"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICINAL PLANTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICINAL PLANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANTE MÉDICINALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANTA MEDICINAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUGS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY DISORDERS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALADJUSTMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERSONALITY DISORDERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRASTORNOS DE LA PERSONALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TROUBLES DE LA PERSONNALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY EXTENSION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFELONG EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION PÉRI-UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY EXTENSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EXTENSION ACTIVITY OF UNIVERSITIES ORGANIZING LOCAL SHORT OR PART TIME COURSES IN ACADEMIC SUBJECTS TO ADULTS OTHER THAN ITS STUDENTS, USUALLY AWAY FROM THE CAMPUS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTENSION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXTENSIÓN UNIVERSITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE DISPOSAL">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WASTE DISPOSAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLIMINATION DES DÉCHETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELIMINACIÓN DE DESECHOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUPTIALITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUPCIALIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUPTIALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NUPTIALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE EXPLORATION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF SPACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPLORATION SPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE EXPLORATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPLORACIÓN ESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE STATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY TECHNICIANS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, PERSONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.20 INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTREPRISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS ECONOMICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOINT VENTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPRESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENTERPRISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIZE OF ENTERPRISE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOPERATIVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT SELECTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHOIX DE PROJET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SELECCIÓN DE PROYECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROJECT SELECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECT RESTORERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHITECTE RESTAURATEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARQUITECTO RESTAURADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHITECT RESTORERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RED DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSEAU DE TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIA">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARMENIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARMÉNIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMEROON"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHAD"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITANIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAHEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENEGAL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAMBIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALI"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURKINA FASO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUDAN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOWLEDGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONOCIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONNAISSANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KNOWLEDGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PRESERVATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DES ALIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOOD PRESERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS ALIMENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTICS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPOSITE MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLASTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLYMERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PL�STICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATIÈRES PLASTIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION MEDIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FACTOR ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL INFERENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FACTOR ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS FACTORIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE FACTORIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN EN GROUPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DISCUSSIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION EN GROUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROUP COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN TRAFFICKING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORCED LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVERY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN TRAFFICKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAFFIC HUMAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TR�FICO HUMANO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL MARKETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARCHÉ AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MERCADO AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL MARKETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRICES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EUROPE DU NORD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINLAND"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENLAND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTHERN EUROPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORWAY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDEN"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICELAND"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENMARK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUROPA DEL NORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COEXISTENCE PACIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COEXISTENCIA PAC�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SECURITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VENEREAL DISEASES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE VÉNÉRIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VENEREAL DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD VENERÉA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFECTIOUS DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIDEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉPIDÉMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EPIDEMIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EPIDEMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHAUFFAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALEFACCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEATING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOLING SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SHORTAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY SHORTAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCASEZ DE ENERG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSUMPTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉNURIE D'ÉNERGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICRONESIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICRONÉSIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICRONESIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICRONESIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAKISTAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAKISTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY WHEN REFERRING TO THEIR ORGANIZATION, FINANCING, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFERENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECONFERENCING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP DISCUSSIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFERENCE PAPERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONFERENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFÉRENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMAGE FORMATION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DE L'IMAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IMAGE FORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE LA IMAGEN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYANMAR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MYANMAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN DR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA DEMOCR�TICA ALEMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE ALLEMANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BETWEEN 1949 AND 1990.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY FR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GERMAN DR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKEY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TURKEY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURQU�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TURQUIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PLANNING">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LOS ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT INDUSTRIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MALOGRO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EFFECTS OF THE ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS OF REPETITION AND DROPPING OUT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADE REPETITION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPERDITION SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPPING OUT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPETITION RATE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL WASTAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENROLMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROPOUT RATE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSENSUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC LAW"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIMEN JUR�DICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER MODIFICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODIFICACIÓN METEOROLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEATHER MODIFICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE MÉTÉOROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKERS PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS TRABAJADORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY CIRCLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION DES TRAVAILLEURS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSFERT D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FLOW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION TRANSFER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSFERENCIA DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/X-RAYS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RAYONS X</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RAYOS X</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">X-RAYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC CREATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CREATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREACIÓN ART�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARTISTIC CREATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉATION ARTISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ECONOMY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉNAGEMENT RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REGIONAL DISPARITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING METHODS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.60 TEACHING AND TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAINING METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE DE FORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO DE CAPACITACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING COURSES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSERVICE TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPRENTICESHIP"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAINING CENTRES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMORPHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOGRAPHIE PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAPESTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAPICER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAPISSERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARPETS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAPESTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWAZILAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SWAZILAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SWAZILANDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM FESTIVALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA CINEMATOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE CINÉMATOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBLEM SOLVING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESOLUCIÓN DE PROBLEMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION ORIENTED RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROBLEM SOLVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REASONING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSOLUTION DE PROBLÈMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK COSTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER STATIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR CELLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR POWER STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR POWER ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR STILLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRALE SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRAL SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN STUDENTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIRLS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN STUDENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEDIATRICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD REARING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DEL NIÑO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYED">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESEMPLEADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHÔMEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNEMPLOYED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDONESIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDONESIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDONÉSIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDONESIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.40 CURRICULUM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURR�CULO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRUPTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DELITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR CRIMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME PREVENTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CRIME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESPIONAGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.20 SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TORTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL ABUSE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW ENFORCEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN TRAFFICKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRIMINALITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG TRAFFIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEBREW"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRORISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIODIFFUSION COMMERCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIODIFUSIÓN COMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK SELECTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SELECCIÓN DE LIBROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉLECTION DES LIVRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK SELECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ACTIVITY">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES SOLAR WIND, FLARES, PROMINENCES, SUNSPOTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ SOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUN"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD SOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOLAR ACTIVITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OZONE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OZONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OXYGEN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OZONO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR POLLUTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FATHERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FATHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PADRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUGAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOBACCO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT VÉGÉTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COFFEE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETABLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO VEGETAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRUIT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETABLE OILS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOWERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTRUMENT DE MESURE DU TEMPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTRUMENTO DE MEDICIÓN DEL TIEMPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCARBON DATING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MALAYOPOLINESIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAVANESE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE MALAYO-POLYNÉSIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAY LANGUAGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAGASY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDONESIAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HAWAIIAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALAYO-POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAGALOG"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAHITIAN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LEAVING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXEAT SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EGRESO DE LA ESCUELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL LEAVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIETNAMESE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VIETNAMESE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VIETNAMIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIETNAMITA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENZYMES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENZYME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENZIMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENZYMES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFABETIZACIÓN DE ADULTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALPHABÉTISATION DES ADULTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW LITERATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT LITERACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERACY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD WAR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORLD WAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUERRE MONDIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUERRA MUNDIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ASSIGNMENT OF INDEX TERMS TO DOCUMENTS OR OBJECTS WITH THE AIM TO BE ABLE LATER ON TO RETRIEVE THE DOCUMENTS OR OBJECTS ACCORDING TO THE SELECTED CONCEPTS DESIGNATED BY THE INDEX TERMS -ESSENTIALLY, DESCRIPTORS-.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDEXING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDEXATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICAL DATA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTAD�STICA CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL STATISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDICATORS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MODELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONALIGNED COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONALIGNED COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S NO ALINEADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEUTRALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS NON ALIGNÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN RELATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY CIRCULATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY CIRCULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">LENDING TO USERS THE DOCUMENTS REQUESTED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERLIBRARY LOANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CIRCULATION INTERNE DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIO DE PRÉSTAMO DE LAS BIBLIOTECAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENT DELIVERY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL CIRCULATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE MANUFACTURIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA MANUFACTURERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLOW LEARNERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLOW LEARNERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOW ACHIEVERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTALLY DISABLED"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCEPTIONAL STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLÈVE À APPRENTISSAGE LENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALUMNO DE APRENDIZAJE LENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING DISABILITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL YOUTH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL YOUTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEUNE RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JOVEN RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL POPULATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DRAME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PANTOMIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT TECHNIQUE ET PROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY WHEN INDEXING MATERIAL RELATING TO THE RECOMMENDATION ON TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. OTHERWISE, USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA TÉCNICA Y PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONFLICTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL CONFLICTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RELATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL REVOLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST REDUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPENDITURE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST OF LIVING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST ACCOUNTING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COSTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALCULUS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE MATHÉMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS MATEM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY COOPERATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATION UNIVERSITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSITY COOPERATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAKHSTAN"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL ASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKMENISTAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIE CENTRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASIA CENTRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UZBEKISTAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KYRGYZSTAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAJIKISTAN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNANT DU SECONDAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCENTE DE SECUNDARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAMMETRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHOTOGRAMMETRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FOTOGRAMETR�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL ARTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES VISUALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS VISUELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCULPTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VISUAL ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION BOARDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXAMINATION BOARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ORGANIZE THE SETTING AND MARKING OF EXAMINATIONS AND THE RECORDING OF RESULTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JURY D'EXAMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GROUPING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL GROUPING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRUPAMIENTO EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPEMENT ÉDUCATIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY GROUPING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: GROUPING -INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES--</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKISH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TURKISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TURCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TURC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTAIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL AGREEMENTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BILATERAL AGREEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACCORD BILATÉRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACUERDO BILATERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SERVICES DU BÂTIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING SERVICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR CONDITIONING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SERVICIOS COMUNES DE LOS INMUEBLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEATING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGISTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTHROPOLOGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTHROPOLOGISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTROPÓLOGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL WATERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUAS TERRITORIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAUX TERRITORIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERRITORIAL WATERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRITORIAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHING RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE SEA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARGINALISM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARGINALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARGINALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARGINALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL CONSERVATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIVIL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK OTHER THAN BUILDINGS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC WORKS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRIDGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION MEDIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINT MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC MEDIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDIO DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDIA D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MEDIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AMÉRIQUE DU NORD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH AMERICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEXICO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERMUDA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AMÉRICA DEL NORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANADA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.10 AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTUAL DATABASES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BASE DE DONNÉES TEXTUELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BASE DE DATOS TEXTUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEXTUAL DATABASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATABASES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL PROGRAMMES PROVIDED FOR ADULTS OR YOUTH IN PRISONS OR DETENTION CENTRES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION SURVEILLÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN CORRECCIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIALIZATION"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PATRIMONIO INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PATRIMOINE INDUSTRIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUTDOOR EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUBSTANCE DANGEREUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBSTANCIA PELIGROSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOXICOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.60 POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DANGEROUS MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND MINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCIDENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DES THÉÂTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEATRE MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN DE TEATROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL COMPANIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFIC OCEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCÉANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC OCEAN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTARCTIC OCEAN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIAN OCEAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATLANTIC OCEAN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUTONOMIE ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTONOM�A EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ARRANGEMENTS GIVING EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS AT ANY LEVEL A DEGREE OF AUTONOMY IN ADMINISTRATIVE AND PROGRAMME MATTERS. -IBE USES: INSTITUTIONAL SELF MANAGEMENT-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FREEDOM"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ARTICULATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DECENTRALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN FEMENINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION FÉMININE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMENS ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER RELIEF"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASISTENCIA HUMANITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTARY SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISPLACED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD AID"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ANY MATERIAL ASSISTANCE OR INTERCESSION BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN TROUBLED AREAS FOR PURELY HUMANITARIAN ENDS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSISTANCE HUMANITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUADELOUPE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GUADALUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUADELOUPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT MULTIMÉDIAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA POR MULTIMEDIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INTEGRATION OF MORE THAN ONE MEDIUM IN A PRESENTATION OR MODULE OF INSTRUCTION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FILMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RADIO"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN HISTÓRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORIOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEED CONTROL">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WEED CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LUCHA CONTRA LAS MALEZAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE CONTRE LES PLANTES ADVENTICES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HERBICIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTIVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAPPIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LAPÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LAPON</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAPPIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URALIC LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATHOLICISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CATHOLICISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CATOLICISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CATHOLICISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWAHILI">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SWAHILI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANTU LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUAHELI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM FESTIVALS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FESTIVAL DE CINÉMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM FESTIVALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EVENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FESTIVAL DE CINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLIDAYS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VACANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOLIDAYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VACACIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CADRE DE CLASSEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBJECT HEADINGS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTROLLED LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESEARCH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE USE OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PHYSICAL COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE MEDIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHARMACOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FARMACOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHARMACOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LOGICIEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APPLICATION SOFTWARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER SOFTWARE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC SOFTWARE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING STONES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCKS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PIERRE À BÂTIR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PIEDRA DE CONSTRUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING STONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MATERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.10 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JEWS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUD�O</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUDAISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JUIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTISEMITISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AND EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STATE AND EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL BODIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO Y EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT ET ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST OF LIVING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COST OF LIVING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARD OF LIVING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO DE LA VIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT DE LA VIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRICES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL PLANNING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORTICULTURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETABLES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HORTICULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HORTICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOWERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRUIT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALNUTRITION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MALNUTRICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES CALORIE, PROTEIN AND/OR VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MALNUTRITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNGER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGIME PARLEMENTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTORAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA PARLAMENTARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRACY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOGO">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'INFORMATION DE GESTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN PARA LA GESTIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AYMARA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AYMARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AIMARA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA CONTEMPOR�NEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE CONTEMPORAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">LITERATURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY LEADERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMATEUR COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMADOR COMUNITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY LEADERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH LEADERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURUNDI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BURUNDI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUAM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUAM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIQUIDITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONEY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIQUIDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIQUIDITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIQUIDEZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL FLOW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE ARTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS TEXTILES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARPETS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILE INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES TEXTILES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEXTILE ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SILK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAPESTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROCARBONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDROCARBURO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROCARBURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROCARBONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PRODUCERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTOR DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTEUR DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TV/RADIO PRODUCERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDOCRINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANATOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OBESITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME ENDOCRINIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA ENDOCRINO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORMONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CURRENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCEANOGRAF�A DIN�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN WAVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN CIRCULATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉANOGRAPHIE DYNAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINAL LAW"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEBREW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANCIÓN PENAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PENAL SANCTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME PREVENTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANCTION PÉNALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEATH PENALTY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA NORTEAMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AMERICAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE NORD-AMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROTEINS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTE�NA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTÉINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEAT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROTEINS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOTHING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLOTHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTILES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VESTUARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VÊTEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASHION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELATIVITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELATIVITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAVITATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELATIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIVITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENTSIA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELITE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTELECTUALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTELLIGENTSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ELITE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOI DES ÉTUDIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEO DEL ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STUDIES">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ADAPTATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE FROM THE SOCIAL SCIENCES FOR TEACHING PURPOSES AT THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEVELS OF EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TONGA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TONGA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOBILIDAD PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOBILITÉ PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINE TOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE LA PRODUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRODUCTION ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ORGANIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE LA PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE POINTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A AVANZADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HIGH TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER VAPOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SNOWMELT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRESHWATER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOW"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.50 HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RHEOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOTALITARIANISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOTALITARISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAZISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTATORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TOTALITARIANISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FASCISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOTALITARISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHINA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADUATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHÔMAGE DES DIPLOMÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESOCUPACIÓN DE LOS GRADUADOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAMMAR">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRAMMAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYNTAX"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRAMMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORPHOLOGY -LINGUISTICS-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRAM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING GUIDANCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING GUIDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORIENTATION DE LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORIENTACIÓN PARA LA LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROMOTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RIGHTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL RIGHTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS DE L'ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS DE LOS ANIMALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH ASIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ASIA DEL SUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEPAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIE DU SUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BHUTAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SRI LANKA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALDIVES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAKISTAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUTH ASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANGLADESH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIKKIM"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REVENU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINIMUM WAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL STATEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROYALTIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INCOME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFITS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARD OF LIVING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCOME OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR AN ORGANIZATION. OTHERWISE USE "NATIONAL INCOME".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME TAX"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGRESO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGE POLICY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA SALARIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES SALAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAGE POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFICIENCE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEGREE TO WHICH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS ARE SUCCESSFUL IN OPTIMIZING THE EDUCATIONAL INPUT/OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFICIENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INPUT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH LEADERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMADOR DE JOVENES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY LEADERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMATEUR DE JEUNESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">YOUTH LEADERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION NEEDS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BESOIN D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NECESIDAD DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION USER INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION NEEDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSAL CULTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA UNIVERSAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE UNIVERSELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIVERSAL CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADAR"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL FIBRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEOTEX"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.35 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTABLISSEMENT D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTITUCIÓN DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE ARCHIVOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHIVE DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DES ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSION ATMOSPHÉRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATMOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRESIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN INTERACTIVE SOCIAL PROCESS WHICH INVOLVES THE SHARING OF INFORMATION, EXPERIENCES, AND CULTURES, BOTH PHYSICALLY OR ELECTRONICALLY, AND RESULTS IN THE MUTUAL ENHANCEMENT OF ALL CONCERNED. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.10 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND POLICY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERTIDAL AREAS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTUARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXTENSION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXTENSION DE BIBLIOTHÈQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY USE PROMOTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTENSION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING PROMOTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY EXTENSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXTENSIÓN BIBLIOTECARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAUX PRATIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PART OF TIMETABLE WHERE STUDENTS DO PRACTICAL WORK IN LABORATORY OR WORKSHOP.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJOS PR�CTICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTIVITY LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS -LESSONS-"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRACTICAL WORK -LEARNING METHOD-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PROJECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEURISTIC METHOD -TEACHING-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY SERVICE -HIGHER EDUCATION-"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST OF LIVING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH RATE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDICATEUR SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDICADOR SOCIOECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY AUTOMATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATISATION DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE AUTOMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUTOMATIZACIÓN DE BIBLIOTECAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARY AUTOMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN PRIVADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATE ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION PRIVÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWIMMING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERTAINMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOOR GAMES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUNTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATHLETES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEPORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS FACILITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS COMPETITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASMA PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID DYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAGNETOHIDRODIN�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAGNÉTOHYDRODYNAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO ECONÓMICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARGINALISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SAMPLING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE L'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE STUDIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.05 SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROLE ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAMBIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GAMBIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GAMBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK PRODUCTION TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BOOK PRODUCTION TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION AUX MÉTIERS DU LIVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LIBROS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS-BAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARUBA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�SES BAJOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS ANTILLES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NETHERLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB SATISFACTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL STRESS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JOB SATISFACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SATISFACCIÓN EN EL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SATISFACTION AU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL MIGRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRATION ANIMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL ECOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CREATIVITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC CREATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CREATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CRÉATIVITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE THINKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE WRITING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TALENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMAGINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREATIVIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESEARCH">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONFLICT RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LES CONFLITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LOS CONFLICTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL METHODS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTS -LESSONS-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TESTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPÉRIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPERIMENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC SCIENCE EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE CIENCIAS FUNDAMENTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BASIC SCIENCE EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES FONDAMENTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL GENETICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUACULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZOOTECHNIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROFORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL HUSBANDRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVESTOCK"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZOOTECNIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL MARKETS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INVESTMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARCHÉ FINANCIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MERCADO FINANCIERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL MARKETS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTELLIGENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE TESTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPREHENSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TALENT"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTELIGENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATERAL DOMINANCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOMINANCE CÉRÉBRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LATERALIDAD CEREBRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LATERAL DOMINANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE MODERNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">16TH-18TH CENTURY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MODERN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL PERIODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA MODERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DE PROJET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT DESIGN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIRECCIÓN DE PROYECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT SELECTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROJECT MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DE LA CONNAISSANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DEL CONOCIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOLARSHIPS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BECA DE ESTUDIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RESERVE FOR SCHOOL AND UNDERGRADUATE LEVELS OF EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOURSE D'ÉTUDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOLARSHIPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DEL IMPACTO AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DE L'IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ACTIVITY DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY, PREDICT, INTERPRET AND COMMUNICATE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES, PROJECTS ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">QU�MICA AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHIMIE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALISM"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATION BUILDING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND SUBSIDENCE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HUNDIMIENTO DEL SUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND SUBSIDENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ABAISSEMENT DU TERRAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECTONICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EPISTEMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉPISTÉMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COGNITION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE OF SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE THEORY OR SCIENCE OF THE METHOD OR GROUNDS OF KNOWLEDGE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIEF"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EPISTEMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW REFORM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFORMA JUR�DICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAW REFORM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME JURIDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBON DIOXIDE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARBON DIOXIDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIOXYDE DE CARBONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENHOUSE EFFECT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIOXIDO DE CARBÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTENNAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATÉRIEL RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPAMIENTO DE RADIO/TV</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TV/RADIO EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORROSION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CORROSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL PROCESSES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSILES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MISSILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MISIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACECRAFT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEAPONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MISSILES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ INTELLECTUELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PIRACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE MARKS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FROST">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HELADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FROST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERMAFROST"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A PARTICULAR FORM OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP; DEVOTION TO A PARTICULAR PERSON OR THING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOODOO"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE RESERVES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESERVAS DE LA BIOSFERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOSPHERE RESERVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSERVES DE LA BIOSPHÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RESERVES CREATED TO ENSURE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL OF REPRESENTATIVE ECOSYSTEMS, WITH THEIR COMPONENT PLANTS AND ANIMALS.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ECOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN SPECIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOLOG�A HUMANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLOGIE HUMAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN ECOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ACTIVITIES EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GEOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROITS ET PRIVILÈGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHOS Y PRIVILEGIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDEBOOKS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUIDE DE VOYAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUIDEBOOKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GU�A DE VIAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTARCTIC REGIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIÓN ANT�RCTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGION ANTARCTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTARCTIC REGIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUBA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CUBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROMANIA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ROUMANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RUMANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ROMANIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOLD">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIOUS METALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOLD</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT DESIGN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉLABORATION DE PROJET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO DE PROYECTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROJECT DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEASIBILITY STUDIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELESTIAL MECHANICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUANTUM THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CELESTIAL MECHANICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCANIQUE CÉLESTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEC�NICA CELESTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE ÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA ELECTRÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACTORS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERFORMERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL COMPANIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AUDIT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE FINANCIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUDITOR�A FINANCIERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDGETARY CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL AUDIT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PETITE INDUSTRIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIZE OF ENTERPRISE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRAFT WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEQUEÑA INDUSTRIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDE CHANGE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATTITUDE CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ADAPTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT D'ATTITUDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO DE ACTITUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERATION GAP">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH UNREST"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCART ENTRE LES GÉNÉRATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BRECHA GENERACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENERATION GAP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRATEGIC PLANNING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION STRATEGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRATEGIC PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY SIZE">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAMAÑO DE LA FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY SIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KINSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIMENSION DE LA FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ECONOMY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRARIAN STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE RURALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RURAL ECONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A RURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH GRANTS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FELLOWSHIPS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLOCATION DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPENDITURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBVENCIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH GRANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISC RECORDINGS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENREGISTREMENT SUR DISQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRABACIÓN EN DISCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISC RECORDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URDU">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUSTANI"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OURDOU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URDU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUPTIALITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORTALITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION DYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">POPULATION ACTIVITY IN TERMS OF DECLINE, INCREASE OR STABILIZATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DECREASE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROJECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIN�MICA DE LA POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DYNAMIQUE DE LA POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGEING POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORBIDITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED YOUTH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISADVANTAGED YOUTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEUNE DÉFAVORISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JOVEN DESFAVORECIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF RELIGION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THOUGHT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF RELIGION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRIDGES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROAD ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PONT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRIDGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PHYSIOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHYSIOLOGIE VÉGÉTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FISIOLOG�A VEGETAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLANT PHYSIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOTANY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT TRANSPIRATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ORIGINAL 'DOCUMENT' WHICH IS NOT THE RESULT OF A DOCUMENTATION PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTRY REPORTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION REPORTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DOCUMENT PRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCUMENTO PRIMARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMARY DOCUMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKFORM MATERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIANS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECARIO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL LIBRARIANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARAPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE TRACERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOISOTOPES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIOQU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOBIOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOCHEMISTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIOCHIMIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAIGA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUNGLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TAIGA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVISION OF LABOUR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIVISION DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE PROCESS WHEREBY LABOUR IS ALLOCATED TO THE ACTIVITY IN WHICH IT IS MOST PRODUCTIVE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DIVISION OF LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVISIÓN DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS ANTILLES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTILLES NÉERLANDAISES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NETHERLANDS ANTILLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTILLAS NEERLANDESAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOBILITY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOBILITÉ SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOVILIDAD SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRATIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL MOBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC REGIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCTIC REGIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGION ARCTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIÓN �RTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL PREJUDICE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTISEMITISM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">XENOPHOBIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">XENOPHOBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGNERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">XENOFOBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PORTUGAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST TIMOR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IBERIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSICAL MUSIC">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE CLASSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA CL�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLASSICAL MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF THE PRESS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENSORSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ DE LA PRESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD DE PRENSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEDOM OF THE PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECTROMETERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LABORATORIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO DE LABORATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABORATORY EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROSCOPES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE LABORATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON ORES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIERRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRON</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSCRIPTION">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSCRIPCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECIPHERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRANSCRIPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLITERATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INUIT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESKIMO LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT GÉNÉRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENERAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA GENERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIQUIDITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INCOME"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS FINANCIEROS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONEY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES FINANCIÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROORGANISMS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIRUSES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROORGANISMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROORGANISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROORGANISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG TRAFFIC">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAFIC DE STUPÉFIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TR�FICO DE ESTUPEFACIENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUG TRAFFIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELGIUM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCANDINAVIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAN MARINO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPAIN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYPRUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LUXEMBOURG"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRELAND"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WESTERN EUROPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY FR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONACO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALTA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDORRA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EUROPE OCCIDENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ITALY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIBRALTAR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.20 EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLY SEE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWITZERLAND"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIECHTENSTEIN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUROPA OCCIDENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREECE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRORISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERRORISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIOLENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMICIDE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEBREW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERRORISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN WARFARE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERRORISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS PRACTICE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRATIQUE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PR�CTICA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PILGRIMAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS PRACTICE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART COLLECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPOSITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GALLERIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXHIBITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.60 MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVELLING EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPOSICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISCAL POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISCAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA FISCAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAXATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE FISCALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE BUDGET"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INLAND WATER TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INLAND WATER TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CANALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAKES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL Y LACUSTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT FLUVIAL ET LACUSTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANGEROUS MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESPERDICIO RADIACTIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOACTIVE WASTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCHET RADIOACTIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME TAX">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INCOME TAX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPÔT SUR LE REVENU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAXATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPUESTO SOBRE LA RENTA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE VIVRE EN PAIX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO A VIVIR EN PAZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEKEEPING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIRCULATION FIGURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL DEPOSIT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROYALTIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORNOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLISHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSIC PUBLISHING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MAKING A RECORD OF KNOWLEDGE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC AS A PUBLICATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MANUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GU�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDEBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STYLE MANUALS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOKS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES TO INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPETENCY BASED TEACHING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPETENCY BASED TEACHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO SPECIFIC TEACHING SKILLS OF INTERACTING WITH STUDENTS IN CLASSROOMS, BASED ON THE CLEAR DEFINITION OF THE KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ATTITUDES TO BE ACQUIRED. -IBE USES: COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT BASÉ SUR LES PERFORMANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA CENTRADA EN EL RENDIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECOLONIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO INDEPENDIZADO RECIENTEMENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT NOUVELLEMENT INDÉPENDANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBERATION MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBURBS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBURBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUBURBS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BANLIEUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUTRITION EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION NUTRITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN NUTRICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROJECTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PILOT PROJECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH PROJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROJET DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV ART">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE ESLAVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART SLAVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SLAV ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROVERBS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORAL TRADITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRADICIÓN ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLK LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC EXPENDITURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGENDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRADITION ORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMED FORCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL DANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICADOR DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PLANNERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATEUR DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WETLANDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIERRA PANTANOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SURFACE WATER"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTUARIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERRE MARÉCAGEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WETLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME BUDGETS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LABORATORIO OCEANOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH SHIPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LABORATOIRE OCÉANOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPÉRIENCE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BELIEF"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPERIENCIA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYSTICISM"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLLECTIVISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COLECTIVISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLLECTIVISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLECTIVE ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC DOCTRINES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIXED MARRIAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATRIMONIO MIXTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIXED MARRIAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MARIAGE MIXTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROELECTRONICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCOMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROÉLECTRONIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROELECTRÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROELECTRONICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETIC TAPES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BANDE MAGNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MAGNETIC TAPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CINTA MAGNÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC CONTROL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMANDE AUTOMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL AUTOM�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PRODUCTION IN WHICH ALL CONTROLS ARE AUTOMATICALLY CARRIED OUT BY MACHINERY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUTOMATIC CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROBOTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLANS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRIBES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KINSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY SIZE"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CLAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CLAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL WRITING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING -COMPOSITION-"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REDACCIÓN TÉCNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉDACTION TECHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POPULARIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL WRITING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN SSR">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RUSSIAN SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE RUSIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS DE RUSSIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETABLE OILS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HUILE VÉGÉTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VEGETABLE OILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACEITE VEGETAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAWYERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AVOCAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JURISTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAWYERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FECHADO ARQUEOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DATATION ARCHÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCARBON DATING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATING"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRYING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCHAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRYING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SECADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPORATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -LEARNING-">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION EN RETOUR -APPRENTISSAGE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RETROINFORMACIÓN -APRENDIZAJE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FEEDBACK -LEARNING-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIBETAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIBETANO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIBETAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TIBÉTAIN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINORITY GROUPS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.30 ETHNIC QUESTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINORITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO MINORITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINORITY GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELDERLY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESAMPARADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POOR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABLED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉFAVORISÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.20 SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISADVANTAGED GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL EXCLUSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYED"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA NO ESCRITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE NON-ÉCRITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL TRADITION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNWRITTEN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPIED TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KIRGHIZ SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KIRGHIZ SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE KIRGUIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS KIRGHIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONBOOK MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VISUAL MATERIALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUPPORT VISUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM STRIPS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIAL VISUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKSHOPS -TEACHING METHOD-">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATELIER -MÉTHODE PÉDAGOGIQUE-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKSHOPS -TEACHING METHOD-</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">MEETINGS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH COMMON INTERESTS AND PROBLEMS, USUALLY WITH EXPERTS, TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION AND LEARN NEEDED SKILLS OR TECHNIQUES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TALLER -MÉTODO PEDAGÓGICO-</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMBODIA">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAMBODGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOCHINA"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAMBODIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNSELLING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORIENTATION PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORIENTACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ADVISING PUPILS OR STUDENTS ON THEIR EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS, ON CAREER OPPORTUNITIES, OR PERSONAL ANXIETIES -E.G. DRUGS OR CONTRACEPTION-, OR ON SUDDEN CRISES IN THEIR LIVES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUEL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS NO RENOVABLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PETROLEUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES NON RENOUVELABLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMMATION INFORMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LANGUAGES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILE ORGANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONLINE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECONFERENCING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGORITHMS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERT SYSTEMS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMACIÓN DE COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIUSER SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER PROGRAMMING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON ORES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINERAI DE FER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINERAL DE HIERRO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IRON ORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACEDONIAN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MACEDONIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAVIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACÉDONIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACEDONIAN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOKELAU"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARUBA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.30 ECONOMIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPE VERDE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLOMON ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NAURU"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICRONESIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONTSERRAT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALDIVES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN SAMOA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAMOA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOK ISLANDS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT LUCIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VANUATU"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN SAMOA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BERMUDA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITIUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUVALU"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEQUEÑO ESTADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIUE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAU"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARSHALL ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEYCHELLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PETIT ÉTAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIJI"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHAMAS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAYMAN ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KIRIBATI"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETHERLANDS ANTILLES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALTA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHRAIN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMALL STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANGUILLA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BARBADOS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRENADA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT HELENA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYPRUS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMOROS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS CULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE DE LA CLASSE OUVRIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CLASS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF POVERTY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKING CLASS CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA DE LA CLASE OBRERA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL FIBRES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIBRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPTICAL FIBRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FIBRE OPTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FIBRA ÓPTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IDENTITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IDENTITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IDENTIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IDENTITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL LAW">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT NATUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO NATURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATURAL LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SANCTIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SANCIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANCTION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC SANCTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA SIMBÓLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SYMBOLIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIGNS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE SYMBOLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORTHAND"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMIOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MODELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE D'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION MODELS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN DIPLOMAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REPRESENTATION OF AN EDUCATIONAL CONCEPT OR SYSTEM IN A TWO OR THREE- DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAM OR A MATHEMATICAL OR OTHER ANALOGOUS FORM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAMBARA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BAMBARA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL AID">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BILATERAL AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILATERAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA BILATERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE BILATÉRALE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA DE ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE D'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC SEA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC STATES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAR B�LTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MER BALTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BALTIC SEA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHAMANISM">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CHAMANISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SHAMANISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHAMANISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC GROUPS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLACKS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIANS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.30 ETHNIC QUESTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GROUPE ETHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRIBES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ETHNIC GROUPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNIC CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INUIT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRUPO ÉTNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WHITES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARABS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUREDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GYPSIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIETHNIC SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERINDIANS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISABILITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INVALIDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAFNESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INCAPACIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISABILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BLINDNESS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT WORKERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETURN MIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIGRANT WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR MIGRANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR MIGRATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEMASONRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FRANCMASONER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.15 PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FRANC-MAÇONNERIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREEMASONRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE DESIGN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO DEL PAISAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHITECTURE PAYSAGÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE PROTECTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSCAPE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARKS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANDSCAPE DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A GENÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUGENICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE GÉNÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FARM SIZE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAMAÑO DE LA GRANJA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FARM SIZE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIMENSION DE LA FERME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND ECONOMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.30 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEVELS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTENSION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMAS Y NIVELES DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS AND LEVELS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATIÈRE DE LA FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.50 TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORKERS TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MATERIA DE LA ENSEÑANZA PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOCATIONAL TRAINING SUBJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPOSÉ INORGANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARBON DIOXIDE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPUESTO INORG�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INORGANIC COMPOUNDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY">
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL VIDEO"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RADIO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THEORY AND APPLICATION OF EDUCATIONAL MEDIA IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE STATIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACECRAFT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE EXPLORATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES ORBITING SPACE STATIONS, LUNAR BASES, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE STATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STATION SPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTACIÓN ESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL HEALTH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL STRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANTÉ MENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MENTAL HEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALUD MENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHIATRY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLITERATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABBREVIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME D'ÉCRITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN LANGUAGE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAILLE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALPHABETS"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSCRIPTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT SCRIPTS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHORTHAND"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WRITING SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA DE ESCRITURA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DICTIONARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERMINOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERMINOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESAURI"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERMINOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEXICOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCABULARIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PETITE ÉCOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONE TEACHER SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL SIZE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA PEQUEÑA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SMALL SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE REACTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉACTION DU PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL USERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REACCIÓN DEL PÚBLICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIENCE REACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME CONTENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.25 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GESTIÓN EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GROUPING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T1_EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LEAVING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC YEAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUTROPHICATION">
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILIZERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EUTROPHISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUTROPHICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EUTROFICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKS OF ART">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTIQUITIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OEUVRE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OBRA DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKS OF ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART IMITATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF WORKS OF ART"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL DECISIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL PROCEDURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SENTENCIA JUDICIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉCISION DE JUSTICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEGAL DECISIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIALIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE INITIAL STAGE OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENFERMEDAD DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALADIE DU SYSTÈME NERVEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH DISORDERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO PESQUERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISHERY PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT DE LA PÊCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT ÉLECTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC APPLIANCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRIC MACHINES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.60 EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPO ELÉCTRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA BISSAU">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUINEA BISSAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGUESE SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GUINÉE-BISSAO</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAVITATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRAVITACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTROPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRAVITATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELATIVITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL TESTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DE CONTRÓLES SCOLAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING TESTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT TESTS"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE TESTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE TESTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PR�CTICA DE PRUEBAS EDUCACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH SOUTH RELATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES NORTE-SUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH SOUTH RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS NORD-SUD</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN ARTISTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER ARTISTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME ARTISTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WOMEN ARTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BICULTURALISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTICULTURALISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLURALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BICULTURALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BICULTURALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BICULTURALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME MÉTRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA MÉTRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METRIC SYSTEM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRATEGIA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRATÉGIE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE RATES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPORTS/IMPORTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIPO DE CAMBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXCHANGE RATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAUX DE CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN EXCHANGE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALANCE OF PAYMENTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNESCO COUPONS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK SELECTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESSIONS LISTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY COLLECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACQUISITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADQUISICIONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RHEOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RHEOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRODYNAMICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSULTANTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MISSION REPORTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPERT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METABOLISM">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTABOLISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METABOLISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METABOLISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITIONAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSYNTHESIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AUXILIAIRE AUDIOVISUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL VIDEO"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECTORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM STRIPS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FILMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MACHINES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RADIO"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIOVISUAL AIDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">NONPRINT TEACHING MATERIALS AND THE EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THEIR DISPLAY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AUXILIAR AUDIOVISUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBRE CIRCULATION DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH REGISTERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH REGISTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGISTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPERTOIRE DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DE RECURSOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCES CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENTED HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSERVATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADOLESCENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBERTY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADOLESCENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUG POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG TRAFFIC"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE DES STUPÉFIANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA SOBRE DROGAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECOSISTEMA TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOSYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ECOSYSTÈME TERRESTRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROPIEDAD F�SICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL PROPERTIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROPRIÉTÉ PHYSIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHYSICAL PROPERTIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMIDITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAINT CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SAINT CHRISTOPHER AND NEVIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAINT CHRISTOPHE ET NÉVIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAN CRISTÓBAL Y NIEVES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEOPATHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HOMEOPAT�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOMEOPATHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HOMÉOPATHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS DESIGN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NETWORK ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTIMIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER SOFTWARE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ORGANIZATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORGANIZACIÓN DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORK ORGANIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORGANISATION DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACHIEVEMENT TESTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TEST DE RENDEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACHIEVEMENT TESTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRUEBA DE CONOCIMIENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SCIENCE"/>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOMORPHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A Y OCEANOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHAMAS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BAHAMAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MARKET"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANO DE OBRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANPOWER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MAIN-D'OEUVRE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLISM">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALCOHOLISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALCOOLISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALCOHOLISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADDICTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPTILES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REPTILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPTILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REPTILES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENERAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT TECHNIQUE GÉNÉRAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA TÉCNICA GENERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GENERAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PRODUCTION PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES AND PRACTICAL SKILLS NEEDED FOR PARTICIPATION IN PRODUCTIVE WORK. -IBE USES: POLYTECHNICAL EDUCATION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEHYDRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEHYDRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPORATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESHIDRATACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉSHYDRATATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAPITAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAVINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION FACTORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL FLOW"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PROPERTY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HERITAGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COPYRIGHT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVABLE CULTURAL PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKS OF ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIEN CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIEN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESOURCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACAO CHINA">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS AFTER 31 DEC. 1999. OTHERWISE, USE MACAO.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MACAO CHINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MACAO CHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST ASIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÊCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FISHERIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUACULTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PESQUER�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FISHERY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.35 AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA FISHING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOTEL INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE HÔTELIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOTEL INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA HOTELERA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH MODELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE DE CROISSANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GROWTH MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO DE CRECIMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC MODELS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GROWTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROWTH RATE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ SENSORIMOTRICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACTIVIDAD SENSOMOTRIZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERCEPTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SENSORIMOTOR ACTIVITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLECULAR STRUCTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOLOGIE MOLÉCULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOLECULAR BIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CELL BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOLOG�A MOLECULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM LABORATORIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPAIR WORKSHOPS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM LABORATORIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LABORATOIRE DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LABORATORIO DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.25 SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T4_SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIENESTAR Y POL�TICA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WORK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOGEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOGÉOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOGEOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOSPHERE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYTOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA EDUCATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAMA EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAMA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVEMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES ARTS DRAMATIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DEL ARTE ESCÉNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SULPHUR">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL ELEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUFRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SULPHUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AZUFRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STORY TELLING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NARRACIÓN DE CUENTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NARRATION D'HISTOIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STORY TELLING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URANIUM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMBUSTIBLE NUCLÉAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE WASTES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR REACTORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUCLEAR FUELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THORIUM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMBUSTIBLE NUCLEAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLUTONIUM"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEX"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LISTENING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAX"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEPHONE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTAL SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LETTER WRITING"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE PRIMAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA PRIMARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIMARY SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSUMPTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSUMO DE AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER CONSUMPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER LAW"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSOMMATION D'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A DEL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.10 PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PROCESSES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LEARNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL INCOME">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOMES POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ACCOUNTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGRESO NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL INCOME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REVENU NATIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART MUSEUMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART GALLERIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART MUSEUMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSÉE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIALIZED MUSEUMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE STORAGE AND PROCESSING OF ITEMS OF INFORMATION ESPECIALLY BY COMPUTER.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.35 DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESAMIENTO DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION PROCESSING</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN SAMOA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMERICAN SAMOA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SAMOA AMÉRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SAMOA AMERICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNED SOCIETIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD ERUDITA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LEARNED SOCIETIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ SAVANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHOD INNOVATIONS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHING METHOD INNOVATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INNOVACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INNOVATION PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PUBLIC ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-1- IN GENERAL USAGE, RECORDS ACCUMULATED BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. -2- RECORDS OPEN TO PUBLIC INSPECTION BY LAW OR CUSTOM.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS PÚBLICOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL ABROAD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDEBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOLIDAYS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRAVEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.65 SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VOYAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COOPERATIVA AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COOPÉRATIVE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.75 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOPERATIVES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO WAVES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ONDE RADIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTENNAS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO WAVES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIOONDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROWAVES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIGNS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SIGNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SIGNO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYMBOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SIGNS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DECREASE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION DYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPOPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION DECREASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION CENSUSES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISMINUCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBMARINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEEP SEA DIVING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA BED MINING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A SUBACU�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE SOUS-MARINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDEREMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBEMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDEREMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">UNDERUTILIZATION OR INEFFICIENT USE OF THE LABOUR FORCE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOUS-EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN POPULATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN URBANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STREET CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN AREAS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">URBAN POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POPULATION URBAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMANIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GERMAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORWEGIAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLEMISH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANISH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YIDDISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GERMANIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SWEDISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA GERM�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE GERMANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICELANDIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DUTCH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRIKAANS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTOMOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSECTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENTOMOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTOMOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENTOMOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STARS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR SYSTEM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOLEIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION OF THE DEAF">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE SORDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES SOURDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAFNESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF DUMBNESS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEAF"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATION OF THE DEAF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC REFORM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKET ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�AS EN TRANSICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNED ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ECONOMIES EN TRANSITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLAYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINERALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MINÉRAI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRON ORES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MINERAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEORITES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">METEORITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">METEORITES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTÉORITE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYGIENE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION SANITAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEALTH EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN SANITARIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GALAXIES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STARS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GALAXIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GALAXIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GALAXIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDUSTRIAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE INDUSTRIELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL LOCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MERGERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA INDUSTRIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB LITERATURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA �RABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARAB LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE ARABE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPOSITION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPOSICIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PROPERTY PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL EXHIBITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVELLING EXHIBITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT CONTROL">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNED ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE GOUVERNEMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL GUBERNAMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARLIAMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUREAUCRACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY PLANNING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OVERPOPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY SIZE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE LA FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.40 FAMILY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP MUSIC">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POP MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JAZZ"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE POP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA POP</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERNACULAR LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LANGUE MATERNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA LENGUA MATERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STORY TELLING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE WRITING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AVANT-GARDE ART">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE DE VANGUARDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POP ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AVANT-GARDE ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART D'AVANT-GARDE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTEMPORARY ART"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE STUDIES">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE SOCIETY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROSPECTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROSPECTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUTURE STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORECASTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD PROBLEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.05 EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMOTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO AFECTIVO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT AFFECTIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOPATHOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHIATRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOPATOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOPATHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASTERS DEGREES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MEDICINE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOLKLORE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICINA TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL MEDICINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICINAL PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDECINE TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEMICONDUCTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSISTORS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DEFICIENCY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SEMI-CONDUCTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEMICONDUCTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED CIRCUITS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE AFRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA AFRICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICAN HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.30 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ADMINISTRACIÓN DEL DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT BANKS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ADMINISTRATION DU DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APARTHEID">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL PREJUDICE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">APARTHEID</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL WATERS">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COASTAL WATERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGUAS COSTERAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EAUX COTIÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RANDOM PROCESSES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION THEORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RANDOM PROCESSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCESSUS ALÉATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBABILITY THEORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME SERIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPERATIONS RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO ALEATORIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLUSTRATION PRINTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRINTING METHODS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPESETTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉTHODE D'IMPRESSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BINDING"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASER PRINTING"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFSET PRINTING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÉTODO DE IMPRESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCOMPOSITION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COUNTRY PROGRAMMING">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMMATION PAR PAYS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COUNTRY PROGRAMMING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMACIÓN POR PA�S</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID MECHANICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASMA PHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FLUID MECHANICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCANIQUE DES FLUIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLUID DYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RHEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEC�NICA DE LOS FLUIDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL EROSION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COASTAL ZONES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ZONA COSTERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ZONE CÔTIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTUARIES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL WATERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELTAS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HARBOUR AND COASTAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERTIDAL AREAS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE DRAVIDIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEGU"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA DRAV�DICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KANNADA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAMIL"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL FILMS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTARY FILMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA HISTÓRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN BIOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE BIOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR WORKS DEALING WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS. FOR GENERAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS, USE "BIOLOGY".</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE D'ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA DE ARTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PHENOMENA WHICH RESULT WHEN GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT CULTURES COME INTO CONTINUOUS CONTACT, WITH SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN THE ORIGINAL CULTURAL PATTERNS OF EITHER OR BOTH GROUPS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMINANT CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ACULTURACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCULTURATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL POWER">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POUVOIR POLITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PODER POL�TICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLITICAL POWER</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE AUTOMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OFFICE AUTOMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCOMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OFIM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORD PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUREAUTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OFFICE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM SCRIPTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKERS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM CAMERAS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉALISATION DE FILMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM MAKING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ TRADITIONNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD TRADICIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFUCIANISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFUCIANISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONFUCIANISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFUCIANISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EROSION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL EROSION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODYNAMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EROSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL EROSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA MÉDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE MÉDICALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDICAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL LIBRARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QATAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BAHRAIN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GULF STATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OMAN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAUDI ARABIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTAT DU GOLFE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KUWAIT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTADO DEL GOLFO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSEHOLDS">
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEMAKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOUSEHOLDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">UNIDAD FAMILIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉNAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEA WATER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICIÓN OCEANOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MESURE OCÉANOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK REVIEWS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS LITERARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY CRITICISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE LITTÉRAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERARY ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY STYLE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TALENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TALENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TALENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/APTITUDE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLIGENCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A ARQUEOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE ARCHÉOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR WORKS DEALING WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS. FOR GENERAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS, USE "HYDROLOGY".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL DATA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE HYDROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN HIDROLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD LABOUR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO DE MENORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD LABOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL DES ENFANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPENSATORY EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONALLY DISADVANTAGED"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPENSATORY EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR DEPRIVED OR DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN COMPENSATORIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION COMPENSATOIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">FOR MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTORS, SEE "OCCUPATIONS" AND "PERSONNEL".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PERSONNEL PROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PERSONAL PROFESIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAIN DRAIN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM CAMERAS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FILM CAMERAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">C�MARA CINEMATOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CAMÉRA CINÉMATOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERGROUP RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONFLIT RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONFLICTO RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EXPLORATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPLORATION DES RESSOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPLORACIÓN DE RECURSOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCES EXPLORATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMODYNAMICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THERMODYNAMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THERMODYNAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERMODIN�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENERGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL MIGRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN INTERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">WITHIN A COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL MIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISPLACED PERSONS"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRATION INTERNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNAL MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT POLICY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA GUBERNAMENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MONETARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICY MAKING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CINEMA ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ATTENDANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL LIFE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ANIMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION CULTURELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL ISOLATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSTITUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSTITUCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONSTITUTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTITUTIONAL LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOBILITY RT STUDY TOURS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRAVEL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDES À L'ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY TOURS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS EN EL EXTRANJERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDY ABROAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING ABROAD"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN PLAN SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUTDOOR EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE SANS MURS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPEN PLAN SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA DE PLANTA ABIERTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EL SALVADOR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EL SALVADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALT DEPOSITS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉPÔT DE SEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SALT DEPOSITS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DEPÓSITO DE SAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EQUAL OPPORTUNITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉGALITÉ DES CHANCES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION USERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION IMPACT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROPAGANDA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL GENETICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL HUSBANDRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL GENETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL PROCREATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNÉTIQUE ANIMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GENÉTICA ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL GENETICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND STATE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIÓN IGLESIA-EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATION ÉGLISE-ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHURCH AND EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MAPS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL FERTILITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDAFOLOG�A DE LOS SUELOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL WATER"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SURVEYS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DU SOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.35 EARTH SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER BASINS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVAPOTRANSPIRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVER DISCHARGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RIVER BASINS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BASSIN FLUVIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAINAGE BASINS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASINS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUENCA FLUVIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES ENSEIGNANTS DU TECHNIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNICAL TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES DEL TÉCNICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHIATRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOTHERAPY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PSICOLOG�A CL�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLINICAL MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PSYCHOLOGIE CLINIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN ART"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.15 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH TRAINING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH TRAINING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAPACITACIÓN PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION À LA RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOME EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SCHOOLING PROVIDED EITHER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FORMAL EDUCATION OR FOR HOMEBOUND PERSONS.-ILO USES: HOME INSTRUCTION-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT À DOMICILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA A DOMICILIO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RECRUITMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECRUTEMENT DES ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SELECTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER RECRUITMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECLUTAMIENTO DE DOCENTES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORAL EXAMINATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXAMEN ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXAMEN ORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ORAL EXAMINATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM RESEARCH">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE SUR LE CURRICULUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM STUDY CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN CURRICULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CURRICULUM RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AESTHETIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESTHÉTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART CRITICISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTÉTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTISTIC CREATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AESTHETICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORKERS"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTALISTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGISTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGINEERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMEN SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MATHEMATICIANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTISTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECOVERY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECUPERACIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS CYCLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC RECOVERY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">REPRISE ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC GROWTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RECESSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORN OF AFRICA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHIOPIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CORNE DE L'AFRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUERNO DE AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERITREA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.35 GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DJIBOUTI"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOMALIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUDAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KENYA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HORN OF AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATTLE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL GENETICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAMMALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILD ANIMALS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL DISEASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPTILES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSECTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAUNA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABORATORY ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AQUATIC ANIMALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREECE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EEC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRECIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WESTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN UNION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GRÈCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GREECE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR INTENSITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL INTENSITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION FACTORS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC ART">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART STYLES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ROCK PAINTINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART PRÉHISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE PREHISTÓRICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PREHISTORIC ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PREHISTORIC MAN"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARTOONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRAWINGS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILM MAKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PEL�CULA ANIMADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARTOONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FILM ANIMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS FACILITIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INSTALACIÓN DEPORTIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPORTS FACILITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYGROUNDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INSTALLATION SPORTIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLAYING FIELDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING MAINTENANCE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUILDING MAINTENANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MANTENIMIENTO DE LOS EDIFICIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING OPERATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENTRETIEN DES BÂTIMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY PRODUCTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAIRY INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUIT LAITIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCTO L�CTEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DAIRY PRODUCTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MILK"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LESOTHO">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LESOTHO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELIGION ANCIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUDAISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SHAMANISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELIGION ANTIGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOROASTRIANISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAOISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANCIENT RELIGIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRISTIANITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFUCIANISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MYTHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUDDHISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMITIVE RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAHMANISM"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FELLOWSHIPS">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AWARD TO CONTINUE STUDIES TO AN ADVANCED LEVEL.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BOURSE DE RECHERCHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BECA DE INVESTIGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FELLOWSHIPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH GRANTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOUND RECORDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISC RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENREGISTREMENT SONORE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORD INDUSTRY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GRABACIÓN SONORA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF EMPLOYED">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELF EMPLOYED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTREPRENEURS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR INDÉPENDANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR INDEPENDIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTISEMITISM">
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTISEMITISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTISÉMITISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTISEMITISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD ABUSE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHILD ABUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ABUSO DE MENORES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC VIOLENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MALTRAITEMENT D'ENFANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABANDONED CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF THE CHILD"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STREET CHILDREN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADVISERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSEJERO DE EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSEILLER PÉDAGOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL ADVISERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA MATERNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOTHER TONGUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VERNACULAR LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE MATERNELLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION MAPS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VEGETATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VEGETATION MAPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CARTE DE VÉGÉTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MAPA DE VEGETACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OPTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL FIBRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OPTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OPTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMAGE FORMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.20 PHYSICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROBIOLOGY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFE SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROBIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BACTERIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROBIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.70 BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROBIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLDOVA R"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN FEDERATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAJIKISTAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELARUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CIS COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJAN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAUCASIAN STATES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKMENISTAN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UZBEKISTAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DE LA CEI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAKHSTAN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL ASIA"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KYRGYZSTAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DE LA CEI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PATENTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PATENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PATENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BREVET</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE MARKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SERVICES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTHORITY LISTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGICAL CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGAGE D'INDEXATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONTROLLED LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDEXING LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUAJE DE INDIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AN ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE USED BY DOCUMENTATION SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES OF INDEXING.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.05 INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESAURI"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÈGLEMENT DE CONFLIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COURTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACEMAKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIPLOMACY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARBITRATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONFLICT RESOLUTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIDS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION POUR LA PRÉVENTION DU SIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIDS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DEL SIDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEX EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING CONDITIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ORGANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND MANAGERIAL FACTORS AFFECTING A WORKER'S JOB ENVIRONMENT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKING TIME"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE OF WORK"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORKING CONDITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARASITOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER POLLUTION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLLUTANTS"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CANADA</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRICKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BRIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRICKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LADRILLO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL TELEVISION"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER TERMINALS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER NETWORKS"/>
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+    <skos:related>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OBSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPONSABILITÉ CIVILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL LAW"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EWE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUELS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOTECHNOLOGY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE LOS COMBUSTIBLES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS FUELS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COAL"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GAS RESOURCES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL BUILDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSEO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORTS MEDICINE"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEADS OF STATE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JEFE DE ESTADO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GARÇON</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AMERICA"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BUROCRACIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUREAUCRATIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL SERVICE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUREAUCRACY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORKERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGADOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHERCHEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESEARCH WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE AFRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AFRICAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA AFRICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT AUDIOVISUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA AUDIOVISUAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL AIDS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FAMILLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAMILY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FAMILIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ONE PARENT FAMILIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.40 FAMILY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADOPTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KINSHIP"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAMILY ROLE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSEHOLDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENEALOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERATURE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREATIVE WRITING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LITTÉRATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL LITERATURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTHOLOGIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PROPERTY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY CRITICISM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY STYLE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.40 LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPRESENTATIVE LITERARY WORKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LITERATURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERATURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY PRIZES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERARY FORMS AND GENRES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBVENTIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUBVENTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRANTS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUBVENCIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SUBVENTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT BANKS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BANQUE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT BANKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BANCO DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES FOR THE BLIND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE POUR AVEUGLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA PARA CIEGOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LIBRARIES FOR THE BLIND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND REFORM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EXTENSION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REFORMA DE TENENCIA DE LA TIERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAND REFORM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉFORME FONCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRARIAN STRUCTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL FURNITURE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOBILIER SCOLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOL FURNITURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MOBILIARIO ESCOLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION LAW">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT DE MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIGRATION LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO DE MIGRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERMAFROST">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERMAFROST</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GELISUELO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FROST"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPOSERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPOSERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICIANS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPOSITEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPOSITOR</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTARCTIC OCEAN">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTARCTIC OCEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉAN ANTARCTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCÉANO ANT�RTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUAJE DE PROGRAMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGAGE DE PROGRAMMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYELORUSSIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KIRGHIZ SSR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAKH SSR"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RUSSIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UKRAINIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BETWEEN 1918 AND 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TURKMEN SSR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">USSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOLDAVIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAJIK SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTONIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIS COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITHUANIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATVIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AZERBAIJAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EASTERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIAN SSR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UZBEK SSR"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CMEA COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">URSS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">URSS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEORGIAN SSR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA NORMAL SUPERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">-IBE USES: TEACHERS COLLEGES-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER EDUCATION SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOLS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUMMER SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCUELA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COEDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSOCIATED SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.35 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPEN PLAN SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SECONDARY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERIMENTAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVENING SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOARDING SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NURSERY SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCHOOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRIENTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NUTRIENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NUTRIENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUTRITION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NUTRIMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RED HIDROLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉSEAU HYDROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEFT PROTECTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION CONTRE LE VOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WARNING DEVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIÓN CONTRA EL ROBO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THEFT PROTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL DESIGN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONCEPTION D'UN ÉDIFICE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRUCTURAL DESIGN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISEÑO ESTRUCTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO NEWS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS FLOW"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATIONS RADIOPHONIQUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NOTICIAS RADIOFÓNICAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIO NEWS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM COLLECTIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART COLLECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM FACILITIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLLECTION DE MUSÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM COLLECTIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COLECCIÓN DE MUSEO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMPORTAMIENTO LING�STICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH HABITS"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL LIBRARIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIBLIOTECA INTERNACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIBLIOTHÈQUE INTERNATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL LIBRARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC ART">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ART ISLAMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTE ISL�MICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISLAMIC ART</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL DATA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DONNÉE HYDROLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROLOGICAL DATA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DATO HIDROLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POBLACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO POPULATION OF A SPECIFIC COUNTRY OR REGION; OTHERWISE, USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANPOWER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORLD POPULATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRISIONERO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRISONERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRISONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRISONNIER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHTS OF PRISONERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONCENTRATION CAMPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERT SCIENCE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE DU DÉSERT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA DEL DESIERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DESERT SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OASES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTIFICATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME BUDGETS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL TIEMPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TIME BUDGETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BUDGET-TEMPS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDICATORS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSLEMS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSULMAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUSULM�N</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOSLEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS GROUPS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXPERT SYSTEMS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SISTEMA EXPERTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SYSTÈME EXPERT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER PROGRAMMING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">COMPUTER SYSTEM BASED ON A DATA BASE CREATED BY HUMAN AUTHORITIES ON A PARTICULAR SUBJECT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EXPERT SYSTEMS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE AGES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MOYEN AGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIEVAL ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIDDLE AGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDAD MEDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HEALTH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SALUD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.80 MEDICAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SANTÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH POLICY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYGIENE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEALTH STATISTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DATATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHRONOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCARBON DATING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FECHADO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPER PRESS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIRCULATION FIGURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGROUND PRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRENSA DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDITING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL PRESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NEWSPAPER PRESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWS AGENCIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRESSE D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS CUTTINGS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AGRICULTURE DE SUBSISTANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL SECTOR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AGRICULTURA DE SUBSISTENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINAL LAW">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLICE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PENAL SANCTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DROIT PÉNAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DERECHO PENAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CRIMINAL LAW</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIMINOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARRIED WOMEN">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEMAKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MUJER CASADA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARITAL STATUS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FEMME MARIÉE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARRIED WOMEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION EN SCIENCES SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN DE LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉMIRATS ARABES UNIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GULF STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNITED ARAB EMIRATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMIRATOS ARABES UNIDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION EN MATIÈRE D'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUASARS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUASAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CUASAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STARS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">QUASARS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEPENDENT STUDY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISTANCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDY CARRIED OUT WITH A MINIMUM OR A COMPLETE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL GUIDANCE. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME STUDY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDES LIBRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIOS LIBRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDEPENDENT STUDY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COOK ISLANDS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEANIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLAS DE COOK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ILES COOK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COOK ISLANDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARCHIVOS GUBERNAMENTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARCHIVES GOUVERNEMENTALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL DANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALLET"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODERN DANCE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DANCERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOVEMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DANSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.55 PERFORMING ARTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LING�STICA INFORM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATIQUE LINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NORTH AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOROCCO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA DEL NORTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNISIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHARA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE DU NORD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.05 AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY OF CHANGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INNOVATION BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESISTANCE TO CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DEL CAMBIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLOGY OF CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DU CHANGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WAR DEVASTATED COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISASTER RELIEF"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DÉVASTÉ PAR LA GUERRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WAR DEVASTATED COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DEVASTADO POR LA GUERRA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REFUGEES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY ABROAD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.10 EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">OFFICIAL STATEMENTS OF GOALS TO WHICH THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IS DIRECTED.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHURCH AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRE PROTECTION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESERVATION OF WORKS OF ART"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUILDING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FIRE PROTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIÓN CONTRA INCENDIOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAFETY MEASURES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION CONTRE LE FEU</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PACIFISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PACIFISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONVIOLENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PACIFISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PACIFISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERU">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉROU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER TEACHING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANGROVE AREAS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUTORING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE FISH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PEER TEACHING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT MUTUEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA MUTUA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER GRAPHICS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GR�FICO POR COMPUTADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMPUTER GRAPHICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER USES IN EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE HEAT RECOVERY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEAT STORAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCUPÉRATION CALORIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WASTE HEAT RECOVERY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE TREATMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECUPERACIÓN CALOR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TAI LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAILAND"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">THAI</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT UNREST"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLOG�A DEL ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT MOVEMENTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT SOCIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLOGIE DE L'ÉTUDIANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME D'ALPHABÉTISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERACY PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTLITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY METHODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DE ALFABETIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL HISTORY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HISTOIRE NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AFRICAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL HISTORY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BYZANTINE HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMERICAN HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HISTORIA NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, PLANIFICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, PLANIFICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POOR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">APPROPRIATE SMALL-SCALE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROCRÉDITO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROCREDIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN CULTURES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN LITERATURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EUROPEAN CULTURES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA EUROPEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SLAV CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IBERIAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN ART"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CULTURE EUROPÉENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL EUROPEAN CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BALTIC CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EUROPEAN HISTORY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC FORECASTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMIC FORECASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÉVISION ÉCONOMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PREDICCIÓN ECONÓMICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HERALDRY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HÉRALDIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.25 HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HER�LDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLAGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENEALOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HERALDRY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.10 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PLANNING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLANIFICACIÓN DE LA COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION ADMINISTRATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLANIFICATION DE LA COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROMETEOROLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HYDROMETEOROLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">HYDROMÉTÉOROLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRECIPITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WEATHER"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE STUDY OF THE OCCURENCE, MOVEMENT AND CHANGES IN THE STATE OF WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FLOODS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.45 METEOROLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">HIDROMETEOROLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOCUMENTATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DOCUMENTACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE CONTINUOUS AND SYSTEMATIC PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS OR DATA FOR SPECIALIZED INFORMATION USERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DOCUMENTATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION PROCESSING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KAZAKH SSR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KAZAKH SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR EVENTS BEFORE 1991.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RSS DE KAZAKHSTAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/USSR"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RSS DE KAZAKIST�N</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG ABUSE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALCOHOLISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DRUG ABUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADDICTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TOXICOMAN�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NARCOTIC DRUGS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMOKING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TOXICOMANIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG PSYCHOTHERAPY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORD INDUSTRY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECORDING EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUND RECORDINGS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECORD INDUSTRY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INDUSTRIA DEL DISCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INDUSTRIE DU DISQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT EVALUATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TESTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GIFTED STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT EVALUATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EVALUACIÓN DEL ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION MARKS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DE L'ÉTUDIANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXAMINATION STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST TIMOR">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EAST TIMOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORTUGAL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TIMOR ORIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TIMOR ORIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMITIC LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SEMITIC LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMHARIC"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE SÉMITIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.35 LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HEBREW"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARABIC"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD AID"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA SEM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALIZATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NACIONALIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANNED ECONOMY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLIC OWNERSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NATIONALISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GOVERNMENT CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONALIZATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN INVESTMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVATIZATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INTERACTION HOMME-MACHINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMAN MACHINE INTERACTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INTERACCIÓN HOMBRE-M�QUINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MIGRATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANT WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN LABORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LABOUR MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MIGRATION DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MOBILITY"/>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUTING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBT RELIEF">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLÈGEMENT DE LA DETTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE WITH RESPECT TO A COUNTRY'S EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBT SERVICE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXTERNAL DEBT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REBAJA DE LA DEUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEBT RELIEF</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCIAL AID">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE FINANCIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FINANCIAL AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DAMAGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA FINANCIERA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AID"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAPITAL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE AID"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEACHES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLURALISM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLURALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLURALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL DOCTRINES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PLURALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFET PSYCHOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFECTO PSICOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MENTAL STRESS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BEHAVIOUR"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LABORATORIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉDIATHÈQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISCRIMINATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTISEMITISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISCRIMINATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/XENOPHOBIA"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EQUAL OPPORTUNITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGE DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISCRIMINACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GENDER DISCRIMINATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OPPRESSION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMID TROPICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HUMID TROPICS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TROPIQUES HUMIDES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TROPICAL FORESTS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRÓPICOS HÚMEDOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROTECTION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA PROTECTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROTECCIÓN DE LOS DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LAW"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCESS TO INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO PRIVACY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROTECTION DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EMPLOYMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EMPLEO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PART TIME EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.85 LABOUR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FULL EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EMPLOI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLANDESTINE EMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN AID">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AYUDA AL EXTERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT AID"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGN AID</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AIDE À L'ÉTRANGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">AID FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE DONOR COUNTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DIVERSIFICATION OF EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.10 EDUCATIONAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE OF ONE OR MORE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM VARIABLES IN A POSITIVE DIRECTION IN TERMS OF SOME VALUED CRITERION. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOGAS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STEAM POWER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURCE D'ÉNERGIE RENOUVELABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUENTE DE ENERG�A RENOVABLE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDROELECTRIC POWER"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THERMAL ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOMASS ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR ENERGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WIND POWER"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIDAL ENERGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIDEO GAMES">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER APPLICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VIDEOJUEGOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEU VIDÉO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VIDEO GAMES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOBIOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOBIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIOBIOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIATION EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE TRACERS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOPHYSICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIOBIOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESTUARIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WETLANDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERTIDAL AREAS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIVERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COASTAL ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESTUAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESTUARIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO CIENT�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JUVENILE DELINQUENCY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISADVANTAGED YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALADJUSTMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DELINCUENCIA JUVENIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉLINQUANCE JUVÉNILE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DELINQUENCY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">JUVENILE DELINQUENCY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOSQUES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.20 RELIGION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEMPLES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDIFICE RELIGIEUX</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDIFICIO RELIGIOSO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.20 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATE SECURITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL POLITICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T6_POLITICS, LAW AND ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LITERACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUMERACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTHER TONGUE INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFABETIZACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEW LITERATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALPHABÉTISATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERACY"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTLITERACY PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CASE STUDIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIO DE CASO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDE DE CAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CASE STUDIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH WORK"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DESIGNED TO IMPROVE CROPS, INCREASE YIELDS, DEVELOP RESISTANCES TO DISEASES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INVESTIGACIÓN AGR�COLA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECHERCHE AGRICOLE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREIGN EXCHANGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIVISA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREIGN EXCHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXCHANGE RATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRENCIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT COMMUNAUTAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.45 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY ACTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO COMUNITARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY LEADERS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RATING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUNTAJE DE AUDIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉVALUATION DU PUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUDIENCE RATING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSUMPTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSOMMATION D'ÉNERGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENERGY CONSUMPTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY SHORTAGES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSUMO DE ENERG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENERGY BALANCE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIR TRANSPORT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRANSPORTE AÉREO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIR TRANSPORT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRCRAFT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT AÉRIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AIRPORTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF THE AIR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AVIATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DISARMAMENT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YOUTH PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PEACE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION POUR LE DÉSARMEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN PARA EL DESARME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DISARMAMENT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FREEDOM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LIBERTÉ DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LIBERTAD DE LA ENSEÑANZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACADEMIC FREEDOM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER STATUS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">LIBERTY OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS TO DECIDE COURSES AND RESEARCH, AND OF TEACHERS TO TEACH SUBJECTS, WITHOUT OUTSIDE COERCION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTRÔLE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTROL BIBLIOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIACIÓN ULTRAVIOLETA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIGHT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RAYONS ULTRAVIOLETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOLAR RADIATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK STUDY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRODUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ORGANIZATION AND METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDE DU TRAVAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">DETAILED EXAMINATION OF THE MANNER IN WHICH A PARTICULAR JOB IS PERFORMED, WITH A VIEW TO RATIONALIZING PERFORMANCE AND INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIO DEL TRABAJO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WORK STUDY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORK ORGANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ERGONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB DESCRIPTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JOB EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILD ANIMALS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMALS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WILD ANIMALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANIMAL SAUVAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENDANGERED SPECIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WILDLIFE CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANIMAL SALVAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONALISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUNCTIONALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FONCTIONNALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUNCIONALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARGENTINA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARGENTINA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTHERN CONE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARGENTINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER STATUS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACADEMIC FREEDOM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SITUACIÓN DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONDITION DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER STATUS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ROLE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING PROFESSION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNESCO COUPONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BON UNESCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BONO UNESCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USED FOR PURCHASING PUBLICATIONS AND AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS INTENDED FOR EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND CULTURAL PURPOSES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNESCO COUPONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACQUISITIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRINITÉ-ET-TOBAGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRINIDAD Y TABAGO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRICAL PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN RADIOFÓNICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION DE RADIODIFFUSION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BROADCASTING PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE OFFERING OF LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES IN PROFESSIONAL AND VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT, AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TO ADULTS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNITY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WORKERS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL EDUCATION"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DES ADULTES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATORS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PARENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFELONG EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PART TIME EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADULT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOMENS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN DE ADULTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSITY EXTENSION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEISURE AND EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FURTHER TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT STUDENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OUT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOMBIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LATIN AMERICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANDEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COLOMBIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AMAZONIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COLOMBIE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INCLUDES TECHNOLOGY FOR DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS FOR INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION, SUCH AS TELEPROCESSING SYSTEMS, NETWORKS OF TERMINALS, VIDEOTEX SYSTEMS, MICROGRAPHY, ETC.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEMATICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROFORMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE LA INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROELECTRONICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -SOFTWARE-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRANTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONALITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR MIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IMMIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCULTURATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.35 POPULATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MIGRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NOMADISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIGRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNAL MIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RETURN MIGRATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEMOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEGAL THEORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRIVILEGIOS E INMUNIDADES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRIVILÈGES ET IMMUNITÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIA RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CENTRO DE MATERIAL DID�CTICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RESOURCE CENTRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CENTRE DE MATÉRIEL DIDACTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUMS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.70 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL LIBRARIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSICS EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VETERINARY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGHER SCIENCE EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOLOGY EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEXTBOOK PRODUCTION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRODUCTION DE MANUELS SCOLAIRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BOOK INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEXTBOOK PRODUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRODUCCIÓN DE LIBROS DE TEXTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EXPEDICIÓN CIENT�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FIELD WORK"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EXPÉDITION SCIENTIFIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCEAN EXPLORATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL GAP">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGICAL GAP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC POTENTIAL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DISPARIDAD TECNOLÓGICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCART TECHNOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISSN"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBN"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CATALOGUING RULES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIBLIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMA BIBLIOGR�FICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGERS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PLANNERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MANAGERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPLOYERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSONNEL"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GERENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CADRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTREPRENEURS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANTIGUA Y BARBUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SMALL STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANTIGUA-ET-BARBUDA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.50 MANUFACTURING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉNIE MÉCANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A MEC�NICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MECHANICAL ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MACHINES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MODULAR INSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ORGANIZATION OF THE CURRICULUM OR OF INSTRUCTIONAL COURSES IN SELF- CONTAINED UNITS -'MODULES'- DESIGNED FOR MANAGEMENT BY THE LEARNER. -IBE USES: MODULAR TRAINING-</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA MODULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT MODULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MODULAR INSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING PACKAGES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CURRICULUM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHING METHODS"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EAST AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UGANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OUGANDA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNICAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE SKILLS, KNOWLEDGE, HARDWARE, AND PROCEDURES FOR PROVIDING USEFUL GOODS AND SERVICES.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KNOW-HOW TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBJECT HEADINGS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A WORD, TERM OR A PHRASE CHOSEN TO EXPRESS A CONCEPT OR A CONCEPT COMBINATION IN INDEXING AND TO CONSTITUTE AN ENTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VEDETTE MATIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENCABEZAMIENTO POR MATERIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SUBJECT HEADINGS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THESAURI"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAPUAN LANGUAGES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAPUAN LANGUAGES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGUE PAPOUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUSTRONESIAN AND OCEANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUA PAPÚ</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN GEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOGEOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">GEOGRAF�A HISTÓRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GÉOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUJARATI">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUSTANI"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GUJARATI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GOUJRATI</skos:prefLabel>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REASONING">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RATIONALIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RAZONAMIENTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THINKING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROBLEM SOLVING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REASONING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RAISONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECISION MAKING"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE LA ARTESAN�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRAFT WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HANDICRAFTS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION À L'ARTISANAT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FILÓSOFO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PHILOSOPHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SCIENTISTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PHILOSOPHERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARMENIAN">
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARMÉNIEN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARMENIO</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOBIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRACEUR RADIOACTIF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOACTIVE TRACERS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RECRUITMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ASSOCIATION D'ENSEIGNANTS</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARBRE</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TREES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WOOD"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARBOL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
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+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL COOPERATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONFLICTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS CULTURELLES</skos:prefLabel>
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+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES CULTURALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERETHNIC RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL EXCHANGE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATIONS AT BOTH THE INTERNATIONAL AND INTERGROUP LEVEL. USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INTERACTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTERS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POSTERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFFICHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CARTEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAREER DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OCCUPATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHOIX PROFESSIONNEL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ELECCIÓN DE PROFESIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLAR REGIONS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GLACIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POLAR REGIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉGION POLAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERMAFROST"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATIC ZONES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REGIÓN POLAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANTARCTIC REGIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCTIC REGIONS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESEGREGATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RACIAL SEGREGATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL INTEGRATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DESEGREGATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESEGREGACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.50 VISUAL ARTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T3_CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECORATIVE ARTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRAPHIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VISUAL ARTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINE ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VISUAL ARTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARTS VISUELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARTES VISUALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHITECTURE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MECHANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT TECHNOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CAMBIO TECNOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND SOCIETY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNSKILLED WORKERS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANUAL WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNSKILLED WORKERS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAILLEUR NON QUALIFIÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJADOR NO CALIFICADO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POVERTY ALLEVIATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALIVIO DE LA POBREZA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POVERTY ALLEVIATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LUTTE CONTRE LA PAUVRETÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARD OF LIVING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INCOME DISTRIBUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POOR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINIMUM WAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BASIC NEEDS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EMPOWERMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MADAGASCAR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALI"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DJIBOUTI"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOROCCO"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOGO"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAURITANIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURUNDI"/>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NIGER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZAIRE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REUNION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AFRICA DE HABLA FRANCESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SAHEL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GABON"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BENIN"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CÔTE D&apos;IVOIRE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNISIA"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMOROS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAYOTTE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALGERIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BURKINA FASO"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">AFRIQUE FRANCOPHONE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHAD"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RWANDA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO DR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUINEA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SENEGAL"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMEROON"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPACIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAW OF SPACE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNIVERSE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.30 SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    </skos:broader>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELATIVITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOISOTOPES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISOTOPES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVE TRACERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOCHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIOISOTOPE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RADIOISOTOPES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIOISÓTOPO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOACTIVITY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ATTRIBUTION DE FRÉQUENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO WAVES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ATRIBUCIÓN DE FRECUENCIAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRUIT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FRUIT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLANT PRODUCTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HORTICULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FRUTA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESPONSABILITÉ DE L'ENSEIGNANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER STATUS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER ROLE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RESPONSABILIDAD DEL DOCENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SYRIAN AR">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIDDLE EAST"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SYRIAN AR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE ARABE SYRIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA ARABE SIRIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE BIOLOGY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE FOR THE STUDY OF MAN OR OTHER EARTH LIFE IN OUTER SPACE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AEROSPACE MEDICINE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BIOLOGIE SPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE BIOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BIOLOG�A ESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TUNISIA">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARAB STATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TUNISIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTH AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TUNISIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLAMIC COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MAGHREB"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TÚNEZ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ICELAND">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ICELAND</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ISLANDIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/OECD COUNTRIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NORTHERN EUROPE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ISLANDE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSEUM PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DES MUSÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LOS MUSEOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MUSEUM ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING CONSTRUCTION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSTRUCTION DE LOGEMENTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELF HELP"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSTRUCCIÓN DE VIVIENDAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOUSING CONSTRUCTION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL POLICY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL POLICY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIGRATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LABOUR POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_4.25 SOCIAL POLICY AND WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">POL�TICA SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRUG POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSING POLICY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">POLITIQUE SOCIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL REFORM"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL COSTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL WELFARE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL JUSTICE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL TERMINOLOGY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL TERMINOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TERMINOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TERMINOLOG�A EDUCACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TERMINOLOGIE DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANIMAL TAXONOMY">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ZOOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TAXONOM�A ANIMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES OF ANIMALS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TAXONOMIE ANIMALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANIMAL TAXONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASEAN COUNTRIES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PA�S DEL ASEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDONESIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MALAYSIA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASEAN COUNTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CAMBODIA"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOUTH EAST ASIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAO PDR"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THAILAND"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASIA"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VIET NAM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PAYS DE L'ANASE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILIPPINES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SINGAPORE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRUNEI DARUSSALAM"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_7.25 POLITICAL GROUPINGS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MANAGEMENT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT COMMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE"/>
+    </skos:related>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA COMERCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOCATIONAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMERCIAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL LAW"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLINGUISTICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTIC UNIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE MINORITIES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.30 LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILINGUALISM"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE BARRIERS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIOLING�STICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHNOLINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BILINGUALISM"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIOLINGUISTIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIOLINGUISTICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REPUBLIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">REPUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POLITICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT PARTICIPATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PARTICIPACIÓN DEL ESTUDIANTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOOL STUDENT RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PARTICIPATION DE L'ÉTUDIANT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PARTICIPATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT ATTITUDES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STUDENT PARTICIPATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDY SERVICE -HIGHER EDUCATION-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STANDARDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">NORMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">NORME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT">
+    <skos:narrower>
+      <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALIBRATION"/>
+    </skos:narrower>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GEODESY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIOGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MEASUREMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEDICIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MESURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING INSTRUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMETRICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STANDARDIZATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASURING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METROLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL INTERACTION PROCESS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT TEACHER RELATIONSHIP"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL INTERACTION PROCESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCESSUS D'INTERACTION ÉDUCATIVE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO DE INTERACCIÓN EDUCATIVA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STUDENT BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER BEHAVIOUR"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">OBSERVATION OF STUDENT BEHAVIOUR IN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS TEACHING ATTITUDES. -IBE USES: INTERACTION PROCESS-</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BRAHMANISM">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HINDUISM"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">BRAHMANISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">BRAHMANISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BRAHMANISM</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FERTILITY">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION INCREASE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FÉCONDITÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FERTILITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH RATE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FECUNDIDAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN REPRODUCTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIRTH CONTROL"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPELLING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPELLING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ABBREVIATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHONETICS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ORTHOGRAPHE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETYMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORTOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARBITRATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARBITRAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONFLICT RESOLUTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ARBITRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ARBITRAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEDIATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE SOCIETY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOCIÉTÉ FUTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SOCIEDAD FUTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUTURE STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FUTURE SOCIETY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCELERATED COURSES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COURS ACCÉLÉRÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURSO ACELERADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACCELERATED COURSES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COURSES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RECURRENT EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION CONTINUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROFESSIONAL TRAINING"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">PERIODIC PROFESSIONAL RENEWAL, DISTINCT FROM MORE GENERAL CONCEPT OF LIFELONG EDUCATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN RECURRENTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RECURRENT EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFELONG EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOANS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PRÊT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEBTS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROCREDIT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LOANS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PRÉSTAMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CREDIT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANKS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PAINT TECHNOLOGY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE LA PEINTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TECNOLOG�A DE LA PINTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PAINT TECHNOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ALPHABETS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLITERATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ALFABETO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ALPHABETS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALPHABÈTE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST ACCOUNTING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COSTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CALCUL DES COÛTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTABILIDAD DE COSTOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COST ACCOUNTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ACCOUNTING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST REDUCTION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MIXED ECONOMY">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MIXED ECONOMY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE MIXTE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A MIXTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURALISM">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EXISTENTIALISM"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">STRUCTURALISM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTRUCTURALISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">STRUCTURALISME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROGRAMME CONTENT">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IN THE FIELD OF COMMUNICATION.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONTENIDO DE PROGRAMA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUDIENCE REACTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PROGRAMME CONTENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONTENU DU PROGRAMME</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CORAL REEFS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CORAL REEFS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISLANDS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND FORMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉCIF DE CORAIL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ARRECIFE DE CORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISSN">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISSN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ISBN"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALIBRATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MEASUREMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CALIBRAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIBRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CALIBRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANIC SOILS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SUELO VOLC�NICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOL VOLCANIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">VOLCANIC SOILS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VOLCANOES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE COMMUNICATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION SPATIALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMUNICACIÓN ESPACIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE EXPLORATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERACY">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILLITERACY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">RELATES TO THE PROBLEM. PROVISION FOR RESOLVING IT SHOULD BE HANDLED BY THE "LITERACY" DESCRIPTORS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ILLITERATES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FUNCTIONAL LITERACY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALPHABÉTISME</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ANALFABETISMO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICALS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PÉRIODIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PERIODICALS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSLETTERS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NEWSPAPERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CALENDARS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PUBLICACIÓN PERIÓDICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL CIRCULATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERIALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERIODICAL PRESS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/YEARBOOKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDEXES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/UNDERGRADUATES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESTUDIANTE NO DIPLOMADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDERGRADUATES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRADUATES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉTUDIANT NON DIPLÔMÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">STUDENTS ENGAGED IN STUDIES LEADING TO A FIRST DEGREE, E.G. BACHELOR'S DEGREE.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PALEOCLIMATOLOG�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PALÉOCLIMATOLOGIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PALAEONTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLIMATOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DROUGHT">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DROUGHT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SEQU�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL DISASTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRY FARMING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARID ZONES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GREENHOUSE EFFECT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESERTIFICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SÉCHERESSE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPOKEN LANGUAGE">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPEECH"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">LENGUAJE HABLADO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">LANGAGE PARLÉ</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPOKEN LANGUAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST MANAGEMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AGROFORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ORDENACIÓN FORESTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST CONSERVATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FORESTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">GESTION FORESTIÈRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARCOAL"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FOREST MANAGEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEFORESTATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND USE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOREST RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO TIMBER EXTRACTION AND REFORESTATION ASPECTS OF FORESTRY.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILATERAL RELATIONS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MULTILATERAL RELATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MULTILATERAL AID"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RELATIONS MULTILATERALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RELACIONES MULTILATERALES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COMMERCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMPTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COMERCIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARKETS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC COMMERCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC TRADE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMERCIAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADE POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL TRADE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TRADE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUPPLY AND DEMAND"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BARTER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.70 FINANCE AND TRADE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ART METALWORK">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HANDICRAFTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ART METALWORK</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLASTIC ARTS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRABAJO ART�STICO DEL METAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAVAIL ARTISTIQUE DU MÉTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/JEWELRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALWORKING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DIFFUSION SÉLECTIVE DE L'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A SERVICE WHICH CONTINUALLY DISSEMINATES DOCUMENTS, REFERENCES, "ABSTRACTS" OR DATA SELECTED ACCORDING TO THE INTEREST PROFILES OF THE USERS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION DISSEMINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DIFUSIÓN SELECTIVA DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMAL EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EDUCACIÓN INFORMAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMAL EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉDUCATION DIFFUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADULT EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE PROCESS OF LEARNING WHICH GOES ON CONTINUOUSLY AND INCIDENTALLY FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL, OUTSIDE THE ORGANIZED SITUATION OF FORMAL OR NONFORMAL EDUCATION. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH "NONFORMAL EDUCATION".</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIFELONG EDUCATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MOTOR DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NERVOUS SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MOTOR DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DESARROLLO MOTOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">DÉVELOPPEMENT MOTEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHILD DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS MUSIC">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRADITIONAL MUSIC"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS ART"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MUSIQUE RELIGIEUSE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS MUSIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MÚSICA RELIGIOSA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MUSICAL STYLES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA FORMATS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FILE ORGANIZATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMAT DES DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMATO DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA FORMATS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA EXCHANGE"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASER PRINTING">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOTOCOMPOSITION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRINTING METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">IMPRESIÓN L�SER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LASER PRINTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">IMPRESSION LASER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TYPESETTING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.30 SPACE SCIENCES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T2_SCIENCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCES DE L'ESPACE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIAS DEL ESPACIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TIME"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPACE SCIENCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPACE SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASTRONOMICAL SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROPROCESSORS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MICROELECTRONICS"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">THE COMPUTER'S CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LASERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEMICONDUCTORS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MICROPROCESADORA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MICROPROCESSORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MICROPROCESSEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/URBAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ENSEIGNEMENT MÉNAGER</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOMEMAKERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSUMER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ENSEÑANZA DE ECONOM�A DOMÉSTICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOUSEHOLDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FOOD PREPARATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_1.45 BASIC AND GENERAL STUDY SUBJECTS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL MODELS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURAL MODELS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MODÈLE CULTUREL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SIMULATION MODELS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MODELO CULTURAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL STATISTICS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDOOR GAMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">JEU D'INTÉRIEUR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">JUEGO DE INTERIOR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPORT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL GAMES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INDOOR GAMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOYS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GRANTS">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FINANCING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GRANTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SUBVENTIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCHOLARSHIPS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ALLOCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">DONACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE RESOURCES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS RENOVABLES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RENEWABLE RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES RENOUVELABLES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA TRANSMISSION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SATELLITES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEX"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER TERMINALS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEPHONE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉQUIPEMENT DE TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FAX"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EQUIPAMIENTO DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTER INTERFACES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -HARDWARE-"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL TEACHER EDUCATION">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES DE EDUCACIÓN ESPECIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TEACHER EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FORMATION DES ÉDUCATEURS SPÉCIALISÉS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SPECIAL TEACHER EDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARTINIQUE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CARIBBEAN"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MARTINIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MARTINICA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RÉPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">REPÚBLICA CENTROAFRICANA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER TREATMENT">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SANITATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WASTE WATER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESALINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRAITEMENT DE L'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRATAMIENTO DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DRINKING WATER"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER TREATMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL FACTORS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FACTOR SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">FACTEUR SOCIAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR WHERE APPROPRIATE.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOCIAL FACTORS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURE">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVILIZATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CHANGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CULTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL PHILOSOPHY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INFORMATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL RESEARCH"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CREATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL CULTURES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL HISTORY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CULTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL IDENTITY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_3.05 CULTURE"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">USE MORE SPECIFIC DESCRIPTOR.</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL COSTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COST EFFECTIVENESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">COSTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL BUDGETS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EDUCATIONAL FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EDUCATIONAL COSTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">COÛT DE L'ÉDUCATION</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TRADUCCIÓN AUTOM�TICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSLATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/AUTOMATIC INDEXING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TRADUCTION AUTOMATIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.10 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE STATISTICS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DE LA SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE FINANCE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESEARCH TRENDS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ECONOMICS OF SCIENCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LA CIENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT SCRIPTS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EGYPTOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DECIPHERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ASSYRIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESCRITURA ANTIGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ANCIENT SCRIPTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCRITURE ANCIENNE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPIGRAPHY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WRITING SYSTEMS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/KURDISH">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/IRANIC LANGUAGES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CURDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">KURDISH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">KURDE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING READINESS">
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">READING READINESS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/READING ABILITY"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LEARNING READINESS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MADUREZ PARA LA LECTURA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MATURITÉ POUR LA LECTURE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PROCESS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION PSYCHOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROCESSUS DE COMMUNICATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ADVERTISING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION SKILLS"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GROUP COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.10 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND POLICY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEEDBACK -COMMUNICATION-"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PERSUASION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROCESO DE COMUNICACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MASS COMMUNICATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">COMMUNICATION PROCESS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULAR THEATRE">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/THEATRE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">THÉÂTRE POPULAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULAR THEATRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">TEATRO POPULAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUPPETS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">EFECTO BIOLÓGICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BIOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">EFFET BIOLOGIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATIONAL BROADCASTING">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NATIONAL BROADCASTING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RADIODIFFUSION NATIONALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RADIODIFUSIÓN NACIONAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LOCAL BROADCASTING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENCE PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SCIENCE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">REFERS TO THE INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTO THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PLANNING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CIENCIA Y DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FEASIBILITY STUDIES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROJET DE DÉVELOPPEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROJECT MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROYECTO DE DESARROLLO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PILOT PROJECTS"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONGO">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CONGO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CENTRAL AFRICA"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/FRENCH SPEAKING AFRICA"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS ECONOMICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BUSINESS MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ÉCONOMIE DE L'ENTREPRISE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENTERPRISES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ECONOM�A DE LA EMPRESA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BUSINESS ECONOMICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SOURCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/GUIDES TO INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCE CENTRES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PRESS ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SOURCE D'INFORMATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION TRANSFER"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.30 INFORMATION SOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION SOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">FUENTE DE INFORMACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PORNOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PORNOGRAPHIE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOCIAL PROBLEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PROSTITUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SEXUAL ABUSE"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PORNOGRAF�A</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PORNOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PUBLISHING"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION SYSTEMS EVALUATION"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIBRARY COLLECTIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INFORMACIÓN/BIBLIOTECA, ADMINISTRACIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_5.15 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">INFORMATION/LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">INFORMATION/BIBLIOTHÈQUE, ADMINISTRATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INFORMATION/LIBRARY LEGISLATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ESPIONAGE">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">ESPIONAJE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CRIME"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ESPIONNAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESPIONAGE</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION PROGRAMMES">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">POPULATION PROGRAMMES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">PROGRAMME DÉMOGRAPHIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TARGET GROUPS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES"/>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE POPULATION FIELD.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION POLICY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POPULATION EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PROGRAMA DEMOGR�FICO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL MECHANICS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STRUCTURAL DESIGN"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOILS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">MEC�NICA DE LOS SUELOS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LANDSLIDES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LAND SUBSIDENCE"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SOIL SCIENCES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CIVIL ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">MÉCANIQUE DES SOLS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SOIL MECHANICS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA ANALYSIS">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/STATISTICS PRESENTATION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA COLLECTION"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DATA PROCESSING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE DE DONNÉES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SCIENTIFIC METHODS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DATA ANALYSIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">AN�LISIS DE DATOS</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BELIEF">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CREENCIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RELIGIOUS BELIEF"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CROYANCE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/EPISTEMOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE JUDGMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">BELIEF</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL VALUES">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ETHICS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">VALEUR MORALE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL CRISES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/VALUE SYSTEMS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MORAL EDUCATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MORAL VALUES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">VALOR MORAL</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SERVICE INDUSTRIES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INSURANCE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC WORKERS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BANKS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DOMESTIC TRADE"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HOTEL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CULTURAL INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">SECTOR TERCIARIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">SECTEUR TERTIAIRE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TRANSPORT"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_6.65 SERVICES"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TOURIST INDUSTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMANISM"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SERVICE INDUSTRIES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CALIDAD AMBIENTAL</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/QUALITY OF LIFE"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HUMAN ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/LIVING CONDITIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">QUALITÉ DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PLUTONIUM">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PLUTONIUM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NUCLEAR FUELS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">PLUTONIO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION ENGINEERING">
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">INGENIER�A DE LA TELEVISIÓN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">TECHNOLOGIE DE LA TÉLÉVISION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CABLE TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RADIO ENGINEERING"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELEVISION STATIONS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">TELEVISION ENGINEERING</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COLOUR TELEVISION"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TELECOMMUNICATIONS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/TV/RADIO EQUIPMENT"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/HIGH DEFINITION TV"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CONSERVATION">
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">CONSERVACIÓN DEL AGUA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER STORAGE"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WATER CONSERVATION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER SUPPLY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">CONSERVATION DE L'EAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/RESOURCES CONSERVATION"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">OCÉANOGRAPHIE CHIMIQUE</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE POLLUTION"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE ENVIRONMENT"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SALINITY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/WATER CHEMISTRY"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">OCEANOGRAF�A QU�MICA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/DESALINATION"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MT_2.40 GEOGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL RESOURCES">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/NATURAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALOGY"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/PHOSPHORUS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/SULPHUR"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERAL DEPOSITS"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECURSOS MINERALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RESSOURCES MINÉRALES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MINERALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MINERAL RESOURCES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/METALS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/COMMODITIES"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/INORGANIC COMPOUNDS"/>
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+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CHARACTER RECOGNITION">
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/CYBERNETICS"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/REMOTE SENSING"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/ENCODING"/>
+    <skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/unesco"/>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="fr">RECONNAISSANCE DES CARACTÈRES</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CHARACTER RECOGNITION</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="es">RECONOCIMIENTO DE CARACTERES</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+</rdf:RDF>
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/data/skos/agrovoc.rdf b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/skos/agrovoc.rdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b63c2e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/data/skos/agrovoc.rdf
@@ -0,0 +1,188674 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<rdf:RDF
+  xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+  xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
+  xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
+  xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
+  xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
+ xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
+>
+<skos:ConceptScheme rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc4">
+</skos:ConceptScheme>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ABA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abscisic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manila hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abalones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ormers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-52</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abandoned land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Idle land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Derelict land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abattoir byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Knacker products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughter byproducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcass byproducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughterhouse byproducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abattoirs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughterhouses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abdomen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Firs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Firsz</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abies pectinata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silver fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Algerian fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies balsamea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balsam fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies concolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Giant fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grand fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies lasiocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abies balsamea lasiocarpa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alpine fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies nordmanniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caucasian fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies procera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abies nobilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noble fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies sachalinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sakhalin fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies sibirica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abnormal behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feather pecking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuroses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deviant behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abomasum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_22">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abortion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abramis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abruzzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abscission</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Absidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Absorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For gastrointestinal absorption use Digestive absorption (2272); for the optical property use Absorbance (33924)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abu Dhabi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abutilon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abutilon theophrasti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abutilon avicennae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">China jute</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian mallow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Velvet leaf</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssal environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssal zone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa (of florists)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For false acacias use Robinia (6624)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_51"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_50"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia aneura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mulga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia auriculiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia auriculaeformis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Racosperma auriculiformis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia berlandieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guajillo (acacia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia dealbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silver wattle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia decurrens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia farnesiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cassie flower</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cassie glauca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet acacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia gerrardii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia hebeclada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia stolonifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia mangium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Racosperma mangium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia mearnsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia decurrens mollis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black wattle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia mellifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia nilotica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia arabica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia pendula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boree</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weeping myall</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia saligna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia cyanophylla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia senegal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia verek</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia seyal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_50">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia tortilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia raddiana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrella thorn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_51">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia victoriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia sentis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gundabluey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Narran</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_52">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acalitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_53">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thorny headed worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_54">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthoscelides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_55">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarapis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acaricides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Miticides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acari</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_58">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_59">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Accident benefits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Accident prevention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Accounting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Accounts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bookkeeping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maples</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_76"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_64"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_75"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_74"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_73"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_72"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_71"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_70"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_69"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_68"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_67"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_66"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_65"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_64">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer ginnala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_65">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_66">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer macrophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broadleaved maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bigleaf maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_67">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer negundo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Box elder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manitoba maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ash leaved maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_68">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer nigrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_69">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer palmatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_70">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer pictum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acer mayrii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_71">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer platanoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Norway maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_72">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer pseudoplatanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sycamore maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_73">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer rubrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_74">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer saccharinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acer dasycarpum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silver maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soft maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_75">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer saccharum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar maple (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hard maple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_76">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aceraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_77">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aceria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_78">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetaldehyde</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_79">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_80"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_80">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_79"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_81">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetoacetates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_82"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_82">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetoacetic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_81"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_83">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_84">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetylcholine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_85">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetylcholinesterase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 1 7</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_86">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acheta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acid base equilibrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkali reserve</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid base balance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid base status</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_91"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_88">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acid phosphatase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid phosphomonoesterase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 3 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_89">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acid soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acidification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Desirable or undesirable process, naturally occurring or induced</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_93"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_91">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acidosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic acidosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_93">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acidulants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_94">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acinetobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_95">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenseriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_95"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_98">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acoustic properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acquired characters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only when none of the related terms is appropriate</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acre (Brazil)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrisols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ultisols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acroceras</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acroceras macrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nile grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acromyrmex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinidia chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Actinidia sinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinidiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinobacillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinomycetales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Actinomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acuaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aculops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acyrthosiphon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acyrtosiphon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adaptation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acclimatization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological adaptation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Adjustment of a living organism to environmental conditions</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Additives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adjuncts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_93"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adelgidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenocarcinoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenosine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ADP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenosine diphosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AMP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenosine monophosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenosine triphosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atp cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenosine triphosphate cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mastadenovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adhesives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glues</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mucilage (adhesives)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adipose tissue</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body fat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brown fat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fatty tissue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow fat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Depot fat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Administration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public administration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adolescence (animals)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adoretus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adoxophyes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenal cortex hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenal glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenal cortex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adriatic Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adsorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adulteration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food adulteration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed adulteration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adults</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Advection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Side effects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adverse drug reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adverse drug effects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Undesirable drug reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary effects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nontarget effects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Advertising</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Publicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Advisory officers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Extension workers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aechmea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aechmea magdalenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pita (aechmea)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stegomyia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegean Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegle marmelos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bael</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian bael</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeneolamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequipecten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Mixing air with liquids or solids; for aeration of buildings use Ventilation (8188)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aerial application</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aerial surveying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeromonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aerosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeschynomene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Joint vetches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aesculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buckeyes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aestivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Passing the summer in a state of turpor</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Afforestation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Establishment of a forest on an area previously not forested</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Afghanistan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Afghanistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aframomum melegueta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amomum melegueta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grains of paradise</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea grains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melegueta pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Africa South of Sahara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subsaharan Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African buffaloes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cape buffaloes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syncerus caffer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffaloes (syncerus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synceros caffer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African elephant</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loxodonta africana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Afzelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malacca teak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33589"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agapanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agar agar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3164"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agathis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agavaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave amaniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue sisal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dwarf sisal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave atrovirens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agave latissima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave cantala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cantala</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maguey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave fourcroydes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agave forcroydes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave lecheguilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Istle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mexican fibre</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave letonae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salvador henequen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave sisalana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agave tequilana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Age</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Age differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agglomerating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agglutination tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk ring test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latex agglutination test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agglutinins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemagglutinins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aggressive behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agonistic behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ageing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Senility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Growing old of organisms; for products use Ripening (13933)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agitating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrarian countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrarian policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land distribution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrarian reform</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural chemicals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrochemicals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31430"/>
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+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land development (agriculture)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liming materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural lime</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calcareous magnesium amendments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lime (amendment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrarian structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land fragmentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrarian systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only when a more specific descriptor is not available</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agriotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AGRIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agroforestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taungya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm forestry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrosilvicultural systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Simultaneous production, temporary or permanent, of forest trees with agricultural crops or animals in the same place</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agroindustrial sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agribusiness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrobusiness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food and agricultural sector</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agroindustrial relations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food sector</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agromyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agronomic characters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop characters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horticultural characters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agronomic traits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agronomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science of crop production and soil management</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agropisciculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice field aquaculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rizipisciculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Alternating use or combination of agriculture with freshwater aquaculture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wheat grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wheatgrass (agropyron)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roegneria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron cristatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crested wheatgrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bentgrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scotia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aguascalientes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galleria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the whole mass of air surrounding the earth use Atmosphere (8994)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air conditioning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air masses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Air front</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cold front</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Warm front</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric deposition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric pollution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air sacs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air temperature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aviation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transport by aircraft</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air water interface</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transition strata between water surface and air, and their properties</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aircraft</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Airplanes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aizoaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesembryaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesembryanthemaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ajman</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alabama (lepidoptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alabama (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alagoas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alanine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alaska</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Socialist Repub of Albania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alberta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albinism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albino</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albizia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albizzia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albugo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cystopus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albumins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albumen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactalbumin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myogens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovalbumin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcoholic beverages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcohols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusel oils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Propylene glycol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aldehydes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_78"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alestes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurites fordii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurites moluccana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurites montana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mu (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurocanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleyrodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Algae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Padina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49758"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Algeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Dem Republic of Algeria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Algicides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alginates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Algology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkali metals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaline earth metals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaline phosphatase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaline phosphomonoesterase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaline soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaloids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyoscyamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrolizidine alkaloids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ephedrine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roquefortine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scopolamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkalosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allamanda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allelopathy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allergens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypersensitivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allergic reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allergies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allergic responses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alligators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alligatoridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-72</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium ampeloprasum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allium porrum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium bouddhae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium caeruleum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium cepa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium chinense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allium bakeri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rakkyo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium fistulosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium ledebourianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atasuki</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium macrostemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese garlic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium moly</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium neapolitanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium ostrowskianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium roseum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium sativum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium schoenoprasum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium tuberosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allium odoratum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese chives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloteuthis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allotments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garden plots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alluvial soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alder (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alocasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alocasia macrorrhiza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Giant taro</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopecurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopecurus pratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meadow foxtail</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpacas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lama pacos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alphavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sindbis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Getah virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ross river virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Semliki forest virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chikungunya virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpine grasslands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_307"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpine vegetation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Languas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpinia galanga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greater galangal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpinia officinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lesser galangal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alsace</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alstonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alstroemeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alstroemeriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Altitude</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High altitude</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aluminium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Al (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aluminum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alutera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alysicarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alyce clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alysicarpus rugosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alysicarpus vaginalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amapa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain amaranths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amarantus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus caudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus edulis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inca wheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Love lies bleeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus cruentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus paniculatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African spinach</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaryllidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaryllis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amazonas (Brazil)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyomma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amenity planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green belts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Americas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">American Samoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amide hydrolases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 5</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anilides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyvidone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salicylamides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amidines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amidostomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methylamines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monoamines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amino acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homoserine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aminoacids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amino compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amino nitrogen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amino sugars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Galactosamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glucosamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexosamines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acetylglucosamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_343"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aminotransferases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transaminases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 6 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amitosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium hydroxide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium nitrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium phosphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amorphophallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amorphophallus campanulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elephant yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pungapung</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amorphophallus rivieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Depreciation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amortization of assets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphibians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amphibia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anurous</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphimallon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphineura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphipoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amputation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amrasca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amsacta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amundsen Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amusium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amygdalin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amylases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diastases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 1 and 3 2 1 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amyloidosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amylopectin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amylose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabolics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Assimilation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacardiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacardium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacardium occidentale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaesthetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anesthetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chloral hydrate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Local anaesthetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Narcotics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lidocaine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lignocaine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Analeptics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amphetamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Analgesics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Detomidine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medetomidine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ananas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ananas comosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ananas sativus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bromelia comosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaphylactic reactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anaphylactic shock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anaphylaxis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaplasmosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarhichas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anastrepha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parentage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coancestry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Granddams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grandsires</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchovies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoveta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancillary enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Non-farm activities carried out on a farm</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancylostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ankylostoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nicobar Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andean Group</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andean Common Market</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grupo andino</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cartagena Agreement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andean region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andean zone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andhra Pradesh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andorra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andic soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andisols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Androecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stamens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Androgens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydroepiandrosterone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prasterone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon gayanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gamba grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anemone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anethum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angioma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Angiosarcoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiosperms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anglerfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flyfishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pole fishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rod fishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anglophone Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">English speaking Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">nts countries deleted because colonial relict, changed to rt africa, rts countries</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of Angola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguese West Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilloidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anhui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anhwei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal morphology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal anatomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal breeders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal breeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Controlled improvement of selected characters</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal collections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal developmental stages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Providing animals with feed of desirable quantity and quality</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24404"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal health</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal fitness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal housing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock boxes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Housing of animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loose housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Open housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cubicle housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rearing houses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal husbandry methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rearing systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litter for animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bedding litter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry litter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal litter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Bedding materials for livestock or poultry</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal power</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal traction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Protein products of animal origin; for chemical compounds use Proteins (6259)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal training</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal welfare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cruelty prevention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal rights</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal rights protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_53"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annelida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annulata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anona</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona cherimola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annona cherimolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona diversifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ilama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona montana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cimarrona</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain soursop</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona muricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corossol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soursop</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona purpurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soncoya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bullock's heart</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona squamosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Custard apples</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweetsop</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annual dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annual application</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annual weeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmophila</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplopoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anseriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anatidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antagonism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Atlantic Ocean</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_468"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_468"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Ocean</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Pacific Ocean</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_468"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic tundra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subantarctic tundra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South Polar Region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">All Antarctic territories</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antelopes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Impala</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oryx</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wildebeest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthaxia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthelmintics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bithionol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bunamidine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clioxanide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dichlorophen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haloxon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methyridine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Niclofolan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyclozanide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rafoxanide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resorantel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vermifuges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to anthelmintics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Levamisole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxfendazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For control of animal helminthoses; for the control of plant nematodes use Nematicides (5109)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13690"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthemis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthemis nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaemelum nobile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthonomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthoxanthum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vernal grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthracnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthraquinones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthrax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Symptomatic anthrax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthriscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthriscus cerefolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropogenic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manmade soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropogenic soil types</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthurium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthyllis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthyllis vulneraria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kidney vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antiaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antiaris africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antibiotics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amphotericin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hygromycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nystatin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Framycetin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rifamycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spectinomycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colimycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pristinamycins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avoparcin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lincomycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ciclosporin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclosporin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clindamycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milbemycins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mitomycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Doxorubicin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adriamycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colistin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antibodies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antitoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anticaking agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anticarsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anticoagulants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coagulation inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dicoumarol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anticoccidials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbarsone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clopidol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coccidiostats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diaveridine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antidesma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antidesma bunius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bignay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antidesma frutescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Binayaya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antifoaming agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defoaming agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigen antibody reactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunological agglutination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conglutination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virus neutralization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross reaction (antigen antibody)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autoantigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial antigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal antigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neoplasm antigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viral antigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigua and Barbuda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antigua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barbuda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antihistaminics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mepyramine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Promethazine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tripelennamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antiinflammatory agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antimetabolites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antagonists (metabolic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antimicrobials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiinfective agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antimony</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sb (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antioxidants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ndga (nordihydroguaiaretic acid)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological antioxidants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural antioxidants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antioxidative compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antiprotozoal agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amicarbalide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dimetridazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diminazene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metronidazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quinapyramine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quinuronium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suramin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanocidal drugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Babesicidal drugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antirrhinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snapdragons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antiviral agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Idoxuridine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virus inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virucides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antivitamins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Folic acid antagonists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin antagonists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methotrexate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formicidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Workers (ants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anuraphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cloaca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anzoategui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aonidiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apamea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant lice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphodius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apical meristems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apiculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beekeeping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apios americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apios tuberosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine apios</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apium graveolens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplodinotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apocynaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tabernaemontana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apodiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrochires</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micropodiformes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apomixis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Appetite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hunger (physiology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inappetance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Satiety</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apples</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crab apples</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Application methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of drugs, fertilizers, pesticides or other agricultural chemicals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apprenticeship</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Appropriate technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intermediate technology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low cost technology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apricots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apsilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apterygiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apulia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquaculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aquiculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mariculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea ranching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic communities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nekton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuston</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuston</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micronekton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Necton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic mammals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic ornamental plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental water plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Excludes viruses and bacteria</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_557"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic weeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water weeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquifoliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquilegia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Columbines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquitaine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arab countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arabian Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arabica coffee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arabinose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arable soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivable soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aroids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis glabrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis prostrata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis hypogaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis hipogaea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis hypogea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachnida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpion orchids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araecerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arafura Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aragua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria araucana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria imbricata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chile pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monkey puzzle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria cunninghamii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hoop pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria heterophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Araucaria excelsa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Norfolk island pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araucariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arboreta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arboriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cultivation of trees and shrubs, individually or in small groups, for ornament or instruction rather than use or profit</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arceuthobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cacoecia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archosargus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic Sea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic tundra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctica islandica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31152"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Areca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Areca catechu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Areca palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Betel palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arecoline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenga pinnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arenga saccharifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Argentine Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina (fish)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deep sea smelt (Pacific)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silver smelt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arginine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argopecten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyresthia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrosomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arid climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desert climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dry climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Rainfall insufficient to support vegetation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arid soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Semiarid soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arid zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dry zones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drylands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arizona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arkansas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arkshells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armadillos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armenian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Armenia (8926)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armillaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Armillariella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armoracia rusticana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Armoracia lapathifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cochlearia armoracia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aromatic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aromatics (chemical compounds)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stilbenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Flavour compounds (28309)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arracacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arracacia xanthorrhiza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arracacha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arracacia esculenta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arracha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peruvian carrot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peruvian parsnip</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhamphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhenatherum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhenatherum elatius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhenatherum avenaceum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhenatherum elatior</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avena elatior</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tall oatgrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arripis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arsenic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">As (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arsenic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arsenicals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arsenates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arsenites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sagebrush</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia absinthium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia dracunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthroplasty</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthropoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pauropoda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arthropods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthus type reactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serum sickness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial insemination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ai (artificial insemination)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial light</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial precipitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cloud seeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Induced rain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manmade rain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6435"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial regeneration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of a forest plantation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweeteners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perillartine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stevioside</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumatin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar substitutes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artisanal fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subsistence fishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small scale fishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Subsistence fishing, using simple gear and vessels</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus altilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus communis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus incisa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breadfruit (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breadnut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus champeden</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus polyphema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Champedak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus integer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus elasticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus heterophyllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus integra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artocarpus integrifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jack fruit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jackfruit (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jakfruit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aruba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arunachal Pradesh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arundinaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arundinaria amabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arundo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Giant reed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascaridia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascarops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascension</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aschelminthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nemathelminthes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascochyta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascorbic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin c</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascorbyl palmitate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascorbyl phosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascosphaera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ASEAN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Association of South East Asian Nations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Association of South East Asian Nations</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asexual reproduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetative reproduction (physiol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strobilation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ash content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asian inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sitao pole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snake beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yard long beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspartic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asparaginic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emericella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neosartorya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asphondylia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidiotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Assam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Donkeys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equus asinus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Assets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asterolecanium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astragalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrebla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrocaryum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Murumuru palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Athalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atheresthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherigona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atlantic Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atlantic salmon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric disturbances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric turbulence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric formations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anticyclones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barometric pressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atolls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atriplex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atriplex hortensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orache</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain spinach</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atropa belladonna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Belladonna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deadly nightshade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atropine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Attagenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Attalea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Attalea funifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bahia piassava palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Attractants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pest control baits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lures</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atylosia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aucoumea klaineana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auctions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Audiovisual aids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Videorecorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aujeszky's disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorabies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulacaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulacorthum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austral Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tubuai Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Australia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commonwealth of Australia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Australian Capital Territory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">ACT</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canberra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Australian region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Australian salmon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burgenland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carinthia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lower Austria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salzburg</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Styria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Upper Austria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vienna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vorarlberg</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Austria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austromenidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ecology of individual organisms or species as opposed to Synecology (7571)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autographa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Automatic irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autonomic nervous system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parasympathetic system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sympathetic system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vasomotor system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autumn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fall</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auvergne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avalanches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena byzantina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red oats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena fatua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Averrhoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Averrhoa bilimbi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bilimbi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Averrhoa carambola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carambola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Star fruit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gumboro disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian infectious bursitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Infectious bursal disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian leukosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian erythroblastosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian myeloblastosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian oncovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian leukosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian myeloblastosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reticuloendotheliosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erythroblastosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avicennia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avicenniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avicides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird control chemicals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corvicides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aviculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avipoxvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl pox virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axonopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axonopus compressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carpet grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axonopus scoparius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Imperial grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azerbaidzhan SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Azerbaijan (9026)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triazoles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azotobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azotobacteriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azomonas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benzyladenine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benzylaminopurine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baccaurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baccaurea motleyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rambai</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baccaurea sapida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paenibacillus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus thuringiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Back</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dorsum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbar region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Backcrossing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crossing between a hybrid and one of its parents</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Schizomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial pesticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antagonistic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteriology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteriophages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterioses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteroidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusiformis nodosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baden-Wuerttemberg</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Badgers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baffin Bay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagasse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bahamas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commonwealth of the Bahamas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bahia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bahrain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">State of Bahrain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baja California</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bakery additives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flour improvers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bakery industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bakery products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baking characteristics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balance of payments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balance of trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balantidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Straw balers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baliothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balkans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baltic Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bamboo shoots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bamboos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bambusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bambusa arundinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bambusa vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bananas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Band placement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Row placement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interrow placement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed banding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Side band placement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banda Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bangka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Belitung</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Billiton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bangladesh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of Bangladesh</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banisteriopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caapi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Investment banks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Savings banks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baphia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbados</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbiturates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barents Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barinas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ba (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bark</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">All tissues outside the vascular cambium in aged woody stems; for the product use Bark products (822)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolytidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scolytids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bark beetles (scolytidae)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bark products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barley</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barnacles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barographs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barracudas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barrier husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germfree husbandry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gnotobiotic husbandry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheelbarrows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barrows (vehicles)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basal dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basaltic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basella alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basella rubra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian spinach</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malabar nightshade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basellaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basic needs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basic services</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of human beings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basilicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basin irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyal zone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyal environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathystoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Battery cages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Battery husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia petersiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia macrantha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia rufescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sudan kharroub</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bavaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bay of Bengal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2449"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beaches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beaufort Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beauveria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beavers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Castor (genus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bedding plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Flowering plants, often half-hardy, planted out in beds for massed ornamental effect</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bee broods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bee larvae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bee colonies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honeybee colonies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bee eaters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bee feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syrup (for bee feeding)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bee plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honey plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melliferous plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nectar plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants particularly associated with honeybees</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beef</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Baby beef</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beef cattle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lagers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stouts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beeswax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beetroot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red beet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Behaviour theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conditioned reflexes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Habits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vocalization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fear</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beijing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belgium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antwerp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brabant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">East Flanders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hainault</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liege (Belgium)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limbourg</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luxembourg (Belgium)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Namur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West Flanders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Belgium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belize</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">British Honduras</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honduras (British)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beloniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benelux</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dahomey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of Benin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Avoid confusion with Benin in Nigeria</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benincasa hispida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benincasa cerifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wax gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthic environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyal benthic zone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Littoral environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benthic zone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benthon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobenthos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meiobenthos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbenthos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytobenthos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoobenthos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzimidazoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cambendazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fenbendazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mebendazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parbendazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albendazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berberidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bering Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5228"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bermuda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bertholletia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bertholletia excelsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beryllium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Be (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Besnoitia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pan (betel)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Birch (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betulaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beverage crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beverage industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit juice industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beverages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drinks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bhutan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Bhutan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bicarbonates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biennials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bignoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bihar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gall (bile)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bile acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bile ducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bile salts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Billygoats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical pathways</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemistry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytochemistry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological chemistry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochemistry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biocoenosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological communities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biocenosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological associations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biogeographic regions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoogeographic regions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytogeographic regions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biogeography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytogeography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoogeography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant geography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal geography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biographies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autobiographies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Obituaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological competition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interspecific competition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intraspecific competition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological techniques (pest contr)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biocontrol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological control arthropods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological control agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological control organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ontogeny</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Developmental physiology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ontogenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological rhythms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Circadian rhythm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diurnal rhythm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anatomists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Histologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Life sciences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biomass</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytomass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Total quantity or weight of organisms available in a given area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropometry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosynthesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosystematics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Collective fauna and flora of a region, specific habitat or biotope</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin h</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotopes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biphenyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diphenyl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bird control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Birth rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bismarck Archipelago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bismuth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bi (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bison</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American buffaloes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insect stings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stinging by animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Bites or stings inflicted by insects, snakes or other animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mallophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chewing lice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Columbicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cuclotogaster</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goniodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipeurus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biting lice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Menopon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichodectes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sucking lice (mallophaga)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bivalvia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bivalves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lamellibranchia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pelecypods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bixa orellana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annatto (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bixaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Black currants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blackcurrants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Black Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blackberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brambles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blackbirds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bladder</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urinary bladder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blanching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blaniulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blastomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bleaching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blennioidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blighia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blighia sapida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Akee</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blasts (of plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blindness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood cells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood circulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood flow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capillary circulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemodynamics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient transport in animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood coagulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood clotting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibrinolysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood coagulation disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematological disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematological disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemophilia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thrombocytopenic purpura</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood groups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood group antigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Avoid confusion with feeding by blood-sucking arthropods</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypotension</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood protein concentrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood protein disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myohaemoglobinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aglobulinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aglobulinemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dysproteinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dysproteinemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myohemoglobinemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proteinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypogammaglobulinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypogammaglobulinemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoproteinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoproteinemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemoproteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proteinemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasma proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serum protein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood vessels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capillaries (blood)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood volume</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasma volume</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blotches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blueberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bilberries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Highbush blueberries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lowbush blueberries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbiteye blueberries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bluefish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bluetongue</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to the male domestic swine</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body cavities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body fluids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Extracellular fluid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intracellular fluid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body measurements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skin fold thickness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body size</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body surface area</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body parts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body regions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body temperature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Core temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rectal temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skin temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boehmeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boehmeria nivea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">China grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bog soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boiling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boiling point</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boletus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceps (boletus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolivar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolivia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Bolivia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombacaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonaire</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bone diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osteitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Periostitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spinal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lordosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osteopathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skeletal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osteofibrosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dyschondroplasia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrodysplasia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrodystrophy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bone formation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calcification (skeleton)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ossification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bone mineralization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bone marrow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bone marrow disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopoiesis disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematopoiesis disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myeloproliferative disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bone meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skeleton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deboning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonitos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-36</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bony fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boraginaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borassus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borassus aethiopum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African fan palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Borassus flabellifer aethiopicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borassus flabellifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palmyra palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Border irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bordetella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boreal forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taiga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boreogadus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borneo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">B (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borrelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botanical gardens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botanical insecticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant insecticides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable insecticides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botanists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botany</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant biology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothriochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothriochloa insculpta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet pitted grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothriocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothynoderes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryodiplodia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botrytis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phymatotrichum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botswana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Botswana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bottles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bottling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bottomland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botulism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bougainville</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boulder clay soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bouteloua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grama (bouteloua)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine leukosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovini</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos (bovinae)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria brizantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palisade grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria decumbens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surinam grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria mutica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Para grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum muticum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycaudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachystegia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brackish water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brackishwater environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Estuarine environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brackishwater fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebellum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebrum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypothalamus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medulla oblongata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Optic chiasma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bran</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchiopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchiura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinapis alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White mustard (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica alba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica campestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica rapa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica campestris rapifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field mustard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian colza</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian rape</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarson</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica campestris chinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica pekinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica juncea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian mustard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rai</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica napobrassica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica napus napobrassica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica napus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colza (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canola (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rape (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black mustard (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brazil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federative Republic of Brazil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bread</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breadmaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breakfast cereals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cornflakes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porridge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breakwaters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bream</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater bream</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeders rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selection criteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding aims</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic improvement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding seasons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeds (animals)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For individual breeds of animals use this descriptor plus that for the appropriate animal</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bremen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevicoryne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevoortia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brewers grains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brewery byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brewing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hopping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mashing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kilning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brewing industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malt industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bricks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brill</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brining</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bristles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for the products; for the outgrowth of animal skin use Hair (3471); for the outgrowth of plant epidermis use Plant hairs (5970)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">British Columbia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">British Indian Ocean Territory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">British Isles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">British Virgin Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anegada</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jost Van Dyke</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tortola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virgin Gorda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virgin Islands (British)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brittany</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broadleaved evergreen forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broadleaved forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broadcasting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scattering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Broadcasting of seeds, soil amendments, pesticides, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromacil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bromo-methyl-sec-butyluracil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyuarx</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromeliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Br (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromus inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hungarian brome grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smooth brome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromus unioloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rescue grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bromus catharticus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bronchi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alveoli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brood chambers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broodnests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broodiness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">State of readiness to brood eggs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brosimum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brosimum alicastrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broussonetia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broussonetia papyrifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paper mulberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Browsing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Feeding on leaves or shoots of trees or shrubs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Browsing damage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucellin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucellosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruguiera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brunei Darussalam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brunei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brush fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broom fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brussels sprouts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryophyta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hepaticae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liverworts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mosses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musci</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bucculatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buccinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Budding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The union of two different plants by inserting the bud of one into the stem of the other; for the naturally occurring phenomenon use Bud initiation (15948)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Budgerigars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melopsittacus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Budgets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm budgets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of enterprises; in the framework of public finance use National budgets (28735)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Budwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eyes (buds)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buenos Aires</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buffer stocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reserve stocks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buffering capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Building construction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Architecture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Construction materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Building materials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheet metal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buildings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Houses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Building structures</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulbous vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulbs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For plant propagation use Sets (7004)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulgaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of Bulgaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulking agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bullocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ox</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Castrated bulls</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bunostomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bunyaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arbovirus (bunyavirus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nairovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phlebovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burbots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burgundy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buried soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myanmar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socialist Republic of Burma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Union of Myanmar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Lesions resulting from exposure to fire, heat, caustic, electricity; for the plant disease symptom having the appearance of burn use Scorch (24896)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursa fabricii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bursa cloacae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fabrician bursa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burseraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burundi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Burundi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bush fallowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Intensive fallow systems with bush as the fallow vegetation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butter oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butteroil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butterfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harvestfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buttermaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Churning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isobutyric acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butanoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24928"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrivibrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Byelorussian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Belarus (33237)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cabbages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cacoecimorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cactaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cacti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cadastres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land registers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cadmium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cd (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesalpinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesalpinioideae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesarean section</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cesarean section</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cesium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cs (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caffeine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hutches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cajanus cajan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arhar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cajan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cajanus indicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dhal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noneye pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red gram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calabash crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calabash plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calabria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamine soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus (palmae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet flag</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calathea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calathea allouia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Topee tambu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calathea lutea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cauassu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcareous soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcitonin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thyrocalcitonin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ca (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium carbonate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium cyanamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium hydroxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium nitrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium oxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calendula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common marigolds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pot marigolds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caliciviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vesicular exanthema virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calicivirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Norwalk virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">California</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliandra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliphoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blowflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliptamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callistemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bottle brush (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callosobruchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calocarpum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calocarpum viride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green sapote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calopogonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calopogonium mucunoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calopo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calf</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for the young animals of cattle and zebu cattle; for other species use Young animals (8489) and the appropriate descriptor for the species considered</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calvin cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sepals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camaguey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambisols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camellia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camellia sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camellia thea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camellia theifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tea (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thea bohea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thea sinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thea viridis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camelus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cameroon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cameroun</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Republic of Cameroon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campanulaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lobeliaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campanulatae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Campanulales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campeche</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camphor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cananga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cananga latifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tainghe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tho shui</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unona latifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cananga odorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ylang ylang (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canary Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canavalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canavalia campylocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brabicon beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canavalia ensiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gotani beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horse bean (canavalia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jack beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overlook</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Owens beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canavalia gladiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sword bean</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candied fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canes and rattans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cankers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant tumours</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant tumors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canna edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Edible canna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Purple arrowroot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Queensland arrowroot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canna indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian shot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cannabidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cannabaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cannabis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cannabis sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cannaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canned products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tinned products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canned foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canning industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf canopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canopy cover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canopy layer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crown canopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crown cover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest canopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree canopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree cover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cover of leaves and branches formed collectively by tops of plants; for vegetation covering the soil use Plant cover (25409)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantharellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chanterelles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canton and Enderbury Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enderbury Island</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CAP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common agricultural policy (EC)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Common Agricultural Policy of the EC</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cape Verde</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cape Verde Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Cape Verde</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capelin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caplin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capillaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capillary irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Outside capital</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Owner's equity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital leasing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Leasing of machinery or equipment but not of land</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital productivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capital efficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital taxation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capital gains tax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capital transfers tax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wealth tax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capitalism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capnodis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capparaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capparidaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capparis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capparis spinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decanoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24928"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprifoliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprimulgiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capripoxvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goat pox virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep pox virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lumpy skin disease virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum annuum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum baccatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum pendulum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum chinense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum frutescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum minimum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cherry capsicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsicum pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carabobo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carassius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbamates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dithiocarbamates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methylcarbamates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phenylcarbamates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thiocarbamates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbohydrate content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbohydrate metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbohydrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">C (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon dioxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">CO2</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon monoxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon tetrachloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonate dehydratase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonic anhydrase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 2 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Addition of carbon dioxide to beverages; for sugar juices use Purification (6377)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxymethylcellulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cmc (carboxymethylcellulose)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcasses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Bodies of animals prepared for the market; includes poultry</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oncogenic substances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genotoxic substances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antihypertensive agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digitalis glycosides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiac glycosides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Verapamil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vasoconstrictors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vasodilators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Circulatory system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal vascular system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caretta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caribbean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West Indies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caribbean Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carica papaya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caricaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARICOM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caribbean Community</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caranda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natal plum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carludovica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carludovica palmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panama hat (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnitine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carnivores (order)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caroline Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carotenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carotenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carotinoids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common carp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-11</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpet shells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hornbeam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1337"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpinus betulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carrageenans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3164"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carthamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carthamus tinctorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Safflower (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cartilage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cartilaginous fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selachii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cartography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Map making</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mapping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wagons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carum carvi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hickories (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carya pecan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carya illinoensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryedon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryocar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryocaraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryophyllaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryota urens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishtail palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish tail palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toddy palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Case law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caseinates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cash crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cash flow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Discounted cash flow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cash income</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casimiroa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casimiroa edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White sapote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tinnevelly senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia auriculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avaram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tanners cassia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia eremophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia senna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alexandrian senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia acutifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia sturtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassowaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chestnut (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castanea sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish chestnut (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet chestnut (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European chestnut (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Castilloa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castilla elastica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Castilloa rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panama rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castilla ulei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caponizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emasculation of animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of animals; for plants use Plant emasculation (5964)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casuariiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casuarina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agoho</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casuarinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catalase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 11 1 6</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catalpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catalytic activity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catamarca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catch composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fisheries catches (composition)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catch cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Planting and harvesting of quick growing crops between two regular crops in two consecutive seasons</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catecholamines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food service industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catering industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catha edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Khat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catjang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Felis catus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cattle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos taurus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic cattle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cattle sheds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cow sheds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cattle housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cattleya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cauliflowers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cavariella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caviar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to products prepared from the eggs of sturgeons</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caviar substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cayman Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cayman Brac</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grand Cayman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Little Cayman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidomyiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidomyids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gall midges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Itonididae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidophyopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Arthropods causing plant galls</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecropia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedarwood oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceiba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceiba pentandra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bombax pentandrum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eriodendron pentandrum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kapok (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White silk cotton (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Celastraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocrateaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Celeriac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Celery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell division</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nuclear division</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellular structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell walls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellular pits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the living protoplasmic layer covering cell structures use Cell membranes (9693)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Root cellars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellobiose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose acetate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrocellulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Celluloid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Collodion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gincotton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyroxylin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose nitrate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylcellulose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxypropyl cellulose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxipropylmethyl cellulose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl cellulose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Celosia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Celosia argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soko</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cenchrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cenchrus ciliaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffel grass (cenchrus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cenchrus setigerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anjan grass (cenchrus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Censuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central African Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Central African Empire</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central America</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CACM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Central American Common Market</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central government</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal government</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central nervous system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cns (central nervous system)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centralization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrally planned economies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socialist economies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Planned economies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centre (France)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropristis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrosema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrosema plumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrosema pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrospermae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaelis acuminata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaelis ipecacuanha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psychotria ipecacuanha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalcia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphatidylethanolamines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphatidylserines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Punga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonopoda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalosporins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cefotaxime</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceftiofur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalotaxaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratonia siliqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carob (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratopogonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biting midges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratostomella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratotheca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratotheca sesamoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cuckoo spit insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frog hoppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spittlebugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereal byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereal germs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maize germ</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wheat germ</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereal products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice cake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small grain cereals (grain)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for edible grain of grasses; for the plants use Cereal crops (25512)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebrospinal fluid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebrospinal tracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyramidal tracts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceroplastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceroxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceroxylon andicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beethovenia cerifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wax palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South American wax palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cervidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cestoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tapeworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cestodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selache maxima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceutorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chabertia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chad</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Chad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tchad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenomeles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cydonia japonica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetocnema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetognatha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arrow worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaff</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chagos Archipelago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalk soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaecyparis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">False cypress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champagne Ardennes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chandigarh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channel Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chanoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chanos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characinoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charadriiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charcoal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of animal or plant origin </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic char</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brook trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolly varden</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lake trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salmon trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheesemaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheetahs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acinonyx</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilotrema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelating agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dimercaprol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Edta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrilotriacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the natural compounds in plants use Phytochelatins (36310)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gopherus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Analytical methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Analytical chemistry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Determination of chemicals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Analytical techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical analysis (methods)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide application</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical oceanography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical pruning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soda pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphate pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphite pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfite pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaline pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_89"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemicals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Industrial products; use only when a more specific descriptor is not available</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemicophysical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physicochemical properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product characters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil chemicophysical properties (7182)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_98"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemistry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemoprophylaxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preventive therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemosterilants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemotaxonomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical taxonomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chenopodiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chenopodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chenopodium ambrosioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wormseed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chenopodium pallidicaule</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canihua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chenopodium quinoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quinoa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quinua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chernozems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sour cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chewing gum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheyletiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiapas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chickens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic fowl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pullets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gallus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for chickens; for other poultry use Young animals (8489) plus the descriptor for the species</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chihuahua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Child care</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Child feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">School meals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Child labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Children</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Child</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aconcagua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antofagasta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arauco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atacama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aysen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bio-Bio</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cautin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colchagua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Concepcion (Chile)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coquimbo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curico</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Linares</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Llanquihue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Magallanes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malleco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maule</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nuble</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">O'higgins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osorno</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Santiago (Chile)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Talca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tarapaca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Valdivia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Valparaiso</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Chile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proceras</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilomastix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Centipedes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38; restricted to the fish genus; for organisms formed from tissues of different genetic origins use Chimaeras (24830)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaeriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaeras (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bradyodonti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Holocephali</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbit fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbitfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ratfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">China</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">China People's Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of China</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chinchillas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lagostomus maximus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionodoxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glory of the snow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionoecetes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiroptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flying foxes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit bats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vampire bats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 14</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bedsonia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydoselachus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorflurenol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorflurecol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cl (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloris gayana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodes grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlormadinone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlormequat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ccc (chlorocholine chloride)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorocholine chloride</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cycocel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophora excelsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African teak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iroko</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mbang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mvule</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Odum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophora tinctoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green algae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green seaweeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-93</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophylls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophyllides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorothalonil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daconil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorpropham</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cipc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isopropyl chlorocarbanilate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chocolate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choanephora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blakeslea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cholesterol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_84"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cholinesterase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 1 8</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chordata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choristoneura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spruce budworm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Christmas trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xmas trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromatin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sex chromatin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euchromatin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cr (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome manipulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome number</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autosomes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heterochromosomes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum coronarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum spatiosum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shungiku</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysodeixis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoplusia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysomela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysophyllum cainito</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Star apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chubut</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chukchi Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenorrhyncha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cicadas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicadulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicer arietinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cicer sativum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichorium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichorium endivia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichorium intybus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ciconiiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ciders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apple wines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ciliophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Opalinata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suctoria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allantosoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ciliates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinchona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum burmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Padang cassia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum camphora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum tamala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian cassia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum zeylanicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum verum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirripedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citranges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_93"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citropsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrullus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrullus colocynthis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colocynthis vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrullus lanatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrullus vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colocynthis citrullus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the citrus species not listed below, combine this descriptor with one of the specific descriptors listed under Citrus fruits (1641) if needed</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus aurantiifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus aurantium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus crosses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crosses between Citrus species</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus decumana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus maxima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus limon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus medica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus paradisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus aurantium sinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Civil engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladocera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water fleas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1058"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butter clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hen clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Littleneck clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mogai clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pismo clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clappertonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honckenya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarifying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clarification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Depectinization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Classification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Systematization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Typology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clausena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clausena dentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clausena willdenowii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clausena lansium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Claviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Claws</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clay soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Argillaceous soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heavy soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Claypan soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain cleaning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land clearing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land clearance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of trees, brush, rocks and other obstacles to tillage</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleistogamy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clematis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macroclimate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic effects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Average course or conditions of the weather at a place over a period of years; for areas having similar climates use Climatic zones (1669)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic change</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climate change</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for areas having identical climates; for the physical phenomenon use Climate (1665)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palaeoclimatology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioclimatology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paleoclimatology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoclimatology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agroclimatology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climax communities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A stable community resulting from a succession of ecological changes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climbing vines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climbing habit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clitoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clitoria ternatea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cordofan pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cloches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Groups of organisms of identical genetic constitution</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clonorchis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clouds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cloudiness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cloud cover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupea harengus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32961"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupea ilisha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CMEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">COMECON</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnaphalocrocis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnephasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnidoscolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnidoscolus chayamansa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnidoscolus elasticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coagulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curdling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coagulating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coahuila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coal byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal lagoons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal plains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coasts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glazing (products)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For seed coating use Seed pelleting (6936)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobalt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Co (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adeleida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eimerida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemosporida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccidioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccidiosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scale insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coccids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lecanium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cockles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blattaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cockroaches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa beverages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chocolate drinks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chocolate industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coconut oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocos Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Keeling Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocos nucifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coconut palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cod</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Codfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-32</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coelenterata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopilema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coenzymes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea arabica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea bengalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea canephora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea arabica stuhlmannii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea maclaudii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea quillou</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea robusta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea ugandae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea welwitschii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea congensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea eugenioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea excelsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea dewevrei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea liberica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea racemosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea stenophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea zanguebariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coix lachryma jobi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adlay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coix lachrymajobi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coix lacrima-jobi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coix lacryma-jobi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Job's tears</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cojedes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colchicine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colchicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Temperature near or below the freezing point of water</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold stores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freezers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subarctic region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beetles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chafers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cantharidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus amboinicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus aromaticus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian borage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus rotundifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus parviflorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus tuberosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Spasmodic abdominal pain</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coliiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colistium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collagen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Museums</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Archives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collective farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ejidos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kolkhozy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collectivization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collembola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Springtails</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collenchyma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colloidal properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colloidal stability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colloids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colloidal state</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colocasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colocasia esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colocasia antiquorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cololabis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colombia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Colombia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colombo Plan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in the Asia and the Pacific</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colonialism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Imperialism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colorado</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colostomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colostrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Color</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coloration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Columbiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combine harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combretaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combustion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comminution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chopping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crumbling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crushing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flaking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shredding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trituration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commodity markets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product markets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commodity exchanges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Common lands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Communal lands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Common law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Common markets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commonwealth of Nations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">British Commonwealth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Communes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Communities living and working together on a cooperative basis</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Communism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Community development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comoros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anjouan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Comoro Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Etat Comorien</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grande Comore</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moheli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Compensation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Complement fixation tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asteraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compositae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical concentration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical analysis (results)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Composts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organic residues with or without soil that have undergone biological decomposition</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Compound feeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed premixes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Compound fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Binary fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blended fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Expropriation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compulsory purchase of land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Computers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calculators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Concentrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed concentrates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Concentrating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic concentration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Concentration of production or distribution</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Concrete</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Condiments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Confectionery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Confectionery industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jam industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congenital neoplasms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-33</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo (Brazzaville)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Middle Congo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of the Congo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of the Congo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congusta coffee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniferous forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniferales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conifers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coniferae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Connecticut</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conoderus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conopia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Constraints</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Purchasing habits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer response</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer preferences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer expenditure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Household expenditure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retail prices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Final consumption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intermediate consumption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumption functions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contact toxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Container transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unitizer cargo system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Containers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Packaging boxes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contarinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continental climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continuing education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Further education</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Life long education</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continuous cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monocropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The growing of crops in succession without seasonal fallowing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contortae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gentianales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contour cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contraceptives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contract farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tendering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled atmosphere storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inert gas storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Modified atmosphere storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ca storage (controlled atmosphere)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ulo storage (ultra low oxygen)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled burning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prescribed burning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intervention prices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convallaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convergent improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conveyers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cableways</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chain and flight conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roller conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shaker conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Belt conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Auger conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumatic conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Screw conveyers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convolvulaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cook Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hervey Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Braising</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broiling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Simmering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stewing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooking fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooking oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chilling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Precooling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Association for mutual benefit; for international cooperative activities use International cooperation (16378)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative activities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Financial cooperatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative credit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Group farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moshavim</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Joint farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative marketing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative selling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative bargaining</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative purchasing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative buying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coownership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Communal ownership</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copepoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copernicia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copernicia cerifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carnauba wax palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cu (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copper sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coppice system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coppice forest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coppicing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coprophagia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caecotrophy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cecotrophy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coptotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural insemination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coitus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coquina clams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wedge shells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coraciiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coral reefs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barrier reefs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fringing reefs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coral Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-82; do not use for eggs or gonads of shellfish</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corchorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corchorus capsularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White jute</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corchorus olitorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tossa jute</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corcyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordeauxia edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hebb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jeheb nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jicib</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ye-eb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yehib</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordoba (Argentina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordyceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordyline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leucichthys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriandrum sativum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coridodax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cork</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boards (cork)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corkboard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant product; for the tissue use Phellem (27981)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cormorants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cormel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cornaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corned beef</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cornus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cornel (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dogwoods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corolla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Petals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coronaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coronilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeis oleifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American oil palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeis melanococca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corozo oleifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corpus luteum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corpus luteum hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corsica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cortex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant tissue; for the brain cortex use Brain (1053)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corticium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corticotropin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">ACTH</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenocorticotropic hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corylaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hazels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corythucha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corythuca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmopolites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goat moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cost analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Costing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cost benefit analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costa Rica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Costa Rica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costelytra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Real costs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shadow prices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overhead costs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotoneaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottage industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Home industries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Home production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Activities carried out part time in the home for profit</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lint (cotton)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Staple (cotton)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotton industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottontails</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cottontail rabbits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sylvilagus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotyledons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed leaves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotylurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cougars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coumarins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Council of Europe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cover plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ground cover plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cover crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants grown between or during regular crop for adding of organic matter to soil and/or protection against erosion</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cowdria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cowpeas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caupi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marble pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cow pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sitao</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southern pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southernpea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Castilla beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for cattle and zebu cattle; for other species use Females (15969) plus the descriptor for the species</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coxiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myocastor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spider crabs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-42</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crambe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seakale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cranberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassulaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stonefruit crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crataegus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hawthorns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">May (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quickthorns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whitethorns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crawfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock lobsters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spiny lobsters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-43</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crayfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater crayfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-41; restricted to freshwater species; to be differentiated from marine crawfish</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cream</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Creatine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Creatinine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Credit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural credit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lending</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Long term credit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medium term credit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Short term credit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crescentia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crescentia cujete</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South american calabash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cribs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crickets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_86"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Critical path analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Croakers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drums</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-72</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocus sativus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cronartium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop damage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cropping systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivation systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plantation crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivated plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Useful plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">All useful plants, cultivated or not</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cross pollination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cross country vehicles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossbreds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossbreeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to animals; for plants use Hybridization (3706)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crotalaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crotalaria juncea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Croton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Croton tiglium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corvus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ravens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassicaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cruciferae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32690"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crude fibre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibre content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Insoluble residue left after the complete hydrolysis of foods of plant origin</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crustacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crustaceans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crustacean culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptococcus (fungi)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptogams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptogamy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sporophytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptolestes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laemophloeus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptomeria japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptophlebia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptorchidism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crystallization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenicera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenolabrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Cuba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuckoos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuculiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumis anguria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gherkin (west indian)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West indian gherkin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumis melo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumis sativus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbit fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbit vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbita foetidissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffalo gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chilicote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbita maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbita mixta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbita moschata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbita pepo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental gourds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbitaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucurbitales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mosquitoes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop husbandry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant cultivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Discs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scarifiers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Control of diseases or pests by use of cultivation techniques or changed cropping patterns</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Civilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultured milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fermented milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactic beverages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sour milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skyr</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuminum cyminum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True cypress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curacao</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curculio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balaninus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma amada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mango ginger</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian arrowroot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma aromatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wild turmeric</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma caesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black zedoary</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma longa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma domestica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma mangga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma xanthorrhiza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curcuma zedoaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zedoary</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cured meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curvularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuscuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dodder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuscutaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cut flower production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cutlassfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frostfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hairtail fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scabbardfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-37</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slicing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for slicing of bread, meat, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting implements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2046"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuttings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microcuttings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuttlefish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyamopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyamopsis psoralioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cluster beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guar (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanamides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogen cyanamide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycadales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclanthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synanthae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient cycling in ecosystems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biogeochemical cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hurricanes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tornados</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Typhoons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclophosphamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclostomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agnatha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclostomata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marsipobranchii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Petromyzoniformes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carpocapsa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grapholita</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grapholitha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laspeyresia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydonia oblonga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cydonia vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus cydonia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citronella grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malabar grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rosha grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynara cardunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardoons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynara scolymus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodon aethiopicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Giant star grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodon dactylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bahama grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bermuda grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodon polevansii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Doob</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Star grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynosurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyperaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sedges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49759"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyperus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyperus esculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chufa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earth almond</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tiger nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyperus papyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Papyrus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyphomandra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyphomandra betacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree tomato</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Cyprus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypselurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtosperma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtosperma chamissonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtosperma edule</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtosperma markusii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cysteine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystocaulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytidine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytogenetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytokinins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytokinins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cell physiology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytophagales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Simonsiella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytoplasm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytoplasmic inheritance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Extranuclear inheritance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonmendelian inheritance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytoplasmic organelles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microsomes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodesmata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organelles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytosine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytotaxonomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CSFR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Czechoslovakia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Czech and Slovak Federal Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Only to be used for documents published before 31.12.1992; later use Czech Republic (33095) or Slovak Republic (33096)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellowtail flounder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylis glomerata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocksfoot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orchard grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactyloctenium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopteriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daemonorops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy cattle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy hygiene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk hygiene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cheese industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia cochinchinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chin chan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thailand rosewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tracwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia latifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bombay blackwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">East indian blackwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian rosewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia melanoxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">East African blackwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Senegal ebony</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bahia rosewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brazilian rosewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia oliveri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burma rosewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tamalan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia retusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocobolo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nicaraguan rosewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbergia sissoo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shisham</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barrages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danaus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danube salmon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Darkness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasineura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyneura</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasychira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Data collection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data collecting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data compilation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data acquisition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Date shells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Datura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daucus carota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daughters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Female offspring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Davainea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daylight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sunlight</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deafness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Death</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deblossoming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thinning (deblossoming)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flower thinning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Debt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indebtedness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bankruptcy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to the order of crustaceans; for the suborder of molluscs use Cephalopoda (1456)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decentralization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deciduous plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deciduous seasonal forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deciduous summer forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decision making</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deciding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deck equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decorative uses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jewellery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental uses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deep litter husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deep placement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defaecation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defecation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deficiency diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deflation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defoaming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defoliants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haulm killers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Degassing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Degradation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decomposition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal degradation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Depolymerization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal decomposition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical degradation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Chemical or physical decomposition of a compound, a product or material; for the environment use Environmental degradation (34821)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Degumming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dehiscence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desiccation (physiology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abnormal water loss</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydration (physiology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Excessive loss of water due to physiological phenomena; for the process of removing water from materials or products use Drying (2402)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delaware</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delhi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leptohylemyia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erioischia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delta rays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delta soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deltas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demand</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demand functions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demersal fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demineralization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Yemen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aden</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kamaran Island</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Democratic Repub. of Yemen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Yemen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yemen People's Democratic Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To be used for documents published or dealing with the situation in the region before May 1990</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demodex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demospongia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Denaturation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrocalamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrocalamus strictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrodochium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrolimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Denmark</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Denmark</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Density</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Specific gravity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mass per volume</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Mass of a substance per unit volume</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dent maize</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dent corn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deodorizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deodorization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Depressaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30286"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Depth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deepness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deraeocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermacentor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermanyssus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermaptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earwigs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatomycoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophytosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycotic dermatitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Favus (avian dermatophytosis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tinea disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5024"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermestes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hide beetles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermochelys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Derris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tuba root</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desalting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desert soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desertification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desertization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deserts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desiccated coconut</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desiccated fodders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dry feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Design</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmanthus virgatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dwarf koa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa virgata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beggar weeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tick clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium discolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium intortum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kuru vine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium uncinatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dessert grapes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Destoning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pit removal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed removal from fruits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desugaring</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Detoxicants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antidotes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Narcotic antagonists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Detoxification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical decontamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Devaluation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Developed countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Developing countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">LDC (least developed countries)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Least developed countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Third world</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Underdeveloped countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heavy metals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Metallic elements with a density higher than 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development agencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aid institutions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development aid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic aid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development plans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Development strategy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development projects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Developmental stages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growth stages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dew</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dewberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dextrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dextrins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclodextrins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphodextrins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diacrisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diadromous fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anadromous fishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catadromous fishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fish that migrate between fresh and salt water for breeding</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease recognition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diagnostic techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Function testing (diagnosis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clinical examination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dialeurodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dialysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dianthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carnations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diapause</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaporthe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaprepes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diatraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicalcium phosphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicamba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicentrarchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichanthium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichanthium annulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marvel grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichrostachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kakada</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa cinerea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicotyledons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrocoelium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyocaulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyosomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Didymella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dielectric properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dielectric constant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dietary history assessment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional assessment of diet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Kind and quantity of feed or food normally prescribed for an animal or a person; for specific diets use Therapeutic diets (7714)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dietetic foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clinical foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Foods prepared to meet the particular nutritional needs of persons whose normal processes of assimilation or metabolism are modified, or who require a controlled intake of food or certain nutrients</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dietetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Principles of nutrition applied to feeding persons or groups of persons</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Differential pricing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell differentiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tissue differentiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestibility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True digestibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apparent digestibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestible cellulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestible fibre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestible nitrogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein equivalent</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestible starch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transit time</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive absorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intestinal absorption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Constipation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Depraved appetite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dyspepsia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indigestion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen atony</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scours</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperchlorhydria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intestinal obstruction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive juices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chyme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gastric juice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intestinal juice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pancreatic juice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stomach juice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen liquor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gastric acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alimentary canal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alimentary tract</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive system diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Esophageal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rectal prolapse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria decumbens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pangola grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria exilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fonio (digitaria)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fundi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hungry rice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fonio (digitaria exilis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria scalarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African couch grass (digitaria)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diheteropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon amplectens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dimensions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Size</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioctophyme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diorite soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioryctria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greater yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Winged yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea bulbifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerial yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea cayenensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow guinea yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea dumetorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African bitter yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cluster yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea aculeata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lesser yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea hispida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asiatic bitter yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea nummularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea opposita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea batatas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea pentaphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea rotundata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eight months yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White guinea yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscorea trifida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cush-cush yam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioscoreaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diosgenin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6794"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diospyros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diospyros ebenaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black sapote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diospyros kaki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diospyros chinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese persimmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diospyros lotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diospyros virginiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American persimmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diparopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipetalonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diphyllobothrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dibothriocephalus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diphysa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplectrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diploids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Millepedes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Millipedes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest dips</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage dips</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diprion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flies (unspecified)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Two winged flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipterocarpaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dipterocarps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipterocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apitong</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipteryx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipylidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Direct marketing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm shops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">On-farm sale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Direct taxation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dirofilaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disbudding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Preventing terminal or side growth of plants by removal of buds or shoots</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disease control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungus control (diseases)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant disease control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease prevention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease prophylaxis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease eradication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteria control (diseases)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disease resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Susceptibility to infection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tolerance to diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Host resistance to diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disease transmission</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disinfectants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acriflavine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiseptics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy detergents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Udder washes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteriostatic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dispersions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suspensions (physical state)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dispersive soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dissolving</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dissolution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distilling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distillation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rectification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distilling industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic distribution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distribution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial distribution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the natural distribution of animals or plants use Geographical distribution (5083)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">District of Columbia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DC (USA)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Washington DC</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditylenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diuretics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorothiazide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Divers (birds)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diversification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop diversification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product diversification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Production diversification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Division of labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physical division of labour; for the international division of labour use International agreements (3915) and Production location (6205)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Djibouti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Afars and Issas Territory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French Somaliland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French Territory of Afars and Issas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Djibouti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Issas (and Afars Territory)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deoxyribonucleic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">dnoc</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dinitro-o-cresol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dnc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl dinitrophenol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dinitrocarbolineum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dociostaurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Documentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The assembling, coding and dissemination of recorded information on agriculture, fisheries, food, forestry and rural sociology</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dogfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cat sharks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dogfish sharks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Huss</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock salmon (squalus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smooth hounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canis familiaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolphinfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pompano dolphin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolphins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-63</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolycoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic gardens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kitchen gardens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Home gardens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Home trade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestication</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal domestication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant domestication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">The process of breeding for one or more desirable characteristics in plants and animals. (source: NAL)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dominant genes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dominant species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dominica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dominican Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dopa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dihydroxyphenylalanine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Illegal treatment of racing animals with stimulant or depressant drugs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dormancy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rest (dormancy)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rest (quiescence)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anhydrobiosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dormancy breakers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dorosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drainage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drainage equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Envelope materials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drainage water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Draught horses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carthorses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Draft horses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dredgers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dredges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dredging vessels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dredging (catching methods)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drechslera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk powder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Powdered milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed drills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drinkers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Devices for watering livestock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drinking habits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drinking behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Applies to humans and animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drone honey bees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male bees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vinegar flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drought</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drouth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Abnormal prolonged period of dryness</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drought resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to drought</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Susceptibility to dryness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drought tolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drug plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medicinal plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmaceutical plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medicinal herbs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drug therapy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemotherapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmacotherapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drugs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemotherapeutants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medicaments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medicines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Therapeutic substances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary drugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmaceutical products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drumlin soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dry farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dryland farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In arid zones, cultivation without irrigation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dry matter content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solid content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dry mulches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gravel mulches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plastic mulches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil mulches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dry season</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Driers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kilns (dryers)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tray dryers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydrators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desiccation (treatment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydration (treatment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product dehumidification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curing (drying)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drying oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryobalanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brunei teak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dubai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ducks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drakes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cairina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dugongs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea cow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dune soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dunes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Durango</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Duration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Durio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Durio zibethinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Durian</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dust protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dusters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Devices for applying powders</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dusting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Powders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dust (formulation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dwarfism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dwarfing (disorder)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dwarfs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dye plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dyera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dyera costulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jelutong</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dyes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azo dyes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysdercus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysregulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Convulsions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurohormonal disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retention of body fluids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syncope</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tremor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Functional disorders in animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dystocia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eagles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ear cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ear diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Precocity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Early development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earliness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Tendency of an organism or one of its parts to develop sooner than related forms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ears</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Auditory meatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eustachian tube</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tympanic membrane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tympanic cavity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The Earth as a planet; for earth as a growing medium use Soil (7156)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earth sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earthmoving equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bulldozers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dozers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earthquakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earth tremors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6950"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8286"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbricidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East China Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East Siberian Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Central Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Central Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29152"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Europe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ebenaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ebenales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa colona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jungle rice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum colonum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shama millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa frumentacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bharti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Billion dollar grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese barnyard millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barnyard millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum crus galli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum frumentaceum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sanwa millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa polystachya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa pyramidalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antelope grass (echinochloa)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa turnerana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Channel millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Channel sorghum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydatid cyst</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinodermata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Echinoderms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echiuroidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological succession</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural succession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant succession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Primary succession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary succession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bionomics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological sciences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental biology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Econometrics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Financial analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic crises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sectoral development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic dualism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dual economies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic geography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic growth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Increase in wealth of a country</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic sectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Production sectors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic sociology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postsocialism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic unions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Customs unions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecosystems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A complex of organisms and their environment forming a functioning whole</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecotone mixed forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ectomyelois</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecuador</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Ecuador</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edible fungi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mushrooms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural education</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Educational policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elvers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">River eels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-22</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Efficiency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Use efficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">EFTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European Free Trade Association</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg characters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg hatchability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hatchability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg incubation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial egg incubation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Artificial; for the natural process use Brooding (9445)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg shell</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shell-less eggs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soft shelled eggs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg shell membranes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg yolk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitellus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eggs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh eggs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of birds or reptiles used for food; for other eggs use Ova (5454)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egypt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arab Republic of Egypt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Arab Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ehrlichia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eichhornia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eichornia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ejaculation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electroejaculation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">El Salvador</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of El Salvador</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salvador</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeis guineensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasmopalpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elatobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eldana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electric fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electrofishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electric potential</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electronic engineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical installations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electricity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electric current</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to physical phenomenon</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electricity supplies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrolytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyelectrolytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electronics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrophoresis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electrofocusing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gel electrophoresis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sds-page</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eledone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleginus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleocharis tuberosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese water chestnut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elephants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elettaria cardamomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amomum cardamomum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleusine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleusine coracana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eleusine abyssinica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleusine indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eleusine africana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl foot grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleutheronema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elevators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fork lifts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bucket elevators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lifts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alces</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European elks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elsinoe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wild rye</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aneurolepidium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elytrigia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embargos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embioptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant embryos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embryo culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embryonic development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Embryology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetal development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foetal development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Embryogenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embryotomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetotomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emergence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seedling emergence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of the first leaves of a plant above the soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emilia Romagna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emmonsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Employment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empoasca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylmethanesulphonate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emulsifiers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emulsifying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emulsification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalitozoon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endangered species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Species threatened with extinction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Species extinction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Animals or plants at risk of extinction</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endocrine diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pituitary diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hormone deficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endocrine glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ductless glands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endoplasmic reticulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ergastoplasm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endosperm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed albumins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain albumins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albumen of seeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endosperm grafting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endothia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endotoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Capacity for producing work or heat; for energy content of food or feed use Energy value (10613)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy balance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy saving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy exchange</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy flow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy conversion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transfer of energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy sources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Power</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural engineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use more specific term when applicable</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Engineering properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Working properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engineers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">England</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensete</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensete ventricosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ensete edule</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musa ensete</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entandrophragma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterobacteriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterolobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earpod (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterotoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polioviruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entolasia imbricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bungoma grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomogenous fungi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entomophagous fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entomopathogenic fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4777"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2589"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Applied entomology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomophthora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entoprocta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endoprocta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyzoa (endoprocta)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyzoa (entoprocta)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entre Rios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enucleation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological zonation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological zones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">External conditions that may act upon an organism or community to influence its development or existence</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal control (environment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental temperature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme interference</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme precursors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme preparations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rennet substitutes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For each specific enzyme, the IUPAC code is given as an aid to identification; use more specific descriptor if applicable</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme activity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymatic activity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymic activity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eosinophilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eperythrozoon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephedra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephedraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephemeroptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mayflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plectoptera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephestia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical warehouse moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epicauta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epichoristodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epicotyls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidemics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epizootics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epiphytotics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease outbreak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resurgence of diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidemiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epizootiology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Study of various factors determining the frequencies and distributions of diseases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidendrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants; for the epidermis of animals use Skin (7097)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epilachna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Henosepilachna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Promicrops itajara</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephrine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenaline</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1386"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinotia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epiphyas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epiphytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epithelium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epitrimerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epitrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epithrix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equatorial Guinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fernando Po</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Equatorial Guinea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rio Muni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish Guinea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equilibrium disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balance disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea sickness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equine infectious anaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_380"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Implements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Installations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Instruments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Machinery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Appliances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tools</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Utensils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only when a more specific descriptor is not available</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostis curvula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostis superba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostis tef</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostis abyssinica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teff</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erectness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prostrate plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eretmochelys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ergonomics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ergonomic factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ergosterol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ergot alkaloids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ericaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ericales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26237"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erimacrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erinnyis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriobotrya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2646"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriobotrya japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriophyes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriophyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gall mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_52"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_77"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eroded soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erosion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal erosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil erosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Universal soil loss equation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Usle (universal soil loss equation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erosion control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erosion control plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil stabilizing plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erucic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysipelothrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrocytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erythroblasts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red blood cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythroneura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythroxylaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythroxylum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erythroxylon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Escherichia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eschrichtius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esocoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Espirito Santo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Essential oil crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavouring crops (essential oils)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aromatic crops (essential oils)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perfume crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Essential oil plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Essential oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aromatic oils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Volatile oils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esterases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxylic ester hydrolases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipolytic enzymes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphoric monoester hydrolases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phospholipases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_85"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_88"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estonian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Estonia (10672)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estuaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estuarine fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In estuaries and coastal lagoons</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethiopia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssinia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethiopian region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethnic groups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethnicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tribes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etrumeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euastacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalypts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gum (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus astringens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brown mallet (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus citriodora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus deglupta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus diversicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus dives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broadleaved peppermint (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus fraxinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus fruticetorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus polybractea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus globulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue gum (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tasmanian blue eucalyptus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Victoria blue gum (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus macrorhyncha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus obliqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus pilularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus regnans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain ash (australia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus saligna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saligna gum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sydney blue gum (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus smithii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus staigerana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus wandoo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucaryotic cells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eukaryotic cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucosma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia aquea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium aqueum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Watery rose apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia javanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Java apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium javanicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wax apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia malaccensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia macrophylla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malay apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pomerac</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium malaccensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia uniflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pitanga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eulecanium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia antisyphilitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia cerifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia pulcherrima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poinsettias</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupoecilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clysia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euproctis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Europe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">European inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurygaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurytrema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euspongia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euthynnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutrichosiphum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutrigla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutrophication</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euxoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evaluation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Evaluation techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Judging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evaporated milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evaporating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evaporation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water loss</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evaporation suppressants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evapotranspiration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The sum of water loss from soil by evaporation and from plants by transpiration</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evergreen mixed forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean mixed forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evergreen plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evisceration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gutting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evolution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ewes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ewe hoggs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gimmers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Excision</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exclusive economic zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">EEZ</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Areas beyond the territorial waters in which marine resources fall under the jurisdiction of the coastal states</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Excreta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Excretion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exobasidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exocoetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exogonium purga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exoskeleton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exotoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Expanded plastics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Expenditure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spending</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Experiments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exploratory fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Explosive fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exports</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extension activities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Advisory centres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Advisory services</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural demonstration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Client-oriented extension</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extensive farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Extensive production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extensive husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ranching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extirpation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Essences or concentrates</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extrauterine pregnancy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abdominal pregnancy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tubal pregnancy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extrusion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eye diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corneal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retinal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uveitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ophthalmic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eyes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conjunctiva</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cornea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eyelids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eye lens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nictitating membrane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pupil (eye)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faeces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feces</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry droppings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagopyrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagopyrum emarginatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagopyrum esculentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fagopyrum sagittatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagopyrum tataricum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian wheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siberian buckwheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beech (fagus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Falcon (Venezuela)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Falconiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Accipitridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Falcons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Falkland Islands Dependencies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malvinas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South Georgia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South Sandwich Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fallow systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fallowing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sequences of crop years and fallow years</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Families</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Human groups; in botany and zoology use Taxa (7624)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Family allowances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Family farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Family labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Family planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Birth control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Population control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contraception in mankind</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Famine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hunger (socioeconomic problem)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">FAO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food and Agriculture Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farinosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm amalgamations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amalgamations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm area</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acreage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm closures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm helper services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm holidays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm inputs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inputs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural inputs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm business management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm sector</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes fishery and forestry sectors</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">On-farm storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farmers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farmers associations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farmers organizations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farming systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Types of farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arable farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farmland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cropland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Land which is or can be used for agriculture without further clearing or draining; for forest land use Forest land (24843)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ranches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm enterprises</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farmyard manure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dung</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">FYM</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal manures</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stable manure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faroe Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farrowing pens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common liver fluke</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fathers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paternity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fatherhood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sires</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paternal effects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male parents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fat products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Solid or semisolid fat products; for chemical compounds use Lipids (4362)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fattening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock finishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Finishing (fattening)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_80"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fatty alcohols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fauna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Animal species found in a specific area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feathers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Down</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plumes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina (Federal District)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal district (Argentina)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brazil (Federal District)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal district (Brazil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mexico (Federal District)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal district (Mexico)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed additives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed cereals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal feed crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fodder crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forage crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops grown as feed for livestock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed crucifers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed dispensers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed grasses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3362"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed mix industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed legumes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fodder legumes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed meals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed roots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Root feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding habits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cannibalism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food habits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feedlots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed yards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal feeding stuffs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydrated feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding stuffs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feedstuffs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foods for animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock feed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeds of animal origin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Felling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sour felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting (trees)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grub felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feltia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Female genital diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gynaecological diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vulvovaginitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Female genital system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Female infertility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conception failure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Female labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fencing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corrals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hurdles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial digestion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fernando de Noronha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feronia limonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian wood apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limonia acidissima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferralsols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laterite soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latosols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxisols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferrets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mustela putorius furo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mustela nigripes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferrisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ferrisiana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferrous sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fecundity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants and animals; for soil use Soil fertility (7170)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fecundation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fertilization as a physiological concept; for the application of fertilizers to soil or plants use Fertilizer application (10795)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer combinations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer pesticide combinations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fertilizer mixtures with agents such as herbicides, plant growth substances or pesticides</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer distributors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilisers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fescues</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festuca arundinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tall fescue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festuca ovina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep's fescue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festuca pratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meadow fescue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festuca rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red fescue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feudalism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fibre crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fiber crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Textile crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibre plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fibreboards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibre boards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fiberboards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insulating board</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filling fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fibroblasts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fibroma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus benghalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Banyan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bargat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus benjamina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceylon willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus carica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus elastica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">India rubber fig</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">India rubber (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus nekbudu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus utilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus religiosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bo (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bodh (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peepul</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pipal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pipul</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus thonningii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus microcarpa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus vogelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Field size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plot size</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parcel size</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fields</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fiji</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Fiji</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filefish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fillets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Films</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Photographic films, filmstrips, or other projected illustrative materials; for the edible packaging materials use Edible films (35014); for the protective structures use Plastic film covers (5997)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filtration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filtering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Finance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Financial institutions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Finches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Finger millet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Besna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coracan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Koracan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raghi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ragi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South indian millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Finland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Finland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fiorinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire causes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fire fighting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fire strategy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire detection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire prevention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire suppression</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Backfire</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water bombing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire fighting equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Firebreaks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Firemen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fire fighters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fire prevention guards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fire wardens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smoke jumpers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fires</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fiscal policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taxation policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pisciculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish detection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes shellfish diseases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any processing industry of fishery products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish larvae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ammocetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocephalus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish fry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Oils extracted from fishes or marine mammals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish pastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish poisoning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Capture of fish or other aquatic animals by the use of poisons or stupefying agents</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish ponds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes products from shellfish</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish protein concentrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fpc (fish protein concentrate)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish rhabdoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egtved virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spring viraemia virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish manure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial fisheries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capture fisheries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fisheries development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishermen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery biology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery oceanography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for the animal; for the product use Fish (15903)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing by diving</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing gear</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing grounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing lines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catching fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish catching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish harvesting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing baits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing nets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing operations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sport fishing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing pots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lobster pots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing vessels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing boats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishways</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fixed capital</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fixed assets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_677"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fixed costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flacourtiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flamingoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flatfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flatheads</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wesselsbron virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16437"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavonoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luteolin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proanthocyanidin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioflavonoids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavonols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hesperidin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isoflavones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naringin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silymarin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Formononetin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apigenin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pisatin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavour enhancers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Substances which enhance food flavour without necessarily imparting a flavour of their own</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavoured milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavouring</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavour addition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavourings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial flavourings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_93"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shearing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep clipping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fleecing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep shearing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flexibacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flint maize</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flint corn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flocculation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flood control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Floodplains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flood plains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flooded land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flooded rice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deep water rice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flooding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Floods (inundations)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inundation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Floor husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Floors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flooring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant species found in a specific area; for microorganisms use Microbial flora (16367)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Florida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flotation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flounders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arrowtooth halibut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bastard halibut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">California halibut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flukes (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kamchatka flounder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polar plaice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31; catch statistics include many different flatfish under this term, which is therefore not specific</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flow rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flower damaging insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flowering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blooming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Floral initiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flowers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Florets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the product use Cut flowers (16485)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">F (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorophenylalanine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorouracil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flurenol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flurecol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxyfluorine carboxylic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluvisols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flying fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yearling (horse)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Horses up to three years of age</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foeniculum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foeniculum vulgare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foeniculum officinale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foetal death</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetal death</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetal mummification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetal resorption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foetal mummification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foetal resorption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stillbirth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amnion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yolk sac</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fog</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mists (meteorology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foliar application</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Folic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Folacin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food additives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agents added to foods during manufacture and intended to remain in them</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food aid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food allergies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food anaphylaxis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food hypersensitivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food sensitivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food intolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food chains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food webs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food colourants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food colorants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">At the local, regional, or national level; for the quantity of food eaten by an individual person use Food intake (3022)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food enrichment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food fortification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food supplementation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food hygiene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food sanitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food inspection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish inspection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food intake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food ingestion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity of food eaten by an individual</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food science</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For general aspects only; for documents on feeding aspects use Human feeding (15615); for documents on nutrition aspects use Human nutrition (27933)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food stocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food reserves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food supply</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food shortages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food availability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kitchen wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foodstuffs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only when a more specific descriptor is not applicable; refers to foods for human being only; for animals use Feeds (2843)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foot and mouth disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphthovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fmd virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foot and mouth disease virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foot diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Claw diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hoof diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laminitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pododermatitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forage conditioners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mower conditioners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foraging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Searching for forage or feed</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forced feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forcing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop forcing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Artificially hastening the growth or maturity of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forcipomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forecasting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Projections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prediction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign firms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign investment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest fires</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest litter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Duff (forest litter)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slash (forest litter)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest plantations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial stands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivated forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Planted forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Forest raised artificially, either by sowing or planting</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Woodland soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest steppe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wooded steppe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foresters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science, business and art of creating, conserving and managing forests</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry biology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry machinery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry operations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry practices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Silvicultural and logging operations</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestry production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Vegetation type; for lands bearing forests use Forest land (24843)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forficula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formaldehyde</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Formalin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formosa (Argentina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formulations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer formulations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide formulations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physical presentation of products such as foods, feeds, fertilizers, etc.; for the components of mixtures use Ingredients (26791)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fortunella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fortunella japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus japonica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Round kumquat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fortunella margarita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus margarita</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oval kumquat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fothergilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alopex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic fox</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urocyon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vulpes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fractionation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isotope fractionation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fractures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of bones</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragaria chiloensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragaria moschata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragaria vesca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alpine strawberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragaria virginiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">France</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Franche Comte</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Francisella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Francophone Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French speaking Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">nts countries deleted because colonial relict, changed to rt africa, rts countries</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frankliniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fraxinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ash (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Free range husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freemartinism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freeze drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lyophilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sublimation drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freezing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deep freezing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freezing point</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freezing temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">French Guiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">French Polynesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater catfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater molluscs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater mussels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-51</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frigid soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fritillaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crown imperials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fritillaries (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snakesheads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Friuli Venezia Giulia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frog culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frog farms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rana (genus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-71</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frost</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Weather conditions in which the air temperature at ground level falls below 0 degrees C or 32 F</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frost damage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frostbite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ice scorch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ice damage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cold injury</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frost injury</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freeze damage (environment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fructofuranosidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Invertase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beta-fructofuranosidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 26</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fructose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Formose sugars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit sugar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laevulose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Levulose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seedpods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Berries (botanical)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drupe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Botanically; for the product use Fruits (3131)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orchard crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tephritidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trypetidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit juices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit musts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit leathers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit pulps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit purees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit syrups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit damaging insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh fruits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market fruits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Product; for botanical aspects use Fruit (3119)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fsh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Follicle stimulating hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Follotropin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fuchsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fuels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid fuels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solid fuels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fuelwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Firewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fujairah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fujian</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fukien</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumigants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the preservation of foods use Smoking (7118); for soil use Soil fumigation (34236)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumigation equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Functional disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abnormal function (physiology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dysfunction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperfunction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physiopathology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Applies to living organisms; for malfunctioning of equipment use Defects (24158)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eumycota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eumycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungi superior</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungicides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antifungal agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Funtumia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lagos silk rubber (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furbearing animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fur bearing animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to animals the furs of which are used in commerce</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furcraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furcraea gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aloe creole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aloe malgache</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mauritius hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furniture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furrow irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pelts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Futures trading</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">F1 hybrids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberellic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberellins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gabon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gabonese Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galactans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galactia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galactose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galactosidases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC codes 3 2 1 22 and 3 2 1 23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snowdrops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galapagos Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gall bladder</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gall causing insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1404"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gall causing mites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1404"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gambia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of The Gambia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gambier Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hunted animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game mammals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Big game</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venison</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game reserves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gametes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germ cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gametocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gamma radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ganglia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gannets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gansu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kansu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garcinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garcinia hanburyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garcinia mangostana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garden frames</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant frames</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gardenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gardening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gardens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterophilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horse bots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cholagogues</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laxatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Purgatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal motility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intestinal motility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peristalsis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stomach motility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive tract motility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Regurgitation (intestinal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastropoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gastropods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrothylax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">GATT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; as of 1995 use WTO (37338)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaurs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bibos gaurus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos gaurus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian bison</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seladang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaviiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gazelles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ganders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelatin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelatine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isinglass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protan jelly</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geldings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Castrated male horses</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene pools</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The sum total of all genes and genetic information possessed by a given reproducing animal, plant or microbe population; for collection points of material use Gene banks (11116)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alleles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polygenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supergenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transposons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transposable elements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene dose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene dosage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic code</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic abnormalities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congenital abnormalities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hereditary diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic defects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil units</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Groups defined for the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic transformation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic transduction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geneticists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genital diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genoms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Complete haploid set of chromosomes of an organism as inherited from one parent</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic constitution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gentiobiose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genyonemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geodesy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geographers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geomorphologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mineralogists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Petrologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tectonics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geomorphology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geophysicists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seismologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geophysics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Georgia (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Georgian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gruziya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Georgia (33250)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geothermal energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geotrichum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oospora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geraniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geraniales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geranium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For so-called garden geraniums use Pelargonium (5660)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerbera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">German Democratic Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DDR</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Germany</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germany (East)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Autonomous till 3 October 1990; to be used for documents published before this date or dealing with that part of Germany before that date; later use Germany (3245)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germany</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For documents published after 3 October 1990; before that date use Federal Republic of Germany (10767) or German Democratic Republic (3244)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germinability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germination rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germination inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germplasm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germplasm resources</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic material</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The hereditary material transmitted to offspring through the germ cells</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germplasm conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maintenance breeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gesneriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gestation period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gestation length</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnancy duration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Length of time from conception to birth</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ghana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Ghana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ghee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibraltar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantochloa apus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kiribati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Christmas Island (Pacific Ocean)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Line Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean Island</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gilbert Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phoenix Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilpinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginglymostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginkgo biloba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maidenhair (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Giraffes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nibblers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Opaleye</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gizzard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glacial till soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gladiolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gladioli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glass</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gleaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gleditsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gleditschia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honeylocust</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gleysols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gliricidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gliricidia sepium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gliricidia maculata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globulins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Legumin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovomucin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovoglobulin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vicilin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycinin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conglycinin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gloeosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomerella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gloxinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucagon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucocorticoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corticosterone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cortisol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cortisone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prednisone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrocortisone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dextrose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucosidases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Linamarase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC codes 3 2 1 20 and 3 2 1 21</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glumes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arista</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Awns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glumiflorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monosodium glutamate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Msg</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutelins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gluten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acylglycerols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diglycerides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycerides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycerol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycerin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine (amino acid)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine max</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos soja</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine hispida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soja hispida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soja max</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycogenolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Conversion of glucose to lactic acid in tissues</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gluconeogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glyconeogenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Formation of glycogen from protein or fat</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycoproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycosidases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbohydrases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclodextrinases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectolytic enzymes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectic enzymes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinolytic enzymes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heterosides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycosuria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycyrrhiza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycyrrhiza glabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyoxylate cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gmelina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grey teak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gmelina arborea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnetaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnetales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnetum gnemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bulso</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goa Daman and Diu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goatfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red mullet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surmullet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capra hircus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goldfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Golgi apparatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Golgi bodies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonadectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7401"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonadotropins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonioctena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonocerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonystylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gooseberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gorges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canyons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cotton (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium arboreum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree cotton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium barbadense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium peruvianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea island cotton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium herbaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium hirsutum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium tomentosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grading</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graft compatibility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interstock scion relationships</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rootstock compatibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rootstock scion relationships</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Graft incompatibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graft unions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grafting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to plants; for animals use Transplantation (7872)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grafting tools</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grafting equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grain crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grain feed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grain legumes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulse crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gram negative bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gram positive bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostidaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogonaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arundinaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arundinellaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avenaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bambusaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chloridaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrosteae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostidaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Festucaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Graminae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lepturaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maydaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melinideae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phalaridaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gramineae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poeae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sporobolaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stipaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tripsaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zizanieae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grampus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granite soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granules</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapefruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapevines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grape vines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graphognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grasses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grassland management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Range management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grassland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meadow soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prairie soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grasslands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Llanos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural grasslands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Permanent grasslands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sown grasslands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant formation characterized by the predominance of herbaceous vegetation, mainly grasses</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grazing systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selective grazing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grazing management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grazing intensity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grazing capacity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grazing lands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any area available for grazing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Great Britain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Britain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grebes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greece</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hellenic Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Green feed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soilage (feed)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Succulent feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Green manures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops incorporated into the soil while green or soon after maturity to improve the soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2777"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inflorescence vegetables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green vegetables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leafy vegetables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenhouse crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenhouse soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenhouses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glasshouses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hothouses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenland halibut</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black halibut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue halibut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greenland turbot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenland Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gregarina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grenada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greywacke soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greyzems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grossulariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ground rent</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ground water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phreatic water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subsurface water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groupers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cabrilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gag (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jewfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growing media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rooting media</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growth media</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil substrates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Materials offering adequate rooting and support conditions for maintaining plant cultivation; for cell or tissue culture use Culture media (10204)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological increment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural increase of an organism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Increase in the number of cells or in the size of an organism or organ as part of normal development; for increase in weight use WEIGHT GAIN; in economics use ECONOMIC GROWTH </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth chambers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climate chambers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytotrons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phototrons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Development disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Runting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metaplasia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growth inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal growth promoters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbadox</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal growth stimulants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal growth regulators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Olaquindox</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioregulators (animal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth rings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annual rings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree rings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earlywood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gruiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grunts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grunters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pigfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porkfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grylloblattodea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryllotalpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mole crickets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guadeloupe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French West Indies (Guadeloupe)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guadua angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guanacos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lama guanicoe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lama huanacus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Alpacas and llamas are domesticated forms of guanacos</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guanajuato</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guangdong</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kwangtung</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guangxi (Zhuang)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kwangi Chuang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guanine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guano</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-84</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guanosine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guard dogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guarico</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guatemala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Guatemala</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guerrero</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guilielma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactris gasipaes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guilielma speciosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guilielma utilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peach palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pejibaye</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guilielma gasipaes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Guinea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea fowl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea hen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea pigs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cavia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cavies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guineapigs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea-Bissau</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguese Guinea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Guinea-Bissau</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guizhou</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kweichow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guizotia abyssinica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Niger seed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gujarat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf of Aden</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf of Alaska</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf of Bothnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf of Finland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf of Mexico</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea gulls</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seagulls</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gum arabic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gum plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resin plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gum resins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gums</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant products only; for gum trees use Eucalyptus (2683); for gingiva use Mouth (4960)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gurnards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flying gurnards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea robins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gutta-percha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guttiferae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clusiaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypericaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">British Guyana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Guyana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnammodytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnosperms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnosporangium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gynaikothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gynoecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carpels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gynaecium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gynecium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pistil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stigma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Style (plant part)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant ovaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovules (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gypsiferous soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gypsum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Habitat improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Man-made changes to habitats for improved production</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Habitats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microhabitat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Environment in a given area occupied by an organism or a group of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Habronema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haddock</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chat haddock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gibber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinger</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scrod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snapper haddock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-32</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemagglutination tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coombs test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemagglutination tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiglobulin tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemagglutination inhibition tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Passive haemagglutination tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_188"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemaphysalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopoiesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood formation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erythropoiesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemopoiesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematopoiesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leukopoiesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemoglobin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemoglobin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemolysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemonchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemophilus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemoproteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hafnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hail</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hair</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to animals; for plants use Plant hairs (5970)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haiti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Haiti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea luce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Merluce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-32</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halibut</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halogenated hydrocarbons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorofluorocarbons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorinated hydrocarbons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorinated hydrocarbons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Halocarbons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hamamelidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hamamelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Witch hazels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hamburg</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hamsters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cricetus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Golden hamster</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesocricetus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Handicrafts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crafts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Handicraft weaving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Handle stocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broom handles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stocks (tool handle)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Walking sticks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For manufacturing tool handles, broom handles, gun butts, walking sticks</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Handling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loading</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unloading</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bulk handling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Handling losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spillage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Handling machinery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cranes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bale collectors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bale throwers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hansenula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Williopsis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplodiplosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haploids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harbours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harbors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ports</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hard clams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hard fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Structural fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hardwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lepus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harrowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harrows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reaping machines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stripping machines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvesting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Topping (beets)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvesting losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haryana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hatcheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hatching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg hatching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To emerge from an egg, chrysalis or pupa</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Havana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hawaii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hawks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Head</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heading</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The period in plant development when the inflorescence becomes visible</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational health</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical fitness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Relating to man; for livestock use Animal health (431); for plants use Plant condition (25398)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hospitals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hearing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hearing protectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hearing protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heart</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ventricles (heart)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heart diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heart enlargement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiac diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coronary diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heartwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">High temperature; for energy use Thermal energy (31905)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat transfer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat exchange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal diffusion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heathland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Increasing the environmental temperature; for the treatment of products use Heat treatment (24947)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hebei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hopei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ivy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedge cutters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedgehogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Living fences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedging plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hedgerow plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedysarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedysarum coronarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heifers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cows that have not yet borne a calf</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Height</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stem length</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heilongjiang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heilungkiang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helianthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helianthus annuus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sunflowers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helianthus tuberosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicopters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliocidaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliothis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chloridea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helleborus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Christmas roses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hellebores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cestode infections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Verminosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthiasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helminths</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitic worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_53"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helobiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemarthria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limpo grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemerocallis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Day lilies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daylilies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicaranx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicellulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemileia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemirhamphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Henan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatozoon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbaceous ornamentals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbicides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brush killers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weed killers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arboricides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31337"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbivores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herbivorous animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culinary herbs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavoring crops (culinary)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh culinary herbs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavouring crops (culinary)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beef herds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy herds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flocks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heritability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hermaphroditism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nycticorax nycticorax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bubulcus ibis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herpetology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herpesviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytomegalovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Duck plague virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herpesvirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herpetoviridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herpes simplex virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herrings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digby</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea herrings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sild</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hesse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterakis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocampa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocyclic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteronychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropeza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropogon contortus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spear grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterozygotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hevea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3589"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hevea brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Para rubber (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanchiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibernation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural overwintering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To pass the winter in a state of torpor</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus cannabinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ambari</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bimlipatim jute</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deccan hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gambo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus floccosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus kitaibelifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus lunarifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus macrophyllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus mutabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus rosa sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus rostellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus sabdariffa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jamaican sorrel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sour sour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus schizopetalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus squamosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus tiliaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hidalgo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hides and skins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hieroglyphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">High forest</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">High yielding varieties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to plants; for animals use High yielding breeds (26787)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Higher education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Highlands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Downs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foothills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Upland valleys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Upland areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hill soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hilling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earthing up</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hilsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hilsah</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himachal Pradesh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hinnies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Progeny of stallion and ass</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippeastrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoboscidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hippobosca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Louse flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoptena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudolynchia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocastanaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippospongia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hire purchase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hired labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirsutella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histamine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histidine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histoplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">History</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Historical aspects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hitches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanical linkages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Connections for pulling or power transmission between vehicles or machines</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hive equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bee brushes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bee veils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beekeeping appliances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fixed combs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hive frames</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Queen bee excluders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bee smokers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pollen traps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honey extractors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hive parts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hive management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hiving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apiaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beehives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skeps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hodotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoeing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holarctic region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holotrichia (coleoptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holy See</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vatican</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Home economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic science</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Housework</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homogenization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sternorrhyncha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homozygotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honduras</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Honduras</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honey production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honey bees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honeybees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hive products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honeycomb extracts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honeycombs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Comb foundations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bee nests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Starter combs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hong Kong</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For data dealing with this region before the change of status in July 1997; after the change of status use Hong Kong (China) (37745)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hooves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hoof</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hopea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum irregulare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssinian barley</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum vulgare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum distichum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum hexastichum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum sativum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For plant hormones use Plant growth substances (5968)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hornbills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horn bills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horse gram</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kulthi beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Madras gram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horse mackerel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jack (sea fishes)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jack mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-34</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equus caballus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horseshoe crabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-74; they do not belong to the Crustacea; avoid confusion with King crabs (4103)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horticultural soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horticulture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hosta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Funkia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plantain lilies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hosts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any organism in which another spends part or all of its life</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Household consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Households</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homes (family)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Housewives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Housing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homes (buildings)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dwellings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hubei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hupei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hucho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hudson Bay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People (demography)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humid climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Semihumid climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moist climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humid tropics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3688"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humid zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humid climate zones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humidity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil humidity use Soil water content (7208)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hummingbirds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humulus lupulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mull</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humic substances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hunan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hungary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hungarian People's Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hunting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hunting dogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Husking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hulling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decortication of husks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehulling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Huso</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyacinthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyacinths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyadaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyalomma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyalopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hybrid vigour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Increased vigor; for the breeding method use Heterosis breeding (34295)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hybridizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial hybridization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crossing between individuals from genetically distant populations; for the natural process use Natural hybridization (36587)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hybrids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hybrid varieties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mongrels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydracarina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrachnellae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydramnios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrangea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hortensia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrangeaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic structures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic rams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic power systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrazides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrellia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrobiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrocarbons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkanes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrochloric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrocyanic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prussic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogen cyanide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrodynamics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">H (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogen peroxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogenation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Etherases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolyzed proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein hydrolysate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroponics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5316"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxyproline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hygiene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sanitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hygrometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psychrometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemyia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylotrupes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenachne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenocallis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenopenaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyoscyamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyoscyamus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Henbane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyparrhenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyparrhenia rufa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jaragua grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thatching grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytonomus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypercalcaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypercalcemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperglycaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperglycemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperomyzus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoplus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperthermia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphaene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphaene thebaica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Doum palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphantria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypocalcaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypocalcemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypocotyls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoglycaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoglycemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypomagnesaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grass tetany</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypomagnesemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyptis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyptis spicigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hysterectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IAA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indoleacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indolylacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IAEA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">International Atomic Energy Agency</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IBA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indolebutyric acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indolylbutyric acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">World Bank</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International Bank</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">IBRD</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ice water interface</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transition strata between ice and water, and their properties</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icecream</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iceland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Iceland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icelinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icerya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idaho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Identification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Determination of species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Recognition of species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Igneous rock soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ile de France</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hollies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilex paraguariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ilex paraguensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illinois</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illitic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International Labour Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immune response</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antibody formation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune competence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune haemolysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune hemolysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune tolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunity reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunocompetence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunologic reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immune serum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiserum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperimmune serum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serum therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Local immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mhc complex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Active immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural immunotolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protective immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Specific immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autoimmunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Premunition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune sensitization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross immunization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heterologous immunization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Active immunization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antigen specific immunostimulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Specific immunostimulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Specific immunopotentiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Antigen specific immunostimulation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunofluorescence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorescent antibody technique</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluoroimmunoassay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indirect fluorescent antibody techn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoglobulins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gammaglobulins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune globulines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunological diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunopathology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunological techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoassay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serological techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunological tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunochemical analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Delayed addition immunoassay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luminoimmunoassay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thin layer immunoassays</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunocytochemistry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoprecipitation tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitation tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flocculation tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitin tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunosuppressants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suppressant immunomodulators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunosuppressive agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Import controls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Import quotas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imports</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Impotence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Copulation failure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mating failure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inbreeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incentives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incision</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Income</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Income distribution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Income transfers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incorporation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of materials in soils; in products use Mixing (4877)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">India</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of India</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indian elephant</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asiatic elephant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elephas maximus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indian mackerel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Short mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-37</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indicator plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indicator hosts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioindicators (plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants which, by their presence or vigour, indicate particular chemical or physical conditions of a location</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigofera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigofera anil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigofera arrecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigofera spicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indigofera endecaphylla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigofera tinctoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indirect taxation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Individual feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indochina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indonesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Indonesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced flowering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Floral induction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flower induction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced mutation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Directed mutation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced polyploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial polyploidy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Induced polyploidization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro polyploidization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops generally grown for non food or feed purposes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial pollutants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrialization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for the initial stage of industrial development</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Input industries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infant feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infant foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Baby foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weaning foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Infant formulas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Babies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neonata (humans)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to humans; for animals use Young animals (8489) or Newborn animals (12815)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross infection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Incubation of a disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Process of becoming infected; for the resulting diseases use the appropriate descriptor(s)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infertility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive sterility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infestation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inflammation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inflation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inflorescences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capitulum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raceme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Umbel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Influenzavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diffusion of information</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Information flow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information needs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abstracting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indexing of information</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Information classification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Information recording</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information retrieval</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data retrieval</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information science</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrinter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infrared radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ingestion toxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic inheritance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heredity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inheritance tax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Injection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iv administration (intravenous)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intravenous injection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subcutaneous administration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intramuscular injection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intramuscular administration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intravenous administration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subcutaneous injection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inland fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater fisheries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inland lagoons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inland water environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lentic environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lotic environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inland waterways</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Innovation adoption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inoculation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inoculation methods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Introduction of nitrogen fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi or bacterial fertilizers to plants or soil in order to achieve nutritional or other benefits</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inorganic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inorganic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inositol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myoinositol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Input output analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sectoral analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shift share analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insect control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insect diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Diseases of useful insects</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insecticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aphicides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larvicides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insectivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insectivorous animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insolation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albedo (solar)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sunlight exposure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Exposure to sunlight</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insolubilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Instant foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Instantizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Instillation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insulin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Underwriting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Integration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horizontal integration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vertical integration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic integration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Integument</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tegument</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Outer protective covering of an animal such as cuticle, skin etc</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intensive farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Factory farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intensive agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intensive production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intensive husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farming not dependent on land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IDB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inter-American Development Bank</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intercalary meristems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intercropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Relay cropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The growing of several crops in different yet proximate rows</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interest groups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pressure groups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interest rates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preferential interest rates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interface phenomena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interferons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International agreements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic agreements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monetary agreements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Payment agreements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International Coffee Organization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">ICO (International Coffee Organization)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International Monetary Fund</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">IMF</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International organizations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intergovernmental organizations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Internodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interspecific sterility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interstocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intertidal environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intestines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caecum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cecum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Duodenum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ileum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jejunum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rectum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small intestine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Large intestine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Borneo teak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipil (intsia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Merbau</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moluccan ironwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insulaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inulin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Invertebrate viruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insect viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entomopoxvirinae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nodaviridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polydnavirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Invertebrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_53"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Investment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reinvestment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iodides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iodine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">I (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ion exchange</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ionic balance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iowa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea aquatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea acquatica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea reptans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kangkong</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water cabbage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water spinach</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea batatas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea eriocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iran Islamic Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iraq</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Iraq</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irian Jaya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irian Barat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West Irian</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iridaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iridomyrmex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iridoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iridovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3928"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irises</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ireland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eire</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irish Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irish Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fe (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irradiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigated farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigated soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emitters (irrigation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation scheduling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischaemum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischaemum indicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Batiki blue grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iseilema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isle of Man</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Man (Island of)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isolation techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoleucine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isomerases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epimerases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intramolecular lyases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intramolecular oxidoreductases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Racemases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intramolecular transferases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphoglucomutase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 5</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Termites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White ants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Israel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ISSCAAP groups of species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Group of species according to the International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Italy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Italian Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cote d'Ivoire</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of the Ivory Coast</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ivory Coast</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixophorus unisetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urochloa uniseta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jacaranda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jackals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jaguars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jalisco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jamaica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jammu and Kashmir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kashmir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compotes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jelly jams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marmalades</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jan Mayen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Japan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese bunching onions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Welsh onions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicadellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jassids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jassidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leafhoppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Java</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Djawa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jellied milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jessenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jiangsu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kiangsu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jiangxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kiangsi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jilin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kirin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">John dory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peter fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Joint diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ankylosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arthropathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arthrosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bursitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osteoarthritis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Joints (body parts)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Articulations in animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jordan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Journalism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juglandaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juglandales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juglans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juglans cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butternut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juglans nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black walnut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juglans regia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jujuy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juniperus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Junipers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juniperus communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juniperus virginiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pencil cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern redcedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jute</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juvenile wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Wood tissue surrounding the pith and formed during the juvenile period</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kabatiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kaempferia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kakothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Borecole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Collards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalimantan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambodia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kampuchea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Kampuchea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kangaroos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macropus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Megaleia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wallabies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kansas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kara Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Karnataka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mysore</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kastanozems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kattegat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kazakh SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Kazakhstan (11952)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keeping quality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shelf life</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage life</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vase life</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage stability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest life duration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keiferia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kenaf</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kentucky</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kenya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Kenya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kerala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keratin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7516"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kerria lacca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laccifer lacca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tachardia lacca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keto acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_82"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_81"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_83"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acetonaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Khaya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African mahogany</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kidney beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field bean (phaseolus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haricot beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Navy beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pea beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinto beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pole beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Runner beans (phaseolus vulgaris)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snap beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">String beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wax beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bush beans (phaseolus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kidneys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glomeruli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Renal function</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Renal pelvis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kinesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Activity response to stimulus</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kinetin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">King crabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-42</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kingfishers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kingmackerel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cero</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">King mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Korean mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">School mackerel (australia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-37</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kirgiz SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Kyrgyzstan (33243)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Klebsiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Klossiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kneading</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kniphofia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red hot pokers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Knives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Koalas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kohlrabi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Korea Democratic People's Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">North Korea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Korea Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South Korea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Krill</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meganyctiphanes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thysandoessa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-46</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kuwait</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">State of Kuwait</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">La Pampa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">La Rioja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labiatae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labidesthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lablab purpureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bonavist beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos lablab</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos purpureus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyacinth beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian butter beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lablab niger</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lablab vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lubia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seim beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laboratory animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Experimental animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laboratory equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microscopes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work (labour)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour mobility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour productivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labour efficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lac insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lacanobia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laccadive Minicoy and Amindivi Isl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lachnolaimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lachnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ldh (lactate dehydrogenase)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 27</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk secretion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk ejection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactation disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk incontinence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactitol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk sugar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactuca indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactuca saligna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactuca sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactuca virosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LAIA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latin American Free Trade Association</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">LAFTA</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latin American Integration Association</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Latin American Integration Association</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenaria siceraria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bottle gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calabash gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenaria vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagomorphs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagoon fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagoons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Open water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamb meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-91</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampetra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampreys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampridoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moonfish (lampris)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land consolidation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land markets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land mobility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land productivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land races</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indigenous breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autochthonous breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land reform</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_195"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land tax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land transfers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land use</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land equivalent ratio</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landolphia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landowners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landlords</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape morphology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landscaping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape gardening</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape care</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape architecture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape maintenance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landslides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landslips</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock slides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Languedoc Roussillon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laodelphax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laparotomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laptev Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Large scale husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix decidua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European larch (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larix europaea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix eurolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dunkeld larch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hybrid larch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix gmelinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dahurian larch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larix dahurica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix laricina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tamarack</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix leptolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese larch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larix kaempferi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western larch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix sibirica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larix russica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siberian larch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larvae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caterpillars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grubs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Instars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maggots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White grub</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larval stages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larynx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epiglottis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syrinx</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vocal cords</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Las Villas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laser radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasioderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasioptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasiurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasiurus hirsutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elyonurus hirsutus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lateolabrax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lathraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lathyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lathyrus ochrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprus vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ochrus vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Winged vetchling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lathyrus sativus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grass pea (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kasari</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lathyrus sylvestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flat pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lathyrus tingitanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tangier pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latin America</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latitude</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latvian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Latvia (12103)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lauraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lauric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dodecanoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laurus nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lavandula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lavender</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Law of the Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maritime law</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">National and international laws concerning marine water and its resources</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lawn grasses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Turf grasses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Layered soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Layering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Air layering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laying performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laying tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg yield</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lead</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pb (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leadership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chiefs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf curls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf mould</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf eating insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophagous insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tenancy agreements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leather</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leather industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conifer needles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lebanon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lebanese Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lecithins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphatidylcholines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lecythidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lecythis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monkey pot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paradise nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sapucaia nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirudinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hirudina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leeches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leersia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leeward Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laws</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decrees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legs (meat)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legumes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leguminosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fabaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lemnaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Duckweed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wolffia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lemons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Length</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lens culinaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ervum lens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lens esculenta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shiitake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lentivirinae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leopards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidium meyenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidium sativum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garden cress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butterflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalocera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidosaphes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepiota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepista</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blewitt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Matsutake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodopaxillus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leporipoxvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxomatosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbit fibroma virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxoma virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptinotarsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocorisa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocottus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptosphaeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptospira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptospirosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptothrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latipes senegalensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lesions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bruises of organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contusions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trauma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Traumatic injuries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Alterations in organisms caused by diseases or external elements</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lesotho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Lesotho</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lespedeza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kummerowia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lespedeza striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japan clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Less favoured areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low income areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marginal areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Problem areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Developing areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lesser Antilles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethal genes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucinodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucocytozoon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Akiba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stilpnotia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30237"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leukaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leukemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leukocytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White blood cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leukopenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agranulocytosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panleukopenia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuresthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Levies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Co-responsibility levies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Levulinic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ley farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Rotation of arable crops with two or more years of sown pasture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">LH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luteinizing hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luteotropic hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lutropin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luteotropin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liabilities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liaoning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liberia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Liberia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liberica coffee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Libido</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Librarianship</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Library sciences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Libraries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Libya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Libyan Arab Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Licences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Licenses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Permits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lichenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lichens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liechtenstein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Principality of Liechtenstein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Life cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Life history</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ligaments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ligases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amide synthetases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peptide synthetases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 6</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ligature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Light</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Visible radiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Light fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use of light to attract fish for capture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Light traps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ultraviolet light traps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lighter ships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lighting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Illumination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lightning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lignification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood formation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lignins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liguria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ligustrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Privets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyacinthaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liliiflorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lilium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lilies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limb bones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carpus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Femur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humerus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metacarpus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metatarsus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Patella (kneecap)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phalanges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radius (bone)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scapula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shoulder blade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tarsus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tibia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ulna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limbs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Legs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limequats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limestone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chalk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Chemical and physical; for biological aspects use Freshwater ecology (3104)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limousin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Line fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Handlining</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trolling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ling (fish)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linguatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linoleic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linseed oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flaxseed oil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2403"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linum usitatissimum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liopsetta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood lipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipaemia (normal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipid content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fat content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipid metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glyceride metabolism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipid formation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thioctic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipotropic factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liqueurs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid assets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liquidity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_677"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer solutions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suspension fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid manures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4375"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquidambar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet gums</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquidambar styraciflua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriodendron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriodendron tulipifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tulip (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow poplar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriomyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lissorhoptrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Listeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Listronotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litchi chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelium litchi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Literacy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Illiteracy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Li (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithological soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithuanian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Lithuania (12204)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Littorina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Live mulches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green mulches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liver</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liver diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liver cirrhosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cholecystitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal stock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock numbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flock size</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herd size</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Living standards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cost of living</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Living conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prosperity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28690"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lixophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lixus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lizards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sauria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Varanus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agamidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gekkonidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iguanidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lacertidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Varanidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anolis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_22414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Llamas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lama glama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loaders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unloaders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bale loaders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loam soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobsters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-43</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3646"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Local government</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Local authorities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Locomotion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gait</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Walking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Locusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Locustana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grasshoppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Locusts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lodoicea maldivica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coco-de-mer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Double coconut palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lodoicea seychellarum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loess soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Logging equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skidders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Logs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sections of stem or of thicker branches of a felled tree after trimming and crosscutting</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rye grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ryegrass (lolium)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolium multiflorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Italian ryegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lolium italicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolium perenne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perennial ryegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lombardy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lonchocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Longevity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Life span</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lookout towers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophioidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophira alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lophira lanceolata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophodermium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lopping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Delimbing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loranthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East Timor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loro Sae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguese Timor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of Indonesia till May 2002; to be used for data dealing with that region before the change of status; after the change  use Timor-Leste (37893) </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lorraine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic losses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotononis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotononis bainesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Miles lotononis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Generic name; for water lotus use Nelumbo (32759)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotus corniculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Birdsfoot trefoil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotus uliginosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lotus pedunculatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Louisiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lovoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lovoa trichilioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lower Normandy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lower Saxony</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lowland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxechinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxostege</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luffa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luffa acutangula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luffa aegyptica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sponge gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luffa cylindrica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumpfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Henfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lumpsucker</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lunatia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lungs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus termis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egyptian lupin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus angustifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus luteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow lupin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus mutabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinus tauris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pearl lupin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tarwi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luvisols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alfisols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luxembourg</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aldehyde lyases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aldolases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxylyases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxylases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decarboxylases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydratases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolyases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon esculentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon lycopersicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum lycopersicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymantria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porthetria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chyle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphatic diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphangitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Splenic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tonsillitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphatic system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymph nodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphatic vessels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thoracic duct</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peyer patches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphocytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">B-cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">B-lymphocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">T-lymphocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">T-cells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysimeters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysozyme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muramidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 17</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyssavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabieslike viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macadamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macadamia ternifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macadamia integrifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macadamia tetraphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macau</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macao</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macerating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Machinery cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Machinery pools</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Machinery syndicates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Machinery industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural machinery (industry)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural machinery industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mackerel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-37; several fishes so described are not strictly mackerel; see also Horse mackerel (3667), Indian mackerel (3827) or Kingmackerel (4105)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroptilium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroptilium atropurpureum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus atropurpureus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siratro</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroptilium lathyroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus lathyroides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosiphum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosteles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrotyloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrotyloma axillare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos axillaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrotyloma uniflorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos biflorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos uniflorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madagascar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Republic of Madagascar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malagasy Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madeira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madhuca longifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Madhuca indica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mahua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madhya Pradesh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maesopsis eminii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnesium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mg (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnetic properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnoliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maharashtra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maintenance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Upkeep</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of buildings, boundaries, machinery, vehicles or other equipment</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maintenance dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Makaira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malachra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacostraca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eucarida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malawi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Malawi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malaysia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maldives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Maldives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Male genital diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematocele</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematocele</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Testicular diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balanitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Male genital system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andrology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Male infertility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male sterility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feminization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Androsterility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Male labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maleic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Mali</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mallotus villosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Müller, 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32910"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malnutrition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Undernutrition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malpighia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acerola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malpighia glabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barbados cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malpighia punicifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malpighiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maltitol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maltose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isomaltose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maltotriose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maluku</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moluccas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malus baccata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malus pumila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malus domestica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus malus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malvaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malvales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mamestra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammalogy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anteaters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artiodactyla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermoptera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Edentata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyracoidea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monotremata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pangolins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pholidota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proboscidea (mammalia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tubulidentata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flying lemurs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colugos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sloths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammary gland diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mammary oedema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teat diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammary glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breasts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mamma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Udders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammea americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mammey apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podosphaera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Managers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Administrators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manatees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichechus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mandarins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manduca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manganese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mn (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manganese sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mange</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chorioptic mange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psoroptic mange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptic mange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scabies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mange mites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangifera indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangolds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fodder beet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mangels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mangelwurzels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangrove swamps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jatropha dulcis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot aipi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot dulcis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot palmatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot utilissima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tapioca (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jatropha manihot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manihot glaziovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manilkara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manilkara zapota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Achras sapota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Achras zapota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chiku</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manilkara zapotilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sapodilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manilkara achras</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manilkara bidentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimusops balata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manipur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manitoba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mankind</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homo sapiens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People (biology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Human beings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mannans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glucomannans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Galactomannans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mannitol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mannose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manpower</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work force</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labour force</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mantodea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mantids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humate fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manures (fertilizers)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maranhao</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maranta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maranta arundinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West indian arrowroot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marantaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marasmius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marches (Italy)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marek's disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margarine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Halvarine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oleomargarine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marginal analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marginal land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northern Mariana Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marinating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marinauris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oceans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean spaces</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine catfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine catfish (northern seas)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock salmon (anarhichas)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wolffish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For catfish from warm seas use Sea catfish (6895)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological oceanology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine biology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine geology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean sciences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic competition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Competitive marketing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market competition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bargaining power</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market economies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market gardens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market intelligence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market transparency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market knowledge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market surveys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market studies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market stabilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercialization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing boards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing channels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distribution networks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing margins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Margins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing spreads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Price spreads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing strategy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marketing methods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market strategy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial strategy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Markets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marlins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marriage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marshall Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of the Marshall Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marshes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marshland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marsupials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Martens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beech marten</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Martes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pine marten</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stone marten</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Martinique</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French West Indies (Martinique)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maruca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marxist economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maryland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mass media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mass communication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Massachusetts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastigophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euglenida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flagellates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypermastigida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxymonadida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dinoflagellates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinetoplastida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcomastigophora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Masturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matanzas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paraguay tea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yerba mate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mathematics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mato Grosso</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mato Grosso do Sul</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matricaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matsucoccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maturation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Full development of cells, tissues, organs or organisms; for products use Ripening (13933)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maturity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ripeness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mauritania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Islamic Republic of Mauritania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mauritia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buriti palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Miriti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muriti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mauritius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maximum prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mayetiola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mayotte</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Comorian Island of Mayotte</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mcpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chloromethylphenoxyacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methylchlorophenoxyacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meal patterns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Measurement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Size determination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gauging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Measuring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mensuration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chilled meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flesh animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4404"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat cuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Joints (meat)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat hygiene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughtering industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Knacker industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat inspection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postmortem meat inspection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3021"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat pastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meat analogues</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanical engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compressibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanical pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Motorization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mecoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpion flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago arabica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spotted bur clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago laciniata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burr medic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago lupulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black medic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hop clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonsuch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago orbicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Button clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medical auxiliaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medical sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medicine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicated feeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the climatic zone use MEDITERRANEAN ZONE </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Mediterranean Sea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western Mediterranean Sea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megabalanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megaptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megaselia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megastigmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meghalaya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meiosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reduction division</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melaleuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Avoid confusion with the genus Melaleuca (Blanco), which is now Bombax (994)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melaleuca leucadendron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Punk (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melampsora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanagromyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanogrammus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus aeglefinus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanoplus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melibiose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meligethes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melilotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweetclovers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melilotus alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White sweetclover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melilotus indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian sweetclover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melilotus officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow sweetclover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melinis minutiflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Molasses grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melocanna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melocanna baccifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Root knot nematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melolontha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">May bugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melting point</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solidifying point</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melting temperature</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Men</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Man (male human)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4586"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mendelism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mendoza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menhaden</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meninges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dura mater</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pia mater</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menippe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Menippi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mental ability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intelligence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Learning capacity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mental health</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Memory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha aquatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bergamot mint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha arvensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese mint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha gentilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apple mint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha longifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horsemint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha sylvestris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha piperita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peppermint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha citrata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha spicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha viridis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spearmint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">King whitings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercenaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venus mercenaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merchants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercury</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hg (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merida (Venezuela)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meristems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lateral meristem</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merlangius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Merlangus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesocestoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoclimate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Climatic conditions in a moderately restricted region of a few kilometers in diameter</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesodesma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesophyll</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesostigmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gamasida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gamasina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mespilus germanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medlar (mespilus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Messenger rna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ketonaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_91"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic profile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catabolites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metagonimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metaldehyde</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metalloproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metallic elements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metamorphosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metarhizium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metasequoia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dawn redwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological instruments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albedometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Evaporation tanks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrheliometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radiometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wind recorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological observations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Evaluation or measurement of meteorological conditions</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological stations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weather stations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological networks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrometeorologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrometeorology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biometeorology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest meteorology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric chemistry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric physics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marsh gas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methanobacteriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methanococcus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methionine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methodology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ways of doing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Research methods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metopolophium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metorchis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metroxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sago palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mexico</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Mexican States</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mexico (Province)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">MH</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maleic hydrazide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apodemus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mouse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Michigan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Michoacan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbiologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteriologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcerotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microclimate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioclimate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoclimate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physical state of the atmosphere close to the earth's surface in a restricted area and in relation to living organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micrococcaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgadus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micronesia FS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federated States of Micronesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micronutrient fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trace element fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for general topics or for studies relating to several classes of microorganisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microphyllous forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thorn forest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microscopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electron microscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scanning microscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunofluorescent microscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microspermae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microspora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microsporum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microtermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microwave radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Middle classes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Middle East</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Near East</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Middlings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Midi Pyrenees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Midway Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Migrant labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign workers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Migrant workers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Migration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transmigration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exodus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to human beings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mikania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mikania scandens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mildews</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Downy mildews</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Powdery mildews</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whole milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raw milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy byproducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk fat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butterfat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactoproteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee whiteners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Milk substitutes in human feeding; for milk substitutes fed to calves or other young animals use Milk replacers (16192)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk yielding animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to mammals normally milked by man</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milkfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bandang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bandeng</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-24</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hand milking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milking machines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teat cups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milking parlours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Millets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Millettia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Robinia thonningii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grinding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milling byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milling industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa scabrella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa bracatinga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosoideae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minas Gerais</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral deficiencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil deficiencies (7166)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineralocorticoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aldosterone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deoxycortone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineralogical soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineralogy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minerals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Felspar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feldspar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For minerals considered as nutrients use Mineral nutrients (34864)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minimum prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mustela vison</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minnesota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miranda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Misiones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mississippi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Missouri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mist irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mist propagation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mite control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitochondria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chondriosomes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endomitosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Karyokinesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interplanting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stubble crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The growing of several crops simultaneously in the same field but not in rows</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed economies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Farming involving both crop and animal production</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boreal and deciduous forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed forest stands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The use of cattle and sheep in a common grazing system, whether or not the two species graze on the same area of land at the same time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed pastures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Mixed grass legume pasture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blending</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stirring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mizoram</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl methanesulphonate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mocis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lag models</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Representation or simulation of a process or system</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modernization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modified starches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moisture content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil water content (7208)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean sunfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molasses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moldavian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Republic of Moldova (33245)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molecular biology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molecular weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Talpidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Earth-dwelling mammals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molise</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusc control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusc culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Squid culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molluscicides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slug killers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snail killers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Molluscs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moloidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molybdenum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mo (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Momordica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Momordica charantia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balsam pear</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bitter gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monaco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Principality of Monaco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monagas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">Prokaryotic kingdom that includes (in the most widely accepted classification system) archaebacteria, eubacteria, and cyanobacteria. Members of this kingdom were among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago. (source: www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossM.html)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monetary policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mongolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mongolian People's Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mongooses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herpestes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moniezia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monitoring</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surveillance systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Control systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monkeys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marmosets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Baboons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macaques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macaca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocotyledons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monoculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cultivation of a single crop to the exclusion of other uses of land</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12316"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocytosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodonta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monopolies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monsoon climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monstera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monstera deliciosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceriman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Philodendron pertusum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Montana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Montmorillonitic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Montserrat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moon phases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lunar cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moonfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">North American usage</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heathland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moorland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moraine soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moraxella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moray eels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morbidity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease occurrence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease prevalence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease incidence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morbillivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rinderpest virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ppr virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morchella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Morels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morelos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morocco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Morocco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morphactins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morphogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mortality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Death rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mortgages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mortierella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mulberry (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morus alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White mulberry (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morus nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black mulberry (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mother of pearl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-81</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mothers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maternity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dams (mothers)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maternal effects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Female parents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Motivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Factors which cause an organism to behave in response to physiological or psychological drives or external stimuli</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Motors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moulding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tabletting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moulds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Molds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moulting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Molting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecdysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alpine climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mouth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gingiva</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Movement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Motility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Movement disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Incoordination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lameness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Locomotion disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mowers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mozambique</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People's Republic of Mozambique</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguese East Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucous membrane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mucosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucuna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stizolobium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Stizolobium is included here because it is very similar, and because Mucuna is a conserved name - Bodgan 1977, see references</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucuna aterrima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bengal beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black velvet beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stizolobium aterrimum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucuna deeringiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Florida velvet beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mucuna pruriens utilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osceola velvet beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucuna pruriens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stizolobium utile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mud</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gyttja</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muellerius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugiloidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mulching materials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mules</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Progeny of ass and mare</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grey mullet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-34</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multipurpose cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multinational enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multinational corporations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transnational corporations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple births</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Litter (births)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multicropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The growing of more than one crop consecutively in the same field in a single year</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multispecies fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mung beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Golden gram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green gram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murraya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murraya koenigii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curry leaf (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murraya paniculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Murraya exotica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orange jasmine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa acuminata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa balbisiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa basjoo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa textilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heliconiaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grape hyacinths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Face flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscle relaxants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curare derivatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immobilizing agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suxamethonium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscular diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myopathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdomyolysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musculoskeletal system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mushroom houses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Music</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muskrats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ondatra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mussaenda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mussels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horse mussels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-54; restricted to saltwater mussels</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mutagens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mutagenic agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical mutagens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mutants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sports (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mutation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mutagenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mutton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycelium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spawn (fungi)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasmatales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spiroplasmataceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasmataceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasmoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma infections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Little leaf disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasmal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contagious ovine pleuropneumonia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoplasmoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycorrhizae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycorhiza</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endomycorrhizae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ectomycorrhizae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal diseases (animal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to animals and man; for plants use Fungal diseases (11042)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycotoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amatoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal toxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phallotoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycophenolic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Byssochlamic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tenuazonic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emodin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fumitremorgin b</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luteoskyrin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malformin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nidulotoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oosporein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poaefusarin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roseotoxin b</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rubratoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rugulosin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skyrine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tremortins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Verruculogen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viriditoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moniliformin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sporidesmins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tentoxin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myeloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myelomatosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myiasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fly strike</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myllocerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoglobin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metmyoglobin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myosotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forget me not</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoxocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrciaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrciaria cauliflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia cauliflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jaboticaba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myriapoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">An obsolete term still useful for referring collectively to the Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Symphyla and Pauropoda</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myricaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myricales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tetradecanoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristica argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristica fragrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristica malabarica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristicaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myristin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrmica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myroxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myroxylon balsamum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myroxylon pereirae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtiflorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mythimna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leucania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaletia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxomatosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxomycetes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slime moulds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycetozoa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxothallophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytosarcodina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slime fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxomycota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxomycotina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxogastria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxobionta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnomycota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodiophorales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodiophoromycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungi inferior (myxomycotina)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyosteliomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxospora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myzocallis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myzus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthylacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthaleneacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nagaland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Namibia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South West Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannizzia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannygoats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nanophyetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthalene acetamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthenic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthoxyacetic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcissus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daffodils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Narcissi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasonovia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasutitermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">National accounting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">National expenditure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">National income</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">National parks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">National planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disasters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural disasters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geographical distribution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural occurrence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural distribution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geographic distribution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solar drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Air drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural enemies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Parasites, predators or other organisms whose activities tend to limit populations of pest species</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural fabrics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant tissues extracted in layers or sheets and used as substitutes for textiles</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural gas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lp-gas (liquid petroleum gas)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural history</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural pastures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural regeneration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of a forest plantation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Living resources</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resource evaluation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resource exploration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nature conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wildlife conservation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nauru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Nauru</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pleasant Island</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nayarit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nearctic region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nebraska</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neck</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectarines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Needlefish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Billfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greenbone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Halfbeaks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mackerel guide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Needlenose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saury</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saury pike</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-34</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neimenggu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inner Mongolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neisseriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Branhamella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neisseria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_94"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nelumbo nucifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sacred lotus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nelumbium nuciferum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water lotus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nelumbonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemapogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematicides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nematocides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For control of plant or soil nematodes; for drugs active against animal nematodes use Anthelmintics (475)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematode control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematode infections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nematodiasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eelworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roundworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Threadworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thread worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematodirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemertini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribbon worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neuquen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoclassical economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoaliturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neodiprion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neomargarodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoplasms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer (disease)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oncology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal tumours</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuroblastoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neotropical region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Nepal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nephantis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelium lappaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelium mutabile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulasan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephotettix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephrectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephrops norvegicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30854"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neptomenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neptunus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerium oleander</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oleander</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peripheral nerves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nervous system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nervous system diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brain diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuritis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuropathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spinal cord diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Demyelination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chorea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebrocortical necrosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myeloencephalitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myeloencephalopathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myelomalacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurological diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nesting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Net fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Netherlands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drenthe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Friesland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelderland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Groningen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limburg</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noord-Brabant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noord-Holland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overijssel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Utrecht</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zeeland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zuid-Holland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Holland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of the Netherlands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Netherlands Antilles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Network analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neuroleptics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reserpine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tranquilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neuroptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alder flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lacewings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neurotropic drugs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbachol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neostigmine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parasympathomimetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physostigmine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pilocarpine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psychotropic drugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spasmolytics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sympatholytics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sympathomimetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sedatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_84"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neutralization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neutralization tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nevada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Brunswick</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Caledonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New England</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Hampshire</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanuatu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">New Hebrides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Jersey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Mexico</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New South Wales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New York</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Zealand</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Newcastle disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl pest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Newcastle disease virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl pest virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Newfoundland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Newspapers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Press (journalism)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Newsprint</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paper (for newspaper)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicaragua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Nicaragua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nickel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ni (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicolaia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaenomeria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoromeria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicolaia speciosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana rustica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotine tobacco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana tabacum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotinamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Niacin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotinic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin pp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Niacinamide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nidation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovule implantation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural embryo implantation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of the Niger</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nigeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal Republic of Nigeria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nilaparvata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ningxia (Hui)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ningsiahui</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitisols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrate reductase inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrification inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrofurans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Furazolidone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrofural</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrovin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">N (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen dioxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">NO2</skos:definition>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrate fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen fixation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological nitrogen fixation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dinitrogen fixation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">BNF</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen phosphorus fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen potassium fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitroimidazoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrophosphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niue</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nocardia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noise</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sound impairing health; for the physical phenomenon use Sound (7251)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomadacris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Patanga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomenclature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonfarm income</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonoptimizing methods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonmetals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonwood forest products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Minor forest products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary forest products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nontimber forest products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Non-wood forest products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Forest products other than those derived from timber</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nord Pas de Calais</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nordic Council</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norepinephrine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noradrenaline</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1386"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norfolk Island</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maghreb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North America</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North American inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Carolina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Central States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Dakota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Eastern States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Rhine-Westphalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northeast Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29120"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northeast Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32763"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northern Ireland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northern Territory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northwest Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29120"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northwest Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32763"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northwest Territories</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norway</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Norway</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norway lobster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dublin bay prawn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scampi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-44</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norwegian Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nares</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nasal cavity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nostrils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nosema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nothofagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beech (nothofagus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notohaliotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nova Scotia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animals as pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain eating birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful fishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious fishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious mammals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful mammals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious mammals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious molluscs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful molluscs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious molluscs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious reptiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful reptiles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious reptiles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nozzles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Npk fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ternary compounds (fertilizers)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuclear energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atomic energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleoproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleosidases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleotides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guanosine monophosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polynucleotides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cell nucleus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nueva Esparta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuevo Leon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Numerical taxonomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuphar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nusa Tenggara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flores (Nusa)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nut crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nut products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient availability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Enhancement of nutrient content or availability in foods or feeds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient solutions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Solutions containing the essential elements for plant growth, used in hydroponics and in experimental work; for nutrient solutions applied to soil use Liquid fertilizers (4372)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient uptake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrients</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dietary components</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macronutrients</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrition physiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient balance (humans)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient balance (animals)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient utilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emaciation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wasting disease (nutritional dis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient requirements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salt requirements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food requirements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed requirements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritive value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dietary value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fattening value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritive ratio</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritive value index</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional assessment of foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional assessment of feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein-energy ratio</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nymphaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nymphaeaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nymphomania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nymphs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nypa fruticans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nipa palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OAS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organization of American States</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OAU</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organization of African Unity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oaxaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Obstetrics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OCAM</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common African and Mauritian Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Common afro-mauritian organization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational change</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational mobility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Occupations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Professions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean quahaug</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oceania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polynesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Australasia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oceanian inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oceanic climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oceanographers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ochnaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiraceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ochroma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ochroma pyramidale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balsa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ochroma lagopus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocimum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocimum basilicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocimum americanum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocotea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Octopi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocyurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ODECA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organization of Central American States</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organization of Central American States</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odonata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Damsel flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dragonflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anisoptera (insecta)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontotermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OECD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oedema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Edema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oinology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science of vinification and wine preservation; for the techniques of transforming grape juices and must into wine use Winemaking (8405)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">Art of wine making (source: WordNet)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oesophagostomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oesophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Esophagus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop (bird)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Warble flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bot flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Estrogens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oestradiol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stilbestrol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stilboestrol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrous cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anoestrus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Estrous cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sexual heat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Off farm employment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Offal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kidney as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brain as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liver as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lung as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heart as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stomach as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tongue as food</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Offshoots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ohio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oil crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oilseed crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oil palms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oil producing animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fatty oils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oils industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fats industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oilseed cakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil meals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil cakes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oilmeals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oklahoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olea europaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oleaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oleic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oleoresins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balsams (resins)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benzoin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Copaiba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spruce gum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Styrax (product)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olfactory organs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oman</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muscat and Oman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sultanate of Oman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omasum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omnivores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Omnivorous animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">On-farm consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onagraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaenerion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Circaeaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oenotheraceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Willowherbs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocerca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncideres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus masou</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Masu salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Oshima 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onobrychis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onobrychis viciifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Onobrychis sativa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Onobrychis viciaefolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sainfoin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ontario</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onychophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg formation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitellogenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jerusalem haddock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Open pollination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural pollination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wind pollination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Operations research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Operator comfort</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Operophtera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cheimatobia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Operophthera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthorchis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opossums</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Didelphis marsupialis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Didelphis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Possums</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Optical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Opalescence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorescence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polarization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Translucence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transparency (optical)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Refractive index</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Light dispersion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Optimization methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dynamic programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Integer programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mathematical programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Non linear programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parametric programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quadratic programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reactive programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Recursive programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opuntia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opuntiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orangequats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orbignya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Babacu palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Babassu palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orbivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arbovirus (orbivirus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orchard soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orchards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orchidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oregon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic acid salts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organic salts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_81"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxylic acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aliphatic acid derivatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aliphatic compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_79"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic halogen compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic matter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organic matter content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic nitrogen compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organomineral complexes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organomineral fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organoarsenical compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organobromine compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organochlorine compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organocopper compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organofluorine compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organoiodine compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iodoform</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organoleptic properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Appetibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organoleptic quality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organoleptic traits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organomercurial compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organophosphorus compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organosulphur compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphydryl compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfhydryl compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organic sulphur compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organotin compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orgyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oriental region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orientation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oriente</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Origanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marjoram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Songbirds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental bulbs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flowering bulbs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes ornamental bulbs, corms, rhizomes and tubers</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental climbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental foliage plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental monocarps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ornamental plants flowering and fruiting once and then dying</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decorative plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants used in pleasure gardens or for decoration</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental shells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decorative shells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-81</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithodoros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Duckbilled platypus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Platypus (mammal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydia psittaci infections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psittacosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydiosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orobanchaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orobanche</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orotic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orseolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthopoxvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cowpox virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ectromelia virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feline poxvirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthopristis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saltatoria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryctes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza glaberrima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African rice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza rufipogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza fatua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza indica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza japonica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzaephilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oscinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic flow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic potential</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostertagia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostracoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostriches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Struthio camelus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otiorrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otolithus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Otholitus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oulema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ova</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spawn (eggs)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovules (gamete)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zona pellucida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovariectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spaying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oophorectomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovariotomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovarioles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to animals; for plant ovaries use Gynoecium (3451)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overeating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overweight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Obesity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Excess weight</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of people and animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wintering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inwintering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock overwintering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Care, feeding and maintenance of livestock through the winter months</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oviducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fallopian tubes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oviposition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg laying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spawning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Induced oviposition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Owls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Owner occupancy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ownership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Real estate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ownership conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxalates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxalic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxalidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Averrhoaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxalis tuberosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autoxidation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peroxidation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dioxides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monoxides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidoreductases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascorbate oxidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascorbase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dehydrogenases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monophenol monooxygenase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reductases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrosinases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alcohol oxidoreductases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oximes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxygen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">O (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxygen consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxytenanthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxytenanthera abyssinica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyuris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oyster culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oysters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-53</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachyrhizus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos erosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pachyrrhizus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yam beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific salmon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinook</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">King salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sockeye salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinook salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Packaging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Packing (process)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wrapping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paddlefishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-21</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Restricted grazing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paddock grazing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paddy soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paecilomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paeonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peonies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paeoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pakistan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaearctic region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palearctic region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaeontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fossils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaeosolic soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paleosolic soil types</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaeosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaquium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palm oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palm kernel oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palmae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palm trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arecaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palmitic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexadecanoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palmitin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palometa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palynology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pammene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pampas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pampus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Panama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panama Canal Zone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pancreas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pancytopenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandanaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandanales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Screw pine (pandanus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandemis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panic (panicum)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum antidotale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue panic (grass)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum coloratum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coloured guinea grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Makarikari grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum maximum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guinea grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum miliaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broom corn (millet)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cheena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hog millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proso millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Russian millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum miliare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Little millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum sumatrense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Samai</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sawan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum repens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panthers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantothenic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin B5</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 22 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papaver</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papaver somniferum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Opium poppy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papaveraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Construction paper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kraft paper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paper felt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulp and paper industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paper industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulp industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paperboard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boxboard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardboard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30289"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilionoideae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Faboideae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lotoideae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viceaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Papilionaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Warts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papovaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Papillomavirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyomavirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papua New Guinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Para</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraffin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kerosene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parafilaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31027"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragonimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraguay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Paraguay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraiba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabrax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralithodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralonchurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramphistomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramyxoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parainfluenza virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paramyxovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranephrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapoxvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapristipoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parashorea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ectoparasites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endoparasites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitic plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Parasitic higher or vascular plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_589"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ectoparasitoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endoparasitoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parathyroid gland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parazoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spongiae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parenchyma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parenteral feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluid therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parietales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Violales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parkia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parlatoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmentiera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmentiera alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crescentia alata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmentiera cerifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Candle (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmentiera edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cuachilote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cuajilote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guajilote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parrots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Part time labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Casual labour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Part time farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parthenium argentatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guayule</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parthenogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parthenolecanium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Particle boards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chipboard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hardboard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flakeboards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Particle size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Partnerships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parturient paresis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Downer syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk fever</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parturition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Birth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farrowing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foaling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lambing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whelping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kidding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parturition complications</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parvoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adeno-associated virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goose hepatitis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum conjugatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffalo grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hilo grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum dilatatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dallis grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum notatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bahia grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum plicatulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum scrobiculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haraka</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kodo millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum commersonii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum vaginatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passalurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passeriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passiflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Passion flowers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passiflora edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maracuya (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passiflora quadrangularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Giant granadilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passifloraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macaroni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noodles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spaghetti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flash pasteurization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pastinaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pastinaca sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pastures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture resources</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogenicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Infectivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virulence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avirulence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypovirulence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogenic fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogenic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogenic viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogenic microorganisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pathology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal pathology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Human pathology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pathological anatomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paullinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paullinia cupana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guarana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paullinia yoco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yoco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pays de la Loire</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peaches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peafowl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pavo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peacock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peanut butter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pearl barley</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pearl culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pearl fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pearls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-81</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pears</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peasantry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peat soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectic acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectic substances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polygalacturonic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pedaliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pedicels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peeling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decortication of peels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical peeling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botanophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pegohylemyia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pegomya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelagic environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pelagic regions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelagic fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garden geraniums</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelecaniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steganopodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelleting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pelletization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellionia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelvis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ilium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ischium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pubis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pemphigidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penguins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ampicillin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benzylpenicillin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cloxacillin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxacillin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peninsular Malaysia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malaya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West Malaysia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum clandestinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kikuyu grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum pedicellatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deenanath grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum purpureum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elephant grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">King grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennsylvania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pensions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Old age benefits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retirement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentacme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentalonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentastomida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentosans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentose phosphate cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peperomia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pepsin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 23 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peptidases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cathepsins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 11 - 19</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peptides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mucopeptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polypeptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oligopeptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dipeptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic peptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycopeptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuropeptides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24073"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perennials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perennial crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perennial habit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perennial weeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5696"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Performing animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Circus animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perfume oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perianth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pericardium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pericardial cavity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pericopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Afrormosia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periderm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lenticels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peridroma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perineum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periodic dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage dressings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periodicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclic variation (periodicity)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periphyton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Assemblage of organisms living on submerged objects</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periplaneta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perissodactyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tapirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tapir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peritoneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesentery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Omentum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peritoneal cavity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peritrichia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perkinsiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Permafrost areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Permanent labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Full time workers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Permanent pastures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Permeability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic conductivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pernambuco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peroxides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Persea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Machilus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Persea americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Persea gratissima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Persian Gulf</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Peru</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pest eradication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pest management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disinfestation of living organism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest control equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Control methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insect pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest mites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harmful mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noxious mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Host resistance to pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Susceptibility to infestation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tolerance to pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticidal properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovicidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide actions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Larvicidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acaricidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungicidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herbicidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insecticidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rodenticidal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insecticide crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticidal plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide persistence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to chemicals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemosensitivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Tolerance or resistance of organisms to chemicals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide specificity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide synergists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Substances enhancing the effectiveness of pesticides; for the synergy between pesticides use Synergism (16149)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pestivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mucosal disease virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pet animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Household pets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pet foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petioles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf stalks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf sheaths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gasoline</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petroleum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crude oil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lithology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petromyzon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petroselinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petroselinum crispum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carum petroselinum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petunia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogen ion concentration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For blood use Blood ph (33956); for soil use Soil ph (34901)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brown seaweeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brown algae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-91</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeozems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phagocytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phakopsora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalaenopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canary grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmacology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharynx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phased planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Planting of a given crop distributed over several weeks</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus acutifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tepary beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Texas beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus coccineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus multiflorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scarlet runner beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus lunatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burma beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butter beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Civet beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curry beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Madagascar beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus limensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sieva beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phasmida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stick insects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pheasants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pheidole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacoccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenolic compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catechols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cresols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guaiacol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phenols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Procyanidins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkylresorcinols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophenols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resorcinols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resveratrol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrophenols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenolic content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphenol content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenothiazines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenylalanine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pheromones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philadelphaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philadelphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philaenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philippine Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philippines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of the Philippines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlebotominae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sand flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phleum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phleum pratense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timothy grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phloem</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocoena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoenicopteriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoenix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoenix dactylifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Date palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoenix sylvestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phomopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phorbia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phormium tenax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">New zealand flax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">New zealand hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phorodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoronida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphate fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorus fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphates (salts)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phospholipid metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phospholipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphatides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycerophospholipids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiolipins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphatidic acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">P (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorus potassium fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorylation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidative phosphorylation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photophosphorylation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photogrammetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photomicrography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photoperiodicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daylength</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photoperiod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photorespiratory pathway</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photorespiration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photosensitivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photosynthesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phragmidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phthiraptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Louse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phthorimaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllocoptes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllocoptruta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonorycter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lithocolletis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllostachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllosticta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllotreta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phylloxeridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ground cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physalospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physeter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physical activity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exercise</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work (physical activity)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physical control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roguing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bagging (pest control)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Netting (pest control)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physical oceanography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physical states</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physicists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiographic features</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical landscape features</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiographic soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical geography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological functions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytelephas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inositol hexaphosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytomyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoseiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytosterols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avenasterol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Campesterol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytotoxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toxicity to plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Toxicity to plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piaui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picardy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spruces</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea abies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Norway spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Picea excelsa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea engelmannii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Engelmann spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea glauca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Picea alba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea jezoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hondo spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea mariana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Picea nigra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea obovata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siberian spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea omorika</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serbian spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea pungens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colorado spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea rubens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Picea rubra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea sitchensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sitka spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piciformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pickles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pickling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picornaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piedmont</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pieris (pieridae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artogeia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piezodorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pigeons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1774"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piggeries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pigsty</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swine housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pig housing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swine stables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piglets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porkers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porklings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sucking pigs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Piglings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pigmentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Markings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pigmentation disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melanosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pigments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pike</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maskinonge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muskellunge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pickerel chain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pickerel grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pike perch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perch pike</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sauger</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Walleye (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pilea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pilot farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Demonstration farms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Experimental farms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Model farms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36828"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelometopon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimenta dioica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pimenta officinalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimenta racemosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pimenta acris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimpinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anisum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5885"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimpinella anisum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anise</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinar del Rio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pineal body</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corpus pineale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinnipedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pine (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus banksiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jack pine (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus brutia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus halepensis brutia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus caribaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus cembra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arolla pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus contorta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beach pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lodgepole pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus densiflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese red pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus echinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus elliottii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus halepensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aleppo pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus kesiya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Austrian pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corsican pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes all varieties</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Longleaf pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus patula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mexican pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus pinaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maritime pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus maritima</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus pinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stone pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus ponderosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western yellow pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monterey pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus insignis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus resinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus roxburghii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus sibirica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus strobus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weymouth pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus sylvestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus silvestris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scots fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scots pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus taeda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loblolly pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus thunbergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese black pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper betle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Betel pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper longum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian long pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper methysticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kava</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper nigrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper retrofractum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Javanese long pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Piper officinarum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piperaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piperales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piperazines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piperonyl butoxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Piping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tubing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pipelines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piroplasmea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Piroplasms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pissodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistacia vera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistaciaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisum sativum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pisum arvense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitcairn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pitcairn Island</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pith</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pithomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mine timber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pitprops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Wood used in mining operations</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage pits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Holes dug vertically in the ground</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pituitary gland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenohypophysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurohypophysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pituitary hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vasotocin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pityogenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pityophthorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drip line placement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Application of fertilizers in specified parts of the soil which may be either on or below the surface</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Afterbirth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chorion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to animals; for plants use Gynoecium (3451)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placental retention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retained placenta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiorchis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plaice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plaiting fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basket fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fibres used in the making of baskets, shoes, hats, chair seats and the like</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plankton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microeconomic planning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant anatomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant morphology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant breeders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant breeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant collections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant containers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flower pots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant pots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant developmental stages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foliar diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytosociology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant emasculation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of stamens before pollen is released</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant establishment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stand development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop establishment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stand establishment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Healthy adjustment of plants to new sites or changed conditions</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant galls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Witches brooms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crown gall</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growth substances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growth regulators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytohormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rooting compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growth hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ripeners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioregulators (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31337"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant habit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Habit improvement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growth habit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growth form</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">General appearance of a plant, or its manner of growth</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant hairs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf hairs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant introduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant exploration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant nematodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant parasitic nematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytonematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant nurseries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental tree nurseries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit tree nurseries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For forest trees use Forest nurseries (34830)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant pathology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytopathology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant density</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant propagation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant multiplication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytosanitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant rhabdoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant secretions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Secretory substances</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant training</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant vascular system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant viruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mosaic viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantaginaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantaginales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psyllium (plantago)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cooking plantains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cooking bananas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Banana plantains; avoid confusion with plantains of the genus Plantago, which are generally perennial weeds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Large-scale agricultural units, often devoted to the production of one major crop; for reforested areas use Forest plantations (3048)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planting equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Planters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potting machines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sowing equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bedders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants as botanical entity; for useful plants use Crops (1972); see also individual families of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_76"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodiophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plastic film covers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Film covers (protective structures)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plastic tunnels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plastics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyvinylidine chloride</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plastids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chromatophores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chromoplasts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leucoplasts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plane (platanus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plateaux</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platelets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood platelets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thrombocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyhelminthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flatworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flat worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plathelminthes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platynota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plecoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stone flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectranthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabdosia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectranthus esculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus dazo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coleus esculentus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dazo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hausa potato</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kafir potato</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectroplites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleioblastus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plexus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plodia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ploughing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plows</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reversible ploughs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ploughshares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plow shares</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plovers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plumage birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Birds used for their feathers or down</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plumeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frangipani</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plumeria rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plums</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Damsons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gages (fruits)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greengages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plumule</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plutella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plutonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pu (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plywood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory syncytial virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bluegrass (poa)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poa compressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canada bluegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poa palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl bluegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poa fertilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poa serotina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poa pratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kentucky bluegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meadow grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poa trivialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podicipediformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podocarpaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podzols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podzoluvisols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonomyrmex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beard worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogostemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogostemon cablin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Patchouli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pogostemon patchouli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poisoning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intoxication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toxicosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lathyrism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Favism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ciguatera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toxaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poisonous fungi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poisonous plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poitou Charentes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polish People's Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polar climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antarctic climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polar regions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polarity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polar behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Attraction towards a particular object or a specific direction; for electrical polarity use ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polder soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polecats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mustela eversmanni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mustela putorius putorius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Posts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Roundwood intended for supporting electric lines, for scaffolding or for fences</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Political systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Democracy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dictatorship</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federalism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Militarism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nationalism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Populism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollachius pollachius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus pollachius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32769"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollachius virens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32769"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollack</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dover hake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to Pollachius pollachius (6065); note that the pollack of North America and ICNAF is Pollachius virens (6066)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollard systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollarding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microspores (pollen)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pollen grains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollen incompatibility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24899"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollicipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollinators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dehorning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dishorning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock disbudding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollutants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contaminants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photochemical oxidants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pollution of agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental pollution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immission</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pollutant emission</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of the environment; for plants, animals or products use Contamination (28317)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollution control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Remedial action (pollution)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reduction of pollution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological treatment of pollutants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pollution prevention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyembryony</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygenetic soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygonales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymnia sonchifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polymnia edulis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yacon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymorphism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexitols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyalcohols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyhydric alcohols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphagotarsonemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyploids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alloploidy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spontaneous polyploidization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyprion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polypus (genus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polysaccharides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zymosan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyzoa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ectoprocta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyzoa (ectoprocta)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomatomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomfrets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pompanos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garrick</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palometa (common name)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poncirus trifoliata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trifoliate orange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pondicherry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ponds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ponies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontederiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Popcorn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Popillia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population dynamics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Population change</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Population explosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Demographic explosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population density</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population distribution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Population composition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aspen (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cottonwoods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poplar (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus deltoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern cottonwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus tremuloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trembling aspen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcupines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pork</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pig meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyrins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haem</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porpoises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-63</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portlandia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portugal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguese Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguesa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portulacaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lewisia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postagricultural sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pest control (postharvest)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product protection (stored)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest activities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postmortem examination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autopsy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postmortem diagnosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Necropsy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Examination of tissues or organs after death to determine the cause of death or the changes produced by a disease</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pot fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pot plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">House plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indoor plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Container plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamogetonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potash fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potassium fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potassium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">K (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potassium chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chloride of potash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muriate of potash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potassium nitrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrate of potash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salpeter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potassium sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphate of potash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potting composts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Domesticated birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Domesticated birds that are kept for their meat, eggs or feathers</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry housing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brooder houses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry rearing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pourouma cecropiaefolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uvilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pouteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lucuma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poverty</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low income groups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Power takeoffs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poxviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suipoxvirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swine pox virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prairies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prawns and shrimps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-45</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preagricultural sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preplanting treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any treatment of seed or propagation material just before the crop is planted</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preschool education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kindergarten</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Child nurseries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrometeorology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amount of precipitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid precipitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitation day</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitation intensity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitation regime</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Meteorological</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Predation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Predators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Predatory birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Birds of prey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pregermination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed priming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnancy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gestation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnancy complications</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_22"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_22"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnancy toxaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eclampsia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnancy toxemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prematurity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Premature birth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Being born before the normal term of pregnancy; for early maturation use Precocity (2435)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prepared foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Convenience foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ready meals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ready to cook foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Foods that are more or less ready for consumption without further preparation other than heating</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preservatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_80"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pressing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Briquetting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compression (process)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrostatic pressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price discrimination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price formation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural prices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Price indices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pricing policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primary sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lemurs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree shrews</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chimpanzees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primulaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primulales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prince Edward Island</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Principes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionace</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiphora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Private firms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private ownership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellariiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tubinares</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Operational processes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fabrication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transformation (of products)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curing (processing)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Operations performed during product preparation, manufacture or utilization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processing losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Producer cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Producer prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farmgate prices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Product labelling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Labelling of packaged products or materials</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production controls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Production management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantitative; for qualitative control use Quality controls (6401)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production functions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cobb-douglas function</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple objective functions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Input output functions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production location</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Location of production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Production regions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production possibilities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Production potential</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Production capacity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Productivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ratio of output to input</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Produce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use more specific descriptor when possible</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Professional services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Profit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Profitability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Break-even point</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Returns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Progeny testing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Progestogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gestagens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medroxyprogesterone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Progestagens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Progestational hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Progesterone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1906"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6217"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prognichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prolactin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactogenic hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prolamines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gliadin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hordein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propagation materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stecklings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Property transfers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Property accession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Property inheritance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade marks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brand names</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trade names</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proprietary names</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mezquit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Algaroba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis pallida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis tamarugo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tamarugo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prostaglandins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pgf 2 alpha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prostephanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosthogonimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prostigmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trombidiformes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Penthaleus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Collagenases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibrinolysin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ficin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proteinases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calpain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC codes 3 4 21 - 24</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protected cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protected species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protected animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protected plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective clothing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective coatings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corrosion control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coating materials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silicones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teflon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For equipment or structures; see also Protective clothing (6246)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants grown to protect crops, soil or land from adverse environmental factors</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective structures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein concentrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein feeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High-protein (content)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low-protein (content)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein deficiencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein isolates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amino acid metabolism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein metabolism disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proteinates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein quality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein efficiency ratio</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Net protein utilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digestible protein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological protein value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein synthesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protein biosynthesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteolipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protoplasm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca staminea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paphia staminea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31161"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca thaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31161"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protozoans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematozoa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protozoal infections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Most may be referred to this descriptor used in combination with the appropriate protozoan taxon</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protozoology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proventriculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The glandular stomach of birds, the chitin armed muscle of the foregut of insects; for the proventriculus (forestomach) of ruminants use Omasum (5346), Reticulum (6538) or Rumen (6693)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pruning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree clipping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Topping (pruning)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dry pruning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green pruning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thinning (branches)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trimming (plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of live or dead branches, roots and other parts of a plant for the purpose of improvement</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pruning implements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pruners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amygdalus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cerasus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Padus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus dulcis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amygdalus communis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus amygdalus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus armeniaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus avium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus cerasifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cherry plum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus cerasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus acida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus domestica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus insititia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus damascena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus italica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bullace</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus padus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird cherry (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus persica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus serotina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus spinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blackthorn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sloe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus subcordata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psenopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaulacaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudemys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaonidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudobulbs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For plant propagation use Sets (7004)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocentrotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocereals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gluconobacter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoperonospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopeziza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopleuronectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopregnancy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">False pregnancy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudosciaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotsuga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotsuga menziesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Douglas fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotsuga douglasii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotsuga taxifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudouridine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psidium guajava</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psidium littorale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psidium cattleianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strawberry guava</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psittaciformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psocoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Book lice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psophocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psophocarpus palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psophocarpus longipedunculatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psophocarpus tetragonolobus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus bean (psophocarpus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goa beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manila beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Winged bean</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea eriantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dakota turnips</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prairie potatoes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea patens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psorergates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psylliodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteridium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteridophyta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Club mosses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equisetales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filicales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopodiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psilotales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vascular cryptogams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muninga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus dalbergioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andaman redwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andaman padauk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vermilion wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus erinaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Narra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus blancoi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus vidalianus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus macrocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burma padauk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus marsupium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus osun</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African padauk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus santalinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red sandalwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocarpus soyauxii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West African padauk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterygotrigla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public expenditure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public finance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public gardens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3196"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public health</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public ownership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">State ownership</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public parks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Propaganda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Community services</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public utilities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Government services</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puebla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kudzu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria phaseoloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria javanica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puero</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical kudzu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria thunbergiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos japonicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria hirsuta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria lobata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pueraria tuberosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian kudzu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerperal disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mastitis metritis agalactia synd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postparturient disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerperium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The state of a female just after she has given birth</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerto Rico</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porto Rico</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffers (fish)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibre pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood pulp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For making paper or cellulose products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulpwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paper wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulvinaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pummelos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pomelo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shaddock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pump fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pumpkins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pumps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Punica granatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Punicaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Punjab</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pupae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prepupae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purchasing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pure lines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Refining</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defaecation (sugar juice)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Purine bases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inosine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrazines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrethrins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrethrum extracts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrethrum (insecticide)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyridines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyridoxine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin B6</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adermin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrimidines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrimidine bases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrostegia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyruvates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyruvic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Qatar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">State of Qatar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Umm Said</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Qinghai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tsinghai</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quadraspidiotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quahaug</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quahog</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Round clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venus shells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quails</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colinus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coturnix coturnix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product quality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acceptability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quality controls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inspection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quarantine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quarters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quebec</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Province of Quebec</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Queen bees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Queenlessness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Queenrightness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Queensland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quelea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quenselia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oak (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Queretaro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quinolines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quinones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quintana Roo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oryctolagus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rabies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rabies virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raccoons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Racoons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Racehorses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiation balance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiation damage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radiation sickness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radiation injuries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neutron radiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electromagnetic radiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radicle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broadcasting (radio)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive pollutants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive fallout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tomography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Angiography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radioimmunoassay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoradiometric assay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radioallergosorbent test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radioimmunosorbent test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ria (radioimmunoassay)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radioisotopes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive isotopes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive nuclides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ra (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raffinose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melitose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melitriose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raillietina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rail transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rainfall</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sleet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rainfed farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Arable cultivation relying solely on rainfall</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rain gauges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pluviographs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rain intensity recorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snow gauges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rajasthan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rajiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ramie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ramularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Random mating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uncontrolled mating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rangeland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rangelands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Uncultivated land, including forest land, which produces forage suitable for livestock grazing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raniceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rankers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranunculaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buttercups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raphanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raphanus sativus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raphia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raffia palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ras Al Khaimah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raspberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrelliger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rationalization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fattening rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maintenance rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Starter rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basal rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daily rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Amount of food allowed an animal or person per day regardless of whether given at one time or more than one time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ratooning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Production of a subsequent crop from roots of a harvested crop</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ratoons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rattus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rauvolfia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Devilpeppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rauwolfia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rays (fish)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skates (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stingray</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Razor shells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jackknife clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Razor clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Razorbills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recessive genes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reciprocal crossing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reclaimed land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dyked land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reclaimed soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reclamation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land reclamation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil reclamation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil rehabilitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land rehabilitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restoration of land or soils</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recombination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic recombination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Formation of new combinations of genes by crossing or segregation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reconstitution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rehydration (dried products)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recreation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leisure (recreation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leisure activities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recycling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Red currants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Red Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Redfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean perch (usa usage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock salmon (sebastes)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-33</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Redox potential</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidation reduction potential</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical reduction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigerated storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For cool storage above freezing point; for storage of frozen products use Frozen storage (35115)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigeration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regeneration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Restocking (forests)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Regeneration felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preparatory felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shelterwood felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The renewal of a forest plantation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regional accounting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regional development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Regional policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regional government</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regional planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interregional planning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Registration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A system of public official records</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regulations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Circulars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Code of practice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reindeer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caribou</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rangifer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reinhardtius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Relative humidity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Air moisture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric moisture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Religion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remote sensing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spot image</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remuneration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Payment schemes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wage rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Time wages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Renanthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rendzinas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Renewable resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rent</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoreovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Repairing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mending</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Repairs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rehabilitation of equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Repellents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pest repellents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytorepellents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Materials or techniques applied to repel noxious birds, insects or other pests</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reproduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive physiology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conception rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive ability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive capacity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive efficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mating performance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calving rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kidding rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lambing rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farrowing rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding performance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reptiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reptilia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Requeening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scientific research</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Applied research</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basic research</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Research and development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Development research</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for general administration of research; for results of research in specific subjects use only the appropriate decriptors</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research institutions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Research centres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research vessels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ablation (surgery)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Residues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Residual amounts of extraneous chemicals in organisms, goods or environment</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Copals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Damars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dammars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gum kinos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mastic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rosin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sandarac</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to injurious factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hardiness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resource allocation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resource conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resource management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resource exploitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resource development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resource utilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rehabilitation of natural resources</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell respiration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Oxidation of organic substances to yield useable energy; for the respiration as a process of gaseous exchange between organisms or tissues and their environment use Respiration (9421) or Gas exchange (11098)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory chain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laryngitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lung diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurisy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulmonary diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumoconiosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulmonary emphysema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sinusitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apnea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asphyxia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dyspnoea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suffocation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory system agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antitussive agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broncholytic agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Expectorants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resseliella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thomasiniana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rest</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resting state</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Restricted feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rationing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retail marketing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reticulitermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reticulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retinol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin A</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Retinoids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retortamonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retroviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">RNA tumour viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reunion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Revaluation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Revegetation plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhagoletis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamnaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamnales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamnose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheological properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasticity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rheology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spreadability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheum rhaponticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhineland-Palatinate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoceroses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinosporidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhipicephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobitoxine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoctonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For plant propagation use Sets (7004)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizosphere</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Root zone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Soil zone of enhanced microbiological activity in vicinity of roots</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhode Island</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhododendron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azalea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red algae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-92</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhoeadales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhomboplites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhone Alpes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalosiphoninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalosiphum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sumachs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sumacs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyacionia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchelytrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchelytrum repens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natal grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tricholaena repens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchosia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos minimus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyncosia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyzopertha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopertha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes divaricatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes hirtellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Currant gooseberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes nigrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes petraeum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes rubrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes sativum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riboflavin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactoflavin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin B2</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin g</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribonucleosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribosomal rna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribosomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Coasts (1700)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paddy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ricinus communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Castor oil (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rickets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rickettsiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aegyptianella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grahamella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemobartonella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neorickettsia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paranaplasma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colesiota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytocetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anaplasmataceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ridging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Right of access</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Access to land</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rinderpest</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girdling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ring barking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ringing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ringworm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rio de Janeiro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rio Grande do Norte</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rio Grande do Sul</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rio Negro (Argentina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Risk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">River fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">River terrace soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rivers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Streams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brooks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tributaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribonucleic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roach</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Road transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roads</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest roads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public roads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roadside soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roasting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Torrefaction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toasting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Robinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">False acacias</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Locust (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Robinia pseudoacacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black locust</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Robusta coffee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rock</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rock garden plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horticultural alpines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alpine garden plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rock phosphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral phosphate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rodent control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vermin proofing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rodenticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rat poisons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rodentia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capybara</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dormice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sigmodon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish roe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roll over protection structures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rollers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Implement consisting of rotating cylinders used to crush clods, consolidate soil, or flatten the surface</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Romania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rumania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socialist Republic of Romania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rondeletia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roofs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root cap</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root hairs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5970"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root nodulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nodulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root pruning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Undercutting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wrenching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root eating insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rooting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rootstock crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants grown for use as stocks upon which desirable varieties may be grafted</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rootstocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grafting stocks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roraima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hip rose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dog rose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roselle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosmarinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosmarinus officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop rotation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rotational cropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternate cropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotational grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture rest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotenone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Derris (insecticide)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rotifers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_659"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spear rot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rottboellia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotylenchulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roughage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Round herrings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roundwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Wood in its natural state as felled or otherwise harvested</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rous sarcoma virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roystonea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Royal palms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RSFSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Russian Soviet Fed Soc Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic; part of USSR till 24 December 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Russian Federation (33240)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balata rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hevea rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Para rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubber crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Latex plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1690"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus allegheniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus caesius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus chamaemorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cloudberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus fruticosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus idaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus loganobaccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus phoenicolasius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wineberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus strigosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruling classes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumenotomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruminants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ruminantia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chewing the cud</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Runoff water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Runoff irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonmetropolitan areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural communities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural communities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Countryside</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural housing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm dwellings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural settlement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resettlement (human)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sedentarization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural colonization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Colonization of virgin territories or settlement following land redistribution or migration</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural sociology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural urban migration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rural depopulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural urban relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Town and country</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urban rural relations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rusts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruta graveolens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutabagas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swedes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swedish turnip</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin p</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rutoside</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rwanda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rwandese Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Rwanda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ryania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saarland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sabah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sablefish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharum barberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharum officinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Noble cane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharum sinense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uba cane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharum spontaneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saddle horses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Riding horses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6419"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daminozide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dimethylaminosuccinamic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sadh</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Safety</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Safety devices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon dioxide detectors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sahel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sahlbergella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sailfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saintpaulia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African violets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saissetia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saithe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coley</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rock salmon (pollachias)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salacca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salacca edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salak palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zalacca edulis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salamanders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ambystoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Axolotl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ambystomatidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sales promotion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market promotion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salicaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salicales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salicylates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saline soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saline sodic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saline alkali soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salinity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil salinity (35317)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saliva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salivary glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parotid gland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grilse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kelt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parr</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_690"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonellosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salsola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salted fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saltmarshes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inorganic acid salts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saltwater fishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine fishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea fishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sambucaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Independent State of Western Samoa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western Samoa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sampling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cluster sampling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Random sampling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">San Juan (Argentina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">San Luis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">San Luis Potosi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">San Marino</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of San Marino</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sand</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sandeels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sand lances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sand eels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sandy soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Light soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sansevieria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bowstring hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mother in law's tongue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santa Catarina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santa Cruz (Argentina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santa Fe (Argentina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santalales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santiago del Estero</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sao Paulo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sao Tome and Principe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Principe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">San Thome and Principe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sap</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sapindaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sapindales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_76"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26289"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sapogenins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saponins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sapotaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saprolegnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saprophytism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saprophytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saprospira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sapwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alburnum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarawak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcodina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopoda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amoebida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcophagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fleshflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astigmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptiformes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcosine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinellas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gilt sardines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lapad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil sardines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish sardines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tamban</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tunsoy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pilchards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35; note that this term may also be applied in the fish trade to sprats and small herrings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargasso Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saskatchewan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satsumas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satureja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sauces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ketchups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mayonnaise</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salad dressings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saudi Arabia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sauropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sausages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Savannas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Savannah</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Tropical or subtropical grassland with scattered trees or shrubs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Savings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawdust</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood dust</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawlogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Logs for sawnwood manufacture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawmills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawnwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boards (wooden)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lumber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Planks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scantlings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stavewood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Split wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">May also include cleft or hewn wood</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saws</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bandsaws</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chainsaws</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chain saws</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxidomus giganteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33124"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxidomus nuttali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxifragaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saxifrages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scalding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermal denticles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish scales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Integumental structures occurring on certain animals, such as fishes, reptiles, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scallops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clams (in scotland)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-55; for the piece of meat use MEAT CUTS</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scandinavia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fennoscandia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nordic countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial hawks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bangers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird scarers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scarecrows</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Devices used to repel birds or other noxious animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Testa chipping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of seeds; for soil use Soil scarification (24085)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schismotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schist soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistocerca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizolobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guapuruvu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schleichera oleosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Schleichera trijuga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schleswig-Holstein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaenops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scientists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Research scientists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Researchers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Squills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirpophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirtothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scitamineae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerenchyma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monilia fructigena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotium (deuteromycotina)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scoliodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolytus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumatophorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberesox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombroidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scophthalmus maximus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scophthalmus rhombus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32745"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpionfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpiones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorzonera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scotia Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scotinophara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scotland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orkney Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shetland Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrapie agent</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrobipalpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrophulariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrotum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrubland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrublands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shrublands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Areas which under natural conditions support only scrub vegetation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sculpins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cabezone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea raven</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutigerella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SDI</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Information profiles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selective dissemination of information</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Selective dissemination of information</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea anemones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea bass</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine bass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Comber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sand perch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White perch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wreckfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-33</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea bream</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea catfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine catfish (warm seas)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For sea catfish from northern waters use Marine catfish (4608)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea cucumbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beche de mer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Holothurians</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea of Japan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea of Okhotsk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea squirts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water transport over sea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea urchins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sealions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea lions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-64</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seafoods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Halichoerus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-64</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seasonal cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cultivation of crops in one season only</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seasonal development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seasonal labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seasons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seaweed culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seaweed farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial seeding of algae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Algal culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine phytoculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seaweed products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kelp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phycocolloids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secale cereale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sechium edule</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chayote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Christophine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial sector</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secretion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sectoral planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sediment pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sediment water interface</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sedimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sediment deposition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geological stratification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siltation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geological sedimentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Deposition of material carried by wind, water or ice</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True seed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Propagation material; for botanical aspects use Seeds (6946)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed boxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flats (seed)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Shallow boxes for sowing of seeds or transplanting of seedlings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed certification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed collection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed dispersal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed longevity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed mixtures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed pelleting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed coating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed preservation (no treatment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed testing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed screening</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed conditioning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic pretreatment of seed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osmoconditioning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed matriconditioning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed osmopriming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Trees retained in a felling operation to supply seeds for regeneration</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seedbeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seedbed preparation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sowing rates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seeding rates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seedlings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plantlets (seedlings)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The early growth stage of a plant grown from seed; for a nursery plant not yet transplanted use Planting stock (16111)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caryopses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Botanically; for the propagation material use Seed (6927)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Segregation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sehima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sain grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seining</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seismology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selective breeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Variety screening</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Early selection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial selection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenaspidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Se (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self sufficiency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self pollination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autogamy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selfing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selfs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ejaculate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seminal plasma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sperm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semen preservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Semen diluents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semiarid zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semievergreen seasonal forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semiprivate organizations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parastatal organizations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quangos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semimetals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metalloids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senegal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Senegal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sense organs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sensory disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Separating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Separation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Septoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sequential cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triple cropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Successive cropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">One crop is planted after another without fallowing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sequoia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True redwood (sequoia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Genus</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sergipe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sericultural equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocooning frames</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sericulture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silk production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesothelium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serous membrane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serous bursa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bursa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpentine soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus cabrilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6987"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Service industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamum indicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gingelly</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamum orientale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Til</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania bispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jantar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania aculeata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania grandiflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agati</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacule</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Katurai</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania formosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West indian pea (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seston</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tripton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setaria (grass)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setaria (helminth)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setaria italica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boer millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetochloa italica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">German millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hungarian millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Italian millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kangi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kaon rice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum hispanicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum italicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siberian millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setaria sphacelata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Setaria anceps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Golden timothy grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Setts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Small plant parts, especially bulbs or tubers used for plant propagation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Severance allowances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Payments for giving up farming</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seville oranges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sour orange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sewage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7009"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sewage sludge</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sewerage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sewage removal</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sex differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex attractants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex differentiation disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intersexuality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudohermaphroditism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gonadal dysgenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex ratio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male female ratio</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sexual behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Standing reflex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mating behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heterosexuality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homosexuality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teasing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sexual maturity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puberty</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seychelles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Seychelles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shad</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alewife</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blueback herring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-24</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shade plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shade trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shading</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial shade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shale soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shandong</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shantung</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shanghai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shanxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shansi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Share cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metayage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sharjah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sharks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porbeagle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shears</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovis aries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep dogs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shell</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shellfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Useful aquatic animals having a shell or shell-like exoskeleton such as molluscs or crustaceans</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shellfish culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shellfish fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shaanxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shensi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shenxi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shift work</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shifting cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swidden cultivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slash and burn agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slash burning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shipbuilding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naval engineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shipworms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shoot pruning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meristem culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shoot tip culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shorea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shot holes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shoulders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shrews</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soricidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siblings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brothers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quadruplets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sibs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sisters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triplets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Twins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sichuan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Szechwan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicily</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Invalid benefits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sickness benefits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Queensland hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sidedressing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of carcasses</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sierra Leone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Sierra Leone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sieving</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sifting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sikkim</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ensilage (product)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silicon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Si (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siliqua (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silkworms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silk moths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34337"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30337"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silty soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siluroidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silver</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ag (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silversides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sand smelt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silvicultural systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproduction methods (silviculture)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silviculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sylviculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science of cultivating forests</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simmondsia chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Simmondsia californica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simmondsiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulated foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Imitation foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Substitute foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simuliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blackflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffalo gnats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinaloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Singapore</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Singapore</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Single cell protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unicellular proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal protein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scp (single cell protein)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial protein (product)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial proteins (product)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinningia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinoxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paranasal sinuses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonaptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aphaniptera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fleas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sipunculoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sirenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sirex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horntail wasps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sisal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Site factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Site quality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Location factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Site classes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Relating to the specific use of a particular location</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitobion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calandra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitosterol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitotroga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skagerrak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skilled labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skim milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skimmed milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Callus (animal skin)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal epidermis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of animals; for plants use Epidermis (2617)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skin diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dyskeratosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Keratosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nettle rash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seborrhoea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urticaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alopecia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exanthema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pemphigus foliaceus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pemphigus (skin disease)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skin glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutaneous glands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scent glands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sebaceous glands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweat glands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skin grafting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skin producing animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hide producing animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes animals used for their hides, but not for their fur</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4404"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skinning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skuas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skull</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cranium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slashing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughter weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughtering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butchering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Killing of livestock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bleeding (slaughtering)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sleep</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wakefulness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sloping land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hillsides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slow release fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Delayed action fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prolonged action fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled release fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slugs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slurry spreaders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Small farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small farmers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smallholders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15519"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smelts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smoked fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smoked meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smokes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smoking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Treatment of products by exposure to smoke; for pest control use Fumigation (3142)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snail culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snail farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Production of land snails for food</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snails</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Terrestrial snails</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land snails</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cobras</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ophidia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pythons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serpentes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vipers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colubridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viperidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snappers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colorado pargo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Schoolmaster (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taiva</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snow cover</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snow crabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-42</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steeping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social anthropology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dominance of animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Group behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Play behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Collective behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social mobility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social change</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social disintegration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social consciousness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32496"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social security</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social insurance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_59"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caste systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social ranking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social stratification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social sanctions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social unrest</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Class conflict</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social welfare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Human welfare</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Socialism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Society Archipelago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Socioeconomic organization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socioeconomic systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sociocultural systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sociology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social aspects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Socotra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkali soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Na (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium molybdate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium nitrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft drinks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bast fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surface fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Berries (product)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Berry fruits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cane fruits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft maize</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flour maize</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soft corn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft shell clams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Long clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gapers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soft clams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Softwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sogatella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sogatodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Upper layer of the earth in which plants grow; for the different soils in a region, country, etc. use Soil types (7204)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil air</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earth atmosphere</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil atmosphere</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil amendments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil biology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological activity in soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil chemistry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil classification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil taxonomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil compaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil conditioners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil deficiencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil nutrient deficiencies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil mineral deficiencies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil density</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bulk density (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aggregate density (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Particle density (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil degradation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil deterioration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil fauna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil fertility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil productivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil nutrient content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil nutrient balance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient status (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil stabilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil fixation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil flora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil genesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil age</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil formation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil heating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil injection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil mechanics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil dynamics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Culture of microorganisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Incubation of microorganisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil morphological features</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil morphology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil horizons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil movement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slipping of soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solifluction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Movement of the uppermost part of the zone of weathering; for solute transport in soil use Soil transport processes (7202)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil parent materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil chemicophysical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil physical properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil physics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil physicochemical properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil pore system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil permeability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil macropores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil micropores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil porosity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil reclamation plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants used to reclaim or stabilize man-made soils</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pedology (soils)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil scientists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil separates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil sequences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil solution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil sterilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical sterilizing of soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil structural units</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil aggregates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil microaggregates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilth (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil temperature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil testing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil texture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil cohesion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil thermal regimes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freeze thaw cycles (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil toxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toxic soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil transport processes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solute movement in soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solute transport in soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mass transfer in soil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water balance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CARIS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Current Agricultural Research Information System</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil moisture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water movement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water percolation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water transfer (in soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water potential</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suction pressure (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic potential (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Matric potential (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water regimes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water retention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil zonation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil zones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil zonality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum hyporhodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocona</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum melongena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum muricatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pepino</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum quitoense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lulo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naranjilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum tuberosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European potato (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solar energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solar activity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sole cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Single crop</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">One crop grown alone in pure stands</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenostemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dover sole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lascar (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lemon sole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solid wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Refuse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rubbish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solomon Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guadalcanal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Santa Cruz Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solonchaks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solonetz</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solubility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solubilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solubilizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solvent removal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desolventizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solvents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Somali Democratic Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Somali Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sonora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male offspring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbitol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glucitol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain ash (northern hemisphere)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rowans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Service tree</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whitebeams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghastrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon nutans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum nutans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum almum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Columbus grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colombus grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum arundinaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum sudanense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sudan grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broom corn (sorghum)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum drummondi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Durra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feteritas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hegari</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kaoliangs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar sorghum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White durra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon sorghum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broom sorghum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain sorghum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Great millet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jowar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kafir corn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum caffrorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum caudatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum dochna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum drummondii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum durra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum guineense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum nervosum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum roxburghii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum sativum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum subglabrescens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum vulgare</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorgo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet sorghum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum halepense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Johnson grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghum grain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sound</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sound waves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physical phenomenon; for health impairing sound use Noise (5205)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_98"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of South Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South America</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South American inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Australia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Carolina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South China Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Dakota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South East Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southeast Asia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Eastern States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Pacific Commission</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">SPC</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southeast Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29121"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southeast Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32764"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southwest Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29121"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southwest Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32764"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seeding (seed)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed placement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sowing depth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed depth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sown pastures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gilts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yelts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spacing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Planting density</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Planting distance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Row distance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sowing distance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High density planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish State</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparrows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spathiflorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spawning grounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spearfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production specialization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Specific heat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spectrometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spectrophotometry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spectroscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spectral analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spermatic cord</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spermatogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spermiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spermatophyta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flowering plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phanerogamia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spermatozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spermatocytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphacelotheca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeroblasts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerolecanium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerotheca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphenisciformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphenostylis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African yam beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphingolipidosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gangliosidosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraenoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spicaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spice crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seasoning plants (spice)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavouring crops (spices)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araneae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spiders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spikelets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilonota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinach beet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seakale beet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinacia oleracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spinacea oleracea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spinachia oleracea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinal cord</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medulla spinalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intervertebral disks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vertebrae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vertebral column</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirillaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brandies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gin (beverage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rums</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whiskies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brandy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cognac</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vodka</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distilled spirits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For sweetened or aromatised spirits use Liqueurs (4369)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirocerca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirochaetales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirotrichia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodinium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entodinium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ophryoscolex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spleen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Splenectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Split dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Split applications</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laphygma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prodenia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sponge culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sponge fisheries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sponges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-83; for the living animals use Parazoa (5581) or the appropriate specific descriptor</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of bacteria or lower plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporophores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conidiophores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruiting bodies (fungi)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apicomplexa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf spots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brisling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garvock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stuifin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprattus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spray booms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprayers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spraying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electrostatic spraying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dispersion (application methods)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mists (application methods)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spring</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprinkler irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Centre pivot irrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spray irrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tower irrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broccoli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sprouting broccoli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calabrese</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squaliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-38</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calamaro</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inkfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squirrels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ground squirrels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chipmunks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marmots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Woodchucks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ground hogs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sri Lanka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceylon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Sri Lanka</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Eustatius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Eustatius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Helena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Helena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Lucia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Lucia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Maarten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Maarten</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Pierre and Miquelon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Vincent and the Grenadines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic stabilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stabilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stabilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelling agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food thickeners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Texturizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horse stables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stachybotrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stachyose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stachys sieboldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese artichoke</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese artichoke</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stallions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entire horses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stalls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loose boxes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stand improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Increment felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sanitation felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tending felling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stand protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Standardizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calibration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Standards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food standards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphylococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Starch grain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starch crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starch equivalent</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starch industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starlings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sturnus vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starter dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Starter applications</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starvation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food deprivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed deprivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food restriction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inanition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">State farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Statistical methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Statistical analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Statistics as science</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Factor analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Factorial analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Regression analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Best linear unbiased predictor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Discriminant method</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Probability analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Statistical variation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple regression analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Analysis of covariance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Analysis of variance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bayesian theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Component analysis (statistics)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross sectional analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Discriminant analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Game theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monte carlo method</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multicollinearity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multivariate analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stochastic processes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Statistical uncertainty</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Statistical dispersion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distribution of frequency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Path analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Correspondence analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steaks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steaming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steam treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steam processing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stearic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stearin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drugstore beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stele</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stem elongation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stem vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stem eating insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stem borers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Culms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haulms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steneotarsonemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenotaphrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanofilaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steppes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterculia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterculiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stereolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stereum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterile insect release</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Rendering incapable of reproducing sexually; for process of microorganism control use Sterilizing (7402)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterilizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical sterilizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment sterilizing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Freeing from microorganisms; for sexual sterilizing use Sterilization (7401)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breastbone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steroid hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steroid metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steroids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stickiness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adhesiveness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stigmasterol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stigmella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nepticula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stilesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stimulant crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stimulants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fumitories</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Masticatories</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tonics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stimuli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electric stimulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stimulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological stimulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agents that produce an increase in the physiological activity of an organism or of any of its parts</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stipa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stipa comata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stipa tenacissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Esparto grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stipa viridula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green needle grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stizostedion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Runners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomach</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gaster</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pylorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tripes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ventriculus (stomach)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stony soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stooling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stool layering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conservation (storage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For storage of seed use Seed storage (6938)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storage containers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storage losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storage organs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storage structures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stored products pest control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disinfestation of stored products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteria control (in storage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungus control (in storage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stored products pests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes all organisms deleterious to stored products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_54"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_58"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storehouses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bodegas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Godowns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stores (for storage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Warehouses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Granaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electric storms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tempests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thunderstorms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strabismus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stratification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to propagation materials</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stratigraphic soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stratigraphy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Straw</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Straw mulches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strawberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strength</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tensile strength</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strepsiptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylopidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptobacillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerococcus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptomycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stress</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical stress factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abiotic stress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biotic stress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Striga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Witchweed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strigiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strikes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strip grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylocentrotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongyloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strontium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sr (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strophanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structural crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plants producing materials used in constructing buildings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structural policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structural soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Struthioniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strychnine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strychnos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stubble cleaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Students</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pupils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Undergraduates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stump removal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stunning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Captive bolt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sturgeons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sevruga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-21</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_95"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes erecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes guineensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes fruticosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes bojeri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes mucronata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes guianensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brazilian lucerne</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Finestem stylo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes gracilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes guyanensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes humilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Townsville lucerne</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Townsville stylo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subalpine forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsidies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Improvement grants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsistence farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsoil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsurface irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subirrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suburban areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Succinic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suckering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sucking insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sucking lice (anoplura)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suckling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sucre (Venezuela)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sucrose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sudan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Republic of the Sudan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jaggery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raw sugar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Refined sugar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White sugar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Commercial product; for chemical compounds use Sugars (7507)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarbeet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar beet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarbeet byproducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarcane byproducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filter press mud (cane sugar)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Residues or wastes of sugar plants in sugar industry</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarcane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar cane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar confectionery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_75"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_68"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar palms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Chemical compounds; for the commercial product use Sugar (7498)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulawesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Celebes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulawesi Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Celebes Sea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphonamides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfadimidine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfadoxine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfamethoxazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfapyridine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfaquinoxaline</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfonamides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphanilamide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfadimethoxine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfathiazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphonic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfonic acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">S (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphur dioxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfur dioxide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphur proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfur proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphuric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfuric acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sumatra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sumatera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Summer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunn hemp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sann hemp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Superphosphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supplementary feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supply</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supply balance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supply and demand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market equilibrium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supply response</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supply functions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Support measures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Support ships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Factory ships</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mothership</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Auxiliary ships of fishing fleets</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surf clams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-56</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surfactants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Detergents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wetting agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surface irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gravity irrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surface tension</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surgical instruments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surgical operations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Operations on animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suriname</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dutch Guyana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Suriname</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surpluses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surveying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inventories</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35290"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Survival</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suspension systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shock absorbers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Svalbard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swallows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swamp soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swamps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swarming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hiving swarms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swarms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swaziland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Swaziland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweden</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Sweden</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet oranges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oranges (not otherwise specified)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweetbreads</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet corn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweetcorn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swietenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American mahogany</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swifts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hogs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pigs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Miniature pigs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine fever</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hog cholera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Classical swine fever</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swiss chard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Switzerland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swiss Confederation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swordfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sylepta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syllepte</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sylvinite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symbionts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symbiosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Symphylida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphytum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Comfrey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symptoms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease symptoms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syndromes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanthedon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synchronization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synchytrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ecology of communities as opposed to Autecology (720)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synovial fluid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rayon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to man-made fibres of cellulosic origin</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic pyrethrins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrethroids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic analogues of pyrethrins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syrian Arab Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syringa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lilac</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systemic action</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systemic diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systems analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tabanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clegs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deer flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gadflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horseflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tabasco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tacca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tacca leontopetaloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">East indian arrowroot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polynesian arrowroot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tacca pinnatifida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taccaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tachira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tadzhik SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Tajikistan (33246)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tail</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coccyx</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taiwan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">China (Taiwan)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tallows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamarindus indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tamarind</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamaulipas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamil Nadu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tan plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tangelos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uglis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tangerines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tangors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanker ships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oil tankers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tannins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tannic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gallic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ellagitannins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Chemical compounds; for the products use Tanning agents (28162)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanymecus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanzania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Republic of Tanzania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zanzibar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tapes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tapes (genus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taphrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exoascus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tapping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Extraction of latex or sap from trees by boring holes or incising bark</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taractes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taraxacum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dandelions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taraxacum koksaghyz</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Russian dandelion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tariffs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Customs duties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarpons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-35</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarsonemidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarsonemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tartaric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dihydroxysuccinic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tartrates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_93"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tasman Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tasmania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tautogolabrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Torreya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Directional response to stimulus</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxodiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swamp cypress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxonomists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxonomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Systematics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunotaxonomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yews</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxus baccata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tea industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tea substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teachers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teaching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teaching materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teaching methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distance teaching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tears</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lachrymal fluid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lacrimal fluid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technical aid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technological changes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Technical progress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Technical development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Technics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technology transfer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Application of technology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tecoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectona grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tedders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teeth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tooth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Television</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telfairia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oyster nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellurium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Te (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperate climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperate fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperate zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Temperature profile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For humans and animals use Body temperature (983); for soil use Soil temperature (7197)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperature inversion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperature resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to temperature extremes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenancy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenderizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tendons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tendrils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenebrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenebroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tennessee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenuipalpidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land tenure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tenure systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teramnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teratogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terminalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myrabolans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myrobalans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terminalia catappa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical almond</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terrace cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Terracing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Territorial waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tertiary sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed coat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed teguments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epididymis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Testicles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Testis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Screening tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testosterone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_407"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tethered grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetracyclines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlortetracycline</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rolitetracycline</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrameres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red spider mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spider mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autotetraploidy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraploids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraodontoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tettigella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Texas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Textile fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Textile industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial weaving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibre industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Textiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Textural soil types</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Textured proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spun proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tvp (texturized vegetable protein)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4681"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Texturizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thailand</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Thailand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thallium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tl (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thallophyta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thallophytes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thatch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumetopoea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thawing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defrosting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ternstroemiaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theileria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematoxenus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelazia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Themeda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Themeda triandra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red oat grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theobroma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theobroma cacao</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cacao (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Therapeutic diets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Health diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hospital diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clinical nutrition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rehabilitation diet</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional rehabilitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Therapy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Therioaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal capacity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal conductivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat radiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermochemical properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermoregulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body temperature regulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat loss of organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological heat production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homeothermy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shivering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homothermy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal control (physiology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermogenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body thermobalance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thespesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kapas ooton</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kapasan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiamin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin B1</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiazoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thickness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thielaviopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thinness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Underweight</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thinning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Singling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of plants to reduce crowding</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiocyanates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mercaptans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysteamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiouracil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiourea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thirst</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thorax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectoral region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Threadfins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Threonine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Threshers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Threshing machines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Threshing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flailing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thrips (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thrombosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thuja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thuya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thuja occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thuja plicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western redcedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymelaeaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymelicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymidine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymus (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyroid antagonists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antithyroid substances</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goitrogens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyroid gland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyroid hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyroxine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysaniezia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bristle tails</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tianjin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tientsin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tiba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triiodobenzoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tibet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hsi Tsang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xizang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metastigmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ticks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tierra del Fuego</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tigers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tigridia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tiger flowers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-12</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lime (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Linden (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tiliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil cultivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ripping (tillage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tillandsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish moss</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tillering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The production of shoots from the crown of a plant</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Logging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber extraction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Felling and extraction of timber</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timber trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1337"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1573"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2404"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timber boring insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Time</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timor Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sn (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tinamiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tineola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tipuana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tipa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tipula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tissue analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant tissue analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tissue culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tissue extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Titaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tlaxcala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toads</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bufonidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chewing tobacco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cigarettes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cigars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smoking tobacco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snuff</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tocopherols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15230"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Todarodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Togaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arbovirus (togavirus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Togo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Togolese Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tokelau</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tokelau Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toluene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tolyposporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomatoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomcod</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Friendly Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kingdom of Tonga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tongue</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tooth diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Top shells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-52</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Top soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Topdressing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Topical application</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Topography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toppers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Topworking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terrestrial tortoises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chelydridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinosternidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Testudinidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Terrapins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For freshwater species use Freshwater tortoises (34664); for marine species use Turtles (8023)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tortrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Total digestible nutrients</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toucans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tourism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Towns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxascaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxic substances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Injurious chemicals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poisons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drug toxicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mld (median lethal dose)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide toxicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytotoxicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurotoxicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teratogenicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil toxicity (7201)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxicology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biotoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxocara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoplasmosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trace element deficiencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trace elements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microelements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micronutrients</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracer techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isotope labelling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive tracers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isotope analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isotope dilution method</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracheids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracheophyta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7286"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracheotomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracked vehicles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tractor cabs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drivers' cabs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tractors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural trade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commerce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade agreements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trade negotiations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial treaties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tariff agreements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade associations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade barriers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trade protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Non tariff barriers to trade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade cycles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Business cycles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic fluctuations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade liberalization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Free trade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market liberalization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International trade policies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade preferences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preferential tariffs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trade unions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labour unions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traditional farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tragopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tragopogon porrifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trailers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Training</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In an educational sense</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Training courses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Educational courses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seminars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transfer RNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transferases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transhumance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Migratory husbandry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transition elements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transitional farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transition between subsistence and commercial systems</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Translocation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sap flow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water transfer (in plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient translocation in plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transmissions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gear boxes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transpiration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Normal water loss (of plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transplantation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Implantation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transplanting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pricking out</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For plant establishment with seedlings or nursery stock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transportation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Modes of transport</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For transport of nutrients in plants use Nutrient transport (5272); for transport processes in soil use Soil transport processes (7202)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trap fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trapa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water chestnut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trapaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trapping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trapping baits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trawlers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trawling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Treculia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Treculia africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African breadfruit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Okwa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree form</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arborescence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree injection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree shakers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trehalose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flukes (helminths)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trentino Alto Adige</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Treponema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trialeurodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tribolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flour beetles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tributyrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tricarboxylic acid cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citric acid cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Krebs cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichiuroidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichiurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichophyton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoplusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caddis flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichosanthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichosanthes cucumerina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snake gourd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichosanthes anguina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27391"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichothecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichuris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trickle irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drip irrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microirrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trefoils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium alexandrinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Berseem</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egyptian clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium fragiferum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strawberry clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium neglectum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium hirtum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rose clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium hispidum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium hybridum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alsike clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium incarnatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crimson clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium nigrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ball clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium hybridum savinon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium pratense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium repens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium resupinatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Persian clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium suaveolens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium rueppellianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rueppels clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium semipilosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kenya white clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium subterraneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subterranean clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium brachycalycinum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium tembense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium usambarense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triggerfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigloporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigonella coerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet trefoil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigonella foenum graecum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fenugreek</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trimethoprim</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trinervitermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trinidad and Tobago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Trinidad and Tobago</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tobago</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trinidad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trioza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triphasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triphasia trifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limeberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triplochiton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triplochiton scleroxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripsacum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripsacum dactyloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gama grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripsacum laxum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Guatemala grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tripsacum fasciculatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisetacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisetum flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisopterus minutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33128"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tristan da Cunha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticales (product)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the plant use Triticosecale (33914)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum aestivum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corn (triticum)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum sativum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum vulgare</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum boeoticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum dicoccoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emmer (wild)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum dicoccum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emmer (cultivated)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum durum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Durum (triticum durum)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum monococcum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Einkorn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum spelta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spelt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum turgidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">English wheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rivet wheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tritrichomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triumfetta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cadillo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pega pega</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trogoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trogoniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trombicula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropaeolaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropaeolum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropaeolum majus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garden nasturtium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropaeolum tuberosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mashua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tropaeolum patagonicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trophic levels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy levels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical America</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equatorial climate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subtropical fruits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical Oceania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical rain forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equatorial forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24904"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical seasonal forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monsoon forest</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subtropical soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tropics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical regions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemotropism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geotropism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrotropism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nastic movement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phototropism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thigmotropism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Orientation responses to stimuli by plants or sedentary animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Troughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trout</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutthroat trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gila trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Golden trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steelhead trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trucks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lorries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trujillo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific Islands (Trust Territory)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trust Territory of Pacific Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">US trust territory of pacific islands under the UN</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosomiasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sleeping sickness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American trypanosomiasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African trypanosomiasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypsin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 21 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tryptophan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tsuga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemlock (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tsuga canadensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern hemlock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tsuga heterophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western hemlock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuamotu Archipelago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuber (truffles)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Truffles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fungus genus; for plant tubers use Tubers (7998)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuberculin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant vegetative organs; for the edible fungus use Tuber (truffles) (7995)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubiflorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polemoniales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tucuman</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tulipa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tulips</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albacore</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tunny</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-36</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1003"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tundra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tung oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tungsten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">W (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tunisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Tunisia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Batillus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31; for the fish named turbot in New Zealand use New zealand turbot (8010)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New zealand turbot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turf</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lawns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Avoid confusion with Peat (5647)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turgor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turkey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Turkey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turkeys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meleagris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turkmen SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Turkmenistan (15047)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turks and Caicos Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caicos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turnips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turpentine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canada balsam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tursiops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turtle culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turtles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marine turtles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea turtles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to marine species; for land species use TERRESTRIAL TORTOISES; for freshwater species use FRESHWATER TORTOISES</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuscany</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuvalu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ellice Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tychius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosema esculentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia esculenta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gemsbok beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marama beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tsin beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosema fassoglense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia fassoglensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlocyba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tires</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tyroglyphidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_58"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrosine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrrhenian Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uganda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Uganda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ukrainian SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Ukraine (15070)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Furze</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gorse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ullucus tuberosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ullucu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultrasonics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ultrasound</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultrastructure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microstructure (morphology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultraviolet radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uv light</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Umbelliferae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbelliflorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Umbellales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbria (Italy)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umm Al Qaiwain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncapping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncaria gambir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncinaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncinula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNCTAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Underemployment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disguised unemployment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Underground storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subterranean storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNDP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Development Programme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Development Programme</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unemployment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Structural unemployment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unemployment insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNEP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Environment Programme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Environment Programme</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNESCO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ungulates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ungulata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNIDO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">United Arab Emirates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">United Kingdom</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">UK</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UN</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">UNO</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Universities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colleges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unrestricted feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ad libitum feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unskilled labour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upland crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops grown on upland in contrast to those grown on lowland areas</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upland rice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upper classes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aristocracy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upper Normandy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burkina Faso</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of the Upper Volta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Upper Volta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uracil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uracil derivatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uranium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">U (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban rural migration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urbanization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land development (urbanization)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urd</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black gram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 5 1 5</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urease inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urena lobata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aramina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo jute</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ureter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urethra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uridine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urinary tract</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urinary tract diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bladder diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyelitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urethral obstruction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urologic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diuresis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micturition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urination disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anuria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyuria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urinary incontinence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urochordata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tunicata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tunicates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urogenital system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malpighian tubules</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovotestis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uromyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophlyctis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urticaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urticales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uruguay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Republic of Uruguay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">USA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United States of America</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Useful arthropods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beneficial arthropods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Useful insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Utilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Usage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">USSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soviet Union</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Used for documents published before 1992 or dealing with that country before that date</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Utah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uterine torsion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uterine cervix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endometrium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myometrium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Womb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3777"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Utetheisa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uttar Pradesh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uzbek SSR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR till 1991; to be used for documents dealing with that region before the change of status; later use Uzbekistan (15121)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyvalent vaccines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inactivated vaccines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Killed vaccines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium angustifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium ashei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium corymbosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium australe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium macrocarpon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium myrtillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium oxycoccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium pallidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vacuoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vacuum packaging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vacuum packing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vagina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vagotomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valamugil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valerianaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valle d'Aosta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valleys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valuation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contingent valuation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Value added tax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vat (tax)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanadium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">V (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanilla planifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vanilla fragrans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varieties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivated varieties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultigens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Applies to plants only; for animals use Breeds (animals) (1081)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varnishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vascular bundles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fibrovascular bundles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vascular diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aneurysm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Angiopathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood vessel diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Infarction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phlebitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vascular tissues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasectomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calf meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organisms transmitting pathogens or parasites</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salad crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_355"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable fats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable juices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable legumes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5766"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable oils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable protein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oilseed protein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Protein products of plant origin; for chemical compounds use Proteins (6259)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable pulps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable purees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh vegetables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Market vegetables</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetarians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant formations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetation types</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetative propagation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetative reproduction (propagat)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asexual reproduction (propagation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vehicle systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vehicles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Means of transport</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf veins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veld</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veneer logs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Logs or other wood forms for producing veneer, mainly by peeling or slicing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veneers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Veneer sheets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veneto</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Venezuela</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venezuela</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Name changed from Venezuela to Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in accordance with 1999 constitutional mandate. Short form: Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venoms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bee venoms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honeybee venom</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventilation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventilators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venturia (fungus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusicladium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venus mortoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veracruz</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verbenaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vermiculites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vermont</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vertebrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verticillatae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verticillium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vertisols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vesiculovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinarians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary surgeons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trocar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary hygiene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal hygiene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary medicine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary surgery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal medicine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vetiveria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vetiveria zizanioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon muricatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Khus khus grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vetiver (grass)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vetiveria odorata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Listonella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viburnum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia articulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia benghalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia atropurpurea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia cracca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tufted vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia ervilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bitter vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ervum ervilia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia faba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Faba vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia pannonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hungarian vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia angustifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spring vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia villosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hairy vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Russian vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siberian vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia dasycarpa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Victoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicunas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lama vicugna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vicugnas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viet Nam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">North Vietnam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">South Vietnam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vietnam Democratic Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vietnam Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna aconitifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moth beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus aconitifolius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus trilobus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phillipesara</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pillepesary</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna ambacensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna angularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azukia angularis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos angularis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus angularis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna fischeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna frutescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna esculenta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna fragrans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna keniensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna hosei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos hosei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarawak beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna lanceolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna lobatifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna dinteri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna luteola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna nilotica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna repens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna marina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna lutea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna mungo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azukia mungo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus mungo linn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna oblongifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos dillonii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna parkeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna maranguensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azukia radiata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus aureus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus mungo auctt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus radiatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna radiata radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna schimperi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna umbellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azukia umbellata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos umbellatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ghurush</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese rice bean</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus calcaratus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus pubescens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sutri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna calcarata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna unguiculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna unguiculata cylindrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichos catjang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus cylindricus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna sinensis catjang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna cylindrica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna sesquipedalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna unguiculata unguiculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna sinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna vexillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna senegalensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Villages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinegar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_80"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pansies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True violets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Violaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">United States Virgin Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American Virgin Islands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St Croix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St John</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St Thomas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virgin Islands (USA)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Croix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint John</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Thomas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virgin land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virginia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viroses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viral diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virus diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Borna disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tristeza of citrus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psittacine beak and feather disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viruslike particles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viscose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellophane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viscum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Visibility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vision</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colour perception</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sight</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vision disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vital statistics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin B12</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanocobalamin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cobalamin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin d</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cholecalciferol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ergocalciferol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin deficiencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypovitaminoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin k</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phylloquinone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Provitamins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamins B</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin B complex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daktulosphaira (viteus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viticulture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis aestivalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis labrusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis labruscana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis rotundifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis vinifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vocational training</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volcanic areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Volcanoes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volcanic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pumice soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Volcanic ash soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volume</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volvariella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Volvaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vomer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vulva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wake Island</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wallacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Islands between Australia and mainland Asia</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wallis and Futuna Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Walls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2853"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Walruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Odobenus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-64</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Warfarin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Warszewiczia coccinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaconier</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Washington</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Washington State; not Washington District of Columbia</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hornets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wasps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wastage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste disposal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Excreta removal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste gases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exhaust gases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Factory fumes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3846"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garbage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wastewater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm effluents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Effluents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water availability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water scarcity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water balance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Evaporative demand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water saturation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water budget</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil water balance (7206)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water binding capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water buffaloes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">River buffaloes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swamp buffaloes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asian buffaloes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bubalina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bubalus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carabao</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buffaloes (bubalus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water circulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water saving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water protection (resource)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water currents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean currents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water deprivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water erosion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rain erosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gully erosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rill erosion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water lilies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic pollution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water power</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydropower</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water reservoirs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial lakes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manmade lakes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reservoirs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water springs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Springs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water supply</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water distribution systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water uptake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water consumption (animals)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waterfalls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cascades</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waterfowl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aquatic birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water fowl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waterbirds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Watering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to gardening</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waterlogging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water logging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Watersheds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">River basins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catchment areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater basin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catchment basins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wax plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lacquer plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waxy maize</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waxy corn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weakfish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White sea bass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sand sea trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spotted sea trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather forecasting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather reports</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather ships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ocean station vessels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4781"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weathering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weddell Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weed control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brush control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hand weeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weevers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stingfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greater weaver</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For humans and animals use Body weight (15846); for seed use Seed weight (36510)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weight gain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liveweight gain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weight losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Undesirable losses of an animal or product; for the control of obesity use Weight reduction (15301)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weirs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Welfare economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">West Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">West Bengal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berlin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">East Berlin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West Berlin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">West Virginia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Australia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Central Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Central Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29152"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Europe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Sahara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rio de Oro</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish Sahara</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spanish West Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wet season</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rainy season</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humid season</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wethers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hoggets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wether hoggs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Castrated male sheep</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wetland soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wetlands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rorqual</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-61</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whelks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-52</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whey paste</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cheese whey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whipping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whirlwinds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waterspouts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">White currants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleyrodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurodidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whitefish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lake herring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whitings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marlings (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WHO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">World Health Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wholesale marketing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wholesale prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Width</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wilderness areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wildlife</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wilting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wilts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vascular wilt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wind damage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wind erosion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wind power</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wind energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wind protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wind resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to wind</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windbreak trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windbreaks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shelterbelts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windrowers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swathers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breezes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wind direction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windward Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wine grapes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wine industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winemaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Champagnization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vinification techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bottle fermentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8404"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winkles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Periwinkle (animal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-52</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winnowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winter squashes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elateridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wireworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wisconsin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wissadula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Witch (fish)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pale flounder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Witch flounder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gray sole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Torbay sole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Withies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Pliant shoots such as those used for making baskets or hurdles</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WMO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">World Meteorological Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">World meteorological organization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wolves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canis lupus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canis mexicanus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wolf</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Women</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4586"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Product; for the anatomic aspect use Wood anatomy (8422)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood anatomy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood macrostructure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood microstructure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28188"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood chips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood particles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood flour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Excelsior</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood meal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Working of wood as a product excluding the paper industry</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood panels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood preservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber preservation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood preservatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Creosote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber preservatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood residues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood shavings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste wood (conversion)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood wool</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woodborers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woodlands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Areas of woody vegetation forming a less dense canopy than in forests; see also Scrublands (6887)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woodpeckers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flickers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Picidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woodworking equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wool</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fleece</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Staple (wool)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wool industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wool producing animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Work capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Work organization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labour organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work planning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Work satisfaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Job satisfaction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Work study</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Work teams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brigades</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Worker bees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Workers (bees)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Working animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beasts of burden</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pack animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Working capital</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Working conditions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work environment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Working hours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Working time</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">World markets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wrasses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cunner</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hogfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tautog</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wyoming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">X rays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthophylls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Astaxanthin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canthaxanthin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lutein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Violaxanthin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zeaxanthin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraxanthin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neoxanthin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoyam (xanthosoma)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthosoma atrovirens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthosoma brasiliense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthosoma sagittifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yautia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthosoma violaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xeric soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xerosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xestia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amathes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xinjiang (Weiwuer)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sinkiang-Igur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphinema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphosura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limulida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Merostomata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arabinoxylan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyleborus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylem</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylitol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypodendron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xyloterus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylotrechus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yaks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos grunniens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poephagus grunniens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to species of Dioscorea</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yaracuy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yeasts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Budding fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1986"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yellowtails</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amberjack</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rudderfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Samson fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yemen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Yemen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yermosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yersinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yield forecasting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop forecasts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yield increases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yields</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Amount or quantity produced per unit of surface or per animal</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Young animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for young animals of species other than the ones listed below as NT's</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12000"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Young workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Youth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rural youth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yponomeuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyponomeuta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yucatan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yugoslavia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jugoslavia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Socialist Federal Republ Yugoslavia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Used for both the pre-1992, six-member Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the two-member Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that succeeded it. The latter changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro on 4 February 2003; for data dealing with that region after the change use Serbia and Montenegro (37896)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yukon Territory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yunnan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zabrotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zabrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zacatecas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Republic of the Congo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bandunda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo (Kinshasa)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo (Leopoldville)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zaire</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo Orientale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equateur (Zaire)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kasai (Zaire)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Katanga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinshasa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kivu (Zaire)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo (Democratic Republic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shaba (Zaire)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zambia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Zambia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanthoxylum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthoxylum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanthoxylum piperitum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japan pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zea mays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corn (zea)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian corn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeatin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2090"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebras</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equus burchelli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos indicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Humped cattle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zebu cattle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeiraphera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zero tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">No tillage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeuzera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zhejiang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chekiang</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zimbabwe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zinc</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zn (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zinc phosphide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zinc sulphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zingiber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zingiber officinale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zingiber officinalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zingiberaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zizania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wild rice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zizania aquatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ziziphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jujube</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zizyphus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zonocerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal sciences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal biology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoonoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropozoonoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Diseases transmissible between man and animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoological gardens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal husbandry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoraptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zornia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zostera marina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alva marina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eel grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grass wrack</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1753</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32735"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zosteraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zulia (Venezuela)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zyginidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygophyllaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oocysts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">2,4-d</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">2,4-dinitrophenol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dnp (2,4-dinitrophenol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">2,4,5-t</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baja California T S</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevipalpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryobia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eotetranychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutetranychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligonychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panonychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pemphigus (hemiptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abelmoschus esculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus esculentus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abelmoschus moschatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus abelmoschus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abscesses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthamoeba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acholeplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acidity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acidophilus milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solarimeters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Activated sludge</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acyltransferases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adelges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chermes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adult education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adzuki beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adsuki beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azuki beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aflatoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African horse sickness virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African swine fever virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agalactia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural budgets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm economics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rural economics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the agricultural economy use Agricultural sector (2801)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commodities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farming produce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural commodities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Products in their original state or processed enough to be prepared for marketing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm workers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alanine aminotransferase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gpt (glutamate pyruvate transamina)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamate pyruvate transaminase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 6 1 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkalinity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium ascalonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Almonds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bitter almonds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet almonds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus hypochondriacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus leucocarpus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambrosia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amoeba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amprolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anemometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angelica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Kitts and Nevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St Christopher and Nevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St Kitts Nevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Christopher and Nevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Kitts and Nevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Kitts Nevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoxia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxygen deficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxic conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anoxic conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anther culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pollen culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Telea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocyanins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antipyretics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antlers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplacophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eating disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anorexia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Appetite disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bulimia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperphagia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apple juice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argasidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arginase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 5 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Armenia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Armenian SSR (619)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arteries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aorta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arteriosclerosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atherosclerosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arteritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyarthritis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspartate aminotransferase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Got (enzyme)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 6 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asthma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ataxia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmosphere</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stratosphere</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Troposphere</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aubergines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brinjal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg plant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eggplant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aujeszky virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorabies virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autoimmune diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lupus erythematosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aviadenovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian adenovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian encephalomyelitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian infectious bronchitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian influenzavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian influenza virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian laryngotracheitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aviary birds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cage birds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avocados</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alligator pear</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avocado pear</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azerbaijan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Azerbaijan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Azerbaidzhan SSR (748)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus anthracis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacitracin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial toxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactericides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antibacterial agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isoniazid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baculoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Baculovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3928"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bank deposits</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bank reserves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Banking systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decortication of bark</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Debarking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical barking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bartonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rochalimaea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basal metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berberis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barberries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bergamot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biodegradation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Putrefaction (degradation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial degradation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Decomposition by the action of biological agents; for undesirable deterioration by a biological agent use Biodeterioration (27464)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biogas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bloat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood plasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood serum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood sugar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood glucose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bluetongue virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombyx mori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine mastitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea acephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea botrytis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea capitata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea gemmifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea gongylodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica caulorapa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica oleracea italica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brazil nuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breast feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lung ventilation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory volume</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory metabolism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breathing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broiler chickens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broilers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bronchitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brooding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural egg incubation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sitting on and incubating eggs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Browse plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forage trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forage shrubs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Woody plants whose leaves or twigs are cropped by livestock or wildlife</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28009"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buckwheat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smouldering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flaming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1777"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buttermilk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamagrostis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calluna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campanula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caraway</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardamoms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardamon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carduus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carobs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carob beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Locust beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpoglyphidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carrots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2132"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cashews</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassava</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mandioca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manioc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yuca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell mediated immunity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphocyte transformation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphocyte activation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphocyte proliferation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blastogenesis (lymphocytes)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell membranes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasma membranes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmalemma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the cellulosic wall of plant cells use Cell walls (1415)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Celtis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrifuging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bactofugation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ultracentrifugation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Centrifugation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratomyxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cervus elaphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red deer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American elks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wapiti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamomile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camomile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Roman chamomile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champagne and sparkling wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sparkling wines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemotaxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherimoyas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chervil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chickpeas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bengal gram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chick peas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chillies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird chillies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chili peppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red pepper (spice)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cayenne peppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hot peppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese cabbages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloramphenicol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloroplasts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrichthyes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chorioptes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinematography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circulifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirsium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clementines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clover</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnidaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Dried leaves of Erythroxylum</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cockerels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for chickens; for other poultry use Young animals (8489) plus the descriptor for the species</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold tolerance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cold hardiness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Susceptibility to cold</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cold resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collapse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Condensed milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canned milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sweet evaporated milk</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conjunctivitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Connective tissue</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parenchyma of invertebrates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1755"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed potatoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convolvulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bindweed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural cooperatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supply cooperatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriander</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cough</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crithidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop yield</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptobia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptosporidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culture media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient media</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Culture substrates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For cells, microorganisms, tissues, arthropods, nematodes etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cumin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curd</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Customary law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuterebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting back</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclamen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytauxzoon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Totipotency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dahlia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Damalinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Data processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Statistical study of human populations</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Densovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Densonucleosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3928"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatobia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deterioration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food spoilage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spoilage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Decrease in the quality of a product, machine, structure due to chemical or physical agents; for the environment use Environmental degradation (34821)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabetes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diabetes mellitus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diarrhoea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diarrhea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dysentery (diarrhoea)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diet treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diet therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digesta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digestive system contents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Contents of the alimentary canal</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dill</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural disasters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8286"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disinfection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteria control (disinfection)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungus control (disinfection)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of materials, products, buildings and equipment; for water use Water purification (34145); for soil use Soil disinfection (25830)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distemper virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carre's disease virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Double cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dracaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Draught animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Draft animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dreyfusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drinking water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potable water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dromedaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camelus dromedarius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drug resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to drugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drug tolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Duck hepatitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East coast fever</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African coast fever</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Theileriosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East Malaysia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Begoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa crus galli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Echinochloa glabrescens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Econometric models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International trade models</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eczema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edwardsiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg white</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egg albumen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasmobranchii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emulsions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microemulsions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalomyelitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crisp endive</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Curled-leaved chicory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endocarditis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endocrinology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endolimax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endometritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metritis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Specific dynamic action</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calorific value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digestible energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolizable energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Net energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caloric value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entamoeba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dysentery (enteritis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ileitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Firms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Companies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corporations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Businesses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Units of economic organization or activity</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epididymitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epilobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equine encephalomyelitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern equine encephalitis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_305"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equine influenzavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythromycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Estonian SSR (2672)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethanol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethyl alcohol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export promotion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faba beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fava beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field bean (vicia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horse bean (vicia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tick beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Broad beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faidherbia albida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia albida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fannia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm buildings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm income</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural income</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farmer income</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Federal Republic of Germany</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DBR</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germany (West)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">West Germany</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">German Federal Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To be used for documents published before 3 October 1990 or dealing with that part of Germany before that date; later use Germany (3245)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline panleukopenia virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fennel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salviniales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azollaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lygodium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer application</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer dressings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer drilling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fertilization (2863)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foetal membranes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fetal membranes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fever</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrexia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Figs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fingerlings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aroma (organoleptic property)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taste of a substance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorescence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food nutrient content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food security</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physical and economic access, by all people at all times, to the basic food they need</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food service</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forestation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest establishment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Establishment of a forest on an area, whether previously forested or not</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frost resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frost tolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptogamic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to plants; for animals and man use Mycoses (5024)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furosemide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furunculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galinsoga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhubarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garden rhubarb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garlic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gas chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gc (gas chromatography)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gas exchange</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrophilus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastroenteritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed banks (genetics)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic material banks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gentamycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gherkins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2004"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilletteella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginkgo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginkgoaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaucoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globe artichokes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tsetse flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glugea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutathione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gsh</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycosyltransferases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycyphagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goitre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goiter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Government</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public authorities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public institutions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6489"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granulocytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basophils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eosinophils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neutrophils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salads</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Griseofulvin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gross national product</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">GNP</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gross domestic product</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5078"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundnuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monkeynuts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peanuts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grouse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrao</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capercaillie</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ptarmigans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bonasia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lagopus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth retardants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growth retardants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guavas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematobia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematuria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematuria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemorrhage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemorrhage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bleeding (haemorrhage)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epistaxis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halothane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplosporidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hard wheat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Durum wheat (product)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hartmannella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat exchangers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat tolerance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat sensitivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Susceptibility to heat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat stability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat stress</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sunstroke</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal stress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Henequen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homogenized milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honey collection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horseradish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Host parasite relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Host plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humoral immunity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogeology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geohydrology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrological cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water cycle (global)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrotaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypericum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypertension</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High blood pressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arterial hypertension</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulmonary hypertension</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_967"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oedemagena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypothermia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyophthirius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imperata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Income tax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information dissemination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insectivores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated rural development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intestinal diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intussusception</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coeliac disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coeliac syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iodamoeba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ionizing radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ischemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isotopes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural isotopes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jaundice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Icterus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jerusalem artichokes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jojoba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kaki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kanamycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kazakhstan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Kazakh SSR (4081)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keratitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketamine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12644"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kidney diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Renal failure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyelonephritis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nephrosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kittens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kiwifruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese gooseberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Koeleria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lablab</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lachnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactoferrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactoglobulins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lankesterella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lantana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lao People's Democratic Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lao</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latvia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Latvian SSR (4224)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Legal principles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science and principles of law; for laws use Legislation (4253)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Layer chickens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laying hens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf fall</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leeks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lemna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leontodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lettuces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuconostoc</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lima beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linseed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flaxseed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoxygenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoxidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 13 11 12</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquorice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithuania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Lithuanian SSR (4390)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lonicera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Honeysuckle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loquats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese medlar (eriobotrya)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucerne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alfalfa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luminescence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermoluminescence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lychees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Litchis (fruits)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphadenitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphosarcoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macadamia nuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Queensland nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocheles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrophages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magicicada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mahonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maize</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corn (maize)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25472"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malabsorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defective intestinal absorption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malassimilation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangosteen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marek's disease virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marrows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Courgettes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zucchini</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mass spectrometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">MS</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mass spectroscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastication</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maternal behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mothering ability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maternal immunity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colostral immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Embryo immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Newborn immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foetal immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Placental immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transplacental immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vitelline immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meadows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Measuring instruments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cantaloupes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muskmelons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Winter melons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meningitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesembryanthemum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metaseiulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methanobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methanol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl alcohol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coat proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viral proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micrococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mint</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mirids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monosaccharides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pentoses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trioses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morantel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morphine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thebaine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mouth diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gingivitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parodontal disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pharyngitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glossitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Periodontal disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting (herbaceous crops)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa paradisiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musa cavendishii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musa paradisiaca sapientum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musa sapientum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musa sinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium avium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myocarditis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myosin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naegleria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natantia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neomycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoseiulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Newborn animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neonata (animals)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niclosamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mansonil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phenasal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yomenson</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrosamines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diethylnitrosamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">N-nitrosopyrrolidine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrous oxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">N2O; dinitrogen monoxide; laughing gas</skos:definition>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noctuidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleotidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 3 31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oceanography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oceanology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ochratoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odocoileus virginianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White tailed deer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Okras</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gombo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lady's fingers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncovirinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oncovirus type c</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spring onions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orchitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic amendments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithonyssus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthomyxoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteichthyes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteomyelitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovarian cysts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Follicular cysts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12994"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovarian diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overproduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxytetracycline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Terramycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paints</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palatability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pancreatitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papayas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Papaw</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pawpaw (carica papaya)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paper chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paprika</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paraplegia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paresis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiplegia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parsley</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parsnips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Partridges</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alectoris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passion fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurized milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paulownia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garden pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinesterase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 1 11</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum glaucum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum typhoides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pearl millet (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum americanum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum spicatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pennisetum typhoideum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bajra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentatrichomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentobarbital</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peptococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peptostreptococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pericarditis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peritonitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peroxidases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 11 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phelloderm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phellogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cork cambium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenobarbital</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenylbutazone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlebotomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phormia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphotransferases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 7</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phylloxera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daktulosphaira (phylloxera)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phylogeny</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytooestrogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant oestrogens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoestrogens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant estrogens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoplankton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoplankton communities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoseiulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pigeon peas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of terminal shoots of plants by pinching off with the fingers</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pineapples</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piroplasmosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistachios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for products of vegetables only; for products of plants in general use Plant products (8171)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodium gallinaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bronchopneumonia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumonitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumothorax</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygonum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyplacophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomegranates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population decrease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population growth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Population increase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porosity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portulaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamogeton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potatoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irish potato</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potentilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price fixing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pricing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primary education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Primroses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procaine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Novocaine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Property</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosimulium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteinuria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protoplasts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cells without their cellulose walls</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psetta maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoroptes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heart rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulse rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puppies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyometra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrantel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quinces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiocarbon dating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon 14 dating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radishes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rambutans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reforestation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reafforestation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest replanting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Reforesting of forest land</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Replanting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant replacement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Replacement of failed or destroyed crops</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reptantia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Restaurants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buckthorns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheumatism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribonucleases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">RNases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC codes 3 1 26 - 27</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rickettsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peatlands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ripening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aging of products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maturation of products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To bring a product to full flavour, the best state or desirable quality</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rodents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for noxious animals of the orders Rodentia and Lagomorphs; for rodents as a taxonomic unity use Rodentia (6633)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5245"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosemary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rules</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruminococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rye</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sacchiphantes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Safflower</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saffron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salicornia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo salar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6755"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salsify</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black salsify</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sambucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elder (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sassafras</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satellites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial satellites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landsat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Savory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seaweeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sedum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed cleaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semiarid climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semolina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sempervivum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senecio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ragwort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37289"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senescence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serotonin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serratia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesame</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex determination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sex control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Gonadal or genetic determination of sex</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex diagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sexing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sex determination (identification)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shallots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shelling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decortication of shells</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Process of separating a plant organ, esp. the seed, from its envelope or shell</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shigella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shoots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf primordia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shoot apices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melandrium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silphium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silybum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sisymbrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sleepers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Railroad ties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crossties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Timber laid horizontally on the ground to support other members or constructions</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smell</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Odor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Odour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fragrance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scent</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social classes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social conditions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social participation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Social activities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citizen participation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft wheat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bread wheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common wheat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corn (soft wheat)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil profiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soilless culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solar radiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenopotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatotropin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal growth hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine somatotropin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sonchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soybeans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soja beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soy beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soya beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8166"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinach</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spiraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterilized milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomach diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomatitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine papular stomatitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomoxys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsidence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land subsidence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sinking of land relative to surrounding areas</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subtropical climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subtropical zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subtropics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet peppers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pimiento</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bell peppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green peppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paprikas (vegetables)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red peppers (vegetable)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet potatoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweetpotatoes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine fever virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hog cholera virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Classical swine fever virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5740"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synovitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium aromaticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia caryophyllus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caryophyllus aromaticus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clove (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia aromatica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia caryophyllata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium jambos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia jambos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jambos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jambosa vulgaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rose apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tabanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagetes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African marigolds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">French marigolds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanacetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoyam (taro)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dasheen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarragon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenosynovitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tethered stalls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragonolobus purpureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lotus tetragonolobus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37391"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetramisole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalictrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thin layer chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiopental</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thlaspi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymus gland</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4483"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyrotropin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiabendazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tbz (thiabendazole)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torrents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tortricidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf roller moths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tracheitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transferrins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transmissible gastroenteritis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trenbolone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tribulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichodina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tricholoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglycerides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triacylglycerols</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neutral fats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trunks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree trunks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypodendron lineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbidity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turkmenistan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Turkmen SSR (8017)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turmeric</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tydeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlodromus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Galandromus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyzzeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uht milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ukraine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Ukrainian SSR (8039)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Underfeeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fasting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uraemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uremia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Azotaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ureaplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urtica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stinging nettles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uterine diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uterine prolapse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrometra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uzbekistan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Uzbekistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Uzbek SSR (8129)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaginal diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vaginal prolapse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumovagina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urovagina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaginitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanilla (spice)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veronica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vesicular stomatitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vineyards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virginiamycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viscosity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitamin e</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitellaria paradoxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrospermum paradoxum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrospermum parkii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shea butter (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shea (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Voles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microtus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arvicola terrestris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vomiting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Walnuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Watercress</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water cress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Watermelons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water melons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weather conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weed control equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weeders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weeding hoes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weight reduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Control of obesity</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wenyonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whale oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wohlfahrtia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yoghurt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zea mexicana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euchlaena mexicana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teosinte</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeranol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zearalenol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ralgro</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zooplankton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zooplankton communities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arrowroot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4595"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balsaminaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Impatientaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamondins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kalamansi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musk limes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus mitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus microcarpa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codiaeum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crotons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corn starch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maize starch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic indicators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Family size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to humans; for animals use Litter size (24195)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Impatiens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balsams (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Informal education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonformal education</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasminum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jasmine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jasminium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jessamine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sampaguita</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagerstroemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crape myrtle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lythraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Necrosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gangrene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36634"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overpopulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philodendron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato starch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Role of women</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Status of women</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Women (role)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rorippa microphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nasturtium microphyllum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nasturtium officinale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rorippa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Small enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small scale enterprises</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social groups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">People (sociology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social indicators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social institutions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soyfoods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Miso</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shoyu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soy milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tamari</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tempeh</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tofu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meju</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starch products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tapioca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cassava starch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yucca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">First aid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">First aid for animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Texture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defoliation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf removal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Artificial; for natural defoliation use Leaf fall (12117)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fuel crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Firewood crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops grown with the intention of providing fuels directly or after processing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disorders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of animals; for plants use Plant diseases (5962)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenhouse effect</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Warming of the earth surface and the layers of the atmosphere that tends to increase with the carbon dioxide and water vapour content</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Etiology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Study of the causes of diseases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intermediate hosts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternate hosts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organisms on or in which an injurious organism undergoes only part of its life cycle</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deforestation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Clearing of forests</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lixiviation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of soluble compounds by water passing through the soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lodging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Leaning, breaking or falling over of crops</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsoiling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Tillage of the subsoil or soil pan below the normal plough depth</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigna subterranea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Voandzeia subterranea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bambara groundnut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Congo goober</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earth pea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jugo beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Madagascar groundnut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerbils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lemmings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gophers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coyotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Felidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lynxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyaenas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyenas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wolverines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skunks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weasels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ermines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stoats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procyonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coatis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinkajous</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ursidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bears</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selenarctos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thalarctos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ursus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viverridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Civets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bearcat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paradoxurus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viverra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippopotamuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnivorous plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insectivorous plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For aspects on feeding only; for documents on nutrition aspects use HUMAN NUTRITION</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosellinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edaphic factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Soil factors influencing the growth of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wort</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sweet infusion of malt which ferments to form beer</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bentonite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabasine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neonicotine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Piperidyl pyridine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyridyl piperidine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabasis aphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acremonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spiroplasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illegal practices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dried culinary herbs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boundaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Territorial boundaries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Light regimes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Continuous lighting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pulsed lighting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interrupted lighting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bitterness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sweetness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigated rice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ashes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cinders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Combustion wastes; for volcanic ash soils use Volcanic soils (8287)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioassays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biotests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Determination of the concentration of a substance by its effect on a living organism</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Begonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fermented products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultured products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freeze dried products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deep frozen products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processed products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Product groups</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manufactured products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bottled products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holotrichia (protozoa)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dasytricha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isotricha</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrahymena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azadirachta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azadirachta indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neem (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Margossa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melia indica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melia azadirachta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melia azedarach</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melia azadarach</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azolla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49458"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aloe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeagnaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippophae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea buckthorn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus piliformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphiopedilum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica alboglabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese kale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kailan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haworthia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus robur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus pedunculata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pedunculate oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eruca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eruca sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eruca vesicaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jamba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taramira</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globodera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fomitopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phellinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeolus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Godronia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gremmeniella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scleroderris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sequoiadendron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sequoia gigantea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mammoth (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sierra redwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus monticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western white pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clay minerals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palygorskite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Halloysite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allophane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Imogolite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Illites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goethite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucaena leucocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipil-ipil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leucaena glauca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liveweight</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body mass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Live weight</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Automation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viroids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia siamea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siamese senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil sorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil surface properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Denitrification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphenols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetylene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auricularia (fungi)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hirneola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azadirachtin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bean sprouts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sprouted beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis juliflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coliform bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Intestinal bacteria which ferment lactose</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat texture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dfd meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dark firm dry meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethephon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chloroethylphosphonic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethrel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feather meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fresh fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wet fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for fish as food; for the animal use Fishes (2943)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monensin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rumensin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monensin sodium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Navigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Direction finding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ship routing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organic farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agricultural methods without use of chemical products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biodynamic agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biodynamic cultivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllody</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The transformation of parts of a flower into leaflike structures</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propolis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Resins collected by bees to strengthen the honeycomb</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pse meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pale soft exudative meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprouting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flushing (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bud burst</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Putting forth shoots or buds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swim bladder</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish air bladder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swimbladder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeolites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyzzer disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Activated carbon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Activated charcoal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkali treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancymidol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reducymol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antitranspirants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cell or tissue degradation by action of endogenous enzymes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azospirillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus subtilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barley straw</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bydv</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Barley yellow dwarf virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bemisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological techniques (analysis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botanical composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Floristic composition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">All plant species which are present in a particular area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bremia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevibacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bud initiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bycatch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Capture of unwanted animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell counting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colony counting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flow cytometry (cells)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerotoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cloning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combining ability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parent combining ability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Communal forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Composting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopharyngodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cmv (cucumber mosaic virus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumber mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanobacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue green algae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue algae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myxophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Damping off</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seedling death</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preemergence damping-off</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Data analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desorption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg membranes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yolk membranes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5454"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embryo transfer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Embryo transplants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encarsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prospaltella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidiotiphagus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elisa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Competitive elisa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Direct elisa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indirect elisa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Females</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Female animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Female plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for females of species other than the ones listed below as RT's</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fertirrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Application of fertilizers in irrigation water</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruiting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit set</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fructification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulvic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ganoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic intervention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic manipulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene manipulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic variation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic variability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic diversity within species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic heterogeneity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24031"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucoamylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glucan-1,4-alpha glucosidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 3</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycoalkaloids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goat meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnrh</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gonadorelin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gonadotropin releasing hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gonadoliberin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growth regulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growing period</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Healing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horse meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humectants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogen sulphide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoenzymes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isozymes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laboratories</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laboratory experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactic acid bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land classification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Grouping of lands according to their suitability for a defined use</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land suitability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land capability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fitness of a given type of land for a defined use</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linolenic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maillard reaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Browning reaction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonenzymic browning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Males</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Male plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for males of species other than the ones listed below as RT's</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat yield</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity of meat produced by individual animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microsphaera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk yield</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity of milk produced by individual animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineralization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monochamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moulting hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecdysones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Molting hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecdysteroids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecdysterone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen oxides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nox (nitrogen oxides)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 18 6 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonpoint pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diffuse pollution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Pollution from a general phenomenon, as opposed to pollution from a specific source</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olpidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organoleptic analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sensory evaluation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organoleptic testing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sensory testing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Outbreeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Outcrossing (method)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Packaging materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose film</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laminates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shrink film</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Film (packaging)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parthenocarpy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalaris arundinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pichia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmopara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PMSG</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">PMS</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serum gonadotropin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equine chorionic gonadotrophin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pregnancy diagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rectal palpation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Product development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Progeny</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Progeny forms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Human offspring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal offspring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant offspring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lineage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding lines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionibacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prototheca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Provenance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geographical provenance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Geographical origin</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocercosporella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyricularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Piricularia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyricularia oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbit meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapeseed meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rapeseed cake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Releasing hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypothalamic releasing hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodopseudomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice ragged stunt virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice straw</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root rots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sacks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silage making</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ensilage (process)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ensiling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sire evaluation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slow release pesticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled release pesticides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium hydroxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5847"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solar collectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Specific pathogen free state</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">SPF</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease free state</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic stability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starter cultures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fermented product starters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultured product starters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial starters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Single strain starters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple strain starters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cultures of microorganisms used to initiate a particular process</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subspecies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Superovulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Superovulated females</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tench</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrastichus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grayling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tinca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">TMV</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichothecenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neosolaniol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nivalenol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ht-2 toxin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tylan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vernalization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Holding germinating seed in darkness and low temperatures to induce subsequent early flowering</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water quality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water law</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water temperature</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water use</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water consumption (resources)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheat straw</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winter hardiness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zearalenone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">F-2 toxin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zirconium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zr (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical polymorphism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diameter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self help</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater table</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water table</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater level</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aquifers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buffalo milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camel milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cow milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ewe milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glandless cotton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goat milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyromitra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Business management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Management techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Management games</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Management sciences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use in connection with work organization and supervision, resource allocation and decision making</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mare milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theobromine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theophylline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yield factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">External factors affecting yield</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">F2 hybrids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herd management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cropping patterns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Decision regarding crop cultivation and harvesting</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetative period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrosilvopastoral systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agroforestry systems with woody perennials, food crops, pastures and livestock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silvopastoral systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Systems including trees or shrubs, and pastures or animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic viability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subhumid zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weaning feeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaesthesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Narcosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anesthesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biopsy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Well construction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrocardiography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electrocardiograms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electromyography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16104"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding frequency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meal frequency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histocompatibility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Available days</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Workable days</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoalexins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoncides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf area</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Total foliar surface area of a plant</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planting stock</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nursery plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nursery stock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agropastoral systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agricultural systems combining crop cultivation and extensive livestock rearing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Application rates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of drugs, fertilizers, pesticides or other agricultural chemicals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bambermycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavomycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavophospholipol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moenomycin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Birth weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Running to seed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Producing flowers or fruit stalks, often prematurely</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop residues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stubble</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant residues</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cull</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of inferior animals in a herd</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Closed vessels in which substances are cooked, softened or decomposed by heat, pressure or (bio)chemical action</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy use</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoenzyme techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme immunoassay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme mediated immunoassay techn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoperoxidase techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rose bengal plate test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serum agglutination test</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">EIA (enzyme immunoassay)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etiolation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">At the farm, regional or national level; for the quantity of feed eaten by individual animals use Feed intake (16126)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed conversion efficiency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed utilization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed efficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed consumption index</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed intake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed ingestion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity of feed eaten by an individual animal; for the farm, regional or national level use Feed consumption (16124)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding level</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plane of nutrition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to the biological phenomenon; in economics use Economic growth rate (29767)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vivo experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indometacin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indomethacin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kaolinite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kinins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bradykinin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cholecystokinin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pancreozymin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mass rearing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Large scale rearing of organisms for use in biological control and as test organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanical damage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical damage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bruises of products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16153"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Montmorillonites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nordstrandite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nature reserves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parks (reserves)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biosphere reserves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wildlife parks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomadism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus synchronization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synchronized females</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pastoralism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agricultural system based on extensive animal grazing</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasture renovation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant soil relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant water relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water transport (in plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant water metabolism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water consumption (plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synergism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synergistic effect</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synergy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water mills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water tolerance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Submergence tolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waterlogging resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tolerance to wet soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waterlogging tolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants that continue to thrive in soils containing excess moisture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weaning weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windmills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Management by objectives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercosporella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrocarpon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeropsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrophoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antifeedants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding deterrents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phagodeterrents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Substances that inhibit feeding of a pest without killing it directly</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acupuncture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acupressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electroacupuncture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Needle acupuncture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pressure point therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alginic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32027"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bilirubin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotechnology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioengineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biomedical engineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biotechniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biomolecular engineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbiological engineering</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological techniques (bioenginee)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27450"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Naturally occurring group of individual organisms having the same genetic composition</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcass composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcass quality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slaughter value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clear felling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clearcutting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Removal of the entire standing crop</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corn cob mix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">CCM</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crown</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Head of foliage in a tree or shrubs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curriculum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Debeaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diacetyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biacetyl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diathesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Hereditary or constitutional tendency to a particular type of disease</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dieldrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dopamine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1386"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endoscopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fiords</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fjords</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Free fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit drop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Substantial shedding of immature fruit</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hardening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Treatment of plants or seeds to make them more resistant to adverse environmental conditions</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated pest control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated disease control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Integration of chemical, physical and biological control methods to maintain pest population below economic injury level</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juvenile hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32543"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Temporary pastures</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Lands temporarily sown to grass</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangroves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mangrove forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercuric chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk replacers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Milk substitutes fed to calves or other young animals; for milk substitutes in human feeding use Milk substitutes (4832)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxytocin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ailuropoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pandas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ailuridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pests of animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pests of plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant pests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenolic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gallotannins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxybenzoic acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recreational areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resuscitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial respiration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heart massage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salinomycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salocin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste utilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthan gum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wasteland</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Land essentially incapable in its present condition of producing anything of value</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeding stock</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extrusion cooking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sowing date</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Late sowing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest mensuration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrometry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest measurement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tree and stand measurement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Determination of dimensions, form, increment and age of trees, and of the dimensions of their products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivated land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acorus calamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenanthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenanthera pavonina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coralwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sandal bead (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16215"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adonis vernalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alyssum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alyssum bertolonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ametastegia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amorpha fruticosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">False indigo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia salina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16224"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asclepiadaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caladium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caladium bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calotropis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23904"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calotropis procera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callisto</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephenemyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniothyrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyperus rotundus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dieffenbachia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dorylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enarmonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucommia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucommia ulmoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucommiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16239"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exophiala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wangiella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forsythia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium oxysporum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium lycopersici</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium radicis lycopersici</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium vasinfectum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium ciceris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium dianthi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium melonis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium cubense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium cucumerinum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium raphani</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium albedinis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium elaeidis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium medicaginis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium niveum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium oxysporum phaseoli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium oxysporum pisi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium cepae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gentiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gentian</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gentianaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35589"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliotropium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirschmanniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrophyllaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypericum perforatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St John's wort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint John's wort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jatropha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jatropha curcas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physic nut</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kluyveromyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lawsonia (lythraceae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lawsonia inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Henna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liatris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyonetia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matthiola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanconium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentha pulegium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pennyroyal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menyanthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menyanthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nostoc</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nymphula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacifastacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracentrotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-75</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perilla frutescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perilla ocymoides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petasites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petasites hybridus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phacelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllanthus acidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllanthus distichus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus koraiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Korean pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus merkusii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Merkus pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycodon grandiflorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16282"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenochaeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salviniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serratula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serratula tinctoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sawwort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shorea laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sophora japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese pagoda (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tabebuia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamaricaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamarix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Undaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-91</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Undaria pinnatifida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-91</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Harvey) Suringar 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16297"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium vitis idaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verbascum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mullein</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Voacanga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zephyranthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuclear polyhedrosis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbine engines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neurophysiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stoves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood burners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cookstoves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any device for domestic use in which fuel may be burned for cooking or heating; for industrial equipment use Ovens (26803)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial flora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial flora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbiota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil microorganisms (36167)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colorimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echosounding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gravimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gravimetric analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ivory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grass meal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photointerpretation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7536"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saline water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saltwater</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salt water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Titrimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Volumetry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International cooperation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">All forms of cooperation on an international basis</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant nutrition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient balance (plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foliar nutrition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science of plant nutrients and their relation to plant health and disease</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinomycosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adjuvants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drug adjuvants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide adjuvants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Biologically inactive ingredients enhancing effectiveness of drugs or pesticides; for combined pesticides showing synergism use PESTICIDE SYNERGISTS; for adjuvants in technology use PROCESSING AIDS </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Akabane virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleutian disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmacytosis of mink</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal hospitals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Veterinary hospitals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascariasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bordetella bronchiseptica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrophic rhinitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian paramyxovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian reticuloendotheliosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reticuloendotheliosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium chauvoei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16391"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blackleg</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In livestock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Border disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine adenovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine ephemeral fever virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Three day fever virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ibr ipv virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine rhinotracheitis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine papillomavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine respiratory syncytial virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcinosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calcification (pathological)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Pathological calcification</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calf diarrhoea rotavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rotavirus of calf</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canine adenovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cataract</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eye cataract</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colic of horse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equine colic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combined vaccines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mixed vaccines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contagious ecthyma virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contagious equine metritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dental caries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teeth caries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disease surveillance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease reporting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epidemiological surveillance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sanitary surveillance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drug combinations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscular dystrophy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White muscle disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theileria parva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinococcosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydatidosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endemics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzootics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to diseases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equine encephalomyelitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western equine encephalomyelitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern equine encephalomyelitis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equine herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equine rhinopneumonitis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciolasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fatty liver</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline calicivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1205"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline infectious peritonitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foot rot</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Footrot (animals)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In livestock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella multocida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl cholera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avian cholera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fowl plague virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphylococcus aureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomerulonephritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gout</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemorrhagic septicaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemorrhagic septicemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hernia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hip dysplasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypertrophy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese encephalitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laboratory diagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laryngotracheitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latent infections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subclinical stages of disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malignant catarrhal fever virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mink viral enteritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucosal diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myositis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nairobi sheep disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Navicular disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocerciasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteochondritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osteochondrosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteodystrophy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osteomalacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parakeratosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Johne's disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuropneumonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine enterovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teschen virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Talfan virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine parvovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium ovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella gallinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pullorum disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulmonary adenomatosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Q fever</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinotracheitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rift valley fever virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Septicaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteraemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Septicemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viraemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spasms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spastic paresis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sutures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine dysentery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine erysipelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine influenzavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swine vesicular disease virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomach ulcer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolithiasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urinary calculi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Visna maedi virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maedi virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Visna virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beet sugar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biscuits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cane sugar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canned fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canned fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canned meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canned vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cashmere</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cut flowers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried skim milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonfat dry milk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skim milk powder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2384"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried vegetables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Floriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food rationing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen meals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hard cheese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imitation cream</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cream substitutes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Instant coffee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kapok</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maple syrup</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_75"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processed cheese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raisins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reconstituted milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubber industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soft cheese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cream cheese</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean flour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable growing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberella fujikuroi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium moniliforme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium subglutinans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alachlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metachlor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lasso</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioenergy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Community forestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Communal forestry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decanting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sedimentation (technology)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dimocarpus longan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euphoria longana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Longan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Longyen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lenkeng</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelium longana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelium longema</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Educational institutions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Schools</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural colleges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Technical colleges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Survey to determine, on a given area, soil conditions and topography, together with the extent, condition, composition and constitution of forests</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemolymph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemolymph</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminated wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest of small ruminants virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slurry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus faecalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enterococcus faecalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus faecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enterococcus faecium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postemergence application</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smectites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Airborne infection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest of small ruminants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peste des petits ruminants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibriosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caproic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isocaproic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octanoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caprylic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus spears</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breweries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochylis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haymaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Replication</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DNA replication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viral replication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene duplication</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural hydraulics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperparasites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hazelnuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filberts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suburban agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peri-urban agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castor beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borna disease virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arable land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zero grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soilage (feeding system)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_19193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allspice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amazonas (Venezuela)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Territorio Amazonas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyfluthrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine rotavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium botulinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium tetani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colibacillosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colienterotoxaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colibacteriosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_22414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iguanas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine immunodeficiency virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spumavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spumavirinae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feline syncytial virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine syncytial virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syncytial viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutmegs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circoviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chicken anaemia virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine circovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psittacine beak feather disease vir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cloves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine soja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine ussuriensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperplasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kefir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide selectivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agraulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus glutinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black alder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus hirsuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus incana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus inokumae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red alder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyomma variegatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammi visnaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabantoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aniba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aniba rosaeodora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aronia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chokeberries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthrobotrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basidiomycotina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basidiomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bifidobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boophilus microplus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryosphaeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucella abortus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliandra calothyrsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calotropis gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carabidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casuarina equisetifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heterosporium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmos bipinnatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocosmia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycloconium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Derris indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeocarpaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerobacter</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eublemma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flammulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frankia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gloeophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gossypium raimondii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grewia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gypsophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gypsophila paniculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilus gallinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilus paragallinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplochromis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterobasidion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterobasidion annosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fomes annosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum bulbosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kluyveromyces fragilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kluyveromyces marxianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kluyveromyces lactis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus acidophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latheticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leontopodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emperor (fish)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16260"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrophomina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrophomina phaseolina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoctonia bataticola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotium bataticola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marssonina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marssonina rosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muntingia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muntingia calabura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycocentrospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma mycoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nippostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiocephaliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otodectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: KrÞyer, 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5528"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phacidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phragmites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phragmites australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phragmites communis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus rigida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pitch pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisolithus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisolithus tinctorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistacia lentiscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyscytalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus maximowiczii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black poplar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus tremula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European aspen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poupartia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poupartia birrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopis cineraria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchosporium secalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santalaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sandalwood (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santalum album</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White sandalwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saurida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lizardfish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scindapsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stemphylium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thecodiplosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thecodiplosis brachyntera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trema orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhula ishikariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varroa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varroa jacobsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetoin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ATPase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenosine triphosphatase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 6 1 3</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aerobiosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerobic conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agronomists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaerobiosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anaerobic conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antineoplastic agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Backfat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta galactosidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lactase (beta galactosidase)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 23</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta lactoglobulin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buffalo meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium ammonium nitrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Can</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camel meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dromedary meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereal protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicken meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choppers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic maps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome maps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene mapping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome translocation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citral</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geranial</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neral</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleaning equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cleaners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial vacuum cleaners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Washers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleoptiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Computer software</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer programs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer systems (software)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Computer applications</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer science</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer systems (applications)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ai (artificial intelligence)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcomputers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Personal computers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corrosion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Gradual destruction of materials due to chemical processes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cross cutting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting (logs)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bucking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crude protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delignification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desserts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Destruction of animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euthanasia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Killing or annihilating of animals for purposes other than eating them; not to be confused with Slaughtering (7107)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dieback</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Progressive dying, from the tip downward, of terminal twigs or branches, which may be caused by disease, winter injury, etc.; for forests use Forest decline (29300)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diflubenzuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dried whey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8376"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dry period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drying off (lactation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Time just before parturition when a lactating animal ceases to give milk; for climatologically dry period see Drought (2391) or Dry season (2400)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Duck meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical conductivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical conductance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electroconductivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethnobotany</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1023"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exhibitions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural shows</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trade fairs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fat globules</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2935"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing effort</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The legal right to fish in a given area at a given time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furfural</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic markers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Molecular markers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical markers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological markers (molecular)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34255"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic polymorphism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6088"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Convicine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vicine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutenins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3293"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goose meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater recharge</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater replenishment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Replenishment of water to the zone of saturation in the ground</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haylage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunogenetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homeopathy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Homoeopathy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inbred lines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indicator organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil indicators (organisms)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological indicators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical indicators (organisms)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological indicators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioindicators (organisms)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indicator species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological markers (organisms)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organisms which, by their presence or vigour, indicate particular chemical or physical conditions of a location</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lectins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytohaemagglutinins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytohemagglutinins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Line planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipopolysaccharides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid nitrogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnesium chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesophile microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesophile bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Microorganisms with optimum temperature for growth between 20 and 45 degrees C</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl bromide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bromomethane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk recording</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monoclonal antibodies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monoterpenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multipurpose breeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dual purpose breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nisin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonprotein nitrogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Npn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Nitrogen fraction not precipitated by protein precipitants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonrenewable resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational hazards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational health hazards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational accidents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work strain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Work related stress factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farmer's lung</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any accident, disease, disorder, or other health hazard related to a particular occupational activity or work environment</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parathion methyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl parathion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pathotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skin (fruits)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable skin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Outer covering or skin of fruits or vegetables; for botanical aspects use Epidermis (2617)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Performance testing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Professional associations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural societies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytochrome</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant litter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Accumulation of leaves, twigs, branches, and other plant parts on the surface of the soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planting date</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polychlorinated biphenyls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polychlorobiphenyl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pcbs (polychlorinated biphenyls)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preharvest treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Preharvest application</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nongovernmental organizations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Private organizations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">NGO (nongovernmental organizations)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychrophilic microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psychrotrophs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psychrophilic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Microorganisms with optimum temperature for growth below 20 degrees C</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pure breeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vocational rehabilitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Relaxin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1906"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remote control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rennet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizomania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotary cultivators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salt tolerance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to salinity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salt resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rip sawing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sawmilling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed damaging insects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed borers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed stands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed orchards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Stand reserved and managed primarily for seed production</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinapine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil scarification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Aeration and loosening the top soil; for seed use Scarification (6843)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spikes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spray drift</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spray drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atomization drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Superoxide dismutase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 15 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermophilic microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermophilic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Microorganisms with optimum temperature for growth above 45 degrees C</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trampling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Damaging of plants by movements of animals or human beings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Training programmes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triacylglycerol lipase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipase (common name)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tributyrase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triglyceride lipase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 1 3</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turkey meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultrafiltration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Velocity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Speed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Washing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste heat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat loss during processing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exudation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 108; for IUPAC code 3 2 1 23 use Beta galactosidase (23993)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wild animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feral animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24916"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrophy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capture of animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamois</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rupicapra rupicapra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roe deer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capreolus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk collection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Age determination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epilepsy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucosinolates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sinigrin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glucobrassicin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gluconapin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Progoitrin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal introduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rockwool</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Woolrock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leukosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Listeriosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malformations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16434"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volcanic materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mouflon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovis musimon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthopaedics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perlite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wild plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dust</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prostheses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rehydration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Treatment of the physiological dehydration; for products use Reconstitution (6476)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Restocking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Repopulation (animals)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal reintroduction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wild boar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sus scrofa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosomiasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bilharziasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telemetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropropagation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jellification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelatinization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gelation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neutral soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cadra cautella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ephestia cautella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consistency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to the physical property</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest inventories</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Counting of trees and their classification by species, dimensions, quality, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Game farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Game ranching</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indicator animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sentinel animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioindicators (animal)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Animals which, by their presence or vigour, indicate particular chemical or physical conditions of a location</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Institutional feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canteen meals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Communal feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litter size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Litter performance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mathematical models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cobweb models</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stochastic models</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stochastic programming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypropylene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Separators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Extractors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plate columns</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plate towers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclones (equipment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sieves</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulation models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stock assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vermiculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earthworm culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whaling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Free amino acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy performance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspartame</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesiosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pot culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrapie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atriplex nummularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atriplex repanda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barleria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blumeriella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coccomyces</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevibacterium linens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snakehead fish</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Murrel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37009"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysopa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoperla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoperla carnea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysopa carnea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Claviceps purpurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocidolomia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopharyngodon idella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grass carp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epichloe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eulaliopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutypa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helopeltis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum geniculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum jubatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum spontaneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lansium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lansium domesticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lanzones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates calcarifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24348"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madhuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza longistaminata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza perennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryza punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parthenium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharbitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharbitis nil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea nil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoracantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoracantha semipunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus laurocerasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cherry laurel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laurocerasus officinalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus mahaleb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mahaleb cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">St Lucie cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Lucie cherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus salicina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus triflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese plum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix babylonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weeping willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix caprea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goat willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix dasyclados</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix fragilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brittle willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix pentandra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salix viminalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basket willow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saponaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soapwort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saponaria officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparganothis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletia foetida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletia laevis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletia indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neovossia indica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas campestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas pruni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air cleaners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biophysics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body condition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbofuran</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Case studies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereal flours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chymosin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rennin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk clotting enzyme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 23 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Column chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culture techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological techniques (in vitro)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suspension culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Culture of cells, tissues, microorganisms, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphragm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Muscular partition separating thorax from abdomen in mammals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat pumps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat recovery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaploids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interdisciplinary research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landlessness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5646"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mohair</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NMR spectroscopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nuclear magnetic resonance spectros</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest physiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest life physiology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prostate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Residual effects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aftereffects (of residues)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Effects of chemicals, drugs or radiation remaining after their initial use</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rb (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stocking density</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stocking rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock density</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Number of animals kept per unit area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suckers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Secondary shoots</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stumps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stumpwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of trees</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonsils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Undergrowth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Underbrush</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Understorey</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest floor vegetation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Woody plants, seedlings, shoots and small saplings growing in a forest underneath trees</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vam (fungi)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vesicular glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seminal vesicles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volume tables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Tables showing the average log contents of trees of different sizes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water potential</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suction pressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant water potential</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yield components</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Characteristics of a plant or animal affecting yield</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental impact</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropic factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropic influence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropogenic factors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropogenic influence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anthropic pressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxysuccinic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monogastric animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selection index</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neuromuscular diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Torticollis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuromuscular disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5004"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volatility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hplc</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High pressure liquid chromatography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High performance liquid chromatogr</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodococcus equi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium equi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletia tritici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletia caries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatotoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Live vaccines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Attenuated vaccines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organ culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovule culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Superficial tissue developing in plants in response to wounding; its regenerative capacity is used considerably in tissue culture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genotype environment interaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed extraction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For seed production; for the removal of seeds from fruits use DESTONING</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zero gravity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microgravity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weightlessness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24586"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achillea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achillea millefolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common yarrow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milfoil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atriplex canescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fourwing saltbush</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atriplex confertifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gravity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopanax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrolepiopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acyrthosiphon kondoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acyrthosiphon pisum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis capillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis tenuis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis alba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis alba gigantea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis stolonifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Creeping bentgrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis palustris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopecurus geniculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopecurus myosuroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius potentillae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocoris nemoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanomyces astaci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia purpurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bauhinia variegata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromus tectorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buchloe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursaphelenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buxaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caragana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carthamus lanatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centaurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centaurea cyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cornflower</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clepsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clepsis spectrana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coelomomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colias lesbia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convallaria majalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lily of the valley</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coprinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus albula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vendace</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1892"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryphonectria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptodiaporthe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinodontiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daedalea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daedalea quercina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaphostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entamoeba coli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eremochloa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eremochloa ophiuroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Centipedegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurytoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29885"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus crenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese beech</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus grandifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American beech</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus americana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus ferruginea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus sylvatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European beech</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fagus orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaeumannomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaeumannomyces graminis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiolobus graminis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Take all fungus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galega</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galega orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gambusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geometridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerlachia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonipterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonipterus scutellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24647"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grifola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lachnellula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laetiporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laetisaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptosphaeria korrae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptosphaeria nodorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Septoria nodorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptosphaeria maculans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma lingam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithospermum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithospermum erythrorhizon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotus tenuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malus sylvestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megasphaera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moringaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moringa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horseradish (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moringa oleifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moringa pterygosperma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neochetina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncobasidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncobasidium theobromae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptostigmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oribatida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oribatei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panonychus citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panonychus ulmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratrichodorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parelaphostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phialophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phloeotribus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phloeotribus scarabaeoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piper cubeba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poa annua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annual bluegrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podosphaera leucotricha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymyxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portulaca oleracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus acutissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus cerris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European turkey oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus falcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus gambelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shin oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus ilex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Holly oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pin oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus petraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Durmast oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus sessiliflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sessile oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus prinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chestnut oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus montana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus pyrenaica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus borealis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus tinctoria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus suber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cork oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus velutina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus virginiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Live oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo trutta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brown trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berg 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6755"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopulariopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seiridium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sideritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitodiplosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphagnum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stevia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichodorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium vesiculosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlodromus pyri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valerianella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valerianella locusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Valerianella olitoria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corn salad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lamb's lettuce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venturia inaequalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verticicladiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoysia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoysia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoysia matrella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrocercops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aloe barbadensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bitter aloe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">True aloe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aloe vera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthurium andraeanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auxis thazard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (LacepÚde, 1800)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24727"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azolla pinnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canarium ovatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pili (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carduus acanthoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plumeless thistle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carduus nutans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musk thistle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrilla juncea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromolaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromolaena odorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eupatorium odoratum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias batrachus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias lazera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacrycarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplotaxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplotaxis tenuifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eminia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eminia polyadenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monkoo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia amylovora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia carotovora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia aroideae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia atroseptica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethmalosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucheuma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-92</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupatorium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ganoderma lucidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fomes lucidus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-92</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grevillea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helopeltis antonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemichromis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteoglossidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolaimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyblaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyblaea puera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxylon mammatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxylon mediterraneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imperata cylindrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cogongrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Imperata arundinacea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptobarbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptobarbus hoeveni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24766"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcyclus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcyclus ulei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monolepta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myzus persicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myzodes persicae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopteroidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryctes rhinoceros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoceros beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osphronemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrinia furnacalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrinia nubilalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrausta nubilalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius pangasius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24779"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus aztecus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ives 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus duorarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus merguiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus monodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fabricius 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus oocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pithecellobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pithecellobium dulce</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Camachile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gayamochil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manila tamarind</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-92</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus brachyurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus coffeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus penetrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus vulnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus zeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrausta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrausta machaeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radopholus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radopholus similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raghuva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepioteuthis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-57</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum khasianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scatophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stevia rebaudiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridax procumbens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wikstroemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ACP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">ACP (states)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adventitious roots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerial roots</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allozymes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Americium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Am (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aneuploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aneuploids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apramycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Assortment tables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Assortments in forestry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bakers' yeast</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bitter pit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonsai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Briquettes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bundling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cam pathway</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crassulacean acid metabolism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">C3 plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">C4 plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5616"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaeras</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Organisms formed from tissues of different genetic origin; for the fish use Chimaeriformes (1555)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes (source: MeSH)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa husks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cm (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Databases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data bases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Databanks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Includes bibliographic, referral, numerical and full text databases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donor animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embryo splitting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy generation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Power generation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioethics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fly ash</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Fine particulate, essentially noncombustible refuse, carried in a gas stream from a fire</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foaming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foodborne diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1034"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Full time farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene location</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene transfer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transgenesis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic parameters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic variance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geochemistry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphosate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gravel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gross margins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Group size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yokes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvest index</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ratio of grain weight to total plant weight in a cereal crop</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24419"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyaluronic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoplasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indoor feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced parturition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inheritance (economics)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inheritance succession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Inheritance of property</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inland water transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomophilic nematodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entomopathogenic nematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insect nematodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Introgression</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ion exchange capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jellied meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Not to be confused with Frozen meat (3116)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Land conservation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lignocellulose</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Locus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Logging wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood trimmings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Logging residues</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bark (wastes)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste wood (logging)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Wood wastes left over from felling and primary processing of trees</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28152"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melatonin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methylation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minced meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple use forestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multipurpose forestry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musk oxen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ovibos moschatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neptunium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Np (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional status</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional state</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient status</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic gardening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological gardening</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paclobutrazol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pathogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disease course</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patulin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Permanganates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24885"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plus trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Phenotype judged to be unusually superior in some quality or qualities</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potassium permanganate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raw materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crude, unprocessed or partially processed material used for a processing operation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protoplast fusion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rare earth elements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lanthanides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reaction wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compression wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tension wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Wood with more or less distinctive anatomical characters, formed typically in parts of leaning or crooked stems and in branches</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research projects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only for organization of research projects</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice husks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice hulls</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salicylic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acetylsalicylic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seasonal variation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scald</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Browning of fruit peel resulting from high temperature and/or intense light</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Burn like symptoms of plant diseases resulting from the action of bacteria or fungi, improper use of pesticides or nutrients; for the lesions of tissues by chemical, thermal, electrical, etc. treatment use Burns (1156)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed pathology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seedborne organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Injurious organisms transmitted by seed</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self sterility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Self incompatibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shoeing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium azide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soilborne organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soilborne fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soilborne viruses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Injurious organisms transmitted through the soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stumpage value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Value of timber as it stands uncut</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technetium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tc (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telecommunications</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terminology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tickborne diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tickborne infections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timber floating</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trap crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops planted for the purpose of attracting pests away from other nearby crops</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trends</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for documents describing a specified general direction of events, opinion, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tritium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wear</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Damage to products or equipment sustained as result of ordinary use</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whole crop silage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wild goats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capra ibex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ibex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capra pyrenaica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steinbock (ibex)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winter crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops requiring vernalization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spring crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops not requiring vernalization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood decay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood rot</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sapstain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Decomposition by fungi or other microorganisms of uncut, cut or processed wood</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">World</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for documents dealing with a given subject on a worldwide scale</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic thresholds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mating systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Assortative mating</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monogamy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Outcrossing (natural)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Videotex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virusfree plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Virus free plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volatile fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water activity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pheromone analogues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic pheromones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self compatibility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Self fertility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant certification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Certification that a given plant conforms to certain standards as to varietal characteristics, freedom from diseases, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volatile compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mating disruption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Off season cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diffusion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Permeation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of liquids, gases or solids in mixtures or solution</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7233"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Explosions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapeseed oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canola (oil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colza (oil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acidolysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial pesticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal antagonists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antagonistic microorganisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial antagonists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antagonistic fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olfaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen retention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overgrazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thioneins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hot water treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Locomotion of winged animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sociocultural environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">State intervention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Government intervention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unsaponifiable materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unsaponifiable fraction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allelochemicals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biofertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any naturally occurring organic substances applied to soil for the purpose of maintaining or improving fertilty. They include animal manures, composts, nitrogen fixing bacteria and mycorrhizae</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carvone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drought stress</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water stress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enchytraeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrition surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woodworking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cabinet making</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carpentry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Joinery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halophytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juvenile hormone analogues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal physiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human physiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant physiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cage culture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basket culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pen culture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Culture of shellfish or fish in fixed or floating cages</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical reactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In living organisms use Biochemical reactions (27462)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15999"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_90"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasifiers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigated land</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Light requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15706"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicinal properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmacodynamics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmacokinetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drug properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of natural or synthetic compounds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pericarp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endocarp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epicarp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exocarp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mesocarp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus albedo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymerization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Factories</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Processing plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rainwater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waxing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nilaparvata lugens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematophagous fungi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postlarval stages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shrinkage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Reduction in dimensions or volume; for reduction in weight use Weight losses (8351)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasturing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agoutis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propagation by cuttings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adsorbents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24125"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Watershed management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microbiological analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riverbanks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water holding capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water harvesting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollutant load</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical oxygen demand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological oxygen demand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical oxygen demand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Total oxygen demand</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water deficit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Precipitation deficit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Difference between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wastewater treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wastewater purification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydromorphic soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surface water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water desalting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water desalination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation rates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infiltration water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gravitational water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seepage water</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wastewater irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water drilling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water exploration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water prospecting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drinking water systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drainage systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interceptor drains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Junction drains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Main drains</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Longitudinal draining</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross draining</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Collecting ditches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Outlet ditches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Draining ditches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Artificial network of furrows, ditches, tile drains, etc. providing drainage for a given area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation networks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation ditches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Network of constructions providing irrigation for a given area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water depletion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drying off (water)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sediment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drilling equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drills (for wood or metalworking)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For sowing of seed use Seed drills (2386)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluid mechanics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kinematics of fluids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulics (science)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rock mechanics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evapotranspiration zone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alluvium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Open ditch drainage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsurface drainage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pipe drainage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tile drainage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Underdrainage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mole drainage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demand irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intermittent irrigation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continuous irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supplemental irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotation irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Localized irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agathis dammara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agathis loranthifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kernels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Portion of a seed contained within the seed coat</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal embryos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blastocysts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trophoblasts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3006"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coconut cadang cadang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juveniles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Stage of metamorphosis; for young people use Youth (8491)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial reefs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Artificial structures in coastal waters creating a sheltered space for fishing or aquaculture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Functional foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Designer foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microprocessors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant condition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant quality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant health</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant fitness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil strength</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fouling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insect growth regulators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3885"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oil mill byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Value added</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant cover</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Vegetation covering the soil; for cover of leaves and branches formed by tops of plants use Canopy (1262)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic buffaloes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Androgenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Firmness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hardness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water hardness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water vapour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pesticide resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance to pesticides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross resistance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irrigation schemes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stone clearing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nursery grounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding grounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Regions particularly rich in food organisms where feeding of fish larvae and juveniles takes place</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluid flow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil requirements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Add descriptors for specific requirements, as appropriate</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal needs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Add descriptors for specific requirements, as appropriate</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant response</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Reaction of plants to injurious or beneficial factors or treatments</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsipyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopterus notopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1769)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24774"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera frugiperda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stone fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Almond oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melissa officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castor oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chestnuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coarse grains</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocaine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coconuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kola nuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cola nuts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1738"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corn flour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cornflour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottonseed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottonseed oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit growing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pomology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundnut oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyssop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyssopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasmine oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juniper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lavender oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucerne meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mace</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malting barley</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menthol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulberries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oatmeal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oat flour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oilseeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olive oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orange juice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palm kernels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pepper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White pepper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for the product; for the plant use Piper nigrum (5919). See also Sweet peppers (14727)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pineapple juice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pome fruits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poppy seed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapeseed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canola (grain)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colza (grain)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1066"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice flour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rye flour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Safflower oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Safflower seed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesame oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shea nuts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunflower oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunflower seed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bay laurel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sweet bay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco seed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanilla (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheat flour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cereal crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain grasses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small grain cereals (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Grass crops producing edible grains; for the product use Cereals (1474)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1531"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grape juice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Companion crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nurse crops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surface drainage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain farming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Windrowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Swathing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grain crushing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swing ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprinklers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Robots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cutter bars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk containers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milk cartons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Used for transportation of milk</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrubbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioscrubbers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slatted floors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tank trucks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigerated trucks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment characteristics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Four wheel drive</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment specifications</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rotational speed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Variable costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Logging carts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Log carriages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Frame on wheels for holding a log while it is being sawn and for advancing it towards the saw after each cut</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotary diggers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disc ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mouldboard ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vineyard ploughs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stubble ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heavy duty ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mole ploughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drain ploughs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed racks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root cutters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Appliances used to cut roots and tubers used as animal feeds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Utilization costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incubators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Draught animal cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strip cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Underplanting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil breaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thinners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gappers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frost protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid feed dispensers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solid feed dispensers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid gas fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid gas fertilizer distributors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid fertilizer distributors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dynamometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Topping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Breaking off the top of a plant</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment parts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment components</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brooders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Heating appliance for baby animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Renewable energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative energy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silo fillers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigeration equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cooling systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coolers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigerators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment testing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Explosives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trinitrotoluene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tnt (trinitrotoluene)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surface cultivation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surface tillage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conditioner mowers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plastic film</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditchers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trenchers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electricity generators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steam generators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sheds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Buildings for shelter of machinery; for cattle use Cattle sheds (1392)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment certification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milking facilities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ionization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lubricants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lubrication</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greasing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oiling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditch cleaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poultry equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree felling equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fellers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25782"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquaculture equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal husbandry equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock confinement equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock care equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Packaging equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maintenance equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Welding equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Equipment for the maintenance and repair of machines, vehicles, buildings, etc.</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultivation equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Restraint of animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land clearing equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stump pullers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3058"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural machinery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm machinery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gardening equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Branding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tagging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tattooing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil management equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant protection equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8339"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetable harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forage harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stripper harvesters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root harvesters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beet lifters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Including roots, tubers and all underground fruits</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milking equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tillage equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil loosening equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil preparation equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorting equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25686"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winemaking equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portable equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food industry equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food processing equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multipurpose equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mixers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Internal combustion engines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steam engines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electric motors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Walking tractors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed cleaners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root cleaners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24005"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25744"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root cleaning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engine parts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carburettors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crankshafts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hand tools</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Power tools</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penetrometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tractive effort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equipment reliability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Service life</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weighing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spare parts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bolts and nuts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Replacement parts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land levelling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prototypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Low volume spraying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reduced volume spraying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disc harrows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk coolers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refractometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rolling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use of a cylinder to crush lumps and to firm the soil, sometimes also to facilitate tillering of cereals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6636"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hot air drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold air drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vacuum drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forced air drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Direct sowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dibbling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Direct seeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Direct drilling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Servicing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horizontal silos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bunker silos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trench silos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tower silos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subsoilers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stabling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milk tanks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earthmoving</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheeled tractors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Track laying tractors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caterpillar tractors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigerated transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal drawn vehicles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8180"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ridge tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil disinfection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil disinfestation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fermentation equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grinders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transplanters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laser beams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrol engines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gasoline engines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diesel engines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Building equipment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Equipment for construction of buildings</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristolochiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristolochiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rafflesiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brunoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylidiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyctaginaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytolaccaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loganiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strychnaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symplocaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Styracaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clethraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epacridaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garryales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garryaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cneoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simaroubaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygalaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichapetalaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callitrichaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sonneratiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyssaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alangiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melastomataceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haloragidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippuridaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dilleniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucryphiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elatinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fouquieriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cistaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stachyuraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turneraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loasaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Datiscaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saururaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloranthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plumbaginales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plumbaginaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrsinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratophyllaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercidiphyllaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lardizabalaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menispermaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calycanthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupomatiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monimiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hernandiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resedaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pittosporaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cunoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Connaraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adoxaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipsacaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balanophoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opiliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olacaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empetraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnanthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvadoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphyleaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icacinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melianthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarraceniales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarraceniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepenthaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Droseraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polemoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Martyniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentibulariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globulariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoporaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriocaulaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commelinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philydraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Najadaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aponogetonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butomaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alismataceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrocharitaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stemonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juncaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemodoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Velloziaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparganiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycadaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginkgoales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3447"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies amabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cascade fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific silver fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies cephalonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greek fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies firma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies fraseri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fraser fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies magnifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">California red fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies mariesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies religiosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abies hickeli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sacred fir</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies veitchii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia aulacocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia aulacarpa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia caven</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia cincinnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia crassicarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia holosericea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia koa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Koa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia leptocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia melanoxylon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Australian blackwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia xanthophloea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrocomia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aculus schlechtendali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeromonas hydrophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeromonas salmonicida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aglaia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrimonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agromyzidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leafminer flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ajuga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allanblackia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allanblackia stuhlmannii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus cordata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus crispa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus jorullensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus acuminata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus nepalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus rugosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpinia purpurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33286"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anethum graveolens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apera interrupta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apera spica venti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidius ervi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidius matricariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidius smithi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aranda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arbutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strawberry (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aronia melanocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus melanocarpa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arundina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aschersonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus setaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagus plumosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus awamori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus flavus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus fumigatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus nidulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus ochraceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus parasiticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus terreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillus versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atomaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena nuda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naked oats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avena strigosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avena sterilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avena ludoviciana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus cereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus larvae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paenibacillus larvae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus megaterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus megatherium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus sphaericus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus stearothermophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baikiaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baikiaea plurijuga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bergenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula alleghaniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Betula lutea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow birch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula maximowicziana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dwarf birch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula papyrifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canoe birch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paper birch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula pendula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Betula verrucosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European white birch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula platyphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betula tortuosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bidens pilosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26404"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biomphalaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombacopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombacopsis quinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borago officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Borage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26410"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botrytis allii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Botrytis aclada</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botrytis cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botrytis fabae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botrytis tulipae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bouea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bouea macrophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gandaria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria humidicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria ruziziensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buddlejaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buddleja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buddleia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Busseola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus (fish)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callistephus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carissa macrocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carissa grandiflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ringworm senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Senna alata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia fistula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia obtusifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sicklepod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Senna obtusifolia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassia tora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sickle senna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castanea crenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese chestnut (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castanea dentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American chestnut tree</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castanea mollissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese chestnut (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrus atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atlantic cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atlas cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrus deodara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deodar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrus libani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cedar of lebanon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Himalayan cedar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum frutescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhinus reba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26441"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cistus ladanifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clerodendrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clerodendron</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colossoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combretum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commiphora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conopomorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conopomorpha cramerella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acrocercops cramerella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocidolomia binotalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressus arizonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arizona cypress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressus lusitanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressus macrocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressus sempervirens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaecytisus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytisus scoparius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarothamnus scoparius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common broom</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacnusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacnusa sibirica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Datura stramonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thorn apple</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Datura godronii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Datura inermis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Datura tatula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium canum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium ovalifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diglyphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diglyphus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diglyphus isaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplostomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipteryx odorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coumarouna odorata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tonka beans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cumaru</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichlis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichlis spicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichlis stricta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeidobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasmolomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus repens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron repens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Couch grass (elymus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eotetranychus carpini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eotetranychus hicoriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epimedium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erannis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calluna vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common heather</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ling (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus microtheca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus tereticornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus urophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutetranychus orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exochorda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pearl bush</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flindersiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flindersia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flindersia brayleyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gambusia affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird &amp; Girard 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24644"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genista</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genista cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaucium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaucium flavum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gliocladium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyceria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gortyna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gortyna xanthenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guignardia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrodactylus salaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrodactylus truttae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemanthus albiflos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oystercatchers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heligmosomoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nematospiroides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helix aspersa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helix pomatia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heracleum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heracleum lanatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heracleum sosnowskyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heracleum sphondylium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus elatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus syriacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hibiscus trionum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolaimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylobius abietis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylobius pales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenaea courbaril</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenaea verrucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypothenemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypothenemus hampei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanoderes hampei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxylon serpens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illinoia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illinoia liriodendri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illinoia pepperi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalanchoe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactuca serriola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legionella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepeophtheirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepeophtheirus salmonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucojum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucojum aestivum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucospermum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucospermum cordifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leveillula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limonium sinuatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Statice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Listeria monocytogenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Locusta migratoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Migratory locust</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon hirsutum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon pennellii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopersicon peruvianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madhuca mottleyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ganua mottleyana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marasmia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marasmiellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matricaria perforata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Matricaria inodora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tripleurospermum maritimum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mauginiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maximiliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago falcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago polymorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago hispida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bur clover</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago scutellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medicago truncatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melipona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Michelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miscanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monascus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monascus purpureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mononychellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mononychellus tanajoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mussatia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrothecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtillocactus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocallimastix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nigella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nigella sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nigrospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oedaleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oedaleus senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oiketicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligonychus pratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligonychus ununguis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus kisutch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coho salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silver salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opuntia ficus indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prickly pear</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opuntia polyacantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35416"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orestias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachygone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachysandra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papaver bracteatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papuana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paulownia tomentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paxillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peribatodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pestalotiopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pestalotia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrobia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pezicula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phacidiopycnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Operculella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaseolus polyanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physalis angulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physalis ixocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tomatillo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physalis minima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physalis peruviana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cape gooseberry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physalis edulis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosomes (phytomonas)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea glehnii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sakhalin spruce</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picea lutzii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus bungeana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus massoniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus mugo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleiochaeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pometia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pongamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pongamia pinnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pongamia glabra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Karanja</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">White poplar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus balsamifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balsam poplar</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Populus tacamahaca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus euramericana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Populus canadensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus canescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus ciliata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus euphratica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus fremontii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus gelrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus grandidentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Largetoothed aspen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus simonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus tomentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Populus trichocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black cottonwood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas fluorescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas putida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas syringae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea bituminosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bitumen trefoil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoralea corylifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psorospermum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psyllaephagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyracantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrhalta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Renibacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Renibacterium salmoninarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhipidocotyle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodnius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodotorula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyzobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyzopertha dominica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lesser grain borer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Russula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sagittaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarotherodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schima khasiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizotetranychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotium cepivorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotium oryzae sativae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seiridium cardinale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shorea robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sal (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silybum marianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitophilus granarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Granary weevil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitophilus oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice weevil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitophilus zeamais</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum berthaultii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum chacoense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum laciniatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparisoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spartium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spartium junceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micronutriella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stethorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stethorus pauperculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stethorus punctillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stethorus punctum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stipagrostis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus agalactiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus equi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus mutans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus pneumoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus suis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus thermophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus uberis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus zooepidemicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terminalia ivorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terminalia superba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus arabicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus cinnabarinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus kanzawai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus urticae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teucrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teucrium chamaedrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wall germander</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teucrium polium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxotrypana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tristania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus glabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus effusa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus parvifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus procera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmus pumila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia hirsuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viscum album</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mistletoe</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis berlandieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis riparia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitis rupestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vulpia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weigela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weigelia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wisteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas populi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yersinia enterocolitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yersinia ruckeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yersinia pestis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrosome</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perforatorium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African swine fever</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Androstenedione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_407"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antimicrobial properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antibacterial properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiprotozoal properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antiviral properties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antifungal properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banteng</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos javanicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bos banteng</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barrels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betaine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Betanin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycinebetaine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lycine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyneurine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bitumen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asphalt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blockboard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Artificial watercourses</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil crusts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy cows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Damage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock injuries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant injuries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abiotic injuries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Harm by external factors impairing the value or usefulness of something, as crops, livestock, environment</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24158"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14291"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desiccants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drying agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dexamethasone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3286"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discoloration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Unwanted alteration of colour</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_953"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1773"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dislocations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Luxations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Displacement of the moving parts of a joint</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4051"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doughs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasticity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Viscoelasticity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylene dibromide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">1,2-dibromoethane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Edb (ethylene dibromide)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dbe (dibromoethane)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exudates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transudates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of animals or plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fatty degeneration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yellow fat disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feasibility studies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Field shape</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycosaminoglycans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed filling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain filling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pod filling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterochromatin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">High yielding breeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Import substitution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3813"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infiltration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Movement of water through the soil surface into the soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32472"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infrastructure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic infrastructure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transport infrastructure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The basic facilities, services, equipment, and installations needed for the growth and functioning of a country, community, or organization. Use more specific term when available</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ingredients</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food ingredients</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity and kind of stock materials used in making a mixture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intergeneric hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign relations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interspecific hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Joints (timber)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf protein concentrate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leg weakness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leghaemoglobin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leghemoglobin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microwave cooking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milkability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minced fish</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoplasmas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mlo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma-like organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stolbur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Industrial equipment; for domestic appliances use Stoves (16366)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxygen requirement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxygen demand (of organisms)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physiological requirement of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polarography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Producer gas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economics of production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteoglycans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychological factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psychology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Impurity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rearing techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recipient animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Revegetation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ropes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cord</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wire ropes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Royal jelly</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salt licks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Common salt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Table salt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed dressing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed preservation (treatment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed size</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex differentiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Differentiation into male and female organs during embryogenesis</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shrubs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Woody perennial plants without a well defined main stem</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28143"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Socioeconomic environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium bicarbonate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium sulphite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium sulfite</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil micromorphological features</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swelling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For swelling of any part of the body as a reaction to injury or irritation use Inflammation (3856)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triiodothyronine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNICEF</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Children's Fund</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Children's Fund</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vapour pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vapor pressure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Variety trials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Varietal screening</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasopressin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adh (antidiuretic hormone)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antidiuretic hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pitressin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water yield</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WFP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">World Food Programme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woody plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Workshops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Repair shops</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Room or building in which manufacture or handiwork is carried on</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cistus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IFAD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International Fund for Agricultural Development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">International Fund for Agricultural Development</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Small boats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canoes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catamarans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Essential fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachidonic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eicosatetraenoic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lifting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tethers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tying devices (animals)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural warning services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Services monitoring the outbreaks and spreading of pests and diseases, and warning farmers when to protect their crops or livestock</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skimming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Creaming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Outdoor cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of horticultural crops, as opposed to Protected cultivation (6243)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactation duration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price elasticities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil sickness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil exhaustion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil depletion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gynogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placental hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Placental lactogen hormone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunosuppression</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial immunodepression</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunologic desensitization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune desensitization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonspecific immunosuppression</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial immunosuppression</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Specific immunosuppression</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adoptive immunotolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial immunotolerance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyposensitization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Induced prevention or diminution of immune responses; for the natural immunosuppression use Immunodeficiency (29618)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm establishment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Establishing or setting up as a farmer</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quality labels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dormancy breaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water metabolism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluid balance (metabolic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In animal and man; in plants use Plant water relations (16147)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymatic analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymic techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neurotransmitters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_84"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactation number</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reverse osmosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphoproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piezometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood sampling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hormone receptors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenergic receptors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adrenoreceptors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sexual reproduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24931"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatostatin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Srih (somatostatin)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery byproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat therapy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermotherapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed units</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Statoliths</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Otoliths</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aglinet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Project design</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Project evaluation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Project management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial intelligence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant growth stimulants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia salicina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthoscelides obtectus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_54"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aceria guerreronis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eriophyes guerreronis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_77"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aceria sheldoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eriophyes sheldoni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_77"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aceria tulipae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eriophyes tulipae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_77"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achatina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achatina fulica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinidia deliciosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_107"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adhatoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurothrixus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurothrixus floccosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allorhogas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaranthus spinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anastatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anastrepha suspensa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguillicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anogeissus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anogeissus leiocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Assara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Athetis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus polymyxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Birnaviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blaberus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boophilus annulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boophilus decoloratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bracon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Habrobracon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbracon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bradyrhizobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brochothrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Busseola fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cales noacki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callistephus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecropia sciadophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrela odorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cedrela mexicana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercosporidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo agamemnon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo auricilius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chilotraea auricilia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo partellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo zonellus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo sacchariphagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proceras sacchariphagus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo suppressalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromatomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysothamnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rabbitbrush</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coelaenomenodera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coelaenomenodera elaeidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coelaenomenodera minuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conidiobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordia alliodora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordia goeldiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crambe abyssinica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crambe maritima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1943"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cricetomys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides arakawae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides brevitarsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides furens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides hollensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides kingi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides melleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides mississippiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides nubeculosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides oxystoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicoides variipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuphea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtomenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtomenus bergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophilus congolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophilus dermatonomus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphorina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphorina citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dirphya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dorylaimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeidobius kamerunicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eoreuma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eretmocerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erynia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoophthora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphe betae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphe cichoracearum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphe graminis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blumeria graminis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphe pisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphe polygoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrina poeppigiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus blakelyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia esula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leafy spurge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia lathyris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evergestis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulvia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geotrichum candidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oospora lactis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemonchus contortus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hansfordia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dicyma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirsutella thompsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homoeosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homoeosoma electellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homoeosoma nebulellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplocampa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplochelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplochelus marginalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Justicia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laetia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnanthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnanthes alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meadowfoam</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycium chinense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margarodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mariscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metarhizium anisopliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcystis aeruginosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monellia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monelliopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monographella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27235"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monographella nivalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calonectria nivalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micronectriella nivalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium nivale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microdochium nivale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gerlachia nivalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycogone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma arginini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma bovigenitalium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma capricolum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma gallisepticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma hyorhinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma hyosynoviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma meleagridis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma pulmonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma synoviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella arachidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella arachidicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora arachidicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella berkeleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora personata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cercosporidium personatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoisariopsis personata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella brassicicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella fijiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella fragariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella graminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Septoria tritici</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella musicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella pinodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascochyta pinodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Didymella pinodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mymaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myndus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myndus crudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myndus taffini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtus communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myrtle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oesophagostomum columbianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oesophagostomum dentatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oesophagostomum radiatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiostoma polonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pallasea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34472"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium capitatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium crispum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium graveolens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium peltatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium roseum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium tomentosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium zonale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peregrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peregrinus maidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27289"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeocryptopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllocoptruta oleivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora cactorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora capsici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora cinnamomi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora citricola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora citrophthora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora cryptogea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora drechsleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora erythroseptica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora fragariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora infestans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora megasperma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora nicotianae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora palmivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora syringae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinellia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesiomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphagotarsonemus latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitarsonemus latus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Posidoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Posidonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prays citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prays oleae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prays oleellus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocalymma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocalymma alliaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenocalymma alliaceum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia allii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia arachidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia carthami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia chondrillina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia coronata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia graminis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia helianthi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia hordei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia horiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia melanocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia pelargonii zonalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia polysora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia recondita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia dispersa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia triticina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia rubigo vera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia sorghi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia striiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia glumarum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrhocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium aphanidermatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium butleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium debaryanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium graminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium irregulare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium myriotylum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium oligandrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium ultimum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdocline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium leguminosarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium lupini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium meliloti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium phaseoli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium trifolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchophorus palmarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubia cordifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian madder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarucallis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scabiosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scabiosa caucasica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphoideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapteriscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia homoeocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia libertiana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whetzelinia sclerotiorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotinia trifoliorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setosphaeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setosphaeria turcica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium turcicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exserohilum turcicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drechslera turcica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sidnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbus aucuparia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondias dulcis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spondias cytherea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongyloides papillosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongyloides ransomi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suaeda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telenomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tessaratoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrastichus julis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrastichus radiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichostrongylus axei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichostrongylus colubriformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichostrongylus vitrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalotrigona</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geotrigona</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meliponula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plebeia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scaura</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragona</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trissolcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma brucei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma congolense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma cruzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma equiperdum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma evansi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma lewisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma rangeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma theileri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma vivax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhula idahoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhula incarnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago scitaminea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago striiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbotryum violaceum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucostoma cinctum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Valsa cincta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytospora cincta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leucocytospora cincta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucostoma persoonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Valsa leucostoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytospora leucostoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas albilineans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zea diploperennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zea perennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euchlaena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetic acid bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetic fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrobacterium rhizogenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcohol dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aldehyde reductase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allantoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allantoin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabaena cylindrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal biotechnology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antimutagens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antimutagenic activity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial protein membranes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial seeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic seeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Somatic embryos obtained in cultures for producing clones</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auxotrophy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azospirillum brasilense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azotobacter vinelandii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus licheniformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beet pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biocatalysts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical reactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioconversion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transformation due to the action of an enzyme or a living organism</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biodeterioration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Putrefaction (deterioration)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Undesirable phenomenon due to a biological agent; for desirable biological decomposition use Biodegradation (9261)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biofuels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biomass fuels</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological response modifiers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">Biological or synthetic agents that are capable of eliciting specific and/or non-specific effects on immune responsiveness, thereby ultimately leading to an improvement in overall health of the patient. (source: MeSH)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biopesticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biopolymers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suberin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Polymers of biological origin, biodegradable, recyclable after use</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioreactors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemostats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photobioreactors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical reactors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biofilms (bioreactors)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biofilm reactors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluidized bed reactor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosensors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioprobes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biodetectors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27472"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryococcus braunii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butanol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butyl alcohol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyric fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida albicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida arborea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida tropicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida utilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catalysts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulose digestion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis variospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical reagents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome aberrations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citronellol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium acetobutylicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium butyricum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium pasteurianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium thermocellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cofactors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">Organic molecules (cf. coenzymes) or ions (usually metal ions) that are required by an enzyme of its activity. A cofactor binds with its associated protein (apoenzymes), which is functionally inactive, to form the active enzyme (source: IUPAC)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Composite populations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continuous processes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossing over</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochrome c oxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochrome oxidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochromes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytoplasmic male sterility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytoplasmic mutation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diazotrophy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discontinuous processes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DNA cleavage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27528"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molecular cloning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene cloning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DNA cloning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dye markers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Effectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">A small molecule which increases (activator) or decreases (inhibitor) the activity of an (allosteric) protein by binding to the protein at the regulatory site (which is different from the substrate-binding catalytic site). (source: IUPAC)</skos:definition>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg segmentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrodialysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embryo preservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymatic hydrolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme activators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pralidoxime</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme reactors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia chrysanthemi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythropoietin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcoholic fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylic fermentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphorbia characias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Explants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Animal or plant tissue used for in vitro culture or transplantation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fermented foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kimchi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fermenters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene activators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene expression</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene fusion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene transposition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic distance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic divergence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Genetic parameter; for gene distance use Loci (24869)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3225"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic vectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene vectors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geraniol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucose oxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 3 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamate decarboxylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 1 1 15</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamate ammonia ligase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamine synthetase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 6 3 1 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplomethods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haptens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">High fructose corn syrup</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isomerose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isoglucose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histocytological analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytological analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homeotic genes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homeoboxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homeotic mutation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hybrid proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hybridomas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxylation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperprolific animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ice nucleating bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immobilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cross-linking</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physical or chemical processes for trapping or fixing on a substrate enzymes, organelles or cells</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3893"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immobilized biocatalysts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immobilized enzymes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immobilized microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27552"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunodiagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serological diagnosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Serodiagnosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoelectrophoresis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Counterimmunoelectrophoresis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunostimulants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stimulant immunomodulators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro fertilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro insemination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Innovation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Induced innovation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Creating new products or processes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35231"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isomerization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Itaconic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Klebsiella pneumoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kojic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactic fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ligands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Major histocompatibility complex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mhc system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Major histocompatibility system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malolactic fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maltodextrins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methane fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biomethanation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methanogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methanotrophic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methanothrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcarriers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microfiltration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crossflow filtration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dead-end filtration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molecular genetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biochemical genetics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molecular hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleic acid hybridization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrosoguanidine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32045"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC codes 3 1 11 - 31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleotide sequence</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene sequence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleic sequence</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Replication origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orfs (open reading frames)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Codons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tata box</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligosaccharides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disaccharides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oocyte preservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen ova</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oocyte freezing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidoreductions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electron transfer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oxidation reduction reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Redox reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharmaceutical industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drug industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorylcholine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant biotechnology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionic fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudogenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recombinant DNA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recurrent selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reproduction control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contraception in animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_22"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Restriction enzymes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC codes 3 1 21 3 - 5</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reverse transcriptase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 7 7 49</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodospirillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodospirillum rubrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Root nodules</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizosaccharomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semipermeable membranes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solvolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic embryos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Total somatic hybridization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24888"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic hybrids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cybrids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cytoplasmic hybrids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic mutation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clonal variation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic variation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spiramycin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporotrichum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptomyces griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terpenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Limonin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Terpenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transgenic animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transgenic plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma album</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasminogen activator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urokinase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 21 31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Variants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinasse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitrification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Physiological malformation of plants due to intensive micropropagation in vitro</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitroplants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro plantlets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste incineration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yarrowia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomycopsis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yarrowia lipolytica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Novel products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transfection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological preservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Preservation of tissues, organs or organisms in such conditions that biological processes are maintained or can be reactivated</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botanical pesticides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corticoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corticosteroids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitochondrial genetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mitochondrial inheritance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resource substitution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic vaccines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Recombinant vaccines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inorganic fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inorganic amendments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3453"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corrective dressings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fertilizer technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnesium fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed drilling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphur fertilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfur fertilizers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Treatment date</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Application date</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perception</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal nutrition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Science of feeds and their nutrients, their relation to animal health and disease; for providing feeds to animals use Animal feeding (429)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gametogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human nutrition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For nutrition aspects only; for documents on feeding aspects use HUMAN FEEDING</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced ovulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Induced spawning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus induction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stripping of fish eggs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymph flow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymph circulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen fixing bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Root nodule bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrifying bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diazotrophs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diazotrophic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overfeeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overnutrition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperalimentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physical phenomena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24841"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Self feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skeletal development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skeletal age</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal cuticle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34294"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genitalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal sexual organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal reproductive organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genital system</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal sex organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genital tract</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gonads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal tissues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal histology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exocrine glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbaceous plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herbs (herbaceous plants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phellem</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the product use Cork (1895)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant cuticle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Thin layer of cutin or waxy material on the external surface of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant reproductive organs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant sexual organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant sex organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant strata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant storeys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant tissues</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant histology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant vegetative organs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Plant body of thallophytes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8325"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrical energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electric power</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbage crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herbage plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marine resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resource depletion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overexploitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ball planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bare root planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Naked root planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Group planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Block planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charcoal kilns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Destructive distillation of wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood carbonization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Container planting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basket planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pot planting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coppice with standard system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Felling areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting areas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deadwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extract wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8424"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Felling cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting interval</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting rotation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Felling interval</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Felling rotation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Logging cycle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest protection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protection of forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest pathology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest dieback</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35703"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest stands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Community of trees or bamboos possessing sufficient uniformity as regards to composition, constitution, age or condition to be distinguishable from adjacent communities</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Even aged stands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest products industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Principal felling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harvest cutting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Improved wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compressed wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Wood that has been treated to increase its properties or characteristics</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intercellular canals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resin canals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resin ducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gum ducts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Long length logging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virgin forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Native forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Primary forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indigenous forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Forests virtually uninfluenced by human activity</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural pruning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Self pruning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papermaking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primary conversion of wood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">First stage of transformation of timber into any kind of product, including topping, trimming, barking, cross cutting and initial sawing up, hewing or cleaving of a felled tree</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Forests managed primarily for the direct, material products of their growth, partic. timber and fuelwood</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protected forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reserved forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protection forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shelterwood ban forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Forests managed primarily for their beneficial influence on the environment</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semichemical pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dissolving pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest reserves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reserve stands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riparian vegetation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrub</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerophyllous scrub</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Semidesert scrub</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cactus scrub</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaparral</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Garrigue</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maquis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Inferior vegetation of small or stunted trees and/or shrubs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Second growth forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shortwood logging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hauling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skidding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yarding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transporting felled trees, tree lengths, or logs by traction, by skidding or on a vehicle</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slash disposal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3059"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slash</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stacking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stemwood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structural timber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wooden beams</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Construction timber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Timber suitable for framing and load bearing structures essentially by virtue of its strength</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanning agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tanstuffs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tanning extracts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Product used for tanning; for the chemical compounds use Tannins (7606)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terraces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bench terraces</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree classes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crown classes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stem classes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dominated trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Filler trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree length logging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whole stem logging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tree surgery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uneven aged stands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Irregular stands</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whole tree logging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood defects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood anomalies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Warping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood conditioning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber seasoning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood seasoning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wood drying</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Adjustment of the moisture content of timber to the purposes for which it is to be used</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xerophytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Desert plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2392"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Broadleaved trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1100"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyvinyl acetate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aconitic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrylamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processing aids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Used during processing, but afterwards removed from the product</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Release agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acylation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amyl alcohol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processed foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asbestos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neutron activation analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ESR spectroscopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electron spin resonance spectroscop</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Electron paramagnetic spectroscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epr spectrometry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Electron spin resonance spectroscopy</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Differential thermal analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Star anise</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illicium anisatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illicium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autoclaves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyric acid bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malolactic bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzopyrene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butylated hydroxyanisole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bht</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Butylated hydroxytoluene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biodegradability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa butter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonated beverages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stoppers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sausage casings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulgur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Browning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymic browning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymatic browning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butylhydroquinone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrometers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calorimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsaicin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sensors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Captors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Detectors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thematic mapper</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caramel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Heated sugar</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wineries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalcones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold chain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cold temperature maintenance of perishable products from manufacture to utilization</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boilers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitosan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinyl chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ion exchange chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gas liquid chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gel chromatography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gel filtration chromatography</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrinin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air classification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palm hearts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Complexing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Complexometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bitter principles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28449"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbonyl compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flavour compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aroma compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conching</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1582"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aseptic packaging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gas packaging</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled atmosphere packaging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conductimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canneries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants, animals, products; for the environment use Pollution (6077)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological contamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbiological contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biofilms (microbial contaminants)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mold contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microbial contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical contamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign bodies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Physical contamination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foreign materials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive contamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Process control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coprecipitates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freeze concentration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultured cream</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigerants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cryogenics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freezants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1854"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryoscopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylinders</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochalasins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decaffeination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radioactive decontamination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Off flavours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boar taint</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Degreening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dihydrochalcones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dilatometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vending machines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dulcin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elastomers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flexible packs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat emulsions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encapsulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzymolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrosine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esterification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interesterification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethoxyquin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Santoquin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pressure extraction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solvent extraction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tinplate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citric fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citric acid fermentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kojic fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Closures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bottle capping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sealing (packaging)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of containers</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filth test</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee beans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rendering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winterization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In oil refining</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquid smoke</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dietary fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food fibres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Non digestible carbohydrate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gallates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Duodecyl gallate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Octyl gallate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Propyl gallate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gum tragacanth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogenated fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrogenated oils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unsaturated fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyunsaturated fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refined fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saturated fats</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hygroscopicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water retention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Packaging industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasta industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigeration industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fermentation industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flammability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inhibition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of chemical, biochemical and metabolic reactions; for inhibitory effects of organisms use Antagonism (465)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iodophors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gamma irradiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultraviolet irradiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">X ray irradiation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brass</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lanoline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brewers' yeast</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sake yeast</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wine yeast</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limonene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupulones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycopene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumatic handling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanoidins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Membranes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micronization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microwave treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selective media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miraculin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monellin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mono and diglycerides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2553"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grape must</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solid carbon dioxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephelometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrosation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pallets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Islamic countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puff paste</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional losses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeophytins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pheophytins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photodegradation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photodecomposition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plucking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoelectric point</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polarimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyacrylamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyvinyl chloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pvc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyethylene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphosphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polystyrene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyurethane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pumping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soup mixes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potentiometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aroma precursors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flavour precursors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decolorization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decoloration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to technical processes; for undesired change of colour use Discoloration (26771)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intermediate moisture foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irradiated foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reconstituted foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propanol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Propyl alcohol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Whey protein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiolysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiosensitivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_99"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rancidity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4365"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portion packs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aroma recovery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reflectance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saponification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soaps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24099"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foam mat drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roller drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semipreserved foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shortening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silicates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solutions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flame photometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">X ray spectroscopy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atomic absorption spectrometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infrared spectrophotometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Near infrared spectroscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">NIR spectroscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Near infrared spectrophotometry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultraviolet spectrophotometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterigmatocystin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat sterilizing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uperization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autoclaving</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28600"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sublimation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheese substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malt substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adjuncts in brewery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical synthesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In living organisms use Biosynthesis (928) </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tartrazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tempering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenderness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Texture meters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Instrons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maturographs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tenderometers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluidized bed processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluidized bed process</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluidized bed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28297"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uht treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ultra high temperature treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mass transfer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbidimetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish factories</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat processing plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanillin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylvanillin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">White wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rose wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Red wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timberyards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial timber worksites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Logyards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Woodyards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Timber storage sites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Log yards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Site equipped for primary processing, storage or loading of timber</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7775"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Absentee landowners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adjustment of production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural adjustment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aesthetic value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Esthetic value</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Age groups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elderly</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Old age</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aged</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Older people</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aged population</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Senior citizens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Age structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Age distribution</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Age pattern</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Age composition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Age pyramide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aggregate data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25403"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural and rural legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural and rural law</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural law</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrarian law</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural censuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural situation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Status of the agricultural sector of a country or region at a specific time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agroclimatic zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agroclimatic regions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_914"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agroindustrial complexes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agroindustrial associations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agroindustrial combinats</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Integration of agricultural production, processing and marketing under a single comprehensive management</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Building industry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital allocation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital formation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capital market</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Financial market</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stock exchange</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stock market</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cartels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Civil law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Classical economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Combines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial credit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commercial law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commodity agreements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Communication technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Process of sharing information involving coding, transmission, decoding, use of and reactions to a message</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Compensatory amounts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Compensatory payments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Consumer surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Credit policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Credit control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethnic behaviour</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural values</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Currencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delinquent behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corruption</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crime</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fraud</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vandalism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diffusion of research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of research results</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disease surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epidemiological surveys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic consumption</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic markets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2358"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity of goods and services produced by a country in a given period of time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6957"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dumping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Selling of goods at below market price</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dynamic models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic recovery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic situation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic aspects</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic consequences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic implications</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Status of the economy of a country or a region at a specific time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic theories</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Keynesian economics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Development theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic laws</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic schools</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equilibrium theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Growth theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Location theories</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multipliers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rent theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Value theory</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic doctrines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic trends</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Educational grants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scholarship</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Educational reforms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Employee attitude</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estimated costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exchange rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Export restrictions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export credits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28650"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Export guarantees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To be used only for trade insurance and not for insurance of goods</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28684"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export refunds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Export restitutions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Export subsidies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7484"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">External debt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Factory workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial workers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Family budget</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Household budget</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm numbers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Number of farms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Number of farms in a particular region or country</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm results</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm comparisons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm indebtedness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Farm censuses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28754"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gross agricultural product</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Attitudes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imperfect competition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Unfair competition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Import levies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3836"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International law</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International loans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Investment guarantees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Investment insurance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Investment policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Investment promotion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Investment requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labelling controls</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour allocation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour contracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wage agreements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour market</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28679"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Manpower needs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Labour shortage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2171"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land diversion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Set aside of land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melioration of land</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3455"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4173"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land ownership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landholding systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Large enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Large farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legal liability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Legal responsibility</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12106"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legal rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroeconomic analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macroeconomics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marginal costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marginal farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Farms for which profit is barely above costs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marginal utility</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market prices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market regulations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4619"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market segmentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4625"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medium size farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microeconomic analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microeconomics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple land use</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">National budgets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public budget</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nationalized enterprises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">State enterprises</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Operating costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opportunity costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organization of research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33538"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pastoral society</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peasant workers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Peasants with part time off farm jobs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perfect competition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollution by agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population censuses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price stabilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Price support</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private debt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private investment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private loans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production quota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public debt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28688"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public health legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public investment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public loans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Government research</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public works</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1648"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6353"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quality of life</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Repayment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Debt servicing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Repayment of debts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amortization of debt</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Safety at work</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Occupational safety</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Savings functions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shortages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social values</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sociologists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural sociologists</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stocks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Accumulation of commodities</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supermarkets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypermarkets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenant's rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4240"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terms of trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Time series analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Total costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traditional technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Training centres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transit trade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entrepot trade</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unit costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Usufruct</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Value systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24838"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Voluntary agencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Voluntary services</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vocational education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Working population</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecological agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Permaculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative production systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Agricultural systems aiming to limit the environmental pollution by controlling the utilisation of agrochemicals while insuring a profitable and efficient level of production</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic depression</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic recession</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agroindustry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agro-industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural industry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Integration of agricultural production, processing and marketing under a single comprehensive management</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">IDRC</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">International Development Research Centre</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linear programming</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5372"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Livestock insurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minority groups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Minorities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zootechny</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aquaculture techniques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aromatic hydrocarbons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Styrene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annuals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Annual plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Annual plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnivory</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carnivorous animals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29396"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish fillets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish conversion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish handling</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish unloading</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish filleting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucose syrups</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Starch hydrolysate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Free time</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leisure (free time)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use for the material; for chemical elements use Metallic elements (4774)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_295"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical precipitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ricinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taste (sensation)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssobenthic environment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssobenthic zone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acariasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_57"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated plant production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processed animal products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Useful animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polychaeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_447"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligochaeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earth worms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Earthworms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antibiotic properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equatorial Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical Atlantic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa (plantains)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Musa corniculata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Musa species producing plantains</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musa (bananas)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Musa species producing bananas</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood physiology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemostasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hemostasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrian camels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fast food</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Street foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Take out foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carry out foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collective ownership</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5466"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Development indicators</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">East Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southwestern Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portuguese speaking Africa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Europe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulf states</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arab Gulf states</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heard and McDonald Islands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla (Island)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Yemen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yemen Arab Republic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To be used for documents published or dealing with the situation in the region before May 1990</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies guatemalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aglaonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7580"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcoholism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_20"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aloysia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aloysia triphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lemon verbena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lippia citriodora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocephalus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astyanax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astyanax fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29206"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coconut milk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Milky extract obtained by pressing; for the aqueous liquid within the cavity of the nut use Coconut water (34238)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defatting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolomite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuroidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oversowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overplanting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overseeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Winter overseeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intersowing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Interseeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Sowing in a crop already established; for sowing excess quantity of seed use Sowing rates (6944)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parkinsonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus montezumae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postmortem changes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rigor mortis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saturated fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1281"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomatopoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhoid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unsaturated fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acute course</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acute disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of diseases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chronic course</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chronic diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of diseases</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Body conformation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anatomic conformation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Undersowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crops sown with a nurse crop</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyunsaturated fatty acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyenoic fatty acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organic food products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farm managers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest decline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wool production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perinatal period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postnatal period</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postpartum period</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Periparturient period</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prenatal period</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Period starting a few weeks before birth, during birth and after birth</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Predator prey relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tineidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testudinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chelonia (testudinata)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-72</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6511"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copra meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvesting date</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Experimental design</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Experimental device</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maize oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corn (oil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adenylate cyclase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenyl cyclase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adenylyl cyclase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 6 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpha amylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpha galactosidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melibiase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 22</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpha glucosidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maltase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 20</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amine oxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monoamine oxidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 4 3 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aminopeptidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 11 11</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta amylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta glucosidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cellobiase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 21</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxylesterase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catechol oxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phenolase (iupac 1 10 3 1)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphenol oxidase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 10 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chymotrypsin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 21 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deoxyribonuclease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DNase (iupac 3 1 21 1)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 21 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dextranase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 11</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferroxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceruloplasmin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iron reductase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 16 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 49</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glutamic dehydrogenase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 4 1 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutathione peroxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 11 1 9</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrog</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; IUPAC code 1 2 1 12</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexokinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 7 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isocitrate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 41 - 42</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isocitrate lyase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 1 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laccase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 10 3 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipoprotein lipase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 1 34</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malic dehydrogenase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 37</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrate reductase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 7 99 4</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrite reductase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 7 99 3</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenylalanine ammonia lyase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrosine ammonia lyase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 3 1 5</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphodiesterase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 4 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 1 1 31</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 43</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 4 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Creatine kinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 7 3 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygalacturonase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 15</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein kinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 7 1 37</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyruvate carboxylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 6 4 1 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyruvate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 2 2 2; 1 2 4 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyruvate kinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 2 7 1 40</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Succinate dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fumarate reductase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Succinic dehydrogenase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 3 99 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthine dehydrogenase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 204</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthine oxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 3 22</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric circulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric depressions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climatological data</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climate data</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climate observations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Continentality</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold season</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mediterranean zone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any climatic zone characterized by a Mediterranean climate</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological data</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological observations (data)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric conditions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological elements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Conditions of temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. of the atmosphere in a given place and at a given time</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1681"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29546"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Subhumid climate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Warm season</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hot season</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weather hazards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Climatic hazards</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7436"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Passive immunity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Passive immunization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adoptive immunity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mast cells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Tissue cells bearing basophilic granules similar to but smaller than those of blood basophil leukocytes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delayed hypersensitivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cell mediated hypersensitivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tuberculin reaction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drug allergies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drug hypersensitivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immediate hypersensitivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immune complex diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunodiffusion tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gel diffusion tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gel precipitation tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunodeficiency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immune deficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunological deficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunological factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immune complexes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antigen antibody complexes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunostimulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunopotentiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunotherapy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial immunomodulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoprophylaxis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemiluminescence immunoassays</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skin tests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intradermal tests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonspecific immunostimulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonspecific immunopotentiation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Nonantigen specific immunostimulation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29625"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catch crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Minor crops planted after a major one or between major crops in the same growing year in order to use remaining moisture</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water levels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of lakes, rivers, reservoirs, etc,; for groundwater level use Groundwater table (16075); for variations in sea level use Tides (7764)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">High water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freshets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Floods (rising water)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Low water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aromatized wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vermouth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fortified wines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Port wine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sherry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymyxin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloroform</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethyl ether</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International inland waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caspian Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Great Lakes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Albert</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Chad</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1229"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Constance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Edward</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Erie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Geneva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Leman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Huron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Kariba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Kivu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6717"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Lugano</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Maggiore</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Michigan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Mweru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Nyasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Malawi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neusiedler Lake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Ontario</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Turkana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Rudolf</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Scutari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake St Clair</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Superior</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29700"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Tanganyika</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Titicaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake Victoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amazon river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blue Nile river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2676"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danube river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elbe river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphrates river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7576"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ganges river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_810"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jordan river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4053"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mekong river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1155"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7701"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meuse river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mosel river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muonio river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niagara river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nile river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niger river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oder river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parana river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhine river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhone river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">St Lawrence River</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saint Lawrence River</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senegal river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tigris river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uruguay river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yukon river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congo river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zambezi river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobi desert</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalahari desert</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sahara desert</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Libyan Desert</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4540"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thar desert</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural practices</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic growth rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic structure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Relative importance of the various sectors</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28674"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emergency relief</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processing quality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Processing ability</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Essential amino acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7737"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6257"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5777"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4787"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_606"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feeding preferences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food preferences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diet preferences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food choice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed preferences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food beliefs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extrabuccal feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nasal feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drip feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tube feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Financial policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Financing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4409"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4907"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish cages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish pens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fishery data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fisheries data</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catch effort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Catch rate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing power</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fishing times</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to fishery operations data</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24027"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic correlation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic covariance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphytis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphytis melinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphytis yanonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hainan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andrena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis cerana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis dorsata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis florea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera adansonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera carnica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera mellifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera scutellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bumblebees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bumble bees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasioglossum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megachile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Argyropile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysosarus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eurymella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xeromegachile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megachile rotundata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Megachile pacifica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmia lignaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylocopa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bethylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goniozus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Braconidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidiidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosteres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosteres longicaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diachasmimorpha longicaudata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bracon brevicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bracon hebetor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bracon mellitor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiphlebus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiphlebus testaceipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocentrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microctonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microctonus aethiopoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microplitis (microgaster)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opius concolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peristenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Praon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trioxys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trioxys indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceraphronidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalcididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachymeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachymeria intermedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachymeria lasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charipidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynipidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryocosmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryocosmus kuriphilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diapriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diprionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diprion pini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diprion similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilpinia hercyniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neodiprion lecontei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neodiprion sertifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encyrtidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copidosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metaphycus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ooencyrtus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucoilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptopilina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eulophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysocharis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edovum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edovum puttleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediobius foveolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupelmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurytomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchophagus roddi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evaniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acromyrmex octospinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atta cephalotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atta sexdens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azteca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camponotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crematogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formica polyctena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formica rufa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monomorium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oecophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pheidole megacephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenopsis geminata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenopsis invicta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red imported fire ant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenopsis richteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetramorium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibaliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichneumonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyplectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyplectes anurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyplectes curculionis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campoletis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campoletis sonorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diadegma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diadromus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glypta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyposoter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyposoter exiguae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimpla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venturia (hymenoptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venturia canescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucospidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megaspilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anagrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaphes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pamphiliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perilampidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygasteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pompilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteromalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscidifurax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscidifurax raptor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasonia vitripennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteromalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spalangia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spalangia endius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scelionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Signiphoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siricidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphecidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenthredinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sawflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pikonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pikonema alaskensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiphora erichsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torymidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torymus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogrammatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma chilonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma dendrolimi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma evanescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma maidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma minutum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma nubilale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma pretiosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogrammatoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichovespula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polistes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespa orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespula germanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespula maculifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespula pensylvanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphydriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Socioeconomic development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northern Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Indian Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indo Pacific Ocean</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production increase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic intensification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labour costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processed plant products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anobiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasioderma serricorne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cigarette beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthribidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylas formicarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Attelabidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bostrichidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bostrychidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prostephanus truncatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6237"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_54"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchidius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchus pisorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchus rufimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callosobruchus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callosobruchus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zabrotes subfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buprestidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Byturidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bembidion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterostichus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trechus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerambycidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylotrupes bajulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monochamus alternatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saperda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semanotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysomelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acalymma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Altica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulacophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerotoma trifurcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica balteata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica barberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica longicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica speciosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica undecimpunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diabrotica virgifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptinotarsa decemlineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colorado beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Longitarsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oulema melanopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oulema oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllotreta cruciferae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllotreta striolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psylliodes chrysocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrhalta luteola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthogaleruca luteola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thanasimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thanasimus dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccinellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lady bugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adalia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adalia bipunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30046"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilocorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccinella septempunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptolaemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptolaemus montrouzieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epilachna varivestis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mexican bean beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epilachna vigintioctopunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harmonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harmonia axyridis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippodamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippodamia convergens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menochilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menochilus sexmaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilomenes sexmaculata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptophagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atomaria linearis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucujidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curculionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weevils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthonomus grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalcodermus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalcodermus aeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conotrachelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conotrachelus nenuphar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmopolites sordidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curculio caryae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrocopturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrocopturus adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaprepes abbreviatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinocnemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypera meles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypera postica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metamasius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naupactus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neochetina eichhorniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otiorrhynchus sulcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachnaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachnaeus litus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantomorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pissodes strobi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Premnotrypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinocyllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinocyllus conicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitona hispidulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitona humeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitona lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smicronyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smicronyx fulvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphenophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphenophorus callosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphenophorus parvulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichosirocalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichosirocalus horridus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermestidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthrenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Attagenus megatoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermestes maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trogoderma glabrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trogoderma granarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Khapra beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dytiscidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limonius californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geotrupidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histeridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagria villosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyctidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyctus brunneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymexylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycetophagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitidulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpophilus hemipterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meligethes aeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platypodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bark beetles (platypodidae)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platypus (insect)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophagus (insecta)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophagus grandis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarabaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cockchafers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">June bugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomala cuprea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costelytra zealandica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteronychus arator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melolontha melolontha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onthophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onthophagus gazella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophaga anxia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conophthorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus frontalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus micans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus ponderosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus pseudotsugae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus rufipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendroctonus terebrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathotrichus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylurgopinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylurgopinus rufipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips acuminatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips avulsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips calligraphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips cembrae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips grandicollis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips paraconfusus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips pini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips sexdentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ips typographus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phloeosinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolytus multistriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolytus scolytus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolytus ventralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomicus piniperda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blastophagus piniperda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylosandrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylosandrus germanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silphidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silvanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzaephilus mercator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzaephilus surinamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sawtoothed grain beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphylinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleochara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30167"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleochara bilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paederus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philonthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenebrionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alphitobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alphitobius diaperinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenebrio molitor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tribolium castaneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tribolium confusum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trogossitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estigmene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphantria cunea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombycidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carposinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carposina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carposina niponensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choreutidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleophora laricella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmopterigidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cossidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionoxystus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionoxystus robiniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeuzera pyrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leopard moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioptidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelechiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarsia lineatella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_391"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biloba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keiferia lycopersicella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinophora gossypiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Platyedra gossypiella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phthorimaea operculella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gnorimoschema operculella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrobipalpula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrobipalpula absoluta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitotroga cerealella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Angoumois grain moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alsophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bupalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bupalus piniarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Operophtera brumata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphipterigidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracillariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonorycter blancardella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonorycter ringoniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepialidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wiseana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hesperiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymelicus lineola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hieroxestidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opogona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opogona sacchari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyblaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incurvariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasiocampidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrolimus spectabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacosoma americanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacosoma disstria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacosoma neustria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limacodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymantriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euproctis chrysorrhoea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymantria dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gypsy moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymantria monacha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orgyia pseudotsugata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyonetiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bucculatrix thurberiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucoptera scitella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perileucoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perileucoptera coffeella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metarbelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropterygidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zeugloptera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepticulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrotis fucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrotis ipsilon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrotis segetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anticarsia gemmatalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autographa californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autographa gamma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diparopsis castanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earias insulana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earias vittella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euxoa messoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euxoa ochrogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicoverpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicoverpa armigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heliothis armigera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicoverpa zea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heliothis zea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliothis subflexa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliothis virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mamestra brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mamestra configurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mocis latipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4880"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mythimna separata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leucania separata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaletia separata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mythimna unipuncta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaletia unipuncta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noctua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthosia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panolis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panolis flammea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peridroma saucia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rachiplusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamia cretica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamia inferens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamia nonagrioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera eridania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera exempta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera exigua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera littoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodoptera litura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoplusia ni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plusia ni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xestia c nigrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nymphalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynthia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danaus plexippus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Milkweed butterflies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oecophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilio polyxenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilio xuthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllocnistidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllocnistis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllocnistis citrella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pieridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pieris brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pieris rapae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyptilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyralidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrobasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrobasis nuxvorella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amyelois</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amyelois transitella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilo infuscatellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnaphalocrocis medinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corcyra cephalonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34437"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphania nitidalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diatraea grandiosella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diatraea saccharalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichocrocis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioryctria amatella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasmopalpus lignosellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eldana saccharina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eoreuma loftini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephestia elutella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephestia kuehniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anagasta kuehniella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etiella zinckenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galleria mellonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_223"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedylepta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hellula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32153"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hellula undalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsipyla grandella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamprosema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucinodes orbonalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxostege sticticalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrausta sticticalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4455"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plodia interpunctella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian meal moth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirpophaga incertulas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saturniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraea pernyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraea polyphemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemileuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemileuca oliviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyalophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyalophora cecropia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philosamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranthrene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sciapteron</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podosesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanthedon exitiosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanthedon myopaeformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanthedon pictipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanthedon tipuliformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyridopteryx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphingidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erinnyis ello</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manduca sexta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphinx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumetopoeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adoxophyes orana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_133"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrotaenia velutinana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactra verutana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choristoneura fumiferana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern spruce budworm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choristoneura occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western spruce budworm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choristoneura pinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choristoneura rosaceana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnephasia pumicana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptophlebia leucotreta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydia molesta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grapholitha molesta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laspeyresia molesta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grapholita molesta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydia nigricana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laspeyresia nigricana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydia pomonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laspeyresia pomonella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epichoristodes acerbella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinotia aporema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epiphyas postvittana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupoecilia ambiguella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clysia ambiguella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobesia botrana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polychrosis botrana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandemis heparana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrova</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platynota idaeusalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyacionia buoliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyacionia frustrana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparganothis pilleriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tortrix viridana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeiraphera diniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epinotia diniana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyloryctidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yponomeutidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyponomeutidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrolepiopsis assectella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acrolepia assectella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plutella xylostella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plutella maculipennis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeolothripidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thripidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frankliniella fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frankliniella occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirtothrips citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirtothrips dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thrips palmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thrips tabaci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratophyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hystrichopsyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischnopsyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptopsyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulicidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenocephalides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenocephalides canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenocephalides felis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilopsyllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilopsyllus cuniculi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopsylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopsylla cheopis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blaberidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blaberus craniifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blaberus discoidalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diploptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diploptera punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blattellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30419"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blattella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blattella germanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supella longipalpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30419"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blattidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blatta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blatta orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyhaloidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nauphoeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nauphoeta cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agromyza frontella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriomyza bryoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriomyza huidobrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriomyza sativae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liriomyza trifolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiomyia phaseoli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthomyiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delia antiqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya antiqua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phorbia antiqua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delia coarctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya coarctata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phorbia coarctata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delia floralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erioischia floralis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya floralis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phorbia floralis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delia platura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya cilicrura</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya platura</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delia radicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Erioischia brassicae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phorbia brassicae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Delia brassicae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hylemya brassicae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pegomya betae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bibionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plecia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombyliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Braulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Braula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliphora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliphora vicina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calliphora erythrocephala</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysomya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliomyia hominivorax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucilia cuprina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucilia sericata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phormia regina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidoletes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidoletes aphidimyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contarinia sorghicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contarinia tritici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasineura brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mayetiola destructor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hessian flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophaga destructor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orseolia oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pachydiplosis oryzae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachydiplosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitodiplosis mosellana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoconops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaemyiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaoboridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaoborus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chironomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Midges</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chironomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chironomus riparius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chironomus thummi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30472"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camptochironomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camptochironomus tentans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chironomus tentans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanytarsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30471"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloropidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippelates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oscinella frit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Frit flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oscinis frit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes aegypti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes albopictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes atropalpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes canadensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes cantator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes hendersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes melanimon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes nigromaculis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes polynesiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes pseudoscutellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes scutellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes sierrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes sollicitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes taeniorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes tarsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes togoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes triseriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes trivittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aedes vexans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles albimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles arabiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles crucians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles culicifacies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles farauti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles freeborni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles gambiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles quadrimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anopheles stephensi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coquillettidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coquillettidia perturbans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex annulirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex nigripalpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex peus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex pipiens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex quinquefasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex restuans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex salinarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex tarsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culex tritaeniorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culiseta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culiseta incidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culiseta inornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culiseta melanura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mansonia (diptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psorophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psorophora columbiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxorhynchites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxorhynchites amboinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxorhynchites brevipalpis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxorhynchites rutilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxorhynchites splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uranotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wyeomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wyeomyia smithii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wyeomyia vanduzeei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuterebridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatobia hominis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophila melanogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophila pseudoobscura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophila simulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophila subobscura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drosophila virilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryomyzidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephydridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrellia griseola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrellia philippina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fanniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fannia canicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterophilus intestinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossina austeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossina morsitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossina pallidipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossina palpalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossina tachinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melophagus ovinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep ked</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lonchaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherigona soccata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematobia irritans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horn flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lyperosia irritans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrotaea irritans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musca autumnalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musca domestica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">House flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomoxys calcitrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stable flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoderma bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoderma lineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus ovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opomyzidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euxesta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megaselia halterata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piophilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platystomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psila rosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutzomyia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutzomyia longipalpis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlebotomus papatasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcophaga bullata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neobellieria bullata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boettcherisca</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neobellieria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bercaea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Liopygia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parasarcophaga</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcophaga peregrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boettcherisca peregrina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scathophagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycoriella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycoriella mali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciomyzidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosimulium mixtum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulium damnosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulium venustum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simulium vittatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeroceridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stratiomyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syrphidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syrphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hybomitra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tabanus nigrovittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tachinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucelatoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lixophaga diatraeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anastrepha fraterculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anastrepha ludens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratitis capitata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurosta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhagoletis cerasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhagoletis completa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhagoletis indifferens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhagoletis pomonella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tephritis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxotrypana curvicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tipulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tipula paludosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forficulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labiduridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labidura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labidura riparia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hodotermitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalotermitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinotermitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Termitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Termopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coptotermes formosanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reticulitermes flavipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasutitermes exitiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zootermopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocoris nemorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orius insidiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orius tristicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylocoris flavipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aradidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30646"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aradus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berytidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cimicidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cimex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coreidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cletus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cletus punctiger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocorisa oratorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riptortus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riptortus clavatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blissus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blissus insularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blissus leucopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geocoris punctipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nysius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncopeltus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncopeltus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adelphocoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adelphocoris lineolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtorhinus lividipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygus disponsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygus hesperus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygus lineolaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lygus rugulipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nabidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nabis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notonectidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notonecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentatomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrosternum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrosternum hilare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorochroa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurygaster integriceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euschistus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezara viridula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oebalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oebalus pugnax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piezodorus guildinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plautia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plautia stali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podisus maculiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piesmatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrhocoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysdercus cingulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysdercus koenigii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrhocoris apterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reduviidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodnius prolixus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triatoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triatoma infestans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tingidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercopoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphrophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philaenus spumarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeneolamia varia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_152"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deois</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deois flavopicta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mahanarva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicadelloidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amrasca biguttula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amrasca devastans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circulifer tenellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalbulus maidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empoasca fabae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empoasca kraemeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graminella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graminella nigrifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Graphocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephotettix cincticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephotettix nigropictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephotettix virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recilia dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphytopius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Membracidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spissistilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spissistilus festinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicadoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cicadidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magicicada septendecim</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulgoroidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant hoppers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cixiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sogatella furcifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrilla perpusilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tettigometridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropiduchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleyrodoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurocanthus woglumi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurodicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bemisia tabaci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trialeurodes vaporariorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aphids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Callaphididae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaitophoridae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphorophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis craccivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis fabae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis gossypii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis nasturtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis nerii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulacorthum solani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycaudus helichrysi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycaudus persicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevicoryne brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetosiphon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diuraphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diuraphis noxia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepanosiphum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysaphis plantaginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipaphis erysimi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosiphum euphorbiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosiphum rosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megoura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megoura viciae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metopolophium dirhodum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monellia caryella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monellia nigropunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monelliopsis pecanis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phorodon humuli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalosiphum maidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopalosiphum padi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizaphis graminum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoptera graminum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Greenbugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sipha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitobion avenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosiphum avenae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Therioaphis trifolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoptera aurantii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoptera citricidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uroleucon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mindaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriosoma lanigerum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pemphigus bursarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viteus vitifoliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phylloxera vastatrix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phylloxera vitifoliae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelaxidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aclerdidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asterolecaniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceroplastes floridensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccus hesperidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saissetia coffeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saissetia oleae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaspididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aonidiella aurantii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidiotus nerii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysomphalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidosaphes beckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidosaphes ulmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaulacaspis pentagona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quadraspidiotus perniciosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unaspis yanonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriococcidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kermesidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kermes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kerriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kerria (insect)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margarodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icerya purchasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matsucoccus feytaudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudococcidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mealybugs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacoccus manihoti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planococcus citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudococcus comstocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psylloidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psyllids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphalaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphyllura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triozidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mallada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniopterygidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemerobiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemerobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micromus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopinus suis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linognathus vituli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyplax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7492"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovicola bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zulia (insect)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anostraca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1058"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia magna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Straus 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10285"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia pulex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leyding 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10285"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gammarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gammarus pulex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus semisulcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Haan 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus setiferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus stylirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus vannamei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boone 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5668"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armadillidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcellio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mysidacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allolobophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eisenia (lumbricidae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eisenia foetida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eisenia fetida</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbricus rubellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbricus terrestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubificidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubifex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opiliones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoscorpiones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solifugae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clubionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linyphiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Micryphantidae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxoscelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxosceles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxosceles reclusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycosa pseudoannulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30885"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyopes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragnathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragnatha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theridiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latrodectus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latrodectus mactans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermanyssidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermanyssus gallinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laelapidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raillietia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropilaelaps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropilaelaps clareae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrochelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macronyssidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithonyssus sylviarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euseius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37348"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metaseiulus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlodromus occidentalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoseiulus persimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinonyssidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varroidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarus siro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_58"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoglyphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoglyphus echinopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoglyphus robini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrophagus putrescentiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycyphagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoroptidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chorioptes bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otodectes cynotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoroptes cuniculi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psoroptes ovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyroglyphidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophagoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophagoides farinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptes scabiei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptes suis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoptes canis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarapidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_55"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarapis woodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_55"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheyletidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheyletiellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demodicidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demodex canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aculops lycopersici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vasates destructor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calepitrimerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calepitrimerus vitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidophyopsis ribis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eriophyes ribis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoptus ribis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cecidophyes ribis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myobiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nalepellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psorergatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyemotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyemotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevipalpus phoenicis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranychus turkestani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trombiculidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chigger mites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptotrombidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argas arboreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithodoros coriaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithodoros moubata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyomma americanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyomma cajennense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyomma hebraeum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyomma maculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermacentor albipictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermacentor andersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermacentor variabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemaphysalis longicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemaphysalis punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyalomma anatolicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyalomma dromedarii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixodes holocyclus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixodes ricinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhipicephalus appendiculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhipicephalus evertsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhipicephalus sanguineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acuariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allantonematidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Howardula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amidostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancylostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancylostoma caninum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiostrongylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aelurostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aelurostrongylus abstrusus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiostrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parastrongylus cantonensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiostrongylus vasorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguillicolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguina tritici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditylenchus destructor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditylenchus dipsaci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisakidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisakis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchus avenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchoididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchoides besseyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchoides fragariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhadinaphelenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascarididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascaris lumbricoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascaris suum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascaris equorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxascaris leonina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxocara canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascaridiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascaridia galli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonolaimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonolaimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31009"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonolaimus longicaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chabertiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Criconematidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Criconemella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Criconemoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicycliophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroposthonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyocaulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyocaulus arnfieldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyocaulus filaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyocaulus viviparus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioctophymatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichodoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchorhynchus dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bitylenchus dubius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dracunculidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dracunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parafilaria bovicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filaroididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filaroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Habronematidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heligmonellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heligmosomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heligmosomoides polygyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterakidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterakis gallinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroderidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globodera pallida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globodera rostochiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera rostochiensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globodera solanacearum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera avenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera carotae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera cruciferae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera glycines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean cyst nematode</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera goettingiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera schachtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodera trifolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterorhabditidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterorhabditis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterorhabditis heliothidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicotylenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicotylenchus dihystera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicotylenchus multicinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolaimus columbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basirolaimus columbus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolaimus galeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolaimus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basirolaimus indicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotylenchulus reniformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rotylenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Longidoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Longidorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Longidorus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphinema americanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphinema diversicaudatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphinema index</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogynidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne arenaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne chitwoodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne exigua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne graminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne hapla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne incognita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne javanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meloidogyne naasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mermithidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Romanomermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Romanomermis culicivorax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metastrongylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metastrongylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metastrongylus apri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molineidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematodirus battus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ollulanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ollulanus tricuspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocercidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brugia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brugia malayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brugia pahangi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipetalonema reconditum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dirofilaria immitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litomosoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litomosoides carinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocerca cervicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocerca gutturosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocerca lienalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onchocerca volvulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setaria cervi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wuchereria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wuchereria bancrofti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syphacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syphacia obvelata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratylenchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratylenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirschmanniella oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nacobbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nacobbus aberrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus crenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pratylenchus scribneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protostrongylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaphostrongylus cervi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muellerius capillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabditidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabditis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caenorhabditis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caenorhabditis elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirocercidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirocerca lupi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steinernematidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steinernema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neoaplectana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steinernema feltiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongyloididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngamidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammomonogamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammomonogamus laryngeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanurus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrameridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelaziidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichinellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichinella spiralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichodoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichostrongylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperia oncophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperia punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyostrongylus rubidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mecistocirrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostertagia ostertagi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capillaria hepatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichuris suis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichuris vulpis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31151"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylenchulus semipenetrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mya arenaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5016"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5055"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus galloprovincialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5055"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1946"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea virginica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1946"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5447"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten maximus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5649"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada fucata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26621"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1797</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5307"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Todarodes pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steenstrup 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis discus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ino 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3475"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lymnaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biomphalaria glabrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptolestes ferrugineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rusty grain beetle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glischrochilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pityogenes chalcographus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Giardia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmania braziliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmania donovani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmania mexicana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmania tropica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tritrichomonas foetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomonas foetus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma gambiense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma musculi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypanosoma rhodesiense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalitozoon cuniculi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nosema algerae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nosema apis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nosema bombycis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nosema locustae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nosema pyrausta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleistophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelohania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vairimorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vairimorpha necatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gregarinida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia argentina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia bigemina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia divergens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia equi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia gibsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia major</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia microti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia ovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia rodhaini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria acervulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria adenoeides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria brunetti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria meleagrimitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria necatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria tenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eimeria zuernii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isospora suis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodium berghei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodium falciparum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodium knowlesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodium vivax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocystis cruzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocystis fusiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocystis miescheriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocystis muris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocystis tenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theileria annulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theileria mutans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theileria sergenti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theileria gondii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycetophylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasonovia ribisnigri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myzus lactucae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferrisia virgata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudococcus virgatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zulia entreriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acephate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Orthene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acifluorfen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aldicarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allethrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ametryn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aminocarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Matacil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amitraz</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tudy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mitaban</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Taktic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amitrole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aminotriazole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asulam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azinphos-ethyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sepizin l</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azinphos-methyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sepizin m</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barban</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benazolin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bendiocarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benodanil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benomyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fundazol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bentazone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basagran</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzoylprop-ethyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Suffix</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioresmethrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trans-resmethrin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brodifacoum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bromfenacoum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromadiolone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bromofos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromoxynil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buthidazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butralin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butylate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camphechlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Toxaphene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Captafol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Difolatan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Captan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbaryl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbendazim</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carbendazol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mecarzole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mbc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbetamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbophenothion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trithion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carboxin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dcmo</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cartap</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Padan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloramben</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amiben</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlordane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlordecone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlordimeform</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorfenvinphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloridazon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrazone</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophacinone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Redentin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorpyrifos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorpyrifos ethyl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorpyriphos-ethyl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorpyriphos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coumaphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coumafos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycloheximide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyhexatin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypermethrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dazomet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmedipham</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diallate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Di-allate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diazinon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichlobenil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichlofluanid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichlorprop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichlorvos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ddup</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diclofop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicofol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrotophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Difenacoum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Difenzoquat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dikegulac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dimethoate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinitramine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinocap</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinoseb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dnbp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diphenamid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diquat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deiquat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disulfoton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dcmu</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dodine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endosulfan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eptc</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethalfluralin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diethion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethofumesate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethoprophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethoprop</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prophos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenamiphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phenamiphos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenarimol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenchlorphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fenclofos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenitrothion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenoprop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">2,4,5-tp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silvex</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenpropathrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fensulfothion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenthion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fentin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenvalerate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flamprop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluchloralin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluometuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluridone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fonofos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fosamine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guazatine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hch</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bhc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benzene hexachloride</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexachlor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexachloran</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexachlorobenzene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hcb (hexachlorobenzene)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hexachlorocyclohexane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptachlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexazinone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aldrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hhdn</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imazalil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ioxynil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isofenphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoproturon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lenacil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lindane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gamma-bhc</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gamma-hch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malathion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maneb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mancozeb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mcpb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mefluidide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mepiquat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mepiquat chloride</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">1,1-dimethylpiperidinium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metalaxyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metamitron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methamidophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methidathion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methiocarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mercaptodimethur</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methomyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methoxychlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methoprene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metobromuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metolachlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metoxuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metribuzin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mevinphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mexacarbate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molinate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocrotophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monolinuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naled</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dibrom</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Napropamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neburon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitralin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrapyrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrofen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Niclofen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norflurazon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuarimol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzalin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxadiazon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxamyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxycarboxin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxydemeton methyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyfluorfen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraquat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parathion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ethyl-parathion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pendimethalin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Penoxalin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perfluidone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Permethrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenmedipham</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenothrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenthoate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phorate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosalone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosmet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphamidon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxim</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Picloram</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pirimicarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pirimiphos methyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prochloraz</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procymidone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Profenofos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prometryn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prometryne</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propachlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propanil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propham</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propoxur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propyzamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pronamide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrazophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyridate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quinalphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quintozene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pcnb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pentachloronitrobenzene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_622"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resmethrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simetryn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Simetryne</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium trichloroacetate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichloroacetic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temephos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terbacil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terbufos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terbutryn</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Terbutryne</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrachlorvinphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stirofos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiobencarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benthiocarb</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiofanox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiophanate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thiophanate-ethyl</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiophanate-methyl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_880"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiram</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thiuram</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tmtd</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triadimefon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triadimenol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triallate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triazophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichlorfon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorofos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metrifonate</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichlorphon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triclopyr</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6385"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tricyclazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridemorph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifluralin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triforine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vamidothion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vernolate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinclozolin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zineb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deuteromycotina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blastomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coelomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fungi imperfecti</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrocylindrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ampelomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguillospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aureobasidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bipolaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blastoschizomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cenococcum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalothecium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercoseptoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetopsina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circinotrichum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codinaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corynespora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cristulariella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptostroma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culicinomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrocladium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactuliophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deightoniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deuterophoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33690"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diheterospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embellisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epicoccum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidermophyton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fonsecaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinocladiella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusicoccum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilmaniella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gloeocercospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplobasidion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harposporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hendersonula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kabatina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keratinomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madurella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malassezia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microdochium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moniliopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycovellosiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomuraea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oidiopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracoccidioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periconia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periconiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoannellomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeocytostroma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoisariopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isariopsis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoramularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeotrichoconis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phymatotrichopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyspora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocercospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyriculariopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ramulispora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcinomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcinosporon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarocladium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerophoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scytalidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sirococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphacelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaceloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilocaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8190"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporothrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stachylidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylocladium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stagonospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenocarpella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stigmina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tolypocladium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torulopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichosporon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tritirachium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilaginoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylohypha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascomycotina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastigomycotina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chytridiomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphochytriomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygomycotina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zygomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agaricales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonomycetales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyllophorales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyporales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31646"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascosphaerales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pericystales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auriculariales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blastocladiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boletales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantharellales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chytridiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clavicipitales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaporthales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diatrypales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dothideales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asterinales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capnodiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetothyriales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dothiorales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hysteriales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melanommatales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myrangiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Perisporiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pleosporales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudosphaeriales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endogonales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endomycetales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomycetaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomophthorales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysiphales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurotiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plectascales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aspergillales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoascales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helotiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenogastrales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypocreales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lecanorales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycoperdales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31806"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microascales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucorales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiostomatales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronosporales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peronosporaceae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pezizales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tuberales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polystigmatales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllachorales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhytismatales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phacidiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saprolegniales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerodermatales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sordariales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetomiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coronaphorales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeriales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xylariales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taphrinales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exoascales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tremellales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tulasnellales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uredinales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uredomycetes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rust fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilaginales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smut fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletiales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Graphiolales</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amanita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calocybe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clitocybe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collybia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conocybe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cortinarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crinipellis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hebeloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kuehneromyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laccaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrolepiota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholiota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilocybe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Termitomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Athelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bjerkandera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrostereum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coltricia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31731"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grandinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirschioporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentinula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lenzites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moniliophthora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellicularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peniophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polystictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pycnoporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31730"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rigidoporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Merulius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongipellis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thanatephorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelephora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trametes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicobasidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31641"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leccinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apiognomonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptosporella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnomonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutypella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyostelium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymadothea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polythrincium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Didymosphaeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Keissleriella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptosphaerulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neotestudina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraphaeosphaeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piedraia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleosphaerulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirrhia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sydowia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acaulospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endogone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigaspora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37089"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35503"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophagus (Endogonales)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Debaryomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basidiobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blastocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochlonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystopage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyophonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Massospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neozygites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Byssochlamys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurotium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Talaromyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exobasidiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ajellomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthroderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diehliomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amorphotheca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crumenulopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplocarpon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepanopeziza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6306"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptotrochila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monilinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovulinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenopeziza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromatinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calonectria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocosmospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerostilbe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calvatia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycoperdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophotrichus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudallescheria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Backusella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cunninghamella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pilobolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizomucor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thamnidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronophythora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronosclerospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerophthora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helvella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peziza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terfezia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tirmania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnaporthe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polystigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colpoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclaneusma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naemacyclus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potebniamyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5795"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achlya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchiomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetomium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelasinospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neurospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apiospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Khuskia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tunstallia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sporobolomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomycopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31687"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Koleroga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tulasnella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysomyxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endocronartium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peridermium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melampsoridium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pucciniastrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tranzschelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entyloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molucca Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscle fibres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Myofibrils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neurosurgery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurectomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurotomy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrition labelling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6199"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiratory quotient</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">RQ</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ratio between the volume of carbon dioxide produced and the volume of oxygen used in the respiration</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waterway transport</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water transport</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7040"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forficula auricularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periplaneta americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlaeothripidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrobipalpa heliopa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gnorimoschema heliopa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chorthippus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chortoicetes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chortoicetes terminifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanoplus sanguinipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistocerca americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistocerca gregaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zonocerus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acheta domesticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_86"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryllus bimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oecanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teleogryllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teleogryllus commodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryllotalpidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapteriscus vicinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tettigoniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplocephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moniezia benedeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moniezia expansa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothriocephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Davaineidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raillietina cesticillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raillietina echinobothrida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raillietina tetragona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dilepididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipylidium caninum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diphyllobothriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenolepididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenolepis diminuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenolepis nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesocestoididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesocestoides corti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinococcus granulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinococcus multilocularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia crassiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus longicollis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia hydatigena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus tenuicollis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia multiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multiceps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multiceps multiceps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coenurus cerebralis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia ovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus ovis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia pisiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus pisiformis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia saginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus bovis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia solium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus cellulosae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenia taeniaeformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cysticercus fasciolaris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digenea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bucephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrocoeliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrocoelium dendriticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrocoelium lanceolatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platynosomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplostomum spathaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinostoma revolutum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciola hepatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciola gigantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fascioloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fascioloides magna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrothylacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterophyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nanophyetidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthorchiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragonimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragonimus kellicotti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragonimus westermani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramphistomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramphistomum cervi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiorchiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosthogonimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosoma bovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosoma haematobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosoma japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosoma mansoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistosoma mattheei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strigeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monogenea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylogyridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylogyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrodactylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asteroidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Starfishes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tentaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarsonemus pallidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Steneotarsonemus pallidus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytonemus pallidus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetates (esters)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_79"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetates (salts)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_79"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar alcohols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quinoline alkaloids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quinacrine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quinine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6411"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthine alkaloids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrates (esters)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1167"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrates (salts)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1167"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deoxyribonucleosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aldoses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucilages</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucopolysaccharides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyuronides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugar phosphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1300"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nonreducing sugars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reducing sugars</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionates (esters)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imidazoles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monoterpenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polycarbonates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polytetrafluoroethylene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyethers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic rubber</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic polymers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6097"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionates (salts)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scleroproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biogenic amines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_84"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guanidines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quaternary ammonium compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_84"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1330"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitroso compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acacia laeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrocybe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ailanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26241"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcaligenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alkaligenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alnus sinuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_297"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternanthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternanthera philoxeroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternanthera pungens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amelanchier</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amelanchier canadensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annona senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphthona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arbutus menziesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arbutus unedo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7599"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arecastrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arecastrum romanzoffianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cocos romanzoffianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Syagrus romanzoffianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argania spinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnica chamissonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnica montana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asimina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asimina triloba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pawpaw (asimina)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidistra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidistria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillariophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diatoms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Begonia hiemalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonamia ostreae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bougainvillea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bridelia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchidius atrolineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bruchidius rosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calystegia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantharus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spondyliosoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capsella bursa pastoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carica pentagona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carica pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carica candamarcensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryopteris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catananche</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cistanche</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriolus versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corylus avellana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1912"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_18248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crataegus azarolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crataegus aronia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mespilus azarolus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptocarya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptochaetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptochaetum iceryae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumis metuliferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cunninghamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cunninghamia lanceolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deschampsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dianthus caryophyllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Didymascella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Didymella applanata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Didymella bryoniae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Didymella melonis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella citrullina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycosphaerella melonis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipladenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplozoidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplozoon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dovyalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Doryalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aberia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepane</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edgeworthia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edgeworthia papyrifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeagnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elsinoe batatas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entada scandens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entada phaseoloides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidiaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus gunnii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus delegatensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus maidenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus viminalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eulophia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustoma grandiflorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eustoma russelianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lisianthus russelianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium solani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium javanicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium solani phaseoli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium solani pisi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stickleback</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geomyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geryon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantocotyle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomerella cingulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum fragariae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum coffeanum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria debilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hellula phidilealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hovenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrilla verticillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophthalmichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aristichthys</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyophonus hoferi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incurvaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lecanora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leguminivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leguminivora glycinivorella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leguminivora ptychora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cydia ptychora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucopholis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lilium longiflorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnothrissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minthostachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Muna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31727"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31796"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myriophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oebalus insularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenothera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenothera biennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyopharidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommatissus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opomyza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachynematus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabemisia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranthrene tabaniformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sciapteron tabaniforme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum distichum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum paspalodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum fasciculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum virgatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paspalum urvillei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennahia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentaprion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pergularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pergularia tomentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apocynales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periplocaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32208"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periploca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periploca graeca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phanerochaete</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlebia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlomis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllaphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytometra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polianthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus pumila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus tomentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prunus calleryana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudodactylogyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudolithus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyroderces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sathrobrota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus pyrifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus serotina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus ussuriensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus coccifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus rotundifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus castaneifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rodolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32237"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rodolia cardinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella typhimurium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus alpinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6766"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutellonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutellonema brachyurum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutellonema bradys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shepherdia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinapis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum aethiopicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum nigrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24806"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swinglea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swinglea glutinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teladorsagia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilletiopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tithonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tithonia diversifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tithonia rotundifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium alpestre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trifolium somalense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vernonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vicia narbonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitex negundo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arthrobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Datura fastuosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Datura innoxia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commelina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryphonectria parasitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endothia parasitica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24625"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium perfringens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beauveria bassiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verticillium lecanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrotylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aiolopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectra vogelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argemone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32313"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argemone mexicana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Claviceps fusiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffea arabusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus dalrympleana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus macarthurii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus melliodora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus nitens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus ovata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus pauciflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemileia vastatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24348"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteuria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus eldarica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus jeffreyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus maximinoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus muricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus pseudostrobus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus sabiniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus virginiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotheraptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerospora graminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Striga asiatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Striga gesnerioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Striga hermonthica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7453"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryonomys swinderianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tolyposporium penicillariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Withania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Withania somnifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascetospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aerial parts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerial organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aboveground organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aboveground parts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Underground parts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Underground organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subterranean organs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subterranean parts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of plants</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcohol content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alcoholic strength</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_248"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plankton blooms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoplankton blooms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Algal blooms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sea blooms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water blooms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Red tide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semiochemicals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24960"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allomones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defensive secretions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amazonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The region around the Amazon river</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium fixation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal oils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal testing alternatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial sweeteners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclamates</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic sweeteners</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acesulfame</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aviaries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird cages</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1184"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avidin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banana bunchy top virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barrows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Castrated male swine</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basalt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_832"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bean common mosaic potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bean common mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioaccumulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bioconcentration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biomagnification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological magnification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Accumulation of pollutants in organisms, tissues or secretions</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioavailability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Birnavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blue stain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parturition interval</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foaling interval</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calving interval</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lambing interval</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canavanine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome banding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chub</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Composite board</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codex Alimentarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyculture (aquaculture)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Composite cultures</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continental shelves</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4607"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cowpea mosaic comovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cowpea mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crude fat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ether extracts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cut foliage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decorative greenery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochrome b</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochrome c</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6528"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochrome f</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytochrome p450</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dispersants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dispersers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2333"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diterpenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diterpenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dressing percentage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcass dressing percentage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Difference in weight between a live animal and its dressed carcass</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gillnets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drift nets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earth dams</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embankments</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to hydraulic structures</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endophytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7562"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Experimental infection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial infection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil water constants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7205"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Field capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forced moulting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forced molting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Induced moulting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit cracking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">F3 hybrids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene interaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epistasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goat cheese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ewe cheese</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sheep cheese</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovarian follicles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Graafian follicles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5456"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3356"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greening</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater flow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8314"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematopoietic necrosis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematopoietic necrosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvesting frequency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Harvesting intervals</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cutting frequency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29464"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heparin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32028"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hmf</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxymethylfurfural</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophosphataemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophosphatemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Karyotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1598"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kairomones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lignite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microwave ovens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16411"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrition policies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrition surveillance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional surveillance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Out of season products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Off season products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncogenicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinogenicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant animal relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1119"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant communities</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytocoenosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytocenosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plum pox potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plum pox virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyamines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poplar mosaic carlavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poplar mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine stress syndrome</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malignant hyperthermia syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mhs (malignant hyperthermia syndro)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pot experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theft</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Praedial larceny</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preemergence application</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Private sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quarg</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regrowth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32476"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research support</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Research financing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Research funding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice polishings</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saponification number</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesquiterpenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16188"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Site preparation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microsite preparation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slags</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basic slag</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1694"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social forestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Forestry for local community development with involvement of people in performing the related activities</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15955"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Production data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Quantity of goods produced in a given area</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copaifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swietenia macrophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elapidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49101"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testudines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheloniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermochelyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emydidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trionychidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49088"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fallow deer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dama dama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil cracking</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean mosaic potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soybean mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spurs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Twigs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Short thin side shoot from a branch, bearing fruits or leaves</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Succulent plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sudano Sahelian Region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Region including the Sahel and neighbouring areas in North Central Africa</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunn hemp mosaic tobamovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sunn hemp mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Talloil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermography</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to the applications for diagnosis</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_983"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tocotrienols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15230"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transport of animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Live animal transport</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Living animals</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transporting quality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aptitude for transport</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2572"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ultralow volume spraying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban forestry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urban forests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Culture and management of trees in cities</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transfer of waters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water transfer (management)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3713"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wilting point</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8310"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xerophthalmia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Africanized bees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dry feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wet feeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16169"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fighting animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1148"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal learning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_442"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemoreceptors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium chlorate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Communication between animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Complement (blood)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient film technique</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diatomite</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kieselguhr</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diatomaceous earth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sexual dimorphism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6088"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quantitative analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quantitative analytical techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Determination of the amounts of chemical elements or compounds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protective screens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protective screening</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal screens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Endorphins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Risk factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycolipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperparasitism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Condition resulting from a parasite living at the expense of another parasite</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Induced lactation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4140"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Non food industries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Using agricultural raw materials for producing non food products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7797"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28084"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoelectric focusing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salinity control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil desalting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil desalinization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil desalination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1049"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Honeydew</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_859"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 4 21 7</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Probiotics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volunteer plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serotypes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33264"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defruiting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fruit thinning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pancreatic necrosis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitellogenins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Titanium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volatilization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarcane juice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamarindus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological regulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Common name; Isscaap group b-12</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3105"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ullucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Warszewiczia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprine arthritis encephalit virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minimum tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Minimum cultivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zostera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoo animals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29108"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triterpenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schleichera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simmondsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recombined products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological requirements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26804"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25444"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nelumbo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nest boxes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bird nests</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">North Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">South Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Western Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastern Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pest surveys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pest monitoring</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phormium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollachius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poncirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pourouma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Punica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proximate composition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed composition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proximate analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed nutrient content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10961"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Air flow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armoracia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atropa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aucoumea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoblotting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western blotting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Immunoblot analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Western blot analysis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benincasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bixa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal viruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brome mosaic bromovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carlaviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulimoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Closteroviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucumoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dianthoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geminiviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeiviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilarviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luteoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Necroviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potexviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potyviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sobemoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenuiviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobamoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36933"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobraviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tombusviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tymoviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meat performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land varieties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Primitive cultivars</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indigenous varieties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autochthonous varieties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic varieties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant land races</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27505"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Introduced breeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exotic breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Imported breeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Introduced varieties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exotic varieties</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litchi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lodoicea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maesopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mallotus (salmonoidei)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aframomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mespilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal migration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2237"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Migratory pests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multipurpose varieties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musculoskeletal diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbago</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordeauxia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coriandrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corozo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptomeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cuminum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distribution costs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elaeis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2509"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleocharis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elettaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entolasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exogonium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feijoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selective felling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Selective cutting</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest thinning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feronia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gold</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guadua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guizotia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hormone antagonists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7752"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Czech Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of CSFR till 31.12.1992</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slovak Republic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slovakia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of CSFR till 31.12.1992</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2098"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butyrospermum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cajanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trochiliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxocara vitulorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neoascaris vitulorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pt (symbol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2223"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stored products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nypa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molybdates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxidomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sechium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flemingia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maughania</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brandenburg</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxony</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxony-Anhalt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thuringia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chuuk</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Truk</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kosrae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kusaie</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ponape</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pohnpie</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yap</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palau</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Palau</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Belau</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corn Belt (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lake States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Northern Plains States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Middle Atlantic States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southern States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Appalachian States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delta States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Southern Plains States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific States (USA)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Byelorussia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Byelorussian SSR (1171)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Russia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 24 December 1991; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use RSFSR (6675)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyrgyzstan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kirghizia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Kyrgyzstan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Kirgiz SSR (4106)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Moldova</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moldavia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Moldova (Republic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Moldavian SSR (4890)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tajikistan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tadzhikistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Tajikistan</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Tadzhik SSR (7588)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commonwealth of Independent States</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Geographical area of the former USSR, with the exception of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Georgia</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Georgia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of georgia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of USSR before 1992; for documents dealing with that region before the change of status use Georgian SSR (3237)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Commensalism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enzyme polymorphism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiotherapy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radiation therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrophosphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil solarization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological differences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breed differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Species differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strain differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Line differences</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abdominal fat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tiamulin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surimi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies numidica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aconitum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monkshood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Akebia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageratum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageratum conyzoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron desertorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triticum desertorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria helianthi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Althaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Althaea officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Marsh mallow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabaena azollae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigastra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigastra catalaunalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sesame podworm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrectodea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arabidopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arabidopsis thaliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artabotrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascosphaera apis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axonopus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baccharis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balanites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balanites aegyptiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33298"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bandicota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bandicoot-rat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bandicota bengalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lesser bandicoot rat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indian mole rat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banksia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blumea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blumea balsamifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conyza balsamifera</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bouvardia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassica carinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssinian mustard</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1060"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulbophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cactodera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calceolaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassipourea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catasetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharanthus roseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vinca rosea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Periwinkle (plant)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33319"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharanthus trichophyllus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cecropia obtusifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis fimbriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirsium arvense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Creeping thistle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus volkameriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clavibacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clavibacter michiganensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium sepedonicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium michiganense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum coccodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum atramentarium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Convolvulus arvensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lesser bindweed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corynespora cassiicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corynespora melonis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delonix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delonix regia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flamboyant</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendranthema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33343"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemums</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendranthema morifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum morifolium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dendranthema grandiflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dunaliella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exochomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eperua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wallaba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fatsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fatsia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aralia japonica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aralia sieboldii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragaria ananassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelsemium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapevine leaf roll virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilus somnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Histophilus ovis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hebe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropsylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropsylla cubana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocampus (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seahorses</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idioscopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idioscopus clypealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalanchoe blossfeldiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kochia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactococcus lactis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus cremoris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Streptococcus lactis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33369"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lonicera japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lydella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lydella thompsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maize streak geminivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maize streak virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malva verticillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Misgurnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Loaches</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33380"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miscanthus sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neospora caninum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxycarenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxycarenus hyalinipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentalonia nigronervosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus albicaulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Whitebark pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus uncinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mountain pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pistacia atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pittosporum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poekilocerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poekilocerus pictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polygonatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacea canaliculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apple snails</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato leaf roll luteovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato leaf roll virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudococcus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudococcus obscurus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythium sylvaticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopus stolonifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopus nigricans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubus arcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sabal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sabal palmetto</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cabbage palmetto</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33408"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella enteritidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvinia molesta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16288"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Santolina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphoideus titanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schinus molle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schinus terebinthifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpiurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solidago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goldenrod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solidago canadensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canada goldenrod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilosoma obliqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spilarctia obliqua</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenocereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes hamata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hedysarum procumbens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hedysarum hamatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sylepta derogata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tephrosia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">False lupine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco necrosis necrovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco necrosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxoplasma gondii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7830"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma harzianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma viride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venturia pirina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venturia nashicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zinnia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conservation tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Invertebrate hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Insect hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arthropod hormones</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33448"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adipokinetic hormones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alley cropping</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hedgerow intercropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zonal cropping</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alley farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative hosts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breeders seed</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carrier state</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Asymptomatic carrier state</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">CGIAR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Consultive Group on International Agricultural Research</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chylomicron lipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chylomicrons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromosome pairing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Synapsis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DDT</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DDE</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deboned meat</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Boned meat</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Humidity control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environment dehumidification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrochronology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deuterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3724"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dioxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pcdd (dioxins)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DNA hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DNA-DNA hybridization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecotones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transitional zones between adjacent ecosystems</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental impact assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental risk assessment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">EIA (environmental impact assessment)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental assessment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37938"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extensification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transition to extensive farming systems</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intensification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transition to intensive farming systems</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2800"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Folpet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Folpel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Free radicals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater crustaceans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-41</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Friction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusicoccin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gambia river</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geotextiles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape fabrics</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4977"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7697"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrophobicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrophilicity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxylamine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_341"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avermectins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Abamectin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ivermectin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_475"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Karst</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Life tables</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multipurpose trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple use trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Including shrubs</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrosourea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Non food products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nonfood products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of agricultural origin including non-feed products</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">On-farm research</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">On-farm trials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8679"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmoregulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photosystems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photosystem 2</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Photosystem 1</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9824"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiological races</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 1 3 26</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2670"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Public opinion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public perception</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Putrescine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Research networks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Networks of research institutions working in the same field</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6514"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rubisco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribulose-1,5diphosphate carboxylase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate oxygenase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 4 1 1 39; ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seedless varieties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seedlessness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siderophores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytosiderophores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cervus nippon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sika deer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil fungi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6569"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil respiration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic cell count</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spermidine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spermine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongiform encephalopathy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24311"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mad cow disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">BSE (bovine spongif encephalopathy)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33557"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sustainability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sustainable agriculture</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taurine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triazines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UPEB</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Union of Banana Exporting Countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Union of Banana Exporting Countries</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenobiotics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">New Laender</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Old Laender</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops caudata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops crassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops cylindrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops speltoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops squarrosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops umbellulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops variabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops ventricosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Afzelia africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agaricus bisporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albizia julibrissin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allium sphaerocephalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria alternata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria tenuis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria brassicicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria circinans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria dauci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria macrospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria porri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria radicina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stemphylium radicinum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternaria solani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosporium solani</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarhichas denticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_390"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarhichas lupus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_390"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarhichas minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Olafsen 1772</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_390"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon gerardii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon nardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon virginicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angelica archangelica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Archangelica officinalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antitrogus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antitrogus mussoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antitrogus parvulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arachis pintoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archytas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artabotrys hexapetalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artabotrys odoratissimus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artabotrys uncinatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidosperma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atalantia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aureobasidium pullulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pullularia pullulans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrocera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blaniulus guttulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borrelia burgdorferi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bursaphelenchus lignicolus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caligus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camelina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Camelina sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33634"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylobacter jejuni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassipourea guianensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomus commersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33639"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrosema acutifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrosema brasilianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrosema macrocarpum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis coerulescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis fagacearum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis paradoxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thielaviopsis paradoxa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratocystis ulmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiostoma ulmi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Graphium ulmi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora beticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora cruenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora coffeicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora kikuchii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora nicotianae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cercospora sojina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaerophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaerophyllum bulbosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetomium globosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetomium virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Characeae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Charophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorella pyrenoidosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chick</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9818"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorella vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Beijerinck 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9818"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromatomyia fuscula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clivina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clivina fossor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coniophora puteana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corydalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crinipellis perniciosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crotalaria anagyroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cudrania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cussonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cussonia natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cussonia paniculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyathostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynanchum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodon nlemfuensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacryodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacryodes edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacryodes excelsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinapterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinapterus leucas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beluga whale</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33686"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmoscolecidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmoscolex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deuterophoma tracheiphila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma tracheiphila</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyostelium discoideum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dinophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eichhornia crassipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water hyacinth</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empetrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erianthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erianthus arundinaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33698"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Escherichia coli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterium coli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2663"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_21534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esox lucius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2666"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euchresta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euchresta formosana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euchresta horsfeldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euscepes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euscepes postfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euseius gossipi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius gossipi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euterpe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euterpe edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euterpe oleracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exorista</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exorista larvarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferula assa foetida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferula communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumaria officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium chlamydosporum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium culmorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium equiseti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium gibbosum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium proliferatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelsemium elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelsemium sempervirens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gloeophyllum trabeum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lenzites trabea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonystylus bancanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ramin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grevillea robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helianthemum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilex aquifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Holly</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illex argentinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castellanos 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33732"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea carnea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea fistulosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea lacunosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iryanthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iryanthera hostmanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isatis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Woad</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isatis tinctoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kraussaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33743"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kraussaria angulifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lacanobia oleracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mamestra oleracea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus buchneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus casei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus cellobiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus delbrueckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus fermentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus helveticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus plantarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larix sukaczewii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latoia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentinula edodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lentinus edodes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31725"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentinus lepideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidiota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Madia sativa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnoliales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maliarpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mallotus (euphorbiaceae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malva neglecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mansonia (sterculiaceae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mansonia altissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melia volkensii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodora tenuifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muhlenbergia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mussidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mussidia nigrivenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nardus stricta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neonotonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neonotonia wightii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine wightii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine javanica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycine petitiana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olpidium brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus mykiss</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rainbow trout</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo gairdneri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharbitis hederacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea hederacea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onychiurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pancratium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parashorea malaanonan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parkia biglobosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Parkia africana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonium hortorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium citrinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium digitatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium expansum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium italicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium oxalicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium roquefortii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perca fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5693"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peridinium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phacelia tanacetifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phanerochaete chrysosporium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sporotrichum pulverulentum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma exigua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma medicaginis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma herbarum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascochyta pinodella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma sorghina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaporthe helianthi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phomopsis helianthi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora botryosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora cambivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora porri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pieris napi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pieris (ericaceae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus canariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canary island pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pinyon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poinciana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poinciana regia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proboscidea (martyniaceae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudatomoscelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cercosporella herpotrichoides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas avenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas cepacia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burkholderia cepacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas cichorii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas corrugata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas fragi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas fuscovaginae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas gladioli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas glumae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas marginalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas viridiflava</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus agrifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus coccinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scarlet oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus dentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus douglasii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blue oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus dumosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus faginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus garryana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus glauca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus havardii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus incana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus kelloggii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus macrocarpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bur oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus mongolica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus myrsinaefolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus phellos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus phillyraeoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus serrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus shumardii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus stellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercus wislizenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Randia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Randia siamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoctonia solani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rigidoporus lignosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31732"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruminococcus marginalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saintpaulia ionantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6737"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus namaycush</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6766"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia aethiopis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia lavandulifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia leucophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia miltiorrhiza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia reflexa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia sclarea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia virgata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schefflera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizophyllum commune</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutigerella immaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpula lacrymans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamum alatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamum angustifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamum radiatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesbania sesban</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shorea contorta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sitona discoideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum commersonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solidaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spicara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maeana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spilanthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenchaetothrips</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strelitziaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strelitzia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strelitzia reginae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strelitzia juncea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33888"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systena basalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taylorella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taylorella equigenitalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Haemophilus equigenitalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tephrosia vogelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tephrosia periculosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teretriosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teretriosoma nigrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33898"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryonomys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoplusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoplusia orichalcea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diachrysia orichalcea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plusia orichalcea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomicus minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trianthema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma hamatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma koningii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma longibrachiatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Trichoderma reesei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trilliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trillium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triticosecale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Triticale (gramineae)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the product use Triticales (product) (7949)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tritordeum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vateria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vateria indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vateria malabarica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio cholerae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoarcidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1005"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aegilops longissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_148"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycorynella asparagi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycolus asparagi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34420"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Absorbance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Optical density</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transmittance (optic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Ability of a layer of a substance to absorb radiation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28538"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetylation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homeostasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Maintaining of a stable internal physiological balance in organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_87"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonists</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Substances responsible for triggering response in cells such as neurotransmitters</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurone layer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Storage proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed storage proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vegetative storage proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33937"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurone cells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7430"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood veins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteriocins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colicins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pediocins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24054"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzoylphenylureas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34346"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Binding proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carrier proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transport proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biodiversity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological diversity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecosystem diversity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Species diversity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agrobiodiversity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The variety of life on earth at the genetic, species and ecosystems levels</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood ph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_91"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bosnia and Herzegovina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hercegovina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bromates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiomyopathy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassava mosaic virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catechin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choice of species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Variety choice</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Choice of breed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxycinnamic acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamic acid derivatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoa powder</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29989"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1711"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1712"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Croatia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Croatia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deltamethrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decamethrin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diniconazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disul</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">2,4-des</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dung beetles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23906"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30124"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electric field</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnetic field</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electroporation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylene production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_437"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferulic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trial methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Field experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field trials</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field experiments</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinical trials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clinical experimentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food safety</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Innocuousness of foods regarding impact on health; for the availability of basic food use Food security (10967)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_138"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supplements</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feed supplements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral supplements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Food supplements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supplementary rations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional supplements</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Nutrients added to feed or food</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26818"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7522"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5278"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4889"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fracture fixation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fructokinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 16 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Chemical and/or thermal processing of biomass to produce gaseous fuels; for gasification by fermentation use Methane fermentation (27571)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25193"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic gain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic advance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotton ginning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ginning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fallow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green fallow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bare fallow</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Cultivated land left unsown for one season</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gummosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disabled persons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Handicapped persons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Health hazards</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Health risks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histopathology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Host pathogen relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Host pathogen interaction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Host pathogen systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroxamic acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infectious diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contagious diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Communicable diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use more specific descriptor if applicable</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3852"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33459"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insulin-like growth factor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Igf-1 (insulin-like growth factor)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated pest management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Integrated disease management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">IPM</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interleukins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ionophores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9693"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16162"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoamylase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 68</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juvenility of plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Juvenile forms in plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Karst soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leavening agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Baking powder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sour doughs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linear models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Additive models</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24199"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liposomes (organelles)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipid peroxidation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28533"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Low fat foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fat free foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reduced fat foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borreliosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lyme disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marasmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic detoxification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Multiple use</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myocardium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiac muscle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heart muscle</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3516"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrosinase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thioglucoside glucohydrolase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 3 1</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neem extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nim (extracts)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neem seed extract</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neem oil</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15749"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient intake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Energy intake (food or feed)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oregano</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental woody plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental shrubs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental bushes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flowering shrubs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Flowering trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6578"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6624"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6571"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5851"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24611"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26495"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26655"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32094"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32232"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15507"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7742"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7786"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8301"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10659"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15506"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1381"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2658"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1226"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1211"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1207"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_102"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_160"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_271"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_587"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_652"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_803"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4378"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4553"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4992"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5136"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5412"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overfishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasitoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perishable products</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2502"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4669"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15903"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photoinhibition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phototoxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PCR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polymerase chain reaction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Polymerase chain reaction</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato mop top furovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato mop top virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato x potexvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato virus x</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato y potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato virus y</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preschool children</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Privatization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Denationalization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transfer of government assets or functions to the private sector</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2479"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6191"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Railways</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Railroads</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pullulanase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 41</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recommended dietary allowances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Recommended nutrient intake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rda (recommended daily allowances)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Recommended daily amount of the respective nutrient</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35725"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen microflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selection responses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Correlated responses to selection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selection forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skatole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Source sink relations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Metabolic sink</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refugees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro regeneration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro rejuvenation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sea level</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Height or level of the sea surface; for lakes, rivers, reservoirs etc. use Water levels (29685); for level above sea use Altitude (316)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7764"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Slovenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Republic of Slovenia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil hydraulic properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hydraulic head</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil hydraulic conductivity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pressure head (soil)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somaclonal variation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terbuthylazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thiaminase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 5 99 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3729"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomato spotted wilt virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropical crops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7596"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7217"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6316"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6150"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6149"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5723"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7673"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7979"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27380"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26417"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16539"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8525"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1654"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1605"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1323"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1213"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_649"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_646"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_386"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5036"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4924"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4581"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4545"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3422"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2708"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2414"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tungro disease</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice tungro virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice tungro bacilliform virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice tungro spherical virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanillic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vectorborne diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8530"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vomitoxin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deoxynivalenol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water purification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Water disinfection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34874"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2900"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25312"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8328"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wildfires</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bushfires</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3045"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2913"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yohimbine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cholera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cervus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odocoileus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeroponics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14407"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">African horse sickness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative respiratory pathway</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanide resistant respiration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanide resistant pathway</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benfuracarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium binding proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calbindin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calmodulin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1313"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Circulatory disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apoplexy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhythmia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood pressure disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebrovascular disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematoma</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypostasis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stroke</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vascular insufficiency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vasoconstriction (pathological)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil fumigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7194"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dihaploidy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coconut water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Aqueous liquid within the cavity of the nut; for the milky extract obtained by pressing use Coconut milk (29210)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1716"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coffee pulp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1720"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Designation of origin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protected designation of origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled designation of origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Appellation of controlled origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Registered designation of origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Origin denomination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Certified brand of origin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled release</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slow release</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sustained release</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conventional tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to comparative studies of tillage systems; add geographic location</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deacidification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RFLP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Restriction fragment length polymor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restriction fragment length polymorphism</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16071"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">DNA fingerprinting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3791"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic injury levels</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic damage thresholds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electromagnetic field</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2517"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigenous organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic population</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endemic plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Indigenous species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Native species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autochthonous species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4177"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2983"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Knowledge based systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36897"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Expert systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenoxycarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fire ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postfire ecology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furathiocarb</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transgenics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transgenic organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically modified organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically engineered organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34287"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically modified microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically modified bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically engineer microorganisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically engineered bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glufosinate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glufosinate ammonium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphinothricin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granulosis viruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemolysins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Substances causing the dissolution of red blood cells</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatopancreas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterosis breeding</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Crossing of two pure/inbred lines</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1079"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intraspecific hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Insulating materials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Joint ventures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3043"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4984"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16378"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juiciness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5399"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kwashiorkor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4543"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6252"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fat substitutes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipid substitutes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Olestra (fat replacer)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fat replacers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sucrose polyester</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lodging resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Low calorie foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reduced calorie foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_462"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mine spoil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobile units</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25689"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mother plants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any plant from which parts are used in vegetative propagation</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1972"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pervaporation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1801"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photooxidation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4322"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28496"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytotoxins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microcystin-lr</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anatoxin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Algal toxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant toxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methoxsalen</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthotoxin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Miserotoxin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Toxins of plant origin; for toxins produced by fungi use Mycotoxins (5026)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polluted soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Contaminated soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_486"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population genetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene frequency</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic drift</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic equilibrium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Disequilibrium (genetic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37331"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quantitative genetics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37366"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primary productivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Primary production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to organic matter produced by green plants in ecosystems</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2056"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rice yellow mottle virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen digestion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen fermentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6696"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary metabolites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary plant constituents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary plant compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secondary plant products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sex pheromones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silk glands</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snack foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Snacks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structural change</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Structural adjustment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only in economic context</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7465"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfosate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Supercritical fluid extraction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supercritical CO2 extraction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Supercritical fluid fractionation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teflubenzuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thermal pest control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8345"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thidiazuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco rattle tobravirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tobacco rattle virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traditional fishing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to comparative studies of fishing methods</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigonelline</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuff</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6628"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thuringiensin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9047"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_761"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uniconazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wetland rice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain of wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grain and figure in wood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28188"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperlipidaemia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperlipaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypercholesterolaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperlipoproteinaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypertriglyceridaemia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lipaemia (pathologic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1584"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Divergent selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Low input agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low input farming</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low input technology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2798"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3884"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cacopsylla pyrisuga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia marginiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles marginiventris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia rubecula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles rubecula</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia glomerata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles glomeratus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia melanoscela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles melanoscelus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illicium verum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphylococcus hyicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphylococcus epidermidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydia psittaci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachycorynella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius barkeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthonomus eugenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis pomi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archips podanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cacoecia podana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascogaster reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bombus terrestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bradysia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cacopsylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cacopsylla pyri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cacopsylla pyricola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34675"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curculio elephas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Balaninus elephas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cydia funebrana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Laspeyresia funebrana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphania indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disonycha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dreyfusia piceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eudrilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galerucella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glabromicroplitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microplitis (glabromicroplitis)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glabromicroplitis croceipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microplitis croceipes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gudgeon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperaspis raynevali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kampimodromus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Katsuwonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgaster rufiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muscovy ducks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cairina moschata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myiopharus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naranga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naranga aenescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoseiulus cucumeris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius cucumeris</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoseiulus fallacis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius fallacis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthotomicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthotomicus erosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ips erosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacifastacus leniusculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16269"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austropotamobius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediobius furvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammotettix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammotettix striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psammotettix alienus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrococcus invadens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rivula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesamia calamistis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steinernema carpocapsae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neoaplectana carpocapsae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomalopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bordetella avium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bradyrhizobium japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizobium japonicum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucella ovis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucella melitensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucella canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ehrlichia risticii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ehrlichia canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuconostoc lactis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuconostoc mesenteroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuconostoc cremoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella haemolytica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella gallinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella anatipestifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodococcus (bacteria)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1913"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodococcus fascians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium fascians</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodococcus (homoptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella piscicida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Staphylococcus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35188"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armillaria mellea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Armillariella mellea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascochyta fabae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascochyta pisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascochyta rabiei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Didymella rabiei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choanephora cucurbitarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1583"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliobolus miyabeanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium oryzae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drechslera oryzae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliobolus carbonum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium carbonum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliobolus sativus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bipolaris sorokiniana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliobolus heterostrophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium maydis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bipolaris maydis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drechslera maydis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum capsici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum truncatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum graminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glomerella graminicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum trifolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colletotrichum dematium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cronartium quercuum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cronartium fusiforme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cronartium quercuum fusiforme</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodia pinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutypa lata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eutypa armeniacae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium solani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium atrovirens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylocladium atrovirens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenophora graminea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium gramineum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucor hiemalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mucor racemosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectria haematococca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectria galligena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neurospora crassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium funiculosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium brevicompactum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora tabacina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora destructor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora parasitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora brassicae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phakopsora pachyrhizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmopara halstedii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmopara helianthi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmopara viticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16015"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleospora betae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phoma betae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleospora herbarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stemphylium botryosum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurotus ostreatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oyster mushroom</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurotus sajor caju</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puccinia porri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenophora teres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Drechslera teres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium teres</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenophora tritici repentis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Helminthosporium tritici-repentis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizomucor miehei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mucor miehei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodotorula rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaceloma manihoticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphacelotheca reiliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorosporium reilianum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sorosporium holci-sorghi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerotheca fuliginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerotheca pannosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stemphylium vesicarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncinula necator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oidium tuckeri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uromyces appendiculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uromyces phaseoli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uromyces vignae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verticillium dahliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies borisii regis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abies pinsapo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acer campestre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_63"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria dictyoneura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachiaria plantaginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cestrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaecyparis obtusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Japanese cypress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaecyparis taiwanensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytisus proliferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaecytisus proliferus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tagasaste</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamaedorea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysalidocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coronilla varia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crown vetch</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cortaderia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costus speciosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cratylia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cupressus dupreziana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium strigillosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodium velutinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitalis purpurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Foxglove</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dunaliella tertiolecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Butcher</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33347"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eisenia (phaeophyceae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eisenia bicyclis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eperua falcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylocereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylocereus undatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inula viscosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea pes caprae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomoea biloba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Libocedrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Austrocedrus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calocedrus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Libocedrus decurrens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ludwigia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Jussiaea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiloma latisiliqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nothofagus dombeyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nothofagus fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nothofagus solandri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nothofagus pumilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Origanum vulgare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Origanum majorana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Majorana hortensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phlox drummondii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinus peuce</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macedonian pine</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantago ovata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophora mangle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophora apiculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhododendron simsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhododendron obtusum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satureja hortensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizachyrium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizachyrium scoparium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon scoparius</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sequoia sempervirens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streblus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streblus asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Kesinai</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Shaora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes capitata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylosanthes macrocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Styrax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaccinium uliginosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Washingtonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5516"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potato s carlavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Potato virus s</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater tortoises</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Freshwater turtles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For land species use Terrestrial tortoises (7818); for marine species use Turtles (8023)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelonia (genus)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acigona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara granosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_379"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera ligustica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apis ligustica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catla catla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34434"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhinus mrigala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26441"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptosporidium parvum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaeretiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicentrarchus labrax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2249"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinophysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemonchus placei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo rohita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26539"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmania infantum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus ensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4776"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myzus nicotianae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia nilotica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarotherodon niloticus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Isscaap group b-12</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samia cynthia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Philosamia cynthia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinomyces pyogenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corynebacterium pyogenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clavibacter xyli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cowdria ruminantium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1937"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella dublin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio anguillarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Listonella anguillarum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio vulnificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bremia lactucae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corticium rolfsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotium rolfsii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exserohilum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulvia fulva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cladosporium fulvum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptographium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora viciae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peronospora pisi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoisariopsis griseola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isariopsis griseola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plasmodiophora brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrenopeziza brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrosporium concentricum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ramularia beticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ramularia betae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thielaviopsis basicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chalara elegans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7727"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago segetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago avenae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago hordei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago nuda</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago tritici</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago zeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ustilago maydis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buchloe dactyloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bupleurum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Castanopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamomilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34731"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamomilla recutita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Matricaria recutita</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wild chamomile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Matricaria chamomilla</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">German chamomile</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conophytum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deutzia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinacea purpurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rudbeckia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucalyptus pellita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fraxinus pubescens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galinsoga parviflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lantana camara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lantana aculeata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantago lanceolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrus calleryana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spartina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spartina alterniflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenotaphrum secundatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synechocystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraclinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barley yellow mosaic virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine rotavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora nicotianae parasitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytophthora parasitica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dairy farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10270"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural waste management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clomazone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clopyralid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Captivity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_551"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2360"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoxaben</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liquefaction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">NAFTA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">North American Free Trade Agreement</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">North American Free Trade Agreement</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">European Union</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European Communities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">EC</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European Economic Communities</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European Common Market</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">EEC</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European Economic Area</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3915"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercosur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Southern common market</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acute toxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4126"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bensulfuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methylbensulfuron</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine diarrhoea pestivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">BDV</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine diarrhoea virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5740"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breast height diameter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulk storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calcium phosphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline oncovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feline leukosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feline leukaemia virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbosulfan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorimuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorsulfuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chronic toxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clenbuterol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Compensatory growth</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Accelerated growth of organisms following temporary stress</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cysts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Abnormal saclike swellings containing liquid or semisolid material or foreign bodies</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12993"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3856"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diameter increment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radial growth (trees)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Radial increment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16072"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diesel oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5747"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eicosanoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leukotrienes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomogenous bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entomopathogenic bacteria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental degradation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental deterioration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34823"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28127"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2594"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land degradation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenoxaprop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fibrinogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_970"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluroxypyr</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fluvalinate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_56"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest nurseries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Forest tree nurseries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3048"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6941"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gender</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sex (gender)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In sociological contexts, emphasizes the social and cultural, as opposed to the biological, distinctions between the sexes</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glutathione reductase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 6 4 2</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenhouse gases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4784"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematocrit</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematocrit</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haloxyfop</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbicide safeners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himalayan region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Himalaya</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imazapyr</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32037"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inbreeding depression</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3817"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metsulfuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral nutrients</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mineral salts (nutrients)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient salts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4848"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mutagenicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3842"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient deficiencies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil deficiencies (7166)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24877"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient drug interactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient excesses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For soil use Soil toxicity (7201)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrient nutrient interactions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5275"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozonization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ozonation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glucose 6 phosphate isomerase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pgi (enzyme)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphoglucose isomerase</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 5 3 1 9</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pheromone traps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population pressure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prednisolone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3286"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rice fields</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2894"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumen fluid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2274"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil clods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil ph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil acidity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil alkalinity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizosphere ph</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solid state fermentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solid phase fermentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Solid substrate fermentation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stand characteristics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stand structure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Stand density</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24903"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfometuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanical methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanized methods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4682"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4685"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traditional medicines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35704"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bean yellow mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pea mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bymv</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eritrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Before May 1993 part of Ethiopia</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2442"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Resowing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reseeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Replacement by sowing of failed or destroyed crops</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acceptable daily intake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adi (acceptable daily intake)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tolerable daily intake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33568"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acid deposition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Smog</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid rain</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid precipitation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid fog</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid mist</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">As of January 1997; before use ACID RAIN. Deposition of acidic pollutants from precipitation, smog or other acidic particular matter</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaerobic treatment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Anaerobic digestion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Use only in waste management</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antinutritional factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antinutritive compounds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avirulent pathogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypovirulent pathogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virulent pathogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacterial spores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of birds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edible films</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biofilms (packaging)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Edible coatings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adaptability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioremediation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biosorption (bioremediation)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytoremediation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The use of microorganisms or plants to clean up pollution</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7183"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blood gases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9421"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29138"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosafety</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological safety</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biotechnological safety</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33949"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1016"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brassinosteroids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassicasterol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Brassinolide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cadaverine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollen tubes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6070"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemiluminescence method</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluorescence emission spectroscopy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphorescence detection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chemiluminescence detection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">School children</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitin synthesis inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36699"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Complete feeds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Construction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1648"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conventional pest management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryoprotectants</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cryoprotective agents</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28218"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanogenic glycosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linamarin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyhalothrin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lambda-cyhalothrin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7575"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cytokines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Colony stimulating factor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lymphokines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tumour necrosis factor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monokines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29621"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysautonomia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Autonomic dysfunction</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Canine dysautonomia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equine dysautonomia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feline dysautonomia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Grass sickness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Key-gaskell syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mal seco</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalopathy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polioencephalomalacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalomalacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leukoencephalomalacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Equine leukoencephalomalacia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fat restricted diets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low fat diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Reduced fat diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feed resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_440"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flufenoxuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flushing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">To provide animals with enriched diet prior to mating in order to improve their reproductive performance</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frozen storage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deep frozen storage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For storage of frozen products; for storgae above freezing point use Cold storage (6484)</skos:scopeNote>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal morphology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerotia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sporangia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Morphology of fungi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35118"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5023"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungal spores</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conidia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conidiospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aeciospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ascospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Basidiospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Oospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoospores</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7324"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transcription</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DNA transcription</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gene transcription</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reverse transcription</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic resistance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3216"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geographical information systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">GIS</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Geographic information systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginsenosides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granuloma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hodgkin's disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HACCP</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Hazard analysis critical control point</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">International Energy Agency</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">IEA (International Energy Agency)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intervertebral disk diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intervertebral disc prolapse</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_996"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leachates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">A solution formed by leaching of landfills etc., especially a solution containing contaminants picked up through the leaching of soil</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35171"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape conservation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape preservation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape protection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landscape management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Landfills</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste landfills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sanitary landfills</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Relating to waste management</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8305"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rottboellia cochinchinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Rottboellia exaltata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Treponema hyodysenteriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thanatephorus cucumeris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Corticium solani</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pellicularia filamentosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erynia radicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zoophthora radicans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornamental value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygosaccharomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35186"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygosaccharomyces rouxii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verticillium albo atrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylella fastidiosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gamma-aminobutyric acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasalocid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_492"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf area index</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leishmaniasis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6269"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant performance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8487"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24061"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24419"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Management information systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Information systems that furnish supervisory personnel with desired real time data</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kinematics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35219"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microencapsulation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noncereal flours</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Novel foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Novelty foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organic wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Green wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Household wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Domestic wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garden wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yard wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yard trimmings</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35237"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban wastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Municipal wastes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35240"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Overhead irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flood irrigation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozone depletion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ozone hole</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ozone layer depletion</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1665"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8046"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photoreceptors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5811"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7981"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytotherapy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herbal therapy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant competition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Crop weed competition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Weed competition</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal competition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Defence mechanisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antibiosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defense response</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Resistance mechanisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Defense mechanisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antixenosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant defense reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Animal defense reactions</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of organisms</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_272"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7415"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16109"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25187"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25189"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25446"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Precocenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dibenzofurans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polychlorinated dibenzofurans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pcdf (polychlorinated dibenzofuran)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6076"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preharvest sprouting</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sprouting in the ear</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protein restricted diets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Low protein diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puddling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wet tillage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Qualitative analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Qualitative analytical techniques</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Identification of chemical elements or compounds</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quality assurance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Quality certification</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6201"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quercetin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapid rural appraisal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Participatory rural appraisal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7537"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riparian zones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Zones bordering natural watercourses</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25303"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">SADC countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">SADCC</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Southern African Development Community</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Southern African Development Community</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8516"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8500"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7608"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7265"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7252"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4532"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4284"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil seed banks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Buried seeds</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil seed potential</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3212"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6930"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seedling production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Transplant production</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6945"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil salinity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil salinization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7168"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3954"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Street trees</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">City trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Urban trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Avenue trees</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32620"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Surface area</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Surface measure</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sustainable development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ecodevelopment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sustainable economic development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6523"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">T-2 toxin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusariotoxins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thorns</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plant spines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prickles</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thylakoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Thylakoid membranes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traditional uses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Conventional use</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transcription factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27527"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyramine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virgin soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waste reduction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste prevention</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Waste minimization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alkalinization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Desirable or undesirable process, naturally occurring or induced</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guar gum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3441"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocalcium phosphate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preruminant stage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_425"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8489"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Financial situation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Restricted to farm and enterprise level economy</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1134"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10746"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28692"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lelystad virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">PRRS virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35371"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arterivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">PRRS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine reproduct respirat syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mystery swine disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine blue miscarriage</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine epidemic abortion syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Runoff</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Subsurface runoff</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7206"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6698"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8318"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Araneidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carassius auratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1295"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias gariepinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burchell 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24616"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Giardia duodenalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Giardia lamblia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silver carp</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32161"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus monoceros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4776"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil cephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4975"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odocoileus hemionus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mule deer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis aureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia aurea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarotherodon aureus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis mossambicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia mossambica</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sarotherodon mossambicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis shiranus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26596"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teladorsagia circumcincta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ostertagia circumcincta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panagrolaimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panagrellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35419"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panagrolaimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35419"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plecoglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plecoglossus altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ayu (plecoglossus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35423"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poecilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius gonionotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16285"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus fontinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6766"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pullus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia rendalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia zillii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gervais 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7768"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrobacterium radiobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcaligenes eutrophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcaligenes faecalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brucella suis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylobacter coli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylobacter fetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio fetus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylobacter hyointestinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusobacterium necrophorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerophorus necrophorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusiformis necrophorus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesiomonas shigelloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptomyces scabies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenorhabdus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photorhabdus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photorhabdus luminescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xenorhabdus luminescens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenorhabdus nematophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanomyces euteiches</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azorhizobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida cylindracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida guilliermondii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida maltosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida parapsilosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida rugosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Candida kefyr</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Candida pseudotropicalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1247"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliobolus lunatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torulopsis glabrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Candida glabrata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pichia stipitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Candida shehatae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptosporidium baileyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectria radicicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cylindrocarpon destructans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberella avenacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium avenaceum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium roseum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberella pulicaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium sambucinum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberella zeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium graminearum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3255"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gliocladium roseum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gliocladium virens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus fasciculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus intraradices</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus mosseae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus mossae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus aggregatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus etunicatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glomus versiforme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenidiales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyromyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postia placenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Poria placenta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopus arrhizus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopus oligosporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizopus oryzae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adansonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Baobab</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuber melanosporum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uromyces viciae fabae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uromyces fabae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermoactinomyces</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia tridentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia nova</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothriochloa ischaemum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Andropogon ischaemum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysophyceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysophyta</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus jambhiri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus macrophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus unshiu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cornus florida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbopogon citratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lemon grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypripedium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equisetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horsetail</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35543"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equisetum arvense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Field horsetail</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euonymus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fraxinus excelsior</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Common ash (tree)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucus vesiculosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1753</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35547"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gleditsia triacanthos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gutierrezia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hordeum chilense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilex crenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Juncus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leymus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leymus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus chinensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aneurolepidium chinense</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metrosideros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa pigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana plumbaginifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicotiana sylvestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nostoc calcicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nostoc flagelliforme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nostoc muscorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orobanche crenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orobanche ramosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxytropis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paeonia suffruticosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Paeonia arborea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panax pseudoginseng</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Panax ginseng</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ginseng</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7413"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panax quinquefolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pascopyrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penstemon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podophyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriogonum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulsatilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6451"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purshia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sanguisorba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sapium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scenedesmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schlumbergera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zygocactus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spathiphyllum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirodela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirulina platensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nordstedt) Geitler</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14516"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephania</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Streptocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swertia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilia cordata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Small-leaved lime tree</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tinospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tradescantia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urtica dioica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valeriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36292"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verbena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vriesea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vriesia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zamiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratozamia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Encephalartos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrozamia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35601"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zinnia elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagosodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagosodes orizicolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sogatodes orizicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sogatodes oryzicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine leukaemia virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine leukosis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bovine oncovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canine parvovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carmovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cauliflower mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus tristeza closterovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus tristeza virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian reovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarcane mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcine coronavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline peritonitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperate forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temperate rain forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35649"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rain forests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Statistical data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For the science use Statistical methods (7377)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49816"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7377"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8268"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24833"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28632"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil organic matter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5391"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7161"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adiantum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryopteris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asplenium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypodium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottonseed meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cottonseed cake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundnut meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Groundnut cake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Groundnut oilmeal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Peanut cake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economic value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Economic importance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28728"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6214"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6178"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2491"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Use value</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oestrus detection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heat detection</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quassia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Simarouba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraserianthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraserianthes falcataria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albizia falcataria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Albizia falcata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Certification</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6401"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest pests</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5242"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16196"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indigenous knowledge</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Local knowledge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Traditional knowledge</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34921"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban agriculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2357"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunflower meal</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sunflower cake</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dietary guidelines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nutritional guidelines</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nucleic probes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">RNA probes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Genetic probes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">DNA probes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Infectious bursal disease virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gumboro disease virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ibdv</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_736"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Methoxyflurane</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29697"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herbal teas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Herb teas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_896"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hantavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Puumala virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hantaan virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Presses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6173"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic stress</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Salt stress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sodium chloride stress</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35321"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16376"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6751"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6748"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hormonal control</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hormonal regulation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neurohormonal control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Endocrine control</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32719"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmolality</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osmolarity</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys olivaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5563"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal meals</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Carcass meal</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26878"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2844"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypsin inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antitrypsin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36656"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vibrio salmonicida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acremonium coenophialum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epichloe typhina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15624"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prevotella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prevotella ruminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteroides ruminicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichelobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichelobacter nodosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacteroides nodosus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carbon dioxide enrichment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Elevated CO2 concentration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1302"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1666"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5812"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16379"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_17299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellulolytic microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homocysteine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Concanavalin a</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5804"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphates (esters)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium chrysogenum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyclonal antibodies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiotensin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraea mylitta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanomyces cochlioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrectodea caliginosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allolobophora calliginosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrectodea tuberculata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrectodea trapezoides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allolobophora tuberculata</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Allolobophora trapezoides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aralia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristolochia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Armillaria ostoyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrocera cucurbitae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dacus cucurbitae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strumeta cucurbitae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrocera dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dacus dorsalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrocera oleae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dacus oleae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrocera tryoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dacus tryoni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Strumeta tryoni</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coxiella burnetii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encarsia formosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erwinia herbicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exorista bombycis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Exorista sorbillans</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Uzi flies</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galium aparine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hedera helix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hedera canariensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicobacter pylori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliconia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryodiplodia theobromae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lasiodiplodia theobromae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodia gossypina</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodia manihotis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodia natalensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodia theobromae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neovossia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyssa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium camembertii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium caseicola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Penicillium caseicolum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Popillia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoperonospora cubensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoctonia cerealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruditapes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruditapes philippinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Adams &amp; Reeve 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36074"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rumex obtusifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella choleraesuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smilax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solanum phureja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeropsis sapinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryosphaeria obtusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeropsis malorum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dissolved oxygen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2734"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fodder</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2843"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5046"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thinopyrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wheatgrass (thinopyrum)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taraxacum officinale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladosporium cucumerinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladosporium herbarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladosporium cladosporioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23908"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas campestris citri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas citri</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas campestris vesicatoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas vesicatoria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas campestris manihotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas manihotis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas campestris malvacearum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas malvacearum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas campestris phaseoli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthomonas phaseoli</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrobacter freundii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theragra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theragra chalcogramma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36126"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheat dwarf geminivirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wheat dwarf virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustard oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumonisins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genotoxicity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Infectious proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prion proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6882"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil microflora</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil microfauna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil microbiota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33552"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorogenic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Caffeoylquinic acid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurellosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionic acid bacteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16367"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6227"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3614"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4958"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4959"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Industrial uses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8117"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Zucchini yellow mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Condensation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27944"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spatial distribution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5083"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ixodes scapularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ixodes dammini</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonella pullorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6757"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brochothrix thermosphacta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental legislation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flammulina velutipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Collybia velutipes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flemingia macrophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenococcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valeriana officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinus carpio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2079"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytolacca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pokeweed</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37620"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytochelatins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1510"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soil improvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7165"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xylanolytic microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterobranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropneustes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7067"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Superparasitism</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Condition resulting from several infestations of different origin or of two or more primary parasite species</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veneridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhammatocerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemorrhagic septicaemia virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceutorhynchus assimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">RAPD</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Random amplified polymorphic DNA</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Random amplified polymorphic DNA</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24002"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Water reuse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16065"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6478"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8308"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8320"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoxanthine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information exchange</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaeretiella rapae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Francisella tularensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pasteurella tularensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenococcus oeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Leuconostoc oenos</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Social sciences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3647"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isoprenoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Isoprene</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36400"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iridoids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Secoiridoids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36399"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus smithii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron smithii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wheatgrass (elymus)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bouteloua gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lignans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caligus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas pseudomallei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burkholderia pseudomallei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrosomonas europaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrosomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracoccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veratrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4332"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrophularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purshia tridentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Antelope bitterbrush (purshia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoroegneria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoroegneria spicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bluebunch wheatgrass (pseudoroegne)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36437"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danthonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Wallaby grass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coprinus cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8151"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lawsonia (bacteria)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lawsonia intracellularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ileal symbiont intracellularis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychotria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24052"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linalool</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foul brood</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">American foulbrood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">European foulbrood</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Bee disease</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3886"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shock</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4283"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heat shock proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterilizers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed characteristics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6929"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6927"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3246"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed weight</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Market information services</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4617"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4618"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apoproteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apolipoproteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis glycines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artificial pollination</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Controlled pollination</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coumaric acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coumaric acid derivatives</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caffeic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinapic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocoons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7063"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reticulitermes speratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Continuous grazing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethylene glycol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Differential diagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carrying capacity</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6112"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24410"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alternative methods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7715"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Groundwater pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8321"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Growth factors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Somatomedin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3394"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ILCA</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">International Livestock Centre for Africa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">International Livestock Centre for Africa</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In sacco experimentation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intensive silviculture</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Intensive forestry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iprodione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mass selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Individual selection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maximum residue limits</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mrl (maximum residue limits)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6518"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microsatellites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Minisatellites</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Arctic</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">North Polar Region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6057"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_592"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">UNCED</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">United Nations Conference on Environment and Development</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">United Nations Conference on Environment and Development</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichloropropene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant models</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Early diagnosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural hybridization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Spontaneous hybridization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolium rigidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolium temulentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bemisia argentifolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15943"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalaris aquatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phalaris tuberosa</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5759"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpulina hyodysenteriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apoanagyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epidinocarsis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apoanagyrus lopezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epidinocarsis lopezi</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laodelphax striatellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4190"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron dasystachyum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria ciliaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria adscendens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria eriantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnodinium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silene vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silene cucubalus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silene pratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lychnis alba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Silene alba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silene latifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Melandrium album</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eragrostis lehmanniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bouteloua curtipendula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sideoats grama</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apoptosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Programmed cell death</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Highly organized mechanism by which cells undergo programmed cell death in response to a specific signal</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasmonic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methyl jasmonate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Meja (methyl jasmonate)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3397"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tissue distribution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">As related to animal and plant physiology only </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27963"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distilled water</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2336"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digoxigenin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioproducts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Organically grown products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biologically grown products</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8171"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25396"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">French West Indies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4635"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological production</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27463"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7969"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6200"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5387"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3014"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Primisulfuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicosulfuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentachlorophenol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pcp (pentachlorophenol)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2157"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Methabenzthiazuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteinase inhibitors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Protease inhibitors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35873"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biolistics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3220"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Information technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Internet</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36891"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetochlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agroecosystems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2482"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28001"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sugarbeet juice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16474"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28586"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest health</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3044"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fish farms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fish hatcheries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2809"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2922"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnobacterium piscicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36680"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthocyanidins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanidin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinidin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pelargonidin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Malvidin</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baltic states</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buprofezin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorfluazuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyromazine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triflumuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherry tomatoes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7805"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colonizing ability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_917"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26815"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7563"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5577"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2623"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deep tillage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deep cultivation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7771"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diethyltoluamide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Deet (diethyltoluamide)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_338"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burners</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Combustion systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Combustors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fluidized bed combustors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Incinerators</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclone combustors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1777"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2915"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copper chrome arsenate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cca (chromated copper arsenate)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Egg drop syndrome</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flunixin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meglumine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flutriafol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forest rehabilitation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3050"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13802"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Free living nematodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Soil nematodes (non parasitic)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7169"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Global positioning systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gps (global positioning systems)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1344"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">European Union countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12103"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33095"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33096"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34123"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">OECD countries</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4792"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5142"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5164"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5234"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5315"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6055"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6124"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7273"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7549"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8013"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8068"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8114"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4116"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_718"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2905"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3081"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3373"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3695"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3948"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4026"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4039"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Granulosa cells</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Germplasm collections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Seed collections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Germplasm banks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Collections of germ cells from which a new plant or animal can be regenerated</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3249"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heaters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Heating equipment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36710"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9499"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3521"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24947"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24398"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">High pressure technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">High pressure treatment</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6174"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epidermal growth factor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Egf (epidermal growth factor)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed set</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rural conditions</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6702"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6705"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6707"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Respiration rate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9421"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foliage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1262"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16110"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transforming growth factor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tgf (transforming growth factor)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imagery</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Landsat images</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computer vision</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Magnetic resonance imaging</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Multispectral imagery</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Image analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasmonates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Job performance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Worker performance</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8439"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epoxy compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epoxy polymers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epoxides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Epoxy resins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33995"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6247"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land evaluation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7087"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15991"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Losses from soil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Losses from soil systems</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2651"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4438"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15591"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysophosphatidylcholine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lysolecithins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy restricted diets</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calorie restricted diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hypocaloric diets</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7714"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Computer hardware</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kaempferol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malignant course</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24881"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manual operation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4590"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5828"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25785"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microtubules</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beneficial organisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beneficial species</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5574"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6074"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6163"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitogens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4870"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oral administration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plot design</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllosphere</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phthalates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phthalic acid esters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physicians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Doctors</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pet care</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_443"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pilot projects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pilot plants</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15988"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest decay</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage decay</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Storage disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Postharvest diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24406"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11042"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10350"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6133"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6131"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propiconazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Postweaning period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3849"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Preweaning period</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_429"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Provenance trials</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5956"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16022"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26833"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pumice</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quartz</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reflectometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Time domain reflectometry</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tdr (time domain reflectometry)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regenerative ability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphingolipids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Glycosphingophospholipids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sphingophospholipids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cerebrosides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gangliosides</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4362"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphingomyelins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structural proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scaffold proteins</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spodosols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6044"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suckler cows</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1939"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trehalase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 28</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Variegation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic mosaicism</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27610"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alaska pollack</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Alaska pollock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Walleye pollock</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6765"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Waterborne diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">World Wide Web</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">WWW</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yeast extracts</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2767"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphur amino acids</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfur amino acids</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36896"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystathionine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethionine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decision support</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decision aid</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4881"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34276"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Refrigerated foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bitertanol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lethal dose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Overdose</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Median effective dose (ed50)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosage effects</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16113"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extraction</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">In seed production use Seed extraction (24578)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28368"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somatic embryogenesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24135"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fenpropimorph</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flusilazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metazachlor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recombinant proteins</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Recombinant antigens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_504"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semen collection</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_433"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Renin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC Code 3 4 23 15</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rimsulfuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scintigraphy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acid sulphate soils</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acid sulfate soils</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tebuconazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomato mosaic tobamovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tomato mosaic virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32869"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Informal sector</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Small units of production or services not meeting all official requirements for legality and often arising due to excessive taxes and regulations imposed by governments. Labour relations are based on casual employment, kinship or personal relations rather than contractual arrangements</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2471"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2477"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2550"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3483"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7485"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15519"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24950"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Voltammetry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic drying</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Osmotic dehydration</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2402"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyproconazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaconazole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_750"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seed moisture content</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36509"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fumaric acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5383"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2827"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beta glucanase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 3 2 1 6</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Casuarina cunninghamiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">She-oak</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1377"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus spicatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron spicatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus trachycaulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron trachycaulum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Slender wheatgrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elymus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agropyron elongatum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyromyces palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracoccus denitrificans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urea biosynthesis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6254"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_928"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaplasma marginale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitric oxide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Nitrogen monoxide</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:definition xml:lang="en">NO; mononitrogen monoxide</skos:definition>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turkey herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coronavirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Turkey bluecomb disease virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sialodacryoadenitis virus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysodeixis includens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoplusia includens</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pneumocystis carinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babesia caballi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catolaccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiocephalus striatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia flavipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles flavipes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotesia plutellae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Apanteles plutellae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrolimus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2184"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euglena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euglena gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus morhua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atlantic cod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3163"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3789"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Katsuwonus pelamis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skipjack tuna</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34453"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepomis macrochirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37034"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepomis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropterus salmoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Black largemouth bass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37036"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus keta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chum salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pink salmon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5354"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus aurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Gilthead seabream</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhammatocerus schistocercoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardina pilchardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Clupea pilchardus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6810"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomber japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chub mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Houttuyn 1782</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6868"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomber scombrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Atlantic mackerel</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6868"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silurus glanis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35435"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taphrina deformans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium difficile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_94"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus circulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus coagulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus popilliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bartonella henselae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ehrlichia phagocytophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterobacter aerogenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aerobacter aerogenes</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterobacter agglomerans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterobacter cloacae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clostridium tyrobutyricum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enterococcus hirae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactobacillus sake</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Legionella pneumophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithobacterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ralstonia solanacearum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonas solanacearum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Burkholderia solanacearum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillus solanacearum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodobacter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodobacter capsulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodobacter sphaeroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruminococcus albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zymomonas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zymomonas mobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albugo candida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacystis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blumeria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31657"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaporthe phaseolorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diaporthe sojae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phomopsis sojae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigaspora margarita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnaporthe grisea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pyricularia grisea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratosphaeria grisea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pichia pastoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaffia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaffia rhodozyma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physarum polycephalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurotus florida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutellospora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomyces bayanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisia annua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astragalus cicer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astragalus sinicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aesculus hippocastanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Horse chestnuts</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_160"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostis castellana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citrus junos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Yuzu (citrus junos)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crataegus monogyna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylorhiza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Datura metel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Datura alba</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitalis lanata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2277"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digitaria sanguinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epilobium angustifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epipactis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epipremnum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erigeron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaultheria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glechoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holcus lanatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Impatiens walleriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipomopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalmia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lemna gibba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melaleuca alternifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercurialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimosa pudica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6884"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcissus tazetta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcissus pseudonarcissus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nepeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontoglossum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oenanthe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orchis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scutellaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Skullcap</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taxodium distichum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7629"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zizania palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum dichotomiflorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panicum virgatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Switchgrass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canine herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channel catfish virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorotoluron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chlortoluron</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amino acid sequences</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_342"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2603"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5691"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemisinin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benzaldehyde</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Benzoic aldehyde</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_250"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28309"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cell cycle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1413"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1418"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genistein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daidzein</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2964"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phagocytosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5756"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulphonylureas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sulfonylureas</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7512"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5389"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leaf conductance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7423"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ligninolytic microorganisms</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4807"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malic enzyme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">IUPAC code 1 1 1 38-40</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Structure activity relationships</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of pesticides, drugs and other chemical substances</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosphatidylinositols</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5803"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanacetum parthenium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feverfew</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum parthenium</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanacetum vulgare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tansy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysanthemum vulgare</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senecio jacobaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Tansy ragwort</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sticky traps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Coloured sticky traps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zingiber mioga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvia splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haematophagy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Hematophagy</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Blood feeding</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2840"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gene flow</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34326"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2745"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Population ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_435"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">WTO</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">World Trade Organization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">As of 1995; before that date use GATT (3204)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3204"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3919"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Questionnaires</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Interviews</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faidherbia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10734"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euseius finlandicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius finlandicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlodromus finlandicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis spiraecola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Aphis citricola</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vitellaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pouteria sapota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calocarpum sapota</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Calocarpum mammosum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mammey sapote</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Image processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Procedure for restoring or enhancing images, often by computer</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000033"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36760"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cordyline fruticosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cordyline terminalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lily palm</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Palm lily</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1890"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5414"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diallel analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diallel crossing</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocheilonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocheilonema viteae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dipetalonema viteae</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galactitol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dulcitol</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cadra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syzygium cumini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia jambolana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Java plum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Eugenia cuminii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dimocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Euphoria</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acca sellowiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Feijoa sellowiana</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37375"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3120"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37374"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abelmoschus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linepithema humile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Iridomyrmex humilis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linepithema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragonolobus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosteles quadrilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Macrosteles fascifrons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maruca vitrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Maruca testulalis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microplitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microplitis demolitor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Microgaster demolitor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naphthenates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5382"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5069"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pots</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1831"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plathypena</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37409"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypena scabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Plathypena scabra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37408"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tissue proliferation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Polyps</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Proliferative disorders</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5122"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudatomoscelis seriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Psallus seriatus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Animal genetic resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plant genetic resources</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes uva crispa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Ribes grossularia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6585"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albizia saman</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Samanea saman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Monkeypod</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pithecellobium saman</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Raintree</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_245"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7776"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7019"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapteriscus borellii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Scapteriscus acletus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteus mirabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proviruses</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3224"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Docosahexaenoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eicosapentaenoic acid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steinernema riobravis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lippia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammonium nitrogen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_351"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1794"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5192"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteridium aquilinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Bracken</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mode of action</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mechanism of action</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of pesticides, drugs and other chemical substances</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7579"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2395"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5739"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25197"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neural networks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Neuronal networks</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24008"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nondestructive testing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vigour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Vigor</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Biological fitness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fitness of organisms</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For hybrid vigour use Heterosis (3705)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8210"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25398"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical ecology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2467"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32370"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34335"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cold stress</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7452"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1743"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discula destructiva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Community involvement</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prion diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37839"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">In vitro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2758"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Densitometry</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediococcus acidilactici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pediococcus pentosaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium sporotrichioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Fusarium sporotrichiella</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Participation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Public participation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37559"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysplasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytolacca americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Phytolacca decandra</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorghastrum nutans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7243"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy expenditure</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2565"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizomania virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphidius rhopalosiphi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avian herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botryosphaeria dothidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4774"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum aromaticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cinnamomum cassia</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Chinese cinnamon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1621"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptococcus (homoptera)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptococcus (coccid)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feline rhinotracheitis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crushers</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25753"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25675"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptococcus neoformans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Injectors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2631"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7175"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7885"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peronosclerospora sorghi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ferritin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomyces uvarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lean body mass</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Lean content</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Body lean mass</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15846"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16168"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Viticulture cooperatives</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10090"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squashes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Summer squash</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6369"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2007"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imidacloprid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tolerance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Of organisms; use only when a more specific descriptor is not available</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6520"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Husks</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24892"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isolation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6973"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1513"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3965"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hong Kong (China)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">For data dealing with this region after the change of status in July 1997; before the change use Hong Kong (3657)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transboundary diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_426"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Transboundary pollution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Pollution transported beyond borders of the polluting country</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser baeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Siberian sturgeon</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_95"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius andersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ampelomyces quisqualis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anagyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraea assama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacus astacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_679"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austropotamobius pallipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lereboullet 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34471"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diadegma semiclausum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Diadegma eucerophagum</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maconellicoccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrolophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrolophus caliginosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metcalfa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metcalfa pruinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morus indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma agalactiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycoplasma putrefaciens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encarsia pergandiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoseiulus californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyseius californicus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orius laevigatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paecilomyces fumosoroseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aleurodicus dispersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antheraea proylei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphelinus mali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29802"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apis mellifera iberica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactrocera latifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Dacus latifrons</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33628"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calothrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coeloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comperiella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comperiella bifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicyphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicyphus tamaninii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encarsia lahorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Prospaltella lahorensis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutreta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kabatiella zeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oomyzus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29879"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parlatoria pergandii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peganum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peganum harmala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procecidochares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionibacterium freudenreichii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propionibacterium jensenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoperichaeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoperonospora humuli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoctonia fragariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorbus torminalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terminalia arjuna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7672"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torulopsis holmii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Candida holmii</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31619"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma brassicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma embryophagum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogramma japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trupanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Westiellopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Access to information</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Data access</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3863"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3865"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adolescents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Adolescence (human)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teenagers</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural extension</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural services</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_203"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5879"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37835"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural training</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25432"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capacity building</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Child development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1547"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop monitoring</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37561"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5139"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33558"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ralstonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AIDS</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37857"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29198"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37855"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Burkholderiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tabebuia heterophylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyranusoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyranusoidea tebygi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacus leptodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschscholz 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_679"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium johnei</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Mycobacterium enteritidis</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12730"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flaviviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human immunodeficiency virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">HIV</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4263"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">HIV infections</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">HIV/AIDS</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Human immunodeficiency virus infections</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8260"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37845"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asia and the Pacific</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">ESCAP countries</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Pacific region</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5296"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprine herpesvirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Goat herpesvirus</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Central Asia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33246"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chongqing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Communication</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Transmitting information by electronic or mechanical means</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49825"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_709"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3860"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digital divide</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7645"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37829"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distance education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distance study</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Distance learning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Supervised study, usually in the field of adult education, supported by tutors and an organization at a distance from the student communicating via written, audiovisual or electronic media</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7861"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8629"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Early warning systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Systems which predict or forecast the formation or movement of a potentially disastrous phenomenon which may develop into or cause a disaster, natural or otherwise</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3041"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11769"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26847"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37971"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empowerment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29966"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16073"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37836"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Energy technology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Power technology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2567"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2570"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16181"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37876"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2593"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2597"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24420"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Environmental monitoring</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4911"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37875"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6078"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Extension programmes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2762"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genetically modified foods</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15974"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globalization</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Internationalization</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Governance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4236"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Human rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vargas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delta Amacuro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Territorio Delta Amacuro</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entrepreneurship</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Entrepreneurs</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10626"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Knowledge management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35208"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactoperoxidase</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venezuela (Capital District)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venezuela (Federal District)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Federal District (Venezuela)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Capital District (Venezuela)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Timor-Leste</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Part of Indonesia before May 2002; for data dealing with that region before the change of status use East Timor (4436) </skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serbia and Montenegro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">The name of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Yugoslavia) was changed to Serbia and Montenegro as of 4 February 2003; for data dealing with that region before the change use Yugoslavia (8494)</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_799"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29176"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land cover</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25317"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4185"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2678"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4172"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6604"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Land use planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4179"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meteorological satellites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4779"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4781"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4783"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nutrition education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15615"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32497"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive behaviour</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7129"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6510"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reproductive health</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3511"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2789"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7015"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Right to food</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37883"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3012"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3029"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3032"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sexually transmitted diseases</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Venereal diseases</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34024"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2329"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synthetic aperture radar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">SAR (radar)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teacher training</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Teacher education</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8285"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7637"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7640"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Technology assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Technology evaluation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_544"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7643"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wood energy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16526"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3137"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Small Island Developing States</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">SIDS</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2473"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6790"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6772"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5555"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5202"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5159"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4805"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4662"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7017"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7230"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33221"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8025"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7933"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7808"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7352"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7349"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4630"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4548"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4534"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2080"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1997"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1850"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1267"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_814"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_780"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_778"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2363"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2364"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4035"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3472"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3445"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3427"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3384"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3261"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2895"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copper oxychloride</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1868"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3146"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytosanitary measures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:scopeNote xml:lang="en">Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests</skos:scopeNote>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2327"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4253"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5726"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5978"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Intellectual property rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37942"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5627"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palestine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nidovirales</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37926"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arteriviridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equine arteritis virus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32849"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Risk assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Risk evaluation</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32668"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Risk management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3902"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Risk analysis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37932"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Impact assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37940"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1919"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex-ante impact assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex-post impact assessment</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Property rights</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Right to property</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37923"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manmade disasters</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Man-made disasters</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6077"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">War</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Traffic</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urban planning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Town planning</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5951"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6490"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8085"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argan oil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8170"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Shea butter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8167"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protected areas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Associations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Breeders' associations</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24062"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3911"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auditing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_62"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bioinformatics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Computational biology</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_925"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3222"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodiola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37963"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodiola rosea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Sedum rosea</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37962"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultural heritage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2021"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28661"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35704"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37967"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural heritage</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5092"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37966"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Organizations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Food processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Processing of foods</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1166"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28228"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3020"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7402"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6195"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3011"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3018"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5623"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disaster preparedness</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Emergency preparedness</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quantitative trait loci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">QTL (quantitative trait loci)</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24869"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Immigration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Learning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49834"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4740"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emigration</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4822"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disaster prevention</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6732"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_60"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2910"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2976"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5082"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37871"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agricultural science</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">science</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petromyzontiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petromyzontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petromyzon marinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampetra fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entosphenus tridentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyomyzon unicuspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Trautman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eudontomyzon mariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berg 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geotria australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mordacia mordax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caspiomyzon wagneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petromyzontidae (10201XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxiniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38019"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramyxine atami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dean 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxine glutinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemamyxine elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eptatretus burgeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eptatretus stoutii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxinidae (10303XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus francisci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus galeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macleay 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taylor &amp; Castro-Aguirre 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus portusjacksoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meyer 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus quoyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus ramalheira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontus zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodontiformes (104XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydoselachidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydoselachus anguineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanchus griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanchus nakamurai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Teng 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptranchias perlo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notorynchus cepedianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (P</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexanchiformes (105XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetorhinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38042"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetorhinus maximus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gunnerus 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontaspididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharias taurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharias tricuspidatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontaspis ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontaspis noronhai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Maul 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38043"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitsukurinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitsukurina owstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocarchariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Matsubara 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megachasmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megachasma pelagios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taylor, Compagno &amp; Struhsaker 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopias pelagicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nakamura 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopias superciliosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopias spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isurus oxyrinchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isurus paucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guitart Manday 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamna nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamna ditropis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Follett 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharodon carcharias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamnidae (10608XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamniformes (106XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegostoma fasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hermann 1783)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38071"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucrossorhinus dasypogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobus ornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Vis 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobus wardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sutorectus tentaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38073"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginglymostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38085"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginglymostoma cirratum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginglymostoma spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nebrius ferrugineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiscylliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiscyllium freycineti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiscyllium hallstromi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiscyllium ocellatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiscyllium strahani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiscyllium trispeculare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloscyllium arabicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gubanov 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloscyllium caerulopunctatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloscyllium griseum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloscyllium indicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloscyllium plagiosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloscyllium punctatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhincodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhincodon typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachaeluridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachaelurus waddi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroscyllium colcloughi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascylliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhoscyllium expolitum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhoscyllium formosanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Teng 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhoscyllium japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascyllium collare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascyllium ferrugineum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascyllium variolatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orectolobiformes (107XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhiniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus arae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nichols 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus boardmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus eastmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus melastomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tachikawa &amp; Taniuchi 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus murinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collett 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus nipponensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nakaya 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus piperatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Wagner 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus polli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus sauteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Richardson 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus schultzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus canicula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus stellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus besnardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Sadowsky 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus boa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus cervigoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maurin &amp; Bonnet 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus garmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus haeckelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miranda-Ribeiro 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus hesperius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus meadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus retifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus tokubee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shirai, Hagiwara &amp; Nakaya 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus torazame</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus torrei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Howell Rivero 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schroederichthys bivius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schroederichthys chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schroederichthys maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schroederichthys tenuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asymbolus analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asymbolus vincenti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zeitz 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atelomycterus macleayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atelomycterus marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haploblepharus edwardsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Voigt 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haploblepharus fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haploblepharus pictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holohalaelurus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holohalaelurus regani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmaturus campechiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmaturus macmillani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmaturus melanobranchius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chan 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmaturus pilosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parmaturus xaniurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus acanutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meng, Chu &amp; Li 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koefoed 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus brunneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus canutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Heemstra 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus gibbosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meng, Chu &amp; Li 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus herklotsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus investigatoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Misra 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nakaya 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus kampae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taylor 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus laurussonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Saemundsson 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus longicephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nakaya 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus macrorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus macrostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meng, Chu &amp; Li 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat &amp; Maul 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus manis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Springer 1979)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus micropterygeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meng, Chu &amp; Li 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus nasutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus parvipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Heemstra 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus platyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus profundorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus riveri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus saldanha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1925)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chu &amp; Hu 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus spongiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus stenseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Springer 1979)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus verweyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apristurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulohalaelurus kanakorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: S</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulohalaelurus labiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus alcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus boesemani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; D'Aubrey 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus buergeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus canescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus dawsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus hispidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus immaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chu &amp; Meng 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bass, D'Aubrey &amp; Kistnasamy 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus lutarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; D'Aubrey 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halaelurus quagga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentanchus profundicolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium fasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium isabellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium nascione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium silasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Talwar 1974)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium sufflans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium umbratile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Fowler 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephaloscyllium ventriosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalurus cephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poroderma africanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poroderma marleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poroderma pantherinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyliorhinidae (10801XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionace glauca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamiopsis temmincki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nasolamia velox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus plumbeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nardo 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus limbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus melanopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus amboinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus borneensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus acronotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus cautus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1945)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus longimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus porosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ranzani 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus fitzroyensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus obscurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus falciformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus leucas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus albimarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus brachyurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus brevipinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus sealei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pietschmann 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus signatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus macloti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus isodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus altimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Springer 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus galapagensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Snodgrass &amp; Heller 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus hemiodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus leiodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garrick 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus perezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus sorrah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus tilstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinus wheeleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garrick 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeocerdo cuvier</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (P</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scoliodon laticaudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triaenodon obesus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Negaprion brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Negaprion acutidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxodon macrorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphis gangeticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphis glyphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon terraenovae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon acutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon lalandii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon longurio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon oligolinx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon porosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon taylori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizoprionodon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhinidae (10802XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eusphyra blochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna zygaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna corona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna couardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna lewini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Griffith &amp; Smith 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna tudes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna tiburo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna mokarran</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrna spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyrnidae (10803XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pietschmann 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus henlei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus higmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Lowe 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus lenticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Phillipps 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus lunulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus manazo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus schmitti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus mustelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus norrisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus asterias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cloquet 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus mento</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus mosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Klunzinger 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus palumbes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus punctulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus whitneyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chirichigno F. 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mustelus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeorhinus galeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakis acutipinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kato 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakis semifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakis maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner &amp; Steindachner 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakis megalopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakis scyllium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iago garricki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fourmanoir &amp; Rivaton 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iago omanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gogolia filewoodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Compagno 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypogaleus hyugaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miyosi 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furgaleus macki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitriakis japanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitriakis leucoperiptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scylliogaleus quecketti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triakidae (10804XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotriakidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotriakis microdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Capello 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigaleidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenogaleus macrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemipristis elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragaleus leucolomatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Compagno &amp; Smale 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragaleus pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragaleus tengi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chen 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigaleus microstoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptochariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocharias smithii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proscylliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenacis fehlmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Springer 1968)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eridacnis barbouri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eridacnis radcliffei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eridacnis sinuans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gollum attenuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garrick 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proscyllium habereri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcharhiniformes (108XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somniosus microcephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somniosus rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somniosus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhigaleus asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Merrett 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhigaleus barbifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euprotomicroides zantedeschia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley &amp; Penrith 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroscymnoides marleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus blainvillei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus cubensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Howell Rivero 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishikawa 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus acanthias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus mitsukurii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus rancureli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fourmanoir &amp; Rivaton 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus melanurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fourmanoir &amp; Rivaton 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus megalops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus granulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus uyato</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus squamosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus lusitanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bocage &amp; Capello 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus acus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus harrissoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus moluccensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus niaukang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Teng 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophorus tessellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus spinax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus bigelowi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shirai &amp; Tachikawa 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus brachyurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus bullisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus princeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus pusillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus gracilispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Krefft 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus granulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus hillianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus lucifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus molleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus polli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow, Schroeder &amp; Springer 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus schultzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow, Schroeder &amp; Springer 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus sentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bass, D'Aubrey &amp; Kistnasamy 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus splendidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yano 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus unicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Engelhardt 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus villosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus virens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow, Schroeder &amp; Springer 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus compagnoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fricke &amp; Koch 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus decacuspidatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etmopterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isistius brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isistius plutodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garrick &amp; Springer 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euprotomicrus bispinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deania calcea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deania histricosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deania profundorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deania quadrispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deania spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnodalatias albicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taniuchi &amp; Garrick 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnodalatias sherwoodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Archey 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscymnus coelolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bocage &amp; Capello 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscymnus crepidater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bocage &amp; Capello 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscymnus cryptacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscymnus owstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscymnus plunketi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnodon obscurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnodon ringens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bocage &amp; Capello 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnodon macracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scymnodon squamulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalatias licha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium fabricii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinhardt 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium granulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium kamoharai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Abe 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium nigrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium ornatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroscyllium ritteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Fowler 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aculeola nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squaliolus aliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Teng 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squaliolus laticaudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalidae (10901XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalidae, scyliorhinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophorus cirratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latham 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophorus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophorus nudipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophorus schroederi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Bullis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pliotrema warreni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristiophorus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina squatina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina argentina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Marini 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina dumeril</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina formosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shen &amp; Ting 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina nebulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina oculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonaparte 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina tergocellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatina tergocellatoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chen 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squatinidae (10903XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxynotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38451"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxynotus centrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxynotus paradoxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Frade 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxynotus bruniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxynotus caribbaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cervig</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinorhinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38454"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinorhinus brucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinorhinus cookei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pietschmann 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squaliformes (109XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38458"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aptychotrema bougainvillii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aptychotrema rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aptychotrema vincentiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Haacke 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyrhina sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyrhinoidis triseriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchobatus australiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchobatus djiddensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchobatus luebberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ehrenbaum 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos annandalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos annulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos batillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos blochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos cemiculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos formosensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos percellens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos planiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos halavi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos holcorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos hynnicephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos irvinei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos albomaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos leucorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos leucospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos lionotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos obtusus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos glaucostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos productus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos punctifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Compagno &amp; Randall 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos rhinobatos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos salalah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Compagno 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos schlegelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos thouin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Anonymous 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Anonymous [Bennett 1830])</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos horkelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos granulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos lentiginosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatos spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanobatus schoenleinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zapteryx exasperata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhina ancylostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonorrhina fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonorrhina guaneria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonorrhina melaleuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Scott 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinobatidae (11001XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoxypristis cuspidata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latham 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristis clavata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristis microdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Latham 1794</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristis pectinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Latham 1794</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristis pristis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristis zijsron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristidae (11002XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rajidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja batis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja clavata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Donovan 1808</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja montagui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja brachyura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lafont 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja circularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Couch 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja fullonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja wallacei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja microocellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Montagu 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja naevus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja oxyrinchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja undulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja springeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wallace 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja stellulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja stenorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wallace 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja straeleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja taaf</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meissner 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja teevani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja tengu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Fowler 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja texana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chandler 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja senta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja whitleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iredale 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja velezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chirichigno F. 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja rhina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja robertsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja rondeleti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bougis 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja rouxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Capap</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja fyllae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja georgiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja ackleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja acutispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Capap</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja annandalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja asterias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delaroche 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macleay 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja badia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja bathyphila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holt &amp; Byrne 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja bigelowi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja binoculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja boesemani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishihara 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja bullisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja campbelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wallace 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja castelnaui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja caudaspinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Von Bonde &amp; Swart 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja cerva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja cervigoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja clarkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja compagnoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja confundens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja cortezensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McEachran &amp; Miyake 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja cyclophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja dageti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Capap</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja dissimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja doutrei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja eglanteria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bosc 1800</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja equatorialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja erinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja fuliginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja garmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja gudgeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja heemstrai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McEachran &amp; Fechhelm 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja herwigi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Krefft 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja hollandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Richardson 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja hyperborea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja innominata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garrick &amp; Paul 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja inornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja jenseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja johannisdavisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja kenojei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja kreffti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mitchill 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja lanceorostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wallace 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja lemprieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja lentiginosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja leopardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonde &amp; Swart 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja leucosticta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja lintea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fries 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja macrocauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja meerdervoortii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja melitensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clark 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja miraletus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja nasuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja nidarosiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Storm 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja ocellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mitchill 1815</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja olseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja pita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fricke &amp; Al-Hassan 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja polyommata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja polystigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja powelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja pulchra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Liu 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja pullopunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja purpuriventralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja radula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delaroche 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja ravidula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raja spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja eatonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja maccaini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja murrayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja caeluronigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama &amp; Ishihara 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja diplotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ishiyama 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja abyssicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja aleutica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja andriashevi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dolganov 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja griseocauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja hesperafricana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja interrupta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill &amp; Townsend 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja irrasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hureau &amp; Ozouf-Costaz 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja isotrachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja lindbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama &amp; Ishihara 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja matsubarai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ishiyama 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja meridionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja minispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama &amp; Ishihara 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja notoroensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama &amp; Ishihara 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja pallida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja parmifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja richardsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garrick 1961)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja rosispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill &amp; Townsend 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja shuntovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dolganov 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja simoterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja smirnovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Soldatov &amp; Pavlenko 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja smithii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja spinicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jensen 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja spinosissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Beebe &amp; Tee-Van 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja trachouros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ishiyama 1958)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja trachura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja tzinovskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dolganov 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Suvorov 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyraja spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arhynchobatis asperrimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cruriraja atlantis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cruriraja durbanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Bonde &amp; Swart 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cruriraja parcomaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Bonde &amp; Swart 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cruriraja poeyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cruriraja triangularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gurgesiella atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gurgesiella sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irolita waitii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacoraja spinacidermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoraja africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stehmann &amp; Seret 1983)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoraja stehmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hulley 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoraja ochroderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McEachran &amp; Last 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoraja subtilispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoraja tobitukai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hiyama 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavoraja alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McEachran &amp; Fechhelm 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavoraja asperula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garrick &amp; Paul 1974)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavoraja laxipella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yearsley &amp; Last 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavoraja nitida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavoraja spinifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garrick &amp; Paul 1974)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoraja kujiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoraja longicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoraja odai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishiyama 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breviraja atripinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breviraja caerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stehmann 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breviraja colesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breviraja cubensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breviraja spinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rajidae (11004XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38513"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis akajei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand &amp; Schroeder 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis annotata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis bennetti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis brevicaudata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis centroura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis chrysonota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis dipterura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis fluviorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis garouaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stauch &amp; Blanc 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis geijskesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boeseman 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis giganteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lindberg 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis guttata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis kuhlii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonaparte 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis laosensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts &amp; Karnasuta 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis leylandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis longus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis margarita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis margaritella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Compagno &amp; Roberts 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis matsubarai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miyosi 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Annandale 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis pastinaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis rudis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis sabina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis say</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis thetidis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis tortonesei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Capap</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis ukpam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis ushiei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Hubbs 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis zugei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pastinachus sephen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniura grabata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniura lymma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniura meyeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urogymnus asperrimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urogymnus natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura alcockii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Annandale 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blyth 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura chaophraya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Monkolprasit &amp; Roberts 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura draco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Compagno &amp; Heemstra 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura fai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Seale 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura gerrardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura granulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura imbricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura jenkinsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Annandale 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura krempfi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chabanaud 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blyth 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura oxyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Beebe &amp; Tee-Van 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura schmardae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Werner 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura signifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Compagno &amp; Roberts 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura toshi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura uarnak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura undulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantura walga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasyatidae (11005XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon constellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon hystrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon magdalenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon motoro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon scobina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamotrygon yepezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castex &amp; Castello 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetobatus flagellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetobatus narinari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Euphrasen 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetobatus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kuhl &amp; van Hasselt 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis aquila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macleay 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis freminvillii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis goodei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis hamlyni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Applegate &amp; Fitch 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis tenuicaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hector 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatis tobijei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteromylaeus asperrimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteromylaeus bovinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera adspersa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera bonasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera javanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera jayakari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera neglecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoptera steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evermann &amp; Jenkins 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetomylaeus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetomylaeus milvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetomylaeus niehofii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetomylaeus vespertilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myliobatidae (11007XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manta alfredi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Krefft 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manta birostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manta spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula coilloti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat &amp; Rancurel 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula diabola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula eregoodootenkee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula hypostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bancroft 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula japanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula kuhlii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula mobular</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula munkiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Notarbartolo di Sciara 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula robertsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula rochebrunei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula tarapacana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula thurstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lloyd 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobula spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mobulidae (11008XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38809"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura altavela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura crebripunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cooper 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura micrura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura poecilura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura tentaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura zonura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnura spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexatrygonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexatrygon bickelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heemstra &amp; Smith 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexatrygon longirostra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chu &amp; Meng 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49549"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonoptera javanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Martens 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonoptera kaiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonoptera mucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonoptera ovalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last &amp; Gomon 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trygonoptera personata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last &amp; Gomon 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus aurantiacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus bucculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macleay 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus circularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McKay 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus concentricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osburn &amp; Nichols 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus cruciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus expansus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus flavomosaicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last &amp; Gomon 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Scott 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus halleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cooper 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus jamaicensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus lobatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McKay 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus mitosis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last &amp; Gomon 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus orarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last &amp; Gomon 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus paucimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dixon 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus sufflavus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus testaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus viridis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus westraliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last &amp; Gomon 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon aspidura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon microphthalmum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delsman 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon munda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miyake &amp; McEachran 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miyake &amp; McEachran 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon rogersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urotrygon simulatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miyake &amp; McEachran 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthobatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthobatis americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthobatis borneensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthobatis marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: von Bonde &amp; Swart 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthobatis melanosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chan 1965)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthobatis ori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wallace 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesiobatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesiobatis daviesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wallace 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rajiformes (110XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpediniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38902"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo bauchotae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat, Capap</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo fairchildi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo fuscomaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo mackayana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Metzelaar 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo macneilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo nobiliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonaparte 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo panthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Olfers 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo peruana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chirichigno F. 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo sinuspersici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Olfers 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo tokionis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo torpedo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo tremens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedo spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnos monopterygium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpedinidae (11101XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38901"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthobatis marcida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean &amp; Weed 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassinarke dormitor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Takagi 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplobatis ommata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplobatis picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Palmer 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discopyge tschudii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteronarce garmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteronarce mollis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lloyd 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olfers 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine brevilabiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bessednov 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine brunnea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Annandale 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine entemedor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Henle 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine lingula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine prodorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bessednov 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine rierai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lloris &amp; Rucabado 1991)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine tasmaniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine timlei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine vermiculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Breder 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcine westraliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McKay 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narke capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narke dipterygia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narke japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Temera hardwickii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlonarke aysoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlonarke tarakea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Phillipps 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torpediniformes (111XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaeridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera monstrosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera phantasma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera owstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera cubana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Howell Rivero 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus colliei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lay &amp; Bennett 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Capello 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus alberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow &amp; Schroeder 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus barbouri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus deani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus eidolon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Hubbs 1925)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus lemures</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus mirabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collett 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus mitsukurii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus novaezealandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus ogilbyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus pallidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy &amp; Stehmann 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus purpurescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolagus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinochimaeridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinochimaera atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holt &amp; Byrne 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinochimaera pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitsukuri 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinochimaera spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harriotta haeckeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Karrer 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harriotta raleighana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harriotta spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoharriotta pinnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schnakenbeck 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinchus milii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinchus callorynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinchus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinchus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinchidae (11203XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaeriformes (112XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratodontiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38946"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoceratodus forsteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Krefft 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidosireniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidosirenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidosiren paradoxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fitzinger 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coelacanthiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latimeriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latimeria chalumnae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypteriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypterus endlicheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polypterus senegalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erpetoichthys calabaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protopteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38962"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protopterus aethiopicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protopterus annectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Owen 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protopterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenseridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser sturio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser gueldenstaedtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brandt &amp; Ratzeberg 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser naccarii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonaparte 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser ruthenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser stellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1771</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser nudiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lovetzky 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser fulvescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser oxyrinchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mitchill 1815</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser transmontanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser brevirostrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser baerii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nikolskii 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser schrenckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brandt 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser dabryanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser medirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser mikadoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser persicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Borodin 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenser multiscutatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphirhynchus platorynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphirhynchus albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forbes &amp; Richardson 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Huso huso</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Huso dauricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Georgi 1775)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acipenseridae (11701XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_96"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyodon spathula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psephurus gladius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Martens 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amiiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amia calva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1766</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepisosteiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepisosteidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepisosteus osseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepisosteus spatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atractosteus tristoechus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sundasalangidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sundasalanx malleti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Siebert &amp; Crimmen 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39074"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupea pallasii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirocentrodon bleekerianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblygaster clupeoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblygaster leiogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblygaster sirm</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa caspia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eichwald 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa pontica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eichwald 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa sapidissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wilson 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa alosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa fallax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa pseudoharengus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wilson 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa aestivalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa mediocris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa brashnikovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Borodin 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa alabamae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa kessleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Grimm 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa maeotica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Grimm 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa saposhnikovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Grimm 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa sphaerocephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berg 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alosa alosa, a.fallax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella brachysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella gibbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella longiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella melanura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella fimbriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella sindensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella aurita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella neglecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella jussieui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella albella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella zunasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella lemuru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella fijiense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler &amp; Bean 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinella spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinops melanostictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinops caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinops sagax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinops ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pappe 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sardinops neopilchardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caspialosa curensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Suvorov 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caspialosa spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolothrissa tanganicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dorosoma cepedianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dorosoma petenense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinosardinia amazonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odaxothrissa losera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellonula leonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anodontostoma chacunda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevoortia aurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevoortia pectinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevoortia tyrannus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latrobe 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevoortia patronus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brevoortia smithi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeoides borneensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corica soborna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dussumieria acuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dussumieria elopsoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethmalosa fimbriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bowdich 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etrumeus teres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (DeKay 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etrumeus whiteheadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonialosa manmina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonialosa modesta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harengula clupeola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harengula humeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harengula thrissina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harengula jaguana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harengula spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hilsa kelee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jenkinsia lamprotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gosse 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jenkinsia stolifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenualosa ilisha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenualosa thibaudeaui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Durand 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenualosa reevesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tenualosa toli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematalosa nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematalosa come</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematalosa erebi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematalosa japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthonema libertate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthonema oglinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthonema bulleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthonema medirastre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry &amp; Barrett 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthonema spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spratelloides gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spratelloides delicatulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynothrissa ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynothrissa mento</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gudusia chapra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupanodon thrissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeonella cultriventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nordmann 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeonella engrauliformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Borodin 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeonella grimmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kessler 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Konosirus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lile piquitinga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schreiner &amp; Ribeiro 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lile stolifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilchristella aestuarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprattus sprattus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sprattus fuegensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethmidium maculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herklotsichthys quadrimaculat.</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herklotsichthys dispilonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herklotsichthys gotoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herklotsichthys lossei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Escualosa thoracata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnothrissa miodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strangomera bentincki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanichthys platana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ramnogaster arcuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamalosa richmondia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spratellomorpha bianalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bertin 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dayella malabarica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thrattidion noctivagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laeviscutella dekimpei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll, Whitehead &amp; Hopson 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sierrathrissa leonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microthrissa royauxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamothrissa acutirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poecilothrissa moeruensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannothrissa parva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeichthys aesarnensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ehirava fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deraniyagala 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congothrissa gossei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sauvagella madagascariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperlophus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeidae (12105XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolothrissa, limnothrissa spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis encrasicolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis anchoita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Marini 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis mordax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis ringens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amazonsprattus scintilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encrasicholina devisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encrasicholina heteroloba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encrasicholina punctifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jurengraulis juruensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papuengraulis micropinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Munro 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetengraulis edentulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetengraulis mysticetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa argentivittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa curta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa marinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa choerostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner &amp; Steindachner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa eigenmannia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa ischana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa januaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa hepsetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa filifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa compressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa cubana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa mitchilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa lamprotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa lyolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Evermann &amp; Marsh 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa spinifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa tricolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoa trinitatis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchovia macrolepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchovia clupeoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella cayennensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Puyo 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Myers 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella lepidentostole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella guianensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella jamesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Seale 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella nattereri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchoviella vaillanti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coilia dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coilia brachygnathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kreyenberg &amp; Pappenheim 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coilia macrognathos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coilia mystus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coilia nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schlegel 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycengraulis batesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycengraulis grossidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycothrissa crocodilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setipinna melanochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setipinna phasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setipinna breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setipinna taty</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setipinna tenuifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus commersonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus baganensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardenberg 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (van Hasselt 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus insularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardenberg 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus tri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus waitei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Seale 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus andhraensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Babu Rao 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus brachycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus carpentariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Vis 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stolephorus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa hamiltonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa vitrirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa malabarica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa mystax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa purava</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa baelama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa setirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broussonet 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa encrasicholoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa kammalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa scratchleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa whiteheadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa rastrosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssa brevicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterengraulis atherinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulidae (12106XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Denticipitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Denticeps clupeoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clausen 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirocentridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirocentrus dorab</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirocentrus nudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirocentrus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristigasteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39254"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha megaloptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha melastoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha filigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha pristigastroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha furthii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilisha africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellona flavipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellona ditchela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pliosteostoma lutipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoopisthopterus tropicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hildebrand 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthopterus tardoore</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontognathus mucronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristigaster cayana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raconda russeliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeoidei (121XXXXXXX020)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonorynchiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chanos chanos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kneriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39264"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cromeria nilotica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grasseichthys gabonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kneria auriculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parakneria abbreviata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phractolaemidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39266"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phractolaemus ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39265"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonorynchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonorynchus gonorynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmoniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantholingua ohridana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo carpio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jardine 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo fibreni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zerunian &amp; Gandolfi 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo ischchan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kessler 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmo spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvethymus svetovidovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chereshnev &amp; Skopets 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus aguabonita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus clarki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus nerka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus apache</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miller 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus chrysogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Needham &amp; Gard 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus gilae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miller 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus rhodurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; McGregor 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncorhynchus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus willoughbii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus leucomaenis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; McGregor 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus malma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taranetz 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus confluentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Suckley 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus neiva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taranetz 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus profundus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schillinger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salvelinus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmothymus obtusirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hucho ishikawae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mori 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hucho hucho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hucho perryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brevoort 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachymystax lenok</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1773)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonidae (12301XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymallidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymallus thymallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymallus brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kessler 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymallus arcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plecoglossidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmeridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allosmerus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmerus eperlanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmerus mordax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner &amp; Kner 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypomesus olidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypomesus pretiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brevoort 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaleichthys pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirinchus thaleichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osmerus spp, hypomesus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina kagoshimae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina silus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ascanius 1775)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina sphyraena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argentina spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossanodon semifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kishinouye 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossanodon leioglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuroglossus schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rass 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagus antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagus euryops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagus ochotensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylagus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microstomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenophthalmichthys danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microstoma microstoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nansenia ardesiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Thompson 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nansenia antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kawaguchi &amp; Butler 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nansenia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salangidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neosalanx jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wakiya &amp; Takahashi 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protosalanx hyalocranius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Abbott 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salanx ariakensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kishinouye 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salangichthys ishikawae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wakiya &amp; Takahashi 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retropinnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prototroctes maraena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stokellia anisodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stokell 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retropinna retropinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus lavaretus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dybowski 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus oxyrinchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus fera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jurine 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus hiemalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jurine 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus pollan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thompson 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus wartmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1784)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: N</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus clupeaformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus artedi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus autumnalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus chadary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dybowski 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus hoyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Milner 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus kiyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koelz 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus muksun</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus nilssoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus peled</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus reighardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koelz 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus sardinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus tugun</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus widegreni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Malmgren 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coregonus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenodus leucichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopium coulteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopium cylindraceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1784)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prosopium williamsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthoproctidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39400"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylychnops exilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichopteryx binocularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Beebe 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macropinna microstoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chapman 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthoproctus grimaldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthoproctus soleatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchohyalus natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; von Bonde 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Winteria telescopa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepocephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39425"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asquamiceps caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Markle 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bajacalifornia burragei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Townsend &amp; Nichols 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylaco nielseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sazonov &amp; Ivanov 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyprion danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marshall 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathytroctes microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bellocia koefoedi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepocephalus bairdii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepocephalus longiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lloyd 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepocephalus rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepocephalus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conocara fiolenti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sazonov &amp; Ivanov 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Einara edentula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ericara niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herwigia kreffti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nielsen &amp; Larsen 1970)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoderma lubricum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Abe, Marumo &amp; Kawaguchi 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microphotolepis multipunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sazonov &amp; Parin 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mirognathus normani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Narcetes erimelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photostylus pycnopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Beebe 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rinoctes nasutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koefoed 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rouleina attrita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenodermichthys copei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Talismania bifurcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39401"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platytroctidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbantus curvifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roule &amp; Angel 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holtbyrnia anomala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Krefft 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maulisia acuticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sazonov 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mentodus crassus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Normichthys operosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pellisolus facilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Persparsia kopua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Phillipps 1942)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platytroctegen mirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lloyd 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platytroctes apus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sagamichthys abei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Searsia koefoedi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tragularius mesalirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Matsui &amp; Rosenblatt 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidogalaxiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39440"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidogalaxias salamandroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptochilichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptochilichthys agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplochiton zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachygalaxias bullocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias brevipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias cleaveri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Scott 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias postvectis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clarke 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stokell 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxias zebratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lovettia sealii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Johnston 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neochanna burrowsius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Phillipps 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neochanna diversus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stokell 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragalaxias dissimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmonoidei (123XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esociformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dallia pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Novumbra hubbsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbra krameri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Walbaum 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esox americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1789</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esox reichertii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dybowski 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomiiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonostoma denudatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonostoma bathyphilum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonostoma elongatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonapartia pedaliota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margrethia obtusirostra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jespersen &amp; T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplophos taenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplophos maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Johnson 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone acclinidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone braueri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jespersen &amp; T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone livida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone microdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone pallida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone pseudopallida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mukhacheva 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone pygmaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jespersen &amp; T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclothone spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triplophos hemingi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McArdle 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonostomatidae (12501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternoptychidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valenciennellus tripunctulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Esmark 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyripnus atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maul 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyropelecus aculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danaphos oculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyipnus aquavitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternoptyx diaphana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hermann 1781</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternoptyx pseudobscura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maurolicus muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternoptychidae (12502XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39488"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39500"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristostomias grimaldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronesthes cyclophotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronesthes gemmifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronesthes indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronesthes leucopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronesthes neopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronesthes niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borostomias antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Borostomias mononema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomias boa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomias brevibarbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ege 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flagellostomias boureei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zugmayer 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathophilus nigerrimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giglioli 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathophilus digitatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Welsh 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathophilus vaillanti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zugmayer 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chauliodus danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chauliodus sloani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chauliodus schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ege 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirostomias pliopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echiostoma barbatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustomias obscurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustomias braueri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustomias furcifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustomias longibarba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eustomias tetranema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatostomias flagellibarba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holt &amp; Bryne 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterophotus ophistoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idiacanthus fasciola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptostomias bilobatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koefoed 1956)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacosteus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostomias biseriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostomias melanopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostomias tentaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostomias valdiviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neonesthes capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; von Bonde 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontostomias masticopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opostomias micripnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachystomias microdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photonectes albipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photostomias guernei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhadinesthes decimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zugmayer 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tactostoma macropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bolin 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanactis dentex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigonolampa miriceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39499"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39553"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyococcus ovatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phosichthys argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollichthys mauli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymetme corythaeola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinciguerria attenuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinciguerria nimbaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Williams 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinciguerria poweriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Woodsia meyerwaardeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Krefft 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yarrella blackfordi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteoglossiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteoglossidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arapaima gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schinz 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteoglossum bicirrhosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scleropages jardinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Saville-Kent 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterotis niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterotis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitala chitala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papyrocranus afer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenomystus nigri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hiodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hiodon tergisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantodon buchholzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mormyridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taverne &amp; G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brienomyrus brachyistius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylomormyrus elephas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genyomyrus donnyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathonemus petersii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteromormyrus pauciradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippopotamyrus discorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperopisus bebe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isichthys henryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ivindomyrus opdenboschi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taverne &amp; G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marcusenius abadii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marcusenius macrolepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mormyrus rume</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mormyrus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramormyrops jacksoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrocephalus catostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pollimyrus isidori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomatorhinus ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mormyridae (12806XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnarchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnarchus niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elopiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops hawaiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops saurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1766</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops lacerta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elops machnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39597"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalops atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalops cyprinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broussonet 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albuliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albula vulpes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterothrissus belloci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albulidae (13001XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulopiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Giganturidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantura chuni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hime japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulopus filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39615"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelarchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthalbella elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthalbella macropinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bussing &amp; Bussing 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthalbella spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosenblattichthys alatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fourmanoir 1970)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelarchoides danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelarchus analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelarchidae (13103XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evermannellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39630"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccorella atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evermannella balbo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontostomops normalops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39627"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omosudidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omosudis lowei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepisauridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39637"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepisaurus ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepisaurus brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gibbs 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepisaurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39633"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anotopteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anotopterus pharao</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralepididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39657"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichosudis fuliginosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Post 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lestidiops affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ege 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lestidium atlanticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Borodin 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lestrolepis intermedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroparalepis affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ege 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sudis hyalina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnisudis atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magnisudis prionosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rofen 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolepis coatsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dollo 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolepis rissoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonaparte 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolepis annulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Post 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolepis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stemonosudis elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ege 1933)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uncisudis longirostra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maul 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralepis coregonoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralepis brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39640"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophthalmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathysauropsis gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kamohara 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophthalmus acutifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hiyama 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophthalmidae (13112XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notosudidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ahliesaurus berryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bertelsen, Krefft &amp; Marshall 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciosudis normani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelosaurus hamiltoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelosaurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotrichonotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotrichonotus altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yoshino &amp; Araga 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipnopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathymicrops brevianalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nielsen 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ipnops agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasudis fraserbrunneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathypterois dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathypterois longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathypterois mediterraneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bauchot 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39670"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpadon nehereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathysaurus ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinocephalus myops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodus evermanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodus lucioceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodus saurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saurida tumbil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saurida undosquamis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontidae (13116XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myctophiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoscopelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoscopelus macrolepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelengys tristis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solivomer arenidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myctophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolinichthys distofax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrobranchus andreae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratoscopelus maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diogenichthys atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonichthys barnesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hintonia candens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hygophum benoiti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hygophum hygomii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idiolychnus urolampus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert &amp; Cramer 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myctophum punctatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myctophum nitidulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myctophum selenops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Krefftichthys anderssoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctodes hectoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus crocodilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus alatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus cuprarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus festivus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus intricarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus macdonaldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus photonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus pusillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Johnson 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampanyctus achirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus bertelseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nafpaktitis 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus brachycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus dumerilii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus effulgens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus holti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus lucidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus metopoclampus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus mollis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus rafinesquii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaphus termophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampadena speculigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampadena chavesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampadena urophaos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maul 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidophanes gaussi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobianchia dofleini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zugmayer 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenobrachius leucopsarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthosema glaciale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinhardt 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthosema suborbitale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthosema pterotum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loweina interrupta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metelectrona herwigi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrona risso</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrona carlsbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrona antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrona spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoscopelus bolini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nafpaktitis 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoscopelus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus nicholsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus bolini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus braueri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus fraseri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fraser-Brunner 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus opisthopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus hintonoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoscopelus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolychnus valdiviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parvilux ingens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Wisner 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyctophum andriashevi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Becker 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyctophum bolini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fraser-Brunner 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyctophum choriodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hulley 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyctophum tenisoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyctophum spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelopsis multipunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brauer 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symbolophorus barnardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symbolophorus veranyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Moreau 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taaningichthys bathyphilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (T</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarletonbeania crenularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triphoturus mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myctophidae (13208XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccopharyngiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccopharyngidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccopharynx ampullaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Harwood 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurypharyngidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurypharynx pelecanoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monognathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monognathus ahlstromi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Raju 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyematidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyema atrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocyema erythrosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castle 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammocryptocharax elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weitzman &amp; Kanazawa 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acnodon normani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gosline 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyocharacidium melandetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphessobrycon axelrodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Travassos 1959)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axelrodia riesei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon atrocaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon cephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon devillei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon erythropterum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon falcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon lundii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon melanopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon nattereri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon orbignyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon pesu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon reinhardti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycon moorei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boehlkea fredcochui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammus rodwayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Durbin 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammus unilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammus caudovittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ahl 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myleus pacu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jardine &amp; Schomburgk 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mylossoma acanthogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mylossoma aureum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mylossoma duriventre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salminus maxillosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryconamericus beta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acestrorhynchus falcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygocentrus nattereri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygocentrus piraya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serrasalmus brandti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serrasalmus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serrasalmus rhombeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serrasalmus spilopleura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynopotamus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyttocharax madeirae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyocharax erythrurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colossoma macropomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygopristis denticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryconops affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carlastyanax aurocaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catoprion mento</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalceus erythrurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characidium fasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reinhardt 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charax condei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exodon paradoxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheirodon pisciculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Creagrutus beni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corynopoma riisei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocorymbus ternetzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piaractus brachypomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piaractus mesopotamicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holmberg 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenobrycon spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenuchus spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diapoma speculiferum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elachocharax geryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weitzman &amp; Kanazawa 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilbertolus alatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathocharax steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocharacinus bergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hasemania melanura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ellis 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemibrycon dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holoshesthes pequira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iguanodectes spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inpaichthys kerri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Klausewitzia ritae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Knodus heteresthes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocharacidium omospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Buckup 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanocharacidium blennioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metynnis argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ahl 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcharacidium eleotrioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimagoniates inequalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moenkhausia intermedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moojenichthys myersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematobrycon lacortei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weitzman &amp; Fink 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontocharacidium aphanes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weitzman &amp; Kanazawa 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontostilbe gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligosarcus hepsetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracheirodon axelrodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1956)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracheirodon innesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Myers 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragoniates alburnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petitella georgiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenagoniates macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piabucus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koelreuter 1770)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poecilocharax weitzmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poptella brevispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reis 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionobrama filigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristella maxillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ulrey 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocorynopoma doriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perugia 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhoadsia altipinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roeboexodon guyanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Puyo 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roeboides caucae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccoderma melanostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stygichthys typhlops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brittan &amp; B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragonopterus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thayeria boehlkei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weitzman 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triportheus angulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenagoniates bondi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characidae (13801XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasteropelecidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39886"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carnegiella marthae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thoracocharax securis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Filippi 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasteropelecus levis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39883"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenoluciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boulengerella cuvieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenolucius beani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39887"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leporellus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anostomoides laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caenotropus labyrinthicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilodus fritillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vari &amp; Ortega 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laemolyta taeniata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abramites eques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leporinus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leporinus friderici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leporinus granti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leporinus obtusidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudanos trimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhytiodus argenteofuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizodon corti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizodon fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anostomus anostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argonectes longiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bivibranchia bimaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vari 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eigenmannina melanopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiodopsis gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiodus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vari 1982)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccodon dariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apareiodon affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parodon pongoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Allen 1942)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39906"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonophago hutsebouti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giltay 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharidium ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharinops distichodoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congocharax gossei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll &amp; Lambert 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharinus citharus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharinus gibbosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharinus latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharinus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenocharax spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phago boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schilthuis 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraphago rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paradistichodus dimidiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolebias ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannocharax altus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannaethiops unitaeniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microstomatichthyoborus bashforddeani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols &amp; Griscom 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoborus crocodilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyborus besse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Joannis 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemistichodus lootensi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll &amp; Daget 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammocharax angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugnathichthys eetveldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dundocharax bidentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichodus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichodus niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hasselquist 1762)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichodus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichodus sexfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distichodus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrinus erythrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplias aimara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39945"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepsetidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepsetus odoe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lebiasinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copeina guttata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copella arnoldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lebiasina astrigata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannostomus beckfordi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piabucina panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrrhulina filamentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curimatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prochilodus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prochilodus reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prochilodus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyoelephas humeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyphocharax abramoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamorhina laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curimatopsis crypticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vari 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psectrogaster amazonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocurimata boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semaprochilodus insignis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jardine &amp; Schomburgk 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semaprochilodus taeniurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steindachnerina varii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Curimata cyprinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alestiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39997"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alestes baremoze</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Joannis 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alestes dentex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alestes lateralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alestopetersius brichardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnoldichthys spilopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyaethiops breuseghemi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1945)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachypetersius altus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycinus leuciscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycinus longipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brycinus luteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roman 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryconaethiops boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupeocharax schoutedeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Duboisialestes bifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammopetersius barnardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrocynus forskalii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrocynus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ladigesia roloffi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidarchus adonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micralestes acutidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannopetersius ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petersius conserialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacogrammus aurantiacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdalestes brevidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tricuspidalestes caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Matthes 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynodon gibbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrolycus pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhaphiodon vulpinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_39998"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnotiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamphichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamphichthys hahni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meinken 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ellis 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oedemognathus exodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnotus carapo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Electrophorus electricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40009"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apteronotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adontosternarchus balaenops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apteronotus albifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apteronotus leptorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ellis 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Magosternarchus duccis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lundberg, Cox, Fernandes &amp; Albert 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megadontognathus cuyuniense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mago-Leccia 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthosternarchus tamandua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyurosternarchus macrostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porotergus compsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mago-Leccia 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternarchella curvioperculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Godoy 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternarchogiton cuchillejo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternarchorhamphus muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ubidia magdalenensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miles 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypopomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyhypopomus beebei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypopomus artedi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypopygus lepturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoedeman 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microsternarchus bilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Racenisia fimbriipinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mago-Leccia 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steatogenys duidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (La Monte 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternopygidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archolaemus blax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Korringa 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distocyclus conirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Allen 1942)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eigenmannia humboldtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eigenmannia virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdolichops caviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternopygus astrabes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mago-Leccia 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sternopygus macrurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypriniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycleptus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deltistes luxatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomus catostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1773)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomus latipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird &amp; Girard 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomus macrocheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomus tahoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill &amp; Jordan 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moxostoma congestum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird &amp; Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moxostoma erythrurum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moxostoma macrolepidotum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagochila lacera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Brayton 1877-78</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictiobus cyprinellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictiobus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxocyprinus asiaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpiodes carpio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyrauchen texanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Abbott 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chasmistes cujus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minytrema melanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erimyzon sucetta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypentelium nigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catostomidae (14001XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40294"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abramis brama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abramis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aaptosyax grypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rainboth 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abbottina rivularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthalburnus microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Filippi 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tinca tinca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acapoeta tanganicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alburnus alburnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alburnus albidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Costa 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus barbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus meridionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus canis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus aeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burchell 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus graellsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus haasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mertens 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus holotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus johnstonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus macrotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Worthington 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus neumayeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fischer 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus longiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus plebejus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonaparte 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus sclateri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus altianalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus altidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus bynni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus callensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus eurystomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Keilhack 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus lineomaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus unitaeniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus paludinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus perince</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus mattozi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guimaraes 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus marequensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus trimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus tropidolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrostoma nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrostoma toxostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vallot 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrostoma polylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrostoma soetta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonaparte 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrostoma genei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonaparte 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agosia chrysogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carassius carassius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carassius cuvieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobio gobio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berg 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobio albipinnatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lukasch 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutilus rutilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutilus frisii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nordmann 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutilus rubilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonaparte 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutilus alburnoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rutilus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scardinius erythrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus idus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus cephaloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Battalgil 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus leuciscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus borysthenicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus cephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus polylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus pyrenaicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus souffia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuciscus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodeus amarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodeus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodeus sericeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tribolodon taczanowskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo angra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo ariza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo bata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo boga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo calbasu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo dero</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo fimbriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo gonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo kontius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jerdon 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo microphthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo nandina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo pangusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo sindensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo coubie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo cylindricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo darlingi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo forskalii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo fuelleborni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf &amp; Pappenheim 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo horie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1846-49</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo mesops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo victorianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo dyocheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McClelland 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo rosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo umbratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeo spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhinus cirrhosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhinus molitorella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhinus microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sauvage 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidoparia jaya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidoparia morar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albulichthys albuloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catlocarpio siamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chagunius chagunio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chela cachius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chela laubuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossocheilus latius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclocheilichthys enoplos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclocheilichthys apogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclocheilichthys dumerilii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sauvage 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danio aequipinnatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McClelland 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danio dangila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danio devario</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danio rerio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danio frankei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meinken 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alburnoides bipunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gila nigrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gila atraria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gila bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gila cypha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gila elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird &amp; Girard 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gila robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird &amp; Girard 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hampala dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hampala macrolepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophthalmichthys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labiobarbus leptocheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabarilius polylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notemigonus crysoleucas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteochilus hasselti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteochilus melanopleurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteochilus spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonichthys macrolepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Probarbus jullieni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sauvage 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptychocheilus grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rasbora daniconius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rasbora elanga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rasbora heteromorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Duncker 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rasbora rasbora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thynnichthys sandkhol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sykes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thynnichthys thynnoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tor tambroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tor putitora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tor tor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tor khudree</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sykes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varicorhinus capoeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius barila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius barna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius bola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius shacra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius tileo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius vagra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius bakeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barilius bendelisis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachydanio acuticephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hora 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis atherinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis bairdi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Ortenburger 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis boops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis girardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Ortenburger 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis heterodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis heterolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis hudsonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clinton 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis lutipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Brayton 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis nubilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forbes 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis rubellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis rupestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Page 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis signipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bailey &amp; Suttkus 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis stramineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis texanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notropis volucellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemibarbus labeo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rohtee ogilbii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sykes 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblypharyngodon microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblypharyngodon mola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblypharyngodon melettinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrineobola argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthobrama lissneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tortonese 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthobrama terraesanctae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steinitz 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimephales promelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McClelland 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hesperoleucus symmetricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird &amp; Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabramis pekinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squaliobarbus curriculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culter alburnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Basilewsky 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zacco platypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaecypris hispanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra dembeensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra ghorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Krupp 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra gotyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra lamta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra mullya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sykes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra rufa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Garra tibanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opsariichthys bidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudogobio esocinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinichthys atratulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hermann 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinichthys cataractae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinichthys osculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nocomis biguttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kirtland 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nocomis leptocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nocomis micropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella alvarezdelvillari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Contreras-Balderas &amp; Lourdes Lozano 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella analostana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella callistia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella camura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Meek 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella lutrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird &amp; Girard 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella proserpina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella spiloptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinella venusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acheilognathus limbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acheilognathus melanogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acheilognathus rhombeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acheilognathus tabira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Thompson 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyocypris chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hybognathus placitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelaethiops bibie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Joannis 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dionda diaboli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Brown 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dionda episcopa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspiolucius esocinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vimba vimba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Couesius plumbeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semotilus atromaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelecus cultratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlogarra widdowsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanichthys albonubes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lin 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campostoma anomalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campostoma oligolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Greene 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulopyge huegelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthodon microlepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lavinia exilicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird &amp; Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagopterus argentissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iotichthys phlegethontis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacobius catostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evarra bustamantei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Navarro 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspius aspius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinostomus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kirtland 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balantiocheilos melanopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroco steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mandibularca resinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalcalburnus chalcoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthorhodeus asmussii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dybowski 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorasbora parva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bangana behri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbichthys nitidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sauvage 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbodes altus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbodes balleroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbodes platysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrocheilus alutaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz &amp; Pickering 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiculter leucisculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barboides gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Br</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbopsis devecchii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: di Caporiacco 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanakia tanago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biwia zezera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ishikawa 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaspius leptocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boraras brigittae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vogt 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caecobarbus geertsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caecocypris basimi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Banister &amp; Bunni 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mylopharyngodon piceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capoeta capoeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capoeta damascina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luxilus chrysocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luxilus cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oregonichthys crameri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Snyder 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathopogon caerulescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathopogon elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalobrama amblycephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yih 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mylocheilus caurinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidomeda vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diptychus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptychobarbus conirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizopygopsis pylzovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kessler 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tiaroga cobitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius javanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius binotatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius amphibius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius arulius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jerdon 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius conchonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius jerdoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius orphoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius sarana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius sophore</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius tetrazona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius ticto</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntius spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capoetobrama kuschakewitschi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carassioides cantonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heincke 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalakompsus pachycheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chanodichthys dabryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coptostomabarbus bellcrossi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coreoleuciscus splendidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mori 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmochilus cardinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chu &amp; Roberts 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinion watsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danionella translucida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discherodontus ashmeadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distoechodon tumirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eirmotus octozona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elopichthys bambusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engraulicypris sardella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epalzeorhynchos bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eremichthys acros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Miller 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erimystax dissimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kirtland 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Esomus danricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupallasella perenurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exoglossum maxillingua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiobotia brevibarba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mori 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocypris biswasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Talwar 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammocapoeta kemali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hank</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigrammocypris lini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weitzman &amp; Chan 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitremia flammea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Henicorhynchus caudimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horadandia atukorali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deraniyagala 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raiamas ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypselobarbus curmuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsibarbus lagleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rainboth 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iberocypris palaciosi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Doadrio 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inlecypris auropurpureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Annandale 1918)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iranocypris typhlops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruun &amp; Kaiser 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalimantania lawak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ladigesocypris ghigii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gianferrari 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ladislavia taczanowskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dybowski 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagowskiella czekanowskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dybowski 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopygopsis typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Raj 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocypris guineensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Daget 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocypris niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Joannis 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucalburnus kosswigi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Karaman 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucaspius delineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobocheilos bo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Popta 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Longiculter siahi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciosoma bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lythrurus roseipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hay 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lythrurus snelsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Robison 1985)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrhybopsis aestivalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrochirichthys macrochirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margariscus margarita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meda fulgida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mekongina erythrospila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesobola brevianalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microphysogobio koreensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mori 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microrasbora erythromicron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Annandale 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moapa coriacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Miller 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mylopharodon conocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird &amp; Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystacoleucus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematabramis alestes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Seale &amp; Bean 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morulius chrysophekadion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neobola moeruensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolissochilus blanci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin &amp; Fang 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ochetobius elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onychostoma alticorpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Oshima 1920)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opsaridium microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opsopoeodus emiliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hay 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreichthys cosuatis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreoleuciscus handlirschi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pietschmann 1933)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ospatulus palaemophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteobrama belangeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteobrama cotio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxygaster anomalura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Van Hasselt 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachychilon macedonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachela cyanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracrossochilus acerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Inger &amp; Chin 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralaubuca barroni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Annandale 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pararasbora moltrechti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parazacco vuquangensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nguyen 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parluciosoma labiosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mukerji 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectenocypris balaena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinellus adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinus cumberlandensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Starnes &amp; Starnes 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinus eos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinus erythrogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinus neogaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxinus phoxinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phreatichthys andruzzii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vinciguerra 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiognathops microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygobio gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platypharodon extremus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herzenstein 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poropuntius deauratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procypris merus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lin 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prolabeo batesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prolabeops melanhypoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudobarbus asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudolaubuca jouyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoperilampus hondae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Metz 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopungtungia nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mori 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptychidio jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pungtungia herzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herzenstein 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puntioplites bulu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rasborichthys helfrichii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rasborinus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rectoris posehensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lin 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Relictus solitarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Miller 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Richardsonius balteatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rohteichthys microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Romanogobio tenuicorpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mori 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salmostoma bacaila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sanagia velifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holly 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saurogobio dabryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sawbwa resplendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Annandale 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaphognathops bandanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boonyaratpalin &amp; Srirungroj 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schismatorhynchos heterorhynchos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizocypris brucei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizothorax curvifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizothorax esocinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizothorax richardsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Securicula gora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semilabeo notabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sikukia gudgeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinibrama macrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinilabeo decorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinocyclocheilus anatirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lin &amp; Luo 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinibarbus denticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Oshima 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spratellicypris palata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalidus biwae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stypodon signifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systomus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thryssocypris ornithostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stephanidis 1971)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlobarbus nudiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chu &amp; Chen 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenobarbus loveridgei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenocypris argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinidae (14002XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrinocheilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrinocheilus aymonieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tirant 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopsoides delphax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Siebert 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantopsis choirorhynchos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botia hymenophysa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Botia dario</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobitis aurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Filippi 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobitis biwae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobitis taenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ikeda 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobitis granoei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rendahl 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cobitis maroccana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidocephalichthys guntea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidocephalichthys thermalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Somileptes gongota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sabanejewia balcanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Karaman 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramisgurnus dabryanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sauvage 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangio agma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burridge 1992)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niwaella delicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Niwa 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptobotia curta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Banarescu &amp; Nalbant 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidocephalus annandalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chaudhuri 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iksookimia choii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kim &amp; Son 1984)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enobarbichthys maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilorhynchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilorhynchus sucatio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40531"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balitoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aborichthys elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hora 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocobitis botia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annamia normani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hora 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balitora annamitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbatula barbatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbucca diabolica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bhavania australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jerdon 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossostoma lacustre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ellopostoma megalomycter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastromyzon borneensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaniopsis denudata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemimyzon formosanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homaloptera bilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blyth 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypergastromyzon eubranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indoreonectes evezardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lefua echigonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Richardson 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micronemacheilus cruciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rendahl 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemacheilus abyssinicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemacheilus denisoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hora 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neogastromyzon nieuwenhuisii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Popta 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neohomaloptera johorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neonoemacheilus labeosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kottelat 1982)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreonectes anophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zheng 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthrias panthera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parhomaloptera microstoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physoschistura brunneanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Annandale 1918)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomyzon aphelocheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Inger &amp; Chin 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schistura balteata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rendahl 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sectoria atriceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1945)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sewellia lineolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinogastromyzon puliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Liang 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerophysa dianchiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cao &amp; Zhu 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sundoreonectes tiomanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Travancoria jonesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hora 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triplophysa choprai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hora 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Troglocobitis starostini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parin 1983)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tuberoschistura cambodgiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vaillantella cinnamomea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yunnanilus altus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat &amp; Chu 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siluriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplomystidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplomystes chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplomystes nahuelbutaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Arratia 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancharius brevibarbis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariopsis assimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachocephalus mino</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cathorops fuerthii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalocassis melanochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius jella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius arius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius manillensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius sona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius thalassinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius bilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius leptaspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius nasutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius platystomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius heudelotii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius latiscutatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius venosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius caelatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius sagor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arius felis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cinetodus froggatti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochlefelis danielsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doiichthys novaeguineae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genidens genidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ketengus typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nedystoma dayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciadeops troschelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tachysurus nenga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranesodon conorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagre marinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagre panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagre pinnimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagre bagre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeichthys peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeichthys feliceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemipimelodus bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Netuma barba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteogeneiosus militaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenaspis dowii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenaspis herzbergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariidae (14102XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doradidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthodoras spinosissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agamyxis pectinifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblydoras hancockii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadoras grypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anduzedoras arleoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apuredoras rivasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxydoras kneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrodoras asterifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Autanadoras milesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrochir crocodili</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Humboldt 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrodoras brachiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deltadoras guayoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doraops zuloagai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doras brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Franciscodoras marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hassar affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemidoras morrisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hildadoras bolivarensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplodoras ramirezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypodoras forficulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptodoras acipenserinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodoras dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalodoras irwini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemadoras bachi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opsodoras boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orinocodoras eigenmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physopyxis lyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platydoras costatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudodoras holdeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sachsdoras apurensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpiodoras heckelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachydoras atripes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wertheimeria maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zathorax gonzalezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodoras granulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinodoras dorbignyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchodoras woodsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Glodek 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenipteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asterophysus batrachus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenipterichthys longimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenipterus nigripinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centromochlus existimatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomocorus benjamini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epapterus blohmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vari, Jewett, Taphorn &amp; Gilbert 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelanoglanis stroudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glanidium albescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycorystes cratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycorystes striatulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycorystes trachycorystes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liosomadoras oncinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jardine &amp; Schomburgk 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudepapterus cucuhyensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotatia parva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tatia altae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1945)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taunayia marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tocantinsia depressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachelyichthys decaradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachelyopterichthys anduzei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ferraris &amp; Fernandez 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachelyopterus coriaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parauchenipterus albicrux</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berg 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetranematichthys quadrifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tympanopleura alta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Myers 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus atronasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus brevifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus madeirensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fisher 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus melanopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus parnaguensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus polystictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus rondoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus therezine</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus ucayalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus uruguayensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Devincenzi 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus valenciennesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ageneiosus marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40718"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anodontiglanis dahli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rendahl 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnidoglanis macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euristhmus lepturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neosilurus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zietz 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neosilurus ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Perugia 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neosilurus brevidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oloplotosus luteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porochilus meraukensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosus canius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosus papuensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosus nkunga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gomon &amp; Taylor 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosus limbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plotosus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraplotosus albilabris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tandanus tandanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchell 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tandanus bostocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siluridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belodontichthys dinema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratoglanis scleronema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemisilurus heterorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hito taytayensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinniwallago kanpurensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gupta, Jayaram &amp; Hajela 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocryptis afghana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silurichthys citatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ng &amp; Kottelat 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silurus asotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silurus biwaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tomoda 1961)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silurus triostegus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptopterus apogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptopterus bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bocourt 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptopterus cryptopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptopterus bicirrhis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptopterus macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptopterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ompok bimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ompok pabda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wallago attu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amarginops hildae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bell-Cross 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aorichthys aor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenoglanis occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenoglanis biscutatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1808-1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austroglanis sclateri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batasio batasio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathybagrus tetranema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bailey &amp; Stewart 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chandramara chandramara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coreobagrus ichikawai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okada &amp; Kubota 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gephyroglanis congicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagrichthys hypselopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagrichthys macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagroides melapterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoglanidium pallidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts &amp; Stewart 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathobagrus depressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols &amp; Griscom 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemibagrus baramensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horabagrus brachysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parauchenoglanis akiri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risch 1987)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parauchenoglanis guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parauchenoglanis macrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liauchenoglanis maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiobagrus aquilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bailey &amp; Stewart 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pardiglanis tarabinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll, Lanza &amp; Sassi 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiocassis siamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus cavasius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus gulio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus nemurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus tengara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystus micracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys mabusi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys auratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1808-1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys maurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys brachynema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys cranchii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys longipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys ornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysichthys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarotes bidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rita rita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagrus bajad</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagrus docmak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagrus meridionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagrus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheoglanis dendrophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudobagrus aurantiacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyglanis depierrei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Daget 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonemus typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelteobagrus fulvidraco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictaluridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus balsanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus furcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus dugesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus lupus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus ochoterenai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Buen 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus pricei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rutter 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ictalurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus catus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus brunneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus platycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus serracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Yerger &amp; Relyea 1968)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus melas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus natalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameiurus nebulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prietella phreatophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carranza 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satan eurystomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Bailey 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pylodictis olivaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus exilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nelson 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus flavus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus gyrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus insignis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus phaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taylor 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus placidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taylor 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noturus stigmosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taylor 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trogloglanis pattersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblycipitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liobagrus reinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyceps mangois</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Akysidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Akysis fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ng &amp; Kottelat 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Breitensteinia insignis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acrochordonichthys chamaeleon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sisoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conta conta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coraglanis kishinouyei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kimura 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erethistes maesotensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erethistoides montana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hora 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euchiloglanis feae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vinciguerra 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exostoma berdmorei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blyth 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hara hara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myersglanis blythii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nangra itchkeea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sykes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreoglanis delacouri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareuchiloglanis poilanei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudecheneis sulcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McClelland 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudolaguvia tuberculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Prashad &amp; Mukerji 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagarius bagarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gagata cenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gagata gagata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptosternon maculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sisor rabdophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptothorax alaknandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tilak 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40832"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphiliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andersonia leptura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonoglanis brieni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doumea alula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols &amp; Griscom 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoglanis bouilloni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramphilius firestonei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phractura ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachyglanis ineac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zaireichthys zonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphilius platychir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaca chaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaca bankanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schilbeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40882"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ailia coila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clupisoma garua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutropiellus debauwi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laides hexanema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neotropius khavalchor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kulkarni 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parailia pellucida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareutropius buffei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gras 1961)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proeutropiichthys taakree</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blyth 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silonia silondia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siluranodon auritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1808-1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutropiichthys vacha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudeutropius atherinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schilbe intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schilbe mystus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schilbe marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schilbe uranoscopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Irvineia orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channallabes apus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinotopterus atribranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Greenwood 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolichallabes microphthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encheloclarias baculum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ng &amp; Lim 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnallabes alvarezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roman 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horaglanis krishnai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Menon 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyallabes tihoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platyclarias machadoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanganikallabes mortiauxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenoclarias eupogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias alluaudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias anguillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias ngamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias theodorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias werneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clarias spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40905"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">C.gariepinus x c.macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterobranchus bidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1808-09</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterobranchus longifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clariallabes attemsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holly 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uegitglanis zammaranoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gianferrari 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olyridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olyra burmanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malapteruridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40914"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malapterurus electricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malapterurus microstoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll &amp; Gosse 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aguarunichthys torosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stewart 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bagropsis reinhardti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bergiaria platana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyglanis frenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyplatystoma filamentosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lichtenstein 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyplatystoma flavicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyplatystoma juruense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyplatystoma vaillanti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calophysus macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lichtenstein 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheirocerus abuelo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Duopalatinus emarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gladioglanis machadoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ferraris &amp; Mago-Leccia 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goeldiella eques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goslinia platynema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemisorubim platyrhynchos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemuroglanis lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoglanis collettii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merodontotus tigrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Britski 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiosilurus alexandri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiarius marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Imparfinis mirini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haseman 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamdia arekaima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jardine &amp; Schomburgk 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamdia quelen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamdia sapo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus albicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus altipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus altissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Pearson 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus clarias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus fur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus jivaro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Pearson 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus ornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus grosskopfii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus pictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus platicirris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Borodin 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodus spegazzinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perugia 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorubim latirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorubim lima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorubim trigonocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perrunichthys perruno</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacorhamdia anisura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mees 1987)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phractocephalus hemioliopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phreatobius cisternarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goeldi 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinirampus pirinampu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodella gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodella laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodella hasemani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pimelodella yuncensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piramutana piramuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platynematichthys notatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jardine &amp; Schomburgk 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platysilurus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haseman 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paulicea jahu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ihering 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paulicea luetkeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoplatystoma coruscans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zungaro zungaro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Humboldt 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciopimelodus pati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microglanis ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ahl 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalonema argentina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (MacDonagh 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptapterus mustelinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iheringichthys labrosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapimelodus valenciennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetopsorhamdia boquillae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platystomatichthys mucosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteroglanis manni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pearson 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamdella eriarcha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamdiopsis moreirai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haseman 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorubimichthys planiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steindachneridion amblyurua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlobagrus kronei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zungaropsis multimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helogeneidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helogenes castaneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dahl 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophthalmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypophthalmus edentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomycteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopoma annectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apomatoceros alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchioica bertonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematogenys inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichomycterus alternatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bullockia maldonadoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eremophilus candidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glanapteryx anguilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemomaster venezuelae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hatcheria macraei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homodiaetus anisitsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Ward 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ituglanis amazonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacoglanis gelatinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers &amp; Weitzman 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miuroglanis platycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ochmacanthus alternus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracanthopoma parva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giltay 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastegophilus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paravandellia oxyptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareiodon microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectrochilus erythrurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudostegophilus nemurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygidianops eigenmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcoglanis simplex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers &amp; Weitzman 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scleronema minutum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegophilus insidiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reinhardt 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogenes longipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Britski &amp; Ortega 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridens melanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridensimilis brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridentopsis pearsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlobelus ternetzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vandellia cirrhosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidoras albater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nijssen &amp; Isbr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brochis britskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nijssen &amp; Isbr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dianema longibarbis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepthoplosternum altamazonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reis 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalechis personata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ranzani 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callichthys callichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corydoras aeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corydoras paleatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplosternum littorale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hancock 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loricariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthicus hystrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancistrus cirrhosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanotorulus frankei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Isbr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cochliodon hondae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corymbophanes andersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cteniloricaria maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boeseman 1971)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delturus angulicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurycheilus pantherinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reis &amp; Schaefer 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Farlowella acus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harttia gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Oyakawa 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harttiella crassicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boeseman 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiancistrus braueri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemipsilichthys cameroni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoptopoma guianense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boeseman 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isbrueckerichthys alipionis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gosline 1947)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isorineloricaria festae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kronichthys heylandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamontichthys maracaibero</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taphorn &amp; Lilyestrom 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lasiancistrus brevispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heitmans, Nijssen &amp; Isbr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liposarcus pardalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithogenes villosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithoxus bovallii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loricariichthys labialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metaloricaria paucidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boeseman 1976)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monistiancistrus carachama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoplecostomus franciscoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Langeani 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loricaria cataphracta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otocinclus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareiorhina rudolphi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miranda-Ribeiro 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parotocinclus britskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boeseman 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonopoma wertheimeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonopomoides parahybae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudacanthicus fordii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudancistrus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorinelepis agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterygoplichthys anisitsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinelepis aspera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rineloricaria fallax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spatuloricaria phelpsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sturisoma festivum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upsilodus victori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypostomus plecostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypostomus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panaque nigrolineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetostoma sovichthys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cranoglanididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cranoglanis bouderius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicophagus typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chevey 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius hypophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius larnaudii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bocourt 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius micronemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius sanitwongsei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pangasius spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropneustidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropneustes fossilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mochokidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocleithron chapini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols &amp; Griscom 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atopochilus chabanaudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloglanis batesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euchilichthys astatodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microsynodontis batesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mochokiella paynei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Howes 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mochokus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis alberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schilthuis 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis angelicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schilthuis 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis contractus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vinciguerra 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis decorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis eupterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis flavitaeniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis nigriventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: David 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis nigromaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis njassae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Keilhack 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis notatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis pleurops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis schall</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis zambesiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synodontis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspredinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthobunocephalus nicoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Friel 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agmus lyriformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agmus scabriceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amaralia hypsiurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspredinichthys filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspredo aspredo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspredo cotylephorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bunocephalus amaurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bunocephalus coracoideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bunocephalus knerii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dupouyichthys sapito</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysichthys aleuropsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ernstichthys anduzei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fern</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplomyzon atrizona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micromyzon akamai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Friel &amp; Lundberg 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petacara dolichurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delsman 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyliphius barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ar</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetopsis chalmersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetopsogiton occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicetopsis candiru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocetopsis gobioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astroblepidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41142"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astroblepus chotae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parakysidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41144"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parakysis anomalopteryx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siluroidei (141XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40573"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Derichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Derichthys serpentinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nessorhamphus ingolfianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidt 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41147"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguillidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla anguilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla bengalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla reinhardtii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla mossambica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla dieffenbachii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anguilla spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrocongridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myroconger compressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarchias fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax meleagris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw &amp; Nodder 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax rueppelliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McClelland 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax dovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax funebris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ranzani 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax mordax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax moringa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax porphyreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax flavimarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax undulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax vicinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Johnson 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax polygonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnothorax unicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delaroche 1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channomuraena vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena helena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena pavonina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena retifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena lentiginosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena melanotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena australiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraena clepsydra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrimaxilla formosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chen &amp; Shao 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enchelycore bayeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enchelycore pardalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enchelynassa canina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnomuraena zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw &amp; Nodder 1797)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnotus pantherinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echidna catenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echidna nebulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ahl 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echidna polyzona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echidna peli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monopenchelys acuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudechidna brummeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858-59)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinomuraena quaesita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siderea thyrsoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siderea picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ahl 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strophidon sathete</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyrsoidea macrura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uropterygius macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenidae (14306XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41165"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterenchelyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panturichthys isognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythonichthys sanguineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moringuidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoconger tuberculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castle 1965)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moringua edwardsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Bollman 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenesocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyconger leptognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gavialiceps taeniola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenesox cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenesox spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoponticus ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Costa 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congresox talabon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congresox talabonoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41217"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nettastomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Facciolella gilberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplunnis diomedianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nettenchelys gephyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castle &amp; Smith 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saurenchelys stylurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lea 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venefica proboscidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nettastoma solitarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castle &amp; Smith 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41226"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger conger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger orbignyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger oceanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger myriaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brevoort 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger triporiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kanazawa 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conger spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acromycter nezumi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Asano 1958)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bassanago hirsutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castle 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathycongrus wallacei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castle 1968)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathymyrus smithi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castle 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blachea xenobranchialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Karrer &amp; Smith 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiloconger similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wade 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congriscus megastomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congrosoma evermanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diploconger polystigmatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kotthaus 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gorgasia maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Klausewitz &amp; Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabathymyrus macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocephenchelys brachialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumiconger arafura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castle &amp; Paxton 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Japonoconger africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathophis nystromi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paruroconger drachi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blache &amp; Bauchot 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poeciloconger fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudophichthys splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lea 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariosoma anago</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariosoma balearicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delaroche 1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhechias bertini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scalanago lateralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uroconger lepturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenomystax bidentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reid 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroconger longissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroconger hassi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klausewitz &amp; Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1959)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchoconger brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chen &amp; Weng 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyuroconger vicinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraconger caudilimbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congridae (14313XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophichthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophichthus rufus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophichthus ramiger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophichthus gomesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yirrkala kaupii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophisurus serpens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophisurus macrorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyrias revulsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scytalichthys miurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schultzidia johnstonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz &amp; Woods 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schismorhynchus labialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Seale 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quassiremus polyclitellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castle 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaenomonas cooperae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Palmer 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraletharchus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osburn &amp; Nichols 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisodonophis boro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisodonophis cancrivorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neenchelys daedalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCosker 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mystriophis porphyreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrophis punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenichthys gymnotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malvoliophis pinguis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuropharus lasiops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt &amp; McCosker 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptenchelys vermiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers &amp; Wade 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiuranus semicinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lay &amp; Bennett 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamnostoma polyophthalma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyapus acuticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herpetoichthys fossatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Myers &amp; Wade 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemerorhinus opici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blache &amp; Bauchot 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caecula pterygera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vahl 1794</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gordiichthys irretitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Davis 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evips percinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCosker 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethadophis byrnei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt &amp; McCosker 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elapsopis versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echiophis punctifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echelus myrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dalophis obtusirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blache &amp; Cadenat 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomyrophis atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blache 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirricaecula johnsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caralophia loxochila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Letharchus velifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrichthys aki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callechelys catostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider &amp; Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachysomophis crocodilinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apterichtus kendalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aprognathodon platyventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplatophis chauliodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ahlia egmontis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achirophichthys kampeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber &amp; de Beaufort 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bascanichthys bascanoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Osburn &amp; Nichols 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhimuraena inhacae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophichthus xenodontus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gosline 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaphobranchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysomma anguillare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histiobranchus bathybius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilyophis brunneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meadia abyssalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kamohara 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simenchelys parasiticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaphobranchus kaupii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diastobranchus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Avocettina infans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labichthys carinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill &amp; Ryder 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labichthys yanoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mead &amp; Rubinoff 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemichthys scolopaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemichthys curvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Str</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilorhinus platyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlopsis dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Seale 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kaupichthys hyoproroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Str</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colocongridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41343"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coloconger raniceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serrivomeridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serrivomer beani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill &amp; Ryder 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stemonidium hypomelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notacanthiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halosauridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49554"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aldrovandia rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halosauropsis macrochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halosaurus ovenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipogenys gillii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notacanthus chemnitzii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch 1788</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyacanthonotus rissoanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Filippi &amp; Verany 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belone belone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1761)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belone spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petalichthys capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platybelone argalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamorrhaphis eigenmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ablennes hians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylura strongylura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (van Hasselt 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylura exilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylura timucu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylura marina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylura leiura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosurus acus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosurus crocodilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (P</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylosurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenentodon cancila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonidae (14701XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberesocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberesox saurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nanichthys simulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Wisner 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cololabis saira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brevoort 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberesocidae (14702XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41376"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiramphidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41404"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chriodorus atherinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermogenys brachynotopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus gilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus ihi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Phillipps 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus roberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus snyderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus unifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ranzani 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyporhamphus sajori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiramphus far</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiramphus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiramphus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiramphus balao</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiramphus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemirhamphodon chrysopunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brembach 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euleptorhamphus viridis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (van Hasselt 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melapedalion breve</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Seale 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomorhamphus ravnaki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brembach 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arrhamphus sclerolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchorhamphus georgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tondanichthys kottelati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collette 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zenarchopterus dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exocoetidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41422"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exocoetus volitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypselurus oligolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypselurus agoo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypselurus simus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypselurus poecilopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fodiator acutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prognichthys brevipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parexocoetus brachypterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyporhamphus convexus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber &amp; de Beaufort 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirundichthys affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirundichthys rondeletii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilopogon furcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilopogon heterurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilopogon nigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilopogon spilopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilopogon suttoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley &amp; Colefax 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exocoetidae (14704XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adrianichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adrianichthys kruyti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Horaichthys setnai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kulkarni 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oryzias javanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopoecilus oophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenolepididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenolepis microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenolepis marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gunther 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenolepis microcephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenolepis orangiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenolepis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenoceros punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austrophycis marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eeyorius hutchinsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paulin 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadella imberbis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadella maraldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halargyreus johnsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laemonema longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laemonema laureysi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotella phycis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microlepidium verecundum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Cramer 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Momonatira globosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paulin 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mora moro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiculus dalwigki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiculus japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudophycis bachus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudophycis barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudophycis breviuscula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchogadus hepaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Facciol</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Svetovidovia lucullus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jensen 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripterophycis gilchristi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidion lepidion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidion eques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidion guentheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Giglioli 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidion ensiferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidion microcephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cowper 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidion spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antimora rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salilota australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moridae (14802XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bregmacerotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bregmaceros mcclellandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thompson 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bregmaceros atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1886</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brosme brosme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ascanius 1772)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tilesius 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus ogac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lota lota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molva molva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molva dypterygia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1784)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molva spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycis blennoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Br</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycis phycis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycis chesteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis chuss</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis tenuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis earllii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis floridana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean &amp; Dresel 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis regia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urophycis cirrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanogrammus aeglefinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raniceps raninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleginus navaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleginus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tilesius 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgadus proximus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgadus tomcod</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Theragra finnmarchica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koefoed 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boreogadus saida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lepechin 1774)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctogadus glacialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctogadus borisovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Drjagin 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadiculus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus ensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinhardt 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus argentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinhardt 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus biscayensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collett 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus mediterraneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cloquet 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gaidropsarus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ciliata mustela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ciliata septentrionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collett 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisopterus esmarkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nilsson 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisopterus luscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micromesistius poutassou</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micromesistius australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merlangius merlangus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enchelyopus cimbrius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merlucciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyconus brachycolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holt &amp; Byrne 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyconodes argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius merluccius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius bilinearis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius gayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius hubbsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marini 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius productus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius polli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius paradoxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Franca 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius albidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius angustimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius patagonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lloris y Matallanas 2003</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merluccius capensis,m.paradox.</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steindachneria argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macruronus magellanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macruronus novaezelandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hector 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macruronus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Davies 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merlucciidae (14805XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrouridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrourus berglax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrourus whitsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrourus carinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrourus holotrachys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrourus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrouroides inflaticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenocephalus italicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giglioli 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides rupestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gunnerus 1765</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides guentheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides macrolophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides thelestomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maul 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides acrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides anguliceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides ariommus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Thompson 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hector 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides carminifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides delsolari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chirichigno F. &amp; Iwamoto 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides longifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner &amp; D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides murrayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides nasutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides serrulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides subserrulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Makushok 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides zaniophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenoides spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus acanthiger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus aconcagua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iwamoto 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus anatirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus argentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus aspercephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus biclinozonalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Arai &amp; Mcmillan 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus braueri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus canus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus caribbaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Thompson 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus caelorhincus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus denticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus formosanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okamura 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus hexafasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okamura 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus innotabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus kaiyomaru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Arai &amp; Iwamoto 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus kamoharai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Matsubara 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus karrerae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trunov 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus kermadecus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus kishinouyei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus labiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koehler 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus longicephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okamura 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus macrochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus marinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus matamua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCann &amp; McKnight 1980)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus multispinulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Katayama 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus occa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus oliverianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Phillipps 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus parallelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus productus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Hubbs 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus scaphopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus ventrilux</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marshall &amp; Iwamoto 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caelorinchus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albatrossia pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asthenomacrurus fragilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachyrincus helolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachyrincus scabrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathygadus macrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathygadus melanobranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squalogadus modificatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Hubbs 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetonurus crassiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetonurus globiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynomacrurus piriei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dollo 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontomacrurus murrayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachonurus sulcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphagemacrurus grenadae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parr 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia bairdi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia aequalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia condylura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia convergens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia duodecim</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iwamoto 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia latirostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia liolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia loricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia micronychodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iwamoto 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia orbitalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia proxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia sclerorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nezumia stelgidolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacocephalus laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacocephalus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadomus arcuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplomacrourus nudirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trunov 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idiolophorhynchus andriashevi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sazonov 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kumba calvifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iwamoto &amp; Sazonov 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kuronezumia bubonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Iwamoto 1974)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidorhynchus denticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mataeocephalus acipenserinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert &amp; Cramer 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mataeocephalus tenuicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesobius antipodum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Iwamoto 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudonezumia cetonuropsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert &amp; Hubbs 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa atherodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert &amp; Cramer 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa ctenomelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert &amp; Cramer 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa divergens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Hubbs 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa garmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa macropogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marshall 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa nigrodorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Hubbs 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventrifossa petersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrouridae (14806XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41666"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanonus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euclichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euclichthys polynemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadiformes (148XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3162"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteus aculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteus crenobiontus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bacescu &amp; Mayer 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteus wheatlandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Putnam 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterosteus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Culaea inconstans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kirtland 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pungitius pungitius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pungitius platygaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spinachia spinachia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apeltes quadracus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulorhynchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulichthys japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brevoort 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulorhynchus flavidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Indostomus paradoxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Prashad &amp; Mukerji 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pegasidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41689"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurypegasus draconis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pegasus volitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoptychidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41691"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoptychus dybowskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41690"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulostomus strigosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wheeler 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistulariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistularia corneta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistularia tabacaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistularia commersonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistularia petimba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fistularia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroramphosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41709"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroramphosus scolopax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroramphosus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centriscops humerosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopogon endeavouri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mohr 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopogon fernandezianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delfin 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notopogon xenosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macroramphosidae (15103XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centriscidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41712"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centriscus cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (DeVis 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aeoliscus punctulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bianconi 1855-59)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenostomus cyanopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenostomus paradoxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1770)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41717"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarchopterus criniger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean &amp; Dresel 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apterygocampus epinnulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus acus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus typhle</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus abaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus phlegon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus rostellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nilsson 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Popov 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus taenionotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Canestrini 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus tenuirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathke 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bhanotia fasciolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocampus hippocampus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocampus ramulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocampus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerophis maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerophis ophidion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerophis lumbriciformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doryichthys boaja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choeroichthys brachysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stigmatopora argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syngnathoides biaculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1785)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solegnathus dunckeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acentronura australe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite &amp; Hale 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllopteryx taeniolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phycodurus eques</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryx analicarens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Duncker 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bulbonaricus brauni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dawson &amp; Allen 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campichthys galei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Duncker 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corythoichthys flavofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cosmocampus arctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entelurus aequoreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doryrhamphus baldwini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herald &amp; Randall 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enneacampus kaupi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festucalex erythraeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Festucalex wassi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filicampus tigris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halicampus brocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herald 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliichthys taeniophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heraldia nocturna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paxton 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippichthys cyanospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippocampus brachyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Duncker 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histiogamphelus cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypselognathus horridus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson &amp; Glover 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyocampus carce</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kaupus costatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite &amp; Hale 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kimblaeus bassensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoichthys fistularius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptonotus blainvilleanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eydoux &amp; Gervais 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lissocampus bannwarthi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Duncker 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maroubra yasudai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micrognathus andersonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microphis argulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minyichthys myersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herald &amp; Randall 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitotichthys mollisoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Scott 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannocampus elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notiocampus ruber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penetopteryx nanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ros</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoxocampus belcheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudophallus starksii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Culver 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pugnaso curtirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siokunichthys bentuviai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clark 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stipecampus cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch &amp; Waite 1918)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urocampus carinirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanacampus margaritifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampriformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampris guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Br</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampris immaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampris spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veliferidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metavelifer multiradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Velifer hypselopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumecichthys fiski</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophotus lacepede</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giorna 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophotus capellei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41807"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Desmodema polystictum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipterus trachipterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipterus arcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Br</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipterus arawatae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clarke 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipterus jacksonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zu elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heemstra &amp; Kannemeyer 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zu cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonelli 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachipteridae (15204XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regalecidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regalecus glesne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ascanius 1772</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agrostichthys parkeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Benham 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnetrus russelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Regalecidae (15205XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylephoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylephorus chordatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shaw 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ateleopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ateleopus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guentherus altivela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ijimaia dofleini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sauter 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mirapinnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutaeniophorus festivus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bertelsen &amp; Marshall 1956)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mirapinna esau</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bertelsen &amp; Marshall 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parataeniophorus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bertelsen &amp; Marshall 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalomycteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ataxolepis apus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers &amp; Friehofer 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetomimoides parri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koefoed 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41823"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiicephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radiicephalus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cualac tessellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubanichthys cubensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinodon alvarezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinodon macularius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird &amp; Girard 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinodon atrorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinodon latifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Floridichthys carpio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jordanella floridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kosswigichthys asquamatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: S</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megupsilon aporus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller &amp; Walters 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orestias chungarensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vila &amp; Pinto 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanius fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanius dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanius iberus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goodeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allodontichthys hubbsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller &amp; Uyeno 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allodontichthys tamazulae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Turner 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allotoca dugesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameca splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller &amp; Fitzsimons 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ataeniobius toweri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenichthys baileyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Empetrichthys merriami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girardinichthys multiradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goodea atripinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skiffia lermae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meek 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chapalichthys encaustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chapalichthys pardalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alvarez 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characodon audax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Miller 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Characodon lateralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hubbsina turneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilyodon furcidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenotoca eiseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rutter 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenoophorus captivus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hubbs 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenotaenia resolanae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Turner 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoophorus catarinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloophorus robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anablepidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anableps anableps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meuschen 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jenynsia lineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyzygonectes dovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poeciliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_26500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41909"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alfaro cultratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gambusia echeagarayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alvarez 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplocheilichthys fuelleborni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ahl 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyrhaphis cascajalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carlhubbsia kidderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hubbs 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congopanchax brichardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynopanchax bukobanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ahl 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girardinus creolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hylopanchax stictopleuron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poeciliopsis hnilickai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meyer &amp; Vogel 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsopanchax catenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Radda 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laciris pelagicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Worthington 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphophorus montezumae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphophorus alvarezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosen 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamprichthys tanganicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limia caymanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rivas &amp; Fink 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoheterandria cana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pamphorichthys araguaiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Costa 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantanodon podoxys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalloptychus januarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hensel 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plataplochilus cabindae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priapella bonita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priapichthys annectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procatopus aberrans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ahl 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopoecilia austrocolumbiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Radda 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quintana atrizona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolichthys greenwayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosen 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomeurus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phallichthys fairweatheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosen &amp; Bailey 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenodexia ctenolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenophallus umbratilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalloceros caudimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hensel 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cnesterodon carnegiei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haseman 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterandria attenuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosen &amp; Bailey 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poecilia amazonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poecilia reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonesox belizanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplocheilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adamas formosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Huber 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyoplatys duboisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyosemion ahli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplocheilus dayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austrofundulus dolichopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weitzman &amp; Wourms 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynolebias bellottii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diapteron cyanostictum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lambert &amp; G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epiplatys azureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berkenkamp &amp; Etzel 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foerschichthys flavipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meinken 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fundulosoma thierryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ahl 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptolebias minimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Myers 1942)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nothobranchius cyaneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Seegers 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachypanchax omalonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pronothobranchius kiyawensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ahl 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterolebias hoignei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thomerson 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rivulus cylindraceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spectrolebias semiocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Costa &amp; Nielsen 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Profundulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41929"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Profundulus hildebrandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fundulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adinia xenica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fundulus bifax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cashner &amp; Rogers 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptolucania ommata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucania goodei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valenciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41936"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valencia letourneuxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophidiiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophidiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41940"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genypterus blacodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genypterus chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genypterus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tschudi 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genypterus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genypterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parophidion schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Woods &amp; Kanazawa 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophidion barbatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brotula clarki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brotula barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brotulotaenia brevicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplobrotula gnathopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepophidium aporrhox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robins 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssobrotula galatheae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nielsen 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthonus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apagesoma delosommatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hureau, Staiger &amp; Nielsen 1979)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barathrites iris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bassogigas gillii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bassozetus compressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyonus laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthocometes robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherublemma emmelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilara taylori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dannevigia tusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrolene intronigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epetriodus freddyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen &amp; Nielsen 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptophidium japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holcomycteronus aequatoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homostolus acer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypopleuron caninum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamprogrammus brunswigi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciobrotula bartschi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monomitopus agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neobythites analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otophidium chickcharney</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penopus microphthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrotyx hopkinsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller &amp; Snodgrass 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porogadus abyssalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nybelin 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pycnocraspedum fulvum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Machida 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raneya fluminensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miranda-Ribeiro 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selachophidium guentheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sirembo imberbis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spectrunculus grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spottobrotula amaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen &amp; Nielsen 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyelacyba myersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophidiidae (15802XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carapidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Disparichthys fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echiodon cryomargarites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Markle, Williams &amp; Olney 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encheliophis boraborensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurypleuron owasianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Matsubara 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onuxodon fowleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyramodon punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snyderidia bothrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robins &amp; Nielsen 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carapus acus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Br</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bythitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42017"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abythites lepidogenys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bellottia apoda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giglioli 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bidenichthys capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brosmodorsalis persicinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paulin &amp; Roberts 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brotulina erythrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bythites islandicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nielsen &amp; Cohen 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamopteryx goslinei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cataetyx alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Byrne 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatopsis macrodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatopsoides kasougae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diancistrus longifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinematichthys dasyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen &amp; Hutchins 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplacanthopoma japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner &amp; D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipulus caecus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammonoides opisthodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammonus ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gunterichthys longipenis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucifuga dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monothrix mizolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ogilbia cayorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evermann &amp; Kendall 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteraclis diagrammus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller &amp; Snodgrass 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stygnobrotula latebricola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassobathia pelagica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42022"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphyonus brevidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nielsen 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barathronus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shcherbachev 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nybelinella erikssoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nybelin 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciadonus cryptophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zugmayer 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabrotulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabrotula plagiophthalma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42023"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percopsiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42027"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percopsis omiscomaycus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphredoderidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphredoderus sayanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilliams 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42035"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyopsis rosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chologaster cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forbesichthys agassizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Putnam 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cooper &amp; Kuehne 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlichthys subterraneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetomimiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rondeletiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rondeletia bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbourisiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbourisia rufa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetomimidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetichthys indagator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rofen 1959)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetomimus picklei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetostoma regani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zugmayer 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danacetichthys galathenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paxton 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditropichthys storeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gyrinomimus andriashevi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fedorov, Balushkin &amp; Trunov 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notocetichthys trunovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Balushkin, Fedorov &amp; Paxton 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procetichthys kreffti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paxton 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamphocetichthys savagei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paxton 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42041"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beryciformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymixiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymixia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berycidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beryx decadactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beryx splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beryx spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroberyx affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroberyx gerrardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berycidae (16102XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diretmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diretmichthys parini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Post &amp; Quero 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diretmoides veriginae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kotlyar 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diretmus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42075"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gephyroberyx darwinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Johnson 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplostethus mediterraneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplostethus atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulotrachichthys novaezelandicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kotlyar 1980)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Optivus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachichthys australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shaw &amp; Nodder 1799</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratrachichthys trailli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorosichthys ananassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachichthyidae (16105XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocentridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42078"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleidopus gloriamaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Vis 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocentris japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomalopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomalops katoptron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kryptophanaron alfredi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Silvester &amp; Fowler 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photoblepharon steinitzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Abe &amp; Haneda 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phthanophaneron harveyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rosenblatt &amp; Montgomery 1976)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holocentridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holocentrus ascensionis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osbeck 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myripristis jacobus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myripristis murdjan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoniphon argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostichthys acanthorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall, Shimizu &amp; Yamakawa 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectrypops lima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristilepis oligolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargocentron caudimaculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adioryx hastatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holocentridae (16111XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibberichthys latifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thorpe 1969)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melamphaidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melamphaes acanthomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ebeling 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poromitra crassiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopeloberyx microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scopelogadus beanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sio nordenskjoeldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplogasteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplogaster cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanoberycidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthochaenus lutkeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hispidoberycidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hispidoberyx ambagiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kotlyar 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49559"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeus faber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zenopsis conchifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zenopsis nebulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capromimus abbreviatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hector 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyttomimus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyttopsis cypho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyttus novaezealandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Arthur 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeidae (16201XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammicolepididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammicolepis brachiusculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42120"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caproidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42127"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capros aper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigonia capros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antigonia malayana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caproidae (16203XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreosomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocyttus helgae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holt &amp; Byrne 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocyttus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreosoma atlanticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allocyttus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: James, Inada &amp; Nakamura 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allocyttus verrucosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreosomatidae (16204XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parazenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parazen pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrurocyttidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42139"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyttula macropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zenion japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atheriniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phallostethidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42145"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gulaphallus bikolanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neostethus amaricola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Villadolid &amp; Manacop 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phallostethus dunckeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacostethus posthon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42178"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinella argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chernoff 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontesthes regia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Humboldt 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontesthes bonariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherina boyeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherina hepsetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherina presbyter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherina breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinomorus balabacensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Seale 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinops affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirostoma estor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirostoma grandocule</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherion africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurystole eriarcha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coleotropis blackburni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leuresthes sardina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colpichthys hubbsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Crabtree 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menidia beryllina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menidia menidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Craterocephalus capreoli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rendahl 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basilichthys australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basilichthys microlepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melaniris pachylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanorhinus cyanellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinosoma wallacei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Prince, Ivantsoff &amp; Potter 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Membras analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poblana alchichica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Buen 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenatherina panatela</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Richardson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoatherina barnesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labidesthes sicculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinopsis californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teramulus kieneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atherinidae (16302XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42146"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bedotiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42181"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bedotia geayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rheocles alaotrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanotaeniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42188"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nichols &amp; Raven 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilatherina axelrodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossolepis incisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iriatherina werneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meinken 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanotaenia affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhadinocentrus ornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomugilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kiunga ballochi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomugil connieae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Allen 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ivantsoff, Unmack, Saeed &amp; Crowley 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomugilidae (16305XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notocheiridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iso flosmaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notocheirus hubbsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clark 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telmatherinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42202"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kalyptatherina helodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ivantsoff &amp; Allen 1984)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratherina cyanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Aurich 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quirichthys stramineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telmatherina abendanoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tominanga aurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentatherinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42204"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentatherina merceri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Patten &amp; Ivantsoff 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42203"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugiliformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35403"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil liza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil curema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil incilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hancock 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil rammelsbergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tschudi 1844-46</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil trichodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil soiuy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Basilewsky 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil capurrii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Perugia 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugil spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelon bispinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bowdich 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelon labrosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelon persicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Senou, Randall &amp; Okiyama 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aldrichetta forsteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonostomus telfairii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bennett 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonostomus monticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bancroft 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cestraeus oxyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Joturus pichardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenimugil heterocheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza ramada</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza aurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza richardsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza tricuspidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza saliens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza parsia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza tade</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza dumerili</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza vaigiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moolgarda pedaraki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenomugil proboscideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neomyxus leuciscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oedalechilus labeo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valamugil cunnesius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valamugil seheli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valamugil speigleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858-59)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicamugil hamiltonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenomugil thoburni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinomugil corsula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugilidae (16501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synbranchiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synbranchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monopterus albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zouiev 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophisternon aenigmaticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosen &amp; Greenwood 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synbranchus marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch 1795</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastacembelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42262"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aethiomastacembelus sexdecimspinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roberts &amp; Travers 1986)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Afromastacembelus flavidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Matthes 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caecomastacembelus aviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roberts &amp; Stewart 1976)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrognathus aculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastacembelus dayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaudhuriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaudhuria caudata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Annandale 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chendol keelini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat &amp; Lim 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nagaichthys filipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat &amp; Lim 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bihunichthys monopteroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kottelat &amp; Lim 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pillaia khajuriai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Talwar, Yazdani &amp; Kundu 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dipterygonotus balteatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocaesio gymnoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocaesio chrysozona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocaesio digramma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocaesio pisang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocaesio tessellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carpenter 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesio caerulaurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesio cuning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesio varilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carpenter 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesio spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus unionensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bocourt 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus ensiferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus medius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus nigrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus parallelus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus pectinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus robalito</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus undecimalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropomus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates angustifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Worthington 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates mariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lates spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypopterus macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammoperca waigiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aethaloperca rogaa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anyperodon leucogrammicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aporops bilinearis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulacocephalus temmincki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyanthias mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1958)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonoperca chabanaudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler &amp; Bean 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesioperca lepidoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caesioscorpis theagenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprodon longimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidoperca hirundinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cratinus agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diploprion bifasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ellerkeldia jamesoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelides armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca bonaci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca acutirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca cidi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cervig</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca phenax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Swain 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca tigris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca venenosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca xenarcha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca interstitialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca rosacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Streets 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mycteroperca spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus aeneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus undulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus akaara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus diacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus merra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch 1793</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus septemfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus sexfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus stoliczkae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus tauvina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus adscensionis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osbeck 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus analogus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus drummondhayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus flavolimbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus labriformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus morio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus mystacinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus niveatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus quernus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Seale 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus caninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus goreensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus morrhua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus nigritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holbrook 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus albomarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus andersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus areolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus itajara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lichtenstein 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus malabaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus rivulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus flavocaeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus acanthistius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus amblycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus awoara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus bruneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch 1793</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus chlorostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus cifuentesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lavenberg &amp; Grove 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus coioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus costae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus cyanopodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus daemelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus haifensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ben-Tuvia 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus heniochus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus hexagonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus latifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus macrospilos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus magniscuttis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Postel, Fourmanoir &amp; Gu</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus polyphekadion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus quoyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus stictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Allen 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus trimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinephelus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus scriba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus hepatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus atrobranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus subligarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Giganthias immaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Katayama 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammistes sexlineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammistops ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemanthias aureorubens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Longley 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holanthias borbonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoplectrodes huntii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hector 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jeboehlkia gladifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robins 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidoperca pulchella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liopropoma africanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liopropoma eukrines</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Starck &amp; Courtenay 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luzonichthys earlei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mirolabrichthys flavoguttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Katayama &amp; Masuda 1980)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthias anthias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropristis striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alphestes afer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alphestes multiguttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Othos dentex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis cruentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis fulva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis sonnerati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis taeniops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis nigri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis cyanostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis hemistiktos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis microprion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis miniata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopholis sexmaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cromileptes altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontanthias flagris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yoshino &amp; Araga 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermatolepis dermatolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplectrum formosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplectrum macropoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplectrum maximum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplectrum pacificum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplectrum radiale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dules auriga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Planctanthias longifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trunov 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonioplectrus hispanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranthias furcifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectropomus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectropomus areolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectropomus laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectropomus leopardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectropomus pessuliferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectropomus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rypticus saponaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pronotogrammus eos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudanthias bimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudanthias fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kamohara 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudanthias parvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Randall &amp; Lubbock 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudanthias squamipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rabaulichthys altipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rainfordia opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sacura boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heemstra 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saloptia powelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schultzea beta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hildebrand 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenanthias analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serraniculus pumilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranocirrhitus latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Watanabe 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triso dermopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tosana niwae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Pope 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthistius brasilianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tosanoides filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoplectrus chlorurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoplectrus unicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypoplectrus nigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemanthias carberryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonoperca punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Niphon spinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypoma macracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabrax nebulifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabrax maculatofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabrax clathratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabrax albomaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabrax humeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudogramma gregoryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Breder 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectranthias altipinnatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Katayama &amp; Masuda 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracila albomarginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler &amp; Bean 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Variola louti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranidae (17002XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42305"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaucosomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaucosoma hebraicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glaucosoma scapulare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ramsay 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terapontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amniataba affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mees &amp; Kailola 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hannia greenwayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vari 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hephaestus fuliginosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagusia micracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiopotherapon aheneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mees 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesopristes argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelsartia humeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pingalla lorentzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scortum parviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syncomistes kimberleyensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vari 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Variichthys jamoerensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mees 1971)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terapon jarbua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terapon puta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terapon theraps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terapon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelates quadrilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bidyanus bidyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchell 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terapontidae (17004XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyprionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42514"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyprion americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyprion oxygeneios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider &amp; Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyprion spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stereolepis doederleini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lindberg &amp; Krasyukova 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stereolepis gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moronidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42525"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morone saxatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morone americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morone chrysops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morone spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morone chrysops x m.saxatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicentrarchus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicentrarchus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42515"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesiopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthoclinus fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthoplesiops hiatti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Assessor flavissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen &amp; Kuiter 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beliops xanthokrossos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belonepterygion fasciolatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calloplesiops altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fraudella carassiops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraplesiops bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steeneichthys plesiopsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen &amp; Randall 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinops brauni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathysphyraenops simplex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bostockia porosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coreoperca kawamebari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Edelia vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gadopsis bispinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sanger 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Howella brodiei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannatherina balstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannoperca oxleyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percichthys melanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percichthys trucha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maccullochella peelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchell 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maccullochella macquariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maccullochella ikei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rowland 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percilia gillissi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lateolabrax japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siniperca chuatsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macquaria australasica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macquaria ambigua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42537"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kuhliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kuhlia sandvicensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrarchidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantharchus pomotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrarchus macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepomis gibbosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropterus dolomieui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropterus punctulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambloplites rupestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomoxis annularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomoxis nigromaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archoplites interruptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enneacanthus chaetodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42558"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42580"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteropriacanthus cruentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristigenys meyeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priacanthus tayenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priacanthus arenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priacanthus macracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priacanthus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cookeolus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priacanthidae (17011XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apogonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apogon fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: White 1790</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apogon semilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apogonichthys perdix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archamia zosterophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrapogon alutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodipterus alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gon 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coranthus polyacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foa brachygramma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fowleria aurita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossamia gjellerupi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber &amp; de Beaufort 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnapogon africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holapogon maximus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lachneratus phasmaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser &amp; Struhsaker 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mionorus bombonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neamia octospina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeoptyx conklini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Silvester 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudamia zonata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall, Lachner &amp; Fraser 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudamiops gracilicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lachner 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterapogon kauderni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koumans 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdamia gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphamia versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaeramia nematoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vincentia chrysura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apogonidae (17012XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropoma hanedai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apogonops anomalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doederleinia berycoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malakichthys wakiyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoscombrops cynodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudohowella intermedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fedoryako 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synagrops japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synagrops spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verilus sordidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropomatidae (17013XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42606"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42641"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perca flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perca schrenkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kessler 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammocrypta clara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Meek 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammocrypta pellucida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Romanichthys valsanicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dumitrescu, Banarescu &amp; Stoica 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percarina demidoffi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nordmann 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stizostedion vitreum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stizostedion canadense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Griffith &amp; Smith 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stizostedion lucioperca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stizostedion spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocephalus cernuus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocephalus acerinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocephalus baloni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holc</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocephalus schraetser</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etheostoma blennioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etheostoma caeruleum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Storer 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etheostoma flabellare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etheostoma pottsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percina caprodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zingel zingel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sander volgensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42618"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillaginidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillaginodes punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillaginopsis panijus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillago maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillago sihama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillago ciliata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillago flindersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McKay 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sillaginidae (17015XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42642"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchiostegidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulolatilus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulolatilus microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulolatilus princeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulolatilus chrysops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchiostegus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lopholatilus villarii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Branchiostegidae (17016XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42662"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolatilus chlupatyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Klausewitz, McCosker, Randall &amp; Zetzsche 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplolatilus starcki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Dooley 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacanthus brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudochromidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisochromis kenyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blennodesmus scapularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlidichthys bibulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congrogadus amplimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Winterbottom 1980)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypho purpurascens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Vis 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halidesmus coccus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Winterbottom &amp; Randall 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halimuraena hexagonata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halimuraenoides isostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maug</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliophis aethiopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Winterbottom 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labracinus cyclophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natalichthys leptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Winterbottom 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudochromis aldabraensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bauchot-Boutin 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudochromis olivaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoplesiops howensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rusichthys plesiomorphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Winterbottom 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactarius lactarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomatomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42683"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomatomus saltatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomatomidae (17020XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombropidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42685"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombrops boops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42684"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rachycentridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42687"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rachycentron canadum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42686"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepes djedaba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepes melanoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alepes vari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atule mate</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus trachurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus picturatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bowdich 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus murphyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus symmetricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus mediterraneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus lathami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus trecae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus declivis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus delagoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nekrasov 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Necrasov 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus novaezelandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantolabus radiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocaranx chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocaranx wrighti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocaranx dentex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus kurroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus macrosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus muroadsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus maruadsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus russelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus tabl</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus macarellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decapterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx bucculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alleyne &amp; Macleay 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx caballus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx caninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx heberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx ignobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx lugubris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx melampygus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx papuensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alleyne &amp; MacLeay 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx senegallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx sexfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx tille</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx crysos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx hippos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx ruber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx rhonchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx bartholomaei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caranx spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene setapinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene brevoortii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene browni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spix &amp; Agassiz 1829-31</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene orstedii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene peruviana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selene vomer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus blochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus carolinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus ovatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus goodei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus anak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus baillonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus botla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus cayennensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus coppingeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus falcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus goreensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus kennedyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus maxillosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus mookalee</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus paitensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus rhodopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus stilbe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; McGregor 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus teraia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinotus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola dumerili</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola quinqueradiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola lalandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola carpenteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mather 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola hippos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola peruana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola rivoliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola zonata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriola spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligoplites altus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligoplites palometa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligoplites refulgens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligoplites saliens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligoplites saurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naucrates ductor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulua aurochs</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulua mentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lichia amia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectis alexandrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectis ciliaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectis indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastromateus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atropus atropos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides bajad</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides caeruleopinnatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides chrysophrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides dinema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides equula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides ferdau</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides fulvoguttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides gymnostethus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides hedlandensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides humerosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides malabaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides oblongus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides orthogrammus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides otrynter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides plagiotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides praeustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangoides talamparoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elagatis bipinnulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathanodon speciosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalaspis cordyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberoides commersonnianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberoides lysan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberoides tala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberoides tol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberoides spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloroscombrus chrysurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloroscombrus orqueta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chloroscombrus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parona signata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selar crumenophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selar boops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicaranx bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicaranx leucurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemicaranx zelotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selaroides leptolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolina nigrofasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uraspis secunda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uraspis uraspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campogramma glaycos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carangidae (17023XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42688"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematistiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematistius pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banjosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Banjos banjos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mene maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bramidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collybus drachme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Snyder 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brama brama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brama australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brama spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taractichthys longipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taractichthys steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterycombus brama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fries 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteraclis aesticola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumegistus brevorti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taractes rubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Evermann 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taractes asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bramidae (17027XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaena hippurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaena equiselis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphaenidae (17028XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arripidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arripis georgianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arripis trutta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emmelichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emmelichthys nitidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiogeneion macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiogeneion rubiginosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erythrocles monodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll &amp; Cadenat 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emmelichthyidae (17030XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inermiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42874"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emmelichthyops atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inermia vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus argentimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus decussatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus erythropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch 1790</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus fulviflammus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus fulvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus johnii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus lutjanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch 1790</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus monostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus rivulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus malabaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus sebae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus vitta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus apodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus aratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus argentiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus purpureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus buccanella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus campechanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus colorado</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus cyanopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus jocu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus mahogoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus novemfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus synagris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus vivanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus agennes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus russelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus goreensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus bohar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus gibbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus rufolineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocyurus chrysurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphareus rutilans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aprion virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apsilus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apsilus fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipocheilus carnolabrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chan 1970)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracaesio caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Katayama 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracaesio gonzalesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fourmanoir &amp; Rivaton 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracaesio kusakarii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Abe 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracaesio xanthura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etelis oculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etelis carbunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etelis coruscans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macolor niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kami 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristipomoides filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristipomoides aquilonaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristipomoides multidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristipomoides sieboldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854-57)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristipomoides typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhomboplites aurorubens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplopagrus guntherii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Randallichthys filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fourmanoir 1970)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphorichthys spilurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphorus nematophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinjalo pinjalo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutjanidae (17032XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42875"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascolopsis aspinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rao &amp; Rao 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentapodus caninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentapodus emeryii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentapodus paradiseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaevius milii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus hexodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus virgatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus mesoprion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus nematophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus nemurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus peronii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus tambuloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus balinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858-59)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus bathybius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Snyder 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus celebicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis vosmeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis bimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis ghanam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis bilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis monogramma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis taeniopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scolopsis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemipteridae (17033XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42941"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobotes surinamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42971"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gazza minuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus blochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus daura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus equulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secutor insidiator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Secutor ruconius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiognathidae (17035XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boridia grossidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diagramma pictum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenichthys agassizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenistius californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenocys jessiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus davidsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus dovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus interruptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus scapularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tschudi 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus surinamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisotremus virginicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon album</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon bonariense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon carbonarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon flaviguttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon flavolineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Desmarest 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon macrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon maculicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon melanurum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon parra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Desmarest 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon plumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon sciurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon scudderii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon sexfasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulon aurolineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthopristis chrysoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthopristis ruber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genyatremus luteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isacia conceptionis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapristipoma trilineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapristipoma octolineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectorhinchus cinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectorhinchus pictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tortonese 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectorhinchus schotaf</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectorhinchus macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectorhinchus mediterraneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys stridens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys commersonnii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys olivaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Playfair &amp; G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys axillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys bayanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys branickii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys crocro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys leuciscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys macracanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys incisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bowdich 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys jubelini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys perotaei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys multimaculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Playfair 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys suillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomadasys kaakan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachydeuterus auritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parakuhlia macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hapalogenys mucronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eydoux &amp; Souleyet 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conodon nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microlepidotus inornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haemulidae (=pomadasyidae)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austronibea oedogenys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boesemania microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corvula macrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Metzelaar 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Totoaba macdonaldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaena umbra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaena bathytatos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chao &amp; Miller 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaena spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplodinotus grunniens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion acoupa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion arenarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion jamaicensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant &amp; Bocourt 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion leiarchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion nebulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion microlepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion othonopterum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion parvipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion phoxocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion regalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion xanthulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion nothus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holbrook 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Cervig</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion stolzmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoscion spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepipterus francisci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepipterus schomburgkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lonchurus lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrospinosa cuja</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalonibea fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chu, Lo &amp; Wu 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miichthys miiuy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miracorvina angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachyurus bonariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranibea semiluctuosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareques fuscovittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kendall &amp; Radcliffe 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropogonias ectenes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropogonias furnieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Desmarest 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropogonias undulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropogonias altipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micropogonias spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus nasus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus ophicephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus undulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus saxatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus littoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holbrook 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menticirrhus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentheroscion mbizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protosciaena trewavasae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chao &amp; Miller 1975)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sonorolux fluminis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina cirrosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina canosai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berg 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina coroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina roncador</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina xanti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina canariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina ronchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina broussonnetii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbrina spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnius belangerii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnius coitor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnius dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnius trachycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnius amblycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrodon ancylodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrosomus regius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Asso 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrosomus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrosomus hololepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrosomus thorpei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrosomus amoyensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atractoscion aequidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atractoscion nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elattarchus archidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equetus acuminatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equetus lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genyonemus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimus acclivis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Bristol 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimus breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimus effulgens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteroscion peli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nebris microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nebris occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vaillant 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophioscion adustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophioscion punctatissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meek &amp; Hildebrand 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otolithes ruber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otolithoides biauritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otolithoides pama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralonchurus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralonchurus peruanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralonchurus elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boeseman 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagioscion auratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagioscion squamosissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagioscion surinamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonias cromis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer fuerthii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holbrook 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tschudi 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer oscitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer stellifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellifer rastrifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bairdiella ronchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontoscion xanthops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nibea albiflora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nibea maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nibea mitsukurii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nibea semifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chu, Lo &amp; Wu 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collichthys lucidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Collichthys niveatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimichthys croceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larimichthys polyactis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isopisthus remifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isopisthus parvipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiostomus xanthurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilotrema saturnum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachypops adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachypops trifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachypops fourcroi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Roncador stearnsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaenops ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriphus politus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotolithus brachygnathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotolithus senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotolithus typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotolithus moorii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotolithus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bowdich 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotolithus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrophysa russelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspericorvina jubata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrobucca nibe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Thompson 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bahaba chaptis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bahaba taipingensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysochir aureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daysciaena albida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kathala axillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panna microdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennahia argentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennahia macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tang 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennahia pawak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lin 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protonibea diacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterotolithus lateoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterotolithus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaenidae (17037XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wattsia mossambica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathodentex aureolineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocranius griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocranius frenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocranius spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus nebulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus erythropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus harak</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus mahsena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus atkinsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Seale 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus enigmaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus laticaudis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alleyne &amp; Macleay 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus lentjan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus microdon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus miniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus olivaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinus rubrioperculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sato 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monotaxis grandoculis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinidae (17038XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43283"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boopsoidea inornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocrotaphus curvidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Virididentex acromegalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagellus bogaraveo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Br</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagellus erythrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagellus acarne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagellus bellottii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagellus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus annularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus sargus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus cervinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus puntazzo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cetti 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus holbrooki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplodus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus taurinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus arctifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus bajonado</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus brachysomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus calamus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus proridens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus penna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex gibbosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex canariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex dentex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll &amp; Maul 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex congoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex maroccanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex tumifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentex spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondyliosoma cantharus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondyliosoma emarginatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oblada melanura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archosargus probatocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archosargus rhomboidalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrops spinifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrozona argyrozona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheimerius nufar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatoceps nasutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus caeruleostictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus pagrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus auriga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus auratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagrus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrus rupestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porcostoma dentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterogymnus laniarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdosargus globiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdosargus sarba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdosargus holubi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdosargus thorpei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparodon durbanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparus hasta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boops boops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoblephus cristiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoblephus laticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoblephus gibbiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoblephus anglicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoblephus puniceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysoblephus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenidens crenidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithognathus lithognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithognathus mormyrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithognathus aureti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithognathus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachymetopon aeneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachymetopon grande</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachymetopon blochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachymetopon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polysteganus praeorbitalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polysteganus undulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polysteganus coeruleopunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polysteganus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarpa salpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evynnis cardinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evynnis japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evynnis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus berda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus butcheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Munro 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus schlegeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopagrus bifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenotomus chrysops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenotomus caprinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagodon rhomboides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyamblyodon germanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparidae (17039XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centracanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spicara maena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spicara smaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spicara spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centracanthus cirrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centracanthidae (17040XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneichthys lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullus surmuletus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullus argentinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Marini 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulloidichthys flavolineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulloidichthys vanicolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus bifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus cyclostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus forsskali</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fourmanoir &amp; Gu</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus macronema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus multifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus pleurostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parupeneus porphyreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus moluccensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus sulphureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus sundaicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus tragula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus parvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus arge</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upeneus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudupeneus prayensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudupeneus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mullidae (17041XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echeneidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echeneis naucrates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phtheirichthys lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Menzies 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remora brachyptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remora remora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remora spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Remorina albescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echeneidae (17042XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coracinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coracinus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coracinidae (17043XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxotes chatareus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxotes jaculatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodactylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodactylus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerreidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49566"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parequula melbournensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres setifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres abbreviatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres poieti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres oyena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres oblongus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diapterus auratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ranzani 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucinostomus dowii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucinostomus melanopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eugerres axillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentaprion longimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerreidae (17046XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atypichthys latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch &amp; Waite 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathystethus cultratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girella simplicidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Osburn &amp; Nichols 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girella tricuspidata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Girella nigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labracoglossa argentiventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Medialuna californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcanthus strigatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neatypus obliquus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpis aequipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpis violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vinculum sexfasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus cinerascens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus analogus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus incisor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus sectatrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus bigibbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus vaigiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kyphosus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoscorpis lithophilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hermosilla azurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sectator ocyurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pempheridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43437"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapriacanthus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pempheris adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Griffin 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pempheris oualensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pempheris poeyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pempheris vanicolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepane punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepane africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepane longimana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drepane spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphichaetodon howensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelmon muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelmon rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelmonops truncatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coradion altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitaurichthys polylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnrandallia nigrirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachaetodon ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prognathodes dichrous</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodon capistratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodon humeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodon striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodon hoefleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodon aureofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macleay 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heniochus acuminatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forcipiger flavissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; McGregor 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodontidae (17052XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplosidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplosus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (White 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplosus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyclupeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyclupea argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caristiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caristius groenlandicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jensen 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nandidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Afronandus sheljuzhkoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meinken 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristolepis fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nandus nandus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polycentropsis abbreviata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Badis badis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monocirrhus polyacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentacerotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49567"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evistias acutirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histiopterus typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parazanclistius hutchinsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paristiopterus gallipavo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paristiopterus labiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentaceropsis recurvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentaceros capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopentaceros richardsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanclistius elevatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oplegnathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oplegnathus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alticorpus macrocleithrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stauffer &amp; McKaye 1985)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Altolamprologus calvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphilophus citrinellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomalochromis thomasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Meinken 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archocentrus centrarchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristochromis christyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asprotilapia leptura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulonocara auditor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulonocranus dewindti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Baileychromis centropomoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bailey &amp; Stewart 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthochromis tricoti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotodoma cupido</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biotoecus opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boulengerochromis microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buccochromis atritaeniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bujurquina cordemadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kullander 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callochromis macrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprichromis liemi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mckaye &amp; Mackenzie 1982)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caquetaia kraussii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiopharynx schoutedeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetobranchopsis australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Ward 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetobranchus flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalinochromis brichardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champsochromis caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilochromis euchilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilochromis duponti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilotilapia rhoadesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromidotilapia batesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleithracara maronii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Copadichromis azureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Konings 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corematodus shiranus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopharynx intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cunningtonia longiventralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyathopharynx furcifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopharynx fwae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprichromis leptosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtocara moorii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danakilia franchettii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vinciguerra 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicrossus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dimidiochromis compressiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplotaxodon greenwoodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stauffer &amp; McKaye 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis macrochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis urolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis andersonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis alcalicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis amphimelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis chungruruensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ahl 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis esculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Graham 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis hunteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis jipe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis karomo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis karongae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis korogwe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis lepidurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis leucostictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1933)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis lidole</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis malagarasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis mortimeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis pangani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis placidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis rukwaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf &amp; Pappenheim 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis saka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis salinicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis schwebischi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis squamipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis tanganicae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis upembae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thys van den Audenaerde 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis variabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oreochromis (=tilapia) spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarotherodon galilaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarotherodon melanotheron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma beani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma bimaculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma facetum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma istlanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Baird &amp; Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma managuense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma maculicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma urophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma octofasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlasoma spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichla ocellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichla temensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Humboldt 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Docimodus johnstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia sparrmanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia guineensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia bakossiorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia baloni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas &amp; Stewart 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia bemini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia bilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia brevimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia busumana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia buttikoferi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hubrecht 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia bythobates</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia cabrae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia cameronensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holly 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia camerunensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia cessiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia coffea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia congica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll &amp; Thys van den Audenaerde 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia dageti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia deckerti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia discolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia flava</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia guinasana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia gutturosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia imbriferna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia joka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia kottae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia louka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia margaritacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia mariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia nyongana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia rheophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Daget 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia ruweti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll &amp; Thys van den Audenaerde 1965)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia snyderae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia spongotroktis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia tholloni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia thysi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilapia walteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thys van den Audenaerde 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eclectochromis festivus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ectodus descampsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enantiopus albini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eretmodus cyanostictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exochochromis anagenys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Oliver 1989)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fossorochromis rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gephyrochromis lawsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fryer 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathochromis permaxillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (David 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiocichla ethelwynnae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatotria lemairii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1976)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guianacara oelemariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kullander &amp; Nijssen 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnogeophagus balzanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Perugia 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplotaxodon microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemibates stenosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitilapia oxyrhyncha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heros appendiculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Herotilapia multispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterochromis multidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplarchus psittacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplotilapia retrodens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypselecara coryphaenoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsophrys nicaraguensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iodotropheus sprengerae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Oliver &amp; Loiselle 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iranocichla hormuzensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Coad 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Konia dikume</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas, Green &amp; Corbet 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Krobia guianensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laetacara flavilabris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cope 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lestradea perspicax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethrinops albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lichnochromis acuticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limbochromis cavalliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thys van den Audenaerde &amp; Loiselle 1971)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnochromis abeelei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macropleurodus bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maravichromis formosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesonauta festivus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microchromis zebroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microdontochromis rotundiventralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Takahashi, Yanagisawa &amp; Nakaya 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgeophagus ramirezi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Myers &amp; Harry 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myaka myaka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naevochromis chrysogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nanochromis consortus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts &amp; Stewart 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neetroplus nematopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolamprologus boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nimbochromis fuscotaeniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyassachromis breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophthalmotilapia boops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otopharynx argyrosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxylapia polli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kiener &amp; Maug</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracyprichromis brieni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralabidochromis victoriae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Greenwood 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parananochromis caudifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratilapia polleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paretroplus damii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelmatochromis buettikoferi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelvicachromis humilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenicichla johanna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenicichla saxatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenicichla alta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenicichla lepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perissodus eccentricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Liem &amp; Stewart 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petenia splendida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyphotilapia frontosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharyngochromis darlingi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placidochromis electra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burgess 1979)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygnathochromis melanonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platytaeniodus degeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plecodus elaviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protomelas annectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1928)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudosimochromis curvifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1942)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geophagus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnotilapia dardennii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenochromis hecqui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrochromis polyodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenotilapia bathyphila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemichromis bimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemichromis fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etroplus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etroplus suratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronotus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astronotus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pungu maclareni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathybates ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplochromis acidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Greenwood 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplochromis desfontainii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplochromis burtoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplochromis nyererei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Witte-Maas &amp; Witte 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplochromis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lamprologus callipterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobochilotes labiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reganochromis calliurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Retroculus lapidifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptychochromis oligacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequidens rivulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequidens portalegrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hensel 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequidens pulchrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotropheus ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stauffer 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotropheus aurora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burgess 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotropheus callainos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stauffer &amp; Hert 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotropheus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fryer 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotropheus tropheops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotropheus zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterochromis congicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrotilapia genalutea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marsh 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanochromis auratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanochromis johannii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eccles 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labidochromis caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fryer 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labeotropheus fuelleborni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ahl 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genyochromis mento</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyathochromis obliquidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphysodon aequifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterophyllum altum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acarichthys heckelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acaronia vultuosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kullander 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astatoreochromis alluaudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylochromis aristoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stiassny 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyrannochromis macrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satanoperca acuticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schubotzia eduardiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schwetzochromis neodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sciaenochromis ahli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chetia flaviventris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Julidochromis dickfeldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Staeck 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tramitichromis brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematocara caparti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematochromis schreyeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematocranus labifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglachromis otostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1920)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tristramella sacra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tropheus annectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uaru amphiacanthoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranochromis angusticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serranochromis robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crenicara filamentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ladiges 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Simochromis babaulti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pellegrin 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spathodus erythrodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steatocranus casuarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stigmatochromis modestus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomatepia mariae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holly 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniacara candidi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniochromis holotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Trewavas 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kullander 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tangachromis dhanisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanganicodus irsacae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teleogramma brichardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poll 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telmatochromis bifrenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telotrematocara macrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysochromis annectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannacara anomala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apistogramma agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apistogramma trifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamphochromis brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Trewavas 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cichlidae (17059XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cepolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocepola abbreviata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Owstonia grammodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocepola taeniosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cepola macrophthalma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embiotocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43799"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyistius frenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsurus caryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micrometrus aurora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phanerodon furcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zalembius rosaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embiotoca jacksoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hysterocarpus traski</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hopkirk 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatogaster aggregata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gibbons 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ditrema viridis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Oshima 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphistichus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperprosopon anale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhacochilus toxotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoditrema ransonneti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacentridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43801"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthochromis polyacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyglyphidodon aureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblypomacentrus breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schlegel &amp; M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azurina eupalama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller &amp; Snodgrass 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheiloprion labiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysiptera biocellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysiptera caeruleolineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Allen 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysiptera rapanui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Greenfield &amp; Hensley 1970)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dischistodus chrysopoecilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schlegel &amp; M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mecaenichthys immaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microspathodon bairdii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoglyphidodon bonang</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neopomacentrus azysron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nexilosus latifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tschudi 1844-46)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parma kermadecensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectroglyphidodon dickii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Li</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomachromis fuscidorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen &amp; Randall 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Premnas biaculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pristotis jerdoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromis chromis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromis crusma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromis intercrusma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evermann &amp; Radcliffe 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromis punctipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cooper 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromis analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Similiparma hermani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegastes apicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Vis 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegastes dorsopunicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegastes fasciolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stegastes leucostictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teixeirichthys jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rutter 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abudefduf saxatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abudefduf luridus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsypops rubicundus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dascyllus albisella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dascyllus aruanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacentrus agassizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bliss 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacentrus bankanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphiprion akallopisos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphiprion akindynos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidozygus tapeinosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43800"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantholabrus palloni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achoerodus gouldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anchichoerops natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austrolabrus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrus bergylta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ascanius 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrus bimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrus merula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilio inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhilabrus balteatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhilabrus exquisitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clepticus parrae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conniella apterygia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymolutes lecluse</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decodon grandisquamis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1968)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diproctacanthus xanthurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Doratonotus megalepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dotalabrus alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Russell 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epibulus insidiator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1770)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupetrichthys angustipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Frontilabrus caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Cond</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hologymnosus annulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrichthys unilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guichenot 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labropsis alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lappanella fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larabicus quadrilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptojulis chrysotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Ferraris 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macropharyngodon bipartitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minilabrus striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Dor 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolabrus celidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Novaculichthys macrolepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxycheilinus arenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracheilinus angulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Lubbock 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pictilabrus laticlavius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polylepion cruentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gomon 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocheilinops ataenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocheilinus evanidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocoris aurantiofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fourmanoir 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudodax moluccanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudojuloides atavai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Randall 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteragogus amboinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stethojulis albovittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suezichthys arquatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Russell 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wetmorella albofasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz &amp; Marshall 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenojulis margaritaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphocheilus typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrolabrus exoletus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coris julis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coris gaimard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenolabrus rupestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xyrichtys novacula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anampses geographicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bodianus rufus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bodianus diplotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bodianus eclancheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilinus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilinus trilobatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choerodon schoenleinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choerodon azurio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lachnolaimus maximus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyjulis californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tautoga onitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tautogolabrus adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassoma bifasciatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassoma duperrey</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassoma pavo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudolabrus biserialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semicossyphus reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semicossyphus pulcher</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gomphosus varius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halichoeres adustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halichoeres leucoxanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Smith 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphodus cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphodus melops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphodus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labroides dimidiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigymnus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labridae (17063XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haletta semifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoodax balteatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odax pullus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonognathus argyrophanes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49571"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calotomus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorurus gibbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorurus sordidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nicholsina denticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Evermann &amp; Radcliffe 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparisoma aurofrenatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparisoma chrysopterum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sparisoma cretense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarus coeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarus vetula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarus forsteni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarus iserti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarus taeniopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Desmarest 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoscarus vaigiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptotomus roseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hipposcarus harid</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cetoscarus bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolbometopon muricatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaridae (17065XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apolemichthys guezei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Randall &amp; Maug</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropyge acanthops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropyge joculator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith-Vaniz &amp; Randall 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodontoplus ballinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genicanthus bellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genicanthus spinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holacanthus clarionensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracentropyge multifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacanthus annularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacanthus imperator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygoplites diacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boddaert 1772)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sumireyakko venustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Yasuda &amp; Tominaga 1969)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomacanthidae (17066XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43944"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43969"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblycirrhitus earnshawi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lubbock 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhitichthys aprinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhitops fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhitus rivulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprinocirrhites polyactis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isocirrhitus sexfasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocirrhites armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxycirrhites typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracirrhites arcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracirrhites forsteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chironemidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43972"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chironemus georgianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Threpterius maculosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43970"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplodactylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43974"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aplodactylus etheridgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43973"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantholatris monodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carmichael 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylophora nigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus bergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus spectabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garrett 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus zonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemadactylus douglasii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hector 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemadactylus macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemadactylus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirodactylus brachydactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirodactylus grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirodactylus jessicalenorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mendosoma lineatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latris lineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latridopsis ciliaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latridae (17071XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43991"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opistognathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stalix histrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opistognathus aurifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Thompson 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lonchopisthus higmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mead 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostracoberycidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostracoberyx dorygenys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44004"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gramma loreto</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipogramma flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilmore &amp; Jones 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus plebeius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broussonet 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus sexfilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus approximans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lay &amp; Bennett 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus sextarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus quadrifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus bifurcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomuro, Kimura &amp; Iwatsuki, 2001</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomuro, Okamoto &amp; Iwatsuki, 2001</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus macrochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus malagasyensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomuro &amp; Iwatsuki, 2001</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus microstomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus mullani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hora 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus multiradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus nigripinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Munro 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus octonemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus oligodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus persicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomura &amp; Iwatsuki, 2001</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus siamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomura, Iwatsuki &amp; Yoshina, 2001</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polydactylus virginicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleutheronema tetradactylum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleutheronema tridactylum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleutheronema rhadinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Evermann 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galeoides decadactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentanemus quinquarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus paradiseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus aquilonaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomura, 2003</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus hornadayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus melanochir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus multifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemus kapuasensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Motomura &amp; van Oije, 2003</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptomelanosoma indicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapolynemus verekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Saville-Kent 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filimanus heptadactyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filimanus hexanema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filimanus perplexa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Feltes 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filimanus sealei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Richardson 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filimanus similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Feltes 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Filimanus xanthonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polynemidae (17077XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphysanodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44048"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphysanodon berryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anderson 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44047"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notograptidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notograptus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascorpididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44052"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascorpis typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrogeniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrogenys vaigiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44053"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44056"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coius campbelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44055"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinolestidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44058"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinolestes lewini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Griffith &amp; Smith 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44057"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callanthiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callanthias japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Franz 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatonotus crosnieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fourmanoir 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44059"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinopercidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrarchops chapini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinoperca petersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovichtidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bovichtus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hureau &amp; Tomo 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaphritis porosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototheniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aethotaxis mitopteryx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: DeWitt 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryothenia peninsulae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Daniels 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gvozdarus svetovidovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Balushkin 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleginops maclovinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dissostichus mawsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dissostichus eleginoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smitt 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dissostichus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia rossii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia gibberifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia neglecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nybelin 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia squamifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia coriiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia kempi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia acuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia angustifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fischer 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia cyanobrancha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notothenia marionensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranotothenia magellanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranotothenia angustata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranotothenia microlepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototheniops larseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototheniops nudifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototheniops mizops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototheniops nybelini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Balushkin 1976)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patagonotothen brevicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patagonotothen ramsayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patagonotothen tessellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus eulepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus bernacchii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus pennellii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus lepidorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pappenheim 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus loennbergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus newnesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus nicolai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus scotti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus tokarevi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus vicarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trematomus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagothenia hansoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagothenia borchgrevinki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagothenia brachysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pappenheim 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagothenia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuragramma antarcticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototheniidae (17092XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathydraconidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Akarotaxis nudiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathydraco antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathydraco marri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathydraco macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cygnodraco mawsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerlachea australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dollo 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnodraco acuticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionodraco evansii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilodraco breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vomeridens infuscipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (DeWitt 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachaenichthys georgianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fischer 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachaenichthys charcoti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vaillant 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachaenichthys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Racovitzia glacialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dollo 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44149"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionobathyscus dewitti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev &amp; Neelov 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryodraco antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dollo 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryodraco spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dacodraco hunteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neopagetopsis ionah</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nybelin 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagetopsis macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenocephalus aceratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champsocephalus gunnari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champsocephalus esox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudochaenichthys georgianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionodraco rastrospinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: DeWitt &amp; Hureau 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionodraco hamatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionodraco myersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: DeWitt &amp; Tyler 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channichthys rhinoceratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenodraco wilsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channichthyidae (17094XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44132"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Denariusa bandata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnochanda filamentosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paradoxodacna piratica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parambassis altipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetracentrum apogonoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macleay 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassis gymnocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassis jacksoniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassis natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassis commersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassis productus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chanda nama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ambassidae (17095XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44150"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epigonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brephostoma carpenteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Florenciella lugubris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mead &amp; De Falla 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microichthys coccoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rosenblattia robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mead &amp; De Falla 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraenops bairdianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epigonus telescopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epigonus denticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dieuzeide 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epigonus constanciae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Giglioli 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epigonus robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epigonus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpagiferidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne permitini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne dewitti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eakin 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne barsukovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne dolichobranchiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne phyllopogon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne scotti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonophryne spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artedidraco mirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artedidraco skottsbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artedidraco spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolloidraco longedorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roule 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpagifer bispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpagifer antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nybelin 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpagifer georgianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nybelin 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histiodraco velifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artedidraconidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44176"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptobramidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptobrama muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44196"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percoidei (170XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoarcoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarhichadidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarhichas spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anarrhichthys ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44200"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathymasteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathymaster caeruleofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rathbunella hypoplecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ronquilus jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44241"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantholumpenus mackayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectrias alectrolophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectridium aurantiacum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allolumpenus hypochromus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs &amp; Schultz 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anisarchus macrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Matsubara &amp; Ochiai 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplarchus purpurescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Askoldia variegata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryozoichthys marjorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McPhail 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cebidichthys violaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirolophis nugator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Williams 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyosoma burgeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Van der Hoeven 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ernogrammus hexagrammus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eulophias owashii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okada &amp; Suzuki 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumesogrammus praecisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnoclinus cristulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumpenella longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Evermann &amp; Goldsborough 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumpenus fabricii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinhardt 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolumpenus unocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miki, Kanamaru &amp; Amaoka 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neozoarces steindachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthocentrus dybowskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phytichthys chirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectobranchus evides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poroclinus rothrocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichaeopsis epallax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichaeopsis nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichaeus grigorjewi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herzenstein 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulvaria subbifurcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Storer 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphister atropurpureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kittlitz 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoarchias glaber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44248"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apodichthys flavidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodymenichthys dolichogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulvicola sanctaerosae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Starks 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xererpes fucorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enedrias nebulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholis gunnellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44242"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptilichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptilichthys goodei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aiakas zinorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anderson &amp; Gosztonyi 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andriashevia aptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fedorov &amp; Neelov 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoarces viviparus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austrolycus depressiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bilabria ornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Soldatov 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothrocarina microcephala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidt 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossostomus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dadyanos insignis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Davidijordania abei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Matsubara 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Derepodichthys alepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrozoarces americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dieidolycus leptodermatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anderson 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucryphycus californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Starks &amp; Mann 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exechodontes daidaleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: DeWitt  1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnelopsis brashnikovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hadropareia middendorffii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hadropogonichthys lindbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Federov 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iluocoetes fimbriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Krusensterniella maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Letholycus magellanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anderson 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodonus flagellicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jensen 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodes adolfi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nielsen &amp; Foss</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodes reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reinhardt 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycenchelys brevimaxillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Toyoshima 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycenchelys verrillii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycenchelys antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycenchelys bellingshauseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev &amp; Permitin 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnelus hemifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothrocara alalongum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodapus derjugini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodapus antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tomo 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodapus pachysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peden &amp; Anderson 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodapus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycogrammoides schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov &amp; Lindberg 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyconema barbatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycozoarces regani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Popov 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lycodichthys antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pappenheim 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taranetzella lyoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maynea puncta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostigma atlanticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koefoed 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostigma gelatinosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanostigma spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nalbantichthys elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notolycodes schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gosztonyi 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oidiphorus brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opaeophacus acrogeneius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bond &amp; Stein 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophthalmolycus amberensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tomo, Marschoff &amp; Torno 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophthalmolycus bothriocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pappenheim 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophthalmolycus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachycara brachycephalum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pappenheim 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachycara spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phucocoetes latitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Piedrabuenia ringueleti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gosztonyi 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesienchelys stehmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gosztonyi 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pogonolycus elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puzanovia virgata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fedorov 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seleniolycus laevifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Torno, Tomo &amp; Marschoff 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thermarces cerberus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt &amp; Cohen 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33920"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scytalinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44317"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scytalina cerdale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44316"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zaproridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44319"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zaprora silenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptacanthodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44322"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptacanthodes aleutensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptacanthoides bergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lindberg 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytes personatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytes tobianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammodytoides renniei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bleekeria gilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnammodytes capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoplus immaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Corbin 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champsodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44334"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Champsodon snyderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Franz 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiasmodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiasmodon bolangeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Os</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiasmodon niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dysalotus alcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: MacGilchrist 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kali indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lloyd 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoscopelus altipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parr 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthaphritis barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Okamura &amp; Kishida 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bembrops anatirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrionema chlorotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McKay 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemerocoetes artus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nelson 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osopsaron natalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nelson 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteropsaron evolans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percophis brasilianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinguipedidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheimarrichthys fosteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haast 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kochichthys flavofasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kamohara 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prolatilus jugularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopercis numida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopercis semifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapercis colias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapercis snyderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinguipes brasilianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichonotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichonotus filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichonotus nikii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clark &amp; von Schmidt 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Creediidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44366"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apodocreedia vanderhorsti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Beaufort 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalixodytes chameleontoculis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnichthys donaldsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tewara cranwellae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Griffin 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinus draco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinus vipera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachinidae (17212XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uranoscopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astroscopus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Abbott 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genyagnus monopterygius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ichthyscopus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kathetostoma albigutta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuroscopus pseudodorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selenoscopus turbisquamatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okamura &amp; Kishimoto 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenocephalus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uranoscopus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Houttuyn 1782</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uranoscopus scaber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uranoscopus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kathetostoma giganteum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haast 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoscopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44388"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crapatalus angusticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoscopus macropygus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44391"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichodon trichodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tilesius 1813)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctoscopus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobioidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleotridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belobranchus belobranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bostrichthys zonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bunaka pinguis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Butis butis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calumia godeffroyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bostrychus sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dormitator latifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dormitator maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleotris fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider &amp; Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleotris picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kner &amp; Steindachner 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleotris vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erotelis smaragdus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grahamichthys radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guavina guavina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypseleotris agilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypseleotris ejuncida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Allen 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Incara multisquamatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rao 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Allen 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kribia kribensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milyeringa veritas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odonteleotris macrodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophieleotris aporos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiocara macrolepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Philypnodon grandiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Krefft 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionobutis koilomatodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ratsirakia legendrei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tateurndina ocellicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhleotris madagascariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Petit 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiomorphus breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stokell 1939)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiomorus dormitor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyeleotris marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyeleotris fimbriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mogurnda aiwasoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen &amp; Renyaan 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleotridae (17320XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44393"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44581"/>
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+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44486"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenogobius fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acentrogobius caninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acentrogobius dayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koumans 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acentrogobius viridipunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobius niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobius paganellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobius cruentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1789</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobius strictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fage 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobius cobitis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobius spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphia minuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthogobius ommaturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Awaous aeneofuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathygobius soporator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathygobius fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblychaeturichthys sciistius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyeleotris aurora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Polunin &amp; Lubbock 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblygobius albimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossogobius biocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossogobius giuris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobioides ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amoya signatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudapocryptes borneensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scartelaos histophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachaeturichthys polynema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pomatoschistus bathi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Knipowitschia caucasica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berg 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apocryptes bato</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microgobius brevispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evorthodus lyricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobionellus atripinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Randall 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenogobius castaneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (O'Shaughnessy 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptocentrus albidorsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Yanagisawa 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptocentrus filifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aruma histrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gillichthys mirabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cooper 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaphya ferreri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Buen &amp; Fage 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odondebuenia balearica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin &amp; Fage 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lebetus guilleti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Le Danois 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crystallogobius linearis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hazeus otakii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chasmichthys dolichognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxyurichthys formosanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clevelandia ios</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asra turcomanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iljin 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutaeniichthys gilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asterropteryx ensiferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrabe lactisella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulopareia cyanomos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypauchen raha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Popta 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austrolethops wardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eviota abax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbulifer antennatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evermannichthys metzelaari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbuligobius boehlkei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lachner &amp; McKinney 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neogobius bathybius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphopterus alloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apocryptodon madurensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinogobius brunneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinogobius flumineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mizuno 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterogobius elapoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthophiloides brauneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Beling &amp; Iljin 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiosoma bosci</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Boleophthalmus birdsongi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Murdy 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stigmatogobius borneensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciogobius albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lubricogobius exiguus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bollmannia boqueronensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evermann &amp; Marsh 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callogobius amikami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goren, Miroz &amp; Baranes 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyamblyopus anotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Franz 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachygobius aggregatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridentiger barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bryaninops amplus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Larson 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthophilus baeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kessler 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buenia affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kolombatovic 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chromogobius quadrivittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebrus zebrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Didogobius kochi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Van Tassell 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cabillus lacertops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zosterisessor ophiocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caffrogobius agulhensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calamiana aliceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1945)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caragobioides geomys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caspiosoma caspium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kessler 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaeturichthys hexanema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiramenu fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rao 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamydogobius gloveri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hoese 1991)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chonophorus macrorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chriolepis fisheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clariger cosmurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corcyrogobius liechtensteini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kolombatovic 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryogalops adamsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goren 1985)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cotylopus acutipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cristatogobius nonatoae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ablan 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Croilia mossambica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptocentroides arabicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenogobiops aurocingulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discordipinna griessingeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Fourmanoir 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Drombus globiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hora 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ebomegobius goodi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Economidichthys pygmaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holly 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ego zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elacatinus janssi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bussing 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleotrica cableae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucyclogobius newberryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exyrias belissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1959)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Favonigobius aliciae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flabelligobius latruncularius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klausewitz 1974)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusigobius duospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Reader 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gammogobius steinitzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bath 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ginsburgellus novemlineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gladiogobius ensifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnatholepis anjerensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiodon acicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Harold &amp; Winterbottom 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiopsis aporia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lachner &amp; McKinney 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiopterus brachypterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiusculus flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1779)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobulus crescentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gorogobius nigricinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delais 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymneleotris seminudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnogobius raninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taranetz 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemigobius bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koumans 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hetereleotris apora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hoese &amp; Winterbottom 1979)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroplopomus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tomiyama 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypogymnogobius xanthozona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyrcanogobius bergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iljin 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ilypnus gilberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Istigobius campbelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kelloggella cardinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Seale 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lentipes armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sakai &amp; Nakamura 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidogobius lepidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lesueurigobius friesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Malm 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethops connectens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucopsarion petersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hilgendorf 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobulogobius omanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Koumans 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophogobius bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Popta 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lotilia graciliosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Klausewitz 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luposicya lupus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lythrypnus alphigena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bussing 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrodontogobius wilburi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mahidolia mystacina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mangarinus waterousi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mauligobius maderensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesogobius batrachocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Millerigobius macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kolombatovic 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mistichthys luzonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mugilogobius abei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myersina lachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Lubbock 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematogobius ansorgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nes longus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nichols 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligolepis acutipennis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiogobius ophicephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oplopomops diacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oplopomus caninoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opua atherinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxuderces dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eydoux &amp; Souleyet 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Padogobius bonelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonaparte 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palatogobius paradoxus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palutrus meteori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klausewitz &amp; Zander 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandaka lidwilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papillogobius melanobranchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragobiodon echinocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapocryptes rictuosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasicydium bandama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risch 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parawaous megacephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parkraemeria ornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parrella fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periophthalmodon freycineti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periophthalmus argentilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygobiopsis akihito</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Randall 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurosicya annandalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hornell &amp; Fowler 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyspondylogobius sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kimura &amp; Wu 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porogobius schlegelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Priolepis boreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Snyder 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proterorhinus marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammogobius knysnaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudogobiopsis campbellianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Seale 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudogobius avicennia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotrypauchen multiradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardenberg 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilogobius mainlandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baldwin 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psilotris alepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pycnomma semisquamatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rutter 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Quietula y-cauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Redigobius amblyrhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schismatogobius ampluvinculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chen, Shao &amp; Fang 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicydium brevifile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilvie-Grant 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyopterus caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Commerson 1800)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyopterus lagocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1770)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyopterus stimpsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyopus auxilimentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Watson &amp; Kottelat 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Signigobius biocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Allen 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Silhouettea dotui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Takagi 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Speleogobius trigloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zander &amp; Jelinek 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenogobius beauforti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stiphodon allen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Watson 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stonogobiops dracula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Polunin &amp; Lubbock 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sueviota lachneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Winterbottom &amp; Hoese 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sufflogobius bibarbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Bonde 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suruga fundicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenioides anguillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tamanka cagayanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Aurich 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Risor ruber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ros</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sagamia geneionema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tasmanogobius lordi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Scott 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thorogobius angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomiyamichthys oni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tomiyama 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trimma avidori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goren 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trimma okinawae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Aoyagi 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trimmatom eviotops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardenberg 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tukugobius philippinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlogobius californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Valenciennea alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoese &amp; Larson 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanderhorstia ambanoro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fourmanoir 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanneaugobius canariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Van Tassell, Miller &amp; Brito 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varicus marilynae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilmore 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Weberogobius amadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Wheelerigobius maltzani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yongeichthys criniger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zappa confluentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roberts 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiidae (17321XXXXX022)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiidae (17321XXXXX023)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyacichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44655"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhyacichthys aspro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kraemeriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44658"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobitrichinotus radiocularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kraemeria bryani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microdesmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aioliops novaeguineae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rennis &amp; Hoese 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerdale floridana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Longley 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gunnellichthys curiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microdesmus aethiopicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chabanaud 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemateleotris decora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Allen 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxymetopon compressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paragunnellichthys seychellensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parioglossus aporos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rennis &amp; Hoese 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptereleotris arabica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Hoese 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenisthmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44673"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allomicrodesmus dorotheae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraxenisthmus springeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill &amp; Hoese 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tyson belos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenisthmus africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontobutidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontobutis obscura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perccottus glenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dybowski 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44674"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthuroidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebrasoma flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus bahianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus coeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus bariene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus olivaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus chirurgus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus triostegus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus monroviae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthurus nigrofuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naso lituratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naso unicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naso brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracanthurus hepatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenochaetus binotatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionurus biafraensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blache &amp; Rossignol 1961)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthuridae (17402XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephippidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44710"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Proteracanthus sarissophorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoprenes pentanemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Munro 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zabidius novemaculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephippus orbis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapsettus panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platax orbicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platax teira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platax spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripterodon orbis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Playfair 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodipterus faber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broussonet 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodipterus zonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodipterus lippei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephippidae (17405XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scatophagidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44714"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scatophagus argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scatophagus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus corallinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus doliatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gu</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus fuscescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus javus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus rivulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus labyrinthodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus canaliculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Park 1797)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus luridus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus magnificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burgess 1977)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Woodland 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus puelloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Woodland &amp; Randall 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus puellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schlegel 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus punctatissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler &amp; Bean 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus randalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Woodland 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus spinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus stellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus sutor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus trispilos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Woodland &amp; Allen 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus unimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Evermann &amp; Seale 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus uspi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gawel &amp; Woodland 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus vermiculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus virgatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus vulpinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schlegel &amp; M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siganus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luvaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luvarus imperialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanclidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanclus cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24728"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarda sarda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarda orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarda chiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarda australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomber australasicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomber spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orcynopsis unicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocybium solandri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnosarda unicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrelliger brachysoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrelliger kanagurta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrelliger faughni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Matsui 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rastrelliger spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus commerson</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus lineolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus cavalla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus regalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus sierra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus queenslandicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Munro 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus tritor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus niphonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus semifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collette, Russo &amp; Zavala-Camin 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus koreanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kishinouye 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus concolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus multiradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Munro 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus plurilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fourmanoir 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus munroi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collette &amp; Russo 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scomberomorus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gasterochisma melampus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cybiosarda elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatorcynus bicarinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatorcynus bilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auxis rochei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auxis thazard, a.rochei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euthynnus alletteratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euthynnus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kishinouye 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euthynnus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euthynnus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus thynnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus tonggol</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus alalunga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus maccoyii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus albacares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus obesus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allothunnus fallai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Serventy 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombridae (17501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44814"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thunnini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Istiophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Istiophorus platypterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw &amp; Nodder 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Istiophorus albicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Makaira nigricans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Makaira indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus belone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus audax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus albidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus angustirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus pfluegeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robins &amp; de Sylva 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrapturus georgei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Istiophoridae (17503XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44815"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphias gladius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gempylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyrsites atun</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Euphrasen 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyrsitops lepidopoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplospinus multistriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maul 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoepinnula americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Grey 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoepinnula orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; von Bonde 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidocybium flavobrunneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nesiarchus nasutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruvettus pretiosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cocco 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paradiplospinus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paradiplospinus antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexea solandri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexea antefurcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parin 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexea prometheoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexea bengalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexea brevilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parin 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexea nakamurai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parin 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rexichthys johnpaxtoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parin &amp; Astakhov 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thyrsitoides marleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epinnula magistralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tongaichthys robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nakamura &amp; Fujii 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nealotus tripes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Promethichthys prometheus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gempylus serpens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gempylidae (17505XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichiuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Assurger anzac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alexander 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthodesmus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clarke 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthodesmus macrophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parin &amp; Becker 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthodesmus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichiurus lepturus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichiurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evoxymetopon poeyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopus caudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Euphrasen 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopus fitchi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt &amp; Wilson 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepturacanthus pantului</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gupta 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepturacanthus savala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanopus carbo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lowe 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aphanopus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parin 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tentoriceps cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupleurogrammus muticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eupleurogrammus glossodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichiuridae (17506XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombroidei (175XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6871"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateoidei, anabantoidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragonuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44877"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetragonurus cuvieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateus fiatola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pampus argenteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Euphrasen 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pampus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Euphrasen 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pampus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peprilus alepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peprilus paru</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peprilus triacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peck 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peprilus simillimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peprilus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromateidae (17603XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44878"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariommatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44894"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariomma indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ariomma bondi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabantidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anabas testudineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopoma kingsleyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopoma petherici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sandelia bainsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44895"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps baxteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps caeruleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps kotlyari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agafonova 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps pauciradiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cubiceps spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nomeus gronovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psenes cyanophrys</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrolophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrolophus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icichthys australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haedrich 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schedophilus huttoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schedophilus ovalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schedophilus velaini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubbia tasmanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolella porosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolella brama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolella violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolella punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolella caerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Guichenot 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriolella spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoglyphe antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carmichael 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoglyphe bythites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ginsburg 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoglyphe perciformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psenopsis anomala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrolophidae (17608XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osphronemidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osphronemus goramy</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belontiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44947"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Belontia hasselti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colisa fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenops nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McClelland 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Betta splendens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malpulutta kretseri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deraniyagala 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasphaerichthys ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Prashad &amp; Mukerji 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parosphromenus allani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brown 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudosphromenus cupanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerichthys acrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vierke 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogaster pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogaster trichopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1770)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichogaster spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichopsis pumila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Arnold 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macropodus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44932"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helostomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helostoma temminckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44948"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amarsipidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amarsipus carlsbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haedrich 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciocephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Luciocephalus pulcher</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Other perciformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena sphyraena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena acutipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena jello</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena obtusata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena pinguis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena argentea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena barracuda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena ensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena guachancho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena idiastes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller &amp; Snodgrass 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena picudilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena helleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenkins 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena chrysotaenia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Klunzinger 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena afra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena genie</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Klunzinger 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena putnamae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Seale 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraena spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphyraenidae (17710XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholidichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholidichthys anguis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Larson 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactyloscopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44984"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactyloscopus crossotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Starks 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gillellus arenicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteristius cinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osburn &amp; Nichols 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leurochilus acon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxodagnus belone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygillellus altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44978"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripterygiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apopterygion alta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kuiter 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axoclinus carminalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bellapiscis lesleyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blennodon dorsale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clarke 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachynectes fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Scott 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratobregma acanthops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodilichthys gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen &amp; Robertson 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptichthys jojettae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enneanectes altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enneapterygius abeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klausewitz 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Forsterygion bathytaton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gilloblennius abditus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilopterygion bapturum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grahamina capito</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helcogramma aquilum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Williams &amp; McCormick 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helcogrammoides antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tomo 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Karalepis stewarti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidoblennius haplodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidonectes bimaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Allen &amp; Robertson 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Norfolkia brachylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1960)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notoclinops caerulepunctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Obliquichthys maryannae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruanoho decemdigitatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clarke 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trianectes bucephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch &amp; Waite 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trinorfolkia clarkei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Morton 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripterygion delaisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat &amp; Blache 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ucla xenogrammus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holleman 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44985"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45032"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blennioclinus brachycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blennophis anguillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancelloxus burrelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinitrachus argentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinoporus biporosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinus acuminatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cologrammus flavescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cristiceps aurantiacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ericentrus rubrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucomimus mus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbonsia elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cooper 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroclinus roseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muraenoclinus dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myxodes cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavoclinus graminis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ribeiroclinus eigenmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Smithichthys fucorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Springeratus xanthosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopoclinus kochi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blenniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45034"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aidablennius sphynx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloblennius parvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer &amp; Spreitzer 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alticus kirkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Andamia reyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antennablennius adenensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blennius ocellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidontus dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrosalarias fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyblennius antholops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Springer &amp; Smith-Vaniz 1970)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blenniella bilitonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scartichthys gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chalaroderma capito</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chasmodes bosquianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirripectes alboapicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coryphoblennius galerita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossosalarias macrospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith-Vaniz &amp; Springer 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecsenius aequalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ecsenius lividanalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chapman &amp; Schultz 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enchelyurus ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entomacrodus cadenati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exallias brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptoparus jugularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hirculops cornifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypleurochilus aequipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsoblennius brevipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Istiblennius bellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laiphognathus multimaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipophrys adriaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner &amp; Kolombatovic 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Litobranchus fowleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lupinoblennius dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herre 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meiacanthus abditus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith-Vaniz 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mimoblennius atrocinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannosalarias nativitatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oman ypsilon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omobranchus anolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omox biporos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Springer 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophioblennius atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parablennius cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parahypsos paytensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralipophrys trigloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralticus amboinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parenchelyurus hepburni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Snyder 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pereulixia kosiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petroscirtes ancylodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenablennius heyligeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858-59)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pictiblennius yatabei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiotremus azalea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Praealticus natalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhabdoblennius ellipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salaria basiliscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salarias fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scartella cristata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spaniblennius riodourensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Metzelaar 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stanulus seychellensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphasia matsubarai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okada &amp; Suzuki 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blenniidae (17715XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45033"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icosteidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icosteus aenigmaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lockington 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45090"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schindleriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45093"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schindleria praematura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schindler 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kurtidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kurtus gulliveri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45106"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa micropeltes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa barca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa marulius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Channa spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachanna africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callionymidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45122"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anaora tentaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathycallionymus formosanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fricke 1981)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callionymus lyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliurichthys japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopus dactylopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplogrammus goramensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Draculo celetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eleutherochir opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Foetorepus calauropomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neosynchiropus ijimai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Thompson 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracallionymus costatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paradiplogrammus bairdi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protogrammus sousai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Maul 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Repomucenus calcaratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synchiropus agassizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45107"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Draconettidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45125"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrodraco acanthopoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Draconetta xenica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Fowler 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45123"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrisomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45140"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloclinus holderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lauderbach 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Auchenionchus microcirrhis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptotrema corallinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dialommus fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exerpes asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Labrisomus gobio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacoctenus africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadenat 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacoctenus versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mnierpes macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemaclinus atelestos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraclinus altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraclinus mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Starksia atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Longley 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenomedea rhodopyga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt &amp; Taylor 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45126"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45155"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthemblemaria aspera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Longley 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthemblemaria spinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Metzelaar 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenopsis alepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coralliozetus angelica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ekemblemaria myersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stephens 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emblemaria atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emblemariopsis bahamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stephens 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemiemblemaria simulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Longley &amp; Hildebrand 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucayablennius zingaro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mccoskerichthys sandae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosenblatt &amp; Stephens 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoclinus blanchardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protemblemaria bicirris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hildebrand 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stathmonotus culebrai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Seale 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanyemblemaria alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hastings 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombrolabracidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scombrolabrax heterolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roule 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elassomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elassoma boehlkei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rohde &amp; Arndt 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45158"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaeniformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes marinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes viviparus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes entomelas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes flavidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes serriceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes rosaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes serranoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes mystinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes alutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes paucispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes miniatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes mentella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Travin 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Storer 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes pinniger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes goodei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes constellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes aleutianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barsukov 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes caurinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes diploproa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes maliger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barsukov 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes schlegeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes taczanowskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes reedi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Westrheim &amp; Tsuyuki 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes brevispinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes melanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes nigrocinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes proriger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes ruberrimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes wilsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes ciliatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tilesius 1813)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes saxicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quast 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes polyspinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Taranetz &amp; Moiseev 1933)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes nebulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes helvomaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ayres 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes babcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thompson 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes aurora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes zacentrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes melanostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes crameri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachypterois serrulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ebosia bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplosebastes armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Idiastion kyphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iracundus signifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neomerinthe amplisquamiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena porcus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena scrofa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena grandicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena guttata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena histrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenyns 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena plumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena sonorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Troschel 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena notata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaena spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapterois heterurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parascorpaena aurita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicolenus dactylopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delaroche 1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicolenus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontinus accraensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontinus kuhlii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bowdich 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteroidichthys godfreyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenodes africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pfaff 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenodes parvipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garrett 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenopsis cacopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenkins 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenopsis gibbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenopsis cirrhosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thunberg 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastapistes ballieui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastiscus marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taenianotus triacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanichthys crossotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterois russelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bennett 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterois volitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterois antennata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterois radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterois sphex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrochirus zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrochirus biocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrochirus brachypterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendrochirus barberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinopias aphanes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phenacoscorpius adenensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adelosebastes latens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer, Abe &amp; Nakano 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hozukius emblemarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastolobus alascanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sebastolobus altivelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachyscorpia capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist &amp; von Bonde 1924)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachyscorpia cristulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ectreposebastes imus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Garman 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lioscorpius longiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maxillicosta raoulensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer &amp; Poss 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neosebastes entaxis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Setarches guentheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnson 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plectrogenium barsukovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mandrytsa 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenidae (17801XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45278"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45301"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bellator brachychir</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigla lyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trigla spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys kumu</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys lucerna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys cuculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys lastoviza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys gabonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll &amp; Roux 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys spinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McClelland 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys obscurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelidonichthys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla microptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla brachyoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla vanessa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla carolae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richards 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blanc &amp; Hureau 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidotrigla cavillone</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus alatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus nudigula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus paralatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus carolinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1771)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prionotus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterygotrigla polyommata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterygotrigla picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eutrigla gurnardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglidae (17802XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caracanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caracanthus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aploactinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthosphex leurynnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Seale 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adventor elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aploactis aspera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cocotropus masudai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Matsubara 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erisphex philippinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kanekonia florida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Karumba ornatissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1933)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoaploactis tridorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer &amp; Allen 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraploactis kagoshimensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ishikawa 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptarmus jubatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45304"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanceiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erosa erosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inimicus cuvieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptosynanceia asteroblepa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minous coccineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minous quincarinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudosynanceia melanostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synanceia alula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer &amp; Rama-Rao 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choridactylus multibarbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45315"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pataecidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aetapcus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neopataecus waterhousii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pataecus fronto</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45324"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexagrammidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiodon elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurogrammus azonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Metz 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurogrammus monopterygius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexagrammos otakii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplopomatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45335"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erilepis zonifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplopoma fimbria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45333"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45356"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbacephalus beauforti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Knapp 1973)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elates ransonnetii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammoplites gruveli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pellegrin 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inegocia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tilesius 1812)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kumococius rodericensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onigocia grandisquama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Papilloculiceps longiceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalus arenarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ramsay &amp; Ogilby 1886</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalus bassensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalus richardsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castelnau 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalus conatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite &amp; McCulloch 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanophrys arenicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ratabulus diversidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rogadius welanderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schultz 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sorsogona prionota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leviprora inops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cociella crocodila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tilesius 1812)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Suggrundus brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shao &amp; Chen 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platycephalidae (17809XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplichthys acanthopleurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congiopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zanclorhynchus spinifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perryena leucometopon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Congiopodus peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alertichthys blacki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Moreland 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45365"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alcichthys alcicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herzenstein 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antipodocottus elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fricke &amp; Brunken 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Archaulus biseriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argyrocottus zanderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herzenstein 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artediellus dydymovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artedius corallinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hubbs 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascelichthys rhodorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asemichthys taylori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrocottus leprops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bolin 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottus amblystomopsis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottus czerskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berg 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoxocephalus jaok</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myoxocephalus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oligocottus snyderi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Greeley 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atopocottus tribranchius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bolin 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bero zanclus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Snyder 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitonotus pugetensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottiusculus gonez</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daruma sagamia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enophrys bison</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furcina ishikawae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnocanthus herzensteini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemilepidotus jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icelinus burchami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evermann &amp; Goldsborough 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scorpaenichthys marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinocottus acuticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leiocottus hirundo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocottus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalocottus platycephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesocottus haitej</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dybowski 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglops forficatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglops jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidt 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglops murrayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglops nybelini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jensen 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglops scepticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Micrenophrys lilljeborgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collett 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Icelus bicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinhardt 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcottus sellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocynectes maschalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orthonopias triacis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Starks &amp; Mann 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paricelinus hopliticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phallocottus obtusus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schultz 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phasmatocottus ctenopterygius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bolin 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porocottus tentaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kner 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudoblennius zonostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Radulinus vinculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bolin 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ricuzenius nudithorax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bolin 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruscarius meanyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sigmistes caulias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rutter 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stelgistrum stejnegeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stlengis misakia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taurocottus bergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov &amp; Pavlenko 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachidermus fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triglopsis quadricornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vellitor centropomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zesticelus ochotensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yabe 1995</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jordania zonope</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Starks 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synchirus gilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhamphocottus richardsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottidae (17813XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45364"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottocomephoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachocottus baicalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bybowski 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracottus knerii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dybowski 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottocomephorus grewingkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dybowski 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comephoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Comephorus baikalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Normanichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45434"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Normanichthys crockeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clark 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychrolutidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottunculus microps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dasycottus setiger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ebinania vermiculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sakamoto 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurymen gyrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malacocottus gibber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sakamoto 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychrolutes macrocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neophrynichthys angustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nelson 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonomalus jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonopsis vulsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplagonus inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspidophoroides bartoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyagonus alascanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothragonus swanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypsagonus quadricornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptagonus decagonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Occella kasawai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Hubbs 1925)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontopyxis trispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lockington 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pallasina barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Percis japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1769)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podothecus thompsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarritor frenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tilesina gibbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulcina olrikii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xeneretmus latifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agonus cataphractus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stellerina xyosterna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acantholiparis opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Careproctus bathycoetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Careproctus furcellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Careproctus jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burke 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Careproctus melanurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Careproctus georgianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Careproctus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopterus lumpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crystallichthys cyclospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopteropsis lindbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Soldatov &amp; Lindberg 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumicrotremus derjugini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Popov 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumicrotremus taranetzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perminov 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lethotremus awae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis callyodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis coheni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Able 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis fabricii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis gibbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis liparis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis montagui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Donovan 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liparis tunicatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reinhardt 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipariscus nanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nectoliparis pelagicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert &amp; Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteodiscus cascadiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stein 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis bathybius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collett 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis copei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis meridionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kido 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis terraenovae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis trilobodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev &amp; Neelov 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis tetrapteryx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev &amp; Neelov 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis meganchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraliparis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoliparis attenuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burke 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodichthys regina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Collett 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Genioliparis lindbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev &amp; Neyelov 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aptocyclus ventricosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1769)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopteridae (17820XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrarogidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45519"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ablabys binotatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centropogon australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (White 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coccotropsis gymnoderma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottapistus cottoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1764)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptauchen insidiator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnapistes marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypodytes rubripinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocentropogon aeglefinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notesthes robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocosia apia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poss &amp; Eschmeyer 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracentropogon longispinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Richardsonichthys leucogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Snyderina guentheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraroge barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vespicula depressifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peristediidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gargariscus prionocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heminodus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kamohara 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peristedion cataphractum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peristedion liorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peristedion longispatha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peristedion weberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satyrichthys adeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lloyd 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satyrichthys investigatoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satyrichthys welchi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herre 1925)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45532"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactyloptena gilberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Snyder 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dactylopterus volitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ereuniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ereunias grallator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marukawichthys ambulator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sakamoto 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bembridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bembradium roseum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bembras japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabembras curtus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathanacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45541"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnathanacanthus goetzeei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylutichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45543"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathylutichthys taranetzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Balushkin &amp; Voskoboinikova 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45542"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apistidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45547"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apistops caloundra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Vis 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apistus carinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheroscorpaena tridactyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mees 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zaniolepididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45550"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxylebius pictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zaniolepis frenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45548"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssocottidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abyssocottus elochini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taliev 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asprocottus abyssalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taliev 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cottinella boulengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berg 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limnocottus bergianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taliev 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procottus gurwici</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Taliev 1946)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45551"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitripteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blepsias bilobus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemitripterus villosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nautichthys oculofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnoglossus laterna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnoglossus imperialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnoglossus thori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kyle 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arnoglossus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asterorhombus fijiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crossorhombus azureus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engyophrys sanctilaurentii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Japonolaeops dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Amaoka 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kamoharaia megastoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kamohara 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophonectes gallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolaeops microphthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Bonde 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parabothus coarctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perissias taeniopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettina brevirictis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taeniopsetta ocellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tosarhombus neocaledonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Amaoka &amp; Rivaton 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichopsetta caribbaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anderson &amp; Gutherz 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus podas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delaroche 1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus constellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus lunatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus maculiferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poey 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus pantherinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus mancus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broussonet 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Agassiz 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chascanopsetta crumenalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert &amp; Cramer 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monolene antillarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Engyprosopon grandisquama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laeops clarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grammatobothus polyophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bothidae (18301XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45562"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossus hippoglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossus stenolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azygopus pinnifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes platessa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes glacialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1776</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes quadrituberculat.</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes orbignyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes putnami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes schrenki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidt 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectes vetulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eschmeyer &amp; Herald 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reinhardtius hippoglossoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dexistes rikuzenius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Embassichthys bathybius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atheresthes stomias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atheresthes evermanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Starks 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eopsetta jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eopsetta grigorjewi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herzenstein 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptocephalus cynoglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptocephalus zachirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lockington 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyptocephalus kitaharai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marleyella bicolorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Bonde 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossoides platessoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1780)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossoides dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossoides elassodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematops chui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthodes algoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelotretis flavilatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waite 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peltorhamphus latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: James 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammotretis lituratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ammotretis rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda aspera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda ferruginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Storer 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda limanda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda proboscidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda punctatissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limanda sakhalinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clidoderma asperrimum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammodiscus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopsetta bilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopsetta mochigarei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Snyder 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyopsetta exilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microstomus achne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Starks 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microstomus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microstomus kitt</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taratretis derwentensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Last 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platichthys flesus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platichthys bicoloratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platichthys stellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettichthys melanostictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopleuronectes herzenst.</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopleuronectes americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Walbaum 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudopleuronectes obscurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herzenstein 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oncopterus darwinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhombosolea plebeia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhombosolea tapirina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhombosolea spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verasper moseri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Verasper variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronichthys cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronichthys decurrens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronichthys verticalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronichthys coenosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Girard 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronichthys guttulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cleisthenes pinetorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inopsetta ischyra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isopsetta isolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colistium guntheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colistium nudipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poecilopsetta albomaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectidae (18302XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45593"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soleidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achlyopa nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Macleay 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathysolea lactea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roule 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buglossidium luteum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dagetichthys lakdoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stauch &amp; Blanc 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dexillus muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liachirus melanospilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea solea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea lascaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ben-Tuvia 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea humilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cantor 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea ovata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea impar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bennett 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea nasuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea aegyptiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chabanaud 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solea spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parachirus xenicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Matsubara &amp; Ochiai 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllichthys punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudaesopia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achiroides leucorhynchos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achiroides melanorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinosolea microlepidota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicologlossa cuneata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Moreau 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soleichthys siammakuti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wongratana 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Typhlachirus caecus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardenberg 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monochirus hispidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pardachirus pavoninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pardachirus marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebrias fasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Basilewsky 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebrias zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zebrias quagga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aesopia cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteromycteris japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteromycteris capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aseraggodes kaianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aseraggodes kobensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aseraggodes macleayanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ramsay 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaptura commersoniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaptura marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaptura albomaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaptura lusitanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Capello 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austroglossus microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austroglossus pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austroglossus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microchirus azevia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Capello 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microchirus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microchirus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Donovan 1808)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microchirus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euryglossa orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soleidae (18303XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45667"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus bilineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus dubius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus lingua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus cynoglossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus microlepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bleeker 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus puncticeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus interruptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus arel</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus semifasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Day 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus joyneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus macrostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus semilaevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus canariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus abbreviatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kaup 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus lida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus zanzibarensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraplagusia blochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus strictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilbert 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus atricaudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus plagusia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus ginsburgi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Menezes &amp; Benvegn</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus ligulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cocco 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus plagiusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symphurus tessellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossidae (18304XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scophthalmidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phrynorhombus norvegicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidorhombus boscii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1810)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidorhombus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zeugopterus punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scophthalmus aquosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scophthalmidae (18305XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharus linguatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachypleura novaezeelandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharoides axillaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fowler 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharoides macrolepidotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hubbs 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharoides macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilchrist 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidoblepharon ophthalmolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharidae (18306XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettodes erumei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettodes belcheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bennett 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettodes bennettii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psettodidae (18307XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45813"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45812"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancylopsetta cycloidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tyler 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastropsetta frontalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bean 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tarphops elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Amaoka 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tephrinectes sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xystreurys liolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys gilberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jenkins &amp; Evermann 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys sordidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys stigmaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys stampflii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys arctifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys arenaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evermann &amp; Marsh 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys gymnorhinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gutherz &amp; Blackman 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Citharichthys spilopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopsetta querna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Bollman 1890)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclopsetta panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etropus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etropus crossotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etropus peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hildebrand 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etropus microstomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossina macrops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippoglossina stomata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ranzani 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ayres 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys woolmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Williams 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys oblongus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys albigutta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys lethostigma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralichthys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus elevatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus oligodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus arsius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus javanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorhombus triocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syacium gunteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ginsburg 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syacium latifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syacium micrurum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ranzani 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achiridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45819"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45824"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achirus achirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achirus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achirus mazatlanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnachirus melas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nichols 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trinectes maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apionichthys dumerili</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achiropsettidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achiropsetta slavae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriashev 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Achiropsetta tricholepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mancopsetta maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kotlyar 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mancopsetta milfordi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Penrith 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomancopsetta andriashevi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Evseenko 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45825"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiopsetta glossa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Franz 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samaris cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Samariscus huysmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuronectiformes (183XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45561"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraodontiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostraciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostracion cubicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aracana aurita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anoplocapros amygdaloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactophrys trigonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactophrys triqueter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caprichthys gymnura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch &amp; Waite 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capropygia unistriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kentrocapros aculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Houttuyn 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lactoria cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthostracion quadricornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthostracion polygonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyplacapros tyleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fujii &amp; Uyeno 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strophiurichthys robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrosomus concatenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1785)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostraciidae (19001XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45860"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amblyrhynchotes honckenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1785)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagocephalus laevigatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagocephalus guentheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miranda-Ribeiro 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagocephalus lagocephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagocephalus wheeleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Abe, Tabeta &amp; Kitahama 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphoeroides annulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jenyns 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphoeroides pachygaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphoeroides testudineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphoeroides maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphoeroides spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ephippion guttifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraodon cutcutia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hamilton 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraodon pustulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Murray 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carinotetraodon lorteti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tirant 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelonodon patoca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hamilton 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Takifugu vermicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Takifugu niphobles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Takifugu porphyreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chonerhinos amabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roberts 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colomesus psittacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canthigaster amboinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arothron firmamentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arothron hispidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arothron mappa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arothron meleagris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arothron nigropunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Contusus richei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feroxodon multistriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Guentheridia formosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marilyna darwinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Omegophora armilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Waite &amp; McCulloch 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelagocephalus marki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heemstra &amp; Smith 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Torquigener altipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tylerius spinosissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopterus naritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetraodontidae (19002XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclichthys spilostylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leis &amp; Randall 1982)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chilomycterus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diodon hystrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dicotylichthys punctulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kaup 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophodiodon calori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bianconi 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tragulichthys jaculiferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allomycterus pilatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Whitley 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diodontidae (19003XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triacanthodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45910"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrophacanthus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kamohara 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyphylax bombifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halimochirurgus alcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hollardia hollardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poey 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Johnsonina eriomma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrorhamphosodes platycheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fowler 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parahollardia lineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Longley 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratriacanthodes herrei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Myers 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triacanthodes anomalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tydemania navigatoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45915"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cantor 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triacanthus biaculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripodichthys angustifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hollard 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trixiphichthys weberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chaudhuri 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Triodon macropterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Molidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranzania laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mola mola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mola spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Masturus lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Li</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45918"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monacanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45960"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acreichthys hajam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amanses scopas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aluterus scriptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osbeck 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aluterus monoceros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aluterus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantherhines sandwichiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantherhines(=navodon) spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bigener brownii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachaluteres jacksonianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anacanthus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantheschenia grandisquamis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutchins 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodermis penicilligera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stephanolepis cirrhifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eubalichthys bucephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meuschenia australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Donovan 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monacanthus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osbeck 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nelusetta ayraudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oxymonacanthus halli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marshall 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paraluteres prionurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paramonacanthus barnardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parika scaber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penicipelta vittiger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pervagor alternans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ogilby 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudalutarius nasicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudomonacanthus elongatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser-Brunner 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rudarius ercodes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Fowler 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scobinichthys granulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (White 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thamnaconus modestoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thamnaconus modestus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thamnaconus septentrionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thamnaconus hypargyreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thamnaconus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monacanthidae (19009XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45924"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistapus undulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Park 1797)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistes carolinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1789</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistes vetula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistes polylepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steindachner 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistoides conspicillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canthidermis macrolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Canthidermis maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melichthys indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Klausewitz 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melichthys niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odonus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinecanthus aculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sufflamen albicaudatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sufflamen chrysopterus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthichthys auromarginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bennett 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenobalistes punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heemstra &amp; Smith 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abalistes stellaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balistidae (19010XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45961"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiesociformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiesocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46016"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acyrtops beryllinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hildebrand &amp; Ginsburg 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepadogaster candollei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepadogaster lepadogaster</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Walbaum 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gobiesox adustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apletodon dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Facciol</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arcos decoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspasma minima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (D</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aspasmichthys ciconiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Fowler 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chorisochismus dentex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1769)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conidens laticephalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tanaka 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dellichthys morelandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diademichthys lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sauvage 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplecogaster bimaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diplocrepis puniceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Discotrema crinophila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eckloniaichthys scylliorhiniceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrocyathus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrocymba quadriradiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rendahl 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastroscyphus hectoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alabes parvulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch 1909)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplocylix littoreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kopua nuimata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lecanogaster chrysea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepadichthys bolini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acyrtus artius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liobranchia stria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lissonanchus lusheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modicus minimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hardy 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opeatogenys cadenati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pherallodichthys meshimaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shiogaki &amp; Dotsu 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pherallodus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Weber 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Propherallodus briggsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shiogaki &amp; Dotsu 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rimicola dimorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomicodon bidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Briggs 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachelochismus melobesia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Phillipps 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachoidiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachoididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphichthys cryptocentrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachoides liberiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steindachner 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachoides spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austrobatrachus dussumieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porichthys porosissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachomoeus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutchins 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halobatrachus didactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrichthys albofasciatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bifax lacinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Greenfield, Mee &amp; Randall 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chatrabus damaranus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Barnard 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daector dowi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halophryne diemensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opsanus beta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goode &amp; Bean 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perulibatrachus elminensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bleeker 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Riekertia ellisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sanopus astrifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Robins &amp; Starck 1965)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassothia cirrhosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Klunzinger 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassophryne maculosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batrachoididae (19301XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46018"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiiformes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46100"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46050"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius piscatorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius budegassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spinola 1807</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius vaillanti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius vomerinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophius spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiomus setigerus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vahl 1797)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiodes caulinaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiidae (19501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antennariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Allenichthys glauerti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Whitley 1944)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antennarius nummifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antennarius analis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gosline 1957)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histrio histrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antennatus flagellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ohnishi, Iwata &amp; Hiramatsu 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinophryne crassispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch &amp; Waite 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histiophryne bougainvilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kuiterichthys furcipilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiocharon lithinostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Richardson 1908)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nudiantennarius subteres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophryne scortea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCulloch &amp; Waite 1918)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhycherus filamentosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Castelnau 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tathicarpus butleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46051"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionichthys hirsutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46065"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaunacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathychaunax coloratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaunax abei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ogcocephalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46079"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dibranchus atlanticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Peters 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halicmetus reticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith &amp; Radcliffe 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halieutaea brevicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ogilby 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halieutaea maorias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Powell 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halieutichthys aculeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mitchill 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halieutopsis micropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malthopsis annulifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ogcocephalus corniger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bradbury 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zalieutes elater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulophrynidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46081"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulophryne jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goode &amp; Bean 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46080"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanocetidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46083"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanocetus johnsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46082"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diceratiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phrynichthys wedli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pietschmann 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diceratias bispinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46084"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantolophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himantolophus albinares</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Maul 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46087"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oneirodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bertella idiomorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pietsch 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaenophryne draco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Beebe 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chirophryne xenolophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danaphryne nigrifilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolopichthys danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophodolos acanthognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microlophichthys microlophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan 1925)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oneirodes acanthias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gilbert 1915)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentherichthys venustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Regan &amp; Trewavas 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spiniphryne gladisfenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Beebe 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantactinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigantactis elsmani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bertelsen, Pietsch &amp; Lavenberg 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchactis leptonema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoceratiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46104"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoceratias spinifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pappenheim 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46103"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46108"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptopsaras couesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratias holboelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratias tentaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Norman 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46105"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linophrynidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46111"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haplophryne mollis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brauer 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linophryne algibarbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Waterman 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Photocorynus spiniceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46109"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrabrachiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46114"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetrabrachium ocellatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46113"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophichthyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46116"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophichthys boschmai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boeseman 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46115"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophrynidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46118"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centrophryne spinulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Regan &amp; Trewavas 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46117"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisces miscellanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46130"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteichthyes (199XXXXXXX007)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteichthyes (199XXXXXXX008)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteichthyes (199XXXXXXX009)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteichthyes (199XXXXXXX010)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perciformes (199XXXXXXX012)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perciformes (199XXXXXXX013)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteichthyes (199XXXXXXX039)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batoidimorpha(hypotremata)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Selachimorpha(pleurotremata)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Elasmobranchii (199XXXXXXX056)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46119"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46147"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46164"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia jollyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Petkovski 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Benzie 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia nivalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herbert 1978</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia lumholtzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sars 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Claus 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia cephalata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: King 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia carinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: King 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia pusilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Serventy 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia quadrangulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sergeev 1990)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sergeev &amp; Williams 1985)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hann 1986)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia ephemeralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schwartz &amp; Herbert 1985)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia similoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hudec 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia mediterranea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alonso 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia hispanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Glagolev &amp; Alonso 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia queenslandensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sergeev 1990)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia curvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Eylmann 1887</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia brooksi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dodson 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia cristata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sars 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia gessneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herbst 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia retrocurva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forbes 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia deserti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gauthier 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia parvula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fordyce 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia catawba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Coker 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia dubia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herrick 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia longispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: O.F. Muller 1776</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphnia galeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sars 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daphniidae (20101XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46134"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46175"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia franciscana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kellogg 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia persimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia urmiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia sinica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia tunisiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemiidae (20202XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46166"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thoracica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scalpellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46179"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitella pollicipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scalpellidae (21301XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46177"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepadidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46185"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepas anatifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepas pectinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spengler 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepas spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepadidae (21302XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46180"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46187"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megabalanus psittacus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanaidacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tanaidacea (222XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46188"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isopoda (223XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3968"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphipoda (224XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_362"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squillidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla empusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Say 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla mantis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaues 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla biformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla mantoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla bigelowi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmitt 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla parva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bigelow 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squilla cadenati</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oratosquilla massavensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kossmann 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oratosquilla oratoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cloridopsis scorpio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cloridopsis dubia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erugosquilla woodmasoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Miyakea nepa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oratosquillina gravieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Manning 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oratosquillina quinquedentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brooks 1886)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oratosquillina perpensa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oratosquillina solicitans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Manning 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squillidae (22501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontodactylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontodactylus scyllarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raoulius cultrifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (White 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiosquillidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46224"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiosquilla desaussurei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiosquilla panamica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiosquilla hoevenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiosquilla scabricauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysiosquillina maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpiosquillidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpiosquilla harpax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpiosquilla raphidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46225"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemisquillidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemisquilla ensigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stephenson 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudosquillidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46231"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parasquilla similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46230"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomatopoda (225XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausiacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46249"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematoscelis gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematoscelis megalops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyctiphanes simplex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyctiphanes capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nyctiphanes australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G. O. Sars</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia superba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia crystallorophias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holt &amp; Tattersall 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia frigida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia triacantha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holt &amp; Tattersall 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia vallentini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stebbing 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia lucens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia eximia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia distinguenda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia tenera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia diomedeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G. O. Sars</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia lamelligera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia americana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia gibboides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia hanseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphausia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa macrura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G. O. Sars 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa raschii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa vicina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa spinifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa gregaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoessa longicaudata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meganyctiphanes norvegica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M. Sars 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_30858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46275"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46336"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus schmitti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus plebejus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hess 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osbeck 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus kerathurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Latreille 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus esculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haswell 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kingsley 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus latisulcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kishinouye 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Streets 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus penicillatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus notialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus paulensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus subtilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus canaliculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivier 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus longistylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1943</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus silasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Muthu &amp; Motoh 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macropetasma africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Balss 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protrachypene precipua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus brevicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus macleayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Haswell 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus stebbingi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nobili 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus endeavouri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmitt 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus joyneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miers 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus dobsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miers 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus alcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: George &amp; Rao 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus bennetae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus conjunctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus dalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus demani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roux 1921)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus eboracensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus insolitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kishinouye 1900)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus kutchensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: George &amp; Rao 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus lysianassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus moyebi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kishinouye 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus papuensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus tenuipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus anchistus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1920)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus suluensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lucas 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus australiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus fissurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus investigatoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock &amp; Anderson 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus lanceolatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus sextuberculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeus politus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis stylifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Balss 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis acclivirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis arafurica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kishinouye 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis coromandelica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis hardwickii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miers 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis hungerfordi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis maxillipedo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis probata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hall 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis sculptilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis tenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis uncta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis venusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis gracillima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nobili 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis balli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapenaeopsis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphopenaeus kroyeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphopenaeus riveti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bouvier 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphopenaeus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus anchoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus curvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus byrdi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus constrictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1874)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus faoe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Obarrio 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus fulvus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus fuscina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus gonospinifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus granulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Haswell 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus sedili</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hall 1961</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Paulson 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus villaluzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Muthu &amp; Motoh 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus brevisuturae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachypenaeus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeopsis rectacuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeopsis serrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeopsis balssi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ivanov &amp; Hassan 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeopsis eduardoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis acclivis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M.J. Rathbun 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis andamanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood-Mason 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis borradailei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis crassissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis dalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M.J. Rathbun 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis goodei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis hilarula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis lamellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis lata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis mogiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M.J. Rathbun 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis novaeguineae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Haswell 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis palmensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Haswell 1879)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis philippii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis rosea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek &amp; Dall 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis stridulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Alcock 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis toloensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hall 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis wellsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Racek 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis beebei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burkenroad 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis kishinouyei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rathbun 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metapenaeopsis mineri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atypopenaeus formosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atypopenaeus stenodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Artemesia longinaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Penaeidae (22801XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46406"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xiphopenaeus,trachypenaeus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46405"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Johnson 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristaeomorpha foliacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1827)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristaeomorpha woodmasoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Calman 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus antennatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus varidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus alcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ramadan 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus semidentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus virilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeus antillensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Milne Edwards &amp; Bouvier 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aristeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46407"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorotocus crassicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Costa 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus hypsinotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brandt 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus platyceros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brandt 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus jordani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M.J. Rathbun 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus montagui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus goniurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus kessleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Czerniavsky 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus nipponensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yokoya 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus amplus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpoides levicarina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus reedi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bahamonde 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus ensifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus gibbosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus laevigatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus tricarinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock &amp; Anderson 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus vicarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus woodmasoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus hayashii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Crosnier 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus parvispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterocarpus hostilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika martia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika edwardsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brandt 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika acanthonotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (S.I. Smith 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika alcocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Anderson 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika antigai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zariquiey Alvarez 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika ensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika gigliolii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Senna 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika heterocarpus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Costa 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika williamsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forest 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika beebei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chace 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika carinirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hendrickx 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika mexicana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chace 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plesionika trispinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Squires &amp; Barragan 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalopsis dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M.J. Rathbun 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalopsis japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Balss 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalopsis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pantomus affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chace 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dichelopandalus bonnieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Caullery 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapandalus narval</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parapandalus spinipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalidae (22804XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46468"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pandalus spp, pandalopsis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sergestidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46481"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes erythaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nobili 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kishinouye 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes serrulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ortmann 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Colefax 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Omori 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acetes vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sergestes lucens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hansen 1922</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sergestidae (22807XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46469"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46484"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microprosthema semilaeve</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Martens 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenopus hispidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivier 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atya gabonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Giebel 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atya innocous</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atya pilipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Newport 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atya scabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atya spinipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Newport 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atya sulcatipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Newport 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atyopsis moluccensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Haan 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina propinqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina denticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kingsley 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bouvier 1904</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina gracilirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina nilotica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roux 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina tonkinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bouvier 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caridina weberi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paratya compressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46485"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oplophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46507"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthephyra curtirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood-Mason 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenodora frontalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notostomus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Systellaspis braueri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Balss 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46602"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon annandalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon carinicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holthuis 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon mani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sollaud 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon modestus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holthuis 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon styliferus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exopalaemon vietnamicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nguyen 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocarpus fluminicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptocarpus potamiscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematopalaemon hastatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Aurivillius 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematopalaemon schmitti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holthuis 1950)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematopalaemon tenuipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Henderson 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes kadiakensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M.J. Rathbun 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes paludosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gibbes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sollaud 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes tonkinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sollaud 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes varians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes antennarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes zariquieyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sollaud 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonetes schmitti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leandrites indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathke 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon concinnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathke 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon gravieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Yu 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon paucidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Haan 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon macrodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M.J. Rathbun 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thallwitz 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon northropi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rankin 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon serratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon ortmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M.J. Rathbun 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon pandaliformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon serrifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon xiphias</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon hancocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon ritteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemon hiltoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmitt 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium carcinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium nipponense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium mirabile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium lanchesteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium amazonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium malcolmsonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium acanthurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wiegemann 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium aemulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nobili 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium americanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium australe</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gu</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium birmanicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schenkel 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium caledonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (J. Roux 1926)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium choprai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tiwari 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium dayanum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Henderson 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium dux</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lenz 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium equidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium esculentum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thallwitz 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium formosense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium geron</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium grandimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Randall 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium heterochirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wiegemann 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium idae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium idella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium intermedium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium jaroense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cowles 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium javanicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium jelskii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miers 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium lamarrei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium lanceifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium lar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium latidactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thallwitz 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium latimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Martens 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium lepidactyloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium lepidactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium macrobrachion</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium mammilodactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thallwitz 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium ohione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium olfersii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wiegemann 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium patsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Coutiere 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium pilimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium raridens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hilgendorf 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium rude</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium scabriculum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium sintangense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium tenellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium trompii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1898)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium villosimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tiwari 1949)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium vollenhovenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium hancocki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium occidentale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium rathbunae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium surinamicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1948</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrobrachium spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryphiops caementarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonidae (22812XXXXX045)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palaemonidae (22812XXXXX046)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46508"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gnatophyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46608"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenocera picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46607"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthesicymidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthesicymus tanneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bentheogennema borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rathbun 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46609"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphocrangonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46616"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphocrangon alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphocrangon spinulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphocrangon sicaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphocrangon vicaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46638"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argis lar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Owen 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Haan 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon alaskensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lockington 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon crangon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1899</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon franciscorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon nigricauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon nigromaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lockington 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon septemspinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Say 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontocaris lacazei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gourret 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontocaris pennata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontophilus spinosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerocrangon salebrosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Owen 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerocrangon atrox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sclerocrangon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracrangon areolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metacrangon procax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crangonidae (22823XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46617"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyoniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46645"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46659"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia carinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brunnich 1768)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia cristata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia dorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kingsley 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia galeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia ingentis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burkenroad 1938)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia lancifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivier 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia stimpsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bouvier 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia typica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boeck 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia burkenroadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cobb 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia aliaffinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burkenroad 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia disdorsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burkenroad 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia disedwardsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burkenroad 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia martini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante &amp; Boothe 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia mixta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia penicillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lockington 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia pincta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia disparri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burkenroad 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sicyonia laevigata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46639"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenoceridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hadropenaeus lucasii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesopaeneus tropicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bouvier 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptopenaeus catherinae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Freitas 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleoticus muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleoticus robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenopenaeus aequalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hymenopenaeus doris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stebbing 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera choprai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nataraj 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera crassicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera florea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera geijskesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera hextii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood-Mason &amp; Alcock 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera koelbeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera membranacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera pectinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera mutator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burkenroad 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera melantho</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera alfonso</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera alticarinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera australiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante &amp; Grey 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera halli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Starobogatov 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera pectinulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera acuminata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Perez Farfante</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenocera algoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliporoides triarthrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stebbing 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliporoides sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1907)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliporoides diomedeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1893)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliporoides spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenoceridae (22829XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematocarcinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematocarcinus agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nematocarcinus africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Crosnier &amp; Forest 1973</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46693"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasiphaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46701"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphus marsupialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Filhol 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptochela gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasiphaea japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Omori 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasiphaea multidentata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Esmark 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pasiphaea sivado</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46696"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchocinetidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46705"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipkius holthuisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yaldwyn 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchocinetes typus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhynchocinetes durbanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gordon 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46702"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylonotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46707"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Campylonotus rathbunae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmitt 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46706"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46720"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus bisincisus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus brevicristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Haan 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus digitalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Haan 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus euphrosyne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus glaber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivi 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus gracilipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus heterochaelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Say 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus hoplocheles</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Coutiere 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miers 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus spongiarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Coutiere 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus stephensoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Banner &amp; Smalley 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alpheus sublucanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46708"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ogyrididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ogyrides orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippolytidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eualus leptognathus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eualus macilentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kr</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eualus sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Yu 1931)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exhippolysmata ensirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kemp 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exhippolysmata hastadoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Balss 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Exhippolysmata oplophoroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holthuis 1948)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptacarpus brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptacarpus futilirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptacarpus geniculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heptacarpus pandaloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latreutes acicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ortmann 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latreutes anoplonyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kemp 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latreutes laminirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ortmann 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latreutes planirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysmata californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysmata seticaudata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysmata vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysmata amboinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lysmata debelius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruce 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirontocaris lilljeborgii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Danielssen 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirontocaris spinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1805)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saron neglectus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46749"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processa canaliculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1815</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processa edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Processa peruviana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wicksten 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46746"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natantia (228XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46795"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46763"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46762"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46757"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46756"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Von Siebold 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus interruptus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Randall 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus polyphagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus ornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus regius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Brito Capello 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus echinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus penicillatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivier 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus laevicauda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus homarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus inflatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bouvier 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus cygnus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: George 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Streets 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus pascuensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reed 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus stimpsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus albiflagellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan &amp; Chu 1996</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panulirus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus lalandii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus frontalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus verreauxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus tristani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus edwardsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus novaehollandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jasus paulensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Justitia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kubo 1955)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Justitia longimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Justitia mauritiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miers 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Justitia chani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poupin 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Justitia vericeli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poupin 1994</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinustus mossambicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinustus truncatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinustus unicornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinustus waguensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubo 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Projasus bahamondei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: George 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Projasus parkeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stebbing 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus mauritanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gruvel 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus elephas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1787)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus delagoae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus gilchristi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stebbing 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus charlestoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forest &amp; Postel 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linuparus somniosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry &amp; George 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linuparus sordidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruce 1965</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Linuparus trigonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Von Siebold 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerulus sewelli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ramadan 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerulus angulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerulus carinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Borradaile 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puerulus velutinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinuridae (22901XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumastochelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46811"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumastocheles japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Calman 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumastocheles zaleucus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Thomson 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaumastochelopsis wardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruce 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46808"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46820"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46821"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacus pachypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathke 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacifastacus fortis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pacifastacus nigrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austropotamobius torrentium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schrank 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacidae (22903XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus clarkii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus acutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus alleni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus bivitattus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hobbs 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus fallax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hagen 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus hayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus hirsutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hobbs 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus troglogytes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (LeConte 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procambarus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes immunis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hagen 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes limosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes nais</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes rusticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes virilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hagen 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orconectes propinquus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Girard 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbicambarus cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faxon 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambarellus blacki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hobbs 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambarus bartonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distocambarus carlsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hobbs 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fallicambarus byersi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hobbs 1941)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faxonella clypeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hay 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hobbseus attenuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Black 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Troglocambarus maclanei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hobbs 1942</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cambaridae (22904XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46822"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46856"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46855"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46854"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46853"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46849"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46859"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacopsis gouldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clark 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacopsis franklinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paranephrops planifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastacus nicoleti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastacus brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Martens 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euastacus armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Martens 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherax tenuimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clark 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherax destructor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clark 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherax quadricarinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: von Martens 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cherax albidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Riek 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastacidae (22905XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46892"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46891"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46864"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46863"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46862"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46861"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46899"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus alticrenatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus brucei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus ciliatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Von Siebold 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus novemdentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gibbes 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus peronii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1815</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ibacus pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parribacus antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lund 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parribacus caledonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parribacus holthuisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forest 1954</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parribacus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parribacus perlatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parribacus scarlatinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thenus orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lund 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus batei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus bertholdii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Paulson 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus arctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus brevicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1946</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus martensii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pfeffer 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus pygmaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarus rugosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides aequinoctialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lund 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides astori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides brasiliensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides deceptor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides delfosi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides elisabethae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ortmann 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides haanii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides herklotsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides nodifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides roggeveeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides squammosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllarides tridacnophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctides antipodarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1960</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctides guineensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spengler 1799)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctides regalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Evibacus princeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: S.I. Smith 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyllaridae (22915XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46934"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46923"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46918"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46917"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46916"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5131"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthacaris caeca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthacaris tenuimana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eunephrops bairdii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: S.I. Smith 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eunephrops cadenasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chace 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eunephrops manningi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropides caribaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis stewarti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood-Mason 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis acanthura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macpherson 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: S.I. Smith 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norman 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis carpenteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood-Mason 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis ensirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Alcock 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis malhaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Borradaile 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis neglecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis rosea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46918">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis suhmi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bate 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropsis sulcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macpherson 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops mozambicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Macpherson 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops andamanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood-Mason 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops challengeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blass 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops arafurensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan &amp; Yu 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops australiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruce 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops binghami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boone 1927)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops boschmai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holthuis 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops formosanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan &amp; Yu 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tapparone-Canefri 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops neptunus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruce 1965)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops rubellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Moreira 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops sagamiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Parisi 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruce 1966)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops thomsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bate 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops velutinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chan &amp; Yu 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metanephrops spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homarus americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homarus capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homarus gammarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homarus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymopides grobovi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burukovsky &amp; Averin 1976)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymops birsteini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zarenkov &amp; Semenov 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thymopsis nilenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephropidae (22942XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46900"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polychelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46950"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stereomastis sculpta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bouvier 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46949"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glypheidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoglyphea inopinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forest &amp; De Saint Laurent 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46951"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Synaxidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46956"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palibythus magnificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Davie 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurellus gundlachi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: von Martens 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palinurellus wieneckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Man 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46958"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassina anomala</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46957"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upogebiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46964"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upogebia capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Krauss 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upogebia major</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upogebia pugettensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upogebia pusilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Petagna 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Upogebia wuhsienweni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yu 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46959"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46976"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa australiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa biffari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ortmann 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa kraussi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stebbing 1900</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa petalura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa turnerana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: White 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa tyrrhena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Petagna 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callianassa spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46965"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46981"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthaxius caespitosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Squires 1979)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Axiopsis baronai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Squires 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calocarides quinqueseriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rathbun 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neaxius vivesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bouvier 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46977"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplometopidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46986"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplometopus daumi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplometopus debelius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplometopus holthuisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gordon 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoplometopus occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Randall 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46982"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Reptantia (229XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astacidae, cambaridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46987"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47037"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albuneidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Albunea lucasia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Saussure 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidopa deamae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Benedict 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46990"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diogenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46995"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrochirus californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bouvier 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clibanarius panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emerita rathbunae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmitt 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Emerita analoga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippa pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippa strigillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46996"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coenobitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Birgus latro</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47001"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galatheidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuroncodes planipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuroncodes monodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Munida hispida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Benedict 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Munida obesa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Munida propinqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Munida refulgens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Munida tenella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Benedict 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Munida gregaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cervimunida johni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Porter 1903</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galatheidae (23019XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47036"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolithodes asperrimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Barnard 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neolithodes diomedeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Benedict 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralithodes camtschaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tilesius 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralithodes platypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brandt 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralithodes brevipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Benedict 1894)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralithodes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodes antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jacquinot 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodes murrayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Henderson 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodes maia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodes ferox</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Filhol 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodes aequispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Benedict 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralomis granulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jacquinot 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralomis aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Henderson 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralomis spinosissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Birstein y Vinogradov 1972)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralomis formosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralomis anamerae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Samouelle 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paralomis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithodidae (23020XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47014"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomura (230XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_46989"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47099"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47050"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47040"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47041"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47046"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47062"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa gallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa pelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herklots 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa rubroguttata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herklots 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa angusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa flammea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1794)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa nitida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa ocellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa sulcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa hepatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa convexa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Saussure 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa saussurei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa lophos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1785)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa calappa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa philargius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaues 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calappa granulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatus gronovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holthuis 1959</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatus pudibundus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1785)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatus kossmanni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Neumann 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hepatus lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matuta lunaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matuta planipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fabricius 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Matuta victor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1781)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platymera gaudichaudii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47066"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paromola cuvieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paromola japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Parisi 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homola barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocypodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47068"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47076"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocypode africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: De Man 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocypode cursor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocypode rotundata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miers 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocypode ceratophthalmus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1772)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocypode cordimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Desmarest 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uca tangeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eydoux 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ucides cordatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1763)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ucides occidentalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ortmann 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrophtalmus depressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47067"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gecarcinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47088"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma armatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma guanhumi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Latreille 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma carnifex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1784)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma crassum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma hirtipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardisoma rotundum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gecarcinus planatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gecarcinus quadratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Saussure 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gecarcinus malpilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gecarcoidea lalandii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Milne Edwards 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dromiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47092"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47094"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dromia erythropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (George Edwards 1771)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dromia dormia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1763)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dromia personata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lauridromia indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lauridromia dehaani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rathbun 1923)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47089"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Raninidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47096"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranina ranina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47095"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dorippidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47098"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ethusa ciliatifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47097"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pilumnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47100"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galene bispinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1783)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47109"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47108"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47107"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47106"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47105"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47103"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47102"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47111"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer amphioetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer antennarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer irroratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Say 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer magister</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer johngarthi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carvacho 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer pagurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer productus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancer bellianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Johnston 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cancridae (23109XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47101"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xanthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47125"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47126"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47127"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47129"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47124"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47123"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47113"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47114"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47115"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47116"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47118"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47119"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47120"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47121"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47122"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47135"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panopeus africanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpilius corallinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1783)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpilius convexus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carpilius maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etisus laevimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etisus splendidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etisus utilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jacquinot 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Etisus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1785)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozius verreauxii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Saussure 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozius guttatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ozius tuberculosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriphia smithii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: MacLaey 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriphia sebana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw &amp; Nodder 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriphia verrucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atergatopsis signatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Adams &amp; White 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypothalassia armata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myomenippe hardwickii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myomenippe fornasinii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bianconi 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epixanthus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (White 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menippe mercenaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menippe nodifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1859</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menippe frontalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Menippe rumphii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47174"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47173"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47172"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47170"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47182"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47183"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47193"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47192"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47191"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47190"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47189"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47141"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47137"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cronius ruber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenaeus cribarius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenaeus mexicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gerstaecker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis natator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herbst 1794</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis feriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis anisodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis annulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus pelagicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus gibbesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus trituberculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Miers 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus hastatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus spinimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Latreille 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus sanguinolentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herbst 1796</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus xantusii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Podophthalmus vigil</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalamita crenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latreille 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalamita spinimana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathynectes piperitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning &amp; Holthuis 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphylax dovii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphylax robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1874</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macropipus tuberculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roux 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portumnus latipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes amnicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Rocheburne 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes sapidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes pallidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Rocheburne 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes toxotes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ordway 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes bocourti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes exasperatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gerstaecker 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes larvatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ordway 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes maracaiboensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taissoun 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes ornatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ordway 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes arcuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ordway 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes bellicosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1859)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Williams 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes rathbunae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Contreras 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callinectes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovalipes punctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinus maenas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinus aestuarii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nardo 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scylla serrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scylla olivacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1796)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scylla paramamosain</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Estampador 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scylla tranquebarica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Necora puber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liocarcinus corrugatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liocarcinus depurator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liocarcinus arcuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liocarcinus vernalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portunidae (23111XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47210"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47207"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47197"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47213"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goniopsis pelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herklots 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goniopsis pulchra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lockington 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapsus grapsus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapsus albolineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grapsus tenuicrustatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1783)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachygrapsus transversus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gibbes 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesarma angolense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Brito Capello 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sesarma sulcatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1870</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Metagrapsus messor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varuna litterata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Varuna yui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hwang &amp; Takeda 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Episesarma versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tweedie 1940)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Episesarma chengtongense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Serene &amp; Soh 1967)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Episesarma mederi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Milne Edwards 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Episesarma palawanense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rathbun 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Episesarma singaporense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Tweedie 1936)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagusia tuberculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eriocheir sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47195"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Goneplacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carcinoplax longimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Haan 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Majidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47218"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47232"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mithrax spinosissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mithrax armatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: de Saussure 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenocionops ovata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bell 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyas spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maja squinado</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maja crispata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maja goltziana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: d'Oliveira 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Maiopsis panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Faxon 1893</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizophrys aspera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: H. Milne Edwards 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schizophrys dama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Herbst 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionoecetes opilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionoecetes bairdi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rathbun 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionoecetes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jacquinotia edwardsii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atelecyclidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47234"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erimacrus isenbeckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brandt 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47233"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geryonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon eldorado</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning &amp; Holthuis 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon maritae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning &amp; Holthuis 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon macphersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning &amp; Holthuis 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning &amp; Holthuis 1989</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon granulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sakai 1978)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon karubar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon poupini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Manning 1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaceon affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards &amp; Bouvier 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geryon quinquedens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geryon longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Milne Edwards 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geryon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geryonidae (23143XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47235"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachyura (231XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47038"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crustacea miscellanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47253"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crustacea (299XXXXXXX011)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crustacea (299XXXXXXX013)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47251"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetodermatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chatoderma argenteum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heath 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prochaetodermatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Prochaetoderma californicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schwabl 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dondersiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dondersia californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haeth 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chitonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47267"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiton articulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiton stokesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Broderip 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthopleura granulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonicia schrammi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shuttleworth 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47263"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischnochitonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonicella rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callistochiton portobelensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ferreira 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischnochiton boogi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Haddon 1886</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47268"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hanleyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hanleya hanleyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bean 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetopleuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetopleura apiculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mopaliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceratozona squalida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C.B. Adams 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placiphorella pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: S. S. Berry 1919</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthochitonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthochitona andersoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Watters 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentaliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47284"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antalis entale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dentalium agassizi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pilsbry &amp; Sharp 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47282"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Entalinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47286"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroschismoides callithrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47285"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulsellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6841"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pulsellum salishorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: E. Marshall 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47287"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Littorinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47298"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Littorina littorea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Littorina spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Littoraria scabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectarius grandinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectarius coronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Valenciennes 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectarius pagodus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nodilittorina pyramidalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47290"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muricidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47342"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47341"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47345"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47355"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47354"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47351"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47350"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47348"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47314"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaplex nigritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaplex radiax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaplex ambiguus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaplex princeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaplex cichoreum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hexaplex angularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murex pecten</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lightfoot 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murex ternispina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murex trapa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roding 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murex tribulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murex scolopax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dillwyn 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Murex spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus brassica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus erythrostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus regius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus trunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus margaritensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Abbott 1958)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus pomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllonotus duplex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais chocolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais calloensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais haemastoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais melones</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Duclos 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes &amp; Milne Edwards 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais alouina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais armigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais bufo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais tuberosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roding 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais deltoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais coronata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thais nodosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purpura pansa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gould 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purpura panama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Purpura persica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calotrophon turritus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymia tecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymia lacera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haustellum recurvirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haustellum haustellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haustellum chrysostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haustellum donmoorei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bullis 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haustellum messorius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolinus brandaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bolinus cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocenebra erinacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hadriania craticuloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Vokes 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Muricopsis cristatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brocchi 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicoreus brunneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicoreus ramosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicoreus torrefactus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicoreus brevifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chicoreus virgineus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassa francolina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassa serta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vexilla vexillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapana venosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapana rapiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rapana spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Concholepas concholepas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47299"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47373"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis corrugata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis cracherodii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis fulgens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis rufescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis sorenseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bartsch 1940</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis assimilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis asinina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis glabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis midae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis ovina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis rubra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis tuberculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis diversicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis planata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis varia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Haliotis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trochidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47417"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tegula pellisserpentis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodonta articulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodonta turbinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1780)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodonta mutabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodonta labio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodonta nebulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliostoma conulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliostoma granulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliostoma gualtierianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliostoma laugieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliostoma zizyphinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clanculus jussieui</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula adansoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula albida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula ardens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Salis 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula divaricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula fanulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula magus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula philberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Recluz 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula rarilineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Michaud 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula richardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula umbilicaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gibbula varia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trochus conus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trochus maculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trochus niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trochus hanleyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex trochus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jujubinus exasperatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectus pyramis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectus fenestratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbonium vestiarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Umbonium costatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kiener 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cittarium pica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47445"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrea turbanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrea undosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrea spirata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrea rugosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo fluctuosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo cornutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lightfoot 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo saxosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo squamiger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo sarmaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo argyrostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo chrysostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo marmoratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo petholatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo setosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo bruneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo cinereus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Born 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo coronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo crassus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wood 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo canaliculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hermann 1781</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbo castanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex turbo spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Homalopoma sanguineum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astralium calcar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithopoma caelata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithopoma tecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithopoma tuber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47418"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47466"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47473"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47474"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47475"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47476"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47479"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47465"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47464"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47447"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47449"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47460"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47463"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47482"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambis lambis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambis truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Humphrey 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambis chiragra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambis crocata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambis millepeda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lambis scorpius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus galeatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus gracilior</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus granulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus aurisdianae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus bulla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus canarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus gibberulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus labiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus lentiginosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus luhuanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus urceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus dentatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus epidromis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus latissimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus mutabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus sinuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Humphrey 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus variabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Swainson 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus costatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus gallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus pugilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus raninus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus latus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus tricornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Humphrey 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebellum terebellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tibia fusus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buccinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47491"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47490"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47494"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buccinum undatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buccinum humphreysianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bennett 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenosteira gatesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Buccinulum corneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantharus dorbignyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cantharus undosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pisania striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babylonia areolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Babylonia lutosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neobuccinum eatoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trophon albolabratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47483"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melongenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47503"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melongena patula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melongena melongena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pugilina cochlidium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pugilina colosseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pugilina ternatana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pugilina morio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volema myristica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Busycon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47495"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47511"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bufonaria nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bufonaria crumena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bufonaria rana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bursa bufonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tutufa bubo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tutufa rubeta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47521"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47518"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47526"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalium centiquadratum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalium granulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalium saburon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalium bandatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Perry 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalium areola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalium glaucum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassidaria echinophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassidaria tyrrhena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chemnitz 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassis cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassis flammea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassis madagascariensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassis tuberosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cassis tessellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypraecassis rufa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47512"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Columbellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strombina fusinoidaea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyrene scripta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47527"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47534"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47533"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47539"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula excavata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Broderip 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula onyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula gibbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Michaud 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula unguiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula goreensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crepidula fornicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crucibulum scutellatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calyptraea chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciolariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47552"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47555"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusinus dupetitthouarsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kiener 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusinus rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivi 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusinus syracusanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusinus colus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusinus nicobaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fusinus closter</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuroploca princeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuroploca salmo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleuroploca trapezium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciolaria lignaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fasciolaria tulipa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latirolagena smaragdula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latirus polygonus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latirus infundibulum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leucozonia nassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47540"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissurelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47564"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megathura crenulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissurella virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissurella barbadensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissurella nimbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissurella nubecula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissurella coarctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: King &amp; Broderip 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stromboli beebei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hertlein &amp; Strong 1951)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diodora listeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47556"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lottiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47569"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lottia gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1934)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lottia limatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carpenter 1864)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patelloida saccharina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patelloida striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47565"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naticidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47600"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47577"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47578"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47579"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47581"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47582"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47584"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica broderipiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Recluz 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica chemnitzii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pfeiffer 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica euzona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Recluz 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica stellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hedley 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica tigrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica vitellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica gualteriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Recluz 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica lineata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica adansoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica collaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Link 1807</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica fulminea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica marochiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natica turtoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: E. A. Smith 1890</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naticarius hebraeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Martyn 1784)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naticarius stercus-muscarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naticarius dillwyni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Naticarius vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neverita josephinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neverita albumen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neverita peselephanti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lunatia catena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (da Costa 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lunatia fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lunatia guillemini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lunatia pulchella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Risso 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Payraudeautia intricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Donovan 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tectonatica filosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polinices didyma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polinices mammilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polinices melanostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polinices sebae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Recluz 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinum concavum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Olividae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47604"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47603"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva porphyria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva miniacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva annulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva caeerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva oliva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva tricolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1811</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva vidua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva reticularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva sayana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ravenel 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oliva tigrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1811</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella mexicana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella caerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella ferruginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (da Costa 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella rustica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella ulyssiponensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella flexuosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella miniata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Born 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella vulgata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patella spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helcion pellucidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellana rota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cellana testudinaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nacella concinna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Strebel 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nacella edgari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Powell 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nacella kerguelenensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1877)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47614"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Personidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47635"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distorsio decussata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distorsio anus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Distorsio reticularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47632"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Potamididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinocoryne humboldti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithidea obtusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithidea cingulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithidea quadrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithidea decollata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telescopium telescopium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebralia palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebralia sulcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47636"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47649"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonaria gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonaria javanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonaria laciniosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siphonaria sirius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pilsbry 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47660"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malea rigens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malea pomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna galea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna allium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna perdix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna sulcosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna canaliculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna dolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna olearium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tonna tessellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47650"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbinelliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47668"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasum caestus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasum ceramicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasum turbinellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasum capitellum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vasum muricatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Syrinx aruanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbinella pyrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47661"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Knefastia tuberculifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polystira nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hinds 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polystira oxytropis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tiariturris libya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1919)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lophiotoma indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turricula javana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turris babylonia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47669"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrhaididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrhais pespelecani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aporrhais serresianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Michaud 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47681"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Capulus ungaricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47680"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47694"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithium alucastrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brocchi 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithium rupestre</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithium vulgatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruguiere 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithium coralium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kiener 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithium echinatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerithium nodulosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruguiere 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clypeomorus batillariaeformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Habe &amp; Kosuge 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoclavis fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruguiere 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoclavis vergatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoclavis aspera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhinoclavis sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudovergatus aluco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47682"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coralliophilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47699"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coralliophila alaucoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coralliophila brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coralliophila meyendorffi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Calcara 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Latiaxis babelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Requien 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47695"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ranellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47713"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47703"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47715"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argobuccinum olearium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charonia rubicunda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Perry 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charonia tritonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charonia nodifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium corrugatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium cutaceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium parthenopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (von Salis 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium muricinum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium nicobaricum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium aquatile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium intermedium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pease 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium lotorium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium pileare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium pyrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymatium femorale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47723"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitra cornicula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitra nigra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitra zonata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Marryatt 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitra eremitarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roding 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitra mitra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mitra stictica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pusia ebenus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47716"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47738"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hinia reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hinia incrassata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Strom 1768)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hinia limata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chemnitz 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius mutabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius corniculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivi 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius cuvieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Payraudeau 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius gibbosulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius arcularius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius coronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius crematus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hinds 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius dorsatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nassarius glans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclope neritea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bullia miran</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47724"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turritellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47742"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turritella communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turritella monterosatoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kobelt 1887</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turritella turbona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Monterosato 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turritella terebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turritella duplicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neritidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47752"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47751"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita albicilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita chameleon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita plicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita polita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita costata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita picea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Recluz 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita planospira</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anton 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita squamulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Le Guillou 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita peloronta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nerita senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neritina turrita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vermetidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendropoma maximum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpulorbis colubrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Serpulorbis medusae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pilsbry 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenophoridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenophora solaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1764)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cypraeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47775"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea arabica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea mappa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea mauritiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea talpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea tigris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea vitellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea annulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea bouteti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burgess &amp; Arnette 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea caputserpentis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea carneola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea caurica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea depressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea eglantina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Duclos 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea erosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea isabella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea leviathan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schilder &amp; Schilder 1937)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea lynx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea maculifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schilder 1932</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea moneta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea obvelata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea onyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea schilderorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Iredale 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea scurra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea ventriculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyprea histrio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ovula ovum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volva volva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ficus subintermedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colubrariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47797"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Colubraria muricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volutidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47810"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbiola vespertilio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melo amphora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melo melo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Voluta musica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Voluta virescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lightfoot 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbium cymbium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbium marmoratum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Link 1807</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbium glans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbium pepo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymbium spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpovoluta charcoti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamy 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Provocator pulcher</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Watson 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zidona dufresnei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Donovan 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47798"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpa articularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpa harpa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harpa major</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Costellariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47818"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47819"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vexillum rugosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vexillum vulpeculum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47817"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus litteratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus quercinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lightfoot 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus suratensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hwass 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus betulinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus coronatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus flavidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1810</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus generalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus leopardus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus lividus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hwass 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus marmoreus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus radiatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus tessulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Born 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus textile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus mus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hwass 1792</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conus regius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47838"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebra maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebra areolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Terebra subulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hastula hectica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Architectonicidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47843"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Architectonica maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Architectonica perspectiva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47841"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolabellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dolabella auricularia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melampidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ellobium aurisjudae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ellobium aurismidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pythia scarabeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47846"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Struthiolariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perissodonta mirabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastropoda (307XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3201"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glauconomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glauconome virens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47857"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47858"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chama buddiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C.B. Adams 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chama lazarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chama pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Broderip 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chama savignyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamy 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glossus humanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arcidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47893"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47890"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47870"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47869"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47868"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47867"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47865"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47873"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47874"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47876"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47875"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca avellana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca imbricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruguiere 1789</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca noae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca ventricosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca zebra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Swainson 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca navicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruguiere 1789</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arca spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbatia barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbatia foliata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47875">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbatia fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbatia lurida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Senilia senilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noetia gambiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca brasiliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca chemnitzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca globosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca inaequivalvis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca broughtonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schrenck 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca subcrenata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lischke 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca cornea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca pilula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scapharca biangulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisidos semitorta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trisidos tortuosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara antiquata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara corbuloides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Monterosato 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara diluvii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1805)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara ferruginea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara mazatlanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hertlein &amp; Strong 1943)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara multicostata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara nodifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Martens 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara reinharti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lowe 1935)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara tuberculosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara notabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C.B. Adams 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anadara spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Unionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47915"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47914"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47913"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47912"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47916"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megalonaias nervosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pleurobema cordatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ellipsaria lineolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margaritifera margaritifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Margaritifera falcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Villosa iris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (I. Lea 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lampsis fasciola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47915">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygadon grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex unionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47907"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47930"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47926"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47922"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47921"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47920"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47919"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47934"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada margaritifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47920">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jameson 1901)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada anomioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1889)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada chemnitzii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada imbricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada mazatlanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada sugillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinctada radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex pinctada spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteria penguin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteria sterna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteria avicular</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holten 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47934">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteria hirundo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47917"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostreidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47958"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47954"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31157"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47952"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31156"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alectryonella plicatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea angasi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1871</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea atherstonei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Newton 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea denselamellosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lischke 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea lurida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carpenter 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea equestris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Say 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea lutaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea denticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Born 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea conchaphila</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carpenter 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostrea spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea glomerata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea kegaki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Torigoe &amp; Inaba 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea malabonensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faustino 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea mordax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea palmula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carpenter 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea cuccullata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea commercialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Iredale &amp; Roughley 1933)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saccostrea echinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaymard 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendostrea folium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47958">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dendostrea frons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myrakeena angelica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rochebrune 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Striostrea margaritacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Striostrea prismatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lopha cristagalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea rhizophorae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Guilding 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea ariakensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wakiya 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea gryphoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Newton &amp; Smith 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea madrasensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Preston 1916)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea iredalei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Faustino 1932)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea belcheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea corteziensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hertlein 1951</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea rivularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea columbiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea gasar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dautzenberg 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crassostrea spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Undulostrea megodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ostreidae (31607XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48020"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48010"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48024"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48037"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48036"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48035"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48034"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48033"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48031"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48030"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48029"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48028"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48026"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47992"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47985"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48007"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48005"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48002"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48001"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47999"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31159"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequipecten felipponei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1922)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequipecten tehuelchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequipecten opercularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Adamussim colbecki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten albicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schroter 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47985">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten modestus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten berryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bernard 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten diegensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten sericeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hinds 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten vogdesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Arnold 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten sulcicostatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten jacobaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten novaezelandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten fumatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pecten ziczac</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amusium japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amusium pleuronectes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amusium papyraceum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gabb 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Equichlamys bifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48001">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flexopecten glaber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flexopecten proteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Solander 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Flexopecten flexuosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hinnites giganteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyropecten subnodosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyropecten nodosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Swiftopecten swifti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bernardi 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygochlamis delicatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hutton 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zygochlamis patagonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (King &amp; Brodeerip 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placopecten magellanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gloripallium pallium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Manupecten pesfelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudamussium clavatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argopecten gibbus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argopecten irradians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argopecten purpuratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argopecten ventricosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys varia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys islandica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys farreri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jones &amp; Preston 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys asperrima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys hastata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys rubida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hinds 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys senatoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys multistrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys squamata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlamys livida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decatopecten amiculum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Decatopecten radula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Annachlamys flabellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bractechlamys vexillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Minnivola pyxidata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48034">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Volachlamys singaporina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48035">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patinopecten caurinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Patinopecten yessoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jay 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinidae (31608XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47979"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arcticidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48078"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48076"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48075"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48074"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48073"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48071"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48070"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48069"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48079"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48080"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48081"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48090"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48089"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48088"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48087"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48086"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48085"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48083"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48082"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48052"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48051"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48049"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48048"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48047"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48045"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48044"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48043"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48042"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48053"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48054"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48064"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48063"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48061"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48060"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48059"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48058"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48057"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48056"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48055"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31154"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus coruscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gould 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus californianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Conrad 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hupe 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus aoteanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Powell 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus desolationis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamy 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus trossulus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gould 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus platensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus planulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytella guyanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytella strigata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytella speciosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arcuatula arcuatula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geukensia demissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ischadium recurvum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rafinesque 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithophaga lithophaga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithophaga attenuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1836)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithophaga teres</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Musculista senhousia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Benson 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Septifer bilocularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stavelia subdistorta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Recluz 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choromytilus chorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choromytilus meridionalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Krauss 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Choromytilus palliopunctatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carpenter 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus auriculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Krauss 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48071">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus kurilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bernard 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48072">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus metcalfei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus modiolus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48074">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus philippinarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus capax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48076">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus eiseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Strong &amp; Hertlein 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus rectus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48079">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus nitens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carpenter 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus rhomboideus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus squamosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Beauperthuy 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus adriaticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus aratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dunker 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Modiolus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perna perna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perna viridis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48087">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perna canaliculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perna indica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kuriakose &amp; Nair 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perna picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1780)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48090">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aulacomya ater</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilidae (31610XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48040"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chamelea gallina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ameghinomya antiqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (King &amp; Brodeerip)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venerupis pullastra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Montagu 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venerupis aurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venerupis rhomboides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venerupis corrugata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48100">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venerupis dura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venerupis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amiantis purpurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48103">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomalocardia brasiliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomalocardia squamosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callista chione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione cancellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione kellettii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hinds 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione paphia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione stutchburyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione californiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione fluctifraga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione gnidia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione undatella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione compta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chione subrugosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circomphalus rosalina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rang 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circomphalus casinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumarcia paupercula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holten 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurhomalea exalbida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eurhomalea rufa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gafrarium dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Holten 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gafrarium divaricatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gafrarium tumidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roding 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gafrarium pectinatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gomphina aequilatera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Katelysia hiantina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Katelysia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48128">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Katelysia marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lioconcha castrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lioconcha ornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocallista maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocallista nimbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marcia opima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marcia flammea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix lusoria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix meretrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix casta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix lyrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix petechialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meretrix spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megapitaria aurantiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megapitaria squalida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periglypta listeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periglypta puerpera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1771)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periglypta multicostata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48147">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periglypta clathrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Periglypta reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruditapes decussatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruditapes variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ruditapes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar callicomatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar dione</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar fulminatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Menke 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48157">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar rostratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Koch 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar unicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar citrinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar pellucidus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar rudis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pitar tumens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placamen tiara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48164">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tapes dorsatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tapes literatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tapes belcheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tawera gayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hupe 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela lessonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela mactroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela stultorum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mawe 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela ventricosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela byronensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48173">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela planulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tivela tripla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1771)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventricolaria isocardia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verrill 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ventricolaria rigida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venus verrucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Venus foliaceolamellosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Romer 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circe scripta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclina sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunetta menstrualis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Menke 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sunetta truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Circentia callipyga</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxidomus nuttalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Conrad 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Saxidomus purpurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphia undulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphia gallus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48190">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphia textile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphia semirugata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca asperrima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca columbiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca grata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca pectorina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Protothaca tenerrima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Carpenter 1857)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercenaria mercenaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mercenaria campechiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosinia orbignyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosinia dunkeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosinia japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosinia ponderosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schumacher 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosinia exoleta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosinia lupinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Veneridae (31611XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36330"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48244"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48238"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48260"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48256"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48221"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48220"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48215"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48212"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48211"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48222"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48230"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48227"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudocardium sybillae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1858)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eastonia rugosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Helbling 1779)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutraria lutraria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutraria angustior</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutraria magna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (da Costa 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutraria elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rangia cuneata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rangia mendica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tresus capax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tresus keenae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kuroda &amp; Habe 1952)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tresus nuttallii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48222">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tresus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meropesta capillacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Meropesta pellucida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactrellona alata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spengler 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra cuneata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra discors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra veneriformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48230">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra iheringi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra glabrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra isabelleana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra lilacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra luzonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra mera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra murchisoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deshayes 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra petiti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra achatina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holten 1802</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra corallina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra glauca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Born 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra largillierti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra nitida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Spengler 1802</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra californica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Conrad 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactra velata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Harvella vitrea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula solidissima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula polynyma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stimpson 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula aequilatera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula ovalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula solida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula subtruncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (da Costa 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spisula spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulinia cleryana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mulinia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mactridae (31612XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymerididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48273"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48271"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48269"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris glycymeris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris maculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris ovata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip 1832)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris pilosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris reevei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mayer 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris undata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris violacenscens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris bimaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris scripta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Born 1780</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycymeris vovan</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamy 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tucetona pectunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tucetona strigilata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gryphaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyotissa hyotis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyotissa fisheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dall 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neopycnodonte cochlear</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48297"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48301"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48302"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48305"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48306"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48308"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48295"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48280"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48288"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48291"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48310"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galatea paradoxa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax asper</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Conrad 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax carinatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax cuneatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax denticulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax dentifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax faba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax hanleyanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax incarnatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deshayes 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax punctatostriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax rugosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax scortum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax semistriatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poli 1795</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48297">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax striatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax trunculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax vittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poli 1795</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax deltoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48301">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax gouldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dall 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax venustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Poli 1795</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax pulchellus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48305">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donax spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iphigenia brasiliana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iphigenia altior</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iphigenia laevigata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iphigenia delesserti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berbardi 1860)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iphigenia rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Romer 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48328"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48329"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48331"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48332"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48335"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48338"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48339"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48327"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48326"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48325"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48315"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48316"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48318"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48319"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48320"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48323"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48324"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48340"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharella acutidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharella javanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48315">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen cylindraceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen marginatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pulteney 1799)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen gordonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yokoyama 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen capensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48319">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen kempi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Preston 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen malaccensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dunker 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen roseomaculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pilsbry 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen rudis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C.B. Adams 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen strictus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gould 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48324">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen rostriformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dunker 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dunker 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen lamarckii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deshayes 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen guineensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solen spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis arcuatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jeffreys 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis directus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis ensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis macha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis siliqua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ensis goreensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clessin 1888</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48335">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siliqua patula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dixon 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siliqua alta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siliqua radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siliqua winteriana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dunker 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cultellus tenuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Griffith &amp; Pidgeon 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solenidae (31616XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48311"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Myidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48344"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48345"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mya truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mya spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hiatellidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48347"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panopea abrupta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Panopea aldovrandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Menard 1807</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48346"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemidonacidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hemidonax donaciformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48351">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48352"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48353"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48354"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomia ephippium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anomia peruviana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pododesmus cepio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48351"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corbiculidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48368"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48364"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48363"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48362"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48361"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48359"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48357"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48356"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48370"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48356">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Batissa violacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1806)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda aequilatera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda caroliniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bosc 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda erosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda expansa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mousson 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda triangula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48362">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda inflata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda arctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1854)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48364">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polymesoda bengalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Villorita cyprinoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corbicula japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Prime 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corbicula manilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corbicula fluminea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller 1774)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corbicula spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48355"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fimbriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48372"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fimbria fimbriata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fimbria soverbii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48371"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48415"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48382"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48381"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48380"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48379"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48384"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48385"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48393"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48392"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48390"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48389"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48387"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48386"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48375"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocardia aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocardia echinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocardia paucicostata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocardia spinosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Solander 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthocardia tuberculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerastoderma glaucum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cerastoderma edule</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardium costatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardium rigens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bruguiere 1789</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinocardium buelowi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rolle 1896)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clinocardium nuttallii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinocardium robustum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulvia mutica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulvia papyracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypanis plicatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eichwald 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laevicardium crassum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laevicardium elatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laevicardium oblongum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laevicardium laevigatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodacna colorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eichwald 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium consors</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium egmontianum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shuttleworth 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium isocardia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium muricatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium panamense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium procerum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium rugosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium quadragenarium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium rubicudum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium angulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium orbita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachycardium subrugosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragum fragum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragum hemicardium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fragum unedo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Americardia media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corculum cardissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plagiocardium pseudolatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Voskuil &amp; Onverwagt 1991)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vepricardium asiaticum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vepricardium sinense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiidae (31623XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48374"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesodesmatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48423"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atactodea striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paphies australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Donacilla cornea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesodesma donacium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesodesma mactroides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Deshayes 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesodesma subtriangulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesodesma ventricosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomonidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48426"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48427"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48429"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomon alatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomon recognitus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mabille 1895)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomon janus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carpenter 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomon ephippium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomon isognomum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isognomon perna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48424"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridacnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48432"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48435"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48438"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridacna gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridacna derasa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridacna squamosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridacna crocea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tridacna maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roding 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippopus hippopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippopus porcellanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rosewater 1982</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laternulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48441"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laternula elliptica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: King &amp; Brodeerip 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laternula truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48439"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48443"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48444"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48446"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lima lima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lima vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Link 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limaria tuberculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Olivi 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acesta rathbuni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bartsch 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenoides scabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48442"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limopsidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limopsis marionensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Smith 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48458"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48457"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48455"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48453"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48452"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48451"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48451">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anodontia edentula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codakia orbicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48453">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codakia tigerina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codakia interrupta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48455">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codakia punctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Austriella corrugata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Epicodakia bella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loripes lucinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48459">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lucinoma borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48450"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malleidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48461"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48462"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malleus regula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malleus albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malleus malleus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malletiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48465"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48465">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malletia gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48464"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carditidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48467"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48469"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48470"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48471"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48472"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Carditamera floridana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Conrad 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardites antiquatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48469">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardites tankervillei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wood 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardites bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1819)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48471">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyclocardia astartoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Martens 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48472">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cardiocardita ajar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Beguina semiorbiculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Noetiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Estellacar olivacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reeve 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48476">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuculanidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48477"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48478"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portlandia isonota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Martens 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Yoldia eightsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Couthouy in Jay 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48476"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholadidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48480"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barnea candida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barnea subtruncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barnea dilatata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Souleyet 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barnea manilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philippi 1847)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barnea truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1822)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyrtopleura costata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholas chiloensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Molina 1782</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholas orientalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholas dactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Martesia striata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Talona explanata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spengler 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinnidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48501"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48492"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48492">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrina fragilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrina pectinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrina maura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrina tuberculosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrina vexillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Born 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atrina chautardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Nickles 1953)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinna nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinna rugosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinna bicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinna muricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pinna rudis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammobiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48506"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48505"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48504"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48517"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari togata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Deshayes 1855)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari squamosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari truncata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari depressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gari fervensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heterodonax pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hiatula chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Morch 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuttallia nuttallii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nuttallia obscurata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sanguinolaria cruenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asaphis violascens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Soletellina diphos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1771)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48519"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48520"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semele radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ruppel in Sowerby 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48520">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semele decisa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semele solida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solecurtidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48530"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48529"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48523"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48533"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sinonovacula constricta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagelus dombeii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagelus plebeius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagelus californianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagelus peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pilsbry &amp; Olsson 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tagelus adansonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bosc 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azorinus abbreviatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Azorinus chamasolen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (da Costa 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solecurtus divaricatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lischke 1869)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solecurtus strigilatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48533">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pharus legumen</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48522"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48542"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48537"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48535"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48544"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus americanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hermann 1781</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus gaederopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48537">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus ictericus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus calcifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Carpenter 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus princeps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Broderip 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus squamosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schreibers 1793</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48542">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus butleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reeve 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus imperialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chenu 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spondylus versicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schreibers 1793</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48534"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48563"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48564"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48565"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48566"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48567"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48569"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48571"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48573"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48574"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48575"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48562"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48561"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48560"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48546"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48547"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48549"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48550"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48551"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48554"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48555"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48556"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48557"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48558"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48559"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macoma brevifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Say 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macoma constricta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bruguiere 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macoma grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hanley 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macoma nasuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macoma secta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macoma cancellata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1873)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina incarnata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina alternata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Say 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina planata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina staurella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina virgata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina laceridens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hanley 1844</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina simulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C.B. Adams 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina foliacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina linguafelis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina palatam</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Iredale 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina remies</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina scobinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina timorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina albicans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina pulchella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina tenuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: da Costa 1778</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina hyalina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina senegambiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Salisbury 1934</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina strigosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1791</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina fabula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gronovius 1781)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tellina spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apolymetis ephippium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spengler 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Apolymetis papyracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gastrana fragilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48545"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucullaeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cucullaea labiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lightfoot 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48577"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placunidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48580"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48581"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48580">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placuna placenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Placuna ephippium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Philipsson 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48579"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teredinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bactronophorus thoracites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lyrodus pedicellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quatrefages 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petricolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48587"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mysia undata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petricola pholadiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1818</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48585"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrobiculariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48589"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scrobicularia plana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (da Costa 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48588"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solemyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48591"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solemya togata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48590"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thraciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48594"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thracia papyracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poli 1795)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thracia pubescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pulteney 1799)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48592"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dreissenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48596"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48598"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dreissena polymorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1771)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilopsis leucophaeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Conrad 1831)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mytilopsis sallei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Recluz 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48595"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bivalvia (316XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_942"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiadariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiadarium kochii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steenstrup 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48601"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48628"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48627"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48626"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48644"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48612"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48610"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48613"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48622"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48604"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48604">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia aculeata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia bertheloti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1839</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blainville 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia orbignyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ferussac 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia andreana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steenstrup 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia apama</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia arabica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Massy 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia aureomaculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okutani &amp; Horikawa 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia braggi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verco 1907</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia brevimana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steenstrup 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia elobyana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia erostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoyle 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia foliopeza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okutani &amp; Tagawa 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia kobiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoyle 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia latimanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia longipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia lorigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wulker 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia lycidas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia madokai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1939</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia mestus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia misakiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wulker 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48628">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia murrayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam &amp; Rees 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia omani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam &amp; Rees 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia pardex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia peterseni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Appellof 1886</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia pharaonis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ehrenberg 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia prashadi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Winckworth 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia recurvirostra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steenstrup 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia savignyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blainville 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia subtenuipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okutani &amp; Horikawa 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia tenuipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia trygonina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rochebrune 1884)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia tullbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Appellof 1886</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepia hierredda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rang 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiella japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiella inermis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiella ornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rang 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiidae, sepiolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48603"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48664"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48665"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48652"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48653"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48654"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48656"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48671"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heteroteuthis dispar</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiolina nipponensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berry 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia macrosoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delle Chiaje 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia antillensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia bipapillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia bullisi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rossia tortugaensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euprymna berryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euprymna morsei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verrill 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola rondeleti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leach 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola affinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Naef 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola atlantica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola aurantiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jatta 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola birostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola intermedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Naef 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola ligulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Naef 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola robusta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Naef 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepiola steenstrupiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Levy 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rondeletiola minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Naef 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepietta neglecta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Naef 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepietta obscura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Naef 1916</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepietta oweniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semirossia equalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Semirossia tenera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verrill 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neorossia caroli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Joubin 1902)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loliginidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48676"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48677"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48678"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48679"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49582"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo uyii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wakiya &amp; Ishikawa 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo gahi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo opalescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo pealei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesueur 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoyle 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo bleekeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Keferstein 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo beka</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1798</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo kobiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoyle 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo duvauceli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo reynaudi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo forbesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steenstrup 1856</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoyle 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo ocula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo plei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Blainville 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo roperi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cohen 1976</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo sanpaulensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brakoniecki 1984</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo sibogae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Adam 1954)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo singhalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ortmann 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo surinamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1974</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loligo spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stauroteuthis syrtensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepioteuthis australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepioteuthis lessoniana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sepioteuthis sepioidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloteuthis subulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloteuthis media</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloteuthis africana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolliguncula brevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolliguncula mercatoris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolliguncula panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Berry 1911</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lolliguncula spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loliolopsis diomedeae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hoyle 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Uroteuthis bartschi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rehder 1945</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loliginidae (32104XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48726"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31164"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48719"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48721"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48722"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyaloteuthis pelagica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bosc 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephes bartrami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephes caroli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Furtado 1887)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephes pteropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Steenstrup 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithoteuthis antillarum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1957</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ornithoteuthis volatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illex illecebrosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illex coindetii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verany 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illex oxygonius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Roper, Lu &amp; Mangold 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Illex spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Todaropsis eblanae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ball 1841)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dosidicus gigas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symplectoteuthis luminosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1915</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Todarodes sagittatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Todarodes filippovae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Todarodes angolensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototodarus sloani</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototodarus gouldi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (McCoy 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototodarus hawaiiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berry 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nototodarus philippinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Martialia hyadesi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rochebrune &amp; Mabille 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommastrephidae (32105XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48740"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loliginidae, ommastrephidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48739"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onychoteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48750"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48749"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48748"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48747"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48745"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48744"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48751"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroteuthis ingens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Smith 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroteuthis knipovitchi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Filippova 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroteuthis lonnbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ishikawa &amp; Wakiya 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroteuthis robsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1962</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroteuthis robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verrill 1876)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Moroteuthis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48749">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onychoteuthis banksi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leach 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onychoteuthis borealijaponica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okada 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48741"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cranchiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48753"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48755"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48756"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48753">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liocranchia reinhardti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steenstrup 1856)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Teuthowenia megalops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Prosch 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galiteuthis armata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Joubin 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robson 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48752"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argonautidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48760"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argonauta argo</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argonauta nodosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lightfoot 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Argonauta spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48757"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48797"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48796"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48794"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48793"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48792"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48791"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48790"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48789"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48798"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48799"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48800"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48809"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48808"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48807"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48806"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48805"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48804"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48803"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48802"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48801"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48787"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48786"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48773"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48772"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48771"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48770"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48769"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48767"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48766"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48765"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48764"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48774"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48776"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48785"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48784"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48783"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48782"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48781"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48780"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48779"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48778"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48777"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_31163"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareledone polymorpha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Robson 1930)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareledone turqueti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Joubin 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pareledone spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callistoctopus arakawai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Taki 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus tenuicirrus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sasaki 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus tetricus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gould 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus tehuelchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Orbigny 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus cyaneus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus variabilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sasaki 1929)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus macropus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Risso 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus burryi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus aegina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus briareus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robson 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus conispadiceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sasaki 1917)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus defilippi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verany 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus dolfleini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wulker 1910)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus dollfusi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robson 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus globosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Appellof 1886</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus hummelincki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus joubini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robson 1929</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus lobensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Castellanos &amp; Menni 1969</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus maya</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss &amp; Solis 1966</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus membranaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sasaki 1920)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus oliveri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berry 1914)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus salutii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verany 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus selene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus zonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1968</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eledone cirrosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eledone moschata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1798)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48798">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eledone massyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eledone spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48800">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathypolypus arcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Prosch 1849)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48801">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathypolypus sponsalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (P. &amp; H. Fischer 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48802">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tetracheledone spinicirrhus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1955</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48803">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Benthoctopus januari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hoyle 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48804">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Danoctopus schmidti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Joubin 1933</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48805">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euaxoctopus pillsburyae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1975</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48806">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scaeurgus unicirrhus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48807">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cistopus indicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48808">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pteroctopus tetracirrhus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delle Chiaje 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48809">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopodidae (32109XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48810">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiroteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48811"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48812"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48811">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiroteuthis picteti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Joubin 1894</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48812">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chiroteuthis veranyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ferussac 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48810"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histioteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48814"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48815"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48818"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48814">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histioteuthis bonnellii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ferussac 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48815">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histioteuthis corona</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Taki 1964)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histioteuthis dofleini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pfeffer 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histioteuthis elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Voss &amp; Voss 1962)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48818">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Histioteuthis reversa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verrill 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48819">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidoteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enoploteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48821"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48822"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48823"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48824"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48825"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48826"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48827"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48821">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abraliopsis pfefferi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verany 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyroteuthis margaritifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abralia andamanika</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Goodrich 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48824">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Abralia veranyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ancistrocheirus lesueuri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Orbigny 1839)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterygioteuthis giardi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fischer 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Watasenia scintillans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berry 1911)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48820"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48836"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48835"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48834"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48833"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48832"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48831"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48830"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48829"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48837"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berryteuthis anonychus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pearcey &amp; Voss 1963)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berryteuthis magister</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Berry 1913)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatopsis borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sasaki 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatopsis makko</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okutani &amp; Nemoto 1964</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatus fabricii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lichtenstein 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatus madokai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubodera &amp; Okutani 1977</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatus middendorffi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kubodera &amp; Okutani 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatus onyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Young 1972</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gonatus steenstrupi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kristensen 1981</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48828"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48839"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bathyteuthis abyssicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hoyle 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48838"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachioteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48842"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48843"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48844"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachioteuthis picta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Chun 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachioteuthis riisei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Steenstrup 1882)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachioteuthis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholidoteuthis adami</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Voss 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pholidoteuthis boschmai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Adam 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopoteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48848"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Octopoteuthis sicula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Taningia danae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Joubin 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48851"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thysanoteuthis rhombus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Troschel 1857</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychroteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psychroteuthis glacialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thiele 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neoteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alluroteuthis antarcticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Odhner 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthoteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Opisthoteuthis depressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ijima &amp; Ikeda 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48858">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nautilidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48859"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48860"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48859">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nautilus pompilius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48860">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nautilus macromphalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Sowerby 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48858"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopterygidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48862"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ctenopteryx sicula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verany 1851)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48861"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycloteuthidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48864"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycloteuthidae (32132XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48863"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tremoctopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48866"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tremoctopus violaceus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delle Chiaje 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48865"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocythoidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48868"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ocythoe tuberculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Rafinesque 1814</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48867"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48869">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalopoda (321XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1456"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusca miscellanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48871"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48872"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48873"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusca (399XXXXXXX014)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mollusca (399XXXXXXX016)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ex mollusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48870"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48888"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48887"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48886"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48885"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48884"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48883"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48882"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48881"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48880"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48879"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48878"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48877"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48890"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48877">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eumetopias jubatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schreber 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48878">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callorhinus ursinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48879">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zalophus californianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48880">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neophoca cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (P</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48881">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocarctos hookeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48882">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zimmerman 1783)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48883">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus townsendi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Merriam 1897)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48884">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus pusillus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schreber 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48885">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus philippii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48886">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus galapagoensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1904)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48887">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus gazella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48888">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus forsteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48889">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arctocephalus tropicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1872)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48890">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otaria byronia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1800)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48876"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48891">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odobenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48892"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48892">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odobenus rosmarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48904"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48905"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48906"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48907"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48908"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48909"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48910"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48911"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48903"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48902"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48894"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48895"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48896"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48897"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48898"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48899"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48900"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48901"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48912"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48894">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monachus monachus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hermann 1779)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48895">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monachus tropicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48896">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monachus schauinslandi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Matschie 1905)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48897">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mirounga angustirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gill 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48898">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mirounga leonina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48899">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ommatophoca rossii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48900">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrurga leptonyx</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48901">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca groenlandica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Erxleben 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48902">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca vitulina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48903">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca hispida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schreber 1775)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48904">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Zimmerman 1783)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48905">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca caspica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48906">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca sibirica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48907">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoca largha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1811)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48908">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptonychotes weddellii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48909">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Erignathus barbatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Erxleben 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48910">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystophora cristata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Erxleben 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48911">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halichoerus grypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Fabricius 1791)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48912">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobodon carcinophagus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hombron &amp; Jacquinot 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48893"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48913">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Otariidae, phocidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5889"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48914">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fissipedia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48916">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enhydra lutris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48917">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lutra felina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15605"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48919">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ursus maritimus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Phipps 1774</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48921">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dugongidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48922"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48922">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dugong dugon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48921"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48923">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichechidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7084"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48924"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48925"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48926"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48924">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichechus manatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48925">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichechus inunguis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Natterer 1883)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48926">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trichechus senegalensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Link 1795</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48923"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontoceti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49008"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49006"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49003"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49000"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48953"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48928"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48928">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanistidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48929"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48930"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48929">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanista gangetica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roxburgh 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48930">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platanista minor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Owen 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48928"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ziphiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48944"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48945"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48946"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48947"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48948"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48949"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48950"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48951"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48943"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48942"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48941"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48932"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48933"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48935"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48936"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48937"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48938"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48939"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48940"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48952"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48932">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ziphius cavirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48933">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tasmacetus shepherdi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Oliver 1937</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48935">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon densirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Blainville 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48936">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon grayi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: von Haast 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48937">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon ginkgodens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Nishiwaki &amp; Kamiya 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48938">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon hectori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1871)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48939">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon carlhubbsi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Moore 1963</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48940">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon peruvianus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Reyes, Mead &amp; Van Waerebeek 1991</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48941">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon bidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Sowerby 1804)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48942">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon europaeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gervais 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48943">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon mirus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: True 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48944">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon layardii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1865)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48945">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon bowdoini</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andrews 1908</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48946">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Longman 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48947">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon stejnegeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: True 1885</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48948">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mesoplodon spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48949">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoodon ampullatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1770)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48950">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hyperoodon planifrons</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Flower 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48951">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berardius arnuxii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Duvernoy 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48952">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Berardius bairdii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stejneger 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48931"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48953">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physeteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48954"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48954">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physeter catodon</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48953"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48975"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48976"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48977"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48979"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48980"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48981"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48982"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48983"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48984"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48986"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48987"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48988"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48989"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48990"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48991"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48974"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48973"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48956"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48957"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48959"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48960"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48961"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48962"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48963"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48964"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48965"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48966"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48967"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48969"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48970"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48971"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48972"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48992"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48956">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orcaella brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1866)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48957">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudorca crassidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Owen 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48959">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globicephala melas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Traill 1809)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48960">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globicephala macrorhynchus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48961">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Globicephala spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48962">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Feresa attenuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gray 1875</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48963">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinus delphis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48964">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Grampus griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1812)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48965">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Peponocephala electra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48966">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sotalia fluviatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gervais 1853)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48967">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sousa teuszii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kukenthal 1892)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48968">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sousa chinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Osbck 1765)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48969">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Steno bredanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesson 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48970">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Orcinus orca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48971">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lissodelphis borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peale 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48972">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lissodelphis peronii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48973">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalorhynchus commersonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48974">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalorhynchus heavisidii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48975">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalorhynchus hectori</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (van Beneden 1881)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48976">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cephalorhynchus eutropia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48977">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus obliquidens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gill 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48978">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus obscurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48979">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48980">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus acutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48981">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus cruciger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48982">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenorhynchus australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peale 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48983">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tursiops truncatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Montagu 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48984">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagenodelphis hosei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fraser 1956</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48986">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella attenuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48987">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella longirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1828)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48988">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella coeruleoalba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Meyen 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48989">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella frontalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48990">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella clymene</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1850)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48991">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stenella spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48992">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delphinidae (42204XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48955"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocoenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48994"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48995"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48996"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48997"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48998"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48999"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48994">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Australophocaena dioptrica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lahille 1912)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48995">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocoena phocoena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48996">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocoena spinipinnis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Burmeister 1865</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48997">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocoena sinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Norris &amp; McFarland 1958</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48998">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neophocaena phocaenoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48999">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phocoenoides dalli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (True 1885)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48993"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49000">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodontidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49002"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49002">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monodon monoceros</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49000"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49003">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kogiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49004"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49005"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49004">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kogia breviceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Blainville 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49005">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kogia simus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Owen 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49003"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49006">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49007"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49007">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Inia geoffrensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Blainville 1817)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49006"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49008">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontoporiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49009"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49010"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lipotes vexillifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Miller 1918</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pontoporia blainvillei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gervais &amp; d'Orbigny 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49008"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Odontoceti (422XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48927"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mysticeti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49021"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49025"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49027"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49029"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenopteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49014"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49015"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49016"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49017"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49018"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49019"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49020"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49014">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lacep</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49015">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenoptera edeni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Anderson 1878</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49016">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenoptera borealis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenoptera musculus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49018">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenoptera physalus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49019">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Megaptera novaeangliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Borowski 1781)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenopteridae (42302XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49013"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49022"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49023"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49024"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eubalaena glacialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller 1776)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eubalaena australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Desmoilins 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Balaena mysticetus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49025">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eschrichtiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49026">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eschrichtius robustus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lilljeborg 1861)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49025"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49027">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neobalaenidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49028"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49028">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caperea marginata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49027"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mysticeti (423XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49030">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammalia miscellanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_12358"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49031"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49031">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mammalia (499XXXXXXX037)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphibia, Reptilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49102"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana fuscigula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dum</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49037">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana vertebralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hewitt 1927</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49038">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana blythii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana hexadactyla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49040">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana magna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stejneger 1909</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49041">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana cancrivora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gravenhorst 1829</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49042">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana tigrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Daudin 1802</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49043">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana crassa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jerdon 1853</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49044">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana cyanophlyctis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schneider 1799</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49045">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana limnocharis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boie 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49046">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana dalmatina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bonaparte 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49047">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49048">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana lessonae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Camerano 1882</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49049">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana ridibunda</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1771</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49050">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana temporaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49051">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana graeca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49052">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana latastei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Boulenger 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49053">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana aurora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Baird &amp; Girard 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49054">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana catesbeiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Shaw 1802</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49055">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana grylio</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stejneger 1901</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49056">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana pipiens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schreber 1782</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49057">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana heckscheri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wright 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49058">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rana spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49059">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Conraua goliath</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Boulenger 1906)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49060">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyxicephalus adspersus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tschudi 1838</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32557"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49061">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pipidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49062"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49063"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49062">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopus muelleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peters 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49063">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Xenopus laevis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Daudin 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49061"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49064">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptodactylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49065"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49066"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49067"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49065">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptodactylus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49066">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptodactylus pentadactylus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Laurenti 1768)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49067">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caudiverbera caudiverbera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49068">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Telmatobius culeus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49069">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microhylidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29104"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49070"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49070">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glyphoglossus molossus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49069"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49073">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dermochelys coriacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vandelli 1761)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32574"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49075">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trachemys scripta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schoepff 1792)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49077">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malaclemys terrapin</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schoepff 1793)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49078">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Malaclemys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32575"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49080">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidochelys kempii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49081">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidochelys olivacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Eschscholtz 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49082">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natator depressus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garman 1880)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49083">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelonia agassizii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bocourt 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49084">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelonia mydas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49085">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eretmochelys imbricata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49086">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caretta caretta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49088">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Trionyx sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wiegmann 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32578"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49089">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Testudinata (531XXXXXXX030)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32570"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49091">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Squamata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32568"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrophiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49091"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49093"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49094"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49095"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49096"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49097"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49098"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49099"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49093">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astrotia stokesii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49094">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enhydrina schistosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Daudin 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49095">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrophis cyanocinctus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Daudin 1803</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49096">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lapemis curtus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49097">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcephalophis gracilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Shaw 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49098">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelamis platurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Daudin 1803</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49099">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Praescutata viperina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidt 1852)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49092"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49101">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laticauda semifasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Reinwardt)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32568"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49102">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodilia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49032"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49104">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caiman latirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Daudin 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49105">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caiman yacare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Daudin 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49106">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caiman crocodilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49107">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alligator mississippiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Daudin 1803)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49108">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alligator sinensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Fauvel 1879</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49109">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus porosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49110">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus siamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schneider 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49111">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus johnstoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Krefft 1873</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49112">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus niloticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Laurenti 1768</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49113">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus novaeguineae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49114">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus rhombifer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1807</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus moreletii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bibron &amp; Dumeril 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49116">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus acutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49117">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus cataphractus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49118">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Graves 1819</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49119">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus mindorensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1935</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49120">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylus palustris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49121">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Osteolaemus tetraspis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cope 1861</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49122">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tomistoma schlegelii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49123">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gavialis gangeticus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49124">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Melanosuchus niger</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Spix 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49125">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paleosuchus palpebrosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1807)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49126">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paleosuchus trigonatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schneider 1801)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49127">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crocodylidae (53601XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32560"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedeidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49583"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49140"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49139"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49138"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49137"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49136"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49135"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49134"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49133"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49132"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49131"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49130"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49584"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49130">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoebetria fusca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49131">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phoebetria palpebrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49132">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea bulleri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49133">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea cauta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49134">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea amsterdamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49135">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea chlororhynchos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49136">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea chrysostoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49137">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea epomophora</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49138">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea melanophris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49139">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea exulans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49140">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedeidae (56101XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49163"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49165"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49166"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49167"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49168"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49169"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49585"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49587"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49588"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49589"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49590"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49591"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49592"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49593"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49594"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49595"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49162"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49161"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49142"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49143"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49144"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49145"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49146"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49148"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49149"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49150"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49151"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49152"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49153"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49154"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49155"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49156"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49158"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49159"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49160"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49596"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49142">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus carneipes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49143">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus creatopus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49144">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus gravis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49145">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus griseus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49146">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus tenuirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49148">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellaria aequinoctialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49149">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellaria cinerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49150">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellaria parkinsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49151">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellaria westlandica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49152">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellaria spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49153">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodroma macroptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49154">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodroma brevirostris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49155">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodroma lessonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Garnot 1826)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49156">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassoica antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49158">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macronectes giganteus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49159">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macronectes halli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49160">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macronectes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49161">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fulmarus glacialoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49162">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calonectris diomedea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49163">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Daption capense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49165">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachyptila desolata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49166">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachyptila spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49167">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pagodroma nivea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1777)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49168">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halobaena caerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49169">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Procellariidae (56102XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49170">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrobatidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6194"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49171"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49172"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49171">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oceanites oceanicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49172">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fregetta tropica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49170"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1502"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49599"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49598"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49597"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49181"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49180"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49179"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49178"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49177"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49176"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49175"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49600"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49175">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharacta skua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49176">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharacta maccormicki</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49177">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharacta lonnbergi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49178">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Catharacta chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49179">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterna vittata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49180">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larus dominicanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49181">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laridae (56301XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spheniscidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7293"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49184"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49185"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49186"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49187"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49189"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49184">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygoscelis adeliae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49185">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygoscelis antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49186">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pygoscelis papua</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49187">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eudyptes chrysolophus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49188">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eudyptes chrysocome</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1781)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49189">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spheniscidae (56501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49183"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49191">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49192"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49192">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chionis alba</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (J.F. Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49191"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49193">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalacrocoracidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49194"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49194">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phalacrocorax atriceps</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: King 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49193"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Invertebrata aquatica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49428"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49360"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49349"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49448"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49196">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demospongiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49196"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49206"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49205"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49204"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49203"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49202"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49201"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49200"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49199"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49198"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49207"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49198">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippospongia communis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1813)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49199">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hippospongia lachne</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49200">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia agaricina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas 1766</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49201">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia barbara</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49202">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia graminea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49203">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia officinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1759</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49204">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia tubilifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49205">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia nitens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidt 1862)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49206">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongia zimocca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Schmidt 1862</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49207">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spongidae (61501XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49197"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49208">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydrozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49209"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49209">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Milleporidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49210"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49210">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Millepora platyphylla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hemprich &amp; Ehrenberg 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49211">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequoreidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49208"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49212"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49212">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aequorea aequorea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forsskal 1775)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49211"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49213">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scyphozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49214"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49216"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49219"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49214">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulmariidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49215"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49215">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aurelia aurita</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49214"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49216">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomolophidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49217"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49218"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49217">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomolophus meleagris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Agassiz 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49218">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stomolophus nomurai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49216"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49219">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelagiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49220"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49220">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chrysaora hysoscella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49219"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizostomidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49213"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49223"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49224"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49225"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49226"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49227"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49223">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopilema esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kishinouye 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49224">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopilema nomadica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49225">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopilema asamushi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49226">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopilema hispidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vanhoeffen 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49227">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhopilema spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49221"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthozoa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49289"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49292"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49294"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49296"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49303"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49307"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49309"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49310"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49311"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49313"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49279"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49245"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49257"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49259"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49270"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49272"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49274"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49276"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49314"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coralliidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49231"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49232"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49233"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49234"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49235"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49236"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49237"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49238"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49231">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium rubrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49232">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium japonicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49233">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium elatius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49234">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium konojoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49235">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium secundum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49236">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium regale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49237">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium sp. nov.</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49238">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallium spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49229"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acroporidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49240"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49241"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49242"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49243"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49244"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49240">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropora palifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49241">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropora florida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49242">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropora formosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49243">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropora humilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49244">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acropora hyacinthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49239"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49245">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actiniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49246"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49247"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49248"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49249"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49246">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinia equina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1767</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49247">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinia cari</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delle Chiaje 1827</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49248">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anemonia sulcata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pennant 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49249">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Condylactis aurantiaca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delle Chiaje 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49245"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agariciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49251"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49252"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49253"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49254"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49255"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49256"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49251">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gardinoseris planulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49252">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Leptoseris papyracea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49253">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavona clavus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49254">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavona gigantea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verrill 1869</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49255">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavona decussata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dana 1846)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49256">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pavona varians</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verrill 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49250"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49257">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caryophyllidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49258"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49258">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Euphyllia glabrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chamisso &amp; Eysenhardt 1821)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49257"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49259">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Faviidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49260"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49260">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Favia favus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49259"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49262"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49263"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49264"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49265"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49266"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49267"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49268"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49269"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49262">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cycloseris elegans</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Verrill 1870)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49263">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diaseris distorta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Michelin 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49264">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungia paumotensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stutchbury 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49265">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungia fungites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49266">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungia echinata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verrill 1864</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49267">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fungia danai</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Edwards &amp; Haine 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49268">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halomitra pileus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49269">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polyphyllia talpina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1801</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49261"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49270">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helioporidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49271"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49271">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Heliopora coerulea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49270"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49272">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hormathiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49273"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49273">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Calliactis parasitica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Couch 1838)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49272"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49274">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merulinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49275"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49275">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Merulina ampliata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ellis &amp; Solander 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49274"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49276">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mussidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49277"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49278"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49277">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobophyllia corymbosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49278">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lobophyllia hemprichii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ehrenberg 1834)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49276"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49279">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectiniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49280"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49280">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pectinia lactuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1766)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49279"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pocilloporidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49282"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49283"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49284"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49285"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49286"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49287"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49288"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49282">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pocillopora damicornis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49283">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pocillopora eydouxi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Edwards &amp; Haine 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49284">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pocillopora verrucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ellis &amp; Solander 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49285">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pocillopora meandrina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49286">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriatopora hystrix</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49287">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Seriatopora caliendrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ehrenberg 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49288">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stylophora pistillata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Esper 1797</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49281"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49289">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Poritidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49290"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49291"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49290">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porites panamensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Verrill 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49289"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49291">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porites lobata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dana 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49289"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49292">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Siderastreidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49293"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49293">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Platygyra daedalea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ellis &amp; Solander 1786)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49292"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49294">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubiporidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49295"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49295">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tubipora musica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49294"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49296">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antipathidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49299"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49300"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49302"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49298">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antipathes dichotoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49299">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antipathes grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49300">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Antipathes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49302">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cirrhipathes spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49296"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49303">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49304"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49306"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49304">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lepidisis olapa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49306">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanella spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49303"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49307">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gorgoniidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49308"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49308">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gorgoniidae (61927XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49307"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49309">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Non-scleractinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49310">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scleractinia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49311">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthozoa (619XXXXXXX003)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49312">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Anthipatharia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49313">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zoanthidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49314">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actiniaria</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49228"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49316">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mnemiidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10188"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49317"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49318"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49317">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mnemiopsis mccradyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mayer 1990</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49316"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49318">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mnemiopsis leidyi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Agassiz)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49316"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49320">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49321"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49322"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49323"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49321">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionus plicatilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49322">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionus rotundiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tschugunoff 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49323">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Brachionus calyciflorus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Pallas</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49320"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49325">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephtyidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49326"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49326">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nephtys hombergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Savigny 1818)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49325"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49327">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gliceridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49328">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Glycera dibranchiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ehlers</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49327"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49329">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbrineridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49330"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49331"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49330">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbrineris latreilli</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Audouin &amp; Milne Edwards 1834</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49331">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lumbrineris impatiens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49329"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nereididae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49333"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49334"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49336"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49337"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49338"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49333">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nereis diversicolor</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (O.F. M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49334">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Marphysa sanguinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Montagu 1815)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49336">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perinereis cultrifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gruebe 1840)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49337">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perinereis mullieri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49338">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Perinereis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49332"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49339">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Onuphidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49340"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49341"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49340">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diopatra neapolitana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delle Chiaje 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49341">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diopatra cuprea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bosc 1802)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49339"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49342">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenicolidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49343"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49344"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49343">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenicola marina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49344">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arenicola defodiens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cadman &amp; Nelson-Smith 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49342"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49345">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Polychaeta (649XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49346">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sipuncula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49347">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sipunculidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49346"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49348">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sipunculus nudus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49347"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49349">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pycnogonida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49350"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49350">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pycnogonida (655XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49349"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49352">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8468"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49353"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49353">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Limulus polyphemus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49354">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinodermata (689XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2459"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49357">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asteriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32011"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49358"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49358">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asterias rubens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linneaus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49359">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asteroidea (691XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32011"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49360">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiuroidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49361">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ophiuroidea (692XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49360"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49363">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylocentrotidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49365"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49366"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49367"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49365">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylocentrotus intermedius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Agassiz)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49366">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylocentrotus franciscanus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Agassiz)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49367">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Strongylocentrotus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49363"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49368">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diadematidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49369"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49370"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49371"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49372"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49369">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Astropyga radiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leske 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49370">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diadema setosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Leske 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49371">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinotrix diadema</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49372">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinotrix calamaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1774)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49368"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49374"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49375"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49376"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49377"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49378"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49379"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49374">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammechinus microtuberculatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Blainville 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49375">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Psammechinus miliaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin 1778)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49376">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Paracentrotus lividus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamarck 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49377">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinus esculentus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1758</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49378">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Loxechinus albus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Molina 1782)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49379">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parechinus angulosus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leske</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49373"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49380">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arbaciidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49381">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Arbacia lixula</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49380"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49382">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinometridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49383"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49384"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49383">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinometra vanbrunti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: A. Agassiz 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49384">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinometra mathaei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (de Blainville 1825)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49382"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49385">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clypeasteridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49386"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49386">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Clypeaster rotundus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (A. Agassiz 1863)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49387">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Toxopneustidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49388"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49388">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerechinus granularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamarck 1816)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49389">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Tripneustes gratilla</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49387"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49390">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mellitidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49391"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49392"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49391">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Encope grandis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: L. Agassiz 1841</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49392">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mellita longifissa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Michelin 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49393">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Echinoidea (693XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32012"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49394">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothurioidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49427"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuriidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49407"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49408"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49409"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49410"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49411"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49412"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49413"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49414"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49406"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49405"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49404"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49396"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49397"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49398"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49399"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49400"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49401"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49402"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49403"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49415"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49396">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinopyga mauritiana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49397">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinopyga miliaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49398">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinopyga echinites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jaeger 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49399">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinopyga palauensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Panning 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49400">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Actinopyga spinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cherbonnier 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49401">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bohadschia marmorata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jaeger 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49402">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bohadschia argus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jaeger 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49403">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bohadschia similis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Semper 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49404">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bohadschia vitiensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Semper 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49405">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria tubulosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gmelin 1788</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49406">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria scabra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jaeger 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49407">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria nobilis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Selenka 1867)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49408">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria atra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jaeger 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49409">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria fuscogilva</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cherbonnier 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49410">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria impatiens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49411">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49412">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria coluber</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Semper 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49413">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria leucospilota</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Brandt 1835)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49414">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothuria fuscopunctata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Jaeger 1833</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49415">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pearsonothuria graeffei</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Semper 1868)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49395"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopodidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49394"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49425"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49424"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49423"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49422"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49421"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49420"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49419"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49418"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49417"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49426"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49417">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastichopus californicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stimpson</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49418">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Parastichopus parvimensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Clark)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49419">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelenota ananas</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Jaeger 1833)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49420">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thelenota anax</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Clark 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49421">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Isostichopus fuscus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ludwig 1875)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49422">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopus japonicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Selenka</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49423">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopus variegatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Semper 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49424">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopus chloronotus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brandt 1835</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49425">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopus regalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cuvier 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49426">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Stichopus horrens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Selenka 1867</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49416"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49427">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Holothurioidea (694XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49394"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49428">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crinoidea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49429"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49429">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crinoidea (695XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49430">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascidiacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49431"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49433"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49444"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49431">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cionidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49432"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49432">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ciona intestinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1767)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49431"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49433">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Styelidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49434"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49435"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49434">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Styela clava</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Herdman 1881</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49435">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Styela plicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lesueur 1823)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49433"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyuridae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49430"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49437"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49438"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49439"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49440"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49441"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49442"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49443"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49437">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halocynthia roretzi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Drasche)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49438">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyura stolonifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller 1878)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49439">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyura chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Molina 1782</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49440">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pyura praeputialis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heller)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49441">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcosmus sulcatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Coquebert 1797)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49442">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcosmus polymorphus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49443">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Microcosmus vulgaris</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heller 1877</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49444">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascidiacea (696XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49430"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49445">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thaliacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49446">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salpidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49445"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49447"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49447">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Salpidae (69701XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49446"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49448">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Invertebrata aquatica miscell.</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49195"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49449"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49449">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Invertebrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49448"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9938"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantae aquaticae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49761"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49452">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oscillatoriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15758"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35586"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49454"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49456"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49457"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49454">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirulina subsalsa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Oersted 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49456">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirulina maxima</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Geitler</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49457">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spirulina spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49452"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49458">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyanophyceae (711XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49460">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitzschiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49461"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49461">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nitzschia closterium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: W. Smith</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49460"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49462">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassiosiraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32077"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49463"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49463">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Skeletonema costatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Grev &amp; Cleve</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49462"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49464">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bacillariophyceae (721XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32077"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49466">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crypthecodiniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33692"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49467"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49467">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crypthecodinium cohnii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Seligo) Chatton</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49466"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49468">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dinophyceae (731XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49470">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oocystaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_33663"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49473"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49473">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nannochloris atomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49470"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49474">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dunaliellaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34611"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49475"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49475">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dunaliella salina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dunal) Teodoresco 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49474"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49477">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladophoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49478"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49479"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49478">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetomorpha aerea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Dillwyn) Kutzing 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49479">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chaetomorpha linum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller) Kutzing 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49489"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49487"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49486"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49485"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49484"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49483"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49482"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49481"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49490"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49481">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium adhaerens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49482">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium arabicum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49483">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium contractum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kjellman 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49484">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium cylindricum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49485">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium edule</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: P.C. Silva 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49486">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium fragile</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Suringar) Hariot 1889</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49487">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium platylobium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Areschoug 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49488">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium repens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: P.L. Crouan &amp; H.M. Crouan ex Vickers 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49489">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium spongiosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Harvey 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49490">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Codium tomentosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stackhouse 1797</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49480"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49500"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49499"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49498"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49497"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49496"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49495"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49494"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49493"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49501"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49493">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa brachypus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Harvey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49494">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa cupressoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vahl) C. Agardh 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49495">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa lentillifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49496">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa racemosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49497">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa serrulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49498">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa sertularioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (S.G. Gmelin) M. Howe 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49499">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa taxifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (M. Vahl) C.  Agardh 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49500">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa prolifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forsskal) Lamouroux 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49501">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Caulerpa spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49491"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49502">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Udoteaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49503"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49503">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halimeda tuna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ellis &amp; Solander) Lamouroux 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49502"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49504">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monostromaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49505">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Monostroma nitidum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Wittrock 1866</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49504"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulvaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49517"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49516"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49515"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49514"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49513"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49512"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49511"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49510"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49509"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49508"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49507"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49518"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49507">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteromorpha compressa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Nees 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49508">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteromorpha intestinalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Nees 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49509">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteromorpha lingulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49510">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteromorpha linza</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) J. Agardh 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49511">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteromorpha prolifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (O.F. M</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49512">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Enteromorpha clathrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roth) Greville 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49513">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulva conglobata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kjellman 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49514">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulva fasciata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Delile 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49515">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulva lactuca</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1753</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49516">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulva pertusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kjellman 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49517">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulva reticulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49518">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ulva rigida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C. Agardh 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49506"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49519">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chlorophyceae (741XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1576"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49521">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scytosiphonaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49522"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49523"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49522">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hydroclathrus clathrarus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) Howe 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49523">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petalonia fascia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muller) Kuntze 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49521"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49525"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49526"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49527"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49528"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49529"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49525">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminaria digitata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49526">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminaria japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Areschoug 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49527">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminaria saccharina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49528">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminaria hyperborea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gunnerus) Foslie 1884</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49529">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laminariaceae (77102XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49524"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49530">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16298"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49531"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49532"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49535"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49531">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alaria esculenta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Greville 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49532">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eisenia arborea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Areschoug 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49535">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Undaria spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49530"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lessoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49538"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49539"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49540"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49541"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49543"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49544"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49545"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49546"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49538">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lessonia nigrescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bory 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49539">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lessonia trabeculata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Villouta &amp; Santelices 1986</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49540">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lessonia fuscescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bory 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49541">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lessonia spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49543">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocystis pyrifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) C. Agardh 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49544">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocystis integrifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bory 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49545">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocystis angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bory 1826c</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49546">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Macrocystis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49547">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alopias vulpinus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bonnaterre 1788)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49548">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asymbolus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38112"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49549">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Urolophus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38813"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49550">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chimaera spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_38904"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49551">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Barbus cyclolepis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Heckel 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49552">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Vimba melanops</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Heckel 1837)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49553">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Blicca bjoerkna</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus 1758)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_40064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49554">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halosaurus pectoralis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: McCulloch 1926</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41348"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49555">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Notacanthus sexspinis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41352"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49556">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Physiculus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_41436"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49557">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroberyx lineatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Cuvier 1829)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42054"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49558">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyttus traversi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hutton 1872</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49559">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cyttus australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42110"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49560">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neocyttus rhomboidalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Gilchrist 1906</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42128"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49561">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chelon haematocheilus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1845)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49562">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Liza klunzingeri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Day 1888)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_42206"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49563">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pennahia anea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bloch 1773)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49564">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cilus gilberti</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Abbott 1899)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43049"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49565">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Spicara melanurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Valenciennes 1830)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43337"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49566">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gerres nigri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43390"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49567">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pentaceros decacanthus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: G</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43477"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49568">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Oplegnathus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43487"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49569">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bodianus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49570">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilinus undulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: R</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43842"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49571">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scarus persicus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Randall &amp; Bruce 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43925"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49572">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cheilodactylus nigripes</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Richardson 1850</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_43975"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49573">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Neogobius melanostomus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas 1814)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44428"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49574">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarda spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44750"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49575">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Schedophilus pemarco</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Poll 1959)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_44911"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49576">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Helicolenus percoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Richardson &amp; Solander 1842)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45161"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49577">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hoplichthys spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45357"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49578">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cynoglossus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49579">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lagocephalus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_45853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49581">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Charybdis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_47136"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49582">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alloteuthis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_48672"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49583">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea gibsoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Robertson &amp; Warham  1992</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49584">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Diomedea sanfordi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Murphy  1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49129"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49585">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus gavia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forster 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49586">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus huttoni</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mathews 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49587">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (J. F. Gmelin 1789)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49588">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Puffinus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49589">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodroma cervicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Salvin 1891)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49590">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodroma leucoptera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49591">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterodroma solandri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gould 1844)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49592">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pachyptila turtur</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kuhl 1820)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49593">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pelagodroma marina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Latham 1790)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49594">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pseudobulweria rostrata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Peale 1848)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49595">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassarche carteri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Rothschild 1903)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49596">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Thalassarche impavida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Mathews 1912</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49141"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49597">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterna bergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lichtenstein 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49598">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterna fuscata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1766</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49599">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sterna spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49600">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Larus novaehollandiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stephens 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49174"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49601">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Morus serrator</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gray 1843)</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49602">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sula dactylatra</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lesson 1831</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49762"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49605">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucus serratus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Linnaeus 1753</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49606">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucus virsoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forti) J. Agardh 1868</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49607">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucus gardneri</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: P.C. Silva 1953</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49608">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49609">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ascophyllum nodosum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49610">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucaceae (77106XXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49611">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himanthalia elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) S.F. Gray 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49764"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49612">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Durvillaea antartica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Chamisso) Hariot 1892</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49765"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49613">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystoseira barbata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Goodenough &amp; Woodward) C. Agardh 1822</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49766"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49614">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum polycystum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C. Agardh 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49615">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum cristaefolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C. Agardh 1820</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49616">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum oligocystum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Montagne 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49617">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum vulgare</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C. Agardh 1821</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49618">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum paniculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49619">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassum crassifolium</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49620">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbinaria ornata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1848</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49621">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbinaria decurrens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Bory de Saint Vincent 1828</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49622">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Turbinaria conoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (J. Agardh) Kuetzing 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49623">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyopteris polypodioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Candolle) J.V. Lamouroux 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49624">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyopteris undulata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1896</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49625">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyopteris plagiogramma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Montagne) Vickers 1905</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49626">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyota dichotoma</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Lamouroux 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49768"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49627">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phaeophyceae (771XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49629">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea boergesenii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49630">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea charoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J.V.Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49631">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea chordacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49632">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea pannosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49633">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea valentiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Turner) Montagne 1840</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49634">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea cornuta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49635">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea japonica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Tanaka 1947</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49636">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea saidana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49637">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea spicifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Suhr) Harvey 1847</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49638">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea spinella</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49639">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophora pseudoceranoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin) Newroth &amp; Taylor 1971</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49640">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophora spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49641">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnogongrus griffithsiae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Turner) Martius</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49642">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnogongrus tenuis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49643">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnogongrus furcellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) J. Agrardh</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49644">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gymnogongrus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49645">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rissoella verruculosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bertoloni) J. Agardh 1849</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49772"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49646">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solieria chordalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49647">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solieria filiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kutzing) Gabrielson</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49648">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kappaphycus alvarezii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Doty) Doty 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49649">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucheuma cottonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber-van Bosse 1913</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49650">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucheuma denticulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Burman) Collins &amp; Harvey 1917</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49651">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucheuma arnoldii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Weber-van Bosse 1928</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49652">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Eucheuma spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49653">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystoclonium purpureum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Batters 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49774"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49654">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plocamium cartilagineum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Dixon 1967</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49775"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49655">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastocarpus stellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stackhouse) Guiry in Guiry, J.A.West, D.-H. Kim &amp; Masu</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49656">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mastocarpus pacificus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Kjellman) Perestenko 1980</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49776"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49657">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallina elongata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Ellis &amp; Solander 1786</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49658">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jania rubens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 1812</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49659">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Jania adhaerens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Lamouroux 1816</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49660">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithothamnion corallioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (P.L. Crouan &amp; H.M. Crouan) P.L. Crouan &amp; H.M. Crouan 1</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49661">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithothamnion spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49662">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Lithophyllum lichenoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Philippi 1837</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49663">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phymatolithon calcareum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Pallas) Adey &amp; Mc Kibbin 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49664">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furcellaria lumbricalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49778"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49665">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerococcus coronopifolius</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stackhouse 1797</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49779"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49666">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria chilensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: C.J. Bird, McLachlan &amp; E.C. Oliveira</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49667">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria dura</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49668">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria arcuata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zanardini 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49669">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria edulis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Gmelin) Silva 1952</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49670">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria eucheumoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Harvey 1860</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49671">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria salicornia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) Dawson 1854</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49672">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria spinigera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1949</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49673">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria textorii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Suringar) Agardh 1876</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49674">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria veleroae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Dawson 1944</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49675">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria verrucosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Papenfuss 1950</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49676">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilaria spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49677">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Portieria hornemannii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lyngbye) P.C. Silva 1987</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49781"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49678">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palmaria palmata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Kuntze 1891</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49782"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49679">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemalion helminthoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Velley in Withering) Batters 1902</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49783"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49680">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrus elatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49681">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrus ocellatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Holmes 1895</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49682">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrus pinnulatus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Harvey) Okamura 1930</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49683">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondrus crispus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Stackhouse 1797</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49684">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigartina skottsbergii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Setchell &amp; Gardner 1936</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49685">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigartina spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49686">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iridaea cordata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Turner) Bory 1826</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49687">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Iridaea spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49688">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondracanthus teedii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Mertens ex Roth) K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49689">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondracanthus acicularis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roth) Fredericq in Hommersand, Guiry, Fredericq &amp; Leis</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49690">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chondracanthus chamissoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49691">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sarcothalia crispata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Leister 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49692">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Mazzaella laminarioides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bory) Fredericq 1993</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49693">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra linearis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Greville 1830</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49694">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra leucosticta</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Thuret in Le Jolis 1880</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49695">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra dioica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Brodie &amp; L.M. Irvine 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49696">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra purpurea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Roth) C. Agardh 1824</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49697">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra columbina</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Montagne 1842</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49698">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra umbilicalis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49699">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra laciniata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (De Notaris) Grunow</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49700">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra tenera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kjellman 1897</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49701">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra perforata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: J. Agardh 1883</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49702">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra haitanensis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: T.J. Chang &amp; Zheng Baofu</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49703">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Porphyra spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49704">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium ciliatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Ellis) Ducluzeau 1809</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49705">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium rubrum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) C. Agardh 1817</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49706">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium pacificum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Collins) Kylin 1925</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49707">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium codii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (H. Richards) Feldmann-Mazoyer 1938</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49708">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium fimbriatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Setchell &amp; Gardner 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49709">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium kondoi</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Yendo 1920</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49710">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium paniculatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okamura</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49711">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramium tenerrimum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (G.Martens) Okamura 1921</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49712">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ballia callitricha</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) Kutzing 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49713">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Centroceras clavulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (C. Agardh) Montagne 1846</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49714">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Alsidium helminthochorton</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (La Tourette) Kutzing 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49715">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digenea simplex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wulfen) C. Agardh 1823</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49716">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laurencia obtusa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49717">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laurencia pacifica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Kylin 1941</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49718">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Laurencia sinicola</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Setchell &amp; Gardner 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49719">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Acanthophora spicifera</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Vahl) Boergesen 1910</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49720">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cladodonta lyallii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hooker &amp; Harvey) Skottsberg 1923</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49721">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delesseria sanguinea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49788"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49722">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scinaia hormoides</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Setchell 1914</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49789"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49723">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ptilonia magellanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Montagne) J. Agardh 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49724">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagopsis armata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Harvey 1855</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49725">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagopsis taxiformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Delile) Trevisan 1845</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49726">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Asparagopsis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49790"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49727">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium corneum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49728">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium chilense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Montagne) Santelices &amp; Montalva 1983</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49729">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium crinale</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Turner) Lamouroux 1825</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49730">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium johnstonii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Setchell &amp; Gardner 1924</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49731">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium pusillum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Stackhouse) Le Jolis 1863</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49732">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium rex</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Santelices &amp; I.A.Abbott 1985</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49733">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium lingulatum</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: K</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49734">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium amansii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Lamouroux) Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49735">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium madascariense</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Andriamampandry 1988</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49736">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidium spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49737">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocladiella capillacea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (S.G. Gmelin) Santelices &amp; Hommersand</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49738">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocladiella caerulescens</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Santelices &amp; Hommersand 1997</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49739">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidiella acerosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Forssk</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49740">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocladia heteroplatos</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (B</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49741">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocladia lucida</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (R. Brown) J.Agardh 1852</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49742">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Pterocladia nana</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Okamura 1931</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49743">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callophyllis variegata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Bory) Kutzing 1843</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49744">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Callophyllis spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49792"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49745">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Halymenia dilitata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Zanardini 1851</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49793"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49746">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ahnfeltia fastigiata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Endlicher) Makijenko 1970</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49747">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ahnfeltia plicata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Hudson) Fries 1836</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49794"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49748">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dilsea carnosa</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Schmidel) Kuntze 1898</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49795"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49750">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Posidonia oceanica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Linnaeus) Delile 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49751">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Posidonia angustifolia</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Cambridge &amp; Kuo 1979</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49752">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Posidonia australis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hooker 1858</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49754">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Zostera noltii</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: Hornemann 1832</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49755">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Amphibolis antarctica</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Labillardi</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49756">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirpus acutus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A.&amp; D. Love</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49757">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Scirpus spp</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49758">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantae aquaticae (799XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49761"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_258"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49760"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49759">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiospermae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2072"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8536"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27312"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49796"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49760">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Angiospermae (799XXXXXXX007)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49761">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plantae aquaticae miscellanea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49450"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49758"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49762">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sulidae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49601"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49602"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49763">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Fucaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49605"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49606"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49607"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49608"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49609"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49610"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49764">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Himanthaliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49611"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49765">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Durvillaeaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49612"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49766">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystoseiraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49613"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49767">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sargassaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49621"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49620"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49619"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49618"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49617"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49616"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49615"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49614"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49622"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49768">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dictyotaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5754"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49623"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49624"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49625"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49626"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypneaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49638"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49637"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49636"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49635"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49634"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49633"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49632"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49630"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49629"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49770"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49770">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Hypnea musciformis</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:historyNote xml:lang="en">Author: (Wulfen) Lamouroux 1813</skos:historyNote>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49769"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49771">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Phyllophoraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49639"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49640"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49641"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49642"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49643"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49644"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49772">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rissoellaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49645"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49773">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Solieriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49646"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49647"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49648"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49649"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49650"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49651"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49652"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49774">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cystocloniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49775">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Plocamiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49654"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49776">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Petrocelidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49656"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49777">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Corallinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49657"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49658"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49659"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49660"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49661"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49662"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49663"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49778">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Furcellariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49664"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49779">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Sphaerococcaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49665"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49780">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gracilariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49675"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49674"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49673"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49672"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49671"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49670"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49669"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49668"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49667"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49666"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49676"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49781">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhizophyllidaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49677"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49782">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Palmariaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49678"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49783">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Nemaliaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49679"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49784">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gigartinaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49691"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49690"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49689"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49688"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49687"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49686"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49685"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49684"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49683"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49682"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49681"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49680"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49692"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49785">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bangiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49702"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49701"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49700"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49699"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49698"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49697"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49696"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49695"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49694"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49693"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49786">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ceramiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49712"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49711"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49710"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49709"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49708"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49707"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49706"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49705"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49704"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49713"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49787">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodomelaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49714"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49715"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49716"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49717"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49718"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49719"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49788">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Delesseriaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49720"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49721"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49789">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Galaxauraceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49722"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49790">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Bonnemaisoniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49723"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49724"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49725"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49726"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49791">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Gelidiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49741"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49740"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49739"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49738"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49737"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49736"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49735"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49734"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49733"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49732"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49731"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49730"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49729"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49728"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49727"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49742"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49792">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Kallymeniaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49743"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49744"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49793">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cryptonemiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49745"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49794">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Ahnfeltiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49746"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49747"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49795">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dumontiaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49748"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49796">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cymodoceaceae</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49759"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49755"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49797">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Rhodophyceae (787XXXXXXX)</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6572"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49799">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Formal education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2488"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000010"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15505"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49816">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29788"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_32548"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35655"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49817"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49829"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49817">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Atmospheric data</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49816"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29553"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29564"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8994"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49820">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Geographical region</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000021"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49822">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Aral Sea</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_667"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11952"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15121"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49823">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">individual</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_15520"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49825">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">information transfer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_11768"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36361"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49826">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">semantic standard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7367"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49827"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49828"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49827">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">metadata standard</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49828">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">standard ontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49826"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49829">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">metadata</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49816"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49830">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49831"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49831">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">interoperability</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49830"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49832">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">semantic web</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36891"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49833">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">best practice</skos:prefLabel>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49834">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">machine learning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_27064"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37978"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49835"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49835">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ontology learning</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49834"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49836">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">knowledge organization system development</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49837"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49837">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">thesaurus building</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49838">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">information management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16086"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49839">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">knowledge organization system</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49840">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">relationship scheme</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49844"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49841">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">subject heading</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49842">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">thesaurus</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49843">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">topic map</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7631"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49844">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">concept map</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49840"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49845">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49840"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49846"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49847"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49849"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49846">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">application ontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49847">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">upper level ontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49845"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49848"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49848">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">standard upper level ontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49847"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49849">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">domain ontology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49845"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49850">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">term list</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49839"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49851"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49852"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49854"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49851">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">glossary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49852">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">dictionary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49850"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49853"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49853">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">gazetteer</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49852"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49854">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">authority file</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49850"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49855">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">vocabulary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49856"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49856">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">standard vocabulary</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49826"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49855"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49857">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ontology engineering</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2571"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49836"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49861">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">ornithology</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8529"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_935"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49862">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">fishery economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2934"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2939"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24026"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49863">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">forest fire management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2908"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28075"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3045"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49864">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">forestry economics</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2481"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3060"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49865">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">invasive species</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5741"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7280"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8347"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36703"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49866">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">political science</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36390"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6064"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49867">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">wildlife management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000115"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2557"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6244"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_8389"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49868">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">decision support systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Decision support tools</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_34277"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2147"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3862"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24009"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_36897"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37872"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49870">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical compounds</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_92"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49871">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biological phenomena</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_117"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_23988"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49872">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Chemical substances</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_128"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_25300"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49873">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Agents</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_16381"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49874">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Properties</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_186"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000009">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">AVHRR</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Advanced very high resolution radiometer</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_28279"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000010">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Basic education</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49799"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4385"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000011">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Biosafety regulations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6493"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_35030"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000017">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Classification systems</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1653"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000020">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Civil society organizations</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37968"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24068"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000021">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Coastal area</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49820"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1700"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000022">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Common property</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_13609"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_29157"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000023">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Cooperative finance</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1856"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2901"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_1857"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000024">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Crop modelling</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5209"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000029">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Demographic transition</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6111"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_936"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3683"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7130"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_10328"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000032">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Devolution</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_130"/>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_7141"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2143"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000033">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Digital image processing</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_37359"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000036">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Dryland management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_612"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_613"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_2397"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000039">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Earth observation satellites</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_14093"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6498"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000182"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000115">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Natural resources management</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:altLabel xml:lang="en">Natural resource management</skos:altLabel>
+    <skos:broader rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_6524"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_24866"/>
+    <skos:narrower rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_49867"/>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_5091"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+  <skos:Concept rdf:about="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000182">
+    <skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en">Satellite observation</skos:prefLabel>
+    <skos:related rdf:resource="http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_9000039"/>
+  </skos:Concept>
+</rdf:RDF>
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/doc/web.xml-terms.in b/ccm-ldn-terms/doc/web.xml-terms.in
deleted file mode 100755
index 4034181f9..000000000
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/doc/web.xml-terms.in
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-
-  <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet declarations BEGIN  -->
-  <servlet>
-    <servlet-name>terms-files</servlet-name>
-    <servlet-class>com.arsdigita.web.ApplicationFileServlet</servlet-class>
-    <init-param>
-      <param-name>template-path</param-name>
-      <param-value>/templates/ccm-ldn-terms</param-value>
-    </init-param>
-  </servlet>
-  <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet declarations END  -->
-
-  <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet mappings BEGIN  -->
-  <servlet-mapping>
-    <servlet-name>terms-files</servlet-name>
-    <url-pattern>/ccm-ldn-terms/files/*</url-pattern>
-  </servlet-mapping>
-  <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet mappings END  -->
-
-
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/icu4j_3_4.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/icu4j_3_4.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d35e3c346
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/icu4j_3_4.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/iri.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/iri.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85dc7f63d
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/iri.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/jena.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/jena.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fec433a81
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/jena.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/snowball.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/snowball.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d153f710
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/snowball.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/weka-3.5.5.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/weka-3.5.5.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d6a516c3
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/weka-3.5.5.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/xpp3-1.1.4c.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/xpp3-1.1.4c.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..451ac82af
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/xpp3-1.1.4c.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/xstream-1.3.1.jar b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/xstream-1.3.1.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ef4219c6
Binary files /dev/null and b/ccm-ldn-terms/lib/xstream-1.3.1.jar differ
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.pdl
index 9a39ebe89..69efae88b 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.pdl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.pdl
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ object type Domain {
     component Term[0..n] terms = join trm_domains.key
                                    to trm_terms.domain;
 
-    component Category[1..1] \model = join trm_domains.model_category_id
-                                        to cat_categories.category_id;
+    composite Category[1..1] \model = join trm_domains.model_category_id
+                              to cat_categories.category_id;
 
     object key (key);
 }
@@ -90,3 +90,39 @@ query LeafTerms {
 		leaf.defaultDomainClass = b.default_domain_class;
 	}
 }	
+
+// retrieve orphan terms (has no ancestor and has no preferred term)
+query OrphanTerms {
+	Term leaf;
+	options {
+        WRAP_QUERIES = false;
+    }
+	
+	do {
+		select a.unique_id,
+			   a.is_atoz,
+			   a.shortcut,
+			   b.object_id,
+			   b.object_type,
+			   b.display_name,
+			   b.default_domain_class
+		from   trm_terms a,
+			   acs_objects b,
+			   cat_categories c
+		where  a.term_id = b.object_id
+		and    a.domain = :domain
+		and    a.model_category_id = c.category_id
+		and    c.default_ancestors = c.category_id || '/'
+		and    not exists (select 1 from cat_category_category_map
+		                   where  category_id = a.model_category_id
+		                   and    relation_type = 'preferred')
+	} map {
+		leaf.uniqueID = a.unique_id;
+		leaf.inAtoZ = a.is_atoz;
+		leaf.shortcut = a.shortcut;
+		leaf.id = b.object_id;
+		leaf.objectType = b.object_type;
+		leaf.displayName = b.display_name;
+		leaf.defaultDomainClass = b.default_domain_class;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.pdl
index d74620443..01ff64f3b 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.pdl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.pdl
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 
 object type Term extends ACSObject {
-    Integer[1..1] uniqueID = trm_terms.unique_id INTEGER;
+    String[1..1] uniqueID = trm_terms.unique_id VARCHAR(128);
     Boolean[1..1] inAtoZ = trm_terms.is_atoz BIT;
 
     String[0..1] shortcut = trm_terms.shortcut VARCHAR(50);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/Indexer.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/Indexer.pdl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acf9b3451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/Indexer.pdl
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+// 
+// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+// Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+// any later version.
+// 
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+// details.
+// 
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+// 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ 
+model com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.Party;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+
+object type Indexer extends ACSObject {
+    Blob[1..1]   filter = trm_domains_indexer.filter BLOB;
+    Date[1..1]   lastModifiedDate = trm_domains_indexer.last_modified_date TIMESTAMP;
+    Party[1..1]   lastModifiedUser = join trm_domains_indexer.last_modified_user to parties.party_id;
+    reference key (trm_domains_indexer.indexer_id);
+}
+
+association {
+    component Indexer[0..1] indexer = join trm_domains.key to trm_domains_indexer.key;
+    Domain[1..1] domain = join trm_domains_indexer.key to trm_domains.key;
+}
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getNonPreferredTerms.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getNonPreferredTerms.pdl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9469ae869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getNonPreferredTerms.pdl
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+// 
+// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+// Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+// any later version.
+// 
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+// details.
+// 
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+// 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ 
+model com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+query getNonPreferredTerms {
+  String[1..1] uniqueID;
+  String[1..1] preferredUniqueID;
+  String[1..1] name;
+
+  do {
+	SELECT 
+		t1.unique_id as uniqueID, 
+		c.name as name, 
+		t2.unique_id as preferredUniqueID
+	FROM 
+		trm_terms t1, 
+		cat_categories c, 
+		cat_category_category_map ccm, 
+		trm_terms t2
+	WHERE 
+	    t1.model_category_id = c.category_id 
+	    AND t1.domain = :domain
+	    AND ccm.category_id = c.category_id 
+	    AND ccm.relation_type = 'preferred'
+	    AND t2.model_category_id = ccm.related_category_id
+	    AND t2.domain = :domain
+  } map {
+    uniqueID = uniqueID;
+    preferredUniqueID = preferredUniqueID;
+    name = name;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getPreferredTerms.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getPreferredTerms.pdl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a4745b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getPreferredTerms.pdl
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+// 
+// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+// Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+// any later version.
+// 
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+// details.
+// 
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+// 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ 
+model com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+query getPreferredTerms {
+  String[1..1] uniqueID;
+  String[1..1] name;
+
+  do {
+	SELECT t.unique_id, c.name
+	FROM trm_terms t, cat_categories c
+	WHERE t.model_category_id = c.category_id AND t.domain = :domain
+    AND NOT EXISTS 
+       (SELECT relation_type FROM cat_category_category_map ccm WHERE ccm.category_id = c.category_id AND ccm.relation_type = 'preferred')
+  } map {
+    uniqueID = t.unique_id;
+    name = c.name;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getRelatedTerms.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getRelatedTerms.pdl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b136dd955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getRelatedTerms.pdl
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+// 
+// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+// Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+// any later version.
+// 
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+// details.
+// 
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+// 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ 
+model com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+query getRelatedTerms {
+  String[1..1] uniqueID;
+  String[1..1] relatedUniqueID;
+  String[1..1] relationType;
+
+  do {
+	SELECT 
+	    t1.unique_id as uniqueID,
+	    t2.unique_id as relatedUniqueID,
+	    ccm.relation_type as relationType
+	FROM 
+	    trm_terms t1,
+	    cat_categories c1,
+	    trm_terms t2,
+	    cat_categories c2,
+	    cat_category_category_map ccm
+    WHERE 
+        t1.model_category_id         = c1.category_id
+	    AND t1.domain                = :domain
+	    AND ccm.category_id          = c1.category_id
+	    AND ccm.related_category_id  = c2.category_id
+	    AND c2.category_id           = t2.model_category_id
+	    AND t2.domain                = t1.domain
+	    AND ccm.relation_type       <> 'preferred'
+  } map {
+    uniqueID = uniqueID;
+    relatedUniqueID = relatedUniqueID;
+    relationType = relationType;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getTrainingItems.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getTrainingItems.pdl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e34eb386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/query-getTrainingItems.pdl
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+// 
+// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+// the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+// Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+// any later version.
+// 
+// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+// ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+// details.
+// 
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+// 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ 
+model com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+query getTrainingItems {
+  BigDecimal[1..1] id;
+
+  do {
+      SELECT DISTINCT
+        i.item_id as id, a.last_modified
+      FROM 
+        cms_bundles b, cat_object_category_map ocm, trm_terms t, cms_items i, acs_auditing a
+      WHERE 
+        b.bundle_id = ocm.object_id
+        AND ocm.category_id = t.model_category_id
+        AND i.parent_id = b.bundle_id
+        AND i.language = :language
+        AND t.domain = :domain
+      AND i.version = 'draft'
+      AND a.object_id = b.bundle_id
+    ORDER BY 
+      a.last_modified desc
+  } map {
+    id = id;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/query-getTermItemCountSummary.pdl b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/query-getTermItemCountSummary.pdl
index 692e2b213..36061442c 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/query-getTermItemCountSummary.pdl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/pdl/com/arsdigita/london/terms/query-getTermItemCountSummary.pdl
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ model com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
 
 query getTermItemCountSummary {
-  Integer[1..1] uniqueID;
+  String[1..1] uniqueID;
   String[1..1] name;
   Integer[1..1] count;
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dc2e8aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+alter table trm_domains_indexer add 
+    constraint trm_dom_ind_las_mod_us_f_1k1i3 foreign key (last_modified_user)
+      references parties(party_id);
+alter table trm_domains_indexer add 
+    constraint trm_domain_indexer_key_f_lghsq foreign key (key)
+      references trm_domains(key);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..165eb6a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+alter table trm_terms add (unique_id_string varchar(128) default 'UNKNOWN' not null );
+alter table trm_terms rename column unique_id to unique_id_old;
+alter table trm_terms rename column unique_id_string to unique_id;
+update trm_terms set unique_id = unique_id_old;
+alter table trm_terms drop constraint trm_ter_domai_uniqu_id_u_6sito;
+alter table trm_terms add constraint trm_ter_domai_uniqu_id_u_6sito unique(domain, unique_id);
+alter table trm_terms drop column unique_id_old;
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/postgres/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/postgres/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dc2e8aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/postgres/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+alter table trm_domains_indexer add 
+    constraint trm_dom_ind_las_mod_us_f_1k1i3 foreign key (last_modified_user)
+      references parties(party_id);
+alter table trm_domains_indexer add 
+    constraint trm_domain_indexer_key_f_lghsq foreign key (key)
+      references trm_domains(key);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/postgres/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/postgres/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..165eb6a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/postgres/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+alter table trm_terms add (unique_id_string varchar(128) default 'UNKNOWN' not null );
+alter table trm_terms rename column unique_id to unique_id_old;
+alter table trm_terms rename column unique_id_string to unique_id;
+update trm_terms set unique_id = unique_id_old;
+alter table trm_terms drop constraint trm_ter_domai_uniqu_id_u_6sito;
+alter table trm_terms add constraint trm_ter_domai_uniqu_id_u_6sito unique(domain, unique_id);
+alter table trm_terms drop column unique_id_old;
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/oracle-se-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/oracle-se-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfac87d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/oracle-se-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+@@ ../ddl/oracle-se/table-trm_domains_indexer-auto.sql
+@@ ../oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/oracle-se-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/oracle-se-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7dc1f72e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/oracle-se-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@@ ../oracle-se/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/postgres-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/postgres-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3591a7f18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/postgres-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+begin;
+\i ../ddl/postgres/table-trm_domains_indexer-auto.sql
+\i ../postgres/upgrade/6.5.0-6.5.1/table-trm_domains_indexer-deferred.sql
+commit;
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/postgres-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/postgres-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fab17dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/sql/ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/postgres-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+begin;
+\i ../postgres/upgrade/6.5.1-6.5.2/change-unique_id-to-varchar.sql
+commit;
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/WEB-INF/resources/terms-adapters.xml b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/WEB-INF/resources/terms-adapters.xml
index eb58a0136..f08db7dec 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/WEB-INF/resources/terms-adapters.xml
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/WEB-INF/resources/terms-adapters.xml
@@ -33,6 +33,20 @@
 
   <xrd:context name="com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin.DomainDetails">
     <xrd:adapter objectType="com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain">
+      <xrd:attributes rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/key"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/url"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/title"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/description"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/version"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/released"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/indexer/lastModifiedDate"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/indexer/lastModifiedUser/primaryEmail"/>
+      </xrd:attributes>
+      <xrd:associations rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/indexer"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/indexer/lastModifiedUser"/>
+      </xrd:associations>
     </xrd:adapter>
   </xrd:context>
 
@@ -101,6 +115,19 @@
     </xrd:adapter>
   </xrd:context>
 
+  <xrd:context name="com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin.BroaderTermListing">
+    <xrd:adapter objectType="com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term">
+      <xrd:attributes rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/uniqueID"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model/name"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model/description"/>
+      </xrd:attributes>
+      <xrd:associations rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model"/>
+      </xrd:associations>
+    </xrd:adapter>
+  </xrd:context>
+
   <xrd:context name="com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin.TermPicker$2">
     <xrd:adapter objectType="com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term">
       <xrd:attributes rule="include">
@@ -129,6 +156,36 @@
     </xrd:adapter>
   </xrd:context>
 
+  <xrd:context name="com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin.PreferredTermListing">
+    <xrd:adapter objectType="com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term">
+      <xrd:attributes rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/uniqueID"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model/name"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model/description"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/domain/key"/>
+      </xrd:attributes>
+      <xrd:associations rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/domain"/>
+      </xrd:associations>
+    </xrd:adapter>
+  </xrd:context>
+
+  <xrd:context name="com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin.NonPreferredTermListing">
+    <xrd:adapter objectType="com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term">
+      <xrd:attributes rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/uniqueID"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/inAtoZ"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/shortcut"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model/name"/>
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model/description"/>
+      </xrd:attributes>
+      <xrd:associations rule="include">
+        <xrd:property name="/object/model"/>
+      </xrd:associations>
+    </xrd:adapter>
+  </xrd:context>
+  
   <xrd:context name="com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin.TermDetails">
     <xrd:adapter objectType="com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term">
       <xrd:attributes rule="include">
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.config b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.config
index c7163be8d..c85e16580 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.config
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.config
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@
 <registry>
    <config class="com.arsdigita.london.terms.TermsConfig"
            storage="ccm-ldn-terms/terms.properties"/>
+   <config class="com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.IndexingConfig"
+           storage="ccm-ldn-terms/indexing.properties"/>
 </registry>
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.upgrade b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.upgrade
index c44158d23..d1ae2cb44 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.upgrade
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/ccm-ldn-terms.upgrade
@@ -9,4 +9,10 @@
   <version from="1.0.2" to="1.0.3">
     <script sql="ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/::database::-1.0.2-1.0.3.sql"/>
   </version>
+  <version from="6.5.0" to="6.5.1">
+    <script sql="ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/::database::-6.5.0-6.5.1.sql"/>
+  </version>
+  <version from="6.5.1" to="6.5.2">
+    <script sql="ccm-ldn-terms/upgrade/::database::-6.5.1-6.5.2.sql"/>
+  </version>
 </upgrade>
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DefaultAncestorsFixer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DefaultAncestorsFixer.java
index cebe8dea6..b0627085a 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DefaultAncestorsFixer.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DefaultAncestorsFixer.java
@@ -19,22 +19,16 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.CategoryCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Program;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
-
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.List;
-
 import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
 import org.apache.commons.cli.OptionBuilder;
 import org.apache.commons.cli.Options;
-
-import org.apache.log4j.Level;
 import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
 
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.CategoryCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
+import com.arsdigita.packaging.Program;
+
 public class DefaultAncestorsFixer extends Program {
     
     private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(DefaultAncestorsFixer.class);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.java
index 98d1e7183..46f09ec1b 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Domain.java
@@ -18,28 +18,28 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DeleteCheckObserver;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.ObservableDomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataQuery;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataQueryDataCollectionAdapter;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.PersistenceException;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
 import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
 
-import java.util.Date;
-
-import java.net.URL;
-import java.net.MalformedURLException;
-
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
 
 /**
  * A domain is an abstract space containing a set
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
  */
 public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
     
+    public void delete() throws PersistenceException {
+        Category model = getModel();
+        super.delete();
+        model.delete();
+    }
+
     private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(Domain.class);
 
     public static final String BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = 
@@ -173,6 +179,13 @@ public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
         return new DomainCollection(terms);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @see #getTerm(String)
+     */
+    public Term getTerm(Integer uniqueID) {
+        return getTerm(String.valueOf(uniqueID));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Retrieves the term within this domain with
      * the corresponding unique identifier.
@@ -180,7 +193,7 @@ public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
      * @param uniqueID the id of the term to retrieve
      * @return the term matching the unique id.
      */
-    public Term getTerm(Integer uniqueID) {
+    public Term getTerm(String uniqueID) {
         DomainCollection terms = getTerms();
         terms.addEqualsFilter(Term.UNIQUE_ID, uniqueID);
         if (terms.next()) {
@@ -338,7 +351,7 @@ public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
      * @param term the root term
      */
     public void addRootTerm(Term term) {
-        Assert.truth(term.getDomain().equals(this),
+        Assert.isTrue(term.getDomain().equals(this),
                      "root term is in this domain");
 
         if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
@@ -351,7 +364,7 @@ public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
     }
     
     public void removeRootTerm(Term term) {
-        Assert.truth(term.getDomain().equals(this),
+        Assert.isTrue(term.getDomain().equals(this),
                      "root term is in this domain");
 
         if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
@@ -384,14 +397,13 @@ public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
     }
  
     /**
-     * Retrieves any terms not in the hiearchy
+     * Retrieves any terms that are orphans
      */
     public DomainCollection getOrphanedTerms() {
-        DomainCollection terms = getTerms();
-        terms.addFilter("model.defaultAncestors = model.id || '/'");
-        return terms;        
+        DataQuery query = SessionManager.getSession().retrieveQuery("com.arsdigita.london.terms.OrphanTerms");
+        query.setParameter("domain", getKey());
+        return new DomainCollection(new DataQueryDataCollectionAdapter(query, "leaf"));
     }
-
     
     /**
      * Sets this domain as the root for an object
@@ -447,4 +459,17 @@ public class Domain extends ObservableDomainObject {
         category.deleteCategoryAndOrphan();
         super.beforeDelete();
     }
+
+    public static Domain findByModel(Category rootCategory) {
+        DataCollection domains = SessionManager.getSession().retrieve(BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE);
+
+        domains.addEqualsFilter(MODEL, rootCategory.getID());
+
+        if (domains.next()) {
+            Domain domain = (Domain) DomainObjectFactory.newInstance(domains.getDataObject());
+            domains.close();
+            return domain;
+        }
+        throw new DataObjectNotFoundException("Domain with model " + rootCategory + " not found");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DomainUseContext.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DomainUseContext.java
index 4d3e2c19b..94e0f984d 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DomainUseContext.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/DomainUseContext.java
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
 
 // XXX nasty hack this should be part of categoriation
 class DomainUseContext extends DomainObject {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Importer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Importer.java
index 6e96e3b81..93a8bb5f7 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Importer.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Importer.java
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Program;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
 import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
 
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.Parser;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
+import com.arsdigita.packaging.Program;
 
 public class Importer extends Program {
     
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Initializer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Initializer.java
index 3e68ff271..05747bd7e 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Initializer.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Initializer.java
@@ -18,36 +18,27 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.db.DbHelper;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectInstantiator;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.xml.TraversalHandler;
-
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObjectInstantiator;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.NoValidURLException;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.URLFinder;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.URLService;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.Indexer;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.pdl.ManifestSource;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.pdl.NameFilter;
 import com.arsdigita.runtime.CompoundInitializer;
 import com.arsdigita.runtime.DomainInitEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.runtime.PDLInitializer;
 import com.arsdigita.runtime.RuntimeConfig;
-
-import com.arsdigita.db.DbHelper;
-
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.pdl.ManifestSource;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.pdl.NameFilter;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
-
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObjectInstantiator;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.URLService;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.URLFinder;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.NoValidURLException;
-
 import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
-/**
- *
- *
- */
 public class Initializer extends CompoundInitializer {
 
     public Initializer() {
@@ -61,9 +52,7 @@ public class Initializer extends CompoundInitializer {
     }
 
     public void init(DomainInitEvent e) {
-        DomainObjectFactory f = e.getFactory();
-
-        f.registerInstantiator
+        DomainObjectFactory.registerInstantiator
             (Domain.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE,
              new DomainObjectInstantiator() {
                  public DomainObject doNewInstance(DataObject dataObject) {
@@ -71,7 +60,7 @@ public class Initializer extends CompoundInitializer {
                  }
              });
 
-        f.registerInstantiator
+        DomainObjectFactory.registerInstantiator
             (Term.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE,
              new ACSObjectInstantiator() {
                  public DomainObject doNewInstance(DataObject dataObject) {
@@ -79,7 +68,7 @@ public class Initializer extends CompoundInitializer {
                  }
              });
 
-        f.registerInstantiator
+        DomainObjectFactory.registerInstantiator
             (Terms.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE,
              new ACSObjectInstantiator() {
                  public DomainObject doNewInstance(DataObject dataObject) {
@@ -87,7 +76,7 @@ public class Initializer extends CompoundInitializer {
                  }
              });
 
-        f.registerInstantiator
+        DomainObjectFactory.registerInstantiator
             ("com.arsdigita.categorization.UseContext",
              new DomainObjectInstantiator() {
                  public DomainObject doNewInstance(DataObject dataObject) {
@@ -95,6 +84,12 @@ public class Initializer extends CompoundInitializer {
                  }
              });
 
+        DomainObjectFactory.registerInstantiator(Indexer.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE, new DomainObjectInstantiator() {
+            public DomainObject doNewInstance(DataObject dataObject) {
+                return new DomainUseContext(dataObject);
+            }
+        });
+
         URLService.registerFinder(
             Term.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE,
             new URLFinder() {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Loader.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Loader.java
index bcde4bd11..e95349903 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Loader.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Loader.java
@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@
  */
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-// unused import
-// import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-
 import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
 import com.arsdigita.kernel.KernelExcursion;
 import com.arsdigita.loader.PackageLoader;
@@ -36,10 +33,6 @@ import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
  * @version $Id: Loader.java 287 2005-02-22 00:29:02Z sskracic $
  */
 public class Loader extends PackageLoader {
-    public final static String versionId =
-        "$Id: Loader.java 287 2005-02-22 00:29:02Z sskracic $" +
-        "$Author: sskracic $" +
-        "$DateTime: 2004/03/17 08:31:10 $";
 
     private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(Loader.class);
 
@@ -61,11 +54,10 @@ public class Loader extends PackageLoader {
 
         Application admin = Application.retrieveApplicationForPath("/admin/");
 
-        Application app =
-            Application.createApplication(type,
-                                          "terms",
-                                          "CCM Terms Admin",
-                                          admin);
+        Application.createApplication(type,
+                                      "terms",
+                                      "CCM Terms Admin",
+                                      admin);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/SetRoot.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/SetRoot.java
index 27254bdf5..3ba307a01 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/SetRoot.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/SetRoot.java
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Program;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
-import com.arsdigita.web.Application;
-
 import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
 
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
+import com.arsdigita.packaging.Program;
+import com.arsdigita.web.Application;
+
 
 public class SetRoot extends Program {
     
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.java
index 7d685ff76..5af873df2 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Term.java
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
-
 import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
 import org.apache.oro.text.perl.Perl5Util;
 
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+
 /**
  * Instances of this class represent entries in a domain
  * of terms.
@@ -69,6 +69,17 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
         super(dobj);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @see #create(String, String, boolean, String, Domain)
+     */
+    public static Term create(Integer uniqueID,
+            String name,
+            boolean inAtoZ,
+            String shortcut,
+            Domain domain) {
+        return create(String.valueOf(uniqueID), name, inAtoZ, shortcut, domain);
+    }
+    
     /**
      * Creates a new term within a domain. All
      * parameters are required except for shortcut
@@ -79,7 +90,7 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
      * @param domain the domain containing this term
      * @return the newly created term
      */
-    public static Term create(Integer uniqueID,
+    public static Term create(String uniqueID,
                               String name,
                               boolean inAtoZ,
                               String shortcut,
@@ -108,7 +119,7 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
      *  Creates a new term using an existing model category.
      */
     static Term create(Category cat,
-                       Integer uniqueID,
+                       String uniqueID,
                        boolean inAtoZ,
                        String shortcut,
                        Domain domain) {
@@ -129,16 +140,16 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
     }
 
 
-    private void setUniqueID(Integer uniqueID) {
-        Assert.exists(uniqueID, Integer.class);
+    private void setUniqueID(String uniqueID) {
+        Assert.exists(uniqueID, String.class);
         set(UNIQUE_ID, uniqueID);
     }
 
     /**
      * Retrieves the unique identifier for this term.
      */
-    public Integer getUniqueID() {
-        return (Integer)get(UNIQUE_ID);
+    public String getUniqueID() {
+        return (String)get(UNIQUE_ID);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -182,7 +193,7 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
      * @param inAtoZ the new value for the flag
      */
     public void setInAtoZ(boolean inAtoZ) {
-        set(IN_ATOZ, new Boolean(inAtoZ));
+        set(IN_ATOZ, Boolean.valueOf(inAtoZ));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -228,6 +239,28 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
             .newInstance((DataObject)get(MODEL));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Is this term a non-preferred term (synonym)?
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this term has at least one preferred term, otherwise <code>false</code>.
+     */
+    public boolean isNonPreferredTerm() {
+        return !isPreferredTerm();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is this term a preferred term ?
+     * @return <code>true</code> if this term has no preferred term, otherwise <code>false</code>.
+     */
+    public boolean isPreferredTerm() {
+        DomainCollection dc = getPreferredTerms();
+        try
+        {
+            return dc.isEmpty();
+        }
+        finally {
+            dc.close();
+        }
+    }
 
     /**
      * Adds a narrower term to this term
@@ -415,7 +448,19 @@ public class Term extends ACSObject {
         terms.addEqualsFilter("model.parents.link.relationType", Category.PREFERRED);
         return terms;
     }
-    
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the non-preferred terms.
+     * Empty when the current term has no synonyms. 
+     * @return a collection of non-preferred terms
+     */
+    public DomainCollection getNonPreferredTerms() {
+        DomainCollection terms = getDomain().getTerms();
+        terms.addEqualsFilter("model.related.id", getModel().getID());
+        terms.addEqualsFilter("model.related.link.relationType", Category.PREFERRED);
+        return terms;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Classifies an object against this term
      * @param obj the object to classify
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermCategoryListener.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermCategoryListener.java
index b026956a5..a815d6b88 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermCategoryListener.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermCategoryListener.java
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
  */
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.categorization.CategoryCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.categorization.CategoryListener;
@@ -26,8 +28,6 @@ import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
 /**
  *  Attempts to create new term in the proper terms domain
  * whenever a new category is created through CMS interface.
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ public class TermCategoryListener implements CategoryListener {
         }
         DomainCollection terms = termDomain.getTerms();
         terms.addOrder(Term.UNIQUE_ID + " DESC");
-        Integer maxID = new Integer(0);
+        Integer maxID = Integer.valueOf(0);
         if (terms.next()) {
-            maxID = (Integer) terms.get(Term.UNIQUE_ID);
+            maxID = Integer.valueOf((String) terms.get(Term.UNIQUE_ID));
             terms.close();
         }
 
         Term.create(cat,
-                    new Integer(maxID.intValue()+1),
+                    String.valueOf(maxID.intValue()+1),
                     false,
                     "",
                     termDomain
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermComparators.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermComparators.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..966f03f85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermComparators.java
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+
+/**
+ * Comparators for sorting {@link Term} objects.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class TermComparators {
+
+    /**
+     * Compare two {@link Term} object by name, case insensitive.
+     */
+    public static class OrderByName implements Comparator<Term>, Serializable {
+        public int compare(Term o1, Term o2) {
+            int compare = o1.getName().toLowerCase().compareTo(o2.getName().toLowerCase());
+            if (compare == 0) {
+                compare = o1.getUniqueID().compareTo(o2.getUniqueID());
+            }
+            return compare;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Terms.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Terms.java
index 947b84f74..16c0e35a5 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Terms.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Terms.java
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
-
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
 import com.arsdigita.web.Application;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Util.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Util.java
index 55c102217..4858ec42b 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Util.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/Util.java
@@ -4,13 +4,6 @@
  */
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
-// unused import
-// import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentBundle;
-// import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
-// import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentPage;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataQuery;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
@@ -22,10 +15,6 @@ import com.arsdigita.web.Application;
  * Some useful methods that may be used by different applications
  */
 public class Util {
-
-		private static Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(Util.class);
-
-	
 	public static Domain getApplicationDomain(Application app) {
 			Domain applicationDomain;
 			DataQuery domains =
@@ -44,27 +33,5 @@ public class Util {
 		
 		return applicationDomain;
 	}
-
-	
-
-	/**
-	 * retrieve a unique integer to allocate to a new term.
-	 * Useful for applications that dynamically generate terms.
-	 */
-	
-	public static Integer getNextTermID(Domain domain) {
-
-		DomainCollection terms = domain.getTerms();
-		terms.addOrder(Term.UNIQUE_ID + " desc");
-		int id = 1;
-		if (terms.next()) {
-			Term other = (Term) terms.getDomainObject();
-			id = other.getUniqueID().intValue() + 1;
-			terms.close();
-		}
-		return new Integer(id);
-	}
-
-	
 }
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/DomainBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/DomainBuilder.java
index fa5afc2a9..59753c212 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/DomainBuilder.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/DomainBuilder.java
@@ -18,22 +18,21 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer;
 
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.text.DateFormat;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
 
-import java.text.DateFormat;
-import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
-import java.net.URL;
-import java.util.Date;
-
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
 public class DomainBuilder {
     
     private static final Logger s_log = 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/HierarchyBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/HierarchyBuilder.java
index 2d9c98c1b..33c35a25b 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/HierarchyBuilder.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/HierarchyBuilder.java
@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer;
 
 
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
 
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
-import java.net.URL;
-
 public class HierarchyBuilder {
     
     private static final Logger s_log = 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/MixedHierarchyBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/MixedHierarchyBuilder.java
index c377904c3..fe6b1878c 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/MixedHierarchyBuilder.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/MixedHierarchyBuilder.java
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer;
 
 
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.Filter;
 import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
 
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
-import java.net.URL;
-
 public class MixedHierarchyBuilder {
     
     private static final Logger s_log = 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/Parser.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/Parser.java
index b7d9cfef3..ad13f18aa 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/Parser.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/Parser.java
@@ -18,19 +18,16 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer;
 
-import org.apache.commons.digester.Digester;
-import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.digester.Digester;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
 import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
 
-
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
 public class Parser {
 
-    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(Parser.class);
-
     private Digester m_digester;
     
     public Parser() {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/SynonymsBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/SynonymsBuilder.java
index 60f33be91..7c3fc24f8 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/SynonymsBuilder.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/SynonymsBuilder.java
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer;
 
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
 
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
-import java.net.URL;
-
 public class SynonymsBuilder {
 
     private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(SynonymsBuilder.class);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/TermItemBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/TermItemBuilder.java
index 9f06f818c..76b6ecdf7 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/TermItemBuilder.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/TermItemBuilder.java
@@ -18,21 +18,19 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
-import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
 
 import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentSection;
 import com.arsdigita.cms.Folder;
-
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.SiteNode;
-import com.arsdigita.util.StringUtils;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
-
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
-import java.net.URL;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.SiteNode;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+import com.arsdigita.util.StringUtils;
 
 
 public class TermItemBuilder {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainBuilder.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46ef77642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainBuilder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.sql.Date;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.digester.Digester;
+import org.apache.commons.digester.ObjectCreationFactory;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
+
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+
+/**
+ * Builds a polyhierarchy of {@link Domain} polyhierarchy of {@link Term}'s.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class DomainBuilder {
+    public void createDomain(String key, URL url, String title, String description, String version, Date released)
+            throws Exception {
+        try {
+            m_domain = Domain.retrieve(key);
+
+            // Clear the polyhierarchy
+            DomainCollection allTerms = m_domain.getTerms();
+            while (allTerms.next()) {
+                Term t = (Term) allTerms.getDomainObject();
+                for (DomainCollection dc = t.getNarrowerTerms(); dc.next();) {
+                    t.removeNarrowerTerm((Term) dc.getDomainObject());
+                }
+                for (DomainCollection dc = t.getPreferredTerms(); dc.next();) {
+                    t.removeNarrowerTerm((Term) dc.getDomainObject());
+                }
+                for (DomainCollection dc = t.getRelatedTerms(); dc.next();) {
+                    t.removeNarrowerTerm((Term) dc.getDomainObject());
+                }
+            }
+            m_domain.setTitle(title);
+            m_domain.setDescription(description);
+            m_domain.setVersion(version);
+            m_domain.setReleased(released);
+            m_domain.save();
+        } catch (DataObjectNotFoundException e) {
+            new com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.DomainBuilder().createDomain(key, url.toExternalForm(), title,
+                    description, version, released.toString());
+            m_domain = Domain.retrieve(key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void build() {
+        ProgressBar progressBar = new ProgressBar(m_termBuilders.size(), s_log);
+
+        // Preload all existing terms into a cache
+        Map<String, Term> termCache = new HashMap<String, Term>(106033);
+        for (DomainCollection dc = m_domain.getTerms(); dc.next();) {
+            Term term = (Term) dc.getDomainObject();
+            termCache.put(term.getUniqueID(), term);
+        }
+        s_log.info("Domain " + m_domain.getKey() + " currently contains " + termCache.size() + " terms");
+
+        // Create the terms
+        s_log.info("Building terms for domain " + m_domain.getKey() + "...");
+        for (Iterator<TermBuilder> i = m_termBuilders.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            progressBar.next();
+            TermBuilder builder = i.next();
+            builder.buildTerm(m_domain, termCache);
+        }
+
+        // Once the terms exist, the relationships can be created
+        s_log.info("Building polyhierarchy for domain " + m_domain.getKey() + "...");
+        progressBar.reset();
+        for (Iterator<TermBuilder> i = m_termBuilders.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            progressBar.next();
+            TermBuilder builder = i.next();
+            builder.buildPolyhierarchy(m_domain, termCache);
+        }
+
+        s_log.info("Domain " + m_domain.getKey() + " now contains " + termCache.size() + " terms");
+    }
+
+    public ObjectCreationFactory newPendingTermFactory() {
+        return new ObjectCreationFactory() {
+            public Object createObject(Attributes attrs) throws Exception {
+                URL url = Utils.extractAbout(attrs);
+                TermBuilder pendingTerm = new TermBuilder(url);
+                m_termBuilders.add(pendingTerm);
+                return pendingTerm;
+            }
+
+            public Digester getDigester() {
+                return m_digester;
+            }
+
+            public void setDigester(Digester digester) {
+                m_digester = digester;
+            }
+
+            private Digester m_digester = null;
+        };
+    }
+
+    private Domain m_domain = null;
+
+    private final List<TermBuilder> m_termBuilders = new ArrayList<TermBuilder>();
+
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(DomainBuilder.class);
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainImportTool.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainImportTool.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a0ec42cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainImportTool.java
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+import java.sql.Date;
+
+import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.KernelExcursion;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
+import com.arsdigita.packaging.Program;
+import com.arsdigita.util.WrappedError;
+
+/**
+ * A tool for importing domains from an SKOS file.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class DomainImportTool extends Program {
+    public DomainImportTool() {
+        super("Domain importer", "1.0.0", "skos-filename.rdf key title description version YYYY-MM-DD");
+    }
+
+    protected void doRun(CommandLine cmdLine) {
+        final String[] args = cmdLine.getArgs();
+        if (args.length != 6) {
+            help(System.err);
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+        s_log.info("Importing domain from SKOS file " + args[0]);
+
+        final String key = args[1];
+        final String title = args[2];
+        final String description = args[3];
+        final String version = args[4];
+        final Date released = Date.valueOf(args[5]);
+
+        Transaction txn = new Transaction() {
+            protected void doRun() {
+                DomainParser parser = new DomainParser(key, title, description, version, released);
+                parser.parse(args[0]);
+            }
+        };
+        try {
+            txn.run();
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            s_log.error("RDF importer failed unexpectedly", e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (WrappedError e) {
+            s_log.error("RDF importer failed unexpectedly", e);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void main(final String[] args) {
+        new KernelExcursion() {
+            public void excurse() {
+                setEffectiveParty(Kernel.getSystemParty());
+                new DomainImportTool().run(args);
+            }
+        }.run();
+    }
+
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(DomainImportTool.class);
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainParser.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainParser.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96338bdf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/DomainParser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.sql.Date;
+
+import org.apache.commons.digester.Digester;
+import org.apache.commons.digester.Rule;
+import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
+
+/**
+ * Parses an SKOS-formatted file using a {@link Digester}.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class DomainParser {
+    public DomainParser(final String key, final String title, final String description, final String version,
+            final Date released) {
+        m_digester = new Digester();
+
+        m_digester.push(this);
+        m_digester.setNamespaceAware(true);
+        m_digester.setRuleNamespaceURI(Namespaces.SKOS);
+
+        m_digester.addRule("RDF/ConceptScheme", new Rule() {
+            public void begin(String namespace, String name, Attributes attrs) throws Exception {
+                URL url = Utils.extractAbout(attrs);
+                m_builder.createDomain(key, url, title, description, version, released);
+            }
+        });
+
+        m_digester.addFactoryCreate("RDF/Concept", m_builder.newPendingTermFactory());
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/prefLabel", "setPreferredLabel", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/prefLabel", 0);
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/altLabel", "addAlternateLabel", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/altLabel", 0);
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/broader", "addBroaderTerm", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/broader", 0, "rdf:resource");
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/broader/Concept", "addBroaderTerm", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/broader/Concept", 0, "rdf:about");
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/related", "addRelatedTerm", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/related", 0, "rdf:resource");
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/related/Concept", "addRelatedTerm", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/related/Concept", 0, "rdf:about");
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/narrower", "addNarrowerTerm", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/narrower", 0, "rdf:resource");
+
+        m_digester.addCallMethod("RDF/Concept/narrower/Concept", "addNarrowerTerm", 1, new Class[] { String.class });
+        m_digester.addCallParam("RDF/Concept/narrower/Concept", 0, "rdf:about");
+    }
+
+    public void parse(String file) {
+        try {
+            m_digester.parse(file);
+            m_builder.build();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new UncheckedWrapperException("cannot parse " + file, ex);
+        } catch (SAXException ex) {
+            throw new UncheckedWrapperException("cannot parse " + file, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final DomainBuilder m_builder = new DomainBuilder();
+
+    private final Digester m_digester;
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/Namespaces.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/Namespaces.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..597715fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/Namespaces.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+/**
+ * Declares the namespaces for SKOS and RDF.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+final class Namespaces {
+    public static final String RDF = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";
+
+    public static final String SKOS = "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#";
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/ProgressBar.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/ProgressBar.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d28044f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/ProgressBar.java
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * A simple progress bar that outputs 0%, 5%, 10%, using a specified logger.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class ProgressBar {
+    public ProgressBar(int length, Logger logger) {
+        Assert.isTrue(length > 0);
+        Assert.isTrue(logger != null);
+
+        m_length = length;
+        m_logger = logger;
+        m_position = 0;
+        m_percentage = -1;
+    }
+
+    public void next() {
+        m_position++;
+
+        int percentage = (m_position * 100) / m_length;
+
+        if (percentage != m_percentage && percentage % 5 == 0) {
+            m_percentage = percentage;
+            m_logger.info("    " + m_percentage + "% (" + m_position + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void reset() {
+        m_position = 0;
+        m_percentage = -1;
+    }
+
+    private int m_position;
+
+    private int m_percentage;
+
+    private final int m_length;
+
+    private final Logger m_logger;
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/TermBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/TermBuilder.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59c294d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/TermBuilder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Builds a polyhierarchy of {@link Term} objects.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class TermBuilder {
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(TermBuilder.class);
+
+    public TermBuilder(URL url) {
+        Assert.exists(url);
+        m_url = url;
+        m_uniqueID = Utils.extractUniqueID(url);
+        m_preferredLabel = m_uniqueID;
+
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("Pending term is " + m_url + " with unique ID " + m_uniqueID);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setPreferredLabel(String preferredLabel) {
+        m_preferredLabel = preferredLabel;
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("--> Preferred label is " + m_preferredLabel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addAlternateLabel(String alternateLabel) {
+        m_alternateLabels.add(alternateLabel);
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("--> An alternate label is " + alternateLabel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addBroaderTerm(String url) throws MalformedURLException {
+        m_broaderTerms.add(new URL(url));
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("--> Broader term is " + url);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addRelatedTerm(String url) throws MalformedURLException {
+        m_relatedTerms.add(new URL(url));
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("--> Related term is " + url);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addNarrowerTerm(String url) throws MalformedURLException {
+        m_narrowerTerms.add(new URL(url));
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("--> Narrower term is " + url);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void buildTerm(Domain domain, Map<String, Term> termCache) {
+        Assert.exists(domain);
+        Assert.exists(termCache);
+        Assert.exists(m_preferredLabel);
+        Assert.exists(m_uniqueID);
+        
+        if (m_preferredLabel.equals(m_uniqueID)) {
+            s_log.warn("Preferred label was missing for concept " + m_uniqueID);
+        }
+
+        final boolean inAtoZ = false;
+        final String name = m_preferredLabel;
+        final String shortcut = null;
+
+        Term term = (Term) termCache.get(m_uniqueID);
+
+        if (term != null) {
+            term.setName(name);
+            term.setInAtoZ(inAtoZ);
+            term.setShortcut(shortcut);
+        } else {
+            term = Term.create(m_uniqueID, name, inAtoZ, shortcut, domain);
+            termCache.put(term.getUniqueID(), term);
+        }
+        term.save();
+    }
+
+    public void buildPolyhierarchy(Domain domain, Map<String, Term> termCache) {
+        Term thisTerm = (Term) termCache.get(m_uniqueID);
+
+        if (m_broaderTerms.isEmpty()) {
+            domain.addRootTerm(thisTerm);
+        }
+        
+        for (Iterator<URL> i = m_broaderTerms.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            URL url = i.next();
+            String uniqueID = Utils.extractUniqueID(url);
+            Term targetTerm = (Term) termCache.get(uniqueID);
+            if (targetTerm == null) {
+                s_log.warn("Narrower term " + uniqueID + " (" + url + ") does not exist");
+            } else {
+                targetTerm.addNarrowerTerm(thisTerm, true, true);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        for (Iterator<URL> i = m_relatedTerms.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            URL url = i.next();
+            String uniqueID = Utils.extractUniqueID(url);
+            Term targetTerm = (Term) termCache.get(uniqueID);
+            if (targetTerm == null) {
+                s_log.warn("Related term " + uniqueID + " (" + url + ") does not exist");
+            } else {
+                thisTerm.addRelatedTerm(targetTerm);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        for (Iterator<String> i = m_alternateLabels.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            String alternateLabel = i.next();
+            String uniqueID = String.valueOf(s_next_synonym_id--);
+            Term targetTerm = Term.create(uniqueID, alternateLabel, false, null, domain);
+            targetTerm.addPreferredTerm(thisTerm);
+        }
+        
+        SessionManager.getSession().flushAll();
+    }
+
+    public URL getURL() {
+        return m_url;
+    }
+
+    private final URL m_url;
+
+    private final String m_uniqueID;
+
+    private String m_preferredLabel;
+
+    private final List<String> m_alternateLabels = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    private final List<URL> m_broaderTerms = new ArrayList<URL>();
+
+    private final List<URL> m_relatedTerms = new ArrayList<URL>();
+
+    private final List<URL> m_narrowerTerms = new ArrayList<URL>();
+
+    private static int s_next_synonym_id = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/Utils.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/Utils.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9509339eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/importer/skos/Utils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.importer.skos;
+
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
+
+import com.arsdigita.util.StringUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Utilities for parsing SKOS files.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class Utils {
+    /**
+     * Extract the <code>rdf:about</code> attribute from the attributes of an element.
+     * 
+     * @param attrs the attributes containing the <code>rdf:about</code> attribute.
+     * 
+     * @return the URL for the <code>rdf:about</code>
+     * 
+     * @throws MalformedURLException if the <code>rdf:about</code> attribute is malformed
+     */
+    public static URL extractAbout(Attributes attrs) throws MalformedURLException {
+        return new URL(attrs.getValue(Namespaces.RDF, "about"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extract the unique ID from the URL.
+     * 
+     * <p>Examples:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li><code>http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_3</code> &raquo; <b>c_3</b>
+     * <li><code>http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/thesaurus/T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION</code> &raquo; <b>T5_INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION</b>
+     * <li><code>http://www.eionet.eu.int/gemet/concept/3395</code> &raquo; <b>3395</b>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @param url the URL identifying the term
+     * 
+     * @return the unique ID
+     */
+    public static String extractUniqueID(URL url) {
+        String uniqueID = null;
+        
+        if (!StringUtils.emptyString(url.getRef())) {
+            uniqueID = url.getRef();
+        } else {
+            uniqueID = url.toExternalForm();
+            while (uniqueID.endsWith("/")) {
+                uniqueID = uniqueID.substring(0, uniqueID.length() - 1);
+            }
+            int lastSlashIndex = uniqueID.lastIndexOf('/');
+            if (lastSlashIndex > 0) {
+                uniqueID = uniqueID.substring(lastSlashIndex + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return uniqueID;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/Indexer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/Indexer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..082004d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/Indexer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.arsdigita.auditing.BasicAuditTrail;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.Party;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea.IndexerService;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+import com.ibm.icu.util.Calendar;
+
+/**
+ * The domain indexer is used for keyphrase extraction of content items.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class Indexer extends ACSObject {
+
+    public static final String BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = "com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.Indexer";
+
+    public static final String DOMAIN = "domain";
+    public static final String FILTER = "filter";
+    public static final String LAST_MODIFIED_DATE = BasicAuditTrail.LAST_MODIFIED_DATE;
+    public static final String LAST_MODIFIED_USER = BasicAuditTrail.LAST_MODIFIED_USER;
+
+    public static Indexer retrieve(Domain domain) {
+        Assert.exists(domain);
+
+        DataCollection dc = SessionManager.getSession().retrieve(BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE);
+        try {
+            dc.addEqualsFilter(DOMAIN, domain.getKey());
+            return (dc.next() ? new Indexer(dc.getDataObject()) : null);
+        } finally {
+            dc.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Indexer create(Domain domain) {
+        Assert.exists(domain);
+
+        Indexer indexer = new Indexer();
+        indexer.set(DOMAIN, domain);
+        indexer.updateLastModified();
+        return indexer;
+    }
+
+    protected Indexer() {
+        super(BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    protected Indexer(String type) {
+        super(type);
+    }
+
+    protected Indexer(DataObject dobj) {
+        super(dobj);
+    }
+
+    public Domain getDomain() {
+        return (Domain) DomainObjectFactory.newInstance((DataObject) get(DOMAIN));
+    }
+
+    public Object getFilter() {
+        byte[] bytes = (byte[]) get(FILTER);
+        if (bytes == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
+            ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bais);
+            Object object = ois.readObject();
+            return object;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to get " + FILTER + " from " + this.getOID(), e);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to read " + FILTER + " from " + this.getOID(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Timestamp getLastModifiedDate() {
+        return (Timestamp) get(LAST_MODIFIED_DATE);
+    }
+
+    public Party getLastModifiedUser() {
+        return (Party) get(LAST_MODIFIED_USER);
+    }
+
+    public void setFilter(Object filter) {
+        if (filter == null) {
+            set(FILTER, null);
+        } else {
+            try {
+                ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(baos);
+                oos.writeObject(filter);
+                oos.flush();
+                set(FILTER, baos.toByteArray());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to set " + FILTER + " on " + this.getOID(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setLastModifiedDate(Timestamp timestamp) {
+        set(LAST_MODIFIED_DATE, timestamp);
+    }
+
+    public void setLastModifiedUser(Party user) {
+        set(LAST_MODIFIED_USER, user);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Training the indexer using the current content items assigned
+     * to the domain.
+     */
+    public void train() {
+        // TODO iterate through all languages used
+        String language = "en";
+        IndexerService service = new IndexerService();
+        Object filter = service.train(getDomain(), language);
+        setFilter(filter);
+        updateLastModified();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Propose an index for a content item. 
+     * @param item the item to be indexed
+     * @param maxTerms the maximum number of terms in the index
+     * @return an index of terms from the domain
+     */
+    public List<RankedTerm> index(ContentItem item, int maxTerms) {
+        IndexerService service = new IndexerService();
+        Object filter = getFilter();
+        if (filter == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Indexer " + getOID() + " has not been trained");
+        }
+        List<RankedTerm> terms = service.controlledIndex(getFilter(), getDomain(), maxTerms, item);
+        return terms;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the last modified user and timestamp.
+     */
+    protected void updateLastModified() {
+        setLastModifiedDate(new Timestamp(Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis()));
+
+        Party party = Kernel.getContext().getEffectiveParty();
+        if (party == null) {
+            party = Kernel.getSystemParty();
+        }
+        setLastModifiedUser(party);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/IndexingConfig.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/IndexingConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9854d9e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/IndexingConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+import com.arsdigita.runtime.AbstractConfig;
+import com.arsdigita.util.parameter.BooleanParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.util.parameter.IntegerParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.util.parameter.Parameter;
+
+/**
+ * Indexing configuration.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class IndexingConfig extends AbstractConfig {
+
+    private final BooleanParameter m_disallowInternalPeriods;
+    private final BooleanParameter m_keyphraseFrequencyEnabled;
+    private final IntegerParameter m_minPhraseLength;
+    private final IntegerParameter m_maxPhraseLength;
+    private final IntegerParameter m_minPhraseOccurrences;
+    private final BooleanParameter m_checkForProperNouns;
+    private final IntegerParameter m_maxTrainingItems;
+
+    private static IndexingConfig s_config = null;
+
+    public static IndexingConfig getInstance() {
+        if (s_config == null) {
+            s_config = new IndexingConfig();
+            s_config.load();
+        }
+        return s_config;
+    }
+
+    public IndexingConfig() {
+        m_disallowInternalPeriods = new BooleanParameter("com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.disallowInternalPeriods",
+                Parameter.REQUIRED, Boolean.TRUE);
+
+        m_keyphraseFrequencyEnabled = new BooleanParameter(
+                "com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.keyphraseFrequencyEnabled", Parameter.REQUIRED, Boolean.FALSE);
+
+        m_minPhraseLength = new IntegerParameter("com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseLength",
+                Parameter.REQUIRED, Integer.valueOf(1));
+
+        m_maxPhraseLength = new IntegerParameter("com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxPhraseLength",
+                Parameter.REQUIRED, Integer.valueOf(5));
+
+        m_minPhraseOccurrences = new IntegerParameter("com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseOccurrences",
+                Parameter.REQUIRED, Integer.valueOf(2));
+
+        m_checkForProperNouns = new BooleanParameter("com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.checkForProperNouns",
+                Parameter.REQUIRED, Boolean.TRUE);
+
+        m_maxTrainingItems = new IntegerParameter("com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxTrainingItems",
+                Parameter.REQUIRED, Integer.valueOf(100));
+
+        register(m_disallowInternalPeriods);
+        register(m_keyphraseFrequencyEnabled);
+        register(m_minPhraseLength);
+        register(m_maxPhraseLength);
+        register(m_minPhraseOccurrences);
+        register(m_checkForProperNouns);
+        register(m_maxTrainingItems);
+
+        loadInfo();
+    }
+
+    public final boolean disallowInternalPeriods() {
+        return ((Boolean) get(m_disallowInternalPeriods)).booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    public final boolean keyphraseFrequencyEnabled() {
+        return ((Boolean) get(m_keyphraseFrequencyEnabled)).booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    public final int getMinPhraseLength() {
+        return ((Integer) get(m_minPhraseLength)).intValue();
+    }
+
+    public final int getMaxPhraseLength() {
+        return ((Integer) get(m_maxPhraseLength)).intValue();
+    }
+
+    public final int getMinPhraseOccurrences() {
+        return ((Integer) get(m_minPhraseOccurrences)).intValue();
+    }
+
+    public final boolean checkForProperNouns() {
+        return ((Boolean) get(m_checkForProperNouns)).booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    public final int getMaxTrainingItems() {
+        return ((Integer) get(m_maxTrainingItems)).intValue();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/IndexingConfig_parameter.properties b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/IndexingConfig_parameter.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eafed6907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/IndexingConfig_parameter.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.disallowInternalPeriods.title=Disallow internal periods
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.disallowInternalPeriods.purpose=?
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.disallowInternalPeriods.format=[boolean]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.disallowInternalPeriods.example=false
+
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.keyphraseFrequencyEnabled.title=Keyphrase frequency enabled
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.keyphraseFrequencyEnabled.purpose=Will keyphrase frequency (KF) be used in the indexing
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.keyphraseFrequencyEnabled.format=[boolean]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.keyphraseFrequencyEnabled.example=true
+
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseLength.title=Minimum phrase length
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseLength.purpose=Minimum words in a keyphrase to be considered
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseLength.format=[positive integer]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseLength.example=1
+
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxPhraseLength.title=Maximum phrase length
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxPhraseLength.purpose=Maximum words in a keyphrase to be considered
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxPhraseLength.format=[positive integer]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxPhraseLength.example=5
+
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseOccurrences.title=Minimum phrase occurrences
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseOccurrences.purpose=Minimum occurrences of a phrase to be considered
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseOccurrences.format=[positive integer]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.minPhraseOccurrences.example=2
+
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.checkForProperNouns.title=Check for proper nouns
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.checkForProperNouns.purpose=Should proper nouns be excluded
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.checkForProperNouns.format=[boolean]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.checkForProperNouns.example=true
+
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxTrainingItems.title=Maximum training items
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxTrainingItems.purpose=Maximum number of items to use when training
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxTrainingItems.format=[positive integer]
+com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.maxTrainingItems.example=50
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/RankedTerm.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/RankedTerm.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d336f66aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/RankedTerm.java
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class RankedTerm {
+
+    private final Term m_term;
+
+    private final BigDecimal m_ranking;
+
+    public RankedTerm(Term term, BigDecimal ranking) {
+        Assert.exists(term);
+        Assert.exists(ranking);
+        Assert.isTrue(ranking.compareTo(BigDecimal.ONE) < 0);
+        Assert.isTrue(ranking.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) > 0);
+        m_term = term;
+        m_ranking = ranking.setScale(4, BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN);
+    }
+
+    public Term getTerm() {
+        return m_term;
+    }
+
+    public BigDecimal getRanking() {
+        return m_ranking;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/FilterBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/FilterBuilder.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31491307b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/FilterBuilder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import kea.filters.KEAFilter;
+import kea.stemmers.PorterStemmer;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import weka.core.Attribute;
+import weka.core.FastVector;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.IndexingConfig;
+import com.arsdigita.search.ContentProvider;
+import com.arsdigita.search.ContentType;
+import com.arsdigita.search.MetadataProvider;
+import com.arsdigita.search.MetadataProviderRegistry;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class FilterBuilder {
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(FilterBuilder.class);
+
+    private final Domain m_domain;
+
+    private final String m_language;
+
+    private final IndexingConfig m_config = IndexingConfig.getInstance();
+
+    public FilterBuilder(Domain domain, String language) {
+        Assert.exists(domain);
+        Assert.exists(language);
+
+        m_domain = domain;
+        m_language = language;
+    }
+
+    public KEAFilter build() {
+
+        try {
+            FastVector atts = new FastVector(2);
+            atts.addElement(new Attribute("doc", (FastVector) null));
+            atts.addElement(new Attribute("keyphrases", (FastVector) null));
+            Instances data = new Instances("keyphrase_training_data", atts, 0);
+
+            // Build model
+            KEAFilter filter = new KEAFilter();
+
+            filter.setDebug(false);
+            filter.setDisallowInternalPeriods(m_config.disallowInternalPeriods());
+            filter.setKFused(m_config.keyphraseFrequencyEnabled());
+            filter.setMaxPhraseLength(m_config.getMaxPhraseLength());
+            filter.setMinPhraseLength(m_config.getMinPhraseLength());
+            filter.setMinNumOccur(m_config.getMinPhraseOccurrences());
+            filter.setCheckForProperNouns(m_config.checkForProperNouns());
+            filter.setStemmer(new PorterStemmer());
+            filter.setDocumentLanguage(m_language);
+            filter.setVocabulary(m_domain.getKey());
+            filter.setVocabularyFormat("aplaws");
+            filter.setStopwords(new Stopwords(m_language));
+            filter.setInputFormat(data);
+            filter.setNumFeature();
+            filter.m_Vocabulary = VocabularyCache.getVocabulary(m_domain, filter.getDocumentLanguage());
+
+            s_log.debug("Reading the training content... ");
+            Queries.TrainingItems items = new Queries.TrainingItems(m_domain, filter.getDocumentLanguage());
+            items.setRange(0, m_config.getMaxTrainingItems() + 1);
+
+            try {
+                while (items.next()) {
+                    ContentItem item = new ContentItem(items.getID());
+
+                    if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        s_log.debug("    --> Reading " + item.getName());
+                    }
+
+                    double[] newInst = new double[2];
+
+                    // Text content
+                    MetadataProvider adapter = MetadataProviderRegistry.findAdapter(item.getObjectType());
+                    ContentProvider[] content = adapter.getContent(item, ContentType.TEXT);
+                    StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+                    for (int i = 0, n = content.length; i < n; i++) {
+                        if (content[i].getType().equals(ContentType.TEXT)) {
+                            buf.append(new String(content[i].getBytes()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    newInst[0] = (double) data.attribute(0).addStringValue(buf.toString());
+
+                    // Assigned terms
+                    StringBuffer keyStr = new StringBuffer();
+                    DomainCollection terms = m_domain.getTerms();
+                    try {
+                        terms.addEqualsFilter("model.childObjects.contentChildren", item.getID());
+
+                        while (terms.next()) {
+                            Term nextTerm = (Term) terms.getDomainObject();
+                            keyStr.append(nextTerm.getModel().getName().toUpperCase());
+                            keyStr.append("\n");
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        terms.close();
+                    }
+                    newInst[1] = (double) data.attribute(1).addStringValue(keyStr.toString());
+
+                    // Train
+                    data.add(new Instance(1.0, newInst));
+                    filter.input(data.instance(0));
+                    data = data.stringFreeStructure();
+                }
+            } finally {
+                items.close();
+            }
+
+            filter.batchFinished();
+
+            while ((filter.output()) != null) {
+                // Nothing to do here!
+            }
+            return filter;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/FilterCache.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/FilterCache.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c01e712a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/FilterCache.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import kea.filters.KEAFilter;
+
+import com.arsdigita.caching.CacheTable;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.util.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class FilterCache {
+
+    static KEAFilter getFilter(Domain domain, String language) {
+        Assert.exists(domain);
+        Assert.exists(language);
+
+        String key = domain.getKey() + "_" + language;
+        KEAFilter filter = (KEAFilter) s_cache.get(key);
+        if (filter == null) {
+            FilterBuilder builder = new FilterBuilder(domain, language);
+            filter = builder.build();
+            s_cache.put(key, filter);
+        }
+        return filter;
+    }
+
+    public static KEAFilter recreateFilter(Domain domain, String language) {
+        Assert.exists(domain);
+        Assert.exists(language);
+        
+        String key = domain.getKey() + "_" + language;
+        s_cache.remove(key);
+        return getFilter(domain, language);
+    }
+
+    public static void reset() {
+        s_cache.removeAll();
+    }
+
+    private static final CacheTable s_cache = new CacheTable("FilterCache", false);
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/IndexerService.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/IndexerService.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8614db697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/IndexerService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import kea.filters.KEAFilter;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import weka.core.Attribute;
+import weka.core.FastVector;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.TextPage;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.Indexer;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.RankedTerm;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class IndexerService {
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(Indexer.class);
+
+    public List<RankedTerm> controlledIndex(Object f, Domain domain, int maxTerms, ContentItem item) {
+
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("Extracting index from " + item);
+        }
+        final long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        KEAFilter filter = (KEAFilter) f;
+        filter.setNumPhrases(maxTerms);
+
+        FastVector atts = new FastVector(3);
+        atts.addElement(new Attribute("doc", (FastVector) null));
+        atts.addElement(new Attribute("keyphrases", (FastVector) null));
+        atts.addElement(new Attribute("filename", (String) null));
+        Instances data = new Instances("keyphrase_training_data", atts, 0);
+
+        // Extract keyphrases
+        StringBuffer txtStr = new StringBuffer();
+        txtStr.append(((TextPage) item).getTextAsset().getText());
+
+        double[] newInst = new double[2];
+        newInst[0] = (double) data.attribute(0).addStringValue(txtStr.toString());
+        newInst[1] = Instance.missingValue();
+
+        data.add(new Instance(1.0, newInst));
+        try {
+            filter.input(data.instance(0));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        data = data.stringFreeStructure();
+        Instance[] topRankedInstances = new Instance[filter.getNumPhrases()];
+        Instance inst;
+
+        // Iterating over all extracted keyphrases (inst)
+        while ((inst = filter.output()) != null) {
+            int index = (int) inst.value(filter.getRankIndex()) - 1;
+            if (index < filter.getNumPhrases()) {
+                topRankedInstances[index] = inst;
+            }
+            if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                s_log.debug(inst.toString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Extract the unique ID's of the matching keyphrases
+        List<RankedTerm> terms = new ArrayList<RankedTerm>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < filter.getNumPhrases(); i++) {
+            if (topRankedInstances[i] != null) {
+                String uniqueID = topRankedInstances[i].stringValue(filter.getStemmedPhraseIndex());
+                BigDecimal ranking = BigDecimal.valueOf(topRankedInstances[i].value(filter.getProbabilityIndex()));
+                Term term = domain.getTerm(uniqueID);
+                terms.add(new RankedTerm(term, ranking));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("Extracted index from " + item + " in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - t1) + "ms");
+        }
+        return terms;
+    }
+
+    public Object train(Domain domain, String language) {
+        final long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("Training indexer for domain " + domain.getKey() + "...");
+        }
+        KEAFilter filter = FilterCache.recreateFilter(domain, language);
+
+        if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            s_log.debug("Trained indexer for domain " + domain.getKey() + " in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - t1)
+                    + "ms");
+        }
+        return filter;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/Queries.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/Queries.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f4374a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/Queries.java
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainQuery;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+
+/**
+ * Queries for performance optimisation of keyphrase extraction.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class Queries {
+
+    static class TrainingItems extends DomainQuery {
+
+        public static final String QUERY_NAME = "com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.getTrainingItems";
+        public static final String ITEM_ID = ContentItem.ID;
+
+        TrainingItems(Domain domain, String language) {
+            super(QUERY_NAME);
+            setParameter(Term.DOMAIN, domain.getKey());
+            setParameter(ContentItem.LANGUAGE, language);
+        }
+
+        public BigDecimal getID() {
+            return (BigDecimal) get(ITEM_ID);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class PreferredTerms extends DomainQuery {
+
+        public static final String QUERY_NAME = "com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.getPreferredTerms";
+        public static final String UNIQUE_ID = Term.UNIQUE_ID;
+        public static final String NAME = Category.NAME;
+
+        PreferredTerms(Domain domain) {
+            super(QUERY_NAME);
+            setParameter("domain", domain.getKey());
+        }
+
+        public String getUniqueID() {
+            return String.valueOf(get(UNIQUE_ID));
+        }
+
+        public String getName() {
+            return (String) get(NAME);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class NonPreferredTerms extends DomainQuery {
+
+        public static final String QUERY_NAME = "com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.getNonPreferredTerms";
+        public static final String UNIQUE_ID = Term.UNIQUE_ID;
+        public static final String NAME = Category.NAME;
+        public static final String PREFERRED_UNIQUE_ID = "preferredUniqueID";
+
+        NonPreferredTerms(Domain domain) {
+            super(QUERY_NAME);
+            setParameter("domain", domain.getKey());
+        }
+
+        public String getUniqueID() {
+            return String.valueOf(get(UNIQUE_ID));
+        }
+
+        public String getPreferredUniqueID() {
+            return String.valueOf(get(PREFERRED_UNIQUE_ID));
+        }
+
+        public String getName() {
+            return (String) get(NAME);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class RelatedTerms extends DomainQuery {
+
+        public static final String QUERY_NAME = "com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.getRelatedTerms";
+        public static final String UNIQUE_ID = Term.UNIQUE_ID;
+        public static final String RELATED_UNIQUE_ID = "relatedUniqueID";
+        public static final String RELATION_TYPE = Category.REL_TYPE;
+
+        RelatedTerms(Domain domain) {
+            super(QUERY_NAME);
+            setParameter("domain", domain.getKey());
+        }
+
+        public String getUniqueID() {
+            return String.valueOf(get(UNIQUE_ID));
+        }
+
+        public String getRelatedUniqueID() {
+            return String.valueOf(get(RELATED_UNIQUE_ID));
+        }
+
+        public String getRelationType() {
+            return (String) get(RELATION_TYPE);
+        }
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/Stopwords.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/Stopwords.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78a87bddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/Stopwords.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class Stopwords extends kea.stopwords.Stopwords {
+
+    public Stopwords(String language) throws IOException {
+        String resource = getClass().getPackage().getName().replace('.', '/') + "/stopwords_" + language + ".txt";
+        URL url = getClass().getClassLoader().getResource(resource);
+        if (url == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Could not find resource " + resource);
+        }
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(url.openStream()));
+        String stopWord = null;
+        m_stopWords = new HashSet<String>();
+        try {
+            while ((stopWord = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                m_stopWords.add(stopWord);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            br.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isStopword(String str) {
+        return m_stopWords.contains(str);
+    }
+
+    private final Set<String> m_stopWords;
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/VocabularyBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/VocabularyBuilder.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74822abfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/VocabularyBuilder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import kea.stemmers.PorterStemmer;
+import kea.vocab.Vocabulary;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class VocabularyBuilder {
+
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(VocabularyBuilder.class);
+
+    private final Domain m_domain;
+
+    private final String m_language;
+
+    public VocabularyBuilder(Domain domain, String language) {
+        m_domain = domain;
+        m_language = language;
+    }
+
+    public Vocabulary build() throws IOException {
+        s_log.info("Building vocabulary for domain " + m_domain.getKey() + "...");
+
+        Vocabulary vocabulary = new Vocabulary(m_domain.getKey(), "aplaws", m_language);
+        vocabulary.setStemmer(new PorterStemmer());
+        vocabulary.setStopwords(new Stopwords(m_language));
+
+        Map vocabularyEN = createMap(vocabulary, "VocabularyEN");
+        Map vocabularyENrev = createMap(vocabulary, "VocabularyENrev");
+        Map vocabularyREL = createMap(vocabulary, "VocabularyREL");
+        Map vocabularyRT = createMap(vocabulary, "VocabularyRT");
+        createMap(vocabulary, "VocabularyUSE");
+
+        Queries.PreferredTerms preferredTerms = new Queries.PreferredTerms(m_domain);
+        try {
+            while (preferredTerms.next()) {
+                String id = preferredTerms.getUniqueID();
+                String descriptor = preferredTerms.getName();
+                String avterm = vocabulary.pseudoPhrase(descriptor);
+                if (avterm == null) {
+                    avterm = descriptor;
+                }
+                if (avterm.length() > 1) {
+                    vocabularyEN.put(avterm, id);
+                    vocabularyENrev.put(id, descriptor);
+                }
+            }
+            if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                s_log.debug("    --> Built " + vocabularyEN.size() + " preferred terms");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            preferredTerms.close();
+        }
+
+        Queries.NonPreferredTerms nonPreferredTerms = new Queries.NonPreferredTerms(m_domain);
+        int count = 1;
+        try {
+            while (nonPreferredTerms.next()) {
+                String preferred_id = nonPreferredTerms.getPreferredUniqueID();
+                String descriptor = nonPreferredTerms.getName();
+                addNonDescriptor(vocabulary, count++, preferred_id, descriptor);
+            }
+            if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                s_log.debug("    --> Built " + count + " non-preferred terms");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            preferredTerms.close();
+        }
+
+        Queries.RelatedTerms relatedTerms = new Queries.RelatedTerms(m_domain);
+        try {
+            while (relatedTerms.next()) {
+                String id = relatedTerms.getUniqueID();
+                String relationType = relatedTerms.getRelationType();
+                String id_related = relatedTerms.getRelatedUniqueID();
+
+                Vector relatedIds = (Vector) vocabularyREL.get(id);
+                if (relatedIds == null) {
+                    relatedIds = new Vector();
+                    vocabularyREL.put(id, relatedIds);
+                }
+                relatedIds.add(id_related);
+
+                if ("child".equals(relationType)) {
+                    vocabularyRT.put(id + "-" + id_related, "narrower");
+                    vocabularyRT.put(id_related + "-" + id, "broader");
+                } else {
+                    vocabularyRT.put(id + "-" + id_related, "related");
+                    vocabularyRT.put(id_related + "-" + id, "related");
+                }
+            }
+            if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                s_log.debug("    --> Built " + vocabularyRT.size() + " relationships");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            preferredTerms.close();
+        }
+        s_log.info("Built vocabulary for domain " + m_domain.getKey());
+        return vocabulary;
+    }
+
+    private Map createMap(Vocabulary vocabulary, String fieldName) {
+        try {
+            Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>(106033);
+            Field field = vocabulary.getClass().getDeclaredField(fieldName);
+            field.setAccessible(true);
+            field.set(vocabulary, map);
+            return map;
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addNonDescriptor(Vocabulary vocabulary, int count, String id_descriptor, String non_descriptor) {
+
+        try {
+            Method addNonDescriptor = vocabulary.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("addNonDescriptor",
+                    new Class[] { Integer.TYPE, String.class, String.class });
+            addNonDescriptor.setAccessible(true);
+            addNonDescriptor.invoke(vocabulary, new Object[] { Integer.valueOf(count), id_descriptor, non_descriptor });
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/VocabularyCache.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/VocabularyCache.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b51d6a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/VocabularyCache.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import kea.vocab.Vocabulary;
+
+import com.arsdigita.caching.CacheTable;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+class VocabularyCache {
+
+    public static Vocabulary getVocabulary(Domain domain, String language) throws IOException {
+        String key = domain.getKey() + "_" + language;
+        Vocabulary vocabulary = (Vocabulary) s_cache.get(key);
+        if (vocabulary == null) {
+            VocabularyBuilder builder = new VocabularyBuilder(domain, language);
+            vocabulary = builder.build();
+            s_cache.put(key, vocabulary);
+        }
+        return vocabulary;
+    }
+
+    public static void reset() {
+        s_cache.removeAll();
+    }
+
+    private static final CacheTable s_cache = new CacheTable("VocabularyCache", false);
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_en.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_en.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39a56b330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_en.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+a
+a's
+abaft
+able
+aboard
+about
+above
+according
+accordingly
+across
+actually
+afore
+aforesaid
+after
+afterwards
+again
+against
+agin
+ago
+ain't
+aint
+albeit
+all
+almost
+alone
+along
+alongside
+already
+also
+although
+always
+am
+amid
+amidst
+among
+amongst
+an
+and
+anent
+another
+any
+anybody
+anyhow
+anyone
+anything
+anyway
+anyways
+anywhere
+apart
+are
+aren't
+around
+as
+aside
+aslant
+at
+athwart
+available
+away
+b
+back
+barring
+be
+became
+because
+become
+becomes
+becoming
+been
+before
+beforehand
+behind
+being
+below
+beneath
+beside
+besides
+best
+better
+between
+betwixt
+beyond
+both
+but
+by
+c
+c'mon
+c's
+came
+can
+can't
+cannot
+cant
+certain
+certainly
+circa
+clearly
+come
+comes
+comwww
+cos
+could
+couldn't
+couldst
+currently
+d
+de
+definitely
+despite
+did
+didn't
+do
+does
+doesn't
+doing
+don't
+done
+down
+downwards
+during
+durst
+e
+each
+either
+else
+elsewhere
+enough
+entirely
+ere
+especially
+et
+etc
+even
+ever
+every
+everybody
+everyone
+everything
+everywhere
+except
+excepting
+f
+failing
+far
+few
+first
+five
+followed
+following
+follows
+for
+from
+further
+furthermore
+g
+get
+gets
+getting
+given
+gives
+go
+goes
+going
+gone
+gonna
+got
+gotta
+gotten
+h
+had
+hadn't
+hardly
+has
+hasn't
+hast
+hath
+have
+haven't
+having
+he
+he'd
+he'll
+he's
+hence
+her
+here
+here's
+hereafter
+hereby
+herein
+hereupon
+hers
+herself
+hi
+him
+himself
+his
+hither
+how
+how's
+howbeit
+however
+i
+i'd
+i'll
+i'm
+i've
+id
+ie
+if
+il
+in
+inasmuch
+inc
+indeed
+inner
+inside
+insofar
+instantly
+instead
+into
+inward
+is
+isn't
+it'd
+it'll
+it's
+its
+itself
+j
+just
+l
+la
+lately
+latter
+latterly
+le
+least
+left
+less
+lest
+let
+let's
+likely
+likewise
+m
+mainly
+many
+may
+maybe
+mayn't
+me
+meanwhile
+merely
+mid
+midst
+might
+mightn't
+more
+moreover
+most
+mostly
+much
+must
+mustn't
+my
+myself
+n
+namely
+nd
+near
+nearly
+needn't
+needs
+neither
+never
+nevertheless
+no-one
+nobody
+non
+none
+noone
+nor
+normally
+not
+nothing
+notwithstanding
+now
+nowhere
+o
+o'er
+obviously
+oc
+of
+off
+oh
+ok
+okay
+on
+once
+one
+ones
+oneself
+only
+onto
+or
+other
+others
+otherwise
+ought
+oughtn't
+our
+ours
+ourselves
+out
+outside
+over
+overall
+p
+particular
+particularly
+past
+per
+perhaps
+possible
+probably
+q
+qua
+que
+quite
+qv
+r
+rather
+reasonably
+regardless
+relatively
+respectively
+s
+same
+sans
+secondly
+seem
+seemed
+seeming
+seems
+seen
+self
+selves
+seriously
+several
+shall
+shalt
+shan't
+she
+she's
+shed
+shell
+short
+should
+shouldn't
+since
+so
+some
+somebody
+somehow
+someone
+something
+sometime
+sometimes
+somewhat
+somewhere
+soon
+still
+such
+sure
+t
+t's
+tends
+that
+that'd
+that'll
+that's
+thats
+the
+thee
+their
+their's
+theirs
+them
+themselves
+then
+thence
+there
+there's
+thereafter
+thereby
+therefore
+therein
+theres
+thereupon
+these
+they
+they'd
+they'll
+they're
+they've
+thine
+think
+third
+this
+tho
+thorough
+thoroughly
+those
+thou
+though
+three
+thro'
+through
+throughout
+thru
+thus
+thyself
+till
+to
+together
+too
+toward
+towards
+truly
+u
+under
+underneath
+unfortunately
+unless
+unlike
+unlikely
+until
+unto
+up
+upon
+usually
+v
+versus
+very
+via
+vs
+w
+was
+wasn't
+way
+we
+we'd
+we'll
+we're
+we've
+were
+weren't
+wert
+what
+what'll
+what's
+whatever
+when
+when's
+whence
+whencesoever
+whenever
+where
+where's
+whereafter
+whereas
+whereby
+wherein
+whereupon
+wherever
+whether
+which
+whichever
+whichsoever
+while
+whilst
+whither
+who'd
+who'll
+who's
+whoever
+whole
+whom
+whore
+whose
+whoso
+whosoever
+why
+will
+willing
+wish
+with
+within
+without
+won't
+wont
+would
+wouldn't
+wouldst
+y
+ye
+yes
+yet
+yk
+you
+you'd
+you'll
+you're
+you've
+your
+yours
+yourself
+yourselves
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_es.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_es.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9acdb28a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_es.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+él
+ésta
+éstas
+éste
+éstos
+última
+últimas
+último
+últimos
+a
+añadió
+aún
+actualmente
+adelante
+además
+afirmó
+agregó
+ahí
+ahora
+al
+algún
+algo
+alguna
+algunas
+alguno
+algunos
+alrededor
+ambos
+ante
+anterior
+antes
+apenas
+aproximadamente
+aquí
+así
+aseguró
+aunque
+ayer
+bien
+cómo
+cada
+casi
+cerca
+cierto
+cinco
+comentó
+como
+con
+conocer
+consideró
+considera
+contra
+cosas
+creo
+cual
+cuales
+cualquier
+cuando
+cuanto
+cuatro
+cuenta
+da
+dado
+dan
+dar
+de
+debe
+deben
+debido
+decir
+dejó
+del
+demás
+dentro
+desde
+después
+dice
+dicen
+dicho
+dieron
+diferente
+diferentes
+dijeron
+dijo
+dio
+donde
+dos
+durante
+e
+ejemplo
+el
+ella
+ellas
+ello
+ellos
+embargo
+en
+encuentra
+entonces
+entre
+era
+eran
+es
+esa
+esas
+ese
+eso
+esos
+está
+están
+esta
+estaba
+estaban
+estamos
+estar
+estará
+estas
+este
+esto
+estos
+estoy
+estuvo
+ex
+existe
+existen
+explicó
+expresó
+fin
+fue
+fuera
+fueron
+gran
+grandes
+ha
+había
+habían
+haber
+habrá
+hace
+hacen
+hacer
+hacerlo
+hacia
+haciendo
+han
+hasta
+hay
+haya
+he
+hecho
+hemos
+hicieron
+hizo
+hoy
+hubo
+igual
+incluso
+indicó
+informó
+junto
+la
+lado
+las
+le
+les
+llegó
+lleva
+llevar
+lo
+los
+luego
+lugar
+más
+manera
+manifestó
+me
+mediante
+mejor
+mencionó
+menos
+mi
+mientras
+misma
+mismas
+mismo
+mismos
+momento
+mucha
+muchas
+mucho
+muchos
+muy
+nada
+nadie
+ni
+ningún
+ninguna
+ningunas
+ninguno
+ningunos
+no
+nos
+nosotras
+nosotros
+nuestra
+nuestras
+nuestro
+nuestros
+nunca
+o
+ocho
+otra
+otras
+otro
+otros
+para
+parece
+parte
+partir
+pasada
+pasado
+pero
+pesar
+poca
+pocas
+poco
+pocos
+podemos
+podrá
+podrán
+podría
+podrían
+poner
+por
+porque
+posible
+próximo
+próximos
+principalmente
+propia
+propias
+propio
+propios
+pudo
+pueda
+puede
+pueden
+pues
+qué
+que
+quedó
+queremos
+quién
+quien
+quienes
+quiere
+realizó
+realizado
+realizar
+respecto
+sí
+sólo
+se
+señaló
+sea
+sean
+según
+segunda
+segundo
+seis
+ser
+será
+serán
+sería
+si
+sido
+siempre
+siendo
+siete
+sigue
+siguiente
+sin
+sino
+sobre
+sola
+solamente
+solas
+solo
+solos
+son
+su
+sus
+tal
+también
+tampoco
+tan
+tanto
+tenía
+tendrá
+tendrán
+tenemos
+tener
+tenga
+tengo
+tenido
+tercera
+tiene
+tienen
+toda
+todas
+todavía
+todo
+todos
+total
+tras
+trata
+través
+tres
+tuvo
+un
+una
+unas
+uno
+unos
+usted
+va
+vamos
+van
+varias
+varios
+veces
+ver
+vez
+y
+ya
+yo
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_fr.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_fr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d51add390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/stopwords_fr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+a
+à
+â
+abord
+afin
+ah
+ai
+aie
+ainsi
+allaient
+allo
+allô
+allons
+après
+assez
+attendu
+au
+aucun
+aucune
+aujourd
+aujourd'hui
+auquel
+aura
+auront
+aussi
+autre
+autres
+aux
+auxquelles
+auxquels
+avaient
+avais
+avait
+avant
+avec
+avoir
+ayant
+b
+bah
+beaucoup
+bien
+bigre
+boum
+bravo
+brrr
+c
+ça
+car
+ce
+ceci
+cela
+celle
+celle-ci
+celle-là
+celles
+celles-ci
+celles-là
+celui
+celui-ci
+celui-là
+cent
+cependant
+certain
+certaine
+certaines
+certains
+certes
+ces
+cet
+cette
+ceux
+ceux-ci
+ceux-là
+chacun
+chaque
+cher
+chère
+chères
+chers
+chez
+chiche
+chut
+ci
+cinq
+cinquantaine
+cinquante
+cinquantième
+cinquième
+clac
+clic
+combien
+comme
+comment
+compris
+concernant
+contre
+couic
+crac
+d
+da
+dans
+de
+debout
+dedans
+dehors
+delà
+depuis
+derrière
+des
+dès
+désormais
+desquelles
+desquels
+dessous
+dessus
+deux
+deuxième
+deuxièmement
+devant
+devers
+devra
+différent
+différente
+différentes
+différents
+dire
+divers
+diverse
+diverses
+dix
+dix-huit
+dixième
+dix-neuf
+dix-sept
+doit
+doivent
+donc
+dont
+douze
+douzième
+dring
+du
+duquel
+durant
+e
+effet
+eh
+elle
+elle-même
+elles
+elles-mêmes
+en
+encore
+entre
+envers
+environ
+es
+ès
+est
+et
+etant
+étaient
+étais
+était
+étant
+etc
+été
+etre
+être
+eu
+euh
+eux
+eux-mêmes
+excepté
+f
+façon
+fais
+faisaient
+faisant
+fait
+feront
+fi
+flac
+floc
+font
+g
+gens
+h
+ha
+hé
+hein
+hélas
+hem
+hep
+hi
+ho
+holà
+hop
+hormis
+hors
+hou
+houp
+hue
+hui
+huit
+huitième
+hum
+hurrah
+i
+il
+ils
+importe
+j
+je
+jusqu
+jusque
+k
+l
+la
+là
+laquelle
+las
+le
+lequel
+les
+lès
+lesquelles
+lesquels
+leur
+leurs
+longtemps
+lorsque
+lui
+lui-même
+m
+ma
+maint
+mais
+malgré
+me
+même
+mêmes
+merci
+mes
+mien
+mienne
+miennes
+miens
+mille
+mince
+moi
+moi-même
+moins
+mon
+moyennant
+n
+na
+ne
+néanmoins
+neuf
+neuvième
+ni
+nombreuses
+nombreux
+non
+nos
+notre
+nôtre
+nôtres
+nous
+nous-mêmes
+nul
+o
+o|
+ô
+oh
+ohé
+olé
+ollé
+on
+ont
+onze
+onzième
+ore
+ou
+où
+ouf
+ouias
+oust
+ouste
+outre
+p
+paf
+pan
+par
+parmi
+partant
+particulier
+particulière
+particulièrement
+pas
+passé
+pendant
+personne
+peu
+peut
+peuvent
+peux
+pff
+pfft
+pfut
+pif
+plein
+plouf
+plus
+plusieurs
+plutôt
+pouah
+pour
+pourquoi
+premier
+première
+premièrement
+près
+proche
+psitt
+puisque
+q
+qu
+quand
+quant
+quanta
+quant-à-soi
+quarante
+quatorze
+quatre
+quatre-vingt
+quatrième
+quatrièmement
+que
+quel
+quelconque
+quelle
+quelles
+quelque
+quelques
+quelqu'un
+quels
+qui
+quiconque
+quinze
+quoi
+quoique
+r
+revoici
+revoilà
+rien
+s
+sa
+sacrebleu
+sans
+sapristi
+sauf
+se
+seize
+selon
+sept
+septième
+sera
+seront
+ses
+si
+sien
+sienne
+siennes
+siens
+sinon
+six
+sixième
+soi
+soi-même
+soit
+soixante
+son
+sont
+sous
+stop
+suis
+suivant
+sur
+surtout
+t
+ta
+tac
+tant
+te
+té
+tel
+telle
+tellement
+telles
+tels
+tenant
+tes
+tic
+tien
+tienne
+tiennes
+tiens
+toc
+toi
+toi-même
+ton
+touchant
+toujours
+tous
+tout
+toute
+toutes
+treize
+trente
+très
+trois
+troisième
+troisièmement
+trop
+tsoin
+tsouin
+tu
+u
+un
+une
+unes
+uns
+v
+va
+vais
+vas
+vé
+vers
+via
+vif
+vifs
+vingt
+vivat
+vive
+vives
+vlan
+voici
+voilà
+vont
+vos
+votre
+vôtre
+vôtres
+vous
+vous-mêmes
+vu
+w
+x
+y
+z
+zut
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractAssignedTerms.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractAssignedTerms.java
index 6614ade94..306d0ffab 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractAssignedTerms.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractAssignedTerms.java
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui;
 
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleComponent;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataObject;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleComponent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 
 public abstract class AbstractAssignedTerms extends SimpleComponent {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermDetails.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermDetails.java
index f2484a13c..f121bced8 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermDetails.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermDetails.java
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui;
 
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectXMLRenderer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleComponent;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectXMLRenderer;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
 
 public abstract class AbstractTermDetails extends SimpleComponent {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermItemSummary.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermItemSummary.java
index 8b3702436..cd2155432 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermItemSummary.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/AbstractTermItemSummary.java
@@ -18,14 +18,12 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui;
 
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleComponent;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.TermItemCountQuery;
-
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleComponent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 /**
  * A widget that outputs the term item count summary 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/FlatCategoryPicker.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/FlatCategoryPicker.java
index ae6013eb5..e6ae5ceb8 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/FlatCategoryPicker.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/FlatCategoryPicker.java
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractCategoryPicker;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.SingleSelect;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.SingleSelect;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractCategoryPicker;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 
 public class FlatCategoryPicker extends AbstractCategoryPicker {
     
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/RootCategoryPicker.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/RootCategoryPicker.java
index 42fa46b4e..c23ada2e9 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/RootCategoryPicker.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/RootCategoryPicker.java
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractCategoryPicker;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.SingleSelect;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.SingleSelect;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObjectFactory;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractCategoryPicker;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.OID;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 
 
 public class RootCategoryPicker extends AbstractCategoryPicker {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/AllTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/AllTermListing.java
index c6f4674d0..7d172c1a6 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/AllTermListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/AllTermListing.java
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 public class AllTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/BroaderTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/BroaderTermListing.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b629e21a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/BroaderTermListing.java
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
+
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+
+/**
+ * Displays the broader terms for the current term.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class BroaderTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
+
+    private DomainObjectParameter m_term;
+
+    public static final String ACTION_VIEW = "view";
+    public static final String ACTION_REMOVE = "remove";
+
+    public BroaderTermListing(DomainObjectParameter domain, DomainObjectParameter term) {
+        super("broaderTermListing", Terms.XML_PREFIX, Terms.XML_NS);
+
+        m_term = term;
+
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_VIEW);
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_REMOVE);
+
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(ACTION_VIEW, new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+            public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                e.getPageState().setValue(m_term, e.getObject());
+            }
+        });
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(ACTION_REMOVE, new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+            public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                PageState state = e.getPageState();
+                Term term = (Term) state.getValue(m_term);
+                Term otherTerm = (Term) e.getObject();
+                otherTerm.removeNarrowerTerm(term);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Only generate the terms list for a preferred term.
+     * @see Term#isPreferredTerm()
+     */
+    public void generateXML(PageState state, Element parent) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);       
+        if (term.isPreferredTerm()) {
+            super.generateXML(state, parent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Element generateObjectXML(PageState state, DomainObject dobj) {
+        Term term = (Term) state.getValue(m_term);
+        Element el = super.generateObjectXML(state, dobj);
+        if (dobj.equals(term)) {
+            el.addAttribute("isSelected", XML.format(Boolean.TRUE));
+        }
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    protected DomainCollection getDomainObjects(PageState state) {
+        Term term = (Term) state.getValue(m_term);
+        DomainCollection terms = term.getBroaderTerms();
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.ID);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.OBJECT_TYPE);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.DEFAULT_DOMAIN_CLASS);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + Category.NAME);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + Category.DESCRIPTION);
+        terms.addOrder(Term.UNIQUE_ID);
+
+        return terms;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainContextForm.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainContextForm.java
index eba3c1efa..6a506c642 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainContextForm.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainContextForm.java
@@ -18,33 +18,30 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
+import java.util.TooManyListenersException;
+
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Form;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.SaveCancelSection;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.SingleSelect;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringInRangeValidationListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormInitListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSubmissionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.PrintEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.PrintListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
-
-import com.arsdigita.web.Application;
-import com.arsdigita.web.ApplicationCollection;
-
-import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.SingleSelect;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringInRangeValidationListener;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-
-import java.util.TooManyListenersException;
+import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
+import com.arsdigita.web.Application;
+import com.arsdigita.web.ApplicationCollection;
 
 
 public class DomainContextForm extends Form {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainDetails.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainDetails.java
index 0cc708891..b2dda73ac 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainDetails.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainDetails.java
@@ -19,23 +19,25 @@
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DeleteException;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.Indexer;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectDetails;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ErrorMessage;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionAbortedException;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
 
-import java.util.Set;
-
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
 public class DomainDetails extends AbstractDomainObjectDetails {
     private static final Logger s_log =
         Logger.getLogger( DomainDetails.class );
@@ -45,6 +47,8 @@ public class DomainDetails extends AbstractDomainObjectDetails {
 
     public static final String ACTION_EDIT = "edit";
     public static final String ACTION_DELETE = "delete";
+    public static final String ACTION_TRAIN = "train";
+    public static final String ACTION_UNTRAIN = "untrain";
 
     public DomainDetails(DomainObjectParameter domain) {
         super("domainDetails", 
@@ -56,6 +60,8 @@ public class DomainDetails extends AbstractDomainObjectDetails {
 
         registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_EDIT);
         registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_DELETE);
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_TRAIN);
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_UNTRAIN);
 
         addDomainObjectActionListener(
             ACTION_DELETE,
@@ -97,6 +103,27 @@ public class DomainDetails extends AbstractDomainObjectDetails {
                     s_log.debug( "Delete succeeded" );
                 }
             });
+        
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(ACTION_TRAIN, new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+            public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                Domain domain = (Domain) e.getObject();
+                Indexer indexer = Indexer.retrieve(domain);
+                if (indexer == null) {
+                    indexer = Indexer.create(domain);
+                }
+                indexer.train();
+            }
+        });
+        
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(ACTION_UNTRAIN, new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+            public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                Domain domain = (Domain) e.getObject();
+                Indexer indexer = Indexer.retrieve(domain);
+                if (indexer != null) {
+                    indexer.delete();
+                }
+            }
+        });
     }
     
     protected DomainObject getDomainObject(PageState state) {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainForm.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainForm.java
index c665e3a35..2da68093f 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainForm.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainForm.java
@@ -18,37 +18,31 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.TooManyListenersException;
+
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Form;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.SaveCancelSection;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Date;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextArea;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringInRangeValidationListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormInitListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSubmissionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.PrintEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.PrintListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
-
-
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.URLParameter;
-
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Date;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextArea;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringInRangeValidationListener;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.URLParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
 
-import java.net.URL;
-
-import java.util.TooManyListenersException;
-
 public class DomainForm extends Form {
 
     private DomainObjectParameter m_domain;
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainListing.java
index f4391edd7..c0f07a9e1 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainListing.java
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.DataCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 public class DomainListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainPanel.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainPanel.java
index 6c465b24d..1d472d880 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainPanel.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainPanel.java
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.Page;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Component;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.Page;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ActionLink;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ModalContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
 
 public class DomainPanel extends ModalContainer {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainUsage.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainUsage.java
index a26e2908f..d992951d2 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainUsage.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/DomainUsage.java
@@ -18,17 +18,15 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
-
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 
 public class DomainUsage extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
     
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NarrowerTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NarrowerTermListing.java
index 3e7176f40..6c352c56d 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NarrowerTermListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NarrowerTermListing.java
@@ -18,23 +18,22 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 public class NarrowerTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
-    private DomainObjectParameter m_domain;
     private DomainObjectParameter m_term;
 
     public static final String ACTION_VIEW = "view";
@@ -46,7 +45,6 @@ public class NarrowerTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
               Terms.XML_PREFIX,
               Terms.XML_NS);
 
-        m_domain = domain;
         m_term = term;
         
         registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_VIEW);
@@ -72,6 +70,17 @@ public class NarrowerTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
             });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Only generate the terms list for a preferred term.
+     * @see Term#isPreferredTerm()
+     */
+    public void generateXML(PageState state, Element parent) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);       
+        if (term.isPreferredTerm()) {
+            super.generateXML(state, parent);
+        }
+    }
+
     protected Element generateObjectXML(PageState state,
                                         DomainObject dobj) {
         Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NonPreferredTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NonPreferredTermListing.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b94f87ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/NonPreferredTermListing.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
+
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+
+/**
+ * Displays the non-preferred terms (synonyms) for the current term.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class NonPreferredTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
+
+    private DomainObjectParameter m_term;
+
+    public static final String ACTION_VIEW = "view";
+    public static final String ACTION_REMOVE = "remove";
+
+    public NonPreferredTermListing(DomainObjectParameter domain,
+                              DomainObjectParameter term) {
+        super("nonPreferredTermListing",
+              Terms.XML_PREFIX,
+              Terms.XML_NS);
+
+        m_term = term;
+        
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_VIEW);
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_REMOVE);
+        
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(
+            ACTION_VIEW,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    e.getPageState().setValue(m_term,
+                                              e.getObject());
+                }
+            });
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(
+            ACTION_REMOVE,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    PageState state = e.getPageState();
+                    Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+                    Term otherTerm = (Term)e.getObject();
+                    otherTerm.removePreferredTerm(term);
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Only generate the terms list for a preferred term.
+     * @see Term#isPreferredTerm()
+     */
+    public void generateXML(PageState state, Element parent) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);       
+        if (term.isPreferredTerm()) {
+            super.generateXML(state, parent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Element generateObjectXML(PageState state,
+                                        DomainObject dobj) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+        Element el = super.generateObjectXML(state, dobj);
+        if (dobj.equals(term)) {
+            el.addAttribute("isSelected", XML.format(Boolean.TRUE));
+        }
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    protected DomainCollection getDomainObjects(PageState state) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+        DomainCollection terms = term.getNonPreferredTerms();
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.ID);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.OBJECT_TYPE);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.DEFAULT_DOMAIN_CLASS);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + Category.NAME);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + Category.DESCRIPTION);
+        terms.addPath(Term.DOMAIN + "." + Domain.KEY);
+        terms.addOrder(Term.UNIQUE_ID);
+        
+        return terms;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/OrphanedTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/OrphanedTermListing.java
index 399072077..8694d5050 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/OrphanedTermListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/OrphanedTermListing.java
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 public class OrphanedTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/PreferredTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/PreferredTermListing.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a3cbd198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/PreferredTermListing.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
+
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+
+/**
+ * Displays the preferred terms for the current term.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class PreferredTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
+
+    private DomainObjectParameter m_term;
+
+    public static final String ACTION_VIEW = "view";
+    public static final String ACTION_REMOVE = "remove";
+
+    public PreferredTermListing(DomainObjectParameter domain,
+                              DomainObjectParameter term) {
+        super("preferredTermListing",
+              Terms.XML_PREFIX,
+              Terms.XML_NS);
+
+        m_term = term;
+        
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_VIEW);
+        registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_REMOVE);
+        
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(
+            ACTION_VIEW,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    e.getPageState().setValue(m_term,
+                                              e.getObject());
+                }
+            });
+        addDomainObjectActionListener(
+            ACTION_REMOVE,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    PageState state = e.getPageState();
+                    Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+                    Term otherTerm = (Term)e.getObject();
+                    term.removePreferredTerm(otherTerm);
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Only generate the terms list for a non-preferred term.
+     * @see Term#isNonPreferredTerm()
+     */
+    public void generateXML(PageState state, Element parent) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);       
+        if (term.isNonPreferredTerm()) {
+            super.generateXML(state, parent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Element generateObjectXML(PageState state,
+                                        DomainObject dobj) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+        Element el = super.generateObjectXML(state, dobj);
+        if (dobj.equals(term)) {
+            el.addAttribute("isSelected", XML.format(Boolean.TRUE));
+        }
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    protected DomainCollection getDomainObjects(PageState state) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+        DomainCollection terms = term.getPreferredTerms();
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.ID);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.OBJECT_TYPE);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + ACSObject.DEFAULT_DOMAIN_CLASS);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + Category.NAME);
+        terms.addPath(Term.MODEL + "." + Category.DESCRIPTION);
+        terms.addPath(Term.DOMAIN + "." + Domain.KEY);
+        terms.addOrder(Term.UNIQUE_ID);
+        
+        return terms;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RelatedTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RelatedTermListing.java
index 0791f05cb..0737006f1 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RelatedTermListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RelatedTermListing.java
@@ -18,24 +18,23 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 public class RelatedTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
-    private DomainObjectParameter m_domain;
     private DomainObjectParameter m_term;
 
     public static final String ACTION_VIEW = "view";
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ public class RelatedTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
               Terms.XML_PREFIX,
               Terms.XML_NS);
 
-        m_domain = domain;
         m_term = term;
         
         registerDomainObjectAction(ACTION_VIEW);
@@ -73,6 +71,17 @@ public class RelatedTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
             });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Only generate the terms list for a preferred term.
+     * @see Term#isPreferredTerm()
+     */
+    public void generateXML(PageState state, Element parent) {
+        Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);       
+        if (term.isPreferredTerm()) {
+            super.generateXML(state, parent);
+        }
+    }
+
     protected Element generateObjectXML(PageState state,
                                         DomainObject dobj) {
         Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RootTermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RootTermListing.java
index 32908b242..26a9a418b 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RootTermListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/RootTermListing.java
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
-import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
+import com.arsdigita.xml.XML;
 
 public class RootTermListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermDetails.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermDetails.java
index 4bf824c22..7c6e76852 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermDetails.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermDetails.java
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectDetails;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectDetails;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 
 public class TermDetails extends AbstractDomainObjectDetails {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermFilteredListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermFilteredListing.java
index 5c2d80a07..0c430beb0 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermFilteredListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermFilteredListing.java
@@ -18,15 +18,15 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
-import com.arsdigita.kernel.ACSObject;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.AbstractDomainObjectList;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 
 public class TermFilteredListing extends AbstractDomainObjectList {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermForm.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermForm.java
index f4e80d772..906a7fb70 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermForm.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermForm.java
@@ -17,44 +17,36 @@
  */
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
+import java.util.TooManyListenersException;
+
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Form;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.SaveCancelSection;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.RadioGroup;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextArea;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringInRangeValidationListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.IntegerParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.BooleanParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ParameterListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ParameterEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormInitListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSubmissionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ParameterEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ParameterListener;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.PrintEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.PrintListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
-
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.Option;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.RadioGroup;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextArea;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.BooleanParameter;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringInRangeValidationListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.StringParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-
-
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Util;
-
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
 
-
-import java.util.TooManyListenersException;
-
 public class TermForm extends Form {
 
     private DomainObjectParameter m_domain;
@@ -90,8 +82,9 @@ public class TermForm extends Form {
     }
     
     protected void addWidgets() {
-        m_uniqueid = new TextField(new IntegerParameter("uniqueID"));
-        m_uniqueid.setSize(10);
+        m_uniqueid = new TextField(new StringParameter("uniqueID"));
+        m_uniqueid.setSize(32);
+        m_uniqueid.setMaxLength(128);
         m_uniqueid.addValidationListener(new NotNullValidationListener());
         m_uniqueid.addValidationListener(new UniqueValidationListener());
         m_uniqueid.setMetaDataAttribute("label", "Unique ID");
@@ -153,7 +146,7 @@ public class TermForm extends Form {
 
             if (term == null) {
                 Domain domain = (Domain)state.getValue(m_domain);
-				m_uniqueid.setValue(state, Util.getNextTermID(domain));
+				m_uniqueid.setValue(state, null);
                 m_name.setValue(state, null);
                 m_desc.setValue(state, null);
                 m_shortcut.setValue(state, null);
@@ -163,7 +156,7 @@ public class TermForm extends Form {
                 m_name.setValue(state, term.getName());
                 m_desc.setValue(state, term.getDescription());
                 m_shortcut.setValue(state, term.getShortcut());
-                m_inatoz.setValue(state, new Boolean(term.isInAtoZ()));
+                m_inatoz.setValue(state, Boolean.valueOf(term.isInAtoZ()));
              }
         }
     }
@@ -188,7 +181,7 @@ public class TermForm extends Form {
 
             if (term == null) {
                 Domain domain = (Domain)state.getValue(m_domain);
-                term = Term.create((Integer)m_uniqueid.getValue(state),
+                term = Term.create((String)m_uniqueid.getValue(state),
                                    (String)m_name.getValue(state),
                                    ((Boolean)m_inatoz.getValue(state))
                                    .booleanValue(),
@@ -215,7 +208,7 @@ public class TermForm extends Form {
             PageState state = e.getPageState();
             Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
             if (term == null) {
-                Integer id = (Integer)m_uniqueid.getValue(state);
+                String id = (String)m_uniqueid.getValue(state);
                 
                 Domain domain = (Domain)state.getValue(m_domain);
                 try {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermListing.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermListing.java
index f0bf6a3fc..656a2a6b6 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermListing.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermListing.java
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.Component;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ActionLink;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ModalContainer;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.Component;
-
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 
 public class TermListing extends ModalContainer {
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermNameSearchForm.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermNameSearchForm.java
index 28532221e..0b6d2c605 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermNameSearchForm.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermNameSearchForm.java
@@ -20,16 +20,15 @@ package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
  
 
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Form;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SaveCancelSection;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Page;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SaveCancelSection;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormProcessListener;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.FormSectionEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.FormProcessException;
-
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.form.TextField;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.parameters.NotNullValidationListener;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
 
 public class TermNameSearchForm extends Form {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPanel.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPanel.java
index 09aac1737..b13963472 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPanel.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPanel.java
@@ -17,33 +17,35 @@
  */
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.Page;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Component;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.Page;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ModalContainer;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ActionLink;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
 import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ActionLink;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.ModalContainer;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 import com.arsdigita.xml.Element;
 
-import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
-
 public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
 
     private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(TermPanel.class);
 
     private TermListing m_termListing;
     private RelatedTermListing m_relatedTermListing;
+    private BroaderTermListing m_broaderTermListing;
     private NarrowerTermListing m_narrowerTermListing;
+    private PreferredTermListing m_preferredTermListing;
+    private NonPreferredTermListing m_nonPreferredTermListing;
     private ActionLink m_addTerm;
     private TermForm m_termForm;
     private TermDetails m_termDetails;
@@ -74,6 +76,7 @@ public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
                                                 Term.BASE_DATA_OBJECT_TYPE);
         
         m_termListing = new TermListing(m_domain, m_term);
+        m_broaderTermListing = new BroaderTermListing(m_domain, m_term);       
         m_narrowerTermListing = new NarrowerTermListing(m_domain, m_term);        
         m_addNarrowerTerm = new ActionLink("Add narrower term");
         m_addNarrowerTerm.setIdAttr("addNarrowerTerm");
@@ -83,6 +86,8 @@ public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
         m_removeRootTerm.setIdAttr("removeRootTerm");
         m_termPicker = new TermPicker(m_domain, m_otherTerm);
         m_relatedTermListing = new RelatedTermListing(m_domain, m_term);
+        m_preferredTermListing = new PreferredTermListing(m_domain, m_term);
+        m_nonPreferredTermListing = new NonPreferredTermListing(m_domain, m_term);
         m_addTerm = new ActionLink("Create term");
         m_addTerm.setIdAttr("createTerm");
         m_termDetails = new TermDetails(m_term);
@@ -146,6 +151,45 @@ public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
                 }
             });
 
+        m_broaderTermListing.addDomainObjectActionListener(
+                BroaderTermListing.ACTION_VIEW,
+                new ModeChangeListener(MODE_VIEW_TERM));
+        m_broaderTermListing.addDomainObjectActionListener(
+                BroaderTermListing.ACTION_VIEW,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    PageState state = e.getPageState();
+                    Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+                    state.setValue(m_domain, term.getDomain());
+                }
+            });
+
+        m_preferredTermListing.addDomainObjectActionListener(
+                PreferredTermListing.ACTION_VIEW,
+                new ModeChangeListener(MODE_VIEW_TERM));
+        m_preferredTermListing.addDomainObjectActionListener(
+                PreferredTermListing.ACTION_VIEW,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    PageState state = e.getPageState();
+                    Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+                    state.setValue(m_domain, term.getDomain());
+                }
+            });
+
+        m_nonPreferredTermListing.addDomainObjectActionListener(
+                NonPreferredTermListing.ACTION_VIEW,
+                new ModeChangeListener(MODE_VIEW_TERM));
+        m_nonPreferredTermListing.addDomainObjectActionListener(
+                NonPreferredTermListing.ACTION_VIEW,
+            new DomainObjectActionListener() {
+                public void actionPerformed(DomainObjectActionEvent e) {
+                    PageState state = e.getPageState();
+                    Term term = (Term)state.getValue(m_term);
+                    state.setValue(m_domain, term.getDomain());
+                }
+            });
+
         m_addTerm.addActionListener(
             new ModeChangeListener(MODE_CREATE_TERM));
         m_addTerm.addActionListener(
@@ -176,6 +220,7 @@ public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
             });
         
         add(m_termListing);
+        add(m_broaderTermListing);
         add(m_narrowerTermListing);
 
         SimpleContainer rootLinks = new SimpleContainer();
@@ -186,6 +231,8 @@ public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
         add(m_removeRootTerm);
         add(m_termPicker);
         add(m_relatedTermListing);
+        add(m_preferredTermListing);
+        add(m_nonPreferredTermListing);
         add(m_addTerm);
         add(m_termDetails);
         add(m_termForm);
@@ -197,7 +244,10 @@ public class TermPanel extends ModalContainer {
                      new Component[] { m_termListing, 
                                        m_addTerm, 
                                        m_termDetails,
+                                       m_broaderTermListing,
                                        m_narrowerTermListing,
+                                       m_preferredTermListing,
+                                       m_nonPreferredTermListing,
                                        rootLinks,
                                        m_removeRootTerm,
                                        m_relatedTermListing });
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPicker.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPicker.java
index fad6cdb78..b35f75029 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPicker.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/ui/admin/TermPicker.java
@@ -19,25 +19,21 @@
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.ui.admin;
 
 
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.Resettable;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.Page;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.PageState;
-import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionListener;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.Resettable;
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.SimpleContainer;
 import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionEvent;
-
+import com.arsdigita.bebop.event.ActionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionEvent;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.event.DomainObjectActionListener;
 import com.arsdigita.london.util.ui.parameters.DomainObjectParameter;
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Terms;
-
 
 public class TermPicker extends SimpleContainer implements Resettable {
 
-    private DomainObjectParameter m_domain;
     private DomainObjectParameter m_term;
 
     private TermNameSearchForm m_search;
@@ -49,7 +45,6 @@ public class TermPicker extends SimpleContainer implements Resettable {
         super(Terms.XML_PREFIX + 
               ":termPicker",
               Terms.XML_NS);
-        m_domain = domain;
         m_term = term;
         
         m_search = new TermNameSearchForm();
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/upgrade/Upgrade100to101.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/upgrade/Upgrade100to101.java
index ead969824..e9446a0da 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/upgrade/Upgrade100to101.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/upgrade/Upgrade100to101.java
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms.upgrade;
 
 
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Program;
-import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
-import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Loader;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
 
 import com.arsdigita.kernel.Kernel;
 import com.arsdigita.kernel.KernelExcursion;
-import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Loader;
+import com.arsdigita.london.util.Transaction;
+import com.arsdigita.packaging.Program;
 
 
 public class Upgrade100to101 extends Program {
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/LICENSE.txt b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94a9ed024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
+  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works.
+
+  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
+the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
+GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
+any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
+want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
+
+  To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
+these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you have
+certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
+you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+
+  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
+gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
+freedoms that you received.  You must make sure that they, too, receive
+or can get the source code.  And you must show them these terms so they
+know their rights.
+
+  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
+(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
+giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
+
+  For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
+that there is no warranty for this free software.  For both users' and
+authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
+changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
+authors of previous versions.
+
+  Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
+modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
+can do so.  This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
+protecting users' freedom to change the software.  The systematic
+pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
+use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.  Therefore, we
+have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
+products.  If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
+stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
+of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
+
+  Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
+States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
+software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
+avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
+make it effectively proprietary.  To prevent this, the GPL assures that
+patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
+
+  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+                       TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+  0. Definitions.
+
+  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
+
+  "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
+works, such as semiconductor masks.
+
+  "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
+License.  Each licensee is addressed as "you".  "Licensees" and
+"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
+
+  To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
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+earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
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+
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+permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
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+parties to make or receive copies.  Mere interaction with a user through
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+
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+extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
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diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/KEAFilter.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/KEAFilter.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eaf1bdfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/KEAFilter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,2079 @@
+package kea.filters;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import kea.stemmers.Stemmer;
+import kea.stopwords.Stopwords;
+import kea.util.Counter;
+import kea.vocab.Vocabulary;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import weka.classifiers.Classifier;
+import weka.classifiers.meta.FilteredClassifier;
+import weka.classifiers.meta.RegressionByDiscretization;
+import weka.core.Attribute;
+import weka.core.Capabilities;
+import weka.core.FastVector;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+import weka.core.Option;
+import weka.core.OptionHandler;
+import weka.core.Utils;
+import weka.core.Capabilities.Capability;
+import weka.filters.Filter;
+import weka.filters.supervised.attribute.Discretize;
+
+/**
+ * This filter converts the incoming data into data appropriate for
+ * keyphrase classification. It assumes that the dataset contains two
+ * string attributes. The first attribute should contain the text of a
+ * document. The second attribute should contain the keyphrases
+ * associated with that document (if present). 
+ *
+ * The filter converts every instance (i.e. document) into a set of
+ * instances, one for each word-based n-gram in the document. The
+ * string attribute representing the document is replaced by some
+ * numeric features, the estimated probability of each n-gram being a
+ * keyphrase, and the rank of this phrase in the document according to
+ * the probability.  Each new instances also has a class value
+ * associated with it. The class is "true" if the n-gram is a true
+ * keyphrase, and "false" otherwise. Of course, if the input document
+ * doesn't come with author-assigned keyphrases, the class values for
+ * that document will be missing.  
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz), Olena Medelyan (olena@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 2.0
+ */
+public class KEAFilter extends Filter implements OptionHandler {
+    
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(KEAFilter.class);
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+	/** Index of attribute containing the documents */
+	private int m_DocumentAtt = 0;
+	
+	/** Index of attribute containing the keyphrases */
+	private int m_KeyphrasesAtt = 1;
+	
+	/** The maximum length of phrases */
+	private int m_MaxPhraseLength = 5;
+	
+	/** The minimum length of phrases */
+	private int m_MinPhraseLength = 1;
+	
+	/** The number of phrases to extract. */
+	private int m_numPhrases = 10;
+	
+
+	
+	/** Experimental! 
+	 * Number of human indexers (times a keyphrase appears in the keyphrase set) */
+	// adjust manually for >1 indexer
+	private int m_Indexers = 1; 
+		
+	/** Should non-descriptors be replaced by corresponding descriptors? */
+	private boolean m_DESCRreplace = true;
+		
+	/** Is the node degree (number of related terms in candidate set) being used? */
+	public boolean m_NODEfeature = true;
+	
+	/** Is the length of a phrase in words being used?*/
+	private boolean m_LENGTHfeature = true;
+	
+	
+	/** Experimental feature!
+	 * If m_STDEVused = true, should the standard deviation of position of phrase occurrences be considered? 
+	 * If set to true, the indicies of features need to be adjusted in the code manually!
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private boolean m_STDEVfeature = false;
+	
+	/** Experimental feature!
+	 * Is keyphrase frequency attribute being used? 
+	 * If set to true, adjust the indicies in the code!*/
+	private boolean m_KFused = false;
+
+	// end. Don't use these features with m_KFused or adjust indicies below.
+	
+	
+	/** Flag for debugging mode */
+	private boolean m_Debug = false;
+	
+	/** Determines whether internal periods are allowed */
+	private boolean m_DisallowInternalPeriods = false;
+	
+	/** The minimum number of occurences of a phrase */
+	private int m_MinNumOccur = 2;
+	
+	/** The number of features describing a phrase */
+	private int m_NumFeatures = 2;
+	
+	/** Indices of attributes in m_ClassifierData */
+	private int m_TfidfIndex = 0;
+	private int m_FirstOccurIndex = 1;
+	
+	
+	/** Indicies of attributes for new features */
+	
+	private int m_LengthIndex = 2;// adjust!!
+	private int m_NodeIndex = 3; // decrease if removing the above value
+	private int m_STDEVIndex = 4; // adjust!!
+	private int m_KeyFreqIndex = 3;
+	
+	
+	/** The punctuation filter used by this filter */
+	private KEAPhraseFilter m_PunctFilter = null;
+	
+	/** The numbers filter used by this filter */
+	private NumbersFilter m_NumbersFilter = null;
+	
+	/** The actual classifier used to compute probabilities */
+	private Classifier m_Classifier = null;
+	
+	/** The dictionary containing the document frequencies */
+	public HashMap m_Dictionary = null;
+	
+	/** The dictionary containing the keyphrases */
+	private HashMap m_KeyphraseDictionary = null;
+	
+	/** The number of documents in the global frequencies corpus */
+	private int m_NumDocs = 0;
+	
+	/** Template for the classifier data */
+	private Instances m_ClassifierData = null;
+	
+	/** The default stemmer to be used */
+	private Stemmer m_Stemmer = null;
+	
+	
+	/** The list of stop words to be used */
+	private Stopwords m_Stopwords = null;
+	
+	/** The default language to be used */
+	private String m_documentLanguage = "en";
+	
+	
+	/** The Vocabulary object */
+	public Vocabulary m_Vocabulary;
+	
+	/** The Vocabulary name */
+	private String m_vocabulary = "agrovoc";
+	
+	/** The Vocabulary format */
+	private String m_vocabularyFormat = "skos";
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the M_Vocabulary value.
+	 * @return the M_Vocabulary value.
+	 */
+	public String getVocabulary() {	
+		return m_vocabulary;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the M_Vocabulary value.
+	 * @param newM_Vocabulary The new M_Vocabulary value.
+	 */
+	public void setVocabulary(String newM_Vocabulary) {	
+		this.m_vocabulary = newM_Vocabulary;		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the M_VocabularyFormat value.
+	 * @return the M_VocabularyFormat value.
+	 */
+	public String getVocabularyFormat() {	
+		return m_vocabularyFormat;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the M_VocabularyFormat value.
+	 * @param newM_VocabularyFormat The new M_VocabularyFormat value.
+	 */
+	public void setVocabularyFormat(String newM_VocabularyFormat) {	
+		this.m_vocabularyFormat = newM_VocabularyFormat;		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the M_documentLanguage value.
+	 * @return the M_documentLanguage value.
+	 */
+	public String getDocumentLanguage() {	
+		return m_documentLanguage;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the M_documentLanguage value.
+	 * @param newM_documentLanguage The new M_documentLanguage value.
+	 */
+	public void setDocumentLanguage(String newM_documentLanguage) {	
+		this.m_documentLanguage = newM_documentLanguage;		
+	}
+	
+	/** Determines whether check for proper nouns is performed */
+	private boolean m_CheckForProperNouns = true;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the M_CheckProperNouns value.
+	 * @return the M_CheckProperNouns value.
+	 */
+	public boolean getCheckForProperNouns() {
+		return m_CheckForProperNouns;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the M_CheckProperNouns value.
+	 * @param newM_CheckProperNouns The new M_CheckProperNouns value.
+	 */
+	public void setCheckForProperNouns(boolean newM_CheckProperNouns) {
+		this.m_CheckForProperNouns = newM_CheckProperNouns;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the M_Stopwords value.
+	 * @return the M_Stopwords value.
+	 */
+	public Stopwords getStopwords() {	
+		return m_Stopwords;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the M_Stopwords value.
+	 * @param newM_Stopwords The new M_Stopwords value.
+	 */
+	public void setStopwords(Stopwords newM_Stopwords) {	
+		this.m_Stopwords = newM_Stopwords;		
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the Stemmer value.
+	 * @return the Stemmer value.
+	 */
+	public Stemmer getStemmer() {
+		return m_Stemmer;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the Stemmer value.
+	 * @param newStemmer The new Stemmer value.
+	 */
+	public void setStemmer(Stemmer newStemmer) {	
+		this.m_Stemmer = newStemmer;
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of MinNumOccur.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of MinNumOccur.
+	 */
+	public int getMinNumOccur() {    
+		return m_MinNumOccur;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of MinNumOccur.
+	 *
+	 * @param newMinNumOccur Value to assign to MinNumOccur.
+	 */
+	public void setMinNumOccur(int newMinNumOccur) {	
+		m_MinNumOccur = newMinNumOccur;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of MaxPhraseLength.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of MaxPhraseLength.
+	 */
+	public int getMaxPhraseLength() {	
+		return m_MaxPhraseLength;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of MaxPhraseLength.
+	 *
+	 * @param newMaxPhraseLength Value to assign to MaxPhraseLength.
+	 */
+	public void setMaxPhraseLength(int newMaxPhraseLength) {	
+		m_MaxPhraseLength = newMaxPhraseLength;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of MinPhraseLength.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of MinPhraseLength.
+	 */
+	public int getMinPhraseLength() {	
+		return m_MinPhraseLength;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of MinPhraseLength.
+	 *
+	 * @param newMinPhraseLength Value to assign to MinPhraseLength.
+	 */
+	public void setMinPhraseLength(int newMinPhraseLength) {	
+		m_MinPhraseLength = newMinPhraseLength;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of numPhrases.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of numPhrases.
+	 */
+	public int getNumPhrases() {    
+		return m_numPhrases;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of numPhrases.
+	 *
+	 * @param newnumPhrases Value to assign to numPhrases.
+	 */
+	public void setNumPhrases(int newnumPhrases) {    
+		m_numPhrases = newnumPhrases;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the index of the stemmed phrases in the output ARFF file.
+	 */
+	public int getStemmedPhraseIndex() {	
+		return m_DocumentAtt;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the index of the unstemmed phrases in the output ARFF file.
+	 */
+	public int getUnstemmedPhraseIndex() {
+		return m_DocumentAtt + 1;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the index of the phrases' probabilities in the output ARFF file.
+	 */
+	public int getProbabilityIndex() {
+		int index = m_DocumentAtt + 4;
+		
+		if (m_Debug) {
+			if (m_KFused) {
+				index++;
+			}
+		}
+		if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+			index++;
+		}
+		if (m_NODEfeature) {
+			index++;
+		}
+		if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+			index++;
+		}      
+		
+		return index;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the index of the phrases' ranks in the output ARFF file.
+	 */
+	public int getRankIndex() {
+		return getProbabilityIndex() + 1;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of DocumentAtt.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of DocumentAtt.
+	 */
+	public int getDocumentAtt() {
+		return m_DocumentAtt;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of DocumentAtt.
+	 *
+	 * @param newDocumentAtt Value to assign to DocumentAtt.
+	 */
+	public void setDocumentAtt(int newDocumentAtt) {
+		m_DocumentAtt = newDocumentAtt;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of KeyphraseAtt.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of KeyphraseAtt.
+	 */
+	public int getKeyphrasesAtt() {	
+		return m_KeyphrasesAtt;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of KeyphrasesAtt.
+	 *
+	 * @param newKeyphrasesAtt Value to assign to KeyphrasesAtt.
+	 */
+	public void setKeyphrasesAtt(int newKeyphrasesAtt) {
+		m_KeyphrasesAtt = newKeyphrasesAtt;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of Debug.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of Debug.
+	 */
+	public boolean getDebug() {
+		return m_Debug;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of Debug.
+	 *
+	 * @param newDebug Value to assign to Debug.
+	 */
+	public void setDebug(boolean newDebug) {    
+		m_Debug = newDebug;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether keyphrase frequency attribute is used.
+	 */
+	public void setKFused(boolean flag) {	
+		m_KFused = flag;
+		if (flag) {
+			m_NumFeatures++;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets whether Vocabulary relation attribute is used.
+	 */
+	public void setNumFeature() {		
+		if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+			m_NumFeatures++;
+		}
+		if (m_NODEfeature) {
+			m_NumFeatures++;
+		}
+		if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+			m_NumFeatures++;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Gets whether keyphrase frequency attribute is used.
+	 */
+	public boolean getKFused() {
+		return m_KFused;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get whether the supplied columns are to be processed
+	 *
+	 * @return true if the supplied columns won't be processed
+	 */
+	public boolean getDisallowInternalPeriods() {	
+		return m_DisallowInternalPeriods;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set whether selected columns should be processed. If true the 
+	 * selected columns won't be processed.
+	 *
+	 * @param disallow the new invert setting
+	 */
+	public void setDisallowInternalPeriods(boolean disallow) {
+		m_DisallowInternalPeriods = disallow;
+	}
+	
+	
+	public void loadThesaurus(Stemmer st, Stopwords sw) {
+		m_Vocabulary = new Vocabulary(m_vocabulary,m_vocabularyFormat, m_documentLanguage);
+
+		m_Vocabulary.setStemmer(st);
+		m_Vocabulary.setStopwords(sw);
+		m_Vocabulary.initialize();
+		try {
+			
+			if (m_DESCRreplace) {
+				m_Vocabulary.buildUSE();
+			}
+			if (m_NODEfeature) {
+				m_Vocabulary.buildREL();
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Parses a given list of options controlling the behaviour of this object.
+	 * Valid options are:<p>
+	 *
+	 * -K<br>
+	 * Specifies whether keyphrase frequency statistic is used.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -R<br>
+	 * Specifies whether Vocabulary relation statistic is used.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -M length<br>
+	 * Sets the maximum phrase length (default: 5).<p>
+	 *
+	 * -L length<br>
+	 * Sets the minimum phrase length (default: 1).<p>
+	 *
+	 * -D<br>
+	 * Turns debugging mode on.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -I index<br>
+	 * Sets the index of the attribute containing the documents (default: 0).<p>
+	 *
+	 * -J index<br>
+	 * Sets the index of the attribute containing the keyphrases (default: 1).<p>
+	 *
+	 * -P<br>
+	 * Disallow internal periods <p>
+	 *
+	 * -O number<br>
+	 * The minimum number of times a phrase needs to occur (default: 2). <p>
+	 *
+	 * @param options the list of options as an array of strings
+	 * @exception Exception if an option is not supported
+	 */
+	public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception {
+		
+		setKFused(Utils.getFlag('K', options));
+		setDebug(Utils.getFlag('D', options));
+		String docAttIndexString = Utils.getOption('I', options);
+		if (docAttIndexString.length() > 0) {
+			setDocumentAtt(Integer.parseInt(docAttIndexString) - 1);
+		} else {
+			setDocumentAtt(0);
+		}
+		String keyphraseAttIndexString = Utils.getOption('J', options);
+		if (keyphraseAttIndexString.length() > 0) {
+			setKeyphrasesAtt(Integer.parseInt(keyphraseAttIndexString) - 1);
+		} else {
+			setKeyphrasesAtt(1);
+		}
+		String maxPhraseLengthString = Utils.getOption('M', options);
+		if (maxPhraseLengthString.length() > 0) {
+			setMaxPhraseLength(Integer.parseInt(maxPhraseLengthString));
+		} else {
+			setMaxPhraseLength(3);
+		}
+		String minPhraseLengthString = Utils.getOption('M', options);
+		if (minPhraseLengthString.length() > 0) {
+			setMinPhraseLength(Integer.parseInt(minPhraseLengthString));
+		} else {
+			setMinPhraseLength(1);
+		}
+		String minNumOccurString = Utils.getOption('O', options);
+		if (minNumOccurString.length() > 0) {
+			setMinNumOccur(Integer.parseInt(minNumOccurString));
+		} else {
+			setMinNumOccur(2);
+		}
+		setDisallowInternalPeriods(Utils.getFlag('P', options));
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Gets the current settings of the filter.
+	 *
+	 * @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions
+	 */
+	public String [] getOptions() {
+		
+		String [] options = new String [13];
+		int current = 0;
+		
+		if (getKFused()) {
+			options[current++] = "-K";
+		}
+		if (getDebug()) {
+			options[current++] = "-D";
+		}
+		options[current++] = "-I"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getDocumentAtt() + 1);
+		options[current++] = "-J"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getKeyphrasesAtt() + 1);
+		options[current++] = "-M"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getMaxPhraseLength());
+		options[current++] = "-L"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getMinPhraseLength());
+		options[current++] = "-O"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getMinNumOccur());
+		
+		if (getDisallowInternalPeriods()) {
+			options[current++] = "-P";
+		}
+		
+		while (current < options.length) {
+			options[current++] = "";
+		}
+		return options;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns an enumeration describing the available options
+	 *
+	 * @return an enumeration of all the available options
+	 */
+	public Enumeration listOptions() {
+		
+		Vector newVector = new Vector(7);
+		
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies whether keyphrase frequency statistic is used.",
+				"K", 0, "-K"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSets the maximum phrase length (default: 3).",
+				"M", 1, "-M <length>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSets the minimum phrase length (default: 1).",
+				"L", 1, "-L <length>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tTurns debugging mode on.",
+				"D", 0, "-D"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSets the index of the document attribute (default: 0).",
+				"I", 1, "-I"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSets the index of the keyphrase attribute (default: 1).",
+				"J", 1, "-J"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tDisallow internal periods.",
+				"P", 0, "-P"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSet the minimum number of occurences (default: 2).",
+				"O", 1, "-O"));
+		
+		return newVector.elements();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns a string describing this filter
+	 *
+	 * @return a description of the filter suitable for
+	 * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
+	 */
+	public String globalInfo() {
+		return "Converts incoming data into data appropriate for " +
+		"keyphrase classification.";
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets the format of the input instances.
+	 *
+	 * @param instanceInfo an Instances object containing the input
+	 * instance structure (any instances contained in the object are
+	 * ignored - only the structure is required).
+	 * @return true if the outputFormat may be collected immediately 
+	 */
+	public boolean setInputFormat(Instances instanceInfo) throws Exception {
+		
+		if (instanceInfo.classIndex() >= 0) {
+			throw new Exception("Don't know what do to if class index set!");
+		}
+		if (!instanceInfo.attribute(m_KeyphrasesAtt).isString() ||
+				!instanceInfo.attribute(m_DocumentAtt).isString()) {
+			throw new Exception("Keyphrase attribute and document attribute " +
+			"need to be string attributes.");
+		}
+		m_PunctFilter = new KEAPhraseFilter();
+		int[] arr = new int[1];
+		arr[0] = m_DocumentAtt;
+		m_PunctFilter.setAttributeIndicesArray(arr);
+		m_PunctFilter.setInputFormat(instanceInfo);
+		m_PunctFilter.setDisallowInternalPeriods(getDisallowInternalPeriods());
+		
+		if (m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+			m_NumbersFilter = new NumbersFilter();		
+			m_NumbersFilter.setInputFormat(m_PunctFilter.getOutputFormat());
+			super.setInputFormat(m_NumbersFilter.getOutputFormat());
+		} else {
+			super.setInputFormat(m_PunctFilter.getOutputFormat());
+		}
+		
+		return false;
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the Capabilities of this filter.
+	 *
+	 * @return            the capabilities of this object
+	 * @see               Capabilities
+	 */
+	public Capabilities getCapabilities() {
+		Capabilities result = super.getCapabilities();
+		
+		// attributes
+		result.enableAllAttributes();
+		result.enable(Capability.MISSING_VALUES);
+		
+		// class
+		result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_CLASS);
+		result.enable(Capability.NO_CLASS);
+		result.enableAllClasses();
+		
+		// result.or(new LinearRegression().getCapabilities());
+		
+		return result;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Input an instance for filtering. Ordinarily the instance is processed
+	 * and made available for output immediately. Some filters require all
+	 * instances be read before producing output.
+	 *
+	 * @param instance the input instance
+	 * @return true if the filtered instance may now be
+	 * collected with output().
+	 * @exception Exception if the input instance was not of the correct 
+	 * format or if there was a problem with the filtering.
+	 */
+	public boolean input(Instance instance) throws Exception {
+		if (getInputFormat() == null) {
+			throw new Exception("No input instance format defined");
+		}
+		if (m_NewBatch) {
+			resetQueue();
+			m_NewBatch = false;
+		}
+		
+		s_log.debug("-- Reading instance");
+		
+		m_PunctFilter.input(instance);
+		m_PunctFilter.batchFinished();
+		instance = m_PunctFilter.output();
+		
+		if (m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+			m_NumbersFilter.input(instance);
+			m_NumbersFilter.batchFinished();
+			instance = m_NumbersFilter.output();
+		}
+		
+		if (m_Dictionary == null) {
+			bufferInput(instance);
+			return false;
+		} else {
+			FastVector vector = convertInstance(instance, false);
+			Enumeration en = vector.elements();
+			while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+				Instance inst = (Instance)en.nextElement();
+				push(inst);
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Signify that this batch of input to the filter is finished. 
+	 * If the filter requires all instances prior to filtering,
+	 * output() may now be called to retrieve the filtered instances.
+	 *
+	 * @return true if there are instances pending output
+	 * @exception Exception if no input structure has been defined
+	 */
+	public boolean batchFinished() throws Exception {
+		
+		if (getInputFormat() == null) {
+			throw new Exception("No input instance format defined");
+		}
+		
+		if (m_Dictionary == null) {
+			buildGlobalDictionaries();
+			buildClassifier();
+			convertPendingInstances();
+		} 
+		flushInput();
+		m_NewBatch = true;
+		return (numPendingOutput() != 0);
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Builds the global dictionaries.
+	 */
+	public void buildGlobalDictionaries() throws Exception {
+		s_log.debug("--- Building global dictionaries");
+		
+		// Build dictionary of n-grams with associated
+		// document frequencies
+		m_Dictionary = new HashMap();
+		for (int i = 0; i < getInputFormat().numInstances(); i++) {
+			String str = getInputFormat().instance(i).stringValue(m_DocumentAtt);
+			HashMap hash = getPhrasesForDictionary(str);
+			Iterator it = hash.keySet().iterator();
+			while (it.hasNext()) {
+				String phrase = (String)it.next();
+				Counter counter = (Counter)m_Dictionary.get(phrase);
+				if (counter == null) {
+					m_Dictionary.put(phrase, new Counter());
+				} else {
+					counter.increment();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		if (m_KFused) {       
+			s_log.debug("KF_used feature");
+			
+			// Build dictionary of n-grams that occur as keyphrases
+			// with associated keyphrase frequencies
+			m_KeyphraseDictionary = new HashMap();
+			for (int i = 0; i < getInputFormat().numInstances(); i++) {
+				String str = getInputFormat().instance(i).stringValue(m_KeyphrasesAtt);
+				HashMap hash = getGivenKeyphrases(str, false);
+				if (hash != null) {
+					Iterator it = hash.keySet().iterator();
+					while (it.hasNext()) {
+						String phrase = (String)it.next();
+						Counter counter = (Counter)m_KeyphraseDictionary.get(phrase);
+						if (counter == null) {
+							m_KeyphraseDictionary.put(phrase, new Counter());
+						} else {
+							counter.increment();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			m_KeyphraseDictionary = null;
+		}
+		
+		// Set the number of documents in the global corpus
+		m_NumDocs = getInputFormat().numInstances();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Builds the classifier.
+	 */
+	// aly: The main function, where everything important happens
+	private void buildClassifier() throws Exception {
+		// Generate input format for classifier
+		FastVector atts = new FastVector();
+		for (int i = 0; i < getInputFormat().numAttributes(); i++) {
+			if (i == m_DocumentAtt) {
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("TFxIDF"));
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("First_occurrence"));
+				if (m_KFused) {
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Keyphrase_frequency"));
+				}
+				if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Standard_deviation"));
+				}
+				if (m_NODEfeature) {
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Relations_number"));
+				}
+				if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Phrase_length"));
+				}
+			} else if (i == m_KeyphrasesAtt) {
+				FastVector vals = new FastVector(2);
+				vals.addElement("False");
+				vals.addElement("True");
+				//atts.addElement(new Attribute("Keyphrase?", vals));
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("Keyphrase?"));
+			} 
+		}
+		m_ClassifierData = new Instances("ClassifierData", atts, 0);
+		m_ClassifierData.setClassIndex(m_NumFeatures);
+		
+		s_log.debug("--- Converting instances for classifier");
+
+		// Convert pending input instances into data for classifier
+		for(int i = 0; i < getInputFormat().numInstances(); i++) {
+			Instance current = getInputFormat().instance(i);
+			
+			// Get the key phrases for the document
+			String keyphrases = current.stringValue(m_KeyphrasesAtt);
+			HashMap hashKeyphrases = getGivenKeyphrases(keyphrases, false);
+			HashMap hashKeysEval = getGivenKeyphrases(keyphrases, true);
+			
+			// Get the phrases for the document
+			HashMap hash = new HashMap();
+			int length = getPhrases(hash, current.stringValue(m_DocumentAtt));
+			// hash = getComposits(hash);
+			
+			// Compute the feature values for each phrase and
+			// add the instance to the data for the classifier
+			
+			Iterator it = hash.keySet().iterator();
+			while (it.hasNext()) {
+				String phrase = (String)it.next();
+				FastVector phraseInfo = (FastVector)hash.get(phrase);
+				
+				double[] vals =  featVals(phrase, phraseInfo, true,
+						hashKeysEval, hashKeyphrases, length, hash);
+				//System.err.println(vals);
+				Instance inst = new Instance(current.weight(), vals);
+				// .err.println(phrase + "\t" + inst.toString());
+				m_ClassifierData.add(inst);
+			}
+		}
+		
+	    s_log.debug("--- Building classifier");
+		
+		// Build classifier
+		
+		
+		// Uncomment if you want to use a different classifier
+		// Caution: Other places in the code will have to be adjusted!!
+		/*I. Naive Bayes:
+		 FilteredClassifier fclass = new FilteredClassifier();		
+		 fclass.setClassifier(new weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayesSimple());
+		 fclass.setFilter(new Discretize());
+		 m_Classifier = fclass;
+		 */
+		
+		//NaiveBayes nb = new NaiveBayes();
+		//nb.setUseSupervisedDiscretization(true);
+		//m_Classifier = nb;
+		
+		
+		/* II. Linear Regression:
+		 LinearRegression lr = new LinearRegression();	
+		 lr.setAttributeSelectionMethod(new 
+		 weka.core.SelectedTag(1, LinearRegression.TAGS_SELECTION));
+		 lr.setEliminateColinearAttributes(false);
+		 lr.setDebug(false);
+		 
+		 m_Classifier = lr;*/
+		
+		/* III. Bagging with REPTrees
+		 Bagging bagging = new Bagging();	
+		 
+		 String[] ops_bagging = {
+		 new String("-P"),
+		 new String("100"),
+		 new String("-S"), 
+		 new String("1"),
+		 new String("-I"), 
+		 new String("50")};
+		 
+		 */
+		
+		
+		/*
+		 * REPTree rept = new REPTree();
+		 //results are worse!
+		  rept.setNoPruning(true);
+		  String[] ops_rept = {
+		  new String("-M"), 
+		  new String("2"),
+		  new String("-V"), 
+		  new String("0.0010"),				
+		  new String("-N"), 
+		  new String("3"),
+		  new String("-S"), 
+		  new String("1"),
+		  new String("-L"), 
+		  new String("1"),};
+		  
+		  rept.setOptions(ops_rept);
+		  bagging.setClassifier(rept);
+		  */
+		
+		
+		//	bagging.setOptions(ops_bagging);
+		//FilteredClassifier fclass = new FilteredClassifier();		
+		//fclass.setClassifier(new REPTree());
+		//fclass.setFilter(new Discretize());
+		//bagging.setClassifier(fclass);
+		//	m_Classifier = bagging;
+		
+		
+		RegressionByDiscretization rvd = new RegressionByDiscretization();
+		FilteredClassifier fclass = new FilteredClassifier();		
+		fclass.setClassifier(new weka.classifiers.bayes.NaiveBayesSimple());
+		fclass.setFilter(new Discretize());
+		
+		rvd.setClassifier(fclass);
+		rvd.setNumBins(m_Indexers+1);
+		m_Classifier = rvd;
+		
+		
+		// System.out.print(m_ClassifierData);   
+		//System.exit(1);
+		m_Classifier.buildClassifier(m_ClassifierData);
+		
+		if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+		    s_log.debug(m_Classifier);
+		}
+		
+		// Save space
+		m_ClassifierData = new Instances(m_ClassifierData, 0);
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Conmputes the feature values for a given phrase.
+	 */
+	private double[] featVals(String id, FastVector phraseInfo, 
+			boolean training, HashMap hashKeysEval,
+			HashMap hashKeyphrases, int length, HashMap hash) {
+		
+		// Compute feature values
+		Counter counterLocal = (Counter)phraseInfo.elementAt(1);
+		double[] newInst = new double[m_NumFeatures + 1];
+		
+		
+		// Compute TFxIDF
+		Counter counterGlobal = (Counter)m_Dictionary.get(id);
+		double localVal = counterLocal.value(), globalVal = 0;
+		if (counterGlobal != null) {
+			globalVal = counterGlobal.value();
+			if (training) {
+				globalVal = globalVal - 1;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// Just devide by length to get approximation of probability
+		// that phrase in document is our phrase
+		// newInst[m_TfidfIndex] = (localVal / ((double)length));
+		newInst[m_TfidfIndex] = (localVal / ((double)length)) *
+		(-Math.log((globalVal + 1)/ ((double)m_NumDocs + 1)));
+		
+		// Compute first occurrence
+		Counter counterFirst = (Counter)phraseInfo.elementAt(0);
+		newInst[m_FirstOccurIndex] = (double)counterFirst.value() /
+		(double)length;
+		
+		
+		// Is keyphrase frequency attribute being used?
+		if (m_KFused) {
+			Counter keyphraseC = (Counter)m_KeyphraseDictionary.get(id);
+			if ((training) && (hashKeyphrases != null) &&
+					(hashKeyphrases.containsKey(id))) {
+				newInst[m_KeyFreqIndex] = keyphraseC.value() - 1;
+			} else {
+				if (keyphraseC != null) {
+					newInst[m_KeyFreqIndex] = keyphraseC.value();
+				} else {
+					newInst[m_KeyFreqIndex] = 0;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// Is term appearance attribute being used?
+		if (m_STDEVfeature) {	
+			FastVector app = (FastVector)phraseInfo.elementAt(3);
+			
+			double[] vals = new double[app.size()];
+			for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+				vals[i] = ((Counter)app.elementAt(i)).value() /
+				(double)length; ;
+			}
+			
+			double mean = Utils.mean(vals);
+			double summ = 0.0;
+			for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+				double a = vals[i];
+				//System.err.println("Appearence " + i + " is at " + a);
+				summ += (a - mean)*(a - mean);				
+			}
+			double stdev = Math.sqrt(summ/(double)app.size());
+			
+			newInst[m_STDEVIndex] = stdev;
+			
+			/* Using instead of STDEV feature a thesaurus based feature (experiment)
+			 if (m_Vocabulary.getRelated(id,"compositeOf") != null) {
+			 //System.err.println(m_Vocabulary.getOrig(id) + " is a composite!");
+			  newInst[m_STDEVIndex] = 1.0;
+			  } else {
+			  newInst[m_STDEVIndex] = 0.0;
+			  }
+			  */
+			
+		} 
+		
+		// Is node degree attribute being used?   
+		if (m_NODEfeature) {	
+			
+			Vector idsRT = (Vector)m_Vocabulary.getRelated(id);
+			
+			int intern = 0;			
+			if (idsRT != null) {
+				for (int d = 0; d < idsRT.size(); d++) {
+					if (hash.get(idsRT.elementAt(d)) != null) {
+						intern++;
+					}					
+				}
+			}
+			// System.out.println("Node feature for " + m_Vocabulary.getOrig(id) + " = " + intern);
+			
+			newInst[m_NodeIndex] = (double)intern;
+			
+		}
+		
+		// Is term length attribute being used?
+		if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+			String original;
+			if (m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+				original = id;
+			} else  {
+				original = m_Vocabulary.getOrig(id);
+			}
+			if (original == null) {
+				s_log.debug("Missing term id " + id + "... may be a stop word");
+				newInst[m_LengthIndex] = 1.0;
+			} else {
+				String [] words = split(original," ");
+				newInst[m_LengthIndex] = (double)words.length;
+			}
+			
+		}
+		
+		// Compute class value
+		
+		if (hashKeysEval == null) { // no author-assigned keyphrases
+			newInst[m_NumFeatures] = Instance.missingValue();
+		} else if (!hashKeysEval.containsKey(id)) {
+			
+			newInst[m_NumFeatures] = 0; // Not a keyphrase
+			
+			// Experiment with giving phrases related to manually chosen one
+			// higher values than to unrelated ones
+			/*Vector related = (Vector)m_Vocabulary.getRelated(id);
+			 // if this id is related to one of the keyphrases, set its class value to 0.5
+			  if (related != null) {			
+			  Enumeration en = related.elements();			
+			  while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+			  String relID = (String)en.nextElement();
+			  if (hashKeysEval.containsKey(relID)) {		
+			  newInst[m_NumFeatures] = 1; // Keyphrase
+			  }				
+			  }	
+			  }
+			  */
+			
+		} else {
+			//hashKeysEval.remove(id);
+			//newInst[m_NumFeatures] = 1; // Keyphrase
+			
+			// Learning from multiple-indexer's data
+			// System.err.println(m_Indexers);
+			// System.err.println("Calculating class value with m_Indexers = " + m_Indexers);
+			
+			double c = (double)((Counter)hashKeysEval.get(id)).value()/m_Indexers;
+			newInst[m_NumFeatures] = c; // Keyphrase
+			
+			// Or simple learning from 1 indexer:
+			// newInst[m_NumFeatures] = 1.0; // Keyphrase
+		}
+		return newInst;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets output format and converts pending input instances.
+	 */
+	private void convertPendingInstances() throws Exception {
+		
+		s_log.debug("--- Converting pending instances");
+		
+		// Create output format for filter
+		FastVector atts = new FastVector();
+		for (int i = 0; i < getInputFormat().numAttributes(); i++) {
+			if (i == m_DocumentAtt) {
+				// string attributes
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("N-gram", (FastVector) null));
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("N-gram-original",  (FastVector) null));
+				// numeric attributes
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("TFxIDF"));
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("First_occurrence"));
+				// optional attributes
+				if (m_Debug) {
+					if (m_KFused) {
+						atts.addElement(new Attribute("Keyphrase_frequency"));
+					}
+				}
+				if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+					//FastVector rvals = new FastVector(2);
+					//rvals.addElement("False");
+					//rvals.addElement("True");
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Standard_deviation"));
+				}
+				if (m_NODEfeature) {
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Relations_number"));
+				}
+				if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+					atts.addElement(new Attribute("Phrase_length"));
+				}
+				
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("Probability"));
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("Rank"));
+			} else if (i == m_KeyphrasesAtt) {
+				FastVector vals = new FastVector(2);
+				vals.addElement("False");
+				vals.addElement("True");
+				//atts.addElement(new Attribute("Keyphrase?", vals));
+				atts.addElement(new Attribute("Keyphrase?"));
+			} else {
+				atts.addElement(getInputFormat().attribute(i));
+			}
+		}
+		Instances outFormat = new Instances("KEAdata", atts, 0);
+		setOutputFormat(outFormat);
+		
+		// Convert pending input instances into output data
+		for(int i = 0; i < getInputFormat().numInstances(); i++) {
+			Instance current = getInputFormat().instance(i);
+			FastVector vector = convertInstance(current, true);
+			Enumeration en = vector.elements();
+			while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+				Instance inst = (Instance)en.nextElement();
+				push(inst);
+			}
+		}
+	} 
+	
+	/**
+	 * Converts an instance.
+	 */
+	private FastVector convertInstance(Instance instance, boolean training) 
+	throws Exception {
+		
+		FastVector vector = new FastVector();
+		
+		s_log.debug("-- Converting instance");
+		
+		// Get the key phrases for the document
+		HashMap hashKeyphrases = null;
+		HashMap hashKeysEval = null;
+		if (!instance.isMissing(m_KeyphrasesAtt)) {
+			String keyphrases = instance.stringValue(m_KeyphrasesAtt);
+			hashKeyphrases = getGivenKeyphrases(keyphrases, false);
+			hashKeysEval = getGivenKeyphrases(keyphrases, true);
+		}
+		
+		// Get the phrases for the document
+		HashMap hash = new HashMap();
+		int length = getPhrases(hash, instance.stringValue(m_DocumentAtt));
+		//	hash = getComposits(hash);
+
+		/* Experimental:
+		 To compute how many of the manual keyphrases appear in the documents:
+		
+		System.err.println("Doc phrases found " + hash.size());
+		System.err.println("Manual keyphrases: ");
+		Iterator iter = hashKeyphrases.keySet().iterator();
+		int count = 0;
+		while (iter.hasNext()) {
+			String id = (String)iter.next();
+			if (hash.containsKey(id)) {
+				count++;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		double max_recall = (double)count/(double)hashKeyphrases.size();
+		
+		
+		m_max_recall += max_recall;
+		doc++;
+		double avg_m_max_recall = m_max_recall/(double)doc;
+		
+		String file = instance.stringValue(2);
+		System.err.println(count + " out of " + hashKeyphrases.size() + " are in the document ");
+		System.err.println("Max recall : " + avg_m_max_recall + " on " + doc + " documents ");
+		*/
+		
+		
+		// Compute number of extra attributes
+		int numFeatures = 5;
+		if (m_Debug) {
+			if (m_KFused) {
+				numFeatures = numFeatures + 1;
+			}
+		} 
+		if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+			numFeatures = numFeatures + 1;
+		}
+		if (m_NODEfeature) {	
+			numFeatures = numFeatures + 1;
+		}
+		if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+			numFeatures = numFeatures + 1;
+		}
+		
+		// Set indices of key attributes
+		//int phraseAttIndex = m_DocumentAtt;
+		int tfidfAttIndex = m_DocumentAtt + 2;
+		int distAttIndex = m_DocumentAtt + 3;
+		int probsAttIndex = m_DocumentAtt + numFeatures - 1;    
+		//int classAttIndex = numFeatures;
+		
+		// Go through the phrases and convert them into instances
+		Iterator it = hash.keySet().iterator();
+		while (it.hasNext()) {
+			String id = (String)it.next();
+			FastVector phraseInfo = (FastVector)hash.get(id);
+			
+			
+			
+			double[] vals =  featVals(id, phraseInfo, training,
+					hashKeysEval, hashKeyphrases, length, hash);
+			
+			Instance inst = new Instance(instance.weight(), vals);
+			
+			inst.setDataset(m_ClassifierData);
+			
+			// Get probability of a phrase being key phrase
+			double[] probs = m_Classifier.distributionForInstance(inst);
+			
+			
+			// If simple Naive Bayes used, change here to
+			//double prob = probs[1];
+			double prob = probs[0];
+			
+			// Compute attribute values for final instance
+			double[] newInst = 
+				new double[instance.numAttributes() + numFeatures];
+			int pos = 0;
+			for (int i = 0; i < instance.numAttributes(); i++) {
+				if (i == m_DocumentAtt) {
+					
+					// output of values for a given phrase:
+					
+					// Add phrase
+					int index = outputFormatPeek().attribute(pos).
+					addStringValue(id);
+					newInst[pos++] = index;
+					
+					// Add original version
+					String orig = (String)phraseInfo.elementAt(2);
+
+					if (orig != null) {
+						index = outputFormatPeek().attribute(pos).addStringValue(orig);
+					} else {
+						index = outputFormatPeek().attribute(pos).addStringValue(id);
+					}
+					newInst[pos++] = index;
+					
+					// Add TFxIDF
+					newInst[pos++] = inst.value(m_TfidfIndex);
+					
+					// Add distance
+					newInst[pos++] = inst.value(m_FirstOccurIndex);
+					
+					// Add other features
+					if (m_Debug) {
+						if (m_KFused) {
+							newInst[pos++] = inst.value(m_KeyFreqIndex);
+						}
+					}
+					if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+						newInst[pos++] = inst.value(m_STDEVIndex);
+					}
+					if (m_NODEfeature) {
+						newInst[pos++] = inst.value(m_NodeIndex);
+					}
+					if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+						newInst[pos++] = inst.value(m_LengthIndex);
+					}
+					
+					// Add probability 
+					probsAttIndex = pos;
+					newInst[pos++] = prob;
+					
+					// Set rank to missing (computed below)
+					newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+					
+				} else if (i == m_KeyphrasesAtt) {
+					newInst[pos++] = inst.classValue();
+				} else {
+					newInst[pos++] = instance.value(i);
+				}
+			}
+			Instance ins = new Instance(instance.weight(), newInst);
+			ins.setDataset(outputFormatPeek());
+			vector.addElement(ins);
+		}
+		
+		
+		// Add dummy instances for keyphrases that don't occur
+		// in the document
+		if (hashKeysEval != null) {
+			Iterator phrases = hashKeysEval.keySet().iterator();
+			while (phrases.hasNext()) {
+				String phrase = (String)phrases.next();
+				double[] newInst = 
+					new double[instance.numAttributes() + numFeatures];
+				int pos = 0;
+				for (int i = 0; i < instance.numAttributes(); i++) {
+					if (i == m_DocumentAtt) {
+						// System.out.println("Here: " + phrase);
+						// Add phrase
+						int index = outputFormatPeek().attribute(pos).
+						addStringValue(phrase);
+						newInst[pos++] = (double)index;
+						
+						// Add original version
+						index = outputFormatPeek().attribute(pos).
+						addStringValue(phrase);
+						newInst[pos++] = (double)index;
+						
+						// Add TFxIDF
+						newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+						
+						// Add distance
+						newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+						
+						// Add other features
+						if (m_Debug) {
+							if (m_KFused) {
+								newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+							}
+						}
+						if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+							newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+						}
+						if (m_NODEfeature) {
+							newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+						}
+						if (m_LENGTHfeature) {
+							newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+						}
+						
+						// Add probability and rank
+						newInst[pos++] = -Double.MAX_VALUE;
+						// newInst[pos++] = Instance.missingValue();
+					} else if (i == m_KeyphrasesAtt) {
+						newInst[pos++] = 1; // Keyphrase
+					} else {
+						newInst[pos++] = instance.value(i);
+					} 
+					
+					Instance inst = new Instance(instance.weight(), newInst);
+					inst.setDataset(outputFormatPeek());
+					vector.addElement(inst);
+				}
+				
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// Sort phrases according to their distance (stable sort)
+		double[] vals = new double[vector.size()];
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			vals[i] = ((Instance)vector.elementAt(i)).value(distAttIndex);
+		}
+		FastVector newVector = new FastVector(vector.size());
+		int[] sortedIndices = Utils.stableSort(vals);
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			newVector.addElement(vector.elementAt(sortedIndices[i]));
+		}
+		vector = newVector;
+		
+		// Sort phrases according to their tfxidf value (stable sort)
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			vals[i] = -((Instance)vector.elementAt(i)).value(tfidfAttIndex);
+		}
+		newVector = new FastVector(vector.size());
+		sortedIndices = Utils.stableSort(vals);
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			newVector.addElement(vector.elementAt(sortedIndices[i]));
+		}
+		vector = newVector;
+		
+		// Sort phrases according to their probability (stable sort)
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			vals[i] = 1 - ((Instance)vector.elementAt(i)).value(probsAttIndex);
+		}
+		newVector = new FastVector(vector.size());
+		sortedIndices = Utils.stableSort(vals);
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			newVector.addElement(vector.elementAt(sortedIndices[i]));
+		}
+		vector = newVector;
+		
+		// Compute rank of phrases. Check for subphrases that are ranked
+		// lower than superphrases and assign probability -1 and set the
+		// rank to Integer.MAX_VALUE
+		int rank = 1;
+		for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+			Instance currentInstance = (Instance)vector.elementAt(i);
+			// Short cut: if phrase very unlikely make rank very low and continue
+			if (Utils.grOrEq(vals[i], 1.0)) {
+				currentInstance.setValue(probsAttIndex + 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+				continue;
+			}
+			
+			// Otherwise look for super phrase starting with first phrase
+			// in list that has same probability, TFxIDF value, and distance as
+			// current phrase. We do this to catch all superphrases
+			// that have same probability, TFxIDF value and distance as current phrase.
+			int startInd = i;
+			while (startInd < vals.length) {
+				Instance inst = (Instance)vector.elementAt(startInd);
+				if ((inst.value(tfidfAttIndex) != 
+					currentInstance.value(tfidfAttIndex)) ||
+					(inst.value(probsAttIndex) != 
+						currentInstance.value(probsAttIndex)) ||
+						(inst.value(distAttIndex) !=
+							currentInstance.value(distAttIndex))) {
+					break;
+				}
+				startInd++;
+			}
+			currentInstance.setValue(probsAttIndex + 1, rank++);
+			
+		}
+		return vector;
+	}
+	/*
+	 private HashMap getComposits(HashMap dict) {
+	 HashMap dictClone = (HashMap)dict.clone();
+	 Iterator it1 = dictClone.keySet().iterator();       
+	 while (it1.hasNext()) {
+	 String id1 = (String)it1.next();
+	 String term1 = m_Vocabulary.getOrig(id1);
+	 Iterator it2 = dictClone.keySet().iterator();       
+	 while (it2.hasNext()) {
+	 String id2 = (String)it2.next();
+	 
+	 String term2 = m_Vocabulary.getOrig(id2);
+	 
+	 String composite = term1 + " " + term2;
+	 String idNew = m_Vocabulary.getID(composite);
+	 
+	 if (term1 != term2 && idNew != null) {
+	 
+	 FastVector vec = (FastVector)dict.get(idNew);
+	 
+	 if (vec == null) {
+	 System.err.println("Found " + m_Vocabulary.getOrig(idNew) + " (" + term1 + ", " + term2 + ")");
+	 // Specifying the size of the vector
+	  // According to additional selected features:
+	   vec = new FastVector(2);
+	   
+	   // Update hashtable with all the info
+	    vec.addElement(new Counter(0)); //0
+	    vec.addElement(new Counter()); //1
+	    vec.addElement(m_Vocabulary.getOrig(idNew)); //2
+	    dict.put(idNew, vec);
+	    } else {
+	    
+	    // Update number of occurrences
+	     ((Counter)((FastVector)vec).elementAt(1)).increment();
+	     }					
+	     }
+	     }
+	     }
+	     return dict;
+	     }
+	     */
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns a hashtable. Fills the hashtable
+	 * with the stemmed n-grams occuring in the given string
+	 * (as keys) and the number of times it occurs.
+	 */
+	public HashMap getPhrasesForDictionary(String str) {
+		
+		String[] buffer = new String[m_MaxPhraseLength];
+		HashMap hash = new HashMap();
+		
+		StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(str, "\n");
+		while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+			String phrase = tok.nextToken();
+			//  System.err.println("Sentence " + phrase);
+			int numSeen = 0;
+			StringTokenizer wordTok = new StringTokenizer(phrase, " ");
+			while (wordTok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+				String word = wordTok.nextToken();
+				// System.err.println(word);
+				// Store word in buffer
+				for (int i = 0; i < m_MaxPhraseLength - 1; i++) {
+					buffer[i] = buffer[i + 1];
+				}
+				buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - 1] = word;
+				
+				// How many are buffered?
+				numSeen++;
+				if (numSeen > m_MaxPhraseLength) {
+					numSeen = m_MaxPhraseLength;
+				}
+				
+				// Don't consider phrases that end with a stop word
+				if (m_Stopwords.isStopword(buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - 1])) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				
+				// Loop through buffer and add phrases to hashtable
+				StringBuffer phraseBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+				for (int i = 1; i <= numSeen; i++) {
+					if (i > 1) {
+						phraseBuffer.insert(0, ' ');
+					}
+					phraseBuffer.insert(0, buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - i]);
+					
+					// Don't consider phrases that begin with a stop word
+					if ((i > 1) && 
+							(m_Stopwords.isStopword(buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - i]))) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					
+					// Only consider phrases with minimum length
+					if (i >= m_MinPhraseLength) {
+						
+						// Match against the Vocabulary
+						String orig = phraseBuffer.toString();
+						
+						// Create internal representation:
+						// either a stemmed version or a pseudo phrase:
+						String pseudo = pseudoPhrase(orig);
+						// System.err.println("Checking " + orig + " -- " + pseudo);
+						
+						String id;
+						if (m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+						//	String pseudo = pseudoPhrase(orig);
+							id = pseudo;
+						} else {
+							id = (String)m_Vocabulary.getID(orig);
+						}
+						
+						if (id != null) {								
+							Counter count = (Counter)hash.get(id);
+							if (count == null) {
+								hash.put(id, new Counter());
+							} else {
+								count.increment();
+							}
+						//	System.err.println(orig + "\t" + id);
+						}						
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}	
+		return hash;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Expects an empty hashtable. Fills the hashtable
+	 * with the stemmed n-grams occuring in the given string
+	 * (as keys). Stores the position, the number of occurences,
+	 * and the most commonly occurring orgininal version of
+	 * each n-gram.
+	 *
+	 * N-grams that occur less than m_MinNumOccur are not used.
+	 *
+	 * Returns the total number of words (!) in the string.
+	 */	
+	private int getPhrases(HashMap hash, String str) {
+		
+		//FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("candidates_kea41.txt");		
+		//PrintWriter printer = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(out)); 
+		
+		// hash = table to store all the information about phrases extracted from "str"
+		// str  = the content of the document, separated by newlines in sentences
+		
+		String[] buffer = new String[m_MaxPhraseLength];
+		
+		// Extracting strings of a predefined length from "str":
+		
+		StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(str, "\n");
+		int pos = 1; 
+		
+		while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+			String phrase = tok.nextToken();
+			int numSeen = 0;
+			StringTokenizer wordTok = new StringTokenizer(phrase, " ");
+			while (wordTok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+				String word = wordTok.nextToken();
+				
+				// Store word in buffer
+				for (int i = 0; i < m_MaxPhraseLength - 1; i++) {
+					buffer[i] = buffer[i + 1];
+				}
+				buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - 1] = word;
+				
+				// How many are buffered?
+				numSeen++;
+				if (numSeen > m_MaxPhraseLength) {
+					numSeen = m_MaxPhraseLength;
+				}
+				
+				// Don't consider phrases that end with a stop word
+				if (m_Stopwords.isStopword(buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - 1])) {
+					pos++;
+					continue;
+				}	
+				
+				// Loop through buffer and add phrases to hashtable
+				StringBuffer phraseBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+				for (int i = 1; i <= numSeen; i++) {
+					if (i > 1) {
+						phraseBuffer.insert(0, ' ');
+					}
+					phraseBuffer.insert(0, buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - i]);
+					
+					// Don't consider phrases that begin with a stop word
+					if ((i > 1) && 
+							(m_Stopwords.isStopword(buffer[m_MaxPhraseLength - i]))) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					
+					// Final restriction:
+					// Only consider phrases with minimum length
+					if (i >= m_MinPhraseLength) {
+						
+						// orig = each detected phase in its original spelling  
+						String orig = phraseBuffer.toString();
+
+						// Create internal representation:
+						// either a stemmed version or a pseudo phrase: 
+						
+						
+
+						String id;
+						if (m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+							String pseudo = pseudoPhrase(orig);
+							id = pseudo;
+						} else {
+//							Match against the Vocabulary		
+							id = (String)m_Vocabulary.getID(orig);
+						}
+						
+					//	 System.out.println(orig + "\t" + pseudo + " \t " + id);
+						
+						if (id != null) {
+							
+							// if Vocabulary is used, derive the correct spelling
+							// of the descriptor, else use one of the spellings as in the document
+							if (!m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+								orig = m_Vocabulary.getOrig(id);
+							}
+
+							// Get the vector of the current phrase from the hash table.
+							// If it was already extracted from "str", the values will be
+							// updated in next steps, if not a new vector will be created.
+							
+							FastVector vec = (FastVector)hash.get(id);
+							
+							if (vec == null) {
+								
+								// Specifying the size of the vector
+								// According to additional selected features:
+								
+								if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+									vec = new FastVector(3);
+								} else {
+									vec = new FastVector(2);
+								}
+								
+								// Update hashtable with all the info
+								vec.addElement(new Counter(pos + 1 - i)); //0
+								vec.addElement(new Counter()); //1
+								vec.addElement(orig); //2
+								
+								if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+									FastVector app = new FastVector();
+									app.addElement(new Counter(pos + 1 - i));
+									vec.addElement(app); 
+								}
+								hash.put(id, vec);
+							} else {
+								
+								// If the phrase already was identified,
+								// update its values in the old vector
+								
+								// Update number of occurrences
+								((Counter)((FastVector)vec).elementAt(1)).increment();
+								
+								if (m_STDEVfeature) {
+									
+									FastVector app = (FastVector)vec.elementAt(3); 
+									app.addElement(new Counter(pos + 1 - i));
+									vec.addElement(app); 
+								}
+								
+							}								
+						} 
+					}
+				}
+				pos++;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// Replace secondary hashtables with most commonly occurring
+		// version of each phrase (canonical) form. Delete all words
+		// that are proper nouns.
+		Iterator phrases = hash.keySet().iterator();
+		
+		while (phrases.hasNext()) {
+			String phrase = (String)phrases.next();
+			FastVector info = (FastVector)hash.get(phrase);
+			
+			// Occurring less than m_MinNumOccur? //m_MinNumOccur			
+			if (((Counter)((FastVector)info).elementAt(1)).value() < m_MinNumOccur) {
+				phrases.remove();
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		return pos;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Splits a string at given character into an array (ALY)
+	 */
+	private static String[] split(String str,String separator) {
+		
+		ArrayList lst = new ArrayList();
+		String word = ""; 
+		
+		for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
+			int j = i + 1;
+			String letter = str.substring(i,j);
+			if (!letter.equalsIgnoreCase(separator)) {
+				word = word + str.charAt(i);
+			} else {
+				lst.add(word);
+				word = ""; 
+			}
+		}
+		if (word != "") {
+			lst.add(word);
+		}
+		String[] result = (String[])lst.toArray(new String[lst.size()]);
+		return result;
+	}	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the phrases in the given string and puts them into the
+	 * hashtable.  Also stores the original version of the stemmed
+	 * phrase in the hash table.  
+	 */
+	private HashMap getGivenKeyphrases(String str,
+			boolean forEval) {
+		
+		HashMap hash = new HashMap();
+		// m_Indexers = 1;
+		
+		StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(str, "\n");
+		while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+			String orig = tok.nextToken();
+			orig = orig.trim();
+			
+//			This is often the case with Mesh Terms,
+			// where a term is accompanied by another specifying term
+			// e.g. Monocytes/*immunology/microbiology
+			// we ignore everything after the "/" symbol.
+			if (orig.matches(".+?/.+?")) {
+				String[] elements = orig.split("/");		
+				orig = elements[0];
+			}	
+			
+			orig = pseudoPhrase(orig);
+			//System.err.println(orig);
+			if (orig.length() > 0) {
+				
+				String id;
+				if (m_vocabulary.equals("none")) {
+					id = orig;
+				} else {
+					id = (String)m_Vocabulary.getID(orig);
+				}
+				if (id != null) {
+					//System.err.println("\t" + id);
+					if (!hash.containsKey(id)) {
+						hash.put(id, new Counter());
+					} else {	
+						Counter c = (Counter)hash.get(id);
+						c.increment();
+						hash.put(id, c);
+						if (forEval && m_Debug) {
+							s_log.warn("Skipping the phrase " + orig + ", which appears twice in the author-assigned keyphrase set.");
+						}
+					}
+				} 
+			}
+		}
+		if (hash.size() == 0) {
+			return null;
+		} else {
+			return hash;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Generates the preudo phrase from a string.
+	 * A pseudo phrase is a version of a phrase
+	 * that only contains non-stopwords,
+	 * which are stemmed and sorted into alphabetical order. 
+	 */
+	public String pseudoPhrase(String str) {
+		//System.err.print(str + "\t");
+		String[] pseudophrase;
+		String[] words;
+		String str_nostop;
+		String stemmed;
+		
+		
+		str = str.toLowerCase();
+		
+		// This is often the case with Mesh Terms,
+		// where a term is accompanied by another specifying term
+		// e.g. Monocytes/*immunology/microbiology
+		// we ignore everything after the "/" symbol.
+		if (str.matches(".+?/.+?")) {
+			String[] elements = str.split("/");		
+			str = elements[0];
+		}	
+		
+		// removes scop notes in brackets
+		// should be replaced with a cleaner solution
+		if (str.matches(".+?\\(.+?")) {
+			String[] elements = str.split("\\(");		
+			str = elements[0];			
+		}	
+		if (str.matches(".+?\\'.+?")) {
+			String[] elements = str.split("\\'");		
+			str = elements[1];			
+		}	
+		
+		
+		// Remove some non-alphanumeric characters
+		
+		// str = str.replace('/', ' ');
+		str = str.replace('-', ' ');
+		str = str.replace('&', ' ');
+		
+		
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\*", "");
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\, "," ");
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\. "," ");
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\:","");
+		
+		
+		str = str.trim();
+		
+		// Stem string
+		words = str.split(" ");
+		str_nostop = "";
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
+			if (!m_Stopwords.isStopword(words[i])) {
+				if (str_nostop.equals("")) {
+					str_nostop = words[i];
+				} else {
+					str_nostop = str_nostop + " " + words[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		stemmed = m_Stemmer.stemString(str_nostop);
+		
+		//System.err.println(stemmed + "\t" + str_nostop + "\t"+ str);
+		pseudophrase = sort(stemmed.split(" "));
+		// System.err.println(join(pseudophrase));
+		return join(pseudophrase);
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Joins an array of strings to a single string.
+	 */
+	private static String join(String[] str) {
+		String result = "";
+		for(int i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+			if (result != "") {
+				result = result + " " + str[i];
+			} else {
+				result = str[i];
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
+	}	
+	
+	
+	
+	/** 
+	 * overloaded swap method: exchange 2 locations in an array of Strings.
+	 */
+	public static void swap (int loc1, int loc2, String [] a) {
+		String temp = a [loc1];
+		a [loc1] = a [loc2];
+		a [loc2] = temp;
+	} // end swap
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sorts an array of Strings into alphabetic order
+	 *
+	 */
+	public static String[] sort (String [] a)    {
+		
+		// rename firstAt to reflect new role in alphabetic sorting
+		int i, j, firstAt;
+		
+		for (i = 0 ; i < a.length - 1 ; i++) {
+			firstAt = i;
+			for (j = i + 1 ; j < a.length ; j++) {
+				// modify to preserve ordering of a String that starts with
+				// upper case preceding the otherwise identical String that
+				// has only lower case letters
+				if (a [j].toUpperCase ().compareTo (a [firstAt].toUpperCase ()) < 0) {
+					// reset firstAt
+					firstAt = j;
+				}
+				// if identical when converted to all same case
+				if (a [j].toUpperCase ().compareTo (a [firstAt].toUpperCase ()) == 0) {
+					// but a[j] precedes when not converted
+					if (a [j].compareTo (a [firstAt]) < 0) {
+						// reset firstAt
+						firstAt = j;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (firstAt != i) {
+				swap (i, firstAt, a);
+			}
+		}
+		return a;
+	} // end method selectionSort
+	
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Main method for testing this class.
+	 *
+	 * @param argv should contain arguments to the filter: use -h for help
+	 */
+	public static void main(String [] argv) {
+		
+		try {
+			if (Utils.getFlag('b', argv)) {
+				Filter.batchFilterFile(new KEAFilter(), argv);
+			} else {
+				Filter.filterFile(new KEAFilter(), argv);
+			}
+		} catch (Exception ex) {
+			s_log.warn("KEAFilter failed", ex);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/KEAPhraseFilter.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/KEAPhraseFilter.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..858a8c8b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/KEAPhraseFilter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+package kea.filters;
+
+
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import weka.core.Capabilities;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+import weka.core.Option;
+import weka.core.OptionHandler;
+import weka.core.Range;
+import weka.core.Utils;
+import weka.core.Capabilities.Capability;
+import weka.filters.Filter;
+
+/**
+ * This filter splits the text in selected string
+ * attributes into phrases. The resulting
+ * string attributes contain these phrases
+ * separated by '\n' characters.
+ *
+ * Phrases are identified according to the
+ * following definitions:
+ * 
+ * A phrase is a sequence of words interrupted
+ * only by sequences of whitespace characters,
+ * where each sequence of whitespace characters
+ * contains at most one '\n'.
+ *
+ * A word is a sequence of letters or digits
+ * that contains at least one letter, with
+ * the following exceptions:
+ *
+ * a) '.', '@', '_', '&', '/', '-' are allowed
+ * if surrounded by letters or digits,
+ *
+ * b) '\'' is allowed if preceeded by a letter
+ * or digit,
+ * 
+ * c) '-', '/' are also allowed if succeeded by
+ * whitespace characters followed by another
+ * word. In that case the whitespace characters
+ * will be deleted.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class KEAPhraseFilter extends Filter implements OptionHandler {
+
+  /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+/** Stores which columns to select as a funky range */
+  protected Range m_SelectCols = new Range();
+
+  /** Determines whether internal periods are allowed */
+  protected boolean m_DisallowInternalPeriods = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a string describing this filter
+   *
+   * @return a description of the filter suitable for
+   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
+   */
+  public String globalInfo() {
+    return "This filter splits the text contained " +
+      "by the selected string attributes into phrases.";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns an enumeration describing the available options
+   *
+   * @return an enumeration of all the available options
+   */
+  public Enumeration listOptions() {
+
+    Vector newVector = new Vector(3);
+
+    newVector.addElement(new Option(
+              "\tSpecify list of attributes to process. First and last are valid\n"
+	      +"\tindexes. (default none)",
+              "R", 1, "-R <index1,index2-index4,...>"));
+    newVector.addElement(new Option(
+	      "\tInvert matching sense",
+              "V", 0, "-V"));
+    newVector.addElement(new Option(
+	      "\tDisallow internal periods",
+              "P", 0, "-P"));
+
+    return newVector.elements();
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Returns the Capabilities of this filter.
+   *
+   * @return            the capabilities of this object
+   * @see               Capabilities
+   */
+  public Capabilities getCapabilities() {
+    Capabilities result = super.getCapabilities();
+
+    // attributes
+    result.enableAllAttributes();
+    result.enable(Capability.MISSING_VALUES);
+    
+    // class
+    result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_CLASS);
+    result.enable(Capability.NO_CLASS);
+    
+    return result;
+  }
+  
+
+  /**
+   * Parses a given list of options controlling the behaviour of this object.
+   * Valid options are:<p>
+   *
+   * -R index1,index2-index4,...<br>
+   * Specify list of attributes to process. First and last are valid indexes.
+   * (default none)<p>
+   *
+   * -V<br>
+   * Invert matching sense <p>
+   *
+   * -P<br>
+   * Disallow internal periods <p>
+   *
+   * @param options the list of options as an array of strings
+   * @exception Exception if an option is not supported
+   */
+  public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception {
+
+    String list = Utils.getOption('R', options);
+    if (list.length() != 0) {
+      setAttributeIndices(list);
+    }
+    setInvertSelection(Utils.getFlag('V', options));
+
+    setDisallowInternalPeriods(Utils.getFlag('P', options));
+    
+    if (getInputFormat() != null) {
+      setInputFormat(getInputFormat());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the current settings of the filter.
+   *
+   * @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions
+   */
+  public String [] getOptions() {
+
+    String [] options = new String [4];
+    int current = 0;
+
+    if (getInvertSelection()) {
+      options[current++] = "-V";
+    }
+    if (getDisallowInternalPeriods()) {
+      options[current++] = "-P";
+    }
+    if (!getAttributeIndices().equals("")) {
+      options[current++] = "-R"; options[current++] = getAttributeIndices();
+    }
+
+    while (current < options.length) {
+      options[current++] = "";
+    }
+    return options;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the format of the input instances.
+   *
+   * @param instanceInfo an Instances object containing the input
+   * instance structure (any instances contained in the object are
+   * ignored - only the structure is required).
+   * @return true if the outputFormat may be collected immediately 
+   */
+  public boolean setInputFormat(Instances instanceInfo) throws Exception {
+
+    super.setInputFormat(instanceInfo);
+    setOutputFormat(instanceInfo);
+    m_SelectCols.setUpper(instanceInfo.numAttributes() - 1);
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Input an instance for filtering. Ordinarily the instance is processed
+   * and made available for output immediately. Some filters require all
+   * instances be read before producing output.
+   *
+   * @param instance the input instance
+   * @return true if the filtered instance may now be
+   * collected with output().
+   * @exception Exception if the input instance was not of the correct 
+   * format or if there was a problem with the filtering.
+   */
+  public boolean input(Instance instance) throws Exception {
+
+    if (getInputFormat() == null) {
+      throw new Exception("No input instance format defined");
+    }
+    if (m_NewBatch) {
+      resetQueue();
+      m_NewBatch = false;
+    }
+    convertInstance(instance);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Signify that this batch of input to the filter is finished. If
+   * the filter requires all instances prior to filtering, output()
+   * may now be called to retrieve the filtered instances. Any
+   * subsequent instances filtered should be filtered based on setting
+   * obtained from the first batch (unless the inputFormat has been
+   * re-assigned or new options have been set). This default
+   * implementation assumes all instance processing occurs during
+   * inputFormat() and input().
+   *
+   * @return true if there are instances pending output
+   * @exception NullPointerException if no input structure has been defined,
+   * @exception Exception if there was a problem finishing the batch.
+   */
+  public boolean batchFinished() throws Exception {
+
+    if (getInputFormat() == null) {
+      throw new NullPointerException("No input instance format defined");
+    }
+    m_NewBatch = true;
+    return (numPendingOutput() != 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Main method for testing this class.
+   *
+   * @param argv should contain arguments to the filter: use -h for help
+   */
+  public static void main(String [] argv) {
+    
+    try {
+      if (Utils.getFlag('b', argv)) {
+	Filter.batchFilterFile(new KEAPhraseFilter(), argv);
+      } else {
+	Filter.filterFile(new KEAPhraseFilter(), argv);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+ 
+  /** 
+   * Converts an instance by removing all non-alphanumeric characters
+   * from its string attribute values.
+   */
+  private void convertInstance(Instance instance) throws Exception {
+  
+    double[] instVals = new double[instance.numAttributes()];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < instance.numAttributes(); i++) {
+      if (!instance.attribute(i).isString() || 
+	  instance.isMissing(i)) {
+	instVals[i] = instance.value(i);
+      } else {
+	if (!m_SelectCols.isInRange(i)) {
+	  int index = getOutputFormat().attribute(i).
+	    addStringValue(instance.stringValue(i));
+	  instVals[i] = (double)index;
+	  continue;
+	}
+	// aly: str = text of the document
+	String str = instance.stringValue(i);
+	
+	String tokenized = tokenize(str);
+	
+	// aly: resultStr is the clean version of str
+	// System.out.println(resultStr.toString());
+	int index = getOutputFormat().attribute(i).
+	  addStringValue(tokenized);
+	instVals[i] = (double)index;
+      }
+    }
+    Instance inst = new Instance(instance.weight(), instVals);
+    inst.setDataset(getOutputFormat());
+    push(inst);
+  }
+  
+  
+  public String tokenize (String str) {
+	  StringBuffer resultStr = new StringBuffer();
+		int j = 0;
+		boolean phraseStart = true;
+		boolean seenNewLine = false;
+		boolean haveSeenHyphen = false;
+		boolean haveSeenSlash = false;
+		while (j < str.length()) {
+		  boolean isWord = false;
+		  boolean potNumber = false;
+		  int startj = j;
+		  while (j < str.length()) {
+		    char ch = str.charAt(j);
+		    if (Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch)) {
+		      potNumber = true;
+		      isWord = true;
+		      //aly: allowing digits as words
+		      /*if (Character.isLetter(ch)) {
+			isWord = true;
+			}
+		      */
+		      j++;
+		    } else if ((!m_DisallowInternalPeriods && (ch == '.')) ||
+			       (ch == '@') ||
+			       (ch == '_') ||
+			       (ch == '&') ||
+			       (ch == '/') ||
+			       (ch == '-')) {
+		      if ((j > 0) && (j  + 1 < str.length()) &&
+			  Character.isLetterOrDigit(str.charAt(j - 1)) &&
+			  Character.isLetterOrDigit(str.charAt(j + 1))) {
+			j++;
+		      } else {
+			break;
+		      }
+		    } else if (ch == '\'') {
+		      if ((j > 0) &&
+			  Character.isLetterOrDigit(str.charAt(j - 1))) {
+			j++;
+		      } else {
+			break;
+		      }
+		    } else {
+		      break;
+		    }
+		  }
+		  if (isWord == true) {
+		    if (!phraseStart) {
+		      if (haveSeenHyphen) {
+			resultStr.append('-');
+		      } else if (haveSeenSlash) {
+			resultStr.append('/');
+		      } else {
+			resultStr.append(' ');
+		      }
+		    }
+		    resultStr.append(str.substring(startj, j));
+		    if (j == str.length()) {
+		      break;
+		    }
+		    phraseStart = false;
+		    seenNewLine = false;
+		    haveSeenHyphen = false;
+		    haveSeenSlash = false;
+		    if (Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(j))) {
+		      if (str.charAt(j) == '\n') {
+			seenNewLine = true;
+		      } 
+		    } else if (str.charAt(j) == '-') {
+		      haveSeenHyphen = true;
+		    } else if (str.charAt(j) == '/') {
+		      haveSeenSlash = true;
+		    } else {
+		      phraseStart = true;
+		      resultStr.append('\n');
+		    }
+		    j++;
+		  } else if (j == str.length()) {
+		    break;
+		  } else if (str.charAt(j) == '\n') {
+		    if (seenNewLine) {
+		      if (phraseStart == false) {
+			resultStr.append('\n');
+			phraseStart = true;
+		      }
+		    } else if (potNumber) {
+		      if (phraseStart == false) {
+			phraseStart = true;
+			resultStr.append('\n');
+		      }
+		    }
+		    seenNewLine = true;
+		    j++;
+		  } else if (Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(j))) {
+		    if (potNumber) {
+		      if (phraseStart == false) {
+			phraseStart = true;
+			resultStr.append('\n');
+		      }
+		    }
+		    j++;
+		  } else {
+		    if (phraseStart == false) {
+		      resultStr.append('\n');
+		      phraseStart = true;
+		    }
+		    j++;
+		  }
+		}
+		return resultStr.toString();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the tip text for this property
+   *
+   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
+   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
+   */
+  public String invertSelectionTipText() {
+
+    return "If set to false, the specified attributes will be processed;"
+      + " If set to true, specified attributes won't be processed.";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get whether the supplied columns are to be processed
+   *
+   * @return true if the supplied columns won't be processed
+   */
+  public boolean getInvertSelection() {
+
+    return m_SelectCols.getInvert();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set whether selected columns should be processed. If true the 
+   * selected columns won't be processed.
+   *
+   * @param invert the new invert setting
+   */
+  public void setInvertSelection(boolean invert) {
+
+    m_SelectCols.setInvert(invert);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the tip text for this property
+   *
+   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
+   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
+   */
+  public String disallowInternalPeriodsTipText() {
+
+    return "If set to false, internal periods are allowed.";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get whether the supplied columns are to be processed
+   *
+   * @return true if the supplied columns won't be processed
+   */
+  public boolean getDisallowInternalPeriods() {
+
+    return m_DisallowInternalPeriods;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set whether selected columns should be processed. If true the 
+   * selected columns won't be processed.
+   *
+   * @param disallow the new invert setting
+   */
+  public void setDisallowInternalPeriods(boolean disallow) {
+
+    m_DisallowInternalPeriods = disallow;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the tip text for this property
+   *
+   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
+   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
+   */
+  public String attributeIndicesTipText() {
+
+    return "Specify range of attributes to act on."
+      + " This is a comma separated list of attribute indices, with"
+      + " \"first\" and \"last\" valid values. Specify an inclusive"
+      + " range with \"-\". E.g: \"first-3,5,6-10,last\".";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current range selection.
+   *
+   * @return a string containing a comma separated list of ranges
+   */
+  public String getAttributeIndices() {
+
+    return m_SelectCols.getRanges();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set which attributes are to be processed
+   *
+   * @param rangeList a string representing the list of attributes.  Since
+   * the string will typically come from a user, attributes are indexed from
+   * 1. <br>
+   * eg: first-3,5,6-last
+   */
+  public void setAttributeIndices(String rangeList) {
+
+    m_SelectCols.setRanges(rangeList);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set which attributes are to be processed
+   *
+   * @param attributes an array containing indexes of attributes to select.
+   * Since the array will typically come from a program, attributes are indexed
+   * from 0.
+   */
+  public void setAttributeIndicesArray(int [] attributes) {
+    
+    setAttributeIndices(Range.indicesToRangeList(attributes));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/NumbersFilter.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/NumbersFilter.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68926203c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/filters/NumbersFilter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+package kea.filters;
+
+
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+
+import weka.core.Capabilities;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+import weka.core.Utils;
+import weka.core.Capabilities.Capability;
+import weka.filters.Filter;
+
+/**
+ * Removes all numbers from all the string attributes in the given
+ * dataset. Assumes that words are separated by whitespace.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class NumbersFilter extends Filter {
+
+
+
+/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+/**
+   * Returns a string describing this filter
+   *
+   * @return a description of the filter suitable for
+   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
+   */
+  public String globalInfo() {
+      return "Removes all numbers from all the string attributes in " +
+      "the given dataset. Assumes that words are separated by whitespace.";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Signify that this batch of input to the filter is finished. If
+   * the filter requires all instances prior to filtering, output()
+   * may now be called to retrieve the filtered instances. Any
+   * subsequent instances filtered should be filtered based on setting
+   * obtained from the first batch (unless the inputFormat has been
+   * re-assigned or new options have been set). This default
+   * implementation assumes all instance processing occurs during
+   * inputFormat() and input().
+   *
+   * @return true if there are instances pending output
+   * @exception NullPointerException if no input structure has been defined,
+   * @exception Exception if there was a problem finishing the batch.
+   */
+  public boolean batchFinished() throws Exception {
+
+    if (getInputFormat() == null) {
+      throw new NullPointerException("No input instance format defined");
+    }
+    m_NewBatch = true;
+    return (numPendingOutput() != 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the format of the input instances.
+   *
+   * @param instanceInfo an Instances object containing the input
+   * instance structure (any instances contained in the object are
+   * ignored - only the structure is required).
+   * @return true if the outputFormat may be collected immediately 
+   */
+  public boolean setInputFormat(Instances instanceInfo) throws Exception {
+
+    super.setInputFormat(instanceInfo);
+    setOutputFormat(instanceInfo);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the Capabilities of this filter.
+   *
+   * @return            the capabilities of this object
+   * @see               Capabilities
+   */
+  public Capabilities getCapabilities() {
+    Capabilities result = super.getCapabilities();
+
+    // attributes
+    result.enableAllAttributes();
+    result.enable(Capability.MISSING_VALUES);
+    
+    // class
+    result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_CLASS);
+    result.enable(Capability.NO_CLASS);
+    
+    return result;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Input an instance for filtering. Ordinarily the instance is processed
+   * and made available for output immediately. Some filters require all
+   * instances be read before producing output.
+   *
+   * @param instance the input instance
+   * @return true if the filtered instance may now be
+   * collected with output().
+   * @exception Exception if the input instance was not of the correct 
+   * format or if there was a problem with the filtering.
+   */
+  public boolean input(Instance instance) throws Exception {
+
+    if (getInputFormat() == null) {
+      throw new Exception("No input instance format defined");
+    }
+    if (m_NewBatch) {
+      resetQueue();
+      m_NewBatch = false;
+    }
+    convertInstance(instance);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Main method for testing this class.
+   *
+   * @param argv should contain arguments to the filter: use -h for help
+   */
+  public static void main(String [] argv) {
+    
+    try {
+      if (Utils.getFlag('b', argv)) {
+	Filter.batchFilterFile(new NumbersFilter(), argv);
+      } else {
+	Filter.filterFile(new NumbersFilter(), argv);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+ 
+  /** 
+   * Converts an instance. A phrase boundary is inserted where
+   * a number is found.
+   */
+  private void convertInstance(Instance instance) throws Exception {
+  
+    double[] instVals = new double[instance.numAttributes()];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < instance.numAttributes(); i++) {
+      if ((!instance.attribute(i).isString()) || instance.isMissing(i)) {
+	instVals[i] = instance.value(i);
+      } else {
+	String str = instance.stringValue(i);
+
+	StringBuffer resultStr = new StringBuffer();
+	StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(str, " \t\n", true);
+	while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+	  String token = tok.nextToken();
+
+	  // Everything that doesn't contain at least
+	  // one letter is considered to be a number
+	  boolean isNumber = true;
+	  for (int j = 0; j < token.length(); j++) {
+	    if (Character.isLetter(token.charAt(j))) {
+	      isNumber = false;
+	      break;
+	    }
+	  }
+	  if (!isNumber) {
+	    resultStr.append(token);
+	  } else {
+	    if (token.equals(" ") || token.equals("\t") ||
+		token.equals("\n")) {
+	      resultStr.append(token);
+	    } else {
+	      resultStr.append(" \n ");
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+	int index = getOutputFormat().attribute(i).addStringValue(resultStr.toString());
+	instVals[i] = (double)index;
+      }
+    }
+    Instance inst = new Instance(instance.weight(), instVals);
+    inst.setDataset(getOutputFormat());
+    push(inst);
+  }
+ 
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/main/KEAKeyphraseExtractor.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/main/KEAKeyphraseExtractor.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d70252c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/main/KEAKeyphraseExtractor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+package kea.main;
+
+/*
+ *    KEAKeyphraseExtractor.java
+ *    Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Eibe Frank, Olena Medelyan
+ *
+ *    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ *    (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *    GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ *    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+ */
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import kea.filters.KEAFilter;
+import kea.filters.KEAPhraseFilter;
+import kea.stemmers.SremovalStemmer;
+import kea.stemmers.Stemmer;
+import kea.stopwords.Stopwords;
+import kea.stopwords.StopwordsEnglish;
+import kea.util.Counter;
+import weka.core.Attribute;
+import weka.core.FastVector;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+import weka.core.Option;
+import weka.core.OptionHandler;
+import weka.core.Utils;
+
+/**
+ * Extracts keyphrases from the documents in a given directory.
+ * Assumes that the file names for the documents end with ".txt".
+ * Puts extracted keyphrases into corresponding files ending with
+ * ".key" (if those are not already present). Optionally an encoding
+ * for the documents/keyphrases can be defined (e.g. for Chinese
+ * text). Documents for which ".key" exists, are used for evaluation.
+ *
+ * Valid options are:<p>
+ *
+ * -l "directory name"<br>
+ * Specifies name of directory.<p>
+ *
+ * -m "model name"<br>
+ * Specifies name of model.<p>
+ *
+ * -v "vocabulary name"<br>
+ * Specifies name of vocabulary.<p>
+ *
+ * -f "vocabulary format"<br>
+ * Specifies format of vocabulary (text or skos).<p>
+ *
+ * -i "document language" <br>
+ * Specifies document language (en, es, de, fr).<p>
+ * 
+ * -e "encoding"<br>
+ * Specifies encoding.<p>
+ *
+ * -n <br>
+ * Specifies number of phrases to be output (default: 5).<p>
+ *
+ * -t "name of class implementing stemmer"<br>
+ * Sets stemmer to use (default: SremovalStemmer). <p>
+ *
+ * -s "name of class implementing stopwords"<br>
+ * Sets stemmer to use (default: StopwordsEnglish). <p>
+ * 
+ * -d<br>
+ * Turns debugging mode on.<p>
+ *
+ * -g<br>
+ * Build global dictionaries from the test set.<p>
+ *
+ * -a<br>
+ * Also write stemmed phrase and score into ".key" file.<p>
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class KEAKeyphraseExtractor implements OptionHandler {
+    
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(KEAKeyphraseExtractor.class);
+	
+	/** Name of directory */
+	String m_dirName = null;
+	
+	/** Name of model */
+	String m_modelName = null;
+	
+	/** Name of vocabulary */
+	String m_vocabulary = null;
+	
+	/** Vocabulary format */
+	String m_vocabularyFormat = null;
+	
+	/** Document language */
+	String m_documentLanguage = "en";
+	
+	/** Encoding */
+	String m_encoding = "default";
+	
+	
+	/** Debugging mode? */
+	boolean m_debug = false;
+	
+	/** The KEA filter object */
+	KEAFilter m_KEAFilter = null;
+	
+	
+	/** The number of phrases to extract. */
+	int m_numPhrases = 10;
+	
+	/** The stemmer to be used */
+	private Stemmer m_Stemmer = new SremovalStemmer();
+	
+	
+	/** The list of stop words to be used */
+	private Stopwords m_Stopwords = new StopwordsEnglish();
+	
+	
+	/** Also write stemmed phrase and score into .key file. */
+	boolean m_AdditionalInfo = false;
+	
+	
+	/** Build global dictionaries from the test set. */
+	boolean m_buildGlobal = false;
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of AdditionalInfo.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of AdditionalInfo.
+	 */
+	public boolean getAdditionalInfo() {
+		
+		return m_AdditionalInfo;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of AdditionalInfo.
+	 *
+	 * @param newAdditionalInfo Value to assign to AdditionalInfo.
+	 */
+	public void setAdditionalInfo(boolean newAdditionalInfo) {
+		
+		m_AdditionalInfo = newAdditionalInfo;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of BuildGlobal.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of BuildGlobal.
+	 */
+	public boolean getBuildGlobal() {
+		
+		return m_buildGlobal;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of BuildGlobal.
+	 *
+	 * @param newBuildGlobal Value to assign to BuildGlobal.
+	 */
+	public void setBuildGlobal(boolean newBuildGlobal) {
+		
+		m_buildGlobal = newBuildGlobal;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of numPhrases.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of numPhrases.
+	 */
+	public int getNumPhrases() {
+		
+		return m_numPhrases;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the Stemmer value.
+	 * @return the Stemmer value.
+	 */
+	public Stemmer getStemmer() {
+		
+		return m_Stemmer;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the Stemmer value.
+	 * @param newStemmer The new Stemmer value.
+	 */
+	public void setStemmer(Stemmer newStemmer) {
+		
+		this.m_Stemmer = newStemmer;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the Stopwords value.
+	 * @return the Stopwords value.
+	 */
+	public Stopwords getStopwords() {
+		
+		return m_Stopwords;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the Stopwords value.
+	 * @param newStopwords The new Stopwords value.
+	 */
+	public void setStopwords(Stopwords newStopwords) {
+		
+		this.m_Stopwords = newStopwords;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of numPhrases.
+	 *
+	 * @param newnumPhrases Value to assign to numPhrases.
+	 */
+	public void setNumPhrases(int newnumPhrases) {
+		
+		m_numPhrases = newnumPhrases;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of debug.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of debug.
+	 */
+	public boolean getDebug() {
+		
+		return m_debug;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of debug.
+	 *
+	 * @param newdebug Value to assign to debug.
+	 */
+	public void setDebug(boolean newdebug) {
+		
+		m_debug = newdebug;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of encoding.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of encoding.
+	 */
+	public String getEncoding() {
+		
+		return m_encoding;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of encoding.
+	 *
+	 * @param newencoding Value to assign to encoding.
+	 */
+	public void setEncoding(String newencoding) {
+		
+		m_encoding = newencoding;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of vocabulary name.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of vocabulary name.
+	 */
+	public String getVocabulary() {
+		
+		return m_vocabulary;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of vocabulary name.
+	 *
+	 * @param newvocabulary Value to assign to vocabulary name.
+	 */
+	public void setVocabulary(String newvocabulary) {
+		
+		m_vocabulary = newvocabulary;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of vocabulary format.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of vocabulary format.
+	 */
+	public String getVocabularyFormat() {
+		
+		return m_vocabularyFormat;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of vocabulary format.
+	 *
+	 * @param newvocabularyFormat Value to assign to vocabularyFormat .
+	 */
+	public void setVocabularyFormat(String newvocabularyFormat) {
+		
+		m_vocabularyFormat = newvocabularyFormat;
+	}
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of document language.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of document language.
+	 */
+	public String getDocumentLanguage() {
+		
+		return m_documentLanguage;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of document language.
+	 *
+	 * @param newdocumentLanguage Value to assign to document language.
+	 */
+	public void setDocumentLanguage(String newdocumentLanguage) {
+		
+		m_documentLanguage = newdocumentLanguage;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of modelName.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of modelName.
+	 */
+	public String getModelName() {
+		
+		return m_modelName;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of modelName.
+	 *
+	 * @param newmodelName Value to assign to modelName.
+	 */
+	public void setModelName(String newmodelName) {
+		
+		m_modelName = newmodelName;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Get the value of dirName.
+	 *
+	 * @return Value of dirName.
+	 */
+	public String getDirName() {
+		
+		return m_dirName;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of dirName.
+	 *
+	 * @param newdirName Value to assign to dirName.
+	 */
+	public void setDirName(String newdirName) {
+		
+		m_dirName = newdirName;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Parses a given list of options controlling the behaviour of this object.
+	 * Valid options are:<p>
+	 *
+	 * -l "directory name"<br>
+	 * Specifies name of directory.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -m "model name"<br>
+	 * Specifies name of model.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -v "vocabulary name"<br>
+	 * Specifies vocabulary name.<p>
+	 * 
+	 * -f "vocabulary format"<br>
+	 * Specifies vocabulary format.<p>
+	 * 
+	 * -i "document language" <br>
+	 * Specifies document language.<p>
+	 * 
+	 * -e "encoding"<br>
+	 * Specifies encoding.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -n<br>
+	 * Specifies number of phrases to be output (default: 5).<p>
+	 *
+	 * -d<br>
+	 * Turns debugging mode on.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -b<br>
+	 * Builds global dictionaries for computing TFxIDF from the test collection.<p>
+	 *
+	 * -a<br>
+	 * Also write stemmed phrase and score into ".key" file.<p>
+	 *
+	 * @param options the list of options as an array of strings
+	 * @exception Exception if an option is not supported
+	 */
+	public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception {
+		
+		String dirName = Utils.getOption('l', options);
+		if (dirName.length() > 0) {
+			setDirName(dirName);
+		} else {
+			setDirName(null);
+			throw new Exception("Name of directory required argument.");
+		}
+		String modelName = Utils.getOption('m', options);
+		if (modelName.length() > 0) {
+			setModelName(modelName);
+		} else {
+			setModelName(null);
+			throw new Exception("Name of model required argument.");
+		}
+		
+		String vocabularyName = Utils.getOption('v', options);
+		if (vocabularyName.length() > 0) {
+			setVocabulary(vocabularyName);
+		} else {
+			setVocabulary(null);
+			throw new Exception("Name of vocabulary required argument.");
+		}
+		
+		String vocabularyFormat = Utils.getOption('f', options);
+		
+		if (!getVocabulary().equals("none")) {
+			if (vocabularyFormat.length() > 0) {
+				if (vocabularyFormat.equals("skos") || vocabularyFormat.equals("text")) {
+					setVocabularyFormat(vocabularyFormat);
+				} else {
+					throw new Exception("Unsupported format of vocabulary. It should be either \"skos\" or \"text\".");
+				}
+			} else {
+				setVocabularyFormat(null);
+				throw new Exception("If a controlled vocabulary is used, format of vocabulary required argument (skos or text).");
+			}
+		} else {
+			setVocabularyFormat(null);
+		}
+		
+		
+		String encoding = Utils.getOption('e', options);
+		if (encoding.length() > 0) {
+			setEncoding(encoding);
+		} else {
+			setEncoding("default");
+		}
+		
+		String documentLanguage = Utils.getOption('i', options);
+		if (documentLanguage.length() > 0) {
+			setDocumentLanguage(documentLanguage);
+		} else {
+			setDocumentLanguage("en");
+		}
+		
+		
+		String numPhrases = Utils.getOption('n', options);
+		if (numPhrases.length() > 0) {
+			setNumPhrases(Integer.parseInt(numPhrases));
+		} else {
+			setNumPhrases(5);
+		}
+		
+		
+		String stemmerString = Utils.getOption('t', options);
+		if (stemmerString.length() > 0) {
+			stemmerString = "kea.stemmers.".concat(stemmerString);
+			setStemmer((Stemmer)Class.forName(stemmerString).newInstance());
+		}
+		
+		String stopwordsString = Utils.getOption('s', options);
+		if (stopwordsString.length() > 0) {
+			stopwordsString = "kea.stopwords.".concat(stopwordsString);
+			setStopwords((Stopwords)Class.forName(stopwordsString).newInstance());
+		}
+
+		
+		setDebug(Utils.getFlag('d', options));
+		setBuildGlobal(Utils.getFlag('b', options));
+		setAdditionalInfo(Utils.getFlag('a', options));
+		Utils.checkForRemainingOptions(options);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Gets the current option settings.
+	 *
+	 * @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions
+	 */
+	public String [] getOptions() {
+		
+		String [] options = new String [21];
+		int current = 0;
+		
+		options[current++] = "-l"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getDirName());
+		options[current++] = "-m"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getModelName());
+		options[current++] = "-v"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getVocabulary());
+		options[current++] = "-f"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getVocabularyFormat());
+		options[current++] = "-e"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getEncoding());
+		options[current++] = "-i"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getDocumentLanguage());
+		options[current++] = "-n"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getNumPhrases());
+		options[current++] = "-t"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getStemmer().getClass().getName());		
+		options[current++] = "-s"; 
+		options[current++] = "" + (getStopwords().getClass().getName());
+
+		if (getDebug()) {
+			options[current++] = "-d";
+		}
+		
+		if (getBuildGlobal()) {
+			options[current++] = "-b";
+		}
+		
+		if (getAdditionalInfo()) {
+			options[current++] = "-a";
+		}
+		
+		while (current < options.length) {
+			options[current++] = "";
+		}
+		return options;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns an enumeration describing the available options.
+	 *
+	 * @return an enumeration of all the available options
+	 */
+	public Enumeration listOptions() {
+		
+		Vector newVector = new Vector(13);
+		
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies name of directory.",
+				"l", 1, "-l <directory name>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies name of model.",
+				"m", 1, "-m <model name>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies vocabulary name.",
+				"v", 1, "-v <vocabulary name>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies vocabulary format.",
+				"f", 1, "-f <vocabulary format>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies encoding.",
+				"e", 1, "-e <encoding>"));		
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies document language (en (default), es, de, fr).",
+				"i", 1, "-i <document language>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSpecifies number of phrases to be output (default: 5).",
+				"n", 1, "-n"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSet the stemmer to use (default: SremovalStemmer).",
+				"t", 1, "-t <name of stemmer class>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tSet the stopwords class to use (default: EnglishStopwords).",
+				"s", 1, "-s <name of stopwords class>"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tTurns debugging mode on.",
+				"d", 0, "-d"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tBuilds global dictionaries for computing TFIDF from the test collection.",
+				"b", 0, "-b"));
+		newVector.addElement(new Option(
+				"\tAlso write stemmed phrase and score into \".key\" file.",
+				"a", 0, "-a"));
+		
+		return newVector.elements();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Collects the stems of the file names.
+	 */
+	public Hashtable collectStems() throws Exception {
+		
+		Hashtable stems = new Hashtable();
+		
+		try {
+			File dir = new File(m_dirName);
+			String[] files = dir.list();
+			for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
+				if (files[i].endsWith(".txt")) {
+					String stem = files[i].substring(0, files[i].length() - 4);
+					if (!stems.containsKey(stem)) {
+						stems.put(stem, new Double(0));
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new Exception("Problem opening directory " + m_dirName);
+		}
+		return stems;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Builds the model from the files
+	 */
+	public void extractKeyphrases(Hashtable stems) throws Exception {
+		
+		Vector stats = new Vector();
+		
+		// Check whether there is actually any data
+		// = if there any files in the directory
+		if (stems.size() == 0) {
+			throw new Exception("Couldn't find any data!");
+		}
+		m_KEAFilter.setNumPhrases(m_numPhrases);    
+		m_KEAFilter.setVocabulary(m_vocabulary);
+		m_KEAFilter.setVocabularyFormat(m_vocabularyFormat);
+		m_KEAFilter.setDocumentLanguage(getDocumentLanguage());
+		m_KEAFilter.setStemmer(m_Stemmer);
+		m_KEAFilter.setStopwords(m_Stopwords);
+		
+		if (getVocabulary().equals("none")) {
+			m_KEAFilter.m_NODEfeature = false;
+		} else {
+			m_KEAFilter.loadThesaurus(m_Stemmer,m_Stopwords);
+		}
+		
+		FastVector atts = new FastVector(3);
+		atts.addElement(new Attribute("doc", (FastVector) null));
+		atts.addElement(new Attribute("keyphrases", (FastVector) null));
+		atts.addElement(new Attribute("filename", (String) null));
+		Instances data = new Instances("keyphrase_training_data", atts, 0);
+		
+		if (m_KEAFilter.m_Dictionary == null) {
+			buildGlobalDictionaries(stems);
+		}
+		
+		s_log.debug("-- Extracting Keyphrases... ");
+		// Extract keyphrases
+		Enumeration elem = stems.keys();
+		// Enumeration over all files in the directory (now in the hash):
+		while (elem.hasMoreElements()) {	
+			String str = (String)elem.nextElement();
+			
+			double[] newInst = new double[2];
+			try {
+				File txt = new File(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".txt");	
+				InputStreamReader is;
+				if (!m_encoding.equals("default")) {
+					is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt), m_encoding);
+				} else {
+					is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt));
+				}
+				StringBuffer txtStr = new StringBuffer();
+				int c;
+				while ((c = is.read()) != -1) {
+					txtStr.append((char)c);
+				}
+				
+				newInst[0] = (double)data.attribute(0).addStringValue(txtStr.toString());
+				
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				if (m_debug) {
+					s_log.debug("Can't read document " + str + ".txt", e);
+				}
+				newInst[0] = Instance.missingValue();
+			}
+			try {
+				File key = new File(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".key");
+				InputStreamReader is; 
+				if (!m_encoding.equals("default")) {
+					is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(key), m_encoding);
+				} else {
+					is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(key));
+				}
+				StringBuffer keyStr = new StringBuffer();
+				int c;
+				
+				// keyStr = keyphrases in the str.key file
+				// Kea assumes, that these keyphrases were assigned by the author
+				// and evaluates extracted keyphrases againse these
+				
+				while ((c = is.read()) != -1) {
+					keyStr.append((char)c);
+				}      
+				
+				newInst[1] = (double)data.attribute(1).addStringValue(keyStr.toString());
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				if (m_debug) {
+				    s_log.debug("No existing keyphrases for stem " + str + ".", e);
+				}
+				newInst[1] = Instance.missingValue();
+			}
+			
+			
+			data.add(new Instance(1.0, newInst));
+			
+			
+			m_KEAFilter.input(data.instance(0));
+			
+			
+			data = data.stringFreeStructure();
+			s_log.debug("-- Document: " + str);
+
+			Instance[] topRankedInstances = new Instance[m_numPhrases];
+			Instance inst;
+			
+			// Iterating over all extracted keyphrases (inst)
+			while ((inst = m_KEAFilter.output()) != null) {
+				
+				int index = (int)inst.value(m_KEAFilter.getRankIndex()) - 1;
+				
+				if (index < m_numPhrases) {
+					topRankedInstances[index] = inst;
+					
+				}
+			}
+			
+			s_log.debug("-- Keyphrases and feature values:");
+
+			FileOutputStream out = null;
+			PrintWriter printer = null; 
+			File key = new File(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".key");
+			if (!key.exists()) {
+				out = new FileOutputStream(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".key");
+				if (!m_encoding.equals("default")) {
+					printer = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(out, m_encoding));					
+					
+				} else {
+					printer = new PrintWriter(out);
+				}
+			}
+			double numExtracted = 0, numCorrect = 0;
+			
+			for (int i = 0; i < m_numPhrases; i++) {
+				if (topRankedInstances[i] != null) {
+					if (!topRankedInstances[i].
+							isMissing(topRankedInstances[i].numAttributes() - 1)) {
+						numExtracted += 1.0;
+					}
+					if ((int)topRankedInstances[i].
+							value(topRankedInstances[i].numAttributes() - 1) == 1) {
+						numCorrect += 1.0;
+					}
+					if (printer != null) {
+						printer.print(topRankedInstances[i].
+								stringValue(m_KEAFilter.getUnstemmedPhraseIndex()));
+
+						if (m_AdditionalInfo) {
+							printer.print("\t");
+							printer.print(topRankedInstances[i].
+									stringValue(m_KEAFilter.getStemmedPhraseIndex()));
+							printer.print("\t");
+							printer.print(Utils.
+									doubleToString(topRankedInstances[i].
+											value(m_KEAFilter.
+													getProbabilityIndex()), 4));
+						}
+						printer.println();
+					}
+					if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+						s_log.debug(topRankedInstances[i]);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (numExtracted > 0) {
+				if (s_log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+					s_log.debug("-- " + numCorrect + " correct");
+				}
+				stats.addElement(new Double(numCorrect));
+			}
+			if (printer != null) {
+				printer.flush();
+				printer.close();
+				out.close();
+			}
+		}
+		double[] st = new double[stats.size()];
+		for (int i = 0; i < stats.size(); i++) {
+			st[i] = ((Double)stats.elementAt(i)).doubleValue();
+		}
+		double avg = Utils.mean(st);
+		double stdDev = Math.sqrt(Utils.variance(st));
+		
+		s_log.debug("Avg. number of matching keyphrases compared to existing ones : " +
+				Utils.doubleToString(avg, 2) + " +/- " + 
+				Utils.doubleToString(stdDev, 2));
+		s_log.debug("Based on " + stats.size() + " documents");
+		// m_KEAFilter.batchFinished();
+	}
+	
+	private void buildGlobalDictionaries (Hashtable stems) throws Exception  {
+		
+		s_log.debug("--- Building global dictionaries from the test collection.. ");
+		
+		
+		// Build dictionary of n-grams with associated
+		// document frequencies
+		
+		m_KEAFilter.m_Dictionary = new HashMap();
+		
+		Enumeration elem = stems.keys();
+		
+		// Enumeration over all files in the directory (now in the hash):
+		while (elem.hasMoreElements()) {	
+			String str = (String)elem.nextElement();
+			
+			File txt = new File(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".txt");	
+			InputStreamReader is;
+			if (!m_encoding.equals("default")) {
+				is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt), m_encoding);
+			} else {
+				is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt));
+			}
+			StringBuffer txtStr = new StringBuffer();
+			int c;
+			while ((c = is.read()) != -1) {
+				txtStr.append((char)c);
+			}
+		
+			KEAPhraseFilter kpf = new KEAPhraseFilter();
+			
+			HashMap hash = m_KEAFilter.getPhrasesForDictionary(kpf.tokenize(txtStr.toString()));
+			Iterator it = hash.keySet().iterator();
+			while (it.hasNext()) {
+				String phrase = (String)it.next();
+				Counter counter = (Counter)m_KEAFilter.m_Dictionary.get(phrase);
+				if (counter == null) {
+					m_KEAFilter.m_Dictionary.put(phrase, new Counter());
+				} else {
+					counter.increment();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Loads the extraction model from the file.
+	 */
+	public void loadModel() throws Exception {
+		
+		BufferedInputStream inStream =
+			new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(m_modelName));
+		ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(inStream);
+		m_KEAFilter = (KEAFilter)in.readObject();
+		
+		// If TFxIDF values are to be computed from the test corpus
+		if (m_buildGlobal == true) {
+			s_log.debug("-- The global dictionaries will be built from this test collection..");
+			m_KEAFilter.m_Dictionary = null;			
+		}
+		in.close();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * The main method.  
+	 */
+	public static void main(String[] ops) {
+		
+		KEAKeyphraseExtractor kmb = new KEAKeyphraseExtractor();
+		try {
+			// Checking and Setting Options selected by the user:
+			kmb.setOptions(ops);      
+			s_log.debug("Extracting keyphrases with options: ");
+			
+			// Reading Options, which were set above and output them:
+			String[] optionSettings = kmb.getOptions();
+			for (int i = 0; i < optionSettings.length; i++) {
+			    s_log.debug(optionSettings[i] + " ");
+			}
+			s_log.debug("");
+			
+			// Loading selected Model:
+			s_log.debug("-- Loading the Model... ");
+			kmb.loadModel();
+			// Extracting Keyphrases from all files in the selected directory
+			// stem == the name of the file without ".txt"
+			
+			kmb.extractKeyphrases(kmb.collectStems());
+			
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			s_log.debug(e);
+			s_log.debug("Options:");
+			Enumeration en = kmb.listOptions();
+			while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+				Option option = (Option) en.nextElement();
+				s_log.debug(option.synopsis());
+				s_log.debug(option.description());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/main/KEAModelBuilder.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/main/KEAModelBuilder.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7592fa40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/main/KEAModelBuilder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+package kea.main;
+
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import kea.filters.KEAFilter;
+import kea.stemmers.SremovalStemmer;
+import kea.stemmers.Stemmer;
+import kea.stopwords.Stopwords;
+import kea.stopwords.StopwordsEnglish;
+import weka.core.Attribute;
+import weka.core.FastVector;
+import weka.core.Instance;
+import weka.core.Instances;
+import weka.core.Option;
+import weka.core.OptionHandler;
+import weka.core.Utils;
+
+import com.thoughtworks.xstream.XStream;
+import com.thoughtworks.xstream.io.xml.DomDriver;
+
+/**
+ * Builds a keyphrase extraction model from the documents in a given
+ * directory.  Assumes that the file names for the documents end with
+ * ".txt".  Assumes that files containing corresponding
+ * author-assigned keyphrases end with ".key". Optionally an encoding
+ * for the documents/keyphrases can be defined (e.g. for Chinese
+ * text).
+ *
+ * Valid options are:<p>
+ *
+ * -l "directory name"<br>
+ * Specifies name of directory.<p>
+ *
+ * -m "model name"<br>
+ * Specifies name of model.<p>
+ *
+ * -e "encoding"<br>
+ * Specifies encoding.<p>
+ * 
+ * -v "vocabulary name" <br>
+ * Specifies vocabulary name (e.g. agrovoc or none).<p>
+ * 
+ * -f "vocabulary format" <br>
+ * Specifies vocabulary format (txt or skos).<p>
+ *
+ * -i "document language" <br>
+ * Specifies document language (en, es, de, fr).<p>
+ *
+ * -d<br>
+ * Turns debugging mode on.<p>
+ *
+ * -k<br>
+ * Use keyphrase frequency statistic.<p>
+ *
+ * -r<br>
+ * Use agrovoc relation as feature.<p>
+ *
+ * -p<br>
+ * Disallow internal periods.<p>
+ *
+ * -x "length"<br>
+ * Sets maximum phrase length (default: 3).<p>
+ *
+ * -y "length"<br>
+ * Sets minimum phrase length (default: 1).<p>
+ *
+ * -o "number"<br>
+ * The minimum number of times a phrase needs to occur (default: 2). <p>
+ *
+ * -s "name of class implementing list of stop words"<br>
+ * Sets list of stop words to used (default: StopwordsEnglish).<p>
+ *
+ * -t "name of class implementing stemmer"<br>
+ * Sets stemmer to use (default: IteratedLovinsStemmer). <p>
+ *
+ * -n<br>
+ * Do not check for proper nouns. <p>
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class KEAModelBuilder implements OptionHandler {
+    
+    private static Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(KEAModelBuilder.class);
+
+    /** Name of directory */
+    String m_dirName = null;
+
+    /** Name of model */
+    String m_modelName = null;
+
+    /** Vocabulary name */
+    String m_vocabulary = null;
+
+    /** Format of the vocabulary */
+    String m_vocabularyFormat = null;
+
+    /** Document language */
+    String m_documentLanguage = "en";
+
+    /** Encoding */
+    String m_encoding = "default";
+
+    /** Debugging mode? */
+    boolean m_debug = false;
+
+    /** Use keyphrase frequency attribute? */
+    boolean m_useKFrequency = false;
+
+    /** Disallow internal periods? */
+    boolean m_disallowIPeriods = false;
+
+    /** The maximum length of phrases */
+    private int m_MaxPhraseLength = 5;
+
+    /** The minimum length of phrases */
+    private int m_MinPhraseLength = 1;
+
+    /** The minimum number of occurences of a phrase */
+    private int m_MinNumOccur = 2;
+
+    /** The KEA filter object */
+    KEAFilter m_KEAFilter = null;
+
+    /** The stemmer to be used */
+    private Stemmer m_Stemmer = new SremovalStemmer();
+
+    /** The list of stop words to be used */
+    private Stopwords m_Stopwords = new StopwordsEnglish();
+
+    /** Determines whether check for proper nouns is performed */
+    private boolean m_CheckForProperNouns = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Get the M_CheckProperNouns value.
+     * @return the M_CheckProperNouns value.
+     */
+    public boolean getCheckForProperNouns() {
+        return m_CheckForProperNouns;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the M_CheckProperNouns value.
+     * @param newM_CheckProperNouns The new M_CheckProperNouns value.
+     */
+    public void setCheckForProperNouns(boolean newM_CheckProperNouns) {
+        this.m_CheckForProperNouns = newM_CheckProperNouns;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the M_Stopwords value.
+     * @return the M_Stopwords value.
+     */
+    public Stopwords getStopwords() {
+
+        return m_Stopwords;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the M_Stopwords value.
+     * @param newM_Stopwords The new M_Stopwords value.
+     */
+    public void setStopwords(Stopwords newM_Stopwords) {
+
+        this.m_Stopwords = newM_Stopwords;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Stemmer value.
+     * @return the Stemmer value.
+     */
+    public Stemmer getStemmer() {
+
+        return m_Stemmer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the Stemmer value.
+     * @param newStemmer The new Stemmer value.
+     */
+    public void setStemmer(Stemmer newStemmer) {
+
+        this.m_Stemmer = newStemmer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of MinNumOccur.
+     *
+     * @return Value of MinNumOccur.
+     */
+    public int getMinNumOccur() {
+
+        return m_MinNumOccur;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of MinNumOccur.
+     *
+     * @param newMinNumOccur Value to assign to MinNumOccur.
+     */
+    public void setMinNumOccur(int newMinNumOccur) {
+
+        m_MinNumOccur = newMinNumOccur;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of MaxPhraseLength.
+     *
+     * @return Value of MaxPhraseLength.
+     */
+    public int getMaxPhraseLength() {
+
+        return m_MaxPhraseLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of MaxPhraseLength.
+     *
+     * @param newMaxPhraseLength Value to assign to MaxPhraseLength.
+     */
+    public void setMaxPhraseLength(int newMaxPhraseLength) {
+
+        m_MaxPhraseLength = newMaxPhraseLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of MinPhraseLength.
+     *
+     * @return Value of MinPhraseLength.
+     */
+    public int getMinPhraseLength() {
+
+        return m_MinPhraseLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of MinPhraseLength.
+     *
+     * @param newMinPhraseLength Value to assign to MinPhraseLength.
+     */
+    public void setMinPhraseLength(int newMinPhraseLength) {
+
+        m_MinPhraseLength = newMinPhraseLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of disallowIPeriods.
+     *
+     * @return Value of disallowIPeriods.
+     */
+    public boolean getDisallowIPeriods() {
+
+        return m_disallowIPeriods;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of disallowIPeriods.
+     *
+     * @param newdisallowIPeriods Value to assign to disallowIPeriods.
+     */
+    public void setDisallowIPeriods(boolean newdisallowIPeriods) {
+
+        m_disallowIPeriods = newdisallowIPeriods;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of useKFrequency.
+     *
+     * @return Value of useKFrequency.
+     */
+    public boolean getUseKFrequency() {
+
+        return m_useKFrequency;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of useKFrequency.
+     *
+     * @param newuseKFrequency Value to assign to useKFrequency.
+     */
+    public void setUseKFrequency(boolean newuseKFrequency) {
+
+        m_useKFrequency = newuseKFrequency;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of debug.
+     *
+     * @return Value of debug.
+     */
+    public boolean getDebug() {
+
+        return m_debug;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of debug.
+     *
+     * @param newdebug Value to assign to debug.
+     */
+    public void setDebug(boolean newdebug) {
+
+        m_debug = newdebug;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of encoding.
+     *
+     * @return Value of encoding.
+     */
+    public String getEncoding() {
+
+        return m_encoding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of encoding.
+     *
+     * @param newencoding Value to assign to encoding.
+     */
+    public void setEncoding(String newencoding) {
+
+        m_encoding = newencoding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of vocabulary name.
+     *
+     * @return Value of vocabulary name.
+     */
+    public String getVocabulary() {
+
+        return m_vocabulary;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of vocabulary name.
+     *
+     * @param newvocabulary Value to assign to vocabulary name.
+     */
+    public void setVocabulary(String newvocabulary) {
+
+        m_vocabulary = newvocabulary;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of document language.
+     *
+     * @return Value of document language.
+     */
+    public String getDocumentLanguage() {
+
+        return m_documentLanguage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of document language.
+     *
+     * @param newdocumentLanguage Value to assign to document language.
+     */
+    public void setDocumentLanguage(String newdocumentLanguage) {
+
+        m_documentLanguage = newdocumentLanguage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of vocabulary format.
+     *
+     * @return Value of vocabulary format.
+     */
+    public String getVocabularyFormat() {
+
+        return m_vocabularyFormat;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of vocabulary format.
+     *
+     * @param newvocabularyFormat Value to assign to vocabulary format.
+     */
+    public void setVocabularyFormat(String newvocabularyFormat) {
+
+        m_vocabularyFormat = newvocabularyFormat;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of modelName.
+     *
+     * @return Value of modelName.
+     */
+    public String getModelName() {
+
+        return m_modelName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of modelName.
+     *
+     * @param newmodelName Value to assign to modelName.
+     */
+    public void setModelName(String newmodelName) {
+
+        m_modelName = newmodelName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of dirName.
+     *
+     * @return Value of dirName.
+     */
+    public String getDirName() {
+
+        return m_dirName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value of dirName.
+     *
+     * @param newdirName Value to assign to dirName.
+     */
+    public void setDirName(String newdirName) {
+
+        m_dirName = newdirName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a given list of options controlling the behaviour of this object.
+     * Valid options are:<p>
+     *
+     * -l "directory name" <br>
+     * Specifies name of directory.<p>
+     *
+     * -m "model name" <br>
+     * Specifies name of model.<p>
+     *
+     * -v "vocabulary name" <br>
+     * Specifies vocabulary name.<p>
+     * 
+     * -f "vocabulary format" <br>
+     * Specifies vocabulary format.<p>
+     *    
+     * -i "document language" <br>
+     * Specifies document language.<p>
+     * 
+     * -e "encoding" <br>
+     * Specifies encoding.<p>
+     * 
+     * -d<br>
+     * Turns debugging mode on.<p>
+     *
+     * -k<br>
+     * Use keyphrase frequency statistic.<p>
+     *
+     * -p<br>
+     * Disallow internal periods. <p>
+     *
+     * -x "length"<br>
+     * Sets maximum phrase length (default: 3).<p>
+     *
+     * -y "length"<br>
+     * Sets minimum phrase length (default: 3).<p>
+     *
+     * -o "number"<br>
+     * The minimum number of times a phrase needs to occur (default: 2). <p>
+     *
+     * -s "name of class implementing list of stop words"<br>
+     * Sets list of stop words to used (default: StopwordsEnglish).<p>
+     *
+     * -t "name of class implementing stemmer"<br>
+     * Sets stemmer to use (default: IteratedLovinsStemmer). <p>
+     *
+     * -n<br>
+     * Do not check for proper nouns. <p>
+     *
+     * @param options the list of options as an array of strings
+     * @exception Exception if an option is not supported
+     */
+    public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception {
+
+        String dirName = Utils.getOption('l', options);
+        if (dirName.length() > 0) {
+            setDirName(dirName);
+        } else {
+            setDirName(null);
+            throw new Exception("Name of directory required argument.");
+        }
+
+        String modelName = Utils.getOption('m', options);
+        if (modelName.length() > 0) {
+            setModelName(modelName);
+        } else {
+            setModelName(null);
+            throw new Exception("Name of model required argument.");
+        }
+
+        String vocabularyName = Utils.getOption('v', options);
+        if (vocabularyName.length() > 0) {
+            setVocabulary(vocabularyName);
+        } else {
+            setVocabulary(null);
+            throw new Exception("Name of vocabulary required argument.");
+        }
+
+        String vocabularyFormat = Utils.getOption('f', options);
+
+        if (!getVocabulary().equals("none")) {
+            if (vocabularyFormat.length() > 0) {
+                if (vocabularyFormat.equals("skos") || vocabularyFormat.equals("text")) {
+                    setVocabularyFormat(vocabularyFormat);
+                } else {
+                    throw new Exception("Unsupported format of vocabulary. It should be either \"skos\" or \"text\".");
+                }
+            } else {
+                setVocabularyFormat(null);
+                throw new Exception(
+                        "If a controlled vocabulary is used, format of vocabulary required argument (skos or text).");
+            }
+        } else {
+            setVocabularyFormat(null);
+        }
+
+        String encoding = Utils.getOption('e', options);
+        if (encoding.length() > 0) {
+            setEncoding(encoding);
+        } else {
+            setEncoding("default");
+        }
+
+        String documentLanguage = Utils.getOption('i', options);
+        if (documentLanguage.length() > 0) {
+            setDocumentLanguage(documentLanguage);
+        } else {
+            setDocumentLanguage("en");
+        }
+
+        String maxPhraseLengthString = Utils.getOption('x', options);
+        if (maxPhraseLengthString.length() > 0) {
+            setMaxPhraseLength(Integer.parseInt(maxPhraseLengthString));
+        } else {
+            setMaxPhraseLength(5);
+        }
+        String minPhraseLengthString = Utils.getOption('y', options);
+        if (minPhraseLengthString.length() > 0) {
+            setMinPhraseLength(Integer.parseInt(minPhraseLengthString));
+        } else {
+            setMinPhraseLength(1);
+        }
+        String minNumOccurString = Utils.getOption('o', options);
+        if (minNumOccurString.length() > 0) {
+            setMinNumOccur(Integer.parseInt(minNumOccurString));
+        } else {
+            setMinNumOccur(2);
+        }
+
+        String stopwordsString = Utils.getOption('s', options);
+        if (stopwordsString.length() > 0) {
+            stopwordsString = "kea.stopwords.".concat(stopwordsString);
+            setStopwords((Stopwords) Class.forName(stopwordsString).newInstance());
+        }
+
+        String stemmerString = Utils.getOption('t', options);
+        if (stemmerString.length() > 0) {
+            stemmerString = "kea.stemmers.".concat(stemmerString);
+            setStemmer((Stemmer) Class.forName(stemmerString).newInstance());
+        }
+        setDebug(Utils.getFlag('d', options));
+        setUseKFrequency(Utils.getFlag('k', options));
+        setDisallowIPeriods(Utils.getFlag('p', options));
+        setCheckForProperNouns(!Utils.getFlag('n', options));
+        Utils.checkForRemainingOptions(options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current option settings.
+     *
+     * @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions
+     */
+    public String[] getOptions() {
+
+        String[] options = new String[26];
+        int current = 0;
+
+        options[current++] = "-l";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getDirName());
+        options[current++] = "-m";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getModelName());
+        options[current++] = "-v";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getVocabulary());
+        options[current++] = "-f";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getVocabularyFormat());
+        options[current++] = "-e";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getEncoding());
+        options[current++] = "-i";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getDocumentLanguage());
+
+        if (getUseKFrequency()) {
+            options[current++] = "-k";
+        }
+        if (getDebug()) {
+            options[current++] = "-d";
+        }
+        if (getDisallowIPeriods()) {
+            options[current++] = "-p";
+        }
+        options[current++] = "-x";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getMaxPhraseLength());
+        options[current++] = "-y";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getMinPhraseLength());
+        options[current++] = "-o";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getMinNumOccur());
+        options[current++] = "-s";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getStopwords().getClass().getName());
+        options[current++] = "-t";
+        options[current++] = "" + (getStemmer().getClass().getName());
+        if (getCheckForProperNouns()) {
+            options[current++] = "-n";
+        }
+
+        while (current < options.length) {
+            options[current++] = "";
+        }
+        return options;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an enumeration describing the available options.
+     *
+     * @return an enumeration of all the available options
+     */
+    public Enumeration listOptions() {
+
+        Vector newVector = new Vector(14);
+
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSpecifies name of directory.", "l", 1, "-l <directory name>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSpecifies name of model.", "m", 1, "-m <model name>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSpecifies vocabulary name.", "v", 1, "-v <vocabulary name>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSpecifies vocabulary format (text or skos or none).", "f", 1,
+                "-f <vocabulary format>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSpecifies document language (en (default), es, de, fr).", "i", 1,
+                "-i <document language>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSpecifies encoding.", "e", 1, "-e <encoding>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tTurns debugging mode on.", "d", 0, "-d"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tUse keyphrase frequency statistic.", "k", 0, "-k"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tDisallow internal periods.", "p", 0, "-p"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSets the maximum phrase length (default: 5).", "x", 1, "-x <length>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSets the minimum phrase length (default: 1).", "y", 1, "-y <length>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSet the minimum number of occurences (default: 2).", "o", 1, "-o"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSets the list of stopwords to use (default: StopwordsEnglish).", "s", 1,
+                "-s <name of stopwords class>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tSet the stemmer to use (default: SremovalStemmer).", "t", 1,
+                "-t <name of stemmer class>"));
+        newVector.addElement(new Option("\tDo not check for proper nouns.", "n", 0, "-n"));
+
+        return newVector.elements();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collects the stems of the file names.
+     */
+    public Hashtable collectStems() throws Exception {
+
+        Hashtable stems = new Hashtable();
+
+        try {
+            File dir = new File(m_dirName);
+            String[] files = dir.list();
+            for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
+                if (files[i].endsWith(".key") || files[i].endsWith(".txt")) {
+                    String stem = files[i].substring(0, files[i].length() - 4);
+                    if (!stems.containsKey(stem)) {
+                        stems.put(stem, new Double(0));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new Exception("Problem opening directory " + m_dirName);
+        }
+        return stems;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the model from the files
+     */
+    public void buildModel(Hashtable stems) throws Exception {
+
+        // Check whether there is actually any data
+        if (stems.size() == 0) {
+            throw new Exception("Couldn't find any data!");
+        }
+
+        FastVector atts = new FastVector(2);
+        atts.addElement(new Attribute("doc", (FastVector) null));
+        atts.addElement(new Attribute("keyphrases", (FastVector) null));
+        Instances data = new Instances("keyphrase_training_data", atts, 0);
+
+        // Build model
+        m_KEAFilter = new KEAFilter();
+
+        m_KEAFilter.setDebug(m_debug);
+        m_KEAFilter.setDisallowInternalPeriods(getDisallowIPeriods());
+        m_KEAFilter.setKFused(getUseKFrequency());
+
+        m_KEAFilter.setMaxPhraseLength(getMaxPhraseLength());
+        m_KEAFilter.setMinPhraseLength(getMinPhraseLength());
+        m_KEAFilter.setMinNumOccur(getMinNumOccur());
+        m_KEAFilter.setStemmer(getStemmer());
+        m_KEAFilter.setDocumentLanguage(getDocumentLanguage());
+        m_KEAFilter.setVocabulary(getVocabulary());
+        m_KEAFilter.setVocabularyFormat(getVocabularyFormat());
+        m_KEAFilter.setStopwords(getStopwords());
+        m_KEAFilter.setCheckForProperNouns(getCheckForProperNouns());
+        m_KEAFilter.setInputFormat(data);
+
+        if (getVocabulary().equals("none")) {
+            m_KEAFilter.m_NODEfeature = false;
+        } else {
+            m_KEAFilter.loadThesaurus(getStemmer(), getStopwords());
+        }
+        m_KEAFilter.setNumFeature();
+
+        s_log.debug("-- Reading the Documents... ");
+
+        Enumeration elem = stems.keys();
+        while (elem.hasMoreElements()) {
+            String str = (String) elem.nextElement();
+
+            double[] newInst = new double[2];
+            try {
+                File txt = new File(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".txt");
+                InputStreamReader is;
+                if (!m_encoding.equals("default")) {
+                    is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt), m_encoding);
+                } else {
+                    is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt));
+                }
+                StringBuffer txtStr = new StringBuffer();
+                int c;
+                while ((c = is.read()) != -1) {
+                    txtStr.append((char) c);
+                }
+                is.close();
+                newInst[0] = (double) data.attribute(0).addStringValue(txtStr.toString());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (m_debug) {
+                    s_log.debug("Can't find document for stem " + str + ".");
+                }
+                newInst[0] = Instance.missingValue();
+            }
+            try {
+                File key = new File(m_dirName + "/" + str + ".key");
+                InputStreamReader is;
+                if (!m_encoding.equals("default")) {
+                    is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(key), m_encoding);
+                } else {
+                    is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(key));
+                }
+                StringBuffer keyStr = new StringBuffer();
+                int c;
+                while ((c = is.read()) != -1) {
+                    keyStr.append((char) c);
+                }
+                newInst[1] = (double) data.attribute(1).addStringValue(keyStr.toString());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (m_debug) {
+                    s_log.debug("Can't find keyphrases for stem " + str + ".");
+                }
+                newInst[1] = Instance.missingValue();
+            }
+            data.add(new Instance(1.0, newInst));
+            m_KEAFilter.input(data.instance(0));
+            data = data.stringFreeStructure();
+        }
+        m_KEAFilter.batchFinished();
+
+        while ((m_KEAFilter.output()) != null) {
+        }
+        ;
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * Saves the extraction model to the file.
+     */
+    public void saveModel() throws Exception {
+
+        BufferedOutputStream bufferedOut = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(m_modelName));
+        ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(bufferedOut);
+        out.writeObject(m_KEAFilter);
+        out.flush();
+        out.close();
+
+        BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(m_modelName + ".xml"));
+        XStream xstream = new XStream(new DomDriver());
+        bos.write(xstream.toXML(m_KEAFilter).getBytes());
+        bos.flush();
+        bos.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The main method.  
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] ops) {
+
+        KEAModelBuilder kmb = new KEAModelBuilder();
+        try {
+            kmb.setOptions(ops);
+            s_log.debug("Building model with options: ");
+            String[] optionSettings = kmb.getOptions();
+            for (int i = 0; i < optionSettings.length; i++) {
+                s_log.debug(optionSettings[i] + " ");
+            }
+            s_log.debug("");
+            kmb.buildModel(kmb.collectStems());
+            kmb.saveModel();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            s_log.debug(e);
+            s_log.debug("Options:");
+            Enumeration en = kmb.listOptions();
+            while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+                Option option = (Option) en.nextElement();
+                s_log.debug(option.synopsis());
+                s_log.debug(option.description());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/FrenchStemmer.java.dontuse4now b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/FrenchStemmer.java.dontuse4now
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf4fa77d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/FrenchStemmer.java.dontuse4now
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Copyright 2001-2005 The Apache Software Foundation
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A stemmer for French words. The algorithm is based on the work of
+ * Dr Martin Porter on his snowball project<br>
+ * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html<br>
+ * (French stemming algorithm) for details
+ *
+ * @author    Patrick Talbot
+ */
+
+public class FrenchStemmer extends Stemmer {
+
+    /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	/**
+     * Buffer for the terms while stemming them.
+     */
+    private StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+
+    /**
+     * A temporary buffer, used to reconstruct R2
+     */
+     private StringBuffer tb = new StringBuffer();
+
+	/**
+	 * Region R0 is equal to the whole buffer
+	 */
+	private String R0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Region RV
+	 * "If the word begins with two vowels, RV is the region after the third letter,
+	 * otherwise the region after the first vowel not at the beginning of the word,
+	 * or the end of the word if these positions cannot be found."
+	 */
+    private String RV;
+
+	/**
+	 * Region R1
+	 * "R1 is the region after the first non-vowel following a vowel
+	 * or is the null region at the end of the word if there is no such non-vowel"
+	 */
+    private String R1;
+
+	/**
+	 * Region R2
+	 * "R2 is the region after the first non-vowel in R1 following a vowel
+	 * or is the null region at the end of the word if there is no such non-vowel"
+	 */
+    private String R2;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true if we need to perform step 2
+	 */
+    private boolean suite;
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true if the buffer was modified
+	 */
+    private boolean modified;
+
+    public String stem(String str)  {
+        // check for zero length
+	if (str.length() > 3) {
+	    // all characters must be letters
+	    char[] c = str.toCharArray();
+	    for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
+		if (!Character.isLetter(c[i])) {
+		    return str.toLowerCase();
+		}
+	    }
+	} else {            
+	    return str.toLowerCase();
+	}
+	str = strstem(str);
+	return str.toLowerCase();
+    } // end stem
+    
+    /**
+     * Stemms the given term to a unique <tt>discriminator</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param term  java.langString The term that should be stemmed
+     * @return java.lang.String  Discriminator for <tt>term</tt>
+     */
+    protected String strstem( String term ) {
+		if ( !isStemmable( term ) ) {
+			return term;
+		}
+
+		// Use lowercase for medium stemming.
+		term = term.toLowerCase();
+
+		// Reset the StringBuffer.
+		sb.delete( 0, sb.length() );
+		sb.insert( 0, term );
+
+		// reset the booleans
+		modified = false;
+		suite = false;
+
+		sb = treatVowels( sb );
+
+		setStrings();
+
+		step1();
+
+		if (!modified || suite)
+		{
+			if (RV != null)
+			{
+				suite = step2a();
+				if (!suite)
+					step2b();
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (modified || suite)
+			step3();
+		else
+			step4();
+
+		step5();
+
+		step6();
+
+		return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+	 * Sets the search region Strings<br>
+	 * it needs to be done each time the buffer was modified
+	 */
+	private void setStrings() {
+		// set the strings
+		R0 = sb.toString();
+		RV = retrieveRV( sb );
+		R1 = retrieveR( sb );
+		if ( R1 != null )
+		{
+			tb.delete( 0, tb.length() );
+			tb.insert( 0, R1 );
+			R2 = retrieveR( tb );
+		}
+		else
+			R2 = null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * First step of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 */
+	private void step1( ) {
+		String[] suffix = { "ances", "iqUes", "ismes", "ables", "istes", "ance", "iqUe", "isme", "able", "iste" };
+		deleteFrom( R2, suffix );
+
+		replaceFrom( R2, new String[] { "logies", "logie" }, "log" );
+		replaceFrom( R2, new String[] { "usions", "utions", "usion", "ution" }, "u" );
+		replaceFrom( R2, new String[] { "ences", "ence" }, "ent" );
+
+		String[] search = { "atrices", "ateurs", "ations", "atrice", "ateur", "ation"};
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, search, "ic",  true, R0, "iqU" );
+
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, new String[] { "ements", "ement" }, "eus", false, R0, "eux" );
+		deleteButSuffixFrom( R2, new String[] { "ements", "ement" }, "ativ", false );
+		deleteButSuffixFrom( R2, new String[] { "ements", "ement" }, "iv", false );
+		deleteButSuffixFrom( R2, new String[] { "ements", "ement" }, "abl", false );
+		deleteButSuffixFrom( R2, new String[] { "ements", "ement" }, "iqU", false );
+
+		deleteFromIfTestVowelBeforeIn( R1, new String[] { "issements", "issement" }, false, R0 );
+		deleteFrom( RV, new String[] { "ements", "ement" } );
+
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, new String[] { "ités", "ité" }, "abil", false, R0, "abl" );
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, new String[] { "ités", "ité" }, "ic", false, R0, "iqU" );
+		deleteButSuffixFrom( R2, new String[] { "ités", "ité" }, "iv", true );
+
+		String[] autre = { "ifs", "ives", "if", "ive" };
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, autre, "icat", false, R0, "iqU" );
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, autre, "at", true, R2, "iqU" );
+
+		replaceFrom( R0, new String[] { "eaux" }, "eau" );
+
+		replaceFrom( R1, new String[] { "aux" }, "al" );
+
+		deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( R2, new String[] { "euses", "euse" }, "", true, R1, "eux" );
+
+		deleteFrom( R2, new String[] { "eux" } );
+
+		// if one of the next steps is performed, we will need to perform step2a
+		boolean temp = false;
+		temp = replaceFrom( RV, new String[] { "amment" }, "ant" );
+		if (temp == true)
+			suite = true;
+		temp = replaceFrom( RV, new String[] { "emment" }, "ent" );
+		if (temp == true)
+			suite = true;
+		temp = deleteFromIfTestVowelBeforeIn( RV, new String[] { "ments", "ment" }, true, RV );
+		if (temp == true)
+			suite = true;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Second step (A) of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * Will be performed if nothing changed from the first step
+	 * or changed were done in the amment, emment, ments or ment suffixes<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 *
+	 * @return boolean - true if something changed in the StringBuffer
+	 */
+	private boolean step2a() {
+		String[] search = { "îmes", "îtes", "iraIent", "irait", "irais", "irai", "iras", "ira",
+							"irent", "iriez", "irez", "irions", "irons", "iront",
+							"issaIent", "issais", "issantes", "issante", "issants", "issant",
+							"issait", "issais", "issions", "issons", "issiez", "issez", "issent",
+							"isses", "isse", "ir", "is", "ît", "it", "ies", "ie", "i" };
+		return deleteFromIfTestVowelBeforeIn( RV, search, false, RV );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Second step (B) of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * Will be performed if step 2 A was performed unsuccessfully<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 */
+	private void step2b() {
+		String[] suffix = { "eraIent", "erais", "erait", "erai", "eras", "erions", "eriez",
+							"erons", "eront","erez", "èrent", "era", "ées", "iez",
+							"ée", "és", "er", "ez", "é" };
+		deleteFrom( RV, suffix );
+
+		String[] search = { "assions", "assiez", "assent", "asses", "asse", "aIent",
+							"antes", "aIent", "Aient", "ante", "âmes", "âtes", "ants", "ant",
+							"ait", "aît", "ais", "Ait", "Aît", "Ais", "ât", "as", "ai", "Ai", "a" };
+		deleteButSuffixFrom( RV, search, "e", true );
+
+		deleteFrom( R2, new String[] { "ions" } );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Third step of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 */
+	private void step3() {
+		if (sb.length()>0)
+		{
+			char ch = sb.charAt( sb.length()-1 );
+			if (ch == 'Y')
+			{
+				sb.setCharAt( sb.length()-1, 'i' );
+				setStrings();
+			}
+			else if (ch == 'ç')
+			{
+				sb.setCharAt( sb.length()-1, 'c' );
+				setStrings();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fourth step of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 */
+	private void step4() {
+		if (sb.length() > 1)
+		{
+			char ch = sb.charAt( sb.length()-1 );
+			if (ch == 's')
+			{
+				char b = sb.charAt( sb.length()-2 );
+				if (b != 'a' && b != 'i' && b != 'o' && b != 'u' && b != 'è' && b != 's')
+				{
+					sb.delete( sb.length() - 1, sb.length());
+					setStrings();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		boolean found = deleteFromIfPrecededIn( R2, new String[] { "ion" }, RV, "s" );
+		if (!found)
+		found = deleteFromIfPrecededIn( R2, new String[] { "ion" }, RV, "t" );
+
+		replaceFrom( RV, new String[] { "Ière", "ière", "Ier", "ier" }, "i" );
+		deleteFrom( RV, new String[] { "e" } );
+		deleteFromIfPrecededIn( RV, new String[] { "ë" }, R0, "gu" );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fifth step of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 */
+	private void step5() {
+		if (R0 != null)
+		{
+			if (R0.endsWith("enn") || R0.endsWith("onn") || R0.endsWith("ett") || R0.endsWith("ell") || R0.endsWith("eill"))
+			{
+				sb.delete( sb.length() - 1, sb.length() );
+				setStrings();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sixth (and last!) step of the Porter Algorithmn<br>
+	 * refer to http://snowball.sourceforge.net/french/stemmer.html for an explanation
+	 */
+	private void step6() {
+		if (R0!=null && R0.length()>0)
+		{
+			boolean seenVowel = false;
+			boolean seenConson = false;
+			int pos = -1;
+			for (int i = R0.length()-1; i > -1; i--)
+			{
+				char ch = R0.charAt(i);
+				if (isVowel(ch))
+				{
+					if (!seenVowel)
+					{
+						if (ch == 'é' || ch == 'è')
+						{
+							pos = i;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+					seenVowel = true;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					if (seenVowel)
+						break;
+					else
+						seenConson = true;
+				}
+			}
+			if (pos > -1 && seenConson && !seenVowel)
+				sb.setCharAt(pos, 'e');
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a suffix searched in zone "source" if zone "from" contains prefix + search string
+	 *
+	 * @param source java.lang.String - the primary source zone for search
+	 * @param search java.lang.String[] - the strings to search for suppression
+	 * @param from java.lang.String - the secondary source zone for search
+	 * @param prefix java.lang.String - the prefix to add to the search string to test
+	 * @return boolean - true if modified
+	 */
+	private boolean deleteFromIfPrecededIn( String source, String[] search, String from, String prefix ) {
+		boolean found = false;
+		if (source!=null )
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < search.length; i++) {
+				if ( source.endsWith( search[i] ))
+				{
+					if (from!=null && from.endsWith( prefix + search[i] ))
+					{
+						sb.delete( sb.length() - search[i].length(), sb.length());
+						found = true;
+						setStrings();
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return found;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a suffix searched in zone "source" if the preceding letter is (or isn't) a vowel
+	 *
+	 * @param source java.lang.String - the primary source zone for search
+	 * @param search java.lang.String[] - the strings to search for suppression
+	 * @param vowel boolean - true if we need a vowel before the search string
+	 * @param from java.lang.String - the secondary source zone for search (where vowel could be)
+	 * @return boolean - true if modified
+	 */
+	private boolean deleteFromIfTestVowelBeforeIn( String source, String[] search, boolean vowel, String from ) {
+		boolean found = false;
+		if (source!=null && from!=null)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < search.length; i++) {
+				if ( source.endsWith( search[i] ))
+				{
+					if ((search[i].length() + 1) <= from.length())
+					{
+						boolean test = isVowel(sb.charAt(sb.length()-(search[i].length()+1)));
+						if (test == vowel)
+						{
+							sb.delete( sb.length() - search[i].length(), sb.length());
+							modified = true;
+							found = true;
+							setStrings();
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return found;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a suffix searched in zone "source" if preceded by the prefix
+	 *
+	 * @param source java.lang.String - the primary source zone for search
+	 * @param search java.lang.String[] - the strings to search for suppression
+	 * @param prefix java.lang.String - the prefix to add to the search string to test
+	 * @param without boolean - true if it will be deleted even without prefix found
+	 */
+	private void deleteButSuffixFrom( String source, String[] search, String prefix, boolean without ) {
+		if (source!=null)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < search.length; i++) {
+				if ( source.endsWith( prefix + search[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.delete( sb.length() - (prefix.length() + search[i].length()), sb.length() );
+					modified = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+				else if ( without && source.endsWith( search[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.delete( sb.length() - search[i].length(), sb.length() );
+					modified = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a suffix searched in zone "source" if preceded by prefix<br>
+	 * or replace it with the replace string if preceded by the prefix in the zone "from"<br>
+	 * or delete the suffix if specified
+	 *
+	 * @param source java.lang.String - the primary source zone for search
+	 * @param search java.lang.String[] - the strings to search for suppression
+	 * @param prefix java.lang.String - the prefix to add to the search string to test
+	 * @param without boolean - true if it will be deleted even without prefix found
+	 */
+	private void deleteButSuffixFromElseReplace( String source, String[] search, String prefix, boolean without, String from, String replace ) {
+		if (source!=null)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < search.length; i++) {
+				if ( source.endsWith( prefix + search[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.delete( sb.length() - (prefix.length() + search[i].length()), sb.length() );
+					modified = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+				else if ( from!=null && from.endsWith( prefix + search[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.replace( sb.length() - (prefix.length() + search[i].length()), sb.length(), replace );
+					modified = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+				else if ( without && source.endsWith( search[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.delete( sb.length() - search[i].length(), sb.length() );
+					modified = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace a search string with another within the source zone
+	 *
+	 * @param source java.lang.String - the source zone for search
+	 * @param search java.lang.String[] - the strings to search for replacement
+	 * @param replace java.lang.String - the replacement string
+	 */
+	private boolean replaceFrom( String source, String[] search, String replace ) {
+		boolean found = false;
+		if (source!=null)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < search.length; i++) {
+				if ( source.endsWith( search[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.replace( sb.length() - search[i].length(), sb.length(), replace );
+					modified = true;
+					found = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return found;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a search string within the source zone
+	 *
+	 * @param source the source zone for search
+	 * @param suffix the strings to search for suppression
+	 */
+	private void deleteFrom(String source, String[] suffix ) {
+		if (source!=null)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < suffix.length; i++) {
+				if (source.endsWith( suffix[i] ))
+				{
+					sb.delete( sb.length() - suffix[i].length(), sb.length());
+					modified = true;
+					setStrings();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test if a char is a french vowel, including accentuated ones
+	 *
+	 * @param ch the char to test
+	 * @return boolean - true if the char is a vowel
+	 */
+	private boolean isVowel(char ch) {
+		switch (ch)
+		{
+			case 'a':
+			case 'e':
+			case 'i':
+			case 'o':
+			case 'u':
+			case 'y':
+			case 'â':
+			case 'à':
+			case 'ë':
+			case 'é':
+			case 'ê':
+			case 'è':
+			case 'ï':
+			case 'î':
+			case 'ô':
+			case 'ü':
+			case 'ù':
+			case 'û':
+				return true;
+			default:
+				return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Retrieve the "R zone" (1 or 2 depending on the buffer) and return the corresponding string<br>
+	 * "R is the region after the first non-vowel following a vowel
+	 * or is the null region at the end of the word if there is no such non-vowel"<br>
+	 * @param buffer java.lang.StringBuffer - the in buffer
+	 * @return java.lang.String - the resulting string
+	 */
+	private String retrieveR( StringBuffer buffer ) {
+		int len = buffer.length();
+		int pos = -1;
+		for (int c = 0; c < len; c++) {
+			if (isVowel( buffer.charAt( c )))
+			{
+				pos = c;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (pos > -1)
+		{
+			int consonne = -1;
+			for (int c = pos; c < len; c++) {
+				if (!isVowel(buffer.charAt( c )))
+				{
+					consonne = c;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if (consonne > -1 && (consonne+1) < len)
+				return buffer.substring( consonne+1, len );
+			else
+				return null;
+		}
+		else
+			return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Retrieve the "RV zone" from a buffer an return the corresponding string<br>
+	 * "If the word begins with two vowels, RV is the region after the third letter,
+	 * otherwise the region after the first vowel not at the beginning of the word,
+	 * or the end of the word if these positions cannot be found."<br>
+	 * @param buffer java.lang.StringBuffer - the in buffer
+	 * @return java.lang.String - the resulting string
+	 */
+	private String retrieveRV( StringBuffer buffer ) {
+		int len = buffer.length();
+		if ( buffer.length() > 3)
+		{
+			if ( isVowel(buffer.charAt( 0 )) && isVowel(buffer.charAt( 1 ))) {
+				return buffer.substring(3,len);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				int pos = 0;
+				for (int c = 1; c < len; c++) {
+					if (isVowel( buffer.charAt( c )))
+					{
+						pos = c;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				if ( pos+1 < len )
+					return buffer.substring( pos+1, len );
+				else
+					return null;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+			return null;
+	}
+
+
+
+    /**
+	 * Turns u and i preceded AND followed by a vowel to UpperCase<br>
+	 * Turns y preceded OR followed by a vowel to UpperCase<br>
+	 * Turns u preceded by q to UpperCase<br>
+     *
+     * @param buffer java.util.StringBuffer - the buffer to treat
+     * @return java.util.StringBuffer - the treated buffer
+     */
+    private StringBuffer treatVowels( StringBuffer buffer ) {
+		for ( int c = 0; c < buffer.length(); c++ ) {
+			char ch = buffer.charAt( c );
+
+			if (c == 0) // first char
+			{
+				if (buffer.length()>1)
+				{
+					if (ch == 'y' && isVowel(buffer.charAt( c + 1 )))
+						buffer.setCharAt( c, 'Y' );
+				}
+			}
+			else if (c == buffer.length()-1) // last char
+			{
+				if (ch == 'u' && buffer.charAt( c - 1 ) == 'q')
+					buffer.setCharAt( c, 'U' );
+				if (ch == 'y' && isVowel(buffer.charAt( c - 1 )))
+					buffer.setCharAt( c, 'Y' );
+			}
+			else // other cases
+			{
+				if (ch == 'u')
+				{
+					if (buffer.charAt( c - 1) == 'q')
+						buffer.setCharAt( c, 'U' );
+					else if (isVowel(buffer.charAt( c - 1 )) && isVowel(buffer.charAt( c + 1 )))
+						buffer.setCharAt( c, 'U' );
+				}
+				if (ch == 'i')
+				{
+					if (isVowel(buffer.charAt( c - 1 )) && isVowel(buffer.charAt( c + 1 )))
+						buffer.setCharAt( c, 'I' );
+				}
+				if (ch == 'y')
+				{
+					if (isVowel(buffer.charAt( c - 1 )) || isVowel(buffer.charAt( c + 1 )))
+						buffer.setCharAt( c, 'Y' );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return buffer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks a term if it can be processed correctly.
+     *
+     * @return boolean - true if, and only if, the given term consists in letters.
+     */
+    private boolean isStemmable( String term ) {
+		boolean upper = false;
+		int first = -1;
+		for ( int c = 0; c < term.length(); c++ ) {
+			// Discard terms that contain non-letter characters.
+			if ( !Character.isLetter( term.charAt( c ) ) ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			// Discard terms that contain multiple uppercase letters.
+			if ( Character.isUpperCase( term.charAt( c ) ) ) {
+				if ( upper ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			// First encountered uppercase letter, set flag and save
+			// position.
+				else {
+					first = c;
+					upper = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// Discard the term if it contains a single uppercase letter that
+		// is not starting the term.
+		if ( first > 0 ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/GermanStemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/GermanStemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d1af9085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/GermanStemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+
+/* ====================================================================
+ * The Apache Software License, Version 1.1
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2001 The Apache Software Foundation.  All rights
+ * reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution,
+ *    if any, must include the following acknowledgment:
+ *       "This product includes software developed by the
+ *        Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/)."
+ *    Alternately, this acknowledgment may appear in the software itself,
+ *    if and wherever such third-party acknowledgments normally appear.
+ *
+ * 4. The names "Apache" and "Apache Software Foundation" and
+ *    "Apache Lucene" must not be used to endorse or promote products
+ *    derived from this software without prior written permission. For
+ *    written permission, please contact apache@apache.org.
+ *
+ * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "Apache",
+ *    "Apache Lucene", nor may "Apache" appear in their name, without
+ *    prior written permission of the Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ * DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE APACHE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION OR
+ * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
+ * USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+ * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A stemmer for German words. The algorithm is based on the report
+ * "A Fast and Simple Stemming Algorithm for German Words" by Joerg
+ * Caumanns (joerg.caumanns@isst.fhg.de).
+ *
+ * Changed stem() from protected to public.
+ * Changed coding for umlaute to unicode.
+ *
+ * @author    Gerhard Schwarz
+ * @version   $Id: GermanStemmer.java,v 1.1 2004/12/15 01:13:54 mdewsnip Exp $
+ */
+public class GermanStemmer extends Stemmer
+{
+    /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	/**
+     * Buffer for the terms while stemming them.
+     */
+    private StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if a term is handled as a noun.
+     */
+    private boolean uppercase = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Amount of characters that are removed with <tt>substitute()</tt> while stemming.
+     */
+    private int substCount = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Stemms the given term to an unique <tt>discriminator</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param term  The term that should be stemmed.
+     * @return      Discriminator for <tt>term</tt>
+     */
+    public String stem( String term )
+    {
+	// Mark a possible noun.
+	uppercase = Character.isUpperCase( term.charAt( 0 ) );
+	// Use lowercase for medium stemming.
+	term = term.toLowerCase();
+	if ( !isStemmable( term ) )
+	    return term;
+	// Reset the StringBuffer.
+	sb.delete( 0, sb.length() );
+	sb.insert( 0, term );
+	// Stemming starts here...
+	substitute( sb );
+	strip( sb );
+	optimize( sb );
+	resubstitute( sb );
+	removeParticleDenotion( sb );
+	return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a term could be stemmed.
+     *
+     * @return  true if, and only if, the given term consists in letters.
+     */
+    private boolean isStemmable( String term )
+    {
+	for ( int c = 0; c < term.length(); c++ ) {
+	    if ( !Character.isLetter( term.charAt( c ) ) ) return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * suffix stripping (stemming) on the current term. The stripping is reduced
+     * to the seven "base" suffixes "e", "s", "n", "t", "em", "er" and * "nd",
+     * from which all regular suffixes are build of. The simplification causes
+     * some overstemming, and way more irregular stems, but still provides unique.
+     * discriminators in the most of those cases.
+     * The algorithm is context free, except of the length restrictions.
+     */
+    private void strip( StringBuffer buffer )
+    {
+	boolean doMore = true;
+	while ( doMore && buffer.length() > 3 ) {
+	    if ( ( buffer.length() + substCount > 5 ) &&
+		buffer.substring( buffer.length() - 2, buffer.length() ).equals( "nd" ) )
+	    {
+		buffer.delete( buffer.length() - 2, buffer.length() );
+	    }
+	    else if ( ( buffer.length() + substCount > 4 ) &&
+		buffer.substring( buffer.length() - 2, buffer.length() ).equals( "em" ) ) {
+		buffer.delete( buffer.length() - 2, buffer.length() );
+	    }
+	    else if ( ( buffer.length() + substCount > 4 ) &&
+		buffer.substring( buffer.length() - 2, buffer.length() ).equals( "er" ) ) {
+		buffer.delete( buffer.length() - 2, buffer.length() );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( buffer.length() - 1 ) == 'e' ) {
+		buffer.deleteCharAt( buffer.length() - 1 );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( buffer.length() - 1 ) == 's' ) {
+		buffer.deleteCharAt( buffer.length() - 1 );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( buffer.length() - 1 ) == 'n' ) {
+		buffer.deleteCharAt( buffer.length() - 1 );
+	    }
+	    // "t" occurs only as suffix of verbs.
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( buffer.length() - 1 ) == 't' && !uppercase ) {
+		buffer.deleteCharAt( buffer.length() - 1 );
+	    }
+	    else {
+		doMore = false;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does some optimizations on the term. This optimisations are
+     * contextual.
+     */
+    private void optimize( StringBuffer buffer )
+    {
+	// Additional step for female plurals of professions and inhabitants.
+	if ( buffer.length() > 5 && buffer.substring( buffer.length() - 5, buffer.length() ).equals( "erin*" ) ) {
+	    buffer.deleteCharAt( buffer.length() -1 );
+	    strip( buffer );
+	}
+	// Additional step for irregular plural nouns like "Matrizen -> Matrix".
+	if ( buffer.charAt( buffer.length() - 1 ) == ( 'z' ) ) {
+	    buffer.setCharAt( buffer.length() - 1, 'x' );
+	}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a particle denotion ("ge") from a term.
+     */
+    private void removeParticleDenotion( StringBuffer buffer )
+    {
+	if ( buffer.length() > 4 ) {
+	    for ( int c = 0; c < buffer.length() - 3; c++ ) {
+		if ( buffer.substring( c, c + 4 ).equals( "gege" ) ) {
+		    buffer.delete( c, c + 2 );
+		    return;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Do some substitutions for the term to reduce overstemming:
+     *
+     * - Substitute Umlauts with their corresponding vowel: ae,oe,ue -> a,o,u,
+     *   "eszet" is substituted by "ss"
+     * - Substitute a second char of a pair of equal characters with
+     *   an asterisk: ?? -> ?*
+     * - Substitute some common character combinations with a token:
+     *   sch/ch/ei/ie/ig/st -> $/c/%/&/#/!
+     */
+    private void substitute( StringBuffer buffer )
+    {
+	substCount = 0;
+	for ( int c = 0; c < buffer.length(); c++ ) {
+	    // Replace the second char of a pair of the equal characters with an asterisk
+	    if ( c > 0 && buffer.charAt( c ) == buffer.charAt ( c - 1 )  ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, '*' );
+	    }
+	    // Substitute Umlauts.
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '\u00E4' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'a' );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '\u00F6' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'o' );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '\u00FC' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'u' );
+	    }
+	    // Take care that at least one character is left left side from the current one
+	    if ( c < buffer.length() - 1 ) {
+		if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '\u00DF' ) {
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, 's' );
+		    buffer.insert( c + 1, 's' );
+		    substCount++;
+		}
+		// Masking several common character combinations with an token
+		else if ( ( c < buffer.length() - 2 ) && buffer.charAt( c ) == 's' &&
+		    buffer.charAt( c + 1 ) == 'c' && buffer.charAt( c + 2 ) == 'h' )
+		{
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, '$' );
+		    buffer.delete( c + 1, c + 3 );
+		    substCount =+ 2;
+		}
+		else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == 'c' && buffer.charAt( c + 1 ) == 'h' ) {
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, 'C' );
+		    buffer.deleteCharAt( c + 1 );
+		    substCount++;
+		}
+		else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == 'e' && buffer.charAt( c + 1 ) == 'i' ) {
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, '%' );
+		    buffer.deleteCharAt( c + 1 );
+		    substCount++;
+		}
+		else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == 'i' && buffer.charAt( c + 1 ) == 'e' ) {
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, '&' );
+		    buffer.deleteCharAt( c + 1 );
+		    substCount++;
+		}
+		else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == 'i' && buffer.charAt( c + 1 ) == 'g' ) {
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, '#' );
+		    buffer.deleteCharAt( c + 1 );
+		    substCount++;
+		}
+		else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == 's' && buffer.charAt( c + 1 ) == 't' ) {
+		    buffer.setCharAt( c, '!' );
+		    buffer.deleteCharAt( c + 1 );
+		    substCount++;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Undoes the changes made by substitute(). That are character pairs and
+     * character combinations. Umlauts will remain as their corresponding vowel,
+     * as "eszet" remains as "ss".
+     */
+    private void resubstitute( StringBuffer buffer )
+    {
+	for ( int c = 0; c < buffer.length(); c++ ) {
+	    if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '*' ) {
+		char x = buffer.charAt( c - 1 );
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, x );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '$' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 's' );
+		buffer.insert( c + 1, new char[]{'c', 'h'}, 0, 2 );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == 'C' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'c' );
+		buffer.insert( c + 1, 'h' );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '%' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'e' );
+		buffer.insert( c + 1, 'i' );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '&' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'i' );
+		buffer.insert( c + 1, 'e' );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '#' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 'i' );
+		buffer.insert( c + 1, 'g' );
+	    }
+	    else if ( buffer.charAt( c ) == '!' ) {
+		buffer.setCharAt( c, 's' );
+		buffer.insert( c + 1, 't' );
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/IteratedLovinsStemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/IteratedLovinsStemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dade2d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/IteratedLovinsStemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Implements the iterated version of the Lovins stemmer.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class IteratedLovinsStemmer extends LovinsStemmer {
+
+  /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+/**
+   * Iterated stemming of the given word.
+   */
+  public String stem(String str) {
+
+    if (str.length() <= 2) {
+      return str;
+    }
+    String stemmed = super.stem(str);
+    while (!stemmed.equals(str)) {
+      str = stemmed;
+      stemmed = super.stem(stemmed);
+    }
+    return stemmed;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stems text coming into stdin and writes it to stdout.
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] ops) {
+
+    IteratedLovinsStemmer ls = new IteratedLovinsStemmer();
+
+    try {
+      int num;
+      StringBuffer wordBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+      while ((num = System.in.read()) != -1) {
+	char c = (char)num;
+	if (((num >= (int)'A') && (num <= (int)'Z')) ||
+	    ((num >= (int)'a') && (num <= (int)'z'))) {
+	  wordBuffer.append(c);
+	} else {
+	  if (wordBuffer.length() > 0) {
+	    System.out.print(ls.stem(wordBuffer.toString().
+				     toLowerCase()));
+	    wordBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+	  }
+	  System.out.print(c);
+	}
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+}
+    
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/LovinsStemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/LovinsStemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f38adf10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/LovinsStemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+
+/** 
+ * Implements the Lovins stemmer.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class LovinsStemmer extends Stemmer implements Serializable {
+
+  /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+/** C version compatibility mode (emulates bugs
+      in original C implementation) */
+  private static boolean m_CompMode = true;
+
+  /** The hash tables containing the list of endings. */
+  private static HashMap m_l11 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l10 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l9 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l8 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l7 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l6 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l5 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l4 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l3 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l2 = null;
+  private static HashMap m_l1 = null;
+
+  static {
+
+    m_l11 = new HashMap();
+    m_l11.put("alistically", "B");
+    m_l11.put("arizability", "A");
+    m_l11.put("izationally", "B");
+    m_l10 = new HashMap();
+    m_l10.put("antialness", "A");
+    m_l10.put("arisations", "A");
+    m_l10.put("arizations", "A");
+    m_l10.put("entialness", "A");
+    m_l9 = new HashMap();
+    m_l9.put("allically", "C");
+    m_l9.put("antaneous", "A");
+    m_l9.put("antiality", "A");
+    m_l9.put("arisation", "A");
+    m_l9.put("arization", "A");
+    m_l9.put("ationally", "B");
+    m_l9.put("ativeness", "A");
+    m_l9.put("eableness", "E");
+    m_l9.put("entations", "A");
+    m_l9.put("entiality", "A");
+    m_l9.put("entialize", "A");
+    m_l9.put("entiation", "A");
+    m_l9.put("ionalness", "A");
+    m_l9.put("istically", "A");
+    m_l9.put("itousness", "A");
+    m_l9.put("izability", "A");
+    m_l9.put("izational", "A");
+    m_l8 = new HashMap();
+    m_l8.put("ableness", "A");
+    m_l8.put("arizable", "A");
+    m_l8.put("entation", "A");
+    m_l8.put("entially", "A");
+    m_l8.put("eousness", "A");
+    m_l8.put("ibleness", "A");
+    m_l8.put("icalness", "A");
+    m_l8.put("ionalism", "A");
+    m_l8.put("ionality", "A");
+    m_l8.put("ionalize", "A");
+    m_l8.put("iousness", "A");
+    m_l8.put("izations", "A");
+    m_l8.put("lessness", "A");
+    m_l7 = new HashMap();
+    m_l7.put("ability", "A");
+    m_l7.put("aically", "A");
+    m_l7.put("alistic", "B");
+    m_l7.put("alities", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ariness", "E");
+    m_l7.put("aristic", "A");
+    m_l7.put("arizing", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ateness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("atingly", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ational", "B");
+    m_l7.put("atively", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ativism", "A");
+    m_l7.put("elihood", "E");
+    m_l7.put("encible", "A");
+    m_l7.put("entally", "A");
+    m_l7.put("entials", "A");
+    m_l7.put("entiate", "A");
+    m_l7.put("entness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("fulness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ibility", "A");
+    m_l7.put("icalism", "A");
+    m_l7.put("icalist", "A");
+    m_l7.put("icality", "A");
+    m_l7.put("icalize", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ication", "G");
+    m_l7.put("icianry", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ination", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ingness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ionally", "A");
+    m_l7.put("isation", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ishness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("istical", "A");
+    m_l7.put("iteness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("iveness", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ivistic", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ivities", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ization", "F");
+    m_l7.put("izement", "A");
+    m_l7.put("oidally", "A");
+    m_l7.put("ousness", "A");
+    m_l6 = new HashMap();
+    m_l6.put("aceous", "A");
+    m_l6.put("acious", "B");
+    m_l6.put("action", "G");
+    m_l6.put("alness", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ancial", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ancies", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ancing", "B");
+    m_l6.put("ariser", "A");
+    m_l6.put("arized", "A");
+    m_l6.put("arizer", "A");
+    m_l6.put("atable", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ations", "B");
+    m_l6.put("atives", "A");
+    m_l6.put("eature", "Z");
+    m_l6.put("efully", "A");
+    m_l6.put("encies", "A");
+    m_l6.put("encing", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ential", "A");
+    m_l6.put("enting", "C");
+    m_l6.put("entist", "A");
+    m_l6.put("eously", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ialist", "A");
+    m_l6.put("iality", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ialize", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ically", "A");
+    m_l6.put("icance", "A");
+    m_l6.put("icians", "A");
+    m_l6.put("icists", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ifully", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ionals", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ionate", "D");
+    m_l6.put("ioning", "A");
+    m_l6.put("ionist", "A");
+    m_l6.put("iously", "A");
+    m_l6.put("istics", "A");
+    m_l6.put("izable", "E");
+    m_l6.put("lessly", "A");
+    m_l6.put("nesses", "A");
+    m_l6.put("oidism", "A");
+    m_l5 = new HashMap();
+    m_l5.put("acies", "A");
+    m_l5.put("acity", "A");
+    m_l5.put("aging", "B");
+    m_l5.put("aical", "A");
+    if (!m_CompMode) {
+      m_l5.put("alist", "A");
+    }
+    m_l5.put("alism", "B");
+    m_l5.put("ality", "A");
+    m_l5.put("alize", "A");
+    m_l5.put("allic", "b");
+    m_l5.put("anced", "B");
+    m_l5.put("ances", "B");
+    m_l5.put("antic", "C");
+    m_l5.put("arial", "A");
+    m_l5.put("aries", "A");
+    m_l5.put("arily", "A");
+    m_l5.put("arity", "B");
+    m_l5.put("arize", "A");
+    m_l5.put("aroid", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ately", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ating", "I");
+    m_l5.put("ation", "B");
+    m_l5.put("ative", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ators", "A");
+    m_l5.put("atory", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ature", "E");
+    m_l5.put("early", "Y");
+    m_l5.put("ehood", "A");
+    m_l5.put("eless", "A");
+    if (!m_CompMode) {
+      m_l5.put("elily", "A");
+    } else {
+      m_l5.put("elity", "A");
+    }
+    m_l5.put("ement", "A");
+    m_l5.put("enced", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ences", "A");
+    m_l5.put("eness", "E");
+    m_l5.put("ening", "E");
+    m_l5.put("ental", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ented", "C");
+    m_l5.put("ently", "A");
+    m_l5.put("fully", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ially", "A");
+    m_l5.put("icant", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ician", "A");
+    m_l5.put("icide", "A");
+    m_l5.put("icism", "A");
+    m_l5.put("icist", "A");
+    m_l5.put("icity", "A");
+    m_l5.put("idine", "I");
+    m_l5.put("iedly", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ihood", "A");
+    m_l5.put("inate", "A");
+    m_l5.put("iness", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ingly", "B");
+    m_l5.put("inism", "J");
+    m_l5.put("inity", "c");
+    m_l5.put("ional", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ioned", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ished", "A");
+    m_l5.put("istic", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ities", "A");
+    m_l5.put("itous", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ively", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ivity", "A");
+    m_l5.put("izers", "F");
+    m_l5.put("izing", "F");
+    m_l5.put("oidal", "A");
+    m_l5.put("oides", "A");
+    m_l5.put("otide", "A");
+    m_l5.put("ously", "A");
+    m_l4 = new HashMap();
+    m_l4.put("able", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ably", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ages", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ally", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ance", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ancy", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ants", "B");
+    m_l4.put("aric", "A");
+    m_l4.put("arly", "K");
+    m_l4.put("ated", "I");
+    m_l4.put("ates", "A");
+    m_l4.put("atic", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ator", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ealy", "Y");
+    m_l4.put("edly", "E");
+    m_l4.put("eful", "A");
+    m_l4.put("eity", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ence", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ency", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ened", "E");
+    m_l4.put("enly", "E");
+    m_l4.put("eous", "A");
+    m_l4.put("hood", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ials", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ians", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ible", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ibly", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ical", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ides", "L");
+    m_l4.put("iers", "A");
+    m_l4.put("iful", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ines", "M");
+    m_l4.put("ings", "N");
+    m_l4.put("ions", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ious", "A");
+    m_l4.put("isms", "B");
+    m_l4.put("ists", "A");
+    m_l4.put("itic", "H");
+    m_l4.put("ized", "F");
+    m_l4.put("izer", "F");
+    m_l4.put("less", "A");
+    m_l4.put("lily", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ness", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ogen", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ward", "A");
+    m_l4.put("wise", "A");
+    m_l4.put("ying", "B");
+    m_l4.put("yish", "A");
+    m_l3 = new HashMap();
+    m_l3.put("acy", "A");
+    m_l3.put("age", "B");
+    m_l3.put("aic", "A");
+    m_l3.put("als", "b");
+    m_l3.put("ant", "B");
+    m_l3.put("ars", "O");
+    m_l3.put("ary", "F");
+    m_l3.put("ata", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ate", "A");
+    m_l3.put("eal", "Y");
+    m_l3.put("ear", "Y");
+    m_l3.put("ely", "E");
+    m_l3.put("ene", "E");
+    m_l3.put("ent", "C");
+    m_l3.put("ery", "E");
+    m_l3.put("ese", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ful", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ial", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ian", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ics", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ide", "L");
+    m_l3.put("ied", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ier", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ies", "P");
+    m_l3.put("ily", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ine", "M");
+    m_l3.put("ing", "N");
+    m_l3.put("ion", "Q");
+    m_l3.put("ish", "C");
+    m_l3.put("ism", "B");
+    m_l3.put("ist", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ite", "a");
+    m_l3.put("ity", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ium", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ive", "A");
+    m_l3.put("ize", "F");
+    m_l3.put("oid", "A");
+    m_l3.put("one", "R");
+    m_l3.put("ous", "A");
+    m_l2 = new HashMap();
+    m_l2.put("ae", "A"); 
+    m_l2.put("al", "b");
+    m_l2.put("ar", "X");
+    m_l2.put("as", "B");
+    m_l2.put("ed", "E");
+    m_l2.put("en", "F");
+    m_l2.put("es", "E");
+    m_l2.put("ia", "A");
+    m_l2.put("ic", "A");
+    m_l2.put("is", "A");
+    m_l2.put("ly", "B");
+    m_l2.put("on", "S");
+    m_l2.put("or", "T");
+    m_l2.put("um", "U");
+    m_l2.put("us", "V");
+    m_l2.put("yl", "R");
+    m_l2.put("s\'", "A");
+    m_l2.put("\'s", "A");
+    m_l1 = new HashMap();
+    m_l1.put("a", "A");
+    m_l1.put("e", "A");
+    m_l1.put("i", "A");
+    m_l1.put("o", "A");
+    m_l1.put("s", "W");
+    m_l1.put("y", "B");	
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Finds and removes ending from given word.
+   */
+  private String removeEnding(String word) {
+
+    int length = word.length();
+    int el = 11;
+
+    while (el > 0) {
+      if (length - el > 1) {
+	String ending = word.substring(length - el);
+	String conditionCode = null;
+	switch (el) {
+	case 11: conditionCode = (String)m_l11.get(ending);
+	  break;
+	case 10: conditionCode = (String)m_l10.get(ending);
+	  break; 
+	case 9: conditionCode = (String)m_l9.get(ending);
+	  break;
+	case 8: conditionCode = (String)m_l8.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 7: conditionCode = (String)m_l7.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 6: conditionCode = (String)m_l6.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 5: conditionCode = (String)m_l5.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 4: conditionCode = (String)m_l4.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 3: conditionCode = (String)m_l3.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 2: conditionCode = (String)m_l2.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	case 1: conditionCode = (String)m_l1.get(ending);
+	  break;   
+	default:
+	}
+	if (conditionCode != null) {
+	  switch (conditionCode.charAt(0)) {
+	  case 'A':
+	    return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	  case 'B':
+	    if (length - el > 2) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'C':
+	    if (length - el > 3) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'D':
+	    if (length - el > 4) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'E':
+	    if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e') {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'F':
+	    if ((length - el > 2) &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'G':
+	    if ((length - el > 2) &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'f')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'H':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') ||
+		((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') &&
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'l'))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'I':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'o') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e')) { 
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'J':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'a') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e')) { 
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'K':
+	    if ((length - el > 2) &&
+		((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') ||
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'i') ||
+		 ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'e') &&
+		  (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'u')))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'L':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'u') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'x') &&
+		((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 's') ||
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'o'))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'M':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'a') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'c') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'e') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'm')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'N':
+	    if ((length - el > 3) || 
+		((length - el == 3) &&
+		 ((word.charAt(length - el - 3) != 's')))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'O':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'i')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'P':
+	    if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'c') {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'Q':
+	    if ((length - el > 2) &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'l') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'n')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'R':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'n') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'S':
+	    if (((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r') &&
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'd')) ||
+		((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') &&
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 2) != 't'))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'T':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 's') ||
+		((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') &&
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 2) != 'o'))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'U':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'm') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'n') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'V':
+	    if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'c') {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'W':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 's') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'u')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'X':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'i') ||
+		((length - el > 2) &&
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'e') &&
+		 (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'u'))) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'Y':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'n') &&
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'i')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'Z':
+	    if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) != 'f') {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'a':
+	    if ((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'd') ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'f') ||
+		(((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'h') &&
+		  (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'p'))) ||
+		(((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'h') &&
+		  (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 't'))) ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') ||
+		(((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r') &&
+		  (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e'))) ||
+		(((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'r') &&
+		  (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'o'))) ||
+		(((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 's') &&
+		  (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e'))) ||
+		(word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't')) {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  case 'b':
+	    if (m_CompMode) {
+	      if (((length - el == 3 ) &&
+		   (!((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'm')))) ||
+		  ((length - el > 3) &&
+		   (!((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 's') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'y') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 4) == 'r'))))) {
+		return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	      }
+	    } else {
+	      if ((length - el > 2) &&
+		  (!((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') &&
+		     (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 'e') &&
+		     (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'm'))) &&
+		  ((length - el < 4) ||
+		   (!((word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 't') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 2) == 's') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 3) == 'y') &&
+		      (word.charAt(length - el - 4) == 'r'))))) {
+		return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	      }
+	    } 
+	    break;
+	  case 'c':
+	    if (word.charAt(length - el - 1) == 'l') {
+	      return word.substring(0, length - el);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Fatal error.");
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+      el--;
+    }
+    return word;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recodes ending of given word.
+   */
+  private String recodeEnding(String word) {
+
+    int lastPos = word.length() - 1;
+
+    // Rule 1
+    if (word.endsWith("bb") ||
+	word.endsWith("dd") ||
+	word.endsWith("gg") ||
+	word.endsWith("ll") ||
+	word.endsWith("mm") ||
+	word.endsWith("nn") ||
+	word.endsWith("pp") ||
+	word.endsWith("rr") ||
+	word.endsWith("ss") ||
+	word.endsWith("tt")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos);
+      lastPos--;
+    }
+
+    // Rule 2
+    if (word.endsWith("iev")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ief");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 3
+    if (word.endsWith("uct")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("uc");
+      lastPos--;
+    }
+
+    // Rule 4
+    if (word.endsWith("umpt")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("um");
+      lastPos -= 2;
+    }
+
+    // Rule 5
+    if (word.endsWith("rpt")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("rb");
+      lastPos--;
+    }
+
+    // Rule 6
+    if (word.endsWith("urs")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ur");
+      lastPos--;
+    }
+
+    // Rule 7
+    if (word.endsWith("istr")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("ister");
+      lastPos++;
+    }
+ 
+    // Rule 7a
+    if (word.endsWith("metr")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("meter");
+      lastPos++;
+    }
+
+    // Rule 8
+    if (word.endsWith("olv")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("olut");
+      lastPos++;
+    }
+ 
+    // Rule 9
+    if (word.endsWith("ul")) {
+      if ((lastPos - 2 < 0) ||
+	  ((word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'a') &&
+	   (word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'i') &&
+	   (word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'o'))) {
+	word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("l");
+	lastPos--;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Rule 10
+    if (word.endsWith("bex")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("bic");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 11
+    if (word.endsWith("dex")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("dic");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 12
+    if (word.endsWith("pex")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("pic");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 13
+    if (word.endsWith("tex")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("tic");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 14
+    if (word.endsWith("ax")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ac");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 15
+    if (word.endsWith("ex")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ec");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 16
+    if (word.endsWith("ix")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ic");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 17
+    if (word.endsWith("lux")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("luc");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 18
+    if (word.endsWith("uad")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("uas");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 19
+    if (word.endsWith("vad")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("vas");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 20
+    if (word.endsWith("cid")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("cis");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 21
+    if (word.endsWith("lid")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("lis");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 22
+    if (word.endsWith("erid")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("eris");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 23
+    if (word.endsWith("pand")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 3).concat("pans");
+    }
+ 
+    // Rule 24
+    if (word.endsWith("end")) {
+      if ((lastPos - 3 < 0) ||
+	   (word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 's')) {
+	word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ens");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Rule 25
+    if (word.endsWith("ond")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ons");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 26
+    if (word.endsWith("lud")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("lus");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 27
+    if (word.endsWith("rud")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("rus");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 28
+    if (word.endsWith("her")) {
+      if ((lastPos - 3 < 0) ||
+	  ((word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 'p') &&
+	   (word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 't'))) {
+	word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("hes");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Rule 29
+    if (word.endsWith("mit")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("mis");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 30
+    if (word.endsWith("end")) {
+      if ((lastPos - 3 < 0) ||
+	  (word.charAt(lastPos - 3) != 'm')) {
+	word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ens");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Rule 31
+    if (word.endsWith("ert")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 2).concat("ers");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 32
+    if (word.endsWith("et")) {
+      if ((lastPos - 2 < 0) ||
+	  (word.charAt(lastPos - 2) != 'n')) {
+	word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("es");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Rule 33
+    if (word.endsWith("yt")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ys");
+    }
+
+    // Rule 34
+    if (word.endsWith("yz")) {
+      word = word.substring(0, lastPos - 1).concat("ys");
+    }
+
+    return word;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the stemmed version of the given word.
+   * 
+   * @param word a string consisting of a single word
+   */
+  public String stem(String word) {
+
+    if (word.length() > 2) {
+      return recodeEnding(removeEnding(word.toLowerCase()));
+    } else {
+      return word.toLowerCase();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stems text coming into stdin and writes it to stdout.
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] ops) {
+
+    LovinsStemmer ls = new LovinsStemmer();
+
+    try {
+      int num;
+      StringBuffer wordBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+      while ((num = System.in.read()) != -1) {
+	char c = (char)num;
+	if (((num >= (int)'A') && (num <= (int)'Z')) ||
+	    ((num >= (int)'a') && (num <= (int)'z'))) {
+	  wordBuffer.append(c);
+	} else {
+	  if (wordBuffer.length() > 0) {
+	    System.out.print(ls.stem(wordBuffer.toString().
+				     toLowerCase()));
+	    wordBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+	  }
+	  System.out.print(c);
+	}
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+}
+    
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/NoStemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/NoStemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..469566535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/NoStemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+/**
+ * If selected in the stemmer option in KEA
+ * no stemming is applied.
+ * @author olena
+ *
+ */
+public class NoStemmer extends Stemmer {
+    /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	public String stem(String str)  {
+	return str.toLowerCase();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/PorterStemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/PorterStemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11c749d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/PorterStemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ *    PorterStemmer.java
+ *    Programmer: John Keyes (keyeg@ils.unc.edu)
+ *    Last Modified: January 3, 1998
+ *    This class implements the PORTER stemming algorithm, which
+ *    is fully described in "An algorithm for suffix stripping",
+ *    M.F. Porter (1980), _Program_, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 130-137
+ *    
+*/
+
+public class PorterStemmer extends Stemmer {
+
+    /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	public String stem(String str)  {
+        // check for zero length
+	if (str.length() > 3) {
+	    // all characters must be letters
+	    char[] c = str.toCharArray();
+	    for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
+		if (!Character.isLetter(c[i])) {
+		    return str.toLowerCase();
+		}
+	    }
+	} else {            
+	    return str.toLowerCase();
+	}
+	str = step1a(str);
+	str = step1b(str);
+	str = step1c(str);
+	str = step2(str);
+	str = step3(str);
+	str = step4(str);
+	str = step5a(str);
+	str = step5b(str);
+	return str.toLowerCase();
+    } // end stem
+
+    protected String step1a (String str) {
+        // SSES -> SS
+        if (str.endsWith("sses")) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // IES -> I
+        } else if (str.endsWith("ies")) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // SS -> S
+        } else if (str.endsWith("ss")) {
+            return str;
+        // S ->
+        } else if (str.endsWith("s")) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+        } else {
+            return str;
+        }
+    } // end step1a
+
+    protected String step1b (String str) {
+        // (m > 0) EED -> EE
+        if (str.endsWith("eed")) {
+            if (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)
+                return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+            else
+                return str;
+        // (*v*) ED ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ed")) &&
+                   (containsVowel(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)))) {
+            return step1b2(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2));
+        // (*v*) ING ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ing")) &&
+                   (containsVowel(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)))) {
+            return step1b2(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3));
+        } // end if
+        return str;
+    } // end step1b
+
+    protected String step1b2 (String str) {
+        // AT -> ATE
+        if (str.endsWith("at") ||
+            str.endsWith("bl") ||
+            str.endsWith("iz")) {
+            return str + "e";
+        } else if ((str.length() > 1) && (endsWithDoubleConsonent(str)) &&
+                   (!(str.endsWith("l") || str.endsWith("s") || str.endsWith("z")))) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+        } else if ((stringMeasure(str) == 1) &&
+                   (endsWithCVC(str))) {
+            return str + "e";
+        } else {
+            return str;
+        }
+    } // end step1b2
+
+    protected String step1c(String str) {
+        // (*v*) Y -> I
+        if (str.endsWith("y")) {
+            if (containsVowel(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)))
+                return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1) + "i";
+        } // end if
+        return str;
+    } // end step1c
+
+    protected String step2 (String str) {
+        // (m > 0) ATIONAL -> ATE
+        if ((str.endsWith("ational")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 5)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 5) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) TIONAL -> TION
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("tional")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) ENCI -> ENCE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("enci")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) ANCI -> ANCE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("anci")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) IZER -> IZE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("izer")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+        // (m > 0) ABLI -> ABLE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("abli")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) ENTLI -> ENT
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("alli")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) ELI -> E
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("entli")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) OUSLI -> OUS
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("eli")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) IZATION -> IZE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ousli")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) IZATION -> IZE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ization")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 5)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 5) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) ATION -> ATE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ation")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) ATOR -> ATE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ator")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) ALISM -> AL
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("alism")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+           return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 0) IVENESS -> IVE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("iveness")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 0) FULNESS -> FUL
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("fulness")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 0) OUSNESS -> OUS
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ousness")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 0) ALITII -> AL
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("aliti")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 0) IVITI -> IVE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("iviti")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3) + "e";
+        // (m > 0) BILITI -> BLE
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("biliti")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 5)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 5) + "le";
+        } // end if
+        return str;
+    } // end step2
+
+
+    protected String step3 (String str) {
+        // (m > 0) ICATE -> IC
+        if ((str.endsWith("icate")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 0) ATIVE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ative")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 5)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 5);
+        // (m > 0) ALIZE -> AL
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("alize")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 0) ICITI -> IC
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("iciti")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 0) ICAL -> IC
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ical")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 0) FUL ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ful")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 0) NESS ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ness")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 0)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        } // end if
+        return str;
+    } // end step3
+
+
+    protected String step4 (String str) {
+        if ((str.endsWith("al")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+            // (m > 1) ANCE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ance")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 1) ENCE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ence")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 1) ER ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("er")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 1) IC ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ic")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 1) ABLE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("able")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 1) IBLE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ible")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 1) ANT ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ant")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) EMENT ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ement")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 5)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 5);
+        // (m > 1) MENT ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ment")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 4)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 4);
+        // (m > 1) ENT ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ent")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) and (*S or *T) ION ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("sion") || str.endsWith("tion")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) OU ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ou")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 2)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // (m > 1) ISM ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ism")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) ATE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ate")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) ITI ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("iti")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) OUS ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ous")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) IVE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ive")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        // (m > 1) IZE ->
+        } else if ((str.endsWith("ize")) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 3)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 3);
+        } // end if
+        return str;
+    } // end step4
+
+
+    protected String step5a (String str) {
+        // (m > 1) E ->
+        if ((stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)) > 1) &&
+            str.endsWith("e"))
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() -1);
+        // (m = 1 and not *0) E ->
+        else if ((stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)) == 1) &&
+                 (!endsWithCVC(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1))) &&
+                 (str.endsWith("e")))
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+        else
+            return str;
+    } // end step5a
+
+
+    protected String step5b (String str) {
+        // (m > 1 and *d and *L) ->
+        if (str.endsWith("l") &&
+            endsWithDoubleConsonent(str) &&
+            (stringMeasure(str.substring(0, str.length() - 1)) > 1)) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+        } else {
+            return str;
+        }
+    } // end step5b
+
+
+    /*
+       -------------------------------------------------------
+       The following are functions to help compute steps 1 - 5
+       -------------------------------------------------------
+    */
+
+    // does string end with 's'?
+    protected boolean endsWithS(String str) {
+        return str.endsWith("s");
+    } // end function
+
+    // does string contain a vowel?
+    protected boolean containsVowel(String str) {
+        char[] strchars = str.toCharArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < strchars.length; i++) {
+            if (isVowel(strchars[i]))
+                return true;
+        }
+        // no aeiou but there is y
+        if (str.indexOf('y') > -1)
+            return true;
+        else
+            return false;
+    } // end function
+
+    // is char a vowel?
+    public boolean isVowel(char c) {
+        if ((c == 'a') ||
+            (c == 'e') ||
+            (c == 'i') ||
+            (c == 'o') ||
+            (c == 'u'))
+            return true;
+        else
+            return false;
+    } // end function
+
+    // does string end with a double consonent?
+    protected boolean endsWithDoubleConsonent(String str) {
+        char c = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
+        if (c == str.charAt(str.length() - 2))
+            if (!containsVowel(str.substring(str.length() - 2))) {
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    } // end function
+
+    // returns a CVC measure for the string
+    protected int stringMeasure(String str) {
+        int count = 0;
+        boolean vowelSeen = false;
+        char[] strchars = str.toCharArray();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < strchars.length; i++) {
+            if (isVowel(strchars[i])) {
+                vowelSeen = true;
+            } else if (vowelSeen) {
+                count++;
+                vowelSeen = false;
+            }
+        } // end for
+        return count;
+    } // end function
+
+    // does stem end with CVC?
+    protected boolean endsWithCVC (String str) {
+        char c, v, c2 = ' ';
+        if (str.length() >= 3) {
+            c = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
+            v = str.charAt(str.length() - 2);
+            c2 = str.charAt(str.length() - 3);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ((c == 'w') || (c == 'x') || (c == 'y')) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (isVowel(c)) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (!isVowel(v)) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (isVowel(c2)) {
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            return true;
+        }
+    } // end function
+} // end class
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SpanishStemmer.java.dontuse4now b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SpanishStemmer.java.dontuse4now
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1a7610ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SpanishStemmer.java.dontuse4now
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper for the Snowball stemmer for Spanish // use stemSB
+ * Or translation of the Stemmer implemented in C
+ * i found here:
+ * http://members.unine.ch/jacques.savoy/clef/index.html
+ *
+ * @author    Olena Medelyan
+ */
+
+public class SpanishStemmer extends Stemmer {
+	
+	private SpanishStemmerSB stemmer = new SpanishStemmerSB();		
+	
+	public String stemSB(String str) {
+		stemmer.setCurrent(str);
+		stemmer.stem();
+		return stemmer.getCurrent();
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/*  Spanish stemmer tring to remove inflectional suffixes */
+	
+	public String stem(String word) {
+		
+		int len = word.length()-1;
+		
+		if (len > 3) {
+			
+			word = removeSpanishAccent(word);
+			
+			if (word.endsWith("eses")) {
+				//  corteses -> cortés  
+				word = word.substring(0,len-1);
+				return word;
+			}
+			
+			if (word.endsWith("ces")) {
+				//  dos veces -> una vez  
+				word = word.substring(0,len-2);
+				word = word + 'z';
+				return word;
+			}
+			
+			if (word.endsWith("os") || word.endsWith("as") || word.endsWith("es")) {
+				//  ending with -os, -as  or -es 				
+				word = word.substring(0,len-1);
+				return word;
+				
+			}
+			if (word.endsWith("o") || word.endsWith("a") || word.endsWith("e")) {  
+				//  ending with  -o,  -a, or -e 
+				word = word.substring(0,len-1);
+				return word;
+			}
+			
+		}  
+		return word;         
+	}
+	
+	
+	private String removeSpanishAccent (String word)
+	{ 
+		word = word.replaceAll("à|á|â|ä","a");
+		word = word.replaceAll("ò|ó|ô|ö","o");
+		word = word.replaceAll("è|é|ê|ë","e");
+		word = word.replaceAll("ù|ú|û|ü","a");
+		word = word.replaceAll("ì|í|î|ï","a");
+
+		return word;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * The main method. // for testing  
+	 */
+	public static void main(String[] ops) {
+	
+		SpanishStemmer s = new SpanishStemmer();
+		System.out.println(s.stem("veces"));	
+	}
+	
+	
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SpanishStemmerSB.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SpanishStemmerSB.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae301e56b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SpanishStemmerSB.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1180 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+import org.tartarus.snowball.Among;
+import org.tartarus.snowball.SnowballProgram;
+
+// This file was generated automatically by the Snowball to Java compiler
+
+/**
+ * Generated class implementing code defined by a snowball script.
+ */
+public class SpanishStemmerSB extends SnowballProgram {
+
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+		private Among a_0[] = {
+            new Among ( "", -1, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1", 0, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E9", 0, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00ED", 0, 3, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00F3", 0, 4, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00FA", 0, 5, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_1[] = {
+            new Among ( "la", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "sela", 0, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "le", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "me", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "se", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "lo", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "selo", 5, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "las", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "selas", 7, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "les", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "los", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "selos", 10, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "nos", -1, -1, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_2[] = {
+            new Among ( "ando", -1, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iendo", -1, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yendo", -1, 7, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1ndo", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "i\u00E9ndo", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar", -1, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er", -1, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir", -1, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1r", -1, 3, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E9r", -1, 4, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDr", -1, 5, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_3[] = {
+            new Among ( "ic", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ad", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "os", -1, -1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iv", -1, 1, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_4[] = {
+            new Among ( "able", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ible", -1, 1, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_5[] = {
+            new Among ( "ic", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "abil", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iv", -1, 1, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_6[] = {
+            new Among ( "ica", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "encia", -1, 5, "", this),
+            new Among ( "adora", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "osa", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ista", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iva", -1, 9, "", this),
+            new Among ( "anza", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "log\u00EDa", -1, 3, "", this),
+            new Among ( "idad", -1, 8, "", this),
+            new Among ( "able", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ible", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "mente", -1, 7, "", this),
+            new Among ( "amente", 11, 6, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aci\u00F3n", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "uci\u00F3n", -1, 4, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ico", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ismo", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "oso", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "amiento", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "imiento", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ivo", -1, 9, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ador", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "icas", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "encias", -1, 5, "", this),
+            new Among ( "adoras", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "osas", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "istas", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ivas", -1, 9, "", this),
+            new Among ( "anzas", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "log\u00EDas", -1, 3, "", this),
+            new Among ( "idades", -1, 8, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ables", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ibles", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aciones", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "uciones", -1, 4, "", this),
+            new Among ( "adores", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "icos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ismos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "osos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "amientos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "imientos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ivos", -1, 9, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_7[] = {
+            new Among ( "ya", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ye", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yan", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yen", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yeron", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yendo", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yo", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yas", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yes", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yais", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "yamos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "y\u00F3", -1, 1, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_8[] = {
+            new Among ( "aba", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ada", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ida", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ara", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iera", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDa", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00EDa", 5, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00EDa", 5, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00EDa", 5, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ad", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ed", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "id", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ase", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iese", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aste", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iste", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "an", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aban", 16, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aran", 16, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ieran", 16, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDan", 16, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00EDan", 20, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00EDan", 20, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00EDan", 20, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "en", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "asen", 24, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iesen", 24, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aron", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ieron", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00E1n", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00E1n", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00E1n", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ado", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ido", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ando", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iendo", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "as", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "abas", 39, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "adas", 39, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "idas", 39, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aras", 39, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ieras", 39, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDas", 39, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00EDas", 45, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00EDas", 45, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00EDas", 45, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "es", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ases", 49, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ieses", 49, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "abais", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "arais", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ierais", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDais", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00EDais", 55, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00EDais", 55, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00EDais", 55, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aseis", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ieseis", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "asteis", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "isteis", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1is", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E9is", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00E9is", 64, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00E9is", 64, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00E9is", 64, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ados", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "idos", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "amos", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1bamos", 70, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1ramos", 70, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "i\u00E9ramos", 70, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDamos", 70, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00EDamos", 74, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00EDamos", 74, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00EDamos", 74, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "emos", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "aremos", 78, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "eremos", 78, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "iremos", 78, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1semos", 78, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "i\u00E9semos", 78, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "imos", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00E1s", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00E1s", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00E1s", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00EDs", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00E1", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00E1", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00E1", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ar\u00E9", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "er\u00E9", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "ir\u00E9", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "i\u00F3", -1, 2, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private Among a_9[] = {
+            new Among ( "a", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "e", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "o", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "os", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E1", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00E9", -1, 2, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00ED", -1, 1, "", this),
+            new Among ( "\u00F3", -1, 1, "", this)
+        };
+
+        private static final char g_v[] = {17, 65, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 17, 4, 10 };
+
+        private int I_p2;
+        private int I_p1;
+        private int I_pV;
+
+     /*   private void copy_from(SpanishStemmer other) {
+            I_p2 = other.I_p2;
+            I_p1 = other.I_p1;
+            I_pV = other.I_pV;
+            super.copy_from(other);
+        }
+*/
+        private boolean r_mark_regions() {
+            int v_1;
+            int v_2;
+            int v_3;
+            int v_6;
+            int v_8;
+            // (, line 31
+            I_pV = limit;
+            I_p1 = limit;
+            I_p2 = limit;
+            // do, line 37
+            v_1 = cursor;
+            lab0: do {
+                // (, line 37
+                // or, line 39
+                lab1: do {
+                    v_2 = cursor;
+                    lab2: do {
+                        // (, line 38
+                        if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                        {
+                            break lab2;
+                        }
+                        // or, line 38
+                        lab3: do {
+                            v_3 = cursor;
+                            lab4: do {
+                                // (, line 38
+                                if (!(out_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                                {
+                                    break lab4;
+                                }
+                                // gopast, line 38
+                                golab5: while(true)
+                                {
+                                    lab6: do {
+                                        if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                                        {
+                                            break lab6;
+                                        }
+                                        break golab5;
+                                    } while (false);
+                                    if (cursor >= limit)
+                                    {
+                                        break lab4;
+                                    }
+                                    cursor++;
+                                }
+                                break lab3;
+                            } while (false);
+                            cursor = v_3;
+                            // (, line 38
+                            if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                            {
+                                break lab2;
+                            }
+                            // gopast, line 38
+                            golab7: while(true)
+                            {
+                                lab8: do {
+                                    if (!(out_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                                    {
+                                        break lab8;
+                                    }
+                                    break golab7;
+                                } while (false);
+                                if (cursor >= limit)
+                                {
+                                    break lab2;
+                                }
+                                cursor++;
+                            }
+                        } while (false);
+                        break lab1;
+                    } while (false);
+                    cursor = v_2;
+                    // (, line 40
+                    if (!(out_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                    {
+                        break lab0;
+                    }
+                    // or, line 40
+                    lab9: do {
+                        v_6 = cursor;
+                        lab10: do {
+                            // (, line 40
+                            if (!(out_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                            {
+                                break lab10;
+                            }
+                            // gopast, line 40
+                            golab11: while(true)
+                            {
+                                lab12: do {
+                                    if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                                    {
+                                        break lab12;
+                                    }
+                                    break golab11;
+                                } while (false);
+                                if (cursor >= limit)
+                                {
+                                    break lab10;
+                                }
+                                cursor++;
+                            }
+                            break lab9;
+                        } while (false);
+                        cursor = v_6;
+                        // (, line 40
+                        if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                        {
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        // next, line 40
+                        if (cursor >= limit)
+                        {
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        cursor++;
+                    } while (false);
+                } while (false);
+                // setmark pV, line 41
+                I_pV = cursor;
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = v_1;
+            // do, line 43
+            v_8 = cursor;
+            lab13: do {
+                // (, line 43
+                // gopast, line 44
+                golab14: while(true)
+                {
+                    lab15: do {
+                        if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                        {
+                            break lab15;
+                        }
+                        break golab14;
+                    } while (false);
+                    if (cursor >= limit)
+                    {
+                        break lab13;
+                    }
+                    cursor++;
+                }
+                // gopast, line 44
+                golab16: while(true)
+                {
+                    lab17: do {
+                        if (!(out_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                        {
+                            break lab17;
+                        }
+                        break golab16;
+                    } while (false);
+                    if (cursor >= limit)
+                    {
+                        break lab13;
+                    }
+                    cursor++;
+                }
+                // setmark p1, line 44
+                I_p1 = cursor;
+                // gopast, line 45
+                golab18: while(true)
+                {
+                    lab19: do {
+                        if (!(in_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                        {
+                            break lab19;
+                        }
+                        break golab18;
+                    } while (false);
+                    if (cursor >= limit)
+                    {
+                        break lab13;
+                    }
+                    cursor++;
+                }
+                // gopast, line 45
+                golab20: while(true)
+                {
+                    lab21: do {
+                        if (!(out_grouping(g_v, 97, 252)))
+                        {
+                            break lab21;
+                        }
+                        break golab20;
+                    } while (false);
+                    if (cursor >= limit)
+                    {
+                        break lab13;
+                    }
+                    cursor++;
+                }
+                // setmark p2, line 45
+                I_p2 = cursor;
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = v_8;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_postlude() {
+            int among_var;
+            int v_1;
+            // repeat, line 49
+            replab0: while(true)
+            {
+                v_1 = cursor;
+                lab1: do {
+                    // (, line 49
+                    // [, line 50
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // substring, line 50
+                    among_var = find_among(a_0, 6);
+                    if (among_var == 0)
+                    {
+                        break lab1;
+                    }
+                    // ], line 50
+                    ket = cursor;
+                    switch(among_var) {
+                        case 0:
+                            break lab1;
+                        case 1:
+                            // (, line 51
+                            // <-, line 51
+                            slice_from("a");
+                            break;
+                        case 2:
+                            // (, line 52
+                            // <-, line 52
+                            slice_from("e");
+                            break;
+                        case 3:
+                            // (, line 53
+                            // <-, line 53
+                            slice_from("i");
+                            break;
+                        case 4:
+                            // (, line 54
+                            // <-, line 54
+                            slice_from("o");
+                            break;
+                        case 5:
+                            // (, line 55
+                            // <-, line 55
+                            slice_from("u");
+                            break;
+                        case 6:
+                            // (, line 57
+                            // next, line 57
+                            if (cursor >= limit)
+                            {
+                                break lab1;
+                            }
+                            cursor++;
+                            break;
+                    }
+                    continue replab0;
+                } while (false);
+                cursor = v_1;
+                break replab0;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_RV() {
+            if (!(I_pV <= cursor))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_R1() {
+            if (!(I_p1 <= cursor))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_R2() {
+            if (!(I_p2 <= cursor))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_attached_pronoun() {
+            int among_var;
+            // (, line 67
+            // [, line 68
+            ket = cursor;
+            // substring, line 68
+            if (find_among_b(a_1, 13) == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // ], line 68
+            bra = cursor;
+            // substring, line 72
+            among_var = find_among_b(a_2, 11);
+            if (among_var == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // call RV, line 72
+            if (!r_RV())
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            switch(among_var) {
+                case 0:
+                    return false;
+                case 1:
+                    // (, line 73
+                    // ], line 73
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // <-, line 73
+                    slice_from("iendo");
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    // (, line 74
+                    // ], line 74
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // <-, line 74
+                    slice_from("ando");
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    // (, line 75
+                    // ], line 75
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // <-, line 75
+                    slice_from("ar");
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    // (, line 76
+                    // ], line 76
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // <-, line 76
+                    slice_from("er");
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    // (, line 77
+                    // ], line 77
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // <-, line 77
+                    slice_from("ir");
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    // (, line 81
+                    // delete, line 81
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    // (, line 82
+                    // literal, line 82
+                    if (!(eq_s_b(1, "u")))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 82
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_standard_suffix() {
+            int among_var;
+            int v_1;
+            int v_2;
+            int v_3;
+            int v_4;
+            int v_5;
+            // (, line 86
+            // [, line 87
+            ket = cursor;
+            // substring, line 87
+            among_var = find_among_b(a_6, 42);
+            if (among_var == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // ], line 87
+            bra = cursor;
+            switch(among_var) {
+                case 0:
+                    return false;
+                case 1:
+                    // (, line 98
+                    // call R2, line 99
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 99
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    // (, line 103
+                    // call R2, line 104
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 104
+                    slice_del();
+                    // try, line 105
+                    v_1 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab0: do {
+                        // (, line 105
+                        // [, line 105
+                        ket = cursor;
+                        // literal, line 105
+                        if (!(eq_s_b(2, "ic")))
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_1;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        // ], line 105
+                        bra = cursor;
+                        // call R2, line 105
+                        if (!r_R2())
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_1;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        // delete, line 105
+                        slice_del();
+                    } while (false);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    // (, line 109
+                    // call R2, line 110
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // <-, line 110
+                    slice_from("log");
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    // (, line 113
+                    // call R2, line 114
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // <-, line 114
+                    slice_from("u");
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    // (, line 117
+                    // call R2, line 118
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // <-, line 118
+                    slice_from("ente");
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    // (, line 121
+                    // call R1, line 122
+                    if (!r_R1())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 122
+                    slice_del();
+                    // try, line 123
+                    v_2 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab1: do {
+                        // (, line 123
+                        // [, line 124
+                        ket = cursor;
+                        // substring, line 124
+                        among_var = find_among_b(a_3, 4);
+                        if (among_var == 0)
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_2;
+                            break lab1;
+                        }
+                        // ], line 124
+                        bra = cursor;
+                        // call R2, line 124
+                        if (!r_R2())
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_2;
+                            break lab1;
+                        }
+                        // delete, line 124
+                        slice_del();
+                        switch(among_var) {
+                            case 0:
+                                cursor = limit - v_2;
+                                break lab1;
+                            case 1:
+                                // (, line 125
+                                // [, line 125
+                                ket = cursor;
+                                // literal, line 125
+                                if (!(eq_s_b(2, "at")))
+                                {
+                                    cursor = limit - v_2;
+                                    break lab1;
+                                }
+                                // ], line 125
+                                bra = cursor;
+                                // call R2, line 125
+                                if (!r_R2())
+                                {
+                                    cursor = limit - v_2;
+                                    break lab1;
+                                }
+                                // delete, line 125
+                                slice_del();
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    } while (false);
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    // (, line 133
+                    // call R2, line 134
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 134
+                    slice_del();
+                    // try, line 135
+                    v_3 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab2: do {
+                        // (, line 135
+                        // [, line 136
+                        ket = cursor;
+                        // substring, line 136
+                        among_var = find_among_b(a_4, 2);
+                        if (among_var == 0)
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_3;
+                            break lab2;
+                        }
+                        // ], line 136
+                        bra = cursor;
+                        switch(among_var) {
+                            case 0:
+                                cursor = limit - v_3;
+                                break lab2;
+                            case 1:
+                                // (, line 138
+                                // call R2, line 138
+                                if (!r_R2())
+                                {
+                                    cursor = limit - v_3;
+                                    break lab2;
+                                }
+                                // delete, line 138
+                                slice_del();
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    } while (false);
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    // (, line 144
+                    // call R2, line 145
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 145
+                    slice_del();
+                    // try, line 146
+                    v_4 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab3: do {
+                        // (, line 146
+                        // [, line 147
+                        ket = cursor;
+                        // substring, line 147
+                        among_var = find_among_b(a_5, 3);
+                        if (among_var == 0)
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_4;
+                            break lab3;
+                        }
+                        // ], line 147
+                        bra = cursor;
+                        switch(among_var) {
+                            case 0:
+                                cursor = limit - v_4;
+                                break lab3;
+                            case 1:
+                                // (, line 150
+                                // call R2, line 150
+                                if (!r_R2())
+                                {
+                                    cursor = limit - v_4;
+                                    break lab3;
+                                }
+                                // delete, line 150
+                                slice_del();
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    } while (false);
+                    break;
+                case 9:
+                    // (, line 156
+                    // call R2, line 157
+                    if (!r_R2())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 157
+                    slice_del();
+                    // try, line 158
+                    v_5 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab4: do {
+                        // (, line 158
+                        // [, line 159
+                        ket = cursor;
+                        // literal, line 159
+                        if (!(eq_s_b(2, "at")))
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_5;
+                            break lab4;
+                        }
+                        // ], line 159
+                        bra = cursor;
+                        // call R2, line 159
+                        if (!r_R2())
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_5;
+                            break lab4;
+                        }
+                        // delete, line 159
+                        slice_del();
+                    } while (false);
+                    break;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_y_verb_suffix() {
+            int among_var;
+            int v_1;
+            int v_2;
+            // (, line 165
+            // setlimit, line 166
+            v_1 = limit - cursor;
+            // tomark, line 166
+            if (cursor < I_pV)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            cursor = I_pV;
+            v_2 = limit_backward;
+            limit_backward = cursor;
+            cursor = limit - v_1;
+            // (, line 166
+            // [, line 166
+            ket = cursor;
+            // substring, line 166
+            among_var = find_among_b(a_7, 12);
+            if (among_var == 0)
+            {
+                limit_backward = v_2;
+                return false;
+            }
+            // ], line 166
+            bra = cursor;
+            limit_backward = v_2;
+            switch(among_var) {
+                case 0:
+                    return false;
+                case 1:
+                    // (, line 169
+                    // literal, line 169
+                    if (!(eq_s_b(1, "u")))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 169
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_verb_suffix() {
+            int among_var;
+            int v_1;
+            int v_2;
+            int v_3;
+            int v_4;
+            // (, line 173
+            // setlimit, line 174
+            v_1 = limit - cursor;
+            // tomark, line 174
+            if (cursor < I_pV)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            cursor = I_pV;
+            v_2 = limit_backward;
+            limit_backward = cursor;
+            cursor = limit - v_1;
+            // (, line 174
+            // [, line 174
+            ket = cursor;
+            // substring, line 174
+            among_var = find_among_b(a_8, 96);
+            if (among_var == 0)
+            {
+                limit_backward = v_2;
+                return false;
+            }
+            // ], line 174
+            bra = cursor;
+            limit_backward = v_2;
+            switch(among_var) {
+                case 0:
+                    return false;
+                case 1:
+                    // (, line 177
+                    // try, line 177
+                    v_3 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab0: do {
+                        // (, line 177
+                        // literal, line 177
+                        if (!(eq_s_b(1, "u")))
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_3;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        // test, line 177
+                        v_4 = limit - cursor;
+                        // literal, line 177
+                        if (!(eq_s_b(1, "g")))
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_3;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        cursor = limit - v_4;
+                    } while (false);
+                    // ], line 177
+                    bra = cursor;
+                    // delete, line 177
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    // (, line 198
+                    // delete, line 198
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean r_residual_suffix() {
+            int among_var;
+            int v_1;
+            int v_2;
+            // (, line 202
+            // [, line 203
+            ket = cursor;
+            // substring, line 203
+            among_var = find_among_b(a_9, 8);
+            if (among_var == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // ], line 203
+            bra = cursor;
+            switch(among_var) {
+                case 0:
+                    return false;
+                case 1:
+                    // (, line 206
+                    // call RV, line 206
+                    if (!r_RV())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 206
+                    slice_del();
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    // (, line 208
+                    // call RV, line 208
+                    if (!r_RV())
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    // delete, line 208
+                    slice_del();
+                    // try, line 208
+                    v_1 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab0: do {
+                        // (, line 208
+                        // [, line 208
+                        ket = cursor;
+                        // literal, line 208
+                        if (!(eq_s_b(1, "u")))
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_1;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        // ], line 208
+                        bra = cursor;
+                        // test, line 208
+                        v_2 = limit - cursor;
+                        // literal, line 208
+                        if (!(eq_s_b(1, "g")))
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_1;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        cursor = limit - v_2;
+                        // call RV, line 208
+                        if (!r_RV())
+                        {
+                            cursor = limit - v_1;
+                            break lab0;
+                        }
+                        // delete, line 208
+                        slice_del();
+                    } while (false);
+                    break;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean stem() {
+            int v_1;
+            int v_2;
+            int v_3;
+            int v_4;
+            int v_5;
+            int v_6;
+            // (, line 213
+            // do, line 214
+            v_1 = cursor;
+            lab0: do {
+                // call mark_regions, line 214
+                if (!r_mark_regions())
+                {
+                    break lab0;
+                }
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = v_1;
+            // backwards, line 215
+            limit_backward = cursor; cursor = limit;
+            // (, line 215
+            // do, line 216
+            v_2 = limit - cursor;
+            lab1: do {
+                // call attached_pronoun, line 216
+                if (!r_attached_pronoun())
+                {
+                    break lab1;
+                }
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = limit - v_2;
+            // do, line 217
+            v_3 = limit - cursor;
+            lab2: do {
+                // (, line 217
+                // or, line 217
+                lab3: do {
+                    v_4 = limit - cursor;
+                    lab4: do {
+                        // call standard_suffix, line 217
+                        if (!r_standard_suffix())
+                        {
+                            break lab4;
+                        }
+                        break lab3;
+                    } while (false);
+                    cursor = limit - v_4;
+                    lab5: do {
+                        // call y_verb_suffix, line 218
+                        if (!r_y_verb_suffix())
+                        {
+                            break lab5;
+                        }
+                        break lab3;
+                    } while (false);
+                    cursor = limit - v_4;
+                    // call verb_suffix, line 219
+                    if (!r_verb_suffix())
+                    {
+                        break lab2;
+                    }
+                } while (false);
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = limit - v_3;
+            // do, line 221
+            v_5 = limit - cursor;
+            lab6: do {
+                // call residual_suffix, line 221
+                if (!r_residual_suffix())
+                {
+                    break lab6;
+                }
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = limit - v_5;
+            cursor = limit_backward;            // do, line 223
+            v_6 = cursor;
+            lab7: do {
+                // call postlude, line 223
+                if (!r_postlude())
+                {
+                    break lab7;
+                }
+            } while (false);
+            cursor = v_6;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SremovalStemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SremovalStemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6defdf31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/SremovalStemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+/**
+ * A basic stemmer that only performs the first step of the 
+ * PorterStemmer algorithm: removing of the plural endings.
+ * @author olena
+ *
+ */
+
+public class SremovalStemmer extends Stemmer {
+
+    /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	public String stem(String str)  {
+        // check for zero length
+	if (str.length() > 3) {
+	    // all characters must be letters
+	    char[] c = str.toCharArray();
+	    for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
+		if (!Character.isLetter(c[i])) {
+		    return str.toLowerCase();
+		}
+	    }
+	} else {            
+	    return str.toLowerCase();
+	}
+	str = step1a(str);
+	return str.toLowerCase();
+    } // end stem
+
+    protected String step1a (String str) {
+        // SSES -> SS
+        if (str.endsWith("sses")) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // IES -> I
+        } else if (str.endsWith("ies")) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 2);
+        // SS -> S
+        } else if (str.endsWith("ss")) {
+            return str;
+        // S ->
+        } else if (str.endsWith("s")) {
+            return str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
+        } else {
+            return str;
+        }
+    } // end step1a
+
+    /*
+       -------------------------------------------------------
+       The following are functions to help compute steps 1 - 5
+       -------------------------------------------------------
+    */
+
+    // does string end with 's'?
+    protected boolean endsWithS(String str) {
+        return str.endsWith("s");
+    } // end function
+
+    // does string contain a vowel?
+    protected boolean containsVowel(String str) {
+        char[] strchars = str.toCharArray();
+        for (int i = 0; i < strchars.length; i++) {
+            if (isVowel(strchars[i]))
+                return true;
+        }
+        // no aeiou but there is y
+        if (str.indexOf('y') > -1)
+            return true;
+        else
+            return false;
+    } // end function
+
+    // is char a vowel?
+    public boolean isVowel(char c) {
+        if ((c == 'a') ||
+            (c == 'e') ||
+            (c == 'i') ||
+            (c == 'o') ||
+            (c == 'u'))
+            return true;
+        else
+            return false;
+    } // end function
+
+    // does string end with a double consonent?
+    protected boolean endsWithDoubleConsonent(String str) {
+        char c = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
+        if (c == str.charAt(str.length() - 2))
+            if (!containsVowel(str.substring(str.length() - 2))) {
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    } // end function
+
+    // returns a CVC measure for the string
+    protected int stringMeasure(String str) {
+        int count = 0;
+        boolean vowelSeen = false;
+        char[] strchars = str.toCharArray();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < strchars.length; i++) {
+            if (isVowel(strchars[i])) {
+                vowelSeen = true;
+            } else if (vowelSeen) {
+                count++;
+                vowelSeen = false;
+            }
+        } // end for
+        return count;
+    } // end function
+
+    // does stem end with CVC?
+    protected boolean endsWithCVC (String str) {
+        char c, v, c2 = ' ';
+        if (str.length() >= 3) {
+            c = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
+            v = str.charAt(str.length() - 2);
+            c2 = str.charAt(str.length() - 3);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ((c == 'w') || (c == 'x') || (c == 'y')) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (isVowel(c)) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (!isVowel(v)) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (isVowel(c2)) {
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            return true;
+        }
+    } // end function
+} // end class
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/Stemmer.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/Stemmer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a57628ff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stemmers/Stemmer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package kea.stemmers;
+
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+
+/**
+ * Abstract class for stemmers.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public abstract class Stemmer implements Serializable {
+
+  /**
+   * Iterated stemming of the given word.
+   */
+  public abstract String stem(String str);
+
+  /**
+   * Stems everything in the given string.
+   */
+  public String stemString(String str) {
+      str = str.toLowerCase();
+      StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
+      int start = -1;
+      for (int j = 0; j < str.length(); j++) {
+	  char c = str.charAt(j);
+	  if (Character.isLetterOrDigit(c)) {
+	      if (start == -1) {
+		  start = j;
+	      }
+	  } else if (c == '\'') {
+	      if (start == -1) {
+		  result.append(c);
+	      }
+	  } else {
+	      if (start != -1) {
+		  result.append(stem(str.substring(start, j)));
+		  start = -1;
+	      }
+	      result.append(c);
+	  }
+      }
+      if (start != -1) {
+	  result.append(stem(str.substring(start, str.length())));
+      }
+      return result.toString();  
+  }
+}
+    
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/Stopwords.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/Stopwords.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..649f9d888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/Stopwords.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package kea.stopwords;
+
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+
+/**
+ * Class that can test whether a given string is a stop word.
+ * Lowercases all words before the test.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public abstract class Stopwords implements Serializable {
+  
+  /** 
+   * Returns true if the given string is a stop word.
+   */
+  public abstract boolean isStopword(String str);
+}
+
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsEnglish.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsEnglish.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..844e1d7ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsEnglish.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package kea.stopwords;
+
+
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+
+/**
+ * Class that can test whether a given string is a stop word.
+ * Lowercases all words before the test.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class StopwordsEnglish extends Stopwords {
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+	
+	/** The hashtable containing the list of stopwords */
+	private static Hashtable m_Stopwords = null;
+	
+	
+	static {
+		
+		if (m_Stopwords == null) {
+			m_Stopwords = new Hashtable();
+			Double dummy = new Double(0);
+			File txt = new File("data/stopwords/stopwords_en.txt");	
+			InputStreamReader is;
+			String sw = null;
+			try {
+				is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt), "UTF-8");
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);				
+				while ((sw=br.readLine()) != null)  {
+					m_Stopwords.put(sw, dummy);   
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+			
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Returns true if the given string is a stop word.
+	 */
+	public boolean isStopword(String str) {
+		
+		return m_Stopwords.containsKey(str.toLowerCase());
+	}
+}
+		
+		
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsFrench.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsFrench.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71cf66ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsFrench.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package kea.stopwords;
+
+
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+
+/**
+ * Class that can test whether a given string is a stop word.
+ * Lowercases all words before the test.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class StopwordsFrench extends Stopwords {
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+	
+	/** The hashtable containing the list of stopwords */
+	private static Hashtable m_Stopwords = null;
+	
+	
+	static {
+		
+		if (m_Stopwords == null) {
+			m_Stopwords = new Hashtable();
+			Double dummy = new Double(0);
+			File txt = new File("data/stopwords/stopwords_fr.txt");	
+			InputStreamReader is;
+			String sw = null;
+			try {
+				is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt), "UTF-8");
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);				
+				while ((sw=br.readLine()) != null)  {					
+					m_Stopwords.put(sw, dummy);   
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+			
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Returns true if the given string is a stop word.
+	 */
+	public boolean isStopword(String str) {
+		
+		return m_Stopwords.containsKey(str.toLowerCase());
+	}
+}
+		
+		
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsGerman.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsGerman.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7e26cfb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsGerman.java
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+package kea.stopwords;
+
+
+
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+
+/**
+ * Class that can test whether a given string is a stop word.
+ * Lowercases all words before the test.
+ *
+ * This list of German stop words has been obtained from
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/german/stop.txt
+ *
+ * But I have deleted/changed some words that I haven't seen before.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class StopwordsGerman extends Stopwords {
+  
+  /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+	
+/** The hashtable containing the list of stopwords */
+  private static Hashtable m_Stopwords = null;
+
+  static {
+   
+    if (m_Stopwords == null) {
+      m_Stopwords = new Hashtable();
+      Double dummy = new Double(0);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("aber", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("alle", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("allem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("allen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("aller", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("alles", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("als", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("also", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("am", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("an", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("ander", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("andere", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("anderem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("anderen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("anderer", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("anderes", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("anderm", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("andern", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("anders", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("auch", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("auf", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("aus", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("bei", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("bin", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("bis", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("bist", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("da", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("damit", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dann", dummy);
+      
+      m_Stopwords.put("der", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("den", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("des", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("die", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("das", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("da\u00df", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("derselbe", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("derselben", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("denselben", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("desselben", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("demselben", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dieselbe", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dieselben", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dasselbe", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("dazu", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("dein", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("deine", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("deinem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("deinen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("deiner", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("deines", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("denn", dummy);
+      
+      m_Stopwords.put("derer", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dessen", dummy);
+      
+      m_Stopwords.put("dich", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dir", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("du", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("dies", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("diese", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("diesem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("diesen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dieser", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dieses", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("doch", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("dort", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("durch", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("ein", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("eine", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einer", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("eines", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("einig", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einige", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einigem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einigen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einiger", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("einiges", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("einmal", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("er", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihn", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihm", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("es", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("etwas", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("euer", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("eure", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("eurem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("euren", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("eurer", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("eures", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("f\u00fcr", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("gegen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("gewesen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hab", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("habe", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("haben", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hat", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hatte", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hatten", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hier", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hin", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("hinter", dummy);
+      
+      m_Stopwords.put("ich", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("mich", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("mir", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihr", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihre", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihrem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihren", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihrer", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihres", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("euch", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("im", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("in", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("indem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ins", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ist", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("jede", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jedem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jeden", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jeder", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jedes", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("jene", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jenem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jenen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jener", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("jenes", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("jetzt", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("kann", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("kein", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("keine", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("keinem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("keinen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("keiner", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("keines", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("k\u00f6nnen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("k\u00f6nnte", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("machen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("man", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("manche", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("manchem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("manchen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("mancher", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("manches", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("mein", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("meine", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("meinem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("meinen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("meiner", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("meines", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("mit", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("muss", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("musste", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("nach", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("nicht", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("nichts", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("noch", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("nun", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("nur", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ob", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("oder", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ohne", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("sehr", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("sein", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("seine", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("seinem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("seinen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("seiner", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("seines", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("selbst", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("sich", dummy);
+      
+      m_Stopwords.put("sie", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("ihnen", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("sind", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("so", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("solche", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("solchem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("solchen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("solcher", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("solches", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("soll", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("sollte", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("sondern", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("sonst", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("\00fcber", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("um", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("und", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("uns", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("unser", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("unserem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("unseren", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("unsere", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("unseres", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("unter", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("viel", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("vom", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("von", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("vor", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("w\u00e4hrend", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("war", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("waren", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("warst", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("was", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("weg", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("weil", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("weiter", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("welche", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("welchem", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("welchen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("welcher", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("welches", dummy);
+
+      m_Stopwords.put("wenn", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("werde", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("werden", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wie", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wieder", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("will", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wir", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wird", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wirst", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wo", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wollen", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("wollte", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("w\u00fcrde", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("w\u00fcrden", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("zu", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("zum", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("zur", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("zwar", dummy);
+      m_Stopwords.put("zwischen", dummy);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /** 
+   * Returns true if the given string is a stop word.
+   */
+  public boolean isStopword(String str) {
+
+    return m_Stopwords.containsKey(str.toLowerCase());
+  }
+}
+
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsSpanish.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsSpanish.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..488f87884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/stopwords/StopwordsSpanish.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package kea.stopwords;
+
+
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+
+/**
+ * Class that can test whether a given string is a stop word.
+ * Lowercases all words before the test.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class StopwordsSpanish extends Stopwords {
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+	
+	/** The hashtable containing the list of stopwords */
+	private static Hashtable m_Stopwords = null;
+	
+	
+	static {
+		
+		if (m_Stopwords == null) {
+			m_Stopwords = new Hashtable();
+			Double dummy = new Double(0);
+			File txt = new File("data/stopwords/stopwords_es.txt");	
+			InputStreamReader is;
+			String sw = null;
+			try {
+				is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(txt), "UTF-8");
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);				
+				while ((sw=br.readLine()) != null)  {
+					m_Stopwords.put(sw, dummy);   
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+			
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Returns true if the given string is a stop word.
+	 */
+	public boolean isStopword(String str) {
+		
+		return m_Stopwords.containsKey(str.toLowerCase());
+	}
+}
+		
+		
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/util/Counter.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/util/Counter.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98fdd97fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/util/Counter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package kea.util;
+
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+
+/**
+ * Class that implements a simple counter.
+ *
+ * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class Counter implements Serializable {
+  
+  /**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+/** Integer value stored */
+    private int m_val = 1;
+  
+  /**
+   * Initializes the counter to 1
+   */
+  public Counter() {
+    
+    m_val = 1;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Initializes the counter to the given value
+   */
+  public Counter(int val) {
+    
+    m_val = val;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Increments the counter.
+   */
+  public void increment() {
+    
+    m_val++;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Gets the value.
+   * @return the value
+   */
+  public int value() {
+    
+    return m_val;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Returns string containing value.
+   */
+  public String toString() {
+    
+    return String.valueOf(m_val);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/vocab/Vocabulary.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/vocab/Vocabulary.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..943beafe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/src/kea/vocab/Vocabulary.java
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+package kea.vocab;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import kea.stemmers.Stemmer;
+import kea.stopwords.Stopwords;
+
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Model;
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.ModelFactory;
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Property;
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.RDFNode;
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Resource;
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Statement;
+import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.StmtIterator;
+
+
+/**
+* Builds an index with the content of the controlled vocabulary.
+* Accepts vocabularies as rdf files (SKOS format) and in plain text format:
+* vocabulary_name.en (with "ID TERM" per line) - descriptors & non-descriptors
+* vocabulary_name.use (with "ID_NON-DESCR \t ID_DESCRIPTOR" per line)
+* vocabulary_name.rel (with "ID \t RELATED_ID1 RELATED_ID2 ... " per line)
+* See KEA's homepage for more details.
+* @author Olena Medelyan
+*/
+
+public class Vocabulary implements Serializable {
+    
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(Vocabulary.class);
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	
+	/** Location of the rdf version of the controlled vocabulary
+	 * it needs to be in the SKOS format! */
+	public static File SKOS;
+	/** Location of the vocabulary's *.en file
+	 * containing all terms of the vocabularies and their ids.*/
+	public static File EN;
+	/** Location of the vocabulary's *.use file
+	 * containing ids of non-descriptor with the corresponding ids of descriptors.*/
+	public static File USE;
+	/** Location of the vocabulary's *.rel file
+	 * containing semantically related terms for each descriptor in the vocabulary.*/
+	public static File REL;
+	
+	// if the type of the semantic relation will be required later 
+	// this could be a file containing
+	// this information
+	// public static File RT;
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Boolean describing which vocabulary format has been chosen:
+	 * true if SKOS, false if text.
+	 */
+	private boolean useSkos;
+	
+	/** <i>Vocabulary</i> index */
+	private HashMap VocabularyEN = null;
+	/** <i>Vocabulary</i> reverse index */
+	private HashMap VocabularyENrev = null;
+	/** <i>Vocabulary</i> non-descriptors - descriptors list */
+	private HashMap VocabularyUSE = null;
+	/** <i>Vocabulary</i> related terms */
+	private HashMap VocabularyREL = null;
+	private HashMap VocabularyRT = null;
+	
+	/** The document language */
+	private String m_language;
+	
+	/** The default stemmer to be used */
+	private Stemmer m_Stemmer;
+	
+	/** The list of stop words to be used */
+	private Stopwords m_Stopwords;
+	
+	
+	
+	/** Vocabulary constructor. 
+	 * 
+	 * Given the name of the vocabulary and the format it first checks whether
+	 * the VOCABULARIES directory contains the specified files:
+	 * - vocabularyName.rdf if skos format is selected
+	 * - or a set of 3 flat files starting with vocabularyName and with extensions
+	 * .en (id term)
+	 * .use (non-descriptor \t descriptor)
+	 * .rel (id \t related_id1 related_id2 ...)
+	 * If the required files exist, the vocabulary index is built.
+	 * 
+	 * @param vocabularyName The name of the vocabulary file (before extension).
+	 * @param vocabularyFormat The format of the vocabulary (skos or text).
+	 * */
+	
+	public Vocabulary(String vocabularyName, String vocabularyFormat, String documentLanguage) {
+		m_language = documentLanguage;
+		if (vocabularyFormat.equals("skos")) {
+			SKOS = new File("VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".rdf");
+			if (!SKOS.exists()){
+				s_log.error("File VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".rdf does not exist.");
+				System.exit(1);
+			} 
+			useSkos = true;
+			
+		} else if (vocabularyFormat.equals("text")) {
+			EN = new File("VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".en");
+			USE = new File("VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".use");
+			REL = new File("VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".rel");
+		//	RT = new File("VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".pairs.p1");
+			
+			if (!EN.exists()) {
+				s_log.error("File VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".en does not exist.");
+				System.exit(1);
+			}		
+			if (!USE.exists()) {
+				s_log.error("File VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".list.use does not exist.");
+				System.exit(1);
+			}
+			if (!REL.exists()) {
+				s_log.error("File VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".rel.p1 does not exist.");
+				System.exit(1);
+			}
+//			if (!RT.exists()) {
+//				s_log.error("File VOCABULARIES/" + vocabularyName + ".pairs.p1 does not exist.");
+//				System.exit(1);
+//			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Starts initialization of the vocabulary.
+	 *
+	 */
+	public void initialize() {
+		
+		s_log.debug("-- Loading the Index...");
+		if (useSkos) {
+			try {
+				buildSKOS();
+			} catch(Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+				System.exit(1);
+			}
+		} else {
+			try {
+				build();
+			} catch(Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+				System.exit(1);
+			}
+		}	
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set the Stemmer value.
+	 * @param newStemmer The new Stemmer value.
+	 */
+	public void setStemmer(Stemmer newStemmer) {	
+
+			this.m_Stemmer = newStemmer;
+		
+	}
+	/**
+	 * Set the M_Stopwords value.
+	 * @param newM_Stopwords The new M_Stopwords value.
+	 */
+	public void setStopwords(Stopwords newM_Stopwords) {	
+		this.m_Stopwords = newM_Stopwords;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Builds the vocabulary indexes from SKOS file.
+	 */
+	public void buildSKOS() throws Exception {
+		
+		
+		s_log.debug("-- Building the Vocabulary index from SKOS file");
+		
+		VocabularyEN = new HashMap();
+		VocabularyENrev = new HashMap();
+		VocabularyUSE = new HashMap();
+		VocabularyREL = new HashMap();
+		VocabularyRT = new HashMap();
+		
+		
+        // create an empty model
+        Model model = ModelFactory.createDefaultModel();
+        
+        
+        try {
+
+    	    model.read(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(SKOS),"UTF-8"), "");
+            
+    	    StmtIterator iter;
+    	    Statement stmt;
+    	    Property relation;
+    	    Resource concept;
+    	    RDFNode value;
+    	    
+    	    
+    	    
+    	    int count = 1;
+    	    // Iterating over all statements in the SKOS file
+    	    iter = model.listStatements();
+    	    
+    	    while (iter.hasNext()) {
+    	    	stmt = iter.nextStatement();
+
+    	    	// id of the concept (Resource), e.g. "c_4828"
+    	    	concept = stmt.getSubject();    	    
+    	    	String id = concept.getURI();
+    	    	
+    	    	// relation or Property of the concept, e.g. "narrower"
+    	    	relation = stmt.getPredicate();
+    	    	String rel = relation.getLocalName();
+    	    	
+    	    	// value of the property, e.g. c_4828 has narrower term "c_4829"
+    	    	value = stmt.getObject();  	    	
+    	    	String val = value.toString();
+    	    	
+    	    	//System.out.println("Concept " + concept);
+    	    	//System.out.println("Relation " + rel);    	    	
+    	    	//System.out.println("Value " + val);
+    	    	
+    	    	if (rel.equals("prefLabel")) {
+    	    		
+    	    		String descriptor;
+    	    		
+    	    		if (val.contains("@")) {
+    	    			String[] val_components = val.split("@");
+    	    			// s_log.warn(val_components[1] + " " + m_language);
+    	    			if (val_components[1].equals(m_language)) {
+    	    			//	s_log.warn("Yes");
+    	    				descriptor = val_components[0];
+    	    			} else {
+    	    				continue;
+    	    			}
+    	    		} else {
+    	    			descriptor = val;
+    	    		}
+        	    	
+    	    		String avterm = pseudoPhrase(descriptor); 
+    	    		if (avterm == null) {
+    	    			avterm = descriptor;
+    	    		}
+    	    		
+    	    		// System.out.println(descriptor + " ==> " + avterm);
+    	    		
+    				if (avterm.length() > 1) {    					
+    					VocabularyEN.put(avterm, id);
+    					VocabularyENrev.put(id,descriptor);
+    				}	
+    				
+    	    		// fill here the index hash
+    	    		
+    	    		// id => descriptor
+    	    		//if (id.equals("http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc#c_4314")) {
+    	    		//	System.out.println("Descriptor " + descriptor + " (" + id + ")");
+    	    		//}
+    	    		
+    	    	} else if (rel.equals("altLabel") || (rel.equals("hiddenLabel"))) {
+    	    		
+    	    		String non_descriptor;
+    	    		
+    	    		if (val.contains("@")) {
+    	    			String[] val_components = val.split("@");
+    	    			// s_log.warn(val_components[1] + " " + m_language);
+    	    			if (val_components[1].equals(m_language)) {
+    	    			//	s_log.warn("Yes");
+    	    				non_descriptor = val_components[0];
+    	    			} else {
+    	    				continue;
+    	    			}
+    	    		} else {
+    	    			non_descriptor = val;
+    	    		}
+    	    		// System.out.println("Descriptor " + non_descriptor);
+    	    		// first add the non_descriptor to the index hash	
+    	    		// then fill here non-descriptor hash
+    	    		
+    	    		// id => id_non_descriptor
+    	    		 addNonDescriptor (count, id, non_descriptor);                   
+                     count++;
+    				
+    	    		//System.out.println("Descriptor " + VocabularyENrev.get(id) + " with id (" + id + ")" +
+    	    			//	" has a non-descriptor " + non_descriptor + " (" + id_non_descriptor + ")");    	    		
+    	    		
+    	    	} else if (rel.equals("broader") 
+    	    		|| rel.equals("narrower") 
+    	    		|| rel.equals("composite")
+    	    		|| rel.equals("compositeOf")
+    	    		|| rel.equals("hasTopConcept")
+    	    		|| rel.equals("related")) {
+    	    		    	    	
+        	    	String id_related = val;
+        	    	
+        	    	// System.out.println("Descriptor " + VocabularyENrev.get(id) + " with id " + id + 
+    	    		//		" has a " + rel + " term " + VocabularyENrev.get(id_related) + " with id (" + id_related + ")");    
+        	    	
+        	    	// fill here semantic relations hash
+        	    	// id => id_related
+        	    	
+        	    	if (VocabularyREL.get(id) == null) {
+        	    		Vector rt = new Vector();
+        	    		rt.add(id_related);         	    		
+        	    		VocabularyREL.put(id,rt);
+        	    	}	else {      	    		
+        	    		Vector rt = (Vector)VocabularyREL.get(id);
+        	    		rt.add(id_related);         	    		
+        	    		VocabularyREL.put(id,rt);        	    		        	    		
+        	    	}
+        	    	
+        	    	VocabularyRT.put(id + "-" + id_related,rel);
+        	    	if (rel.equals("related")) {
+        	    		VocabularyRT.put(id_related + "-" + id,rel);
+        	    	}
+    				
+        	    	
+        	    	// VocabularyRT.put("id-id_related","1");
+        	    	// VocabularyRT.put("id_related-id","1");
+    				
+    	    	}
+    	    	
+    	    }
+    	   
+    	    // Some statistics:
+    	 //    System.out.println(VocabularyEN.size() + " terms in total");
+    	 //   System.out.println(VocabularyUSE.size() + " non-descriptors");
+    	  //   System.out.println(VocabularyREL.size() + " terms have related terms");
+    	    
+    	} catch (Exception e) {
+    	   e.printStackTrace(); 
+    	}
+	}
+	
+	
+
+   
+    private void addNonDescriptor (int count, String id_descriptor, String non_descriptor) {
+        //     id => id_non_descriptor
+        String id_non_descriptor = "d_" + count;
+        count++;
+   
+        String avterm = pseudoPhrase(non_descriptor);
+        if (avterm.length() > 2) {                       
+            VocabularyEN.put(avterm, id_non_descriptor);
+            VocabularyENrev.put(id_non_descriptor,non_descriptor);
+        }   
+        VocabularyUSE.put(id_non_descriptor,id_descriptor);
+    }
+   
+    public String remove (String[] words, int i) {
+
+        String result = "";
+        for (int j = 0; j < words.length; j++) {
+            if ((j != i) && (!m_Stopwords.isStopword(words[j]))) {
+               
+                result = result + words[j];
+               
+                if ((j+1) != words.length) {
+                    result = result + " ";
+                }
+            }
+             
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Builds the vocabulary index from the text files.
+	 */
+	public void build() throws Exception {
+		
+		s_log.debug("-- Building the Vocabulary index");
+		
+		VocabularyEN = new HashMap();
+		VocabularyENrev = new HashMap();
+		
+		String readline;
+		String term;
+		String avterm;
+		String id;
+		
+		try {	  			
+			InputStreamReader is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(EN));     
+			BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);
+			while((readline=br.readLine()) != null) {
+				int i = readline.indexOf(' ');
+				term = readline.substring(i+1);
+				
+				avterm = pseudoPhrase(term);
+				
+				if (avterm.length() > 2) {
+					id = readline.substring(0,i); 
+					VocabularyEN.put(avterm, id);
+					VocabularyENrev.put(id,term);
+				}				
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();	
+		}
+		
+	}   
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Builds the vocabulary index with descriptors/non-descriptors relations.
+	 */
+	public void buildUSE() throws Exception {
+		if (!useSkos) {
+			VocabularyUSE = new HashMap();
+			String readline;
+			String[] entry;
+			
+			try {	  
+				
+				InputStreamReader is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(USE));     
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);
+				while((readline=br.readLine()) != null) {
+					entry = split(readline,"\t");
+					
+//					if more than one descriptors for
+//					one non-descriptors are used, ignore it!
+//					probably just related terms (cf. latest edition of Agrovoc)
+					
+					if ((entry[1].indexOf(" ")) == -1) {
+						VocabularyUSE.put(entry[0],entry[1]);
+					}
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();				 	
+			}
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Builds the vocabulary index with semantically related terms.
+	 */
+	public void buildREL() throws Exception {
+		if (!useSkos) {
+			
+			s_log.warn("-- Building the Vocabulary index with related pairs");
+			
+			VocabularyREL = new HashMap();
+			
+			String readline;
+			String[] entry;
+			
+			
+			try {	  
+				
+				InputStreamReader is = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(REL));     
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);
+				while((readline=br.readLine()) != null) {
+					entry = split(readline,"\t");
+					String[] temp = split(entry[1]," ");
+					Vector rt = new Vector();
+					for (int i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) {
+						rt.add(temp[i]);
+					}
+					VocabularyREL.put(entry[0],rt);
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace(); 	
+			}
+		}
+		
+	}	
+	
+// Might be useful later, when the kind of relation is important
+// or wether two terms are related or not
+//	public void buildRT() throws Exception {
+//		
+//		VocabularyRT = new HashMap();
+//		
+//		String[] entry;
+//		String readline;
+//		try {	  				
+//			InputStreamReader is2 = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(RT));     
+//			BufferedReader br2 = new BufferedReader(is2);	  
+//			while((readline=br2.readLine()) != null) {
+//				entry = split(readline,"\t");
+//				String pair = entry[0] + "-" + entry[1];
+//				VocabularyRT.put(pair,"1");
+//				
+//			}
+//		} catch (Exception e) {
+//			s_log.warn("You need to put the .pairs file into KEA directory"); 	
+//		}
+//		
+//	}
+//	
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether a normalized version of a phrase (pseudo phrase)
+	 * is a valid vocabulary term.
+	 * 
+	 * @param phrase
+	 * @return true if phrase is in the vocabulary
+	 */
+	public boolean containsEntry(String phrase) {
+		return VocabularyEN.containsKey(phrase);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Given a phrase returns its id in the vocabulary.
+	 * @param phrase
+	 * @return id of the phrase in the vocabulary index
+	 */
+	public String getID(String phrase) {
+		String pseudo = pseudoPhrase(phrase);
+		String id = null;
+		if (pseudo != null) {
+			id = (String)VocabularyEN.get(pseudo);
+			if (VocabularyUSE.containsKey(id)) {
+				id = (String)VocabularyUSE.get(id);
+			}
+		}
+		return id;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Given id, gets the original version of vocabulary term.
+	 * @param id
+	 * @return original version of the vocabulary term
+	 */
+	public String getOrig(String id) {
+		return (String)VocabularyENrev.get(id);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Given id of the non-descriptor returs the id of the corresponding descriptor
+	 * @param id of the non-descriptor
+	 * @return id of the descriptor
+	 */
+	public String getDescriptor(String id) {
+		return (String)VocabularyUSE.get(id);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Given id of a term returns the list with ids of terms related to this term.
+	 * @param id
+	 * @return a vector with ids related to the input id
+	 */
+	public Vector getRelated(String id) {
+		return (Vector)VocabularyREL.get(id);
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Given an ID of a term gets the list of all IDs of terms
+	 * that are semantically related to the given term
+	 * with a specific relation
+	 * @param id, relation
+	 * @return a vector with ids related to the input id by a specified relation
+	 */
+	public Vector getRelated (String id, String relation) {
+		Vector related = new Vector(); 
+		Vector all_related = (Vector)VocabularyREL.get(id);
+		if (all_related != null) {
+    	
+			for (int d = 0; d < all_related.size(); d++) {
+				String rel_id = (String)all_related.elementAt(d);	
+			
+				String rel = (String)VocabularyRT.get(id + "-" + rel_id);
+
+				if (rel != null) { 
+					if (rel.equals(relation)) {
+						related.add(rel_id);
+					}
+				} else {
+					s_log.warn("Problem with " + getOrig(id) + " and " + getOrig(rel_id));	
+				}
+			}
+    	}
+    	return related;
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Splits a string str at given character sequence (separator) into an array.
+	 * @param str, separator
+	 * @return String array with string parts separated by the separator string
+	 */
+	public String[] split(String str,String separator) {
+		
+		ArrayList lst = new ArrayList();
+		String word = ""; 
+		
+		for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
+			int j = i + 1;
+			String letter = str.substring(i,j);
+			if (!letter.equalsIgnoreCase(separator)) {
+				word = word + str.charAt(i);
+			} else {
+				lst.add(word);
+				word = ""; 
+			}
+		}
+		if (word != "") {
+			lst.add(word);
+		}
+		String[] result = (String[])lst.toArray(new String[lst.size()]);
+		return result;
+	}	
+	
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Generates the preudo phrase from a string.
+	 * A pseudo phrase is a version of a phrase
+	 * that only contains non-stopwords,
+	 * which are stemmed and sorted into alphabetical order. 
+	 */
+	public String pseudoPhrase(String str) {
+		// System.err.print(str + "\t");
+		String[] pseudophrase;
+		String[] words;
+		String str_nostop;
+		String stemmed;
+		
+		
+		str = str.toLowerCase();
+		
+		
+		// This is often the case with Mesh Terms,
+		// where a term is accompanied by another specifying term
+		// e.g. Monocytes/*immunology/microbiology
+		// we ignore everything after the "/" symbol.
+		if (str.matches(".+?/.+?")) {
+			String[] elements = str.split("/");		
+			str = elements[0];
+		}	
+				
+		// removes scop notes in brackets
+		// should be replaced with a cleaner solution !!
+		if (str.matches(".+?\\(.+?")) {
+			String[] elements = str.split("\\(");		
+			str = elements[0];			
+		}	
+
+	
+		
+		// Remove some non-alphanumeric characters
+		
+		// str = str.replace('/', ' ');
+		str = str.replace('-', ' ');
+		str = str.replace('&', ' ');
+		
+
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\*", "");
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\, "," ");
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\. "," ");
+		str = str.replaceAll("\\:","");
+	
+		
+		str = str.trim();
+		
+		// Stem string
+		words = str.split(" ");
+		str_nostop = "";
+	
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
+			String word = words[i];
+			if (!m_Stopwords.isStopword(word)) {
+				
+				if (word.matches(".+?\\'.+?")) {
+					String[] elements = word.split("\\'");		
+					word = elements[1];			
+				}	
+
+				
+				if (str_nostop.equals("")) {
+					str_nostop = word;
+				} else {
+					str_nostop = str_nostop + " " + word;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		stemmed = m_Stemmer.stemString(str_nostop);
+		// s_log.warn(stemmed + "\t" + str_nostop + "\t"+ str);
+		pseudophrase = sort(stemmed.split(" "));
+		//s_log.warn(join(pseudophrase));
+		return join(pseudophrase);
+	}
+	
+	/** 
+	 * Joins an array of strings to a single string.
+	 */
+	private static String join(String[] str) {
+		String result = "";
+		for(int i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+			if (result != "") {
+				result = result + " " + str[i];
+			} else {
+				result = str[i];
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
+	}	
+	
+	
+    
+	/** 
+	 * overloaded swap method: exchange 2 locations in an array of Strings.
+	 */
+	public static void swap (int loc1, int loc2, String [] a) {
+		String temp = a [loc1];
+		a [loc1] = a [loc2];
+		a [loc2] = temp;
+	} // end swap
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sorts an array of Strings into alphabetic order
+	 *
+	 */
+	public static String[] sort (String [] a)    {
+		
+		// rename firstAt to reflect new role in alphabetic sorting
+		int i, j, firstAt;
+		
+		for (i = 0 ; i < a.length - 1 ; i++) {
+			firstAt = i;
+			for (j = i + 1 ; j < a.length ; j++) {
+				// modify to preserve ordering of a String that starts with
+				// upper case preceding the otherwise identical String that
+				// has only lower case letters
+				if (a [j].toUpperCase ().compareTo (a [firstAt].toUpperCase ()) < 0) {
+					// reset firstAt
+					firstAt = j;
+				}
+				// if identical when converted to all same case
+				if (a [j].toUpperCase ().compareTo (a [firstAt].toUpperCase ()) == 0) {
+					// but a[j] precedes when not converted
+					if (a [j].compareTo (a [firstAt]) < 0) {
+						// reset firstAt
+						firstAt = j;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (firstAt != i) {
+				swap (i, firstAt, a);
+			}
+		}
+		return a;
+	} // end method selectionSort
+	
+}
+
+
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsSuite.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsSuite.java
index a6821e639..e957c730e 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsSuite.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsSuite.java
@@ -18,20 +18,19 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.extensions.BaseTestSetup;
-import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.extensions.CoreTestSetup;
-import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.framework.PackageTestSuite;
 import junit.framework.Test;
 
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.extensions.BaseTestSetup;
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.framework.PackageTestSuite;
+
 /**
  * CategorizationSuite
  *
  *
  * @author Joseph A. Bank (jbank@alum.mit.edu)
- * @version 1.0
+ * @version "$Id: TermsSuite.java 287 2005-02-22 00:29:02Z sskracic $
  **/
 public class TermsSuite extends PackageTestSuite {
-    public static final String versionId = "$Id: TermsSuite.java 287 2005-02-22 00:29:02Z sskracic $ by $Author: sskracic $, $DateTime: 2004/01/07 13:43:31 $";
     public TermsSuite() {
         super();
     }
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsTest.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsTest.java
index bdb0fdbe7..49d0c7eac 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsTest.java
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/TermsTest.java
@@ -18,18 +18,16 @@
 
 package com.arsdigita.london.terms;
 
-import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.framework.BaseTestCase;
-import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
-import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
-import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
-
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Date;
 
 import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
 
-import java.util.Date;
-
-import java.net.URL;
-import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.persistence.SessionManager;
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.framework.BaseTestCase;
+import com.arsdigita.util.UncheckedWrapperException;
 
 
 /**
@@ -43,9 +41,6 @@ public class TermsTest extends BaseTestCase {
     private final static int PREFERRED_COUNT = 10;
     private final static int NARROWER_COUNT = 5;
 
-    private final static int TOTAL_COUNT = NONPREFERRED_COUNT +
-        NARROWER_COUNT + PREFERRED_COUNT;
-
     private Domain m_domain1;
 
     private Term[] m_terms1;
@@ -210,7 +205,6 @@ public class TermsTest extends BaseTestCase {
         
         for (int i = 0 ; i < preferred.length ; i++) {
             int n = i % nonpreferred.length;
-            boolean def = i < nonpreferred.length;
             preferred[i].addNarrowerTerm(nonpreferred[n],
                                          false,
                                          true);
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/IndexerServiceTest.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/IndexerServiceTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bd4298d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/IndexerServiceTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+
+import kea.filters.KEAFilter;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.arsdigita.categorization.Category;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentBundle;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.ContentItem;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.TextAsset;
+import com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.Article;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DataObjectNotFoundException;
+import com.arsdigita.domain.DomainCollection;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Domain;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.Term;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.Indexer;
+import com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.RankedTerm;
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.framework.BaseTestCase;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class IndexerServiceTest extends BaseTestCase {
+    public IndexerServiceTest(String name) {
+        super(name);
+    }
+
+    public void xtestControlledIndexingWithEmptyTrainingSet() {
+    }
+
+    public void testControlledIndexingWithTrivialTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestControlledIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void testControlledIndexingWithSmallTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestControlledIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void testControlledIndexingWithMediumTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestControlledIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void testControlledIndexingWithLargeTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestControlledIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void xtestFreeIndexingWithEmptyTrainingSet() {
+    }
+
+    public void xtestFreeIndexingWithTrivialTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestFreeIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void xtestFreeIndexingWithSmallTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestFreeIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void xtestFreeIndexingWithMediumTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestFreeIndexing();
+    }
+
+    public void xtestFreeIndexingWithLargeTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        doTestFreeIndexing();
+    }
+
+    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+
+        m_domain = Domain.retrieve(DOMAIN_KEY);
+        m_itemCount = 0;
+        m_contentItem = null;
+
+        setUpTrainingSet();
+        setUpContentItem();
+
+        VocabularyCache.getVocabulary(m_domain, m_contentItem.getLanguage());
+    }
+
+    protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        FilterCache.reset();
+    }
+
+    private void doTestControlledIndexing() throws IOException {
+        IndexerService indexer = new IndexerService();
+        KEAFilter filter = FilterCache.getFilter(m_domain, m_contentItem.getLanguage());
+        List<RankedTerm> keyphrases = indexer.controlledIndex(filter, m_domain, 16, m_contentItem);
+        assertNotNull("keyphrases is null", keyphrases);
+        assertTrue("empty keyphrases", !keyphrases.isEmpty());
+
+        s_log.info("Controlled index (training set size " + m_itemCount + "): ");
+        for (Iterator<RankedTerm> i = keyphrases.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            RankedTerm rankedTerm = i.next();
+            s_log.info("    -> " + rankedTerm.getTerm().getName() + " @ " + rankedTerm.getRanking());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doTestFreeIndexing() throws IOException {
+        fail("Not implemented");
+    }
+
+    private void setUpTrainingSet() throws IOException {
+        int maxCount = 0;
+        if (getName().indexOf("TrivialTrainingSet") > 0) {
+            maxCount = 1;
+        } else if (getName().indexOf("SmallTrainingSet") > 0) {
+            maxCount = 5;
+        } else if (getName().indexOf("MediumTrainingSet") > 0) {
+            maxCount = 10;
+        } else if (getName().indexOf("LargeTrainingSet") > 0) {
+            maxCount = 25;
+        }
+
+        s_log.info("Creating up to " + maxCount + " articles in training set...");
+        StringTokenizer dataFiles = new StringTokenizer(getFileContents("training/index"), "\r\n");
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxCount && dataFiles.hasMoreTokens(); i++) {
+            String title = dataFiles.nextToken();
+            ContentItem item = createContentItemFromFile("training/" + title);
+            StringTokenizer termNames = new StringTokenizer(getFileContents("training/" + title + ".key"), "\r\n");
+            while (termNames.hasMoreTokens()) {
+                String termName = termNames.nextToken();
+                Term term = getTerm(termName);
+                if (term == null) {
+                    s_log.warn("Non-existent term '" + termName + "' was assigned to " + title);
+                } else {
+                    ((ContentBundle) item.getParent()).addCategory(new Category(term.getModel().getOID()));
+                }
+            }
+            item.save();
+            m_itemCount++;
+        }
+        s_log.info("Created " + m_itemCount + " articles in training set");
+
+        s_log.info("Training indexer...");
+        Indexer indexer = Indexer.create(m_domain);
+        indexer.train();
+        indexer.save();
+        s_log.info("Training completed");
+    }
+
+    private void setUpContentItem() throws IOException {
+        m_contentItem = createContentItemFromFile(TEST_ARTICLE_NAME);
+        m_contentItem.save();
+    }
+
+    private ContentItem createContentItemFromFile(String baseName) throws IOException {
+        s_log.debug("Creating content item from file " + baseName);
+
+        TextAsset textAsset = new TextAsset();
+        textAsset.setName(baseName + ".textAsset");
+        textAsset.setText(getFileContents(baseName + ".txt"));
+        textAsset.save();
+
+        Article article = new Article();
+        article.setTitle(baseName);
+        article.setDescription(baseName + ".description");
+        article.setLead(baseName + ".lead");
+        article.setTextAsset(textAsset);
+        article.setName(baseName.toLowerCase().replace('.', '-'));
+        article.setLanguage("en");
+        article.save();
+
+        ContentBundle bundle = new ContentBundle(article);
+        bundle.setName(article.getName());
+        bundle.save();
+
+        return article;
+    }
+
+    private String getFileContents(String resourceName) throws IOException {
+        File file = new File("ccm-ldn-terms/data/indexing/" + resourceName);
+        FileReader reader = new FileReader(file);
+        try {
+            int bytesRead = -1;
+            char[] buffer = new char[10240];
+            StringBuilder contents = new StringBuilder();
+            while ((bytesRead = reader.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+                contents.append(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
+            }
+            return contents.toString();
+        } finally {
+            reader.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Term getTerm(String name) {
+        DomainCollection terms = m_domain.getTerms();
+        terms.addFilter("upper(model.name) = upper(:name)");
+        terms.setParameter("name", name);
+
+        if (terms.next()) {
+            Term term = (Term) terms.getDomainObject();
+            terms.close();
+            return term;
+        }
+        throw new DataObjectNotFoundException("Term '" + name + "' not found in domain " + m_domain.getKey());
+
+    }
+
+    private int m_itemCount;
+
+    private Domain m_domain;
+
+    private ContentItem m_contentItem;
+
+    private static final String DOMAIN_KEY = "AGROVOC";
+
+    private static final String TEST_ARTICLE_NAME = "test/bostid_b12sae";
+
+    private static final Logger s_log = Logger.getLogger(IndexerServiceTest.class);
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/KEAIndexingSuite.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/KEAIndexingSuite.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0d05429f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/KEAIndexingSuite.java
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.extensions.BaseTestSetup;
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.framework.PackageTestSuite;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class KEAIndexingSuite extends PackageTestSuite {
+    public KEAIndexingSuite() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    public KEAIndexingSuite(Class theClass) {
+        super(theClass);
+    }
+
+    public KEAIndexingSuite(String name) {
+        super(name);
+    }
+
+    public static Test suite() {
+        KEAIndexingSuite suite = new KEAIndexingSuite();
+        populateSuite(suite);
+        BaseTestSetup wrapper = new KEAIndexingTestSetup(suite);
+        return wrapper;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        junit.textui.TestRunner.run(suite());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/KEAIndexingTestSetup.java b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/KEAIndexingTestSetup.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..500274f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/test/src/com/arsdigita/london/terms/indexing/kea/KEAIndexingTestSetup.java
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Permeance Technologies Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
+ * details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * 
+ */
+
+package com.arsdigita.london.terms.indexing.kea;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+import com.arsdigita.tools.junit.extensions.CoreTestSetup;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="https://sourceforge.net/users/terry_permeance/">terry_permeance</a>
+ */
+public class KEAIndexingTestSetup extends CoreTestSetup {
+    public KEAIndexingTestSetup(Test test, TestSuite suite) {
+        super(test, suite);
+    }
+
+    public KEAIndexingTestSetup(TestSuite suite) {
+        super(suite);
+    }
+
+    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
+        addRequiredInitializer("com.arsdigita.cms.Initializer");
+        addRequiredInitializer("com.arsdigita.london.util.Initializer");
+        addRequiredInitializer("com.arsdigita.london.atoz.Initializer");
+        addRequiredInitializer("com.arsdigita.london.terms.Initializer");
+        addRequiredInitializer("com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.ArticleInitializer");
+        super.setUp();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/WEB-INF/web.ccm-ldn-terms.xml b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/WEB-INF/web.ccm-ldn-terms.xml
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..adbe4516f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/WEB-INF/web.ccm-ldn-terms.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" version="2.4">
+
+    <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet declarations BEGIN  -->
+    <servlet>
+        <servlet-name>terms-files</servlet-name>
+        <servlet-class>com.arsdigita.web.ApplicationFileServlet</servlet-class>
+        <init-param>
+            <param-name>template-path</param-name>
+            <param-value>/templates/ccm-ldn-terms</param-value>
+        </init-param>
+    </servlet>
+    <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet declarations END  -->
+
+    <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet mappings BEGIN  -->
+    <servlet-mapping>
+        <servlet-name>terms-files</servlet-name>
+        <url-pattern>/ccm-ldn-terms/files/*</url-pattern>
+    </servlet-mapping>
+    <!-- module ccm-ldn-terms  -  servlet mappings END  -->
+
+</web-app>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/domain-details.xsl b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/domain-details.xsl
index 9b53af3b0..81c454d56 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/domain-details.xsl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/domain-details.xsl
@@ -44,6 +44,19 @@
           <th>Released:</th>
           <td><xsl:value-of select="terms:released"/></td>
         </tr>
+        <tr class="odd">
+          <th>Indexer trained:</th>
+          <td>
+            <xsl:choose>
+                <xsl:when test="terms:indexer">
+                    <xsl:value-of select="terms:indexer/terms:lastModifiedDate"/>
+                    <xsl:text> by </xsl:text> 
+                    <xsl:value-of select="terms:indexer/terms:lastModifiedUser/terms:primaryEmail"/>
+                </xsl:when>
+                <xsl:otherwise>(never)</xsl:otherwise>
+            </xsl:choose>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
       </tbody>
       <tfoot>
         <tr>
@@ -55,6 +68,19 @@
             <a href="{terms:action[@name='delete']/@url}"><img src="/__ccm__/static/cms/admin/action-group/action-delete.png" width="14" height="14" border="0"/></a>
             <a href="{terms:action[@name='delete']/@url}">Delete</a>
             <xsl:text>&nbsp;</xsl:text>
+            <a href="{terms:action[@name='train']/@url}"><img src="/assets/action-generic.png" width="14" height="14" border="0"/></a>
+            <xsl:choose>
+                <xsl:when test="terms:indexer">
+                    <a href="{terms:action[@name='train']/@url}">Retrain indexer</a>
+                    <xsl:text>&nbsp;</xsl:text>
+                    <a href="{terms:action[@name='untrain']/@url}"><img src="/assets/action-delete.png" width="14" height="14" border="0"/></a>
+                    <a href="{terms:action[@name='untrain']/@url}">Delete indexer</a>
+                </xsl:when>
+                <xsl:otherwise>
+                    <a href="{terms:action[@name='train']/@url}">Train indexer</a>
+                </xsl:otherwise>
+            </xsl:choose>
+            <xsl:text>&nbsp;</xsl:text>
           </td>
         </tr>
         <xsl:if test="util:errorMessage/util:message">
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-listing.xsl b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-listing.xsl
index f0e3288c1..574e8ec71 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-listing.xsl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-listing.xsl
@@ -28,12 +28,30 @@
     </xsl:call-template>
   </xsl:template>
 
+  <xsl:template match="terms:preferredTermListing">
+    <xsl:call-template name="terms:termListing">
+      <xsl:with-param name="heading"><xsl:text>Preferred Terms</xsl:text></xsl:with-param>
+    </xsl:call-template>
+  </xsl:template>
+
+  <xsl:template match="terms:nonPreferredTermListing">
+    <xsl:call-template name="terms:termListing">
+      <xsl:with-param name="heading"><xsl:text>Non-preferred Terms</xsl:text></xsl:with-param>
+    </xsl:call-template>
+  </xsl:template>
+
   <xsl:template match="terms:narrowerTermListing">
     <xsl:call-template name="terms:termListing">
       <xsl:with-param name="heading"><xsl:text>Narrower Terms</xsl:text></xsl:with-param>
     </xsl:call-template>
   </xsl:template>
 
+  <xsl:template match="terms:broaderTermListing">
+    <xsl:call-template name="terms:termListing">
+      <xsl:with-param name="heading"><xsl:text>Broader Terms</xsl:text></xsl:with-param>
+    </xsl:call-template>
+  </xsl:template>
+
   <xsl:template match="terms:termFilteredListing">
     <xsl:call-template name="terms:termListing">
       <xsl:with-param name="heading"><xsl:text>Search Terms</xsl:text></xsl:with-param>
@@ -65,7 +83,7 @@
           </xsl:variable>
           
           <tr class="{$class}">
-            <td>
+            <td width="20%">
               <xsl:value-of select="terms:uniqueID"/>
             </td>
             <xsl:choose>
@@ -91,7 +109,7 @@
               </xsl:otherwise>
             </xsl:choose>
             <xsl:if test="terms:action[@name='remove']">
-              <td>
+              <td width="20%">
                 <a href="{terms:action[@name='remove']/@url}">Remove</a>
               </td>
             </xsl:if>
@@ -114,15 +132,15 @@
   </xsl:template>
 
   <xsl:template match="terms:paginator">
-    <xsl:if test="terms:paginator/@pageNumber > 1">
-      <a href="{@baseURL}&amp;{@pageParam}={@pageNumber - 1}">&lt;&lt;&lt;Previous </a>
+    <xsl:if test="@pageNumber > 1">
+      <a href="{@baseURL}&amp;{@pageParam}={@pageNumber - 1}">&lt;&lt;&lt;Previous</a><xsl:text> </xsl:text>
     </xsl:if>
     <xsl:text>Page </xsl:text>
     <xsl:value-of select="@pageNumber"/>
     <xsl:text> of </xsl:text>
     <xsl:value-of select="@pageCount"/>
     <xsl:if test="@pageNumber &lt; @pageCount">
-      <a href="{@baseURL}&amp;{@pageParam}={@pageNumber + 1}"> Next &gt;&gt;&gt;</a>
+      <xsl:text> </xsl:text><a href="{@baseURL}&amp;{@pageParam}={@pageNumber + 1}">Next&gt;&gt;&gt;</a>
     </xsl:if>
   </xsl:template>
 
diff --git a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-panel.xsl b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-panel.xsl
index 390b7ba6e..c92424265 100755
--- a/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-panel.xsl
+++ b/ccm-ldn-terms/web/__ccm__/apps/terms/lib/term-panel.xsl
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@
           <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:termDetails"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="bebop:link[@id='addRootTerm']"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="bebop:link[@id='removeRootTerm']"/>
+          <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:broaderTermListing"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:narrowerTermListing"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="bebop:link[@id='addNarrowerTerm']"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:relatedTermListing"/>
+          <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:preferredTermListing"/>
+          <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:nonPreferredTermListing"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:termPicker"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="terms:termFilteredListing"/>
           <xsl:apply-templates select="bebop:form"/>